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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_South_American_U-20_Championship | 1974 South American U-20 Championship | ["1 Teams","2 Group stage","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","3 Semifinals","4 Third place match","5 Final","6 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1974 South American U-20 Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1974 South American Youth ChampionshipTournament detailsHost countryChileDates1–24 MarchTeams9Final positionsChampions Brazil (1st title)Runners-up UruguayThird place ParaguayFourth place Argentina← 1971 1975 → International football competition
The South American Youth Championship 1974 was held in Arica, Concepción and Santiago, Chile.
Teams
The following teams entered the tournament:
Argentina
Brazil
Chile (host)
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Group stage
Group A
Teams
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Paraguay
3
2
1
0
5
1
+4
5
Argentina
3
1
2
0
3
2
+1
4
Peru
3
1
1
1
2
2
0
3
Ecuador
3
0
0
3
0
5
–5
0
8 March
Argentina
1–0
Ecuador
Paraguay
1–0
Peru
10 March
Argentina
1–1
Paraguay
13 March
Peru
1–0
Ecuador
16 March
Paraguay
3–0
Ecuador
17 March
Argentina
1–1
Peru
Group B
Teams
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Brazil
4
3
1
0
14
2
+12
7
Uruguay
4
2
1
1
7
4
+3
5
Chile
4
1
1
2
4
6
–2
3
Venezuela
4
1
1
2
3
8
–5
3
Colombia
4
1
0
3
4
12
–8
2
1 March
Uruguay
3–1
Colombia
Chile
1–1
Venezuela
6 March
Brazil
4–0
Venezuela
Chile
3–0
Colombia
10 March
Uruguay
2–0
Chile
Brazil
6–1
Colombia
13 March
Brazil
1–1
Uruguay
Colombia
2–0
Venezuela
16/17 March
Venezuela
2–1
Uruguay
Brazil
3–0
Chile
Semifinals
22 March 1974 (1974-03-22)
Brazil 2 – 0 Argentina
Santiago
22 March 1974 (1974-03-22)
Uruguay 3 – 0 Paraguay
Santiago
Third place match
24 March 1974 (1974-03-24)
Argentina 0 – 1 Paraguay
Santiago
Final
24 March 1974 (1974-03-24)
Brazil 2 – 1 Uruguay
Santiago
1974 South American Youth Championship
BrazilFirst title
External links
Results by RSSSF
vteSouth American U-20 ChampionshipTournaments
Venezuela 1954
Chile 1958
Colombia 1964
Paraguay 1967
Paraguay 1971
Chile 1974
Peru 1975
Venezuela 1977
Uruguay 1979
Ecuador 1981
Bolivia 1983
Paraguay 1985
Colombia 1987
Argentina 1988
Venezuela 1991
Colombia 1992
Bolivia 1995
Chile 1997
Argentina 1999
Ecuador 2001
Uruguay 2003
Colombia 2005
Paraguay 2007
Venezuela 2009
Peru 2011
Argentina 2013
Uruguay 2015
Ecuador 2017
Chile 2019
Venezuela 2021
Colombia 2023
Peru 2025
Squads
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South American Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Youth_Championship"},{"link_name":"Arica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"International football competitionThe South American Youth Championship 1974 was held in Arica, Concepción and Santiago, Chile.","title":"1974 South American U-20 Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_under-20_football_team"}],"text":"The following teams entered the tournament:Argentina\n Brazil\n Chile (host)\n Colombia\n Ecuador\n Paraguay\n Peru\n Uruguay\n Venezuela","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group A","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group B","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"}],"text":"22 March 1974 (1974-03-22)\nBrazil 2 – 0 Argentina\n\n\n\nSantiago22 March 1974 (1974-03-22)\nUruguay 3 – 0 Paraguay\n\n\n\nSantiago","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"}],"text":"24 March 1974 (1974-03-24)\nArgentina 0 – 1 Paraguay\n\n\n\nSantiago","title":"Third place match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"}],"text":"24 March 1974 (1974-03-24)\nBrazil 2 – 1 Uruguay\n\n\n\nSantiago","title":"Final"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22","external_links_name":"\"1974 South American U-20 Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221974+South+American+U-20+Championship%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/sa-u21-74.html","external_links_name":"Results by RSSSF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Pe%C4%87_and_Serbian_Patriarch | List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church | ["1 Styles","2 Legend","3 Archbishops, 1219–1346","4 Patriarchs, 1346–1766","5 Patriarchs, 1920–present","5.1 Timeline","6 See also","7 Annotations","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"] | For the current Serbian Patriarch, see Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch.
Archbishop of Peć and Serbian PatriarchArchbishopricEastern Orthodox
Incumbent:Porfirijesince 19 February 2021StyleHis HolinessLocationResidenceBuilding of the Patriarchate, BelgradeInformationFirst holderSava (Archbishop) Joanikije II (Patriarch)Established1219 (Archbishopric) 1346 and 1920 (Patriarchate)Websitespc.rs
This article lists the heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church, since the establishment of the church as an autocephalous archbishopric in 1219 to today's patriarchate. The list includes all the archbishops and patriarchs that led the Serbian Orthodox Church under the Serbian Archbishopric and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. Today, the church is unified under a patriarch who is officially styled as Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch (Serbian: Архиепископ пећки, митрополит београдско-карловачки, и патријарх српски, romanized: Arhiepiskop pećki, mitropolit beogradsko-karlovački, i patrijarh srpski).
According to the current constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the patriarch is elected by a special convocation of the Bishops' Council, and serves as the chairman of the Holy Synod.
The current patriarch is Porfirije, elected on 18 February 2021. He acceded to this position the next day, following his enthronement in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Belgrade. Porfirije was formally enthroned to the ancient throne of the Serbian patriarchs in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć on 14 October 2022.
The autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric was founded in 1219 by Sava, under the authority of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople. In 1346, when Stefan Dušan proclaimed himself emperor, he also elevated the archiepiscopal see of Peć to the rank of a patriarchate, creating the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. This was only recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1375.
After the Ottoman conquest of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, the patriarchate gradually lost its importance. At times the church was forced by the Ottoman government to install Greeks in the office. From 1766 to 1920 the patriarchate was abolished and all ecclesiastical jurisdiction was given to the patriarch of Constantinople. A metropolitan see was maintained in Belgrade from 1766 afterwards. There were also independent Serbian Orthodox sees based in Karlovci and in Montenegro.
In 1920, the church was reunified and the patriarchy was reestablished with the see moving to Belgrade, but retaining the lineage of the throne of Saint Sava in Peć. The patriarch holds ecclesiastical authority over the Orthodox Church in the territory of the former Yugoslavia (with the exception of Macedonia), and also over the Serbian Orthodox diaspora in Western Europe, Australia, and the Americas.
Styles
Currently, the style of the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church is "Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch" (архиепископ пећки, митрополит београдско-карловачки и патријарх српски). The short title is "Serbian Patriarch" (патријарх српски). Historically, various styles have been used.
Archbishop Sava (s. 1219–33) was styled "Archbishop of Serb Lands" and "Archbishop of Serb Lands and the Littoral" in the Vranjina charter, while Domentijan (fl. 1253) used the style "Archbishop of all the Serbian and coastal lands" when speaking of Sava. The fresco of Sava at Mileševa calls him "the first Archbishop of All Serb and Diocletian Lands". Archbishop Sava III (s. 1309–16) was styled "Archbishop of All Serb and Littoral Lands".
Legend
Venerated to sainthood
Also served as Metropolitan of Karlovci
Also served as Metropolitan of Belgrade
Current Serbian Patriarch
Archbishops, 1219–1346
Serbian Archbishopric (1219–1346)
No.
Primate
Portrait
Reign
Notes
1
SavaСаваSabbas
1219–1233
First Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church.Seated at Žiča.Styled "Archbishop of Serb Lands and the Littoral".Born at Ras as Rastko Nemanjić / Растко Немањић.
2
Arsenije IАрсеније IArsenius I
1233–1263
Sava's disciple.Moved the seat to Peć amid Hungarian invasion.Born in Syrmia.
3
Sava IIСава IISabbas II
1263–1271
Sava's nephew.Born at Ras as Predislav Nemanjić / Предислав Немањић.
4
Danilo IДанило IDaniel I
1271–1272
Replaced due to unknown reason.
5
Joanikije IЈоаникије IJoannicius I
1272–1276
Disciple of Sava II. Buried at Sopoćani.
Seat vacant 1276–1279
6
Jevstatije IЈевстатије IEustathius I
1279 – 4 January 1286
Moved the seat to Žiča in 1285.Relics buried at Patriarchate of Peć.Born in Budimlje.
7
JakovЈаковJacob
1286–1292
Moved the seat to Peć in 1291 amid foreign invasion, likely final transfer.
8
Jevstatije IIЈевстатије IIEustathius II
1292–1309
Established seven new eparchies.
9
Sava IIIСава IIISabbas III
1309–1316
Styled "Archbishop of All Serb and Maritime Lands".
10
Nikodim IНикодим INicodemus I
1316–1324
Co-founder of the Vratna monastery.
11
Danilo IIДанило IIDaniel II
1324–1337
Hagiographer.
12
Joanikije IIЈоаникије IIJoannicius II
3 January 1338 – 6 April 1346
Elevated to Patriarch.Born in Prizren.
Patriarchs, 1346–1766
First Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (1346–1463)
No.
Primate
Portrait
Reign
Notes
1
Joanikije IIЈоаникије IIJoannicius II
6 April 1346 – 3 September 1354
First Patriarch of the Serbian Church.Elevated during the coronation of Emperor Dušan.Seated at Peć.Styled "Archbishop of Peć and Patriarch of all Serb Lands and the Maritime".Born in Prizren.
2
Sava IVСава IVSabbas IV
1354–1375
3
Jefrem IЈефрем IEphraem I
3 October 1375 – 1380
First tenure.
4
Spiridon IСпиридон ISpyridon I
1380 – 11 August 1389
(3)
Jefrem IЈефрем IEphraem I
1389–1390
Second tenure.
5
Danilo IIIДанило IIIDaniel III
1390–1396
6
Sava VСава VSabbas V
1396–1406
7
Danilo IVДанило IVDaniel IV
1406
8
Kirilo IКирило ICyril I
1407–1419
9
Nikon IНикон INicon I
1420–1435
10
Teofan IТеофан ITheophanes I
1435–1446
11
Nikodim IIНикодим IINicodemus II
1446–1455
12
Arsenije IIАрсеније IIArsenius II
1457–1463
First Ottoman abolishment (1463–1557)
See vacant due to Ottoman abolition and transfer of jurisdiction to Archbishopric of Ohrid
No.
Primate
Portrait
Reign
Notes
Pavle IПавле IPaul I
1526–1541
Styled "Metropolitan of Smederevo".Attempted to restore Serbian Patriarchate on few occasions between 1526 and 1541, succeeding briefly.
Second Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (1557–1766)
No.
Primate
Portrait
Reign
Notes
13
Makarije IМакарије IMacarius I
1557–1571
Seated at Peć.Full style "Archbishop of Peć and Patriarch of Serbs and Bulgarians"Basic style "Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch".Born in Višegrad, surnamed Sokolović (Соколовић).
14
Antonije IАнтоније IAnthony I
1571–1575
Surnamed Sokolović (Соколовић).
15
Gerasim IГерасим IGerasimus I
1575–1586
Surnamed Sokolović (Соколовић).
16
Savatije IСаватије ISabbatios I
1586
Born in Prijepolje, surnamed Sokolović (Соколовић).
17
Nikanor IНиканор INicanor I
1588
Records lacking
18
Jerotej IЈеротеј IHieroteos I
1589–1590
19
Filip IФилип IPhilip I
1591–1592
20
Jovan IIЈован IIJohn II
1592–1613
Surnamed Kantul (Кантул).
21
Pajsije IПајсије IPaisius I
1614–1647
Born in Janjevo.
22
Gavrilo IГаврило IGabriel I
1648–1655
Born in Štitkovo, surnamed Rajić (Рајић).
23
Maksim IМаксим IMaxim I
1655–1674
Born in Skopje.
24
Arsenije IIIАрсеније IIIArsenius III
1674–1690 (1706)
Leader of the First Serbian Migration into the Habsburg monarchy. After 1690, reorganized and headed the branch of the Serbian Church in the Habsburg Monarchy.Born in Cetinje, surnamed Crnojević (Црнојевић).
25
Kalinik IКалиник ICallinicus I
1691–1710
Ethnic Greek.Maintained the Serbian Patriarchate in turbulent times after the First Serbian Migration from the Ottoman Empire.Born in Skopje.
26
Atanasije IАтанасије IAthanasius I
1711–1712
27
Mojsije IМојсије IMoses I
1712–1725
Surnamed Rajović (Рајовић).
28
Arsenije IVАрсеније IVArsenius IV
1725–1737
Leader of the Second Serbian Migration into the Habsburg monarchy.Born in Peć, surnamed Jovanović Šakabenta (Јовановић Шакабента).
29
Joanikije IIIЈоаникије IIIJoannicius III
1739–1746
Ethnic Greek.Afterwards reigned as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, from 1761 to 1763.Surnamed Karadža (Караџа).
30
Atanasije IIАтанасије IIAthanasius II
1746–1752
Born in Skopje, surnamed Gavrilović (Гавриловић).
31
Gavrilo IIГаврило IIGabriel II
1752
Born in Sarajevo, surnamed Mihajlović (Михајловић).
32
Gavrilo IIIГаврило IIIGabriel III
1752–1758
Bynamed Nikolin (Николин).
33
Vikentije IВикентије IVicentius I
1758
Surnamed Stefanović (Стефановић).
34
Pajsije IIПајсије IIPaisius II
1758
Ethnic Greek.
35
Gavrilo IVГаврило IVGabriel IV
1758
Ethnic Greek.
36
Kirilo IIКирило IICyril II
1758–1763
37
VasilijeВасилијеBasil
1763–1765
Surnamed Jovanović-Brkić (Јовановић-Бркић).
38
Kalinik IIКалиник IICallinicus II
1765–1766
Ethnic Greek.Resigned as Patriarch, effectively abolishing the post and relegating it to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
Second Ottoman abolishment (1766–1920)
After the Ottoman Empire abolished the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć for the second and final time in 1766, the Serbian Orthodox population within the Ottoman Empire was subject to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople until 1920. Due to the Great Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Habsburg monarchy in 1690. This caused the establishment of a metropolitanate in Karlovci in 1708. This see was elevated to a patriarchate in 1848, as a reward to Serbs who supported the Habsburgs during the 1848–49 revolutions. After the founding of the Principality of Serbia, the autonomous Metropolitanate of Belgrade was created in 1831, under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. It gained full autocephaly in 1879 and merged in 1920 with the Patriarchate of Karlovci and the Metropolitanate of Montenegro to form the unified Serbian Orthodox Church.
Patriarchs, 1920–present
Serbian Patriarchate of Belgrade (Peć) (1920–present)
No.
Primate
Portrait
Reign
Notes
39
DimitrijeДимитријеDemetrius
12 September 1920
6 April 1930
9 years, 6 months and 25 days
First Patriarch of the reunified Serbian Church.Seated at Belgrade.Styled "Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch"Born on 28 October 1846 in Požarevac as Dimitrije Pavlović / Димитрије Павловић.
40
VarnavaВарнаваBarnabas
12 May 1930
23 July 1937
7 years, 2 months and 11 days
Died under unclear circumstances (possible poisoning).Born on 11 September 1880 in Pljevlja as Petar Rosić / Петар Росић.
41
Gavrilo VГaврилo VGabriel V
21 February 1938
7 May 1950
12 years, 2 months and 16 days
Commonly known as Gavrilo.Born on 17 May 1881 in Vrujci as Gavrilo Dožić / Гaврилo Дoжић.
42
Vikentije IIВикентије IIVicentius II
1 July 1950
5 July 1958
8 years and 4 days
Died under unclear circumstances (possible poisoning).Commonly known as Vikentije.Born on 23 August 1890 in Bačko Petrovo Selo as Vitomir Prodanov / Витомир Проданов.
43
GermanГерманHerman
14 September 1958
30 November 1990
32 years and 16 days
Longest reigning Patriarch.The only retired Patriarch during his life; died on 27 August 1991.Born on 19 August 1899 in Jošanička Banja as Hranislav Đorić / Хранислав Ђорић.
44
PavleПавлеPaul
1 December 1990
15 November 2009
18 years, 11 months and 14 days
Born on 11 September 1914 in Kućanci as Gojko Stojčević / Гојко Стојчевић.
45
IrinejИринејIrenaeus
23 January 2010
20 November 2020
10 years, 9 months and 28 days
Born on 28 August 1930 in Vidova as Miroslav Gavrilović / Мирослав Гавриловић.
46
PorfirijeПорфиријеPorphyrios
19 February 2021
Incumbent
3 years, 3 months and 27 days(as of 15 June 2024)
Born on 22 July 1961 in Bečej as Prvoslav Perić / Првослав Перић.
Timeline
See also
Serbian Orthodox Church
Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)
Archbishopric of Belgrade and Karlovci
Metropolitanate of Belgrade
Metropolitanate of Karlovci
Patriarchate of Karlovci
Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral
List of metropolitans of Montenegro
Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci
Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur
Religion in Serbia
Religion in Vojvodina
Annotations
A The Ottomans did not recognize the official title of "Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch". However, church records still record these three men as Patriarchs even though they did not serve in full title. They were still known as the guardians or protectors of the "throne of Saint Sava".
B The patriarchs hold the title of Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch and are considered the successors to the Patriarchal throne of Peć. However, the Patriarchy is based in Belgrade, Serbia.
References
^ Article 43 of the Constitution of 1957.
^ Article 58 of the Constitution of 1957.
^ a b "Metropolitan Porfirije of Zagreb and Ljubljana elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia". spc.rs. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ a b "His Holiness Porfirije, Archbishop of Pec, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch enthroned". spc.rs. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ "Serbian Patriarch kyr Porfirije enthroned in the Patriarchate of Peć". spc.rs. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 18–19.
^ Radovan Samardžić; Milan Duškov (1993). Serbs in European civilization. Nova. p. 27. ISBN 978-86-7583-015-3.
^ Svetislav Mandić (1986). Velika gospoda sve srpske zemlje i drugi prosopografski prilozi. Srpska književna zadruga. p. 69. ISBN 9788637900122.
^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 76–77, 82–83.
^ a b c Marjanović 2001, p. 73.
^ Slijepčević 2002.
^ Bogdanović 1972, p. 29.
^ "DR. PAVLOVITCH DIES; SERBIAN PATRIARCH; Head of National Church of Yugoslavia Stricken at the Age of 84 Years". The New York Times. 7 April 1930. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ "PATRIARCH GAVRILO OF SERBIAN CHURCH; Wartime Foe of Axis, Prisoner at Dachau Dies--Urged Clergy to Support Tito". The New York Times. Reuters. 8 May 1950. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "CHURCH IN YUGOSLAVIA PICKS NEW PATRIARCH". The New York Times. AP. 2 July 1950. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "Patriarch Pavle, Serbian Church Leader, Dies at 95". The New York Times. AP. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ "Bishop of Nis Irinej elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia". spc.rs. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ "Enthronement of Patriarch Irinej of Serbia". spc.rs. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
^ "Serbian Patriarch Irinej reposed in the Lord". spc.rs. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Sources
Slijepčević, Djoko (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 1. Минхен: Искра.
Slijepčević, Djoko (1966). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 2. Минхен: Искра.
Slijepčević, Djoko (1986). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 3. Келн: Искра.
Slijepčević, Đoko (2002). Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka. Култура. ISBN 978-86-7609-042-6.
Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1972). Likovi svetitelja (in Serbian). Glavni savez udruženog pravoslavnog sveštenstva SFRJ.
Dučić, Nićifor (1894). Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana (in Serbian). Drž. stamp Kralj. Srbije.
Marjanović, Čedomir (2001). Istorija Srpske crkve. Ars Libri. ISBN 9788675880011.
Miklosich, Franz (1858). Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii. Vienna: apud Guilelmum Braumüller.
Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0-9691331-2-4.
Sava, Bishop of Šumadija (1996). Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka (in Serbian). Evro.
External links
Serbian Orthodox Church, history at spc.rs
Pages on most of the Serbian Patriarchs (in Serbian)
Kosovo.com: another list of Serbian Patriarchs
Hierarchical Succession of the Patriarchal See of Serbia from the Orthodox Research Institute
vtePrimates of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchList of heads of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchArchbishops1219–1346
Sava (St.)
Arsenije Sremac (St.)
Sava II (St.)
Danilo I (St.)
Joanikije I (St.)
Jevstatije I (St.)
Jakov (St.)
Jevstatije II (St.)
Sava III (St.)
Nikodim I (St.)
Danilo II (St.)
Joanikije II (St.)
Patriarchs (since 1346)1346–1463
Joanikije II (St.)
Sava IV
Jefrem (St.)
Spiridon (St.)
Danilo III
Sava V
Danilo IV
Kirilo I (St.)
Nikon I (St.)
Teofan I
Nikodim II
Arsenije II
1557–1766
Makarije I (St.)
Antonije I
Gerasim I
Savatije I
Nikanor I
Jerotej I
Filip I
Jovan II
Pajsije I
Gavrilo I (St.)
Maksim I
Arsenije III
Kalinik I
Atanasije I
Mojsije I
Arsenije IV
Joanikije III
Atanasije II
Gavrilo II
Gavrilo III
Vikentije I
Pajsije II
Gavrilo IV
Kirilo II
Vasilije
Kalinik II
since 1920
Dimitrije
Varnava
Gavrilo V
Vikentije II
German
Pavle
Irinej
Porfirije
Heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg monarchy (1690–1920)Metropolitans of Karlovci 1690–1848
Arsenije III Čarnojević
Isaija Đaković
Sofronije Podgoričanin
Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić
of Belgrade and Karlovci:
Mojsije Petrović
Vikentije Jovanović
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta
Isaija Antonović
Pavle Nenadović
Jovan Georgijević
Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
Mojsije Putnik
Stefan Stratimirović
Stefan Stanković
Josif Rajačić
Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Karlovci 1848–1920
Josif Rajačić
Samuilo Maširević
Prokopije Ivačković
German Anđelić
Georgije Branković
Lukijan Bogdanović
Metropolitans of Belgrade1831–1920
Melentije Pavlović
Petar Jovanović
Mihailo Jovanović
Teodosije Mraović
Inokentije Pavlović
Dimitrije Pavlović
Metropolitans of Montenegro1766–1920
Sava Petrović
Arsenije Plamenac
Petar I
Petar II
Danilo II
Nikanor Ivanović
Ilarion Roganović
Visarion Ljubiša
Mitrofan Ban
Christianity portal Serbia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"autocephalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocephaly"},{"link_name":"archbishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric"},{"link_name":"patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate"},{"link_name":"archbishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Bishops' Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Council_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art43-1"},{"link_name":"Holy Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art58-2"},{"link_name":"Porfirije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatriarchPorfirijeElected-3"},{"link_name":"enthronement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthronement#Religious_ceremonies"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatriarchPorfirijeEnthronedBelgrade-4"},{"link_name":"Patriarchal Monastery of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatriarchPorfirijeEnthronedPec-5"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"}],"text":"For the current Serbian Patriarch, see Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch.This article lists the heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church, since the establishment of the church as an autocephalous archbishopric in 1219 to today's patriarchate. The list includes all the archbishops and patriarchs that led the Serbian Orthodox Church under the Serbian Archbishopric and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. Today, the church is unified under a patriarch who is officially styled as Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch (Serbian: Архиепископ пећки, митрополит београдско-карловачки, и патријарх српски, romanized: Arhiepiskop pećki, mitropolit beogradsko-karlovački, i patrijarh srpski).According to the current constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the patriarch is elected by a special convocation of the Bishops' Council,[1] and serves as the chairman of the Holy Synod.[2]The current patriarch is Porfirije, elected on 18 February 2021.[3] He acceded to this position the next day, following his enthronement in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Belgrade.[4] Porfirije was formally enthroned to the ancient throne of the Serbian patriarchs in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć on 14 October 2022.[5]The autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric was founded in 1219 by Sava, under the authority of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople. In 1346, when Stefan Dušan proclaimed himself emperor, he also elevated the archiepiscopal see of Peć to the rank of a patriarchate, creating the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. This was only recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1375.After the Ottoman conquest of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, the patriarchate gradually lost its importance. At times the church was forced by the Ottoman government to install Greeks in the office. From 1766 to 1920 the patriarchate was abolished and all ecclesiastical jurisdiction was given to the patriarch of Constantinople. A metropolitan see was maintained in Belgrade from 1766 afterwards. There were also independent Serbian Orthodox sees based in Karlovci and in Montenegro.In 1920, the church was reunified and the patriarchy was reestablished with the see moving to Belgrade, but retaining the lineage of the throne of Saint Sava in Peć. The patriarch holds ecclesiastical authority over the Orthodox Church in the territory of the former Yugoslavia (with the exception of Macedonia), and also over the Serbian Orthodox diaspora in Western Europe, Australia, and the Americas.","title":"List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorje"},{"link_name":"Vranjina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranjina_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiklosich185818%E2%80%9319-6"},{"link_name":"Domentijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domentijan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mileševa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile%C5%A1eva_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sava III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_III"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiklosich185876%E2%80%9377,_82%E2%80%9383-9"}],"text":"Currently, the style of the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church is \"Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch\" (архиепископ пећки, митрополит београдско-карловачки и патријарх српски). The short title is \"Serbian Patriarch\" (патријарх српски). Historically, various styles have been used.Archbishop Sava (s. 1219–33) was styled \"Archbishop of Serb Lands\" and \"Archbishop of Serb Lands and the Littoral\" in the Vranjina charter,[6] while Domentijan (fl. 1253) used the style \"Archbishop of all the Serbian and coastal lands\" when speaking of Sava.[7] The fresco of Sava at Mileševa calls him \"the first Archbishop of All Serb and Diocletian Lands\".[8] Archbishop Sava III (s. 1309–16) was styled \"Archbishop of All Serb and Littoral Lands\".[9]","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Archbishops, 1219–1346"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Patriarchs, 1346–1766"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Patriarchs, 1920–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Patriarchs, 1920–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note1A"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note1B"},{"link_name":"Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade and Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Belgrade_and_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"Patriarchal throne of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"text":"A The Ottomans did not recognize the official title of \"Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch\". However, church records still record these three men as Patriarchs even though they did not serve in full title. They were still known as the guardians or protectors of the \"throne of Saint Sava\".\nB The patriarchs hold the title of Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch and are considered the successors to the Patriarchal throne of Peć. However, the Patriarchy is based in Belgrade, Serbia.","title":"Annotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slijepčević, Djoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M9faAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Slijepčević, Djoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v7FrAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Slijepčević, Djoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I7NrAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SXC1QgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-86-7609-042-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7609-042-6"},{"link_name":"Likovi svetitelja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=frQAAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Dučić, Nićifor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%87ifor_Du%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=g9Y7AQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Istorija Srpske crkve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R7YRAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788675880011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675880011"},{"link_name":"Miklosich, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Miklosich"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/monumentaserbic00miklgoog"},{"link_name":"The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9691331-2-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9691331-2-4"},{"link_name":"Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VBzkAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Slijepčević, Djoko (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 1. Минхен: Искра.\nSlijepčević, Djoko (1966). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 2. Минхен: Искра.\nSlijepčević, Djoko (1986). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 3. Келн: Искра.\nSlijepčević, Đoko (2002). Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka. Култура. ISBN 978-86-7609-042-6.\nBogdanović, Dimitrije (1972). Likovi svetitelja (in Serbian). Glavni savez udruženog pravoslavnog sveštenstva SFRJ.\nDučić, Nićifor (1894). Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana (in Serbian). Drž. stamp Kralj. Srbije.\nMarjanović, Čedomir (2001). Istorija Srpske crkve. Ars Libri. ISBN 9788675880011.\nMiklosich, Franz (1858). Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii. Vienna: apud Guilelmum Braumüller.\nPavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0-9691331-2-4.\nSava, Bishop of Šumadija (1996). Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka (in Serbian). Evro.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)"},{"title":"Archbishopric of Belgrade and Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Belgrade_and_Karlovci"},{"title":"Metropolitanate of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Belgrade"},{"title":"Metropolitanate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Karlovci"},{"title":"Patriarchate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci"},{"title":"Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Montenegro_and_the_Littoral"},{"title":"List of metropolitans of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitans_of_Montenegro"},{"title":"Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia"},{"title":"Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci"},{"title":"Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ruski_Krstur"},{"title":"Religion in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia"},{"title":"Religion in Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vojvodina"}] | [{"reference":"\"Metropolitan Porfirije of Zagreb and Ljubljana elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\". spc.rs. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/metropolitan_porphyry_zagreb_and_ljubljana_elected_new_patriarch_serbia.html","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Porfirije of Zagreb and Ljubljana elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"His Holiness Porfirije, Archbishop of Pec, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch enthroned\". spc.rs. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/his_holiness_porfirije_archbishop_pec_metropolitan_belgrade_and_karlovci_and_serbian_patriarch_enthr.html","url_text":"\"His Holiness Porfirije, Archbishop of Pec, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch enthroned\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian Patriarch kyr Porfirije enthroned in the Patriarchate of Peć\". spc.rs. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spc.rs/en/serbian-patriarch-kyr-porfirije-enthroned-in-the-patriarchate-of-pec/","url_text":"\"Serbian Patriarch kyr Porfirije enthroned in the Patriarchate of Peć\""}]},{"reference":"Radovan Samardžić; Milan Duškov (1993). Serbs in European civilization. Nova. p. 27. ISBN 978-86-7583-015-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Serbs in European civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7583-015-3","url_text":"978-86-7583-015-3"}]},{"reference":"Svetislav Mandić (1986). Velika gospoda sve srpske zemlje i drugi prosopografski prilozi. Srpska književna zadruga. p. 69. ISBN 9788637900122.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RPkyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Velika gospoda sve srpske zemlje i drugi prosopografski prilozi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788637900122","url_text":"9788637900122"}]},{"reference":"\"DR. PAVLOVITCH DIES; SERBIAN PATRIARCH; Head of National Church of Yugoslavia Stricken at the Age of 84 Years\". The New York Times. 7 April 1930. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/07/archives/dr-pavlovitch-dies-serbian-patriarch-head-of-national-church-of.html","url_text":"\"DR. PAVLOVITCH DIES; SERBIAN PATRIARCH; Head of National Church of Yugoslavia Stricken at the Age of 84 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"PATRIARCH GAVRILO OF SERBIAN CHURCH; Wartime Foe of Axis, Prisoner at Dachau Dies--Urged Clergy to Support Tito\". The New York Times. Reuters. 8 May 1950. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/05/08/archives/patriarch-gavrilo-of-serbian-church-wartime-foe-of-axis-prisoner-at.html","url_text":"\"PATRIARCH GAVRILO OF SERBIAN CHURCH; Wartime Foe of Axis, Prisoner at Dachau Dies--Urged Clergy to Support Tito\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHURCH IN YUGOSLAVIA PICKS NEW PATRIARCH\". The New York Times. AP. 2 July 1950. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/07/02/archives/church-in-yugoslavia-picks-new-patriarch.html","url_text":"\"CHURCH IN YUGOSLAVIA PICKS NEW PATRIARCH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patriarch Pavle, Serbian Church Leader, Dies at 95\". The New York Times. AP. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/16/world/europe/16pavle.html","url_text":"\"Patriarch Pavle, Serbian Church Leader, Dies at 95\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop of Nis Irinej elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\". spc.rs. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/bishop_nis_irinej_elected_new_patriarch_serbia.html","url_text":"\"Bishop of Nis Irinej elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enthronement of Patriarch Irinej of Serbia\". spc.rs. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/enthronement_patriarch_irinej_serbia.html","url_text":"\"Enthronement of Patriarch Irinej of Serbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian Patriarch Irinej reposed in the Lord\". spc.rs. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/serbian_patriarch_irinej_reposed_lord.html","url_text":"\"Serbian Patriarch Irinej reposed in the Lord\""}]},{"reference":"Slijepčević, Djoko (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 1. Минхен: Искра.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87","url_text":"Slijepčević, Djoko"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M9faAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"}]},{"reference":"Slijepčević, Djoko (1966). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 2. Минхен: Искра.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87","url_text":"Slijepčević, Djoko"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v7FrAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"}]},{"reference":"Slijepčević, Djoko (1986). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 3. Келн: Искра.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoko_Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87","url_text":"Slijepčević, Djoko"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I7NrAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"}]},{"reference":"Slijepčević, Đoko (2002). Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka. Култура. ISBN 978-86-7609-042-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SXC1QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7609-042-6","url_text":"978-86-7609-042-6"}]},{"reference":"Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1972). Likovi svetitelja (in Serbian). Glavni savez udruženog pravoslavnog sveštenstva SFRJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frQAAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Likovi svetitelja"}]},{"reference":"Dučić, Nićifor (1894). Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana (in Serbian). Drž. stamp Kralj. Srbije.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%87ifor_Du%C4%8Di%C4%87","url_text":"Dučić, Nićifor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9Y7AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana"}]},{"reference":"Marjanović, Čedomir (2001). Istorija Srpske crkve. Ars Libri. ISBN 9788675880011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7YRAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Istorija Srpske crkve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675880011","url_text":"9788675880011"}]},{"reference":"Miklosich, Franz (1858). Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii. Vienna: apud Guilelmum Braumüller.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Miklosich","url_text":"Miklosich, Franz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/monumentaserbic00miklgoog","url_text":"Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii"}]},{"reference":"Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0-9691331-2-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9691331-2-4","url_text":"978-0-9691331-2-4"}]},{"reference":"Sava, Bishop of Šumadija (1996). Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka (in Serbian). Evro.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VBzkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://spc.rs/","external_links_name":"spc.rs"},{"Link":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/metropolitan_porphyry_zagreb_and_ljubljana_elected_new_patriarch_serbia.html","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Porfirije of Zagreb and Ljubljana elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/his_holiness_porfirije_archbishop_pec_metropolitan_belgrade_and_karlovci_and_serbian_patriarch_enthr.html","external_links_name":"\"His Holiness Porfirije, Archbishop of Pec, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci and Serbian Patriarch enthroned\""},{"Link":"https://spc.rs/en/serbian-patriarch-kyr-porfirije-enthroned-in-the-patriarchate-of-pec/","external_links_name":"\"Serbian Patriarch kyr Porfirije enthroned in the Patriarchate of Peć\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Serbs in European civilization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RPkyAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Velika gospoda sve srpske zemlje i drugi prosopografski prilozi"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/07/archives/dr-pavlovitch-dies-serbian-patriarch-head-of-national-church-of.html","external_links_name":"\"DR. PAVLOVITCH DIES; SERBIAN PATRIARCH; Head of National Church of Yugoslavia Stricken at the Age of 84 Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/05/08/archives/patriarch-gavrilo-of-serbian-church-wartime-foe-of-axis-prisoner-at.html","external_links_name":"\"PATRIARCH GAVRILO OF SERBIAN CHURCH; Wartime Foe of Axis, Prisoner at Dachau Dies--Urged Clergy to Support Tito\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/07/02/archives/church-in-yugoslavia-picks-new-patriarch.html","external_links_name":"\"CHURCH IN YUGOSLAVIA PICKS NEW PATRIARCH\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/16/world/europe/16pavle.html","external_links_name":"\"Patriarch Pavle, Serbian Church Leader, Dies at 95\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/bishop_nis_irinej_elected_new_patriarch_serbia.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop of Nis Irinej elected for a new Patriarch of Serbia\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/enthronement_patriarch_irinej_serbia.html","external_links_name":"\"Enthronement of Patriarch Irinej of Serbia\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/serbian_patriarch_irinej_reposed_lord.html","external_links_name":"\"Serbian Patriarch Irinej reposed in the Lord\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M9faAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v7FrAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I7NrAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SXC1QgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Istorija srpske pravoslavne crkve: Od pokrštavanja Srba do kraja XVIII veka"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frQAAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Likovi svetitelja"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9Y7AQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve od prvijeh desetina VII v. do naših dana"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R7YRAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Istorija Srpske crkve"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/monumentaserbic00miklgoog","external_links_name":"Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VBzkAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Srpski jerarsi: od devetog do dvadesetog veka"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090418073221/http://www.spc.rs/Istorijat/history.html","external_links_name":"Serbian Orthodox Church, history"},{"Link":"http://www.sumadinac.de/arhijereji/arhijereji.html","external_links_name":"Pages on most of the Serbian Patriarchs"},{"Link":"http://www.kosovo.net/socheng2.html","external_links_name":"Kosovo.com: another list of Serbian Patriarchs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060109131403/http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/resources/hierarchs/serbia.htm","external_links_name":"Hierarchical Succession of the Patriarchal See of Serbia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeji_del_R%C3%ADo | Tepeji | ["1 Demography","1.1 Populated places in Tepeji","2 References"] | Coordinates: 19°54′14″N 99°20′29″W / 19.90389°N 99.34139°W / 19.90389; -99.34139Municipality and Town in Hidalgo, MexicoTepeji del Río de Ocampo
TepejiMunicipality and Town
SealTepeji del Río de OcampoLocation in MexicoShow map of HidalgoTepeji del Río de OcampoTepeji del Río de Ocampo (Mexico)Show map of MexicoCoordinates: 19°54′14″N 99°20′29″W / 19.90389°N 99.34139°W / 19.90389; -99.34139Country MexicoStateHidalgoMunicipal seatTepeji del Río de OcampoGovernment • Municipal PresidentSalvador Jiménez CalzadillaArea • Total393.4 km2 (151.9 sq mi)Elevation2,172 m (7,126 ft)Population (2010) • Total80,612 • Density200/km2 (530/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central Standard Time) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time)Area code42850Website
Tepeji (officially: Tepeji del Río de Ocampo) is one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 393.4 km². The town is known for its valley landscape, with natural attractions such as Lake Requena, a vast lake surrounded by tall hills.
Tepeji del Rio has many industrial complexes with companies such as Beaver Manufacturing, Procter and Gamble, Kaltex, Arteche, Zaga, PPG and Pilgrims Pride. Amanali Country Club & Nautica has a golf course situated in the northern part of the town overlooking Lake Requena, along with associated residential areas. Plaza del Rio, Tepeji's main plaza, has most of the town's commercial outlets, including a Soriana, a Pemex gas station, a Cinepolis movie theater, a Domino's Pizza, and other outlets.
The 2010 census reported that the municipality had a total population of 80,612, though the welcome road sign at the south entrance of Tepeji states a population of 100,000. In contrast to the rapid urbanization of central Mexico, Tepeji sits just outside the Mexico City Metropolitan area. The town is also known for being the birthplace of Mexican footballer Raúl Jiménez.
As of 2020, Tepeji is governed by Salvador Jiménez Calzadilla, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
Demography
Populated places in Tepeji
Town
Population
Total
80,612
Tepeji del Río de Ocampo
45,430
San Ildefonso
1,248
San Buenaventura
3,949
Santiago Tlapanaloya
6,466
San Ignacio Nopala
1,689
References
^ "Tepeji del Río de Ocampo". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
vte State of HidalgoPachuca (capital)Regions
Greater Mexico City
Mezquital Valley
Pachuca metropolitan area
Pachuca Range
Municipalities(towns)
Acatlán
Acaxochitlán
Actopan
Agua Blanca de Iturbide
Ajacuba
Alfajayucan
Almoloya
Apan
El Arenal
Atitalaquía
Atlapexco
Atotonilco de Tula
Atotonilco El Grande
Calnali
Cardonal
Chapantongo
Chapulhuacán
Chilcuautla
Cuautepec de Hinojosa
Eloxochitlán
Emiliano Zapata
Epazoyucan
Francisco I. Madero
Huasca de Ocampo
Huautla
Huazalingo
Huehuetla
Huejutla de Reyes
Huichapan
Ixmiquilpan
Jacala
Jaltocan
Juárez
Lolotla
Metepec
Metztitlán
Mineral de la Reforma
Mineral del Chico
Mineral del Monte
La Misión
Mixquiahuala
Molango
Nicolás Flores
Nopala
Omitlán de Juárez
Orizatlán
Pachuca
Pacula
Pisaflores
Progreso, Hidalgo
San Agustín Metzquititlán
San Agustín Tlaxiaca
San Bartolo Tutotepec
San Salvador
Santiago de Anaya
Singuilucan
Tasquillo
Tecozautla
Tenango de Doria
Tepeapulco
Tepehuacán de Guerrero
Tepeji
Tepetitlán
Tetepango
Tezontepec de Aldama
Tianguistengo
Tizayuca
Tlacotlapilco
Tlahuelilpan
Tlahuiltepa
Tlanalapa
Tlanchinol
Tlaxcoapan
Tolcayuca
Tula de Allende
Tulancingo
Tulantepec de Lugo Guerrero
Tezontepec
Xochiatipan
Xochicoatlán
Yahualica
Zacualtipan
Zapotlán de Juárez
Zempoala
Zimapán
Communities
Ciudad Sahagún
Pachuquilla
Santiago Tulantepec
Protected areas
Barranca de Metztitlán
El Chico
Los Mármoles
Sierra Gorda
Tula
Other topics
Governors
This article about a location in the Mexican state of Hidalgo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities of Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tepeji del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeji_del_Rio"},{"link_name":"Soriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soriana"},{"link_name":"Pemex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemex"},{"link_name":"Cinepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinepolis"},{"link_name":"Domino's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Raúl Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Institutional Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party"}],"text":"Municipality and Town in Hidalgo, MexicoTepeji (officially: Tepeji del Río de Ocampo) is one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 393.4 km². The town is known for its valley landscape, with natural attractions such as Lake Requena, a vast lake surrounded by tall hills.Tepeji del Rio has many industrial complexes with companies such as Beaver Manufacturing, Procter and Gamble, Kaltex, Arteche, Zaga, PPG and Pilgrims Pride. Amanali Country Club & Nautica has a golf course situated in the northern part of the town overlooking Lake Requena, along with associated residential areas. Plaza del Rio, Tepeji's main plaza, has most of the town's commercial outlets, including a Soriana, a Pemex gas station, a Cinepolis movie theater, a Domino's Pizza, and other outlets.The 2010 census reported that the municipality had a total population of 80,612, though the welcome road sign at the south entrance of Tepeji states a population of 100,000.[1] In contrast to the rapid urbanization of central Mexico, Tepeji sits just outside the Mexico City Metropolitan area. The town is also known for being the birthplace of Mexican footballer Raúl Jiménez.As of 2020, Tepeji is governed by Salvador Jiménez Calzadilla, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.","title":"Tepeji"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Populated places in Tepeji","title":"Demography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tepeji del Río de Ocampo\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved December 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/hidalgo/municipios/13063a.htm","url_text":"\"Tepeji del Río de Ocampo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_para_el_Federalismo_y_el_Desarrollo_Municipal","url_text":"Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tepeji¶ms=19_54_14_N_99_20_29_W_region:MX_type:city(80612)","external_links_name":"19°54′14″N 99°20′29″W / 19.90389°N 99.34139°W / 19.90389; -99.34139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tepeji¶ms=19_54_14_N_99_20_29_W_region:MX_type:city(80612)","external_links_name":"19°54′14″N 99°20′29″W / 19.90389°N 99.34139°W / 19.90389; -99.34139"},{"Link":"http://www.tepejidelriohgo.gob.mx/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/hidalgo/municipios/13063a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tepeji del Río de Ocampo\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tepeji&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Bayo | Cerro Bayo | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Mountain
For other mountains and volcanos, see Cerro Bayo (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cerro Bayo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cerro BayoView of the Nahuel Huapi Lake from the summit of the Cerro BayoLocationNeuquen, Patagonia, ArgentinaNearest major cityVilla La Angostura, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi)Top elevation1782Trails25 – 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) Green – 3 Blue – 7 Red – 9 Black – 6Longest run6 kmLift system2 Gondola lift6 Chairlifts2 T-bar lifts3 Magic carpets1 Ski tows2 Conveyor beltsLift capacity6,890 /hourWebsiteCerro Bayo
Cerro Bayo is a mountain of the Andes range located 9 km from the town Villa La Angostura, Neuquén Province, Argentina, within the Valdivian temperate rain forests, in an area with numerous lakes.
The mountain hosts a ski area with 25 runs and 16 lifts. In 2007, the 2nd South American Ski Mountaineering Championship was carried out on the Cerro Bayo.
See also
Cerro Castor
Cerro Catedral
Chapelco
Las Leñas
List of ski areas and resorts in South America
References
^ Solelhac, Armelle (25 August 2021). Mountain Resort Marketing and Management. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-43162-9. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerro Bayo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Bayo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Villa La Angostura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_La_Angostura"},{"link_name":"Neuquén Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Valdivian temperate rain forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivian_temperate_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2nd South American Ski Mountaineering Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_American_Ski_Mountaineering_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_La_Angostura_Panoramica_Cerros_Belvedere_Inacayal_Bayo.jpg"}],"text":"For other mountains and volcanos, see Cerro Bayo (disambiguation).Cerro Bayo is a mountain of the Andes range located 9 km from the town Villa La Angostura, Neuquén Province, Argentina, within the Valdivian temperate rain forests, in an area with numerous lakes.[1]\nThe mountain hosts a ski area with 25 runs and 16 lifts. In 2007, the 2nd South American Ski Mountaineering Championship was carried out on the Cerro Bayo.","title":"Cerro Bayo"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cerro Castor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Castor"},{"title":"Cerro Catedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Catedral"},{"title":"Chapelco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelco"},{"title":"Las Leñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Le%C3%B1as"},{"title":"List of ski areas and resorts in South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts_in_South_America"}] | [{"reference":"Solelhac, Armelle (25 August 2021). Mountain Resort Marketing and Management. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-43162-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mountain_Resort_Marketing_and_Management/Es84EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cerro+Bayo%22+-wikipedia+mountain+argentina&pg=PT20&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Mountain Resort Marketing and Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-43162-9","url_text":"978-1-000-43162-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cerro+Bayo%22","external_links_name":"\"Cerro Bayo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cerro+Bayo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cerro+Bayo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cerro+Bayo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cerro+Bayo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cerro+Bayo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cerrobayoweb.com/","external_links_name":"Cerro Bayo"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mountain_Resort_Marketing_and_Management/Es84EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cerro+Bayo%22+-wikipedia+mountain+argentina&pg=PT20&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Mountain Resort Marketing and Management"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Dolwyn | The Last Days of Dolwyn | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Historical parallels","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 1949 British filmThe Last Days of DolwynDirected byEmlyn WilliamsWritten byEmlyn WilliamsProduced byAnatole de GrunwaldStarringEdith EvansEmlyn WilliamsRichard BurtonAnthony JamesCinematographyOtto HellerEdited byRussell LloydMaurice RootesMusic byJohn DH GreenwoodDistributed byBritish Lion FilmsRelease date
13 April 1949 (1949-04-13)
CountryUnited KingdomLanguagesEnglish, WelshBox office£96,772 (UK)
The Last Days of Dolwyn (renamed Woman of Dolwyn for the American market) is a 1949 British drama film directed by Emlyn Williams and starring Edith Evans, Emlyn Williams, Richard Burton and Anthony James. The screenplay focuses on an impoverished Welsh village which becomes the site of a bitter power struggle between a callous developer and a stubborn widow.
The film marked the first film appearance of Burton, the first film appearance of Edith Evans since 1916, and the sole film to be directed by Emlyn Williams, who also wrote the screenplay.
Plot
The story is set in 1892 in and around the peaceful (fictional) village of Dolwyn in Mid-Wales. A short prelude shows a plaque marking a flood and the deaths of two people, only one of whose bodies was recovered.
A consortium led by Lord Lancashire is constructing a massive dam at the head of the valley above Dolwyn, to create a reservoir to supply water to Liverpool. Construction stops when the rock, thought to be limestone, turns out to be granite. Realising it will be cheaper and easier to flood the land which includes the village (but unaware it is inhabited), Lord Lancashire dispatches his agent, Rob, to buy the land. Heavily in debt, Lady Dolwyn agrees to sell. Leaseholders are offered large sums for their leases, along with new houses in Liverpool and jobs in a cotton mill for those who want them. The villagers do not recognise Rob, but he has his own reason for wanting the village flooded; he was born and grew up there, but was forced out of the village twenty years before for thievery.
Of all the villagers, old widow Merri is the most reluctant to leave. Her son is buried in the graveyard and she hates the idea of the grave being flooded, as his father died by drowning.
Whilst packing up to leave, Merri's foster-child Gareth, who has lived in England and speaks the language, discovers documents that prove Merri (who speaks very little English) has a right to own her land in perpetuity. A solicitor confirms the title. Lord Lancashire visits Merri, but soon realises she cannot be bought off or cajoled. To top it all, she cures his rheumatic shoulder with manipulation. He decides to use the more expensive method of construction instead, preserving the village. Rob is furious and decides to open the dam's spillway valves to flood the valley. He fails, and instead he sets fire to Merri's cottage.
Gareth catches Rob in the act, knocking him into the fire. Though Gareth tries to beat out the flames, Rob dies. Merri has witnessed the events: to protect Gareth, she conceals the body, then makes her way to the dam's valve room and opens the valves. The villagers watch sadly from nearby safe ground as their village is drowned. One young shepherd refuses to flee the flood and his defiant, lilting tenor voice is suddenly silenced as the tide consumes him.
Cast
A still from the making of the film
Edith Evans – Merri
Emlyn Williams – Rob
Richard Burton – Gareth
Anthony James – Dafydd
Allan Aynesworth – Lord Lancashire
Barbara Couper – Lady Dolwyn
Andrea Lea – Margaret
Hugh Griffith – The Minister
Maurice Browning – Huw
Rita Crailey – Hen Ann
Eileen Dale – Mrs. Ellis
David Davies – Septimus
Frank Dunlop – Ephrain
Kenneth Evans – Jabbez
Patricia Glyn – Dorcas
Joan Griffiths – Eira
Sam Hinton – Idris
Dafydd Havard – Will
Roddy Hughes – Caradoc
Madoline Thomas – Mrs. Thomas
Sybil Williams
Tom Jones – John Henry
Linda Hughes - little girl
Historical parallels
The film's setting parallels the drowning in the 1880s of the village of Llanwddyn in Lake Vyrnwy to provide water for Liverpool. It may also be based on the construction of the Elan Valley Reservoirs, designed to supply water to Birmingham, and the tragic flooding of the beautiful neighbourhood of Nantgwyllt, beloved of the poet Shelley.
In the 1960s, Llyn Celyn was built to provide further water to Liverpool, flooding the village of Capel Celyn.
Reception
The film performed disappointingly at the box office despite good reviews.
References
^ The Last Days of Dolwyn (1949) at IMDb
^ Vincent Porter, 'The Robert Clark Account', Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol 20 No 4, 2000 p489
^ 'The Last Days Of Dolwyn' 1949 at The Richard Burton Museum
^ The Last Days of Dolwyn (1949) at British Film Institute website
^ Abandoned Communities...Reservoirs of Wales at abandonedcommunities.co.uk
^ John Healey (6 December 1952). "A reject worth waiting for". The Mail. Adelaide. p. 6. Retrieved 30 June 2012. At Trove
External links
The Last Days of Dolwyn at IMDb
vteFilms by Alexander KordaAs director
Watchhouse in the Carpathians (1914)
The Duped Journalist (1914)
Tutyu and Totyo (1914)
Lyon Lea (1915)
The Officer's Swordknot (1915)
White Nights (1916)
The Grandmother (1916)
Tales of the Typewriter (1916)
The Man with Two Hearts (1916)
The One Million Pound Note (1916)
Cyclamen (1916)
Struggling Hearts (1916)
The Laughing Saskia (1916)
Miska the Magnate (1916)
St. Peter's Umbrella (1917)
The Stork Caliph (1917)
Magic (1917)
Harrison and Barrison (1917)
Faun (1918)
The Man with the Golden Touch (1918)
Mary Ann (1918)
Ave Caesar! (1919)
White Rose (1919)
Yamata (1919)
Man of Gold (1919)
Neither at Home or Abroad (1919)
Number 111 (1919)
The Prince and the Pauper (1920)
Masters of the Sea (1922)
A Vanished World (1922)
Samson and Delilah (1922)
The Unknown Tomorrow (1923)
Everybody's Woman (1924)
Tragedy in the House of Habsburg (1924)
Dancing Mad (1925)
Madame Wants No Children (1926)
A Modern Dubarry (1927)
The Stolen Bride (1927)
The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927)
Yellow Lily (1928)
Night Watch (1928)
Love and the Devil (1929)
The Squall (1929)
Her Private Life (1929)
Lilies of the Field (1930)
Women Everywhere (1930)
The Princess and the Plumber (1930)
The Men Around Lucy (1931)
Rive gauche (1931)
Marius (1931)
Longing for the Sea (1931)
The Golden Anchor (1932)
Service for Ladies (1932)
Wedding Rehearsal (1932)
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933)
La dame de chez Maxim's (1933)
The Girl from Maxim's (1933)
The Private Life of Don Juan (1934)
Rembrandt (1936)
That Hamilton Woman (1941)
Perfect Strangers (1945)
An Ideal Husband (1947)
As producer only
Men of Tomorrow (1932)
That Night in London (1932)
Women Who Play (1932)
Strange Evidence (1933)
Counsel's Opinion (1933)
Cash (1933)
Catherine the Great (1934)
The Private Life of the Gannets (1934) (short)
The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934)
Things Are Looking Up (1935)
Sanders of the River (1935)
Wharves and Strays (1935) (short)
The Ghost Goes West (1935)
Miss Bracegirdle Does Her Duty (1936) (short)
The Fox Hunt (1936)
Things to Come (1936)
I Stand Condemned (1936)
Men Are Not Gods (1936)
Forget Me Not (1936)
The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936)
Fire Over England (1937)
I, Claudius (1937) (unfinished)
Dark Journey (1937)
Elephant Boy (1937)
Farewell Again (1937)
Storm in a Teacup (1937)
Action for Slander (1937)
Knight Without Armour (1937)
The Squeaker (1937)
The Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel (1937)
Paradise for Two (1937)
The Divorce of Lady X (1938)
The Drum (1938)
South Riding (1938)
The Challenge (1938)
Prison Without Bars (1938)
Q Planes (1939)
The Four Feathers (1939)
The Rebel Son (1939)
The Spy in Black (1939)
The Lion Has Wings (1939)
Over the Moon (1939)
21 Days (1940)
Conquest of the Air (1940)
The Thief of Bagdad (1940)
Old Bill and Son (1941)
Lydia (1941)
To Be or Not to Be (1942)
Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book (1942)
The Biter Bit (1943) (short)
The Shop at Sly Corner (1947)
A Man About the House (1947)
Mine Own Executioner (1947)
Night Beat (1948)
Anna Karenina (1948)
The Winslow Boy (1948)
The Fallen Idol (1948)
Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948)
That Dangerous Age (1949)
The Last Days of Dolwyn (1949)
Saints and Sinners (1949)
The Third Man (1949)
The Cure for Love (1950)
The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950)
The Angel with the Trumpet (1950)
The Bridge of Time (1950) (short documentary)
My Daughter Joy (1950)
State Secret (1950)
The Wooden Horse (1950)
Seven Days to Noon (1950)
Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951)
The Wonder Kid (1951)
Mr. Denning Drives North (1952)
Outcast of the Islands (1952)
Home at Seven (1952)
Who Goes There! (1952)
Cry. the Beloved Country (1952)
Edinburgh (1952) (short documentary)
Road to Canterbury (1952) (short documentary)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
The Holly and the Ivy (1952)
The Ringer (1953)
Folly to Be Wise (1953)
Twice Upon a Time (1953)
The Captain's Paradise (1953)
The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (1953)
The Man Between (1953)
The Heart of the Matter (1954)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
The Belles of St. Trinian's (1954)
The Teckman Mystery (1954)
The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955)
Three Cases of Murder (1955)
A Kid for Two Farthings (1955)
The Deep Blue Sea (1955)
Summertime (1955)
Storm Over the Nile (1955)
Richard III (1955)
Smiley (1956) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Emlyn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn_Williams"},{"link_name":"Edith Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Evans"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1949 British filmThe Last Days of Dolwyn (renamed Woman of Dolwyn for the American market)[3] is a 1949 British drama film directed by Emlyn Williams and starring Edith Evans, Emlyn Williams, Richard Burton and Anthony James.[4] The screenplay focuses on an impoverished Welsh village which becomes the site of a bitter power struggle between a callous developer and a stubborn widow.The film marked the first film appearance of Burton, the first film appearance of Edith Evans since 1916, and the sole film to be directed by Emlyn Williams, who also wrote the screenplay.","title":"The Last Days of Dolwyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Wales"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"leases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leases"},{"link_name":"spillway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway"},{"link_name":"valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"}],"text":"The story is set in 1892 in and around the peaceful (fictional) village of Dolwyn in Mid-Wales. A short prelude shows a plaque marking a flood and the deaths of two people, only one of whose bodies was recovered.A consortium led by Lord Lancashire is constructing a massive dam at the head of the valley above Dolwyn, to create a reservoir to supply water to Liverpool. Construction stops when the rock, thought to be limestone, turns out to be granite. Realising it will be cheaper and easier to flood the land which includes the village (but unaware it is inhabited), Lord Lancashire dispatches his agent, Rob, to buy the land. Heavily in debt, Lady Dolwyn agrees to sell. Leaseholders are offered large sums for their leases, along with new houses in Liverpool and jobs in a cotton mill for those who want them. The villagers do not recognise Rob, but he has his own reason for wanting the village flooded; he was born and grew up there, but was forced out of the village twenty years before for thievery.Of all the villagers, old widow Merri is the most reluctant to leave. Her son is buried in the graveyard and she hates the idea of the grave being flooded, as his father died by drowning.Whilst packing up to leave, Merri's foster-child Gareth, who has lived in England and speaks the language, discovers documents that prove Merri (who speaks very little English) has a right to own her land in perpetuity. A solicitor confirms the title. Lord Lancashire visits Merri, but soon realises she cannot be bought off or cajoled. To top it all, she cures his rheumatic shoulder with manipulation. He decides to use the more expensive method of construction instead, preserving the village. Rob is furious and decides to open the dam's spillway valves to flood the valley. He fails, and instead he sets fire to Merri's cottage.Gareth catches Rob in the act, knocking him into the fire. Though Gareth tries to beat out the flames, Rob dies. Merri has witnessed the events: to protect Gareth, she conceals the body, then makes her way to the dam's valve room and opens the valves. The villagers watch sadly from nearby safe ground as their village is drowned. One young shepherd refuses to flee the flood and his defiant, lilting tenor voice is suddenly silenced as the tide consumes him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_Days_of_Dolwyn_(1949)_film_still.png"},{"link_name":"Edith Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Evans"},{"link_name":"Emlyn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn_Williams"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Allan Aynesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Aynesworth"},{"link_name":"Barbara Couper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Couper"},{"link_name":"Hugh Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Maurice Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Browning"},{"link_name":"David Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davies_(actor_born_1906)"},{"link_name":"Frank Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dunlop_(director)"},{"link_name":"Roddy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Madoline Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoline_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Sybil Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Williams"}],"text":"A still from the making of the filmEdith Evans – Merri\nEmlyn Williams – Rob\nRichard Burton – Gareth\nAnthony James – Dafydd\nAllan Aynesworth – Lord Lancashire\nBarbara Couper – Lady Dolwyn\nAndrea Lea – Margaret\nHugh Griffith – The Minister\nMaurice Browning – Huw\nRita Crailey – Hen Ann\nEileen Dale – Mrs. Ellis\nDavid Davies – Septimus\nFrank Dunlop – Ephrain\nKenneth Evans – Jabbez\nPatricia Glyn – Dorcas\nJoan Griffiths – Eira\nSam Hinton – Idris\nDafydd Havard – Will\nRoddy Hughes – Caradoc\nMadoline Thomas – Mrs. Thomas\nSybil Williams\nTom Jones – John Henry\nLinda Hughes - little girl","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Vyrnwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vyrnwy"},{"link_name":"Elan Valley Reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_Valley_Reservoirs"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Llyn Celyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyn_Celyn"},{"link_name":"Capel Celyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Celyn"}],"text":"The film's setting parallels the drowning in the 1880s of the village of Llanwddyn in Lake Vyrnwy to provide water for Liverpool. It may also be based on the construction of the Elan Valley Reservoirs, designed to supply water to Birmingham, and the tragic flooding of the beautiful neighbourhood of Nantgwyllt, beloved of the poet Shelley.[5]In the 1960s, Llyn Celyn was built to provide further water to Liverpool, flooding the village of Capel Celyn.","title":"Historical parallels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The film performed disappointingly at the box office despite good reviews.[6]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"A still from the making of the film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/The_Last_Days_of_Dolwyn_%281949%29_film_still.png/200px-The_Last_Days_of_Dolwyn_%281949%29_film_still.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"John Healey (6 December 1952). \"A reject worth waiting for\". The Mail. Adelaide. p. 6. Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57567962","url_text":"\"A reject worth waiting for\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mail_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Mail"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041579/","external_links_name":"The Last Days of Dolwyn (1949)"},{"Link":"http://richardburtonmuseum.weebly.com/dvd-and-video.html","external_links_name":"'The Last Days Of Dolwyn' 1949"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090113212411/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/39717","external_links_name":"The Last Days of Dolwyn (1949)"},{"Link":"http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page34.html","external_links_name":"Abandoned Communities...Reservoirs of Wales"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57567962","external_links_name":"\"A reject worth waiting for\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041579/","external_links_name":"The Last Days of Dolwyn"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tiki_Bar_is_Open | The Tiki Bar Is Open | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | 2001 studio album by John HiattThe Tiki Bar is OpenStudio album by John HiattReleasedSeptember 11, 2001GenreRockLength44:55LabelVanguardProducerJay JoyceJohn Hiatt chronology
Crossing Muddy Waters(2000)
The Tiki Bar is Open(2001)
Beneath This Gruff Exterior(2003)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
The Tiki Bar is Open is singer-songwriter John Hiatt's sixteenth album released on September 11, 2001, the day of the 9/11 attacks. It was his last album with Vanguard Records. *Although they are uncredited, the album features backing band The Goners, the same cadre of friends who backed Hiatt in his 1988 release Slow Turning.
In the ninth song, Dale Earnhardt and his No. 3 car are mentioned in the lyrics as a tribute to him.
(CD Version does credit The Goners ie. Dave Ranson, Kenneth Blevins and Sonny Landreth)
Track listing
All tracks written by John Hiatt
"Everybody Went Low" – 3:20
"Hangin' Round Here" – 3:09
"All the Lilacs in Ohio" – 3:37
"My Old Friend" – 3:50
"I Know a Place" – 3:26
"Something Broken" – 3:12
"Rock of Your Love" – 3:15
"I'll Never Get Over You" – 3:38
"The Tiki Bar Is Open" – 4:40
"Come Home to You" – 3:52
"Farther Stars" – 8:49
Personnel
John Hiatt – guitar, piano, harmonica, mandolin, harmonium, vocals
Jay Joyce – guitar, keyboards, loops
Sonny Landreth – guitar
Dave Ranson – bass
Kenneth Blevins – drums, percussion
David Bianco – piano on "The Tiki Bar Is Open"
Julie Miller – backing vocals
New Reflections Men's Choir – backing vocals on "The Tiki Bar Is Open"
References
^ Horowitz, Hal. The Tiki Bar Is Open at AllMusic. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ "John Hiatt: The Tiki Bar is Open, PopMatters". September 10, 2001.
vteJohn HiattStudio albums
Hangin' Around the Observatory (1974)
Overcoats (1975)
Slug Line (1979)
Two Bit Monsters (1980)
All of a Sudden (1982)
Riding with the King (1983)
Warming Up to the Ice Age (1985)
Bring the Family (1987)
Slow Turning (1988)
Stolen Moments (1990)
Perfectly Good Guitar (1993)
Walk On (1995)
Little Head (1997)
Crossing Muddy Waters (2000)
The Tiki Bar Is Open (2001)
Beneath This Gruff Exterior (2003)
Master of Disaster (2005)
Same Old Man (2008)
The Open Road (2010)
Dirty Jeans and Mudslide Hymns (2011)
Mystic Pinball (2012)
Terms of My Surrender (2014)
The Eclipse Sessions (2018)
Leftover Feelings (2021)
Live albums
Hiatt Comes Alive at Budokan? (1994)
Live from Austin, TX (2005)
Compilation albums
Y'all Caught? The Ones That Got Away 1979–1985 (1989)
Songs
"Have a Little Faith in Me"
"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here"
"Take Time to Know Her"
Related
Discography
Little Village
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2001 rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hiatt"},{"link_name":"9/11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Records"},{"link_name":"Slow Turning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_Turning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt"}],"text":"2001 studio album by John HiattThe Tiki Bar is Open is singer-songwriter John Hiatt's sixteenth album released on September 11, 2001, the day of the 9/11 attacks. It was his last album with Vanguard Records. *Although they are uncredited, the album features backing band The Goners, the same cadre of friends who backed Hiatt in his 1988 release Slow Turning.[2]In the ninth song, Dale Earnhardt and his No. 3 car are mentioned in the lyrics as a tribute to him.(CD Version does credit The Goners ie. Dave Ranson, Kenneth Blevins and Sonny Landreth)","title":"The Tiki Bar Is Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks written by John Hiatt\"Everybody Went Low\" – 3:20\n\"Hangin' Round Here\" – 3:09\n\"All the Lilacs in Ohio\" – 3:37\n\"My Old Friend\" – 3:50\n\"I Know a Place\" – 3:26\n\"Something Broken\" – 3:12\n\"Rock of Your Love\" – 3:15\n\"I'll Never Get Over You\" – 3:38\n\"The Tiki Bar Is Open\" – 4:40\n\"Come Home to You\" – 3:52\n\"Farther Stars\" – 8:49","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Sonny Landreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Landreth"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Blevins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Blevins"},{"link_name":"Julie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Miller"}],"text":"John Hiatt – guitar, piano, harmonica, mandolin, harmonium, vocals\nJay Joyce – guitar, keyboards, loops\nSonny Landreth – guitar\nDave Ranson – bass\nKenneth Blevins – drums, percussion\nDavid Bianco – piano on \"The Tiki Bar Is Open\"\nJulie Miller – backing vocals\nNew Reflections Men's Choir – backing vocals on \"The Tiki Bar Is Open\"","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"John Hiatt: The Tiki Bar is Open, PopMatters\". September 10, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/hiattjohn-tiki/","url_text":"\"John Hiatt: The Tiki Bar is Open, PopMatters\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r546074","external_links_name":"The Tiki Bar Is Open"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/hiattjohn-tiki/","external_links_name":"\"John Hiatt: The Tiki Bar is Open, PopMatters\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/76d03daa-0b13-38ae-9749-81ec89215dd1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tiki_Bar_Is_Open&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_slip | Cross slip | ["1 Mechanisms","2 Role in plasticity","3 See also","4 References"] | Movement of a screw dislocation between crystallographic planes
The screw component of a mixed dislocation loop can move to another slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. Here the Burgers vector is along the intersection of the planes.
In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb.
Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is parallel to the dislocation line, it has an infinite number of possible slip planes (planes containing the dislocation line and the Burgers vector), unlike an edge or mixed dislocation, which has a unique slip plane. Therefore, a screw dislocation can glide or slip along any plane that contains its Burgers vector. During cross slip, the screw dislocation switches from gliding along one slip plane to gliding along a different slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. The cross slip of moving dislocations can be seen by transmission electron microscopy.
Mechanisms
The possible cross-slip planes are determined by the crystal system. In body centered cubic (BCC) metals, a screw dislocation with b=0.5<111> can glide on {110} planes or {211} planes. In face centered cubic (FCC) metals, screw dislocations can cross-slip from one {111} type plane to another. However, in FCC metals, pure screw dislocations dissociate into two mixed partial dislocations on a {111} plane, and the extended screw dislocation can only glide on the plane containing the two partial dislocations. The Friedel-Escaig mechanism and the Fleischer mechanism have been proposed to explain the cross-slip of partial dislocations in FCC metals.
In the Friedel-Escaig mechanism, the two partial dislocations constrict to a point, forming a perfect screw dislocation on their original glide plane, and then re-dissociate on the cross-slip plane creating two different partial dislocations. Shear stresses then may drive the dislocation to extend and move onto the cross-slip plane. Atomic simulations have confirmed the Friedel-Escaig mechanism.
Alternatively, in the Fleischer mechanism, one partial dislocation is emitted onto the cross-slip plane, and then the two partial dislocations constrict on the cross-slip plane, creating a stair-rod dislocation. Then the other partial dislocation combines with the stair-rod dislocation so that both partial dislocations are on the cross-slip plane. Since the stair rod and the new partial dislocations are high energy, this mechanism would require very high stresses.
Role in plasticity
Cross-slip is important to plasticity, since it allows additional slip planes to become active and allows screw dislocations to bypass obstacles. Screw dislocations can move around obstacles in their primary slip plane (the plane with the highest resolved shear stress). A screw dislocation may glide onto a different slip plane until it has passed the obstacle, and then can return to the primary slip plane. Screw dislocations can then avoid obstacles through conservative motion (without requiring atomic diffusion), unlike edge dislocations which must climb to move around obstacles. Therefore, some methods of increasing the yield stress of a material such as solid solution strengthening are less effective because due to cross slip they do not block the motion of screw dislocations.
At high strain rates (during stage II work hardening), discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations have suggested that cross-slip promotes the generation of dislocations and increase dislocation velocity in a way that is dependent on strain rate, which has the effect of decreasing flow stress and work hardening.
Cross slip also plays an important role in dynamic recovery (stage III work hardening) by promoting annihilation of screw dislocations and then movement of screw dislocations into a lower energy arrangement.
See also
Slip
Plastic deformation
Miller indices
References
^ Hull, D.; Bacon, D. J. (2011). Introduction to dislocations (5th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780080966724. OCLC 706802874.
^ a b c Cai, Wei; Nix, William D. (2016-09-15). Imperfections in crystalline solids. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Materials Research Society. ISBN 978-1107123137. OCLC 927400734.
^ Caillard, D.; Martin, J. L. (1989). "Some aspects of cross-slip mechanisms in metals and alloys". Journal de Physique. 50 (18): 2455–2473. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.533.1328. doi:10.1051/jphys:0198900500180245500. ISSN 0302-0738.
^ Rasmussen, T.; Jacobsen, K. W.; Leffers, T.; Pedersen, O. B.; Srinivasan, S. G.; Jónsson, H. (1997-11-10). "Atomistic Determination of Cross-Slip Pathway and Energetics" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 79 (19): 3676–3679. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.3676R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3676. S2CID 34986941.
^ Courtney, Thomas H. (2005). Mechanical Behavior of Materials. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. ISBN 1259027511. OCLC 929663641.
^ Wang, Z. Q.; Beyerlein, I. J.; LeSar, R. (2007-09-01). "The importance of cross-slip in high-rate deformation". Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering. 15 (6): 675–690. Bibcode:2007MSMSE..15..675W. doi:10.1088/0965-0393/15/6/006. ISSN 0965-0393. S2CID 136757753. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_Slip.png"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"screw dislocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_dislocation"},{"link_name":"slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"stresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"climb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation#Climb"},{"link_name":"Burgers vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgers_vector"},{"link_name":"transmission electron microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The screw component of a mixed dislocation loop can move to another slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. Here the Burgers vector is along the intersection of the planes.In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb.Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is parallel to the dislocation line, it has an infinite number of possible slip planes (planes containing the dislocation line and the Burgers vector), unlike an edge or mixed dislocation, which has a unique slip plane. Therefore, a screw dislocation can glide or slip along any plane that contains its Burgers vector. During cross slip, the screw dislocation switches from gliding along one slip plane to gliding along a different slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. The cross slip of moving dislocations can be seen by transmission electron microscopy.[1]","title":"Cross slip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crystal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_system"},{"link_name":"cubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"partial dislocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_dislocation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"stresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The possible cross-slip planes are determined by the crystal system. In body centered cubic (BCC) metals, a screw dislocation with b=0.5<111> can glide on {110} planes or {211} planes. In face centered cubic (FCC) metals, screw dislocations can cross-slip from one {111} type plane to another. However, in FCC metals, pure screw dislocations dissociate into two mixed partial dislocations on a {111} plane, and the extended screw dislocation can only glide on the plane containing the two partial dislocations.[2] The Friedel-Escaig mechanism and the Fleischer mechanism have been proposed to explain the cross-slip of partial dislocations in FCC metals.In the Friedel-Escaig mechanism, the two partial dislocations constrict to a point, forming a perfect screw dislocation on their original glide plane, and then re-dissociate on the cross-slip plane creating two different partial dislocations. Shear stresses then may drive the dislocation to extend and move onto the cross-slip plane.[3] Atomic simulations have confirmed the Friedel-Escaig mechanism.[4]Alternatively, in the Fleischer mechanism, one partial dislocation is emitted onto the cross-slip plane, and then the two partial dislocations constrict on the cross-slip plane, creating a stair-rod dislocation. Then the other partial dislocation combines with the stair-rod dislocation so that both partial dislocations are on the cross-slip plane. Since the stair rod and the new partial dislocations are high energy, this mechanism would require very high stresses.[2]","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"yield stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_Stress"},{"link_name":"solid solution strengthening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solution_strengthening"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"work hardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_hardening"},{"link_name":"flow stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_stress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dynamic recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_(metallurgy)"}],"text":"Cross-slip is important to plasticity, since it allows additional slip planes to become active and allows screw dislocations to bypass obstacles. Screw dislocations can move around obstacles in their primary slip plane (the plane with the highest resolved shear stress). A screw dislocation may glide onto a different slip plane until it has passed the obstacle, and then can return to the primary slip plane.[2] Screw dislocations can then avoid obstacles through conservative motion (without requiring atomic diffusion), unlike edge dislocations which must climb to move around obstacles. Therefore, some methods of increasing the yield stress of a material such as solid solution strengthening are less effective because due to cross slip they do not block the motion of screw dislocations.[5]At high strain rates (during stage II work hardening), discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations have suggested that cross-slip promotes the generation of dislocations and increase dislocation velocity in a way that is dependent on strain rate, which has the effect of decreasing flow stress and work hardening.[6]Cross slip also plays an important role in dynamic recovery (stage III work hardening) by promoting annihilation of screw dislocations and then movement of screw dislocations into a lower energy arrangement.","title":"Role in plasticity"}] | [{"image_text":"The screw component of a mixed dislocation loop can move to another slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopea_altocollina | Hopea altocollina | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Conservation","4 References"] | Species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae
Hopea altocollina
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malvales
Family:
Dipterocarpaceae
Genus:
Hopea
Species:
H. altocollina
Binomial name
Hopea altocollinaP.S.Ashton
Hopea altocollina is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. The specific epithet altocollina means "high hills", referring to the species' habitat.
Description
Hopea altocollina grows up to 50 metres (160 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 1.8 m (6 ft). It has buttresses up to 4 m (13 ft) tall. The bark is fissured and flaky. The leathery leaves are lanceolate and measure up to 10 cm (4 in) long. The inflorescences measure up to 8 cm (3 in) long and bear cream flowers. The nuts are egg-shaped and measure up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) long.
Distribution and habitat
Hopea altocollina is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is dipterocarp forests, at elevations of 800–1,000 m (2,600–3,300 ft).
Conservation
Hopea altocollina has been assessed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by logging for its timber. The species is found in some protected areas.
References
^ a b c Bodos, V.; Tsen, S.; Oldfield, S.; Ling, C.Y.; Randi, A.; Linsky, J.; Pereira, J.T. (2019). "Hopea altocollina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T31897A149069249. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ "Hopea altocollina". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ a b Ashton, P. S. (2004). "Hopea Roxb.". In Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 5. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 147–148. ISBN 983-2181-59-3.
Taxon identifiersHopea altocollina
Wikidata: Q5471785
ARKive: hopea-altocollina
CoL: 3MJCB
GBIF: 5668923
iNaturalist: 193402
IPNI: 320838-1
IUCN: 31897
Open Tree of Life: 6114793
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320838-1
WFO: wfo-0000724478
This Dipterocarpaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dipterocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-3"}],"text":"Hopea altocollina is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. The specific epithet altocollina means \"high hills\", referring to the species' habitat.[3]","title":"Hopea altocollina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_root"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#lanceolate"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-3"}],"text":"Hopea altocollina grows up to 50 metres (160 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 1.8 m (6 ft). It has buttresses up to 4 m (13 ft) tall. The bark is fissured and flaky. The leathery leaves are lanceolate and measure up to 10 cm (4 in) long. The inflorescences measure up to 8 cm (3 in) long and bear cream flowers. The nuts are egg-shaped and measure up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) long.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Hopea altocollina is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is dipterocarp forests, at elevations of 800–1,000 m (2,600–3,300 ft).[1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Hopea altocollina has been assessed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by logging for its timber. The species is found in some protected areas.[1]","title":"Conservation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bodos, V.; Tsen, S.; Oldfield, S.; Ling, C.Y.; Randi, A.; Linsky, J.; Pereira, J.T. (2019). \"Hopea altocollina\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T31897A149069249. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/31897/149069249","url_text":"\"Hopea altocollina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Hopea altocollina\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320838-1","url_text":"\"Hopea altocollina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"}]},{"reference":"Ashton, P. S. (2004). \"Hopea Roxb.\". In Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 5. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 147–148. ISBN 983-2181-59-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Ashton","url_text":"Ashton, P. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Research_Institute_Malaysia","url_text":"Forest Research Institute Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-2181-59-3","url_text":"983-2181-59-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/31897/149069249","external_links_name":"\"Hopea altocollina\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T31897A149069249.en"},{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320838-1","external_links_name":"\"Hopea altocollina\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/hopea-altocollina/","external_links_name":"hopea-altocollina"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3MJCB","external_links_name":"3MJCB"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5668923","external_links_name":"5668923"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/193402","external_links_name":"193402"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/320838-1","external_links_name":"320838-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/31897","external_links_name":"31897"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6114793","external_links_name":"6114793"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A320838-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320838-1"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000724478","external_links_name":"wfo-0000724478"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hopea_altocollina&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Belle | J.J. Belle | ["1 References","2 External links"] | British session musician
J.J. BelleBorn17 October 1955Died26 November 2004Instrument(s)GuitarMusical artist
J.J. Belle (born Roger Elvidge Belle, French Guiana, 17 October 1955 – 26 November 2004) was a renowned British session musician, mostly known for his work as a guitarist. Artists he played for included Marc Almond, Fish (playing guitar on the US leg and September UK dates of his 1997 Sunsets on Empire tour), Debbie Harry, Johnny Hates Jazz, Grace Jones, George Michael, Madonna, Dusty Springfield, Bucks Fizz - with a song-defining solo at the end of "The Company You Keep" and Tina Turner. He also played on Belouis Some's 1993 album Living Your Life. Belle also frequently worked with the Pet Shop Boys, who declared he helped define their sound in a statement following his death from cancer in 2004.
References
^ The Dead Rock Stars Club - 2004 July to December, Thedeadrockstarsclub.com, accessed 2012-07-15
^ Pet Shop Boys — News — JJ Belle R.I.P., Petshopboys.co.uk, accessed 2012-07-15
External links
J.J. Belle at AllMusic
J.J. Belle at Discogs
J.J. Belle at Internet Movie Database
Facebook memorial page
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
2
This article about a British musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"session musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist"},{"link_name":"Marc Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Almond"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sunsets on Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunsets_on_Empire"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hates Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hates_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Bucks Fizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_Fizz"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Belouis Some","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belouis_Some"},{"link_name":"Living Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"Pet Shop Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistJ.J. Belle (born Roger Elvidge Belle, French Guiana, 17 October 1955 – 26 November 2004[1]) was a renowned British session musician, mostly known for his work as a guitarist. Artists he played for included Marc Almond, Fish (playing guitar on the US leg and September UK dates of his 1997 Sunsets on Empire tour), Debbie Harry, Johnny Hates Jazz, Grace Jones, George Michael, Madonna, Dusty Springfield, Bucks Fizz - with a song-defining solo at the end of \"The Company You Keep\" and Tina Turner. He also played on Belouis Some's 1993 album Living Your Life. Belle also frequently worked with the Pet Shop Boys, who declared he helped define their sound in a statement following his death from cancer in 2004.[2]","title":"J.J. Belle"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2004b.html","external_links_name":"The Dead Rock Stars Club - 2004 July to December"},{"Link":"http://www.petshopboys.co.uk/news/143/200412","external_links_name":"Pet Shop Boys — News — JJ Belle R.I.P."},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jj-belle-mn0000122050/credits","external_links_name":"J.J. Belle"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/J.J.+Belle","external_links_name":"J.J. Belle"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1758664/bio","external_links_name":"J.J. Belle"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/JJ-Belle-memorial-page/141005119303593","external_links_name":"Facebook memorial page"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ffd10437-7aaf-468f-bfbd-491f5df7318e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/60afdec0-014b-4525-b8e2-bf5d0a9e2665","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.J._Belle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards | 54th Academy of Country Music Awards | ["1 Winners and Nominees","2 Performances","3 Presenters","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References"] | 54th Academy of Country Music AwardsDateApril 7, 2019LocationMGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, NevadaHosted byReba McEntireMost awards
Dan + Shay
Kacey Musgraves
(2 each)Most nominationsDan + Shay (5)Television/radio coverageNetworkCBS
← 53rd ·
ACM
· 55th →
Kacey Musgraves, one of the most awarded artists of the evening.
Dan + Shay, one the most awarded artists of the evening.
The 54th Academy of Country Music Awards was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 7, 2019. Nominations were announced on February 20, 2019 by Reba McEntire during CBS This Morning, with Chris Stapleton and Dan + Shay leading with six nominations each. McEntire returned to host the awards for the sixteenth time.
Jason Aldean was presented with the ACM's rare honor "Artist of the Decade" by previous holder George Strait.
Winners and Nominees
The winners are shown in bold.
Entertainer of the Year
Album of the Year
Keith Urban
Jason Aldean
Luke Bryan
Kenny Chesney
Chris Stapleton
Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves
Dan + Shay – Dan + Shay
Desperate Man – Eric Church
From A Room: Volume 2 – Chris Stapleton
The Mountain – Dierks Bentley
Female Artist of the Year
Male Artist of the Year
Kacey Musgraves
Miranda Lambert
Ashley McBryde
Maren Morris
Carrie Underwood
Thomas Rhett
Dierks Bentley
Luke Combs
Chris Stapleton
Keith Urban
Group of the Year
Duo of the Year
Old Dominion
Lady Antebellum
LANCO
Little Big Town
Midland
Dan + Shay
Brothers Osborne
Florida Georgia Line
LoCash
Maddie & Tae
Single of the Year
Song of the Year
"Tequila" – Dan + Shay
"Down to the Honkytonk" – Jake Owen
"Heaven" – Kane Brown
"Meant to Be – Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line
"Most People Are Good" – Luke Bryan
"Tequila" – Nicolle Galyon, Jordan Reynolds, Dan Smyers
"Break Up in the End" – Jessie Jo Dillon, Chase McGill, Jon Nite
"Broken Halos" – Mike Henderson, Chris Stapleton
"Meant to Be" – David Garcia, Tyler Hubbard, Joshua Miller, Bebe Rexha
"Space Cowboy" – Luke Laird, Shane McAnally, Kacey Musgraves
"Yours" – Casey Brown, Russell Dickerson, Parker Welling
New Female Artist of the Year
New Male Artist of the Year
Ashley McBryde
Danielle Bradbery
Lindsay Ell
Carly Pearce
Luke Combs
Jimmie Allen
Jordan Davis
Michael Ray
Mitchell Tenpenny
New Vocal Duo or Group of the Year
Video of the Year
Lanco
High Valley
Runaway June
"Drunk Girl" – Chris Janson
"Babe" – Sugarland and Taylor Swift
"Burn Out" – Midland
"Burning Man" – Dierks Bentley and Brothers Osborne
"Shoot Me Straight" – Brothers Osborne
"Tequila" – Dan + Shay
Music Event of the Year
Songwriter of the Year
"Burning Man" – Dierks Bentley, Brothers Osborne
"Drowns the Whiskey" – Jason Aldean and Miranda Lambert
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright" – David Lee Murphy and Kenny Chesney
"Keeping Score" – Dan + Shay and Kelly Clarkson
Meant to Be" – Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line
Shane McAnally
Ross Copperman
Ashley Gorley
Chas McGill
Josh Osborne
Performances
Performer(s)
Song(s)
Florida Georgia LineJason Aldean
"Can't Hide Red"
Thomas Rhett
"Look What God Gave Her"
Miranda Lambert
Medley of Hits"Kerosene""Gunpowder and Lead""Mama's Broken Heart" "White Liar" "Little Red Wagon"
Luke Bryan
"Knockin' Boots"
Chris Stapleton
"A Simple Song"
Ashley McBryde
"Girl Going Nowhere"
Maren MorrisBrothers Osborne
"All My Favorite People"
George Strait Miranda Lambert
"Run"
Luke Combs Amanda Shires (on fiddle)
"Beautiful Crazy"
Dan + Shay Kelly Clarkson
"Keeping Score"
Little Big Town
"The Daughters"
Blake Shelton
"God's Country"
Old Dominion
"Make It Sweet"
Brooks & DunnLuke Combs
"Brand New Man"
Keith Urban Charlie Worsham (on guitar)
"Burden"
Eric ChurchAshley McBryde
"The Snake"
Lanco
"Rival"
Carrie Underwood
"Southbound"
Kane BrownKhalid
"Saturday Nights"
Reba McEntire
"Freedom"
Jason AldeanKelly Clarkson
Artist of the Decade Medley"Lights Come On" "Don't You Wanna Stay""Dirt Road Anthem"
Chrissy MetzLauren AlainaMaddie & TaeMickey GuytonCarrie Underwood
"I'm Standing With You"
Dierks Bentley Brandi Carlile
"Travelin' Light"
George Strait
"Every Little Honky Tonk Bar"
Presenters
Presenters
Lauren Alaina
Beth Behrs
Clint Black
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Jessie James Decker
Hunter Hayes
Jay Hernandez
Lady Antebellum
Midland
Nancy O'Dell
Danica Patrick
Carly Pearce
Michael Ray
Cole Swindell
Wilmer Valderrama
Reception
In its review of the event, Rolling Stone Country praised that the ACMs took the opportunity to bring seasoned musicians Amanda Shires and Charlie Worsham "into the fold" by having them appear alongside Luke Combs and Keith Urban respectively but criticised that the ACMs did not introduce either of them or even feature them on screen. Worsham, who the reviewer believed should have been nominated for his own awards, performed "mostly in the shadows" and Shires, who "helped transform with her lyrical playing" was barely seen. Rolling Stone also praised Reba McEntire's hosting and the performances by Dierks Bentley and Brandi Carlile, Little Big Town, Miranda Lambert and Ashley McBryde but stated that it was "baffling" that Kacey Musgraves, who had five nominations and won the CMA Award for Album of the Year and four Grammy Awards including Best Country Album and the all-genre Album of the Year for Golden Hour, did not perform. Musgraves' win made her only the third artist (after Taylor Swift and the artists that appeared on Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?) to win the ACM, CMA and Grammy Awards for Best Country Album as well as the all-genre Grammy for Album of the Year.
See also
Academy of Country Music Awards
References
^ "Here Are All of the 2019 ACM Awards Nominees".
^ "Reba McEntire to Host 2019 ACM Awards".
^ "Jason Aldean Reflects on Receiving ACM Artist of the Decade: 'I'm Proud That I Get to be That Guy'". Billboard. 5 April 2019.
^ "ACM Awards 2019: Full list of winners". CBS News.
^ "2019 ACM Awards: 13 Best, Worst and WTF Moments". Rolling Stone. 8 April 2019.
vteAcademy of Country Music AwardsAwards ceremonies
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Categories
Album of the Year
Entertainer of the Year
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Related articles
List of ceremonies
Academy of Country Music | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kacey Musgraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_%2B_Shay_in_2017_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan + Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_%2B_Shay"},{"link_name":"Academy of Country Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MGM Grand Garden Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Grand_Garden_Arena"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"CBS This Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_This_Morning"},{"link_name":"Chris Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Dan + Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_%2B_Shay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jason Aldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Aldean"},{"link_name":"George Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strait"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kacey Musgraves, one of the most awarded artists of the evening.Dan + Shay, one the most awarded artists of the evening.The 54th Academy of Country Music Awards was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 7, 2019. Nominations were announced on February 20, 2019 by Reba McEntire during CBS This Morning, with Chris Stapleton and Dan + Shay leading with six nominations each.[1] McEntire returned to host the awards for the sixteenth time.[2]Jason Aldean was presented with the ACM's rare honor \"Artist of the Decade\" by previous holder George Strait.[3]","title":"54th Academy of Country Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The winners are shown in bold.[4]","title":"Winners and Nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presenters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Country"},{"link_name":"Amanda Shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Shires"},{"link_name":"Charlie Worsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Worsham"},{"link_name":"Luke Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Combs"},{"link_name":"Keith Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Urban"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Dierks Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierks_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Brandi Carlile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi_Carlile"},{"link_name":"Little Big Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Town"},{"link_name":"Miranda Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Ashley McBryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_McBryde"},{"link_name":"Kacey Musgraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves"},{"link_name":"CMA Award for Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Country Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Album"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Golden Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kacey_Musgraves_album)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In its review of the event, Rolling Stone Country praised that the ACMs took the opportunity to bring seasoned musicians Amanda Shires and Charlie Worsham \"into the fold\" by having them appear alongside Luke Combs and Keith Urban respectively but criticised that the ACMs did not introduce either of them or even feature them on screen. Worsham, who the reviewer believed should have been nominated for his own awards, performed \"mostly in the shadows\" and Shires, who \"helped transform [Combs' performance] with her lyrical playing\" was barely seen. Rolling Stone also praised Reba McEntire's hosting and the performances by Dierks Bentley and Brandi Carlile, Little Big Town, Miranda Lambert and Ashley McBryde but stated that it was \"baffling\" that Kacey Musgraves, who had five nominations and won the CMA Award for Album of the Year and four Grammy Awards including Best Country Album and the all-genre Album of the Year for Golden Hour, did not perform. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clapperton | James Clapperton | ["1 References"] | Scottish composer and pianist
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "James Clapperton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
James Clapperton (born 1968 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish composer and pianist.
In 1984 he performed an arrangement of Stravinsky's 'Rite of Spring' made by himself and David Horne for piano duet at the Dartington Summer School. Witold Lutoslawski, Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle were in attendance. In 1988 he was awarded the Kranichsteiner Musikpreis at the Darmstadt Ferienkurse fur Neue Musik. Since then he has worked with many of the world's leading composers. In 1991 he gave the world premiere of Europera 3 by John Cage and toured in London, Strasbourg, Berlin and Paris with the composer. At this time he performed regularly as a piano duo with his former tutor Yvar Mikhashoff.
Clapperton has given recitals at major festivals throughout Europe and in North America. In 2003 he gave the Russian premiere of the complete Ligeti Etudes at the St. Petersburg Soundways festival. From 1998 to 2002 he was the artistic director of the Music Factory Festival in Bergen, Norway. He featured the music of Sciarrino, Lachenmann and Radulescu among others. James Clapperton enjoyed a collaboration with the Romanian master Horațiu Rădulescu which lasted twenty years until he died in 2008. He has also worked closely with composers such as Brian Ferneyhough, Alexander Radvilovitch, Salvatore Sciarrino, Howard Skempton and many others.
References
^ Review, musicalcriticism.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"David Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horne_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Dartington Summer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartington_Hall#Dartington_Music_Summer_School_&_Festival"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt Ferienkurse fur Neue Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"Yvar Mikhashoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvar_Mikhashoff"},{"link_name":"Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Horațiu Rădulescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_R%C4%83dulescu"}],"text":"James Clapperton (born 1968 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish composer and pianist.[1]In 1984 he performed an arrangement of Stravinsky's 'Rite of Spring' made by himself and David Horne for piano duet at the Dartington Summer School. Witold Lutoslawski, Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle were in attendance. In 1988 he was awarded the Kranichsteiner Musikpreis at the Darmstadt Ferienkurse fur Neue Musik. Since then he has worked with many of the world's leading composers. In 1991 he gave the world premiere of Europera 3 by John Cage and toured in London, Strasbourg, Berlin and Paris with the composer. At this time he performed regularly as a piano duo with his former tutor Yvar Mikhashoff.Clapperton has given recitals at major festivals throughout Europe and in North America. In 2003 he gave the Russian premiere of the complete Ligeti Etudes at the St. Petersburg Soundways festival. From 1998 to 2002 he was the artistic director of the Music Factory Festival in Bergen, Norway. He featured the music of Sciarrino, Lachenmann and Radulescu among others. James Clapperton enjoyed a collaboration with the Romanian master Horațiu Rădulescu which lasted twenty years until he died in 2008. He has also worked closely with composers such as Brian Ferneyhough, Alexander Radvilovitch, Salvatore Sciarrino, Howard Skempton and many others.","title":"James Clapperton"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James+Clapperton%22","external_links_name":"\"James Clapperton\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James+Clapperton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James+Clapperton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James+Clapperton%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James+Clapperton%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James+Clapperton%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.musicalcriticism.com/news/mcfallsclapperton-preview-1210.shtml","external_links_name":"Review"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008387116X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61195846","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMy3pTg79RfRJQFwdG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135103819","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010984353105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001045366","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/eb08a8f0-f51a-444a-86e9-3b7ec4bb922d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abromeitiella | Deuterocohnia | ["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"] | Genus of flowering plants
Deuterocohnia
Deuterocohnia lorentziana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Bromeliaceae
Subfamily:
Pitcairnioideae
Genus:
DeuterocohniaMez
Synonyms
Abromeitiella Mez
Meziothamnus Harms
Deuterocohnia is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae, endemic to South America. The genus is named for Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Jewish botanist and bacteriologist.
Plants once described as belonging to the genus Abromeitiella have been reevaluated and reclassified within Deuterocohnia following modern DNA analysis.
Species
Deuterocohnia bracteosa W. Till & L. Hromadnik - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia brevifolia (Grisebach) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Bolivia, Argentina
Deuterocohnia brevispicata Rauh & L. Hromadnik - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia chrysantha (Philippi) Mez - Chile
Deuterocohnia digitata L.B. Smith - Bolivia, Argentina
Deuterocohnia gableana Vásquez & Ibisch - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia glandulosa E. Gross - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia haumanii Castellanos - Argentina
Deuterocohnia longipetala (Baker) Mez - Bolivia, Argentina, Peru
Deuterocohnia lorentziana (Mez) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Argentina
Deuterocohnia lotteae (Rauh) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia meziana Kuntze ex Mez
var. carmineoviridiflora Rauh - Bolivia
var. meziana - - Bolivia, Paraguay, Mato Grosso do Sul
Deuterocohnia pedicellata W. Till - Chuquisaca
Deuterocohnia recurvipetala E. Gross - Argentina
Deuterocohnia scapigera (Rauh & L. Hromadnik) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith
subsp. sanctae-crucis Vásquez & Ibisch - Bolivia
subsp. scapigera - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia schreiteri Castellanos - Argentina
Deuterocohnia seramisiana R. Vásquez, Ibisch & E. Gross - Bolivia
Deuterocohnia strobilifera Mez
var. inermis L.B. Smith - Bolivia
var. strobilifera - Bolivia
References
^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ "Bromeliad Info - Genera Etymology". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
^ Key To The Genera Of Bromeliaceae
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deuterocohnia.
FCBS Deuterocohnia Photos
BSI Genera Gallery Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine photos
Taxon identifiersDeuterocohnia
Wikidata: Q141689
Wikispecies: Deuterocohnia
BOLD: 418902
CoL: 8VWVJ
EoL: 80138
GBIF: 2699364
GRIN: 3542
iNaturalist: 141321
IPNI: 296734-2
IRMNG: 1071996
NCBI: 100682
Open Tree of Life: 360567
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296734-2
Tropicos: 40028800
WFO: wfo-4000011242 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Bromeliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliaceae"},{"link_name":"Pitcairnioideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairnioideae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Julius Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Deuterocohnia is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae, endemic to South America.[1] The genus is named for Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Jewish botanist and bacteriologist.[2]Plants once described as belonging to the genus Abromeitiella have been reevaluated and reclassified within Deuterocohnia following modern DNA analysis.[3]","title":"Deuterocohnia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia bracteosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_bracteosa"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia brevispicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_brevispicata"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia chrysantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_chrysantha"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_digitata"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia gableana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterocohnia_gableana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia glandulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_glandulosa"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia haumanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterocohnia_haumanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia longipetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_longipetala"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia lorentziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_lorentziana"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia lotteae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_lotteae"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia meziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_meziana"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia pedicellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterocohnia_pedicellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia recurvipetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterocohnia_recurvipetala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia scapigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_scapigera"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia schreiteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_schreiteri"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia seramisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterocohnia_seramisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deuterocohnia strobilifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocohnia_strobilifera"}],"text":"Deuterocohnia bracteosa W. Till & L. Hromadnik - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia brevifolia (Grisebach) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Bolivia, Argentina\nDeuterocohnia brevispicata Rauh & L. Hromadnik - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia chrysantha (Philippi) Mez - Chile\nDeuterocohnia digitata L.B. Smith - Bolivia, Argentina\nDeuterocohnia gableana Vásquez & Ibisch - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia glandulosa E. Gross - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia haumanii Castellanos - Argentina\nDeuterocohnia longipetala (Baker) Mez - Bolivia, Argentina, Peru\nDeuterocohnia lorentziana (Mez) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Argentina\nDeuterocohnia lotteae (Rauh) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia meziana Kuntze ex Mez\nvar. carmineoviridiflora Rauh - Bolivia\nvar. meziana - - Bolivia, Paraguay, Mato Grosso do Sul\nDeuterocohnia pedicellata W. Till - Chuquisaca\nDeuterocohnia recurvipetala E. Gross - Argentina\nDeuterocohnia scapigera (Rauh & L. Hromadnik) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Smith\nsubsp. sanctae-crucis Vásquez & Ibisch - Bolivia\nsubsp. scapigera - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia schreiteri Castellanos - Argentina\nDeuterocohnia seramisiana R. Vásquez, Ibisch & E. Gross - Bolivia\nDeuterocohnia strobilifera Mez\nvar. inermis L.B. Smith - Bolivia\nvar. strobilifera - Bolivia","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bromeliad Info - Genera Etymology\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203011214/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/genera.html","url_text":"\"Bromeliad Info - Genera Etymology\""},{"url":"http://bsi.org/brom_info/genera.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=239296","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203011214/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/genera.html","external_links_name":"\"Bromeliad Info - Genera Etymology\""},{"Link":"http://bsi.org/brom_info/genera.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fcbs.org/articles/generakey.htm","external_links_name":"Key To The Genera Of Bromeliaceae"},{"Link":"http://fcbs.org/pictures/Deuterocohnia.htm","external_links_name":"FCBS Deuterocohnia Photos"},{"Link":"http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/gallery/Deuterocohnia/","external_links_name":"BSI Genera Gallery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227190251/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/gallery/Deuterocohnia/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=418902","external_links_name":"418902"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VWVJ","external_links_name":"8VWVJ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/80138","external_links_name":"80138"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2699364","external_links_name":"2699364"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=3542","external_links_name":"3542"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/141321","external_links_name":"141321"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/296734-2","external_links_name":"296734-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1071996","external_links_name":"1071996"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=100682","external_links_name":"100682"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=360567","external_links_name":"360567"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A296734-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296734-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40028800","external_links_name":"40028800"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000011242","external_links_name":"wfo-4000011242"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_oro_de_Mosc%C3%BA_(film) | Moscow Gold (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References"] | 2003 Spanish filmMoscow GoldTheatrical release posterSpanishEl oro de Moscú
Directed byJesús BonillaScreenplay byJoaquín AndújarJesús BonillaProduced byEnrique CerezoStarringJesús BonillaSantiago SeguraAntonio ResinesConcha VelascoAlfredo LandaGabino DiegoNeus AsensiMaría BarrancoAlexis ValdésCinematographyJavier SalmonesEdited byPablo BlancoMusic byManuel VillaltaProductioncompaniesEnrique Cerezo PCArriábalaAmiguetes EntertainmentDistributed byColumbia TriStar Films de EspañaRelease date
28 March 2003 (2003-03-28)
CountrySpainLanguageSpanish
Moscow Gold (Spanish: El oro de Moscú) is a 2003 Spanish comedy film directed by Jesús Bonilla (in his directorial debut feature) which stars Bonilla and Santiago Segura.
Plot
Based upon the premise that the so-called Moscow Gold never left Spain, the plot follows the mishaps of a troupe of ragtags and freaks who step in to seize the "hoard".
Cast
Jesús Bonilla as Pedro "Papeles" Aparicio
Santiago Segura as Íñigo Fuentes
Antonio Resines as Jacinto
Concha Velasco as Pastora Bernal
Alfredo Landa as Faustino Peláez
Gabino Diego as Macintosh
Neus Asensi as Gloria
María Barranco as Alejandra
Alexis Valdés as Vladimir
José Luis López Vázquez as Beltrán
Chiquito de la Calzada
Juan Luis Galiardo
Andrés Pajares
Jorge Sanz
El Gran Wyoming
Carlos Latre
Florentino Fernández
Antonio Gamero
Sancho Gracia
Arévalo
Production
The film is an Enrique Cerezo PC, Amiguetes Entertainment, and Arriábala production. It boasted a €2.7 million budget.
Release
The film was released theatrically on 28 March 2023. It grossed €1.44 million (298,000 admissions) in its opening weekend. It proved to be one of the largest commercial successes at the Spanish box office of 2003, with over 1.5 million admissions.
Reception
Jonathan Holland of Variety assessed that the film cannot be saved from its "hackneyed script".
Jordi Batlle Caminal of Fotogramas rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, pointing out that Bonilla "lacks the freshness of Segura, Monzón and Fesser, not to mention the sharpness of Berlanga".
See also
List of Spanish films of 2003
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Galán, Diego (31 May 2006). "'Horas de luz' y 'El oro de Moscú'". El País.
^ a b c d e f g h "El oro de Moscu". Télérama. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ a b c d Holland, Jonathan (14 April 2003). "Moscow Gold". Variety.
^ "Muere el humorista Arévalo a los 76 años". 20minutos.es. 4 January 2024.
^ Silió, Elisa (28 March 2003). "Jesús Bonilla reúne un gran reparto de cómicos en su 'ópera prima' como director". El País.
^ Garrido Caballero, Mª Magdalena (2008). "El "Oro de Moscú" en la propaganda franquista y en sus informes diplomáticos" (PDF). Vetas. 10 (29). San Luis Potosí: El Colegio de San Luis.
^ "'El oro de Moscú' atrae a 300.000 espectadores en su primer fin de semana". El Mundo. 1 April 2003.
^ Batlle Caminal, Jordi (29 May 2008). "El oro de Moscú". Fotogramas. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesús Bonilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Bonilla"},{"link_name":"Santiago Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Segura"}],"text":"2003 Spanish filmMoscow Gold (Spanish: El oro de Moscú) is a 2003 Spanish comedy film directed by Jesús Bonilla (in his directorial debut feature) which stars Bonilla and Santiago Segura.","title":"Moscow Gold (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Gold"},{"link_name":"seize the \"hoard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_hunting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"}],"text":"Based upon the premise that the so-called Moscow Gold never left Spain, the plot follows the mishaps of a troupe of ragtags and freaks who step in to seize the \"hoard\".[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesús Bonilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Bonilla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Santiago Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Segura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Antonio Resines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Resines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Concha Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha_Velasco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Landa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Landa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Gabino Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabino_Diego"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland-3"},{"link_name":"Neus Asensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neus_Asensi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"María Barranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Barranco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"Alexis Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telerama-2"},{"link_name":"José Luis López Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland-3"},{"link_name":"Chiquito de la Calzada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquito_de_la_Calzada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Galiardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Galiardo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pajares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pajares"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Sanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Sanz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"El Gran Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Latre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Latre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Florentino Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gamero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gamero"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Sancho Gracia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Gracia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"},{"link_name":"Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A9valo_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jesús Bonilla as Pedro \"Papeles\" Aparicio[2]\nSantiago Segura as Íñigo Fuentes[2]\nAntonio Resines as Jacinto[2]\nConcha Velasco as Pastora Bernal[2]\nAlfredo Landa as Faustino Peláez[2]\nGabino Diego as Macintosh[3]\nNeus Asensi as Gloria[2]\nMaría Barranco as Alejandra[2]\nAlexis Valdés as Vladimir[2]\nJosé Luis López Vázquez as Beltrán[3]\nChiquito de la Calzada[1]\nJuan Luis Galiardo[1]\nAndrés Pajares[1]\nJorge Sanz[1]\nEl Gran Wyoming[1]\nCarlos Latre[1]\nFlorentino Fernández[1]\nAntonio Gamero[1]\nSancho Gracia[1]\nArévalo[4]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film is an Enrique Cerezo PC, Amiguetes Entertainment, and Arriábala production.[3] It boasted a €2.7 million budget.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galan-1"}],"text":"The film was released theatrically on 28 March 2023.[6] It grossed €1.44 million (298,000 admissions) in its opening weekend.[7] It proved to be one of the largest commercial successes at the Spanish box office of 2003, with over 1.5 million admissions.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland-3"},{"link_name":"Fotogramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotogramas"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Monz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Fesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Fesser"},{"link_name":"Berlanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Berlanga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Jonathan Holland of Variety assessed that the film cannot be saved from its \"hackneyed script\".[3]Jordi Batlle Caminal of Fotogramas rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, pointing out that Bonilla \"lacks the freshness of Segura, Monzón and Fesser, not to mention the sharpness of Berlanga\".[8]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Spanish films of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2003"}] | [{"reference":"Galán, Diego (31 May 2006). \"'Horas de luz' y 'El oro de Moscú'\". El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/2006/05/31/cultura/1149026412_850215.html","url_text":"\"'Horas de luz' y 'El oro de Moscú'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"El oro de Moscu\". Télérama. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telerama.fr/cinema/films/el-oro-de-moscu-1-22888527.php","url_text":"\"El oro de Moscu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama","url_text":"Télérama"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jonathan (14 April 2003). \"Moscow Gold\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/moscow-gold-1200542219/","url_text":"\"Moscow Gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Muere el humorista Arévalo a los 76 años\". 20minutos.es. 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5205997/0/muere-humorista-arevalo-los-76-anos/","url_text":"\"Muere el humorista Arévalo a los 76 años\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20minutos.es","url_text":"20minutos.es"}]},{"reference":"Silió, Elisa (28 March 2003). \"Jesús Bonilla reúne un gran reparto de cómicos en su 'ópera prima' como director\". El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/2003/03/28/cine/1048806006_850215.html","url_text":"\"Jesús Bonilla reúne un gran reparto de cómicos en su 'ópera prima' como director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Garrido Caballero, Mª Magdalena (2008). \"El \"Oro de Moscú\" en la propaganda franquista y en sus informes diplomáticos\" (PDF). Vetas. 10 (29). San Luis Potosí: El Colegio de San Luis.","urls":[{"url":"https://colsan.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1013/1143/1/El%20%E2%80%9COro%20de%20Mosc%C3%BA%20%E2%80%9D.pdf","url_text":"\"El \"Oro de Moscú\" en la propaganda franquista y en sus informes diplomáticos\""}]},{"reference":"\"'El oro de Moscú' atrae a 300.000 espectadores en su primer fin de semana\". El Mundo. 1 April 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2003/04/01/cine/1049213691.html","url_text":"\"'El oro de Moscú' atrae a 300.000 espectadores en su primer fin de semana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]},{"reference":"Batlle Caminal, Jordi (29 May 2008). \"El oro de Moscú\". Fotogramas.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotogramas.es/peliculas-criticas/a9260/el-oro-de-moscu/","url_text":"\"El oro de Moscú\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotogramas","url_text":"Fotogramas"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/2006/05/31/cultura/1149026412_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"'Horas de luz' y 'El oro de Moscú'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telerama.fr/cinema/films/el-oro-de-moscu-1-22888527.php","external_links_name":"\"El oro de Moscu\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/moscow-gold-1200542219/","external_links_name":"\"Moscow Gold\""},{"Link":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5205997/0/muere-humorista-arevalo-los-76-anos/","external_links_name":"\"Muere el humorista Arévalo a los 76 años\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/2003/03/28/cine/1048806006_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Jesús Bonilla reúne un gran reparto de cómicos en su 'ópera prima' como director\""},{"Link":"https://colsan.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1013/1143/1/El%20%E2%80%9COro%20de%20Mosc%C3%BA%20%E2%80%9D.pdf","external_links_name":"\"El \"Oro de Moscú\" en la propaganda franquista y en sus informes diplomáticos\""},{"Link":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2003/04/01/cine/1049213691.html","external_links_name":"\"'El oro de Moscú' atrae a 300.000 espectadores en su primer fin de semana\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotogramas.es/peliculas-criticas/a9260/el-oro-de-moscu/","external_links_name":"\"El oro de Moscú\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Co. | North Carolina Shipbuilding Company | ["1 History","2 Production","3 List of Ships Built","4 See also","5 External links","6 Sources"] | Coordinates: 34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566Shipyard in Wilmington, USA
North Carolina Shipbuilding CompanyCompany typeCorporationIndustryShipbuildingFounded1941FateClosed in 1946HeadquartersWilmington, North Carolina, USAProductsMerchant vessels, warshipsNumber of employeesup to 21,000
North Carolina Shipbuilding Company was a shipyard in Wilmington, North Carolina, created as part of the U.S. Government's Emergency Shipbuilding Program in the early days of World War II. From 1941 through 1946, the company built 243 ships in all, beginning with the Liberty ship SS Zebulon B. Vance, and including 54 ships of the US Navy. Most of the latter were attack cargo ships (AKA), amphibious force flagships (AGC) and ammunition ships (AE). A list of all 54 Navy ships appears at the end of this article, as does a link to a detailed record of all ships built by the company.
History
The company's history began in 1940, when the U.S. government saw the acute need to build a large fleet of Merchant ships, both to fulfill commitments to the British and, if the United Kingdom fell, to strengthen its position for war. The Maritime Commission decided to allow established shipyards to build new facilities and operate them for the government. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company agreed to build a shipyard in Wilmington, adequate to deliver 25 Liberty ships by 15 March 1943. The new company was organized with Newport News executives at its head.
Production
Ships under construction, circa in 1944.
A location about three miles (5 km) south of Wilmington on the east bank of the Cape Fear River was selected, and a tract of 56.9 acres (230,000 m2) was purchased. It was considered an ideal site with the physical properties of deep fresh water, ample space, adequate feeder railroads and good climate. In addition, it was convenient to the parent company and had a large, high quality labor force close by. Construction of a yard with six shipways began on February 3, 1941. On March 18, the Maritime Commission announced that the first contract, for 25 Liberty ships, had been awarded to the company. Shipbuilding got underway with the first two keels being laid on May 22. As world tensions increased, the order for ships was increased from 25 to 37, all to be completed by March 1943. Twenty-four acres of additional land were acquired and three more shipways were added. Work proceeded rapidly, and the first Liberty ship was launched on 6 December 1941, just hours before the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The war enormously increased the nation's shipbuilding program, and in early 1942 the company accepted a contract for 53 additional Liberty ships, to be completed by 29 January 1944. Eighty more acres were purchased, and more large buildings were built. Fifty-one vessels were completed in 1942, and by the contract completion date of the original 25 in March, 1943, seventy-three ships had been delivered. Eventually, 126 Liberty ships were built at the yard. As the war progressed, the company was offered a contract for 60 larger ships, to be completed by the end of 1944. In the spring of 1944, the Navy ordered 24 new ships of type AKA, to be delivered by the end of the year. Additional orders followed.
The peak building activity came in May 1943, when 11 vessels were delivered from the company's nine shipways. At the end, the yard covered 160 acres (0.65 km2) and had nine shipways, three piers, and 1,000 feet (300 m) of mooring bulkheads. There were 5,822 feet (1,775 m) of waterfront, over five miles (8 km) of paved roadway, nineteen miles (30 km) of railroad track, and 67 cranes.
Employment reached its peak of 21,000 in 1943. During the war, 6,813 employees of the company terminated to enter the Armed Forces and Merchant Marine. Of that number, at least 33 made the supreme sacrifice for their country.
During its five years of production, the yard produced 126 Libertys and 117 larger ships, for a total of 243. Twenty-eight of them were lost in the war: 23 to enemy action, four scuttled to form part of the breakwater used during the Normandy invasion, and one ammunition ship that exploded in the Pacific. The others remained in commercial or Navy service, many of them until the early 1970s.
Collectively, the company's employees won every award of the United States Maritime Commission. They took pride in the fact that in five years, thousands of willing but non-professional shipbuilders built a modern plant, solved the problems of training, changing requirements, and manpower drains, and built ships of a quality recognized throughout the world. On 1 May 1946, the president of the company wrote "We have accomplished our tasks and may forget the hardships and headaches in connection with it and enjoy the feeling that it has been a job well done. The combination of a few Newport News shipbuilders and a good supply of intelligent, willing North Carolina men and women has accomplished the task. We shall never have to apologize for the way it was done."
After the war, the yard was held in reserve as a stand-by yard until the 1950s, when it was liquidated. Today it is the site of a North Carolina state port.
List of Ships Built
All United States Navy ship classes are complete, no other yard built ships of these classes.
117 of 328 Type C2 ships
all 10 C2-S-AJ5
all 6 C2-S-AJ4
all 32 C2-S-AJ3
32 Tolland-class attack cargo ships
Tolland (AKA-64) ... Duplin (AKA-87)
Ottawa (AKA-101) ... Washburn (AKA-108)
all 5 C2-S-AJ2
all 64 C2-S-AJ1
8 Mount McKinley-class command ships
Mount McKinley (AGC-7) ... Teton (AGC-14)
3 Adirondack-class command ships
Adirondack (AGC-15), Pocono (AGC-16), Taconic (AGC-17)
8 Mount Hood-class ammunition ships
Mount Hood (AE-11), Wrangell (AE-12), Firedrake (AE-14) ... Diamond Head (AE-19)
2 Storm King-class transports
Storm King (AP-171), Starlight (AP-175)
126 of M EC2-S-C1 Liberty Ships
MC-145 ... MC-169
MC-217 ... MC-228
MC-860 ... MC-912
MC-1967 ... MC-2002
USS YAG-175
Alphabetical List:
USS Adirondack (AGC-15)
USS Alamance (AKA-75)
USS Auburn (AGC-10)
USS Caswell (AKA-72)
USS Diamond Head (AE-19)
USS Duplin (AKA-87)
USS Eldorado (AGC-11)
USS Estes (AGC-12)
USS Firedrake (AE-14)
USS Great Sitkin (AE-17)
USS Lenoir (AKA-74)
USS Mount Hood (AE-11)
USS Mount Katmai (AE-16)
USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)
USS Mount Olympus (AGC-8)
USS New Hanover (AKA-73)
USS Ottawa (AKA-101)
USS Panamint (AGC-13)
USS Paricutin (AE-18)
USS Pocono (AGC-16)
USS Prentiss (AKA-102)
USS Rankin (AKA-103)
USS Seminole (AKA-104)
USS Shoshone (AKA-65)
USS Skagit (AKA-105)
USS Southampton (AKA-66)
USS Starlight (AP-175)
USS Starr (AKA-67)
USS Stokes (AKA-68)
USS Storm King (AP-171)
USS Suffolk (AKA-69)
USS Taconic (AGC-17)
USS Tate (AKA-70)
USS Teton (AGC-14)
USS Todd (AKA-71)
USS Tolland (AKA-64)
USS Torrance (AKA-76)
USS Towner (AKA-77)
USS Trego (AKA-78)
USS Trousdale (AKA-79)
USS Tyrrell (AKA-80)
USS Union (AKA-106)
USS Valencia (AKA-81)
USS Venango (AKA-82)
USS Vermilion (AKA-107)
USS Vesuvius (AE-15)
USS Vinton (AKA-89)
USS Wasatch (AGC-9)
USS Washburn (AKA-108)
USS Waukesha (AKA-84)
USS Wheatland (AKA-85)
USS Woodford (AKA-86)
USS Wrangell (AE-12)
USS YAG-175
See also
Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Wilmington
External links
Detailed Record of All Ships Built at North Carolina Shipbuilding Company
A different slant on the company's history, from Liberty-ship.com Archived 2013-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
North Carolina Shipbuilding Collection (#62)., Special Collections Department, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Carolina Shipbuilding Company.
Five Years of North Carolina Shipbuilding, 1946, by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company
Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II, by Frederic C. Lane ISBN 0-8018-6752-5
The Wilmington Shipyard: Welding a Fleet for Victory in World War II, by Ralph Scott ISBN 978-1-59629-210-9
vteMARCOM ships built by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina, during World War IIType EC2-S-C1 shipsLiberty Ships
Zebulon B. Vance
Nathaniel Greene
Virginia Dare
William Hooper
Daniel Morgan
Francis Marion
Charles C. Pinckney
John Cropper
William Moultrie
Thomas Sumter
Jeremiah Van Rensselaer
Artemus Ward
Hugh Williamson
William R. Davie
William Gaston
William A. Graham
James K. Polk
Alexander Martin
Richard D. Spaight
Samuel Ashe
Benjamin Williams
James Turner
Nathaniel Alexander
David Stone
Benjamin Smith
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
John C. Calhoun
Edward Rutledge
Abel Parker Upshur
William Hawkins
Thomas Pinckney
Roger Williams
John Drayton
James B. Richardson
Paul Hamilton
Henry Middleton
Collis P. Huntington
Cornelius Harnett
Henry Bacon
Abner Nash
Joseph Alston
Paul Hamilton Hayne
Marshall Elliott
James Iredell
Penelope Barker
Alexander Lillington
Richard Caswell
Pocahontas
Betty Zane
James J. Pettigrew
Daniel H Hill
George Davis
Walter Raleigh
John Harvey
Robert Howe
Nathaniel Macon
John Wright Stanly
Francis Nash
Ephraim Brevard
George E. Badger
Flora MacDonald
James Sprunt
Matt W. Ransom
Furnifield M. Simmons
Edward B. Dudley
Willie Jones
James Moore
Alfred Moore
Woodrow Wilson
William D. Pender
William D Moseley
David L Swain
Jonathan Worth
Matthew T. Goldsboro
Elisha Mitchell
Christopher Gale
William L. Davidson
Walker Taylor
Roger Moore
Robert Rowan
Thomas W. Bickett
Horace Williams
Jose Bonifacio
Thomas L. Clingman
David Caldwell
Waigstill Avery
Cornelia P. Spencer
Walter Hines Page
Joseph A. Brown
Robert F. Hoke
Sallie S. Cotton
John Owen
Philip Doddridge
John Grier Hibben
Kemp P. Battle
Robert Dale Owen
John P. Mitchell
Charles D. McIver
John M Morehead
Hannis Taylor
Edward Richardson
William T. Barry
Lee S. Overman
Thomas J. Jarvis
Joseph LeConte
Arthur Dobbs
John Lawson
Hilary A. Herbert
Hutchinson I. Cone
Lawrence D. Tyson
David F. Houston
John Merrick
Charles A. Dana
Clement Clay
Thomas W Owen
Richmond P. Hobson
Chatham C. Lyon
James I. McKay
John N. Maffitt
George Durant
Augustus S. Merrimon
Montfort Stokes
Thomas Pollock
John Branch
Type C2-S-AJ1 shipsStorm King-class transports
Storm King
Starlight
Type C2-S-AJ1 shipsMount McKinley-class command ships
Mount McKinley (ex-Cyclone)
Mount Olympus (ex-Eclipse)
Wasatch (ex-Fleetwing)
Auburn (ex-Kathay)
Eldorado (ex-Monsoon)
Estes (ex-Morning Star)
Panamint (ex-Northern Light)
Teton (ex-Witch of the Wave)
Adirondack
Pocono
Taconic
Type C2-S-AJ1 shipsMount Hood-class ammunition ships
Mount Hood (ex-Marco Polo)
Wrangell (ex-Midnight
Firedrake (ex-Winged Racer)
Vesuvius (ex-Game Cock)
Mount Katmai
Great Sitkin
Paricutin
Diamond Head
Type C2-S-AJ1 ships
Flying Eagle
White Squall
White Squall
Alden Besse
Sweepstakes
Orpheus
Noonday
Talisman
Sturdy Beggar
Memnon
Sea Nymph
White Falcon
Fair Wind
Golden Fleece
Santa Leonor
Black Warrior
Sirocco
Stella Lykes
Ruth Lykes
American Ranger
American Banker
American Farmer
Kenneth McKay
Velma Lykes
Louise Lykes
Elizabeth Lykes
Reuben Tipton
Harry Culbreath
Red Gauntlet
Simoon
Canvasback
National Eagle
Ocean Express
Tornado
Rattler
Stag Hound
Red Jacket
Resolute
Courser
Onward
Charles Lykes
Dick Lykes
Kendall Fish
Type C2-S-AJ2 ships
Napier
Santa Rita
Santa Catalina
Santa Elisa
Santa Ines
Type C2-S-AJ3 shipsTolland-class attack cargo ships
Tolland
Shoshone
Southampton
Starr
Stokes
Suffolk
Tate
Todd
Caswell
New Hanover
Lenoir
Alamance
Torrance
Towner
Trego
Trousdale
Tyrrell
Valencia
Venango
Vinton
Waukesha
Wheatland
Woodford
Duplin
Ottawa
Prentiss
Rankin
Seminole
Skagit
Union
Vermilion
Washburn
Type C2-S-AJ5 ships
Rapid
Defender
Whistler
American Merchant
American Shipper
American Forwarder
American Importer
American Clipper
American Scout
American Traveler
Type C2-S-AJ4 ships
Santa Barbara
Santa Cecilia
Santa Margarita
Santa Maria
Santa Luisa
Santa Isabel
vteLiberty shipsLists
A-F
G-Je
Je-L
M-R
S-Z
Subtypes
Acubens-class general stores issue ship
Armadillo class tanker
Crater-class cargo ship
Guardian-class radar picket ship
List of Subtypes
Survivors
SS John W. Brown
SS Jeremiah O'Brien
SS Arthur M. Huddell
SS Albert M. Boe
Other
Liberty Fleet Day
Port Chicago disaster
Project Liberty Ship
See also
Park ship (Canadian equivalent)
Fort ship (British equivalent)
Ocean ship (Anglo-American predecessor)
Victory ship (American follow-on)
Empire ship (British ships owned by the Ministry of War Transport)
Category
List
vteWorld War II Maritime Commission ship designsCargo designs
Type C1
Type C2
Type C3
Type C4
Type C5
(Type C6)
(Type C7)
(Type C8)
(Type C9)
Type N3
Emergency cargo
Liberty ship ("EC2-S-C1")
Victory ship ("VC2-S-AP1")
Tanker
T1 tanker
T2 tanker
T3 tanker
Liberty ship ("Z-ET1-S-C3")
Special-purpose
Type S2 ("Tacoma-class frigate")
Type S3-S2-BP ("Landing Ship, Tank")
Type S3-S2-BP1 ("Neptune-class cable layer")
Type S4-S2-BB3 ("Casablanca-class escort carrier")
Type S4-SE2-BD1 ("Gilliam-class attack transport")
Type S4-SE2-BE1 ("Artemis-class attack cargo ship")
"Crane vessel-Derrick Barge"
Miscellaneous-cargo
Type L6 ("Lakers")
Type N ("Coastal Cargo")
Type P1 ("Passenger")
Type P2 ("Passenger")
Type R ("Refrigerated")
Type B ("Barge")
Tugs
Type V ("Tugs")
See also:- Empire ship, Fort ship, Park ship, Ocean ship.
vteUnited States naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers
Lexington
RangerS
Yorktown
WaspS
Essex
MidwayC
Light aircraft carriers
Independence
SaipanC
Escort carriers
Long Island
Charger
Bogue
Sangamon
Casablanca
Commencement Bay
Battleships
Wyoming
New York
Nevada
Pennsylvania
New Mexico
Tennessee
Colorado
North Carolina
South Dakota
Iowa
MontanaX
Large cruisers
Alaska
Heavy cruisers
Pensacola
Northampton
Portland
New Orleans
WichitaS
Baltimore
Oregon CityC
Des MoinesC
Light cruisers
Omaha
Brooklyn
Atlanta
Cleveland
FargoC
JuneauC
WorcesterC
CL-154X
Gunboats
Dubuque
SacramentoS
Asheville
PlymouthS
WilliamsburgS
St. AugustineS
VixenS
Erie
PGM-1
PGM-9
Destroyers
Sampson
Caldwell
Wickes
Clemson
Farragut
Porter
Mahan
Gridley
Bagley
Somers
Benham
Sims
Benson
Gleaves
Fletcher
Allen M. Sumner
Robert H. Smith
Gearing
Destroyer escorts
Evarts
Buckley
Cannon
Edsall
Rudderow
John C. Butler
Patrol frigates
Asheville
Tacoma
Patrol boats
Action
PT boat
Minelayers
OglalaS
WassucS
MonadnockS
MiantonomahS
TerrorS
KeokukS
SalemS
WeehawkenS
Camanche
Chimo
Minesweepers
Lapwing
Raven
Auk
EagleS
Hawk
Admirable
Submarines
O
R
S
Barracuda
ArgonautS
Narwhal
DolphinS
Cachalot
Porpoise
Salmon
Sargo
Tambor
Mackerel
Gato
Balao
Tench
Tankers
T1 tanker
T2 tanker
T3 tanker
Cargo ships
Liberty
Victory
Haskell
Andromeda
Arcturus
Artemis
Tolland
Alstede
Aldebaran
Adria
Acubens
Arctic
Denebola
Hyades
Mizar
Auxiliary ships
Ammunition
Floating drydock
Repair dock
Barracks
Collier
Combat stores
Destroyer tender
Depot
High-speed transport
Hospital
Ice cream barge
Net laying
Motor torpedo boat tender
Reefer
Oiler
Repair
Seaplane tender
Submarine tender
Underway replenishment
C
Completed after the war
S
Single ship of class
X
Cancelled
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Emergency Shipbuilding Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Shipbuilding_Program"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships"},{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"attack cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"ammunition ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"}],"text":"Shipyard in Wilmington, USANorth Carolina Shipbuilding Company was a shipyard in Wilmington, North Carolina, created as part of the U.S. Government's Emergency Shipbuilding Program in the early days of World War II. From 1941 through 1946, the company built 243 ships in all, beginning with the Liberty ship SS Zebulon B. Vance, and including 54 ships of the US Navy. Most of the latter were attack cargo ships (AKA), amphibious force flagships (AGC) and ammunition ships (AE). A list of all 54 Navy ships appears at the end of this article, as does a link to a detailed record of all ships built by the company.","title":"North Carolina Shipbuilding Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"the British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding_and_Drydock_Company"}],"text":"The company's history began in 1940, when the U.S. government saw the acute need to build a large fleet of Merchant ships, both to fulfill commitments to the British and, if the United Kingdom fell, to strengthen its position for war. The Maritime Commission decided to allow established shipyards to build new facilities and operate them for the government. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company agreed to build a shipyard in Wilmington, adequate to deliver 25 Liberty ships by 15 March 1943. The new company was organized with Newport News executives at its head.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ships_under_construction_at_the_North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company,_in_1941-1946_(fsa.8b09971).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_River"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"labor force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_force"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"Normandy invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_invasion"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"}],"text":"Ships under construction, circa in 1944.A location about three miles (5 km) south of Wilmington on the east bank of the Cape Fear River was selected, and a tract of 56.9 acres (230,000 m2) was purchased. It was considered an ideal site with the physical properties of deep fresh water, ample space, adequate feeder railroads and good climate. In addition, it was convenient to the parent company and had a large, high quality labor force close by. Construction of a yard with six shipways began on February 3, 1941. On March 18, the Maritime Commission announced that the first contract, for 25 Liberty ships, had been awarded to the company. Shipbuilding got underway with the first two keels being laid on May 22. As world tensions increased, the order for ships was increased from 25 to 37, all to be completed by March 1943. Twenty-four acres of additional land were acquired and three more shipways were added. Work proceeded rapidly, and the first Liberty ship was launched on 6 December 1941, just hours before the attack on Pearl Harbor.The war enormously increased the nation's shipbuilding program, and in early 1942 the company accepted a contract for 53 additional Liberty ships, to be completed by 29 January 1944. Eighty more acres were purchased, and more large buildings were built. Fifty-one vessels were completed in 1942, and by the contract completion date of the original 25 in March, 1943, seventy-three ships had been delivered. Eventually, 126 Liberty ships were built at the yard. As the war progressed, the company was offered a contract for 60 larger ships, to be completed by the end of 1944. In the spring of 1944, the Navy ordered 24 new ships of type AKA, to be delivered by the end of the year. Additional orders followed.The peak building activity came in May 1943, when 11 vessels were delivered from the company's nine shipways. At the end, the yard covered 160 acres (0.65 km2) and had nine shipways, three piers, and 1,000 feet (300 m) of mooring bulkheads. There were 5,822 feet (1,775 m) of waterfront, over five miles (8 km) of paved roadway, nineteen miles (30 km) of railroad track, and 67 cranes.Employment reached its peak of 21,000 in 1943. During the war, 6,813 employees of the company terminated to enter the Armed Forces and Merchant Marine. Of that number, at least 33 made the supreme sacrifice for their country.During its five years of production, the yard produced 126 Libertys and 117 larger ships, for a total of 243. Twenty-eight of them were lost in the war: 23 to enemy action, four scuttled to form part of the breakwater used during the Normandy invasion, and one ammunition ship that exploded in the Pacific. The others remained in commercial or Navy service, many of them until the early 1970s.Collectively, the company's employees won every award of the United States Maritime Commission. They took pride in the fact that in five years, thousands of willing but non-professional shipbuilders built a modern plant, solved the problems of training, changing requirements, and manpower drains, and built ships of a quality recognized throughout the world. On 1 May 1946, the president of the company wrote \"We have accomplished our tasks and may forget the hardships and headaches in connection with it and enjoy the feeling that it has been a job well done. The combination of a few Newport News shipbuilders and a good supply of intelligent, willing North Carolina men and women has accomplished the task. We shall never have to apologize for the way it was done.\"After the war, the yard was held in reserve as a stand-by yard until the 1950s, when it was liquidated. Today it is the site of a North Carolina state port.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type C2 ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C2_ship"},{"link_name":"Tolland-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"attack cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Tolland (AKA-64)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tolland"},{"link_name":"Duplin (AKA-87)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Duplin"},{"link_name":"Ottawa (AKA-101)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ottawa_(AKA-101)"},{"link_name":"Washburn (AKA-108)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washburn"},{"link_name":"Mount McKinley-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_McKinley-class_command_ship"},{"link_name":"command ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_ship"},{"link_name":"Mount McKinley (AGC-7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Teton (AGC-14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Teton"},{"link_name":"Adirondack-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack-class_command_ship"},{"link_name":"command ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_ship"},{"link_name":"Adirondack (AGC-15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adirondack_(AGC-15)"},{"link_name":"Pocono (AGC-16)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pocono"},{"link_name":"Taconic (AGC-17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Taconic"},{"link_name":"Mount Hood-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood-class_ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"ammunition ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"Mount Hood (AE-11)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_Hood_(AE-11)"},{"link_name":"Wrangell (AE-12)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wrangell"},{"link_name":"Firedrake (AE-14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Firedrake"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head (AE-19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Diamond_Head"},{"link_name":"Storm King-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_King-class_transport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport"},{"link_name":"Storm King (AP-171)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Storm_King"},{"link_name":"Starlight (AP-175)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Liberty Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Ship"},{"link_name":"USS YAG-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_YAG-175&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"USS Adirondack (AGC-15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adirondack_(AGC-15)"},{"link_name":"USS Alamance (AKA-75)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alamance"},{"link_name":"USS Auburn (AGC-10)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Auburn_(AGC-10)"},{"link_name":"USS Caswell (AKA-72)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Caswell_(AKA-72)"},{"link_name":"USS Diamond Head (AE-19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Diamond_Head_(AE-19)"},{"link_name":"USS Duplin (AKA-87)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Duplin_(AKA-87)"},{"link_name":"USS Eldorado (AGC-11)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eldorado_(AGC-11)"},{"link_name":"USS Estes (AGC-12)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Estes"},{"link_name":"USS Firedrake (AE-14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Firedrake_(AE-14)"},{"link_name":"USS Great Sitkin (AE-17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Great_Sitkin_(AE-17)"},{"link_name":"USS Lenoir (AKA-74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lenoir_(AKA-74)"},{"link_name":"USS Mount Hood (AE-11)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_Hood_(AE-11)"},{"link_name":"USS Mount Katmai (AE-16)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_Katmai_(AE-16)"},{"link_name":"USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley"},{"link_name":"USS Mount Olympus (AGC-8)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_Olympus"},{"link_name":"USS New Hanover (AKA-73)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Hanover_(AKA-73)"},{"link_name":"USS Ottawa (AKA-101)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ottawa_(AKA-101)"},{"link_name":"USS Panamint (AGC-13)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Panamint_(AGC-13)"},{"link_name":"USS Paricutin (AE-18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Paricutin_(AE-18)"},{"link_name":"USS Pocono (AGC-16)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pocono"},{"link_name":"USS Prentiss (AKA-102)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Prentiss_(AKA-102)"},{"link_name":"USS Rankin (AKA-103)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rankin_(AKA-103)"},{"link_name":"USS Seminole (AKA-104)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Seminole_(AKA-104)"},{"link_name":"USS Shoshone (AKA-65)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shoshone_(AKA-65)"},{"link_name":"USS Skagit (AKA-105)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Skagit_(AKA-105)"},{"link_name":"USS Southampton (AKA-66)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Southampton_(AKA-66)"},{"link_name":"USS Starlight (AP-175)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Starlight_(AP-175)"},{"link_name":"USS Starr (AKA-67)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Starr_(AKA-67)"},{"link_name":"USS Stokes (AKA-68)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stokes_(AKA-68)"},{"link_name":"USS Storm King (AP-171)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Storm_King_(AP-171)"},{"link_name":"USS Suffolk (AKA-69)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Suffolk_(AKA-69)"},{"link_name":"USS Taconic (AGC-17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Taconic"},{"link_name":"USS Tate (AKA-70)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tate_(AKA-70)"},{"link_name":"USS Teton (AGC-14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Teton"},{"link_name":"USS Todd (AKA-71)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Todd_(AKA-71)"},{"link_name":"USS Tolland (AKA-64)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tolland_(AKA-64)"},{"link_name":"USS Torrance (AKA-76)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Torrance_(AKA-76)"},{"link_name":"USS Towner (AKA-77)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Towner_(AKA-77)"},{"link_name":"USS Trego (AKA-78)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Trego_(AKA-78)"},{"link_name":"USS Trousdale (AKA-79)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Trousdale_(AKA-79)"},{"link_name":"USS Tyrrell (AKA-80)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tyrrell_(AKA-80)"},{"link_name":"USS Union (AKA-106)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Union_(AKA-106)"},{"link_name":"USS Valencia (AKA-81)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Valencia_(AKA-81)"},{"link_name":"USS Venango (AKA-82)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Venango_(AKA-82)"},{"link_name":"USS Vermilion (AKA-107)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vermilion_(AKA-107)"},{"link_name":"USS Vesuvius (AE-15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vesuvius_(AE-15)"},{"link_name":"USS Vinton (AKA-89)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vinton_(AKA-83)"},{"link_name":"USS Wasatch (AGC-9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wasatch_(AGC-9)"},{"link_name":"USS Washburn (AKA-108)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washburn_(AKA-108)"},{"link_name":"USS Waukesha (AKA-84)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Waukesha_(AKA-84)"},{"link_name":"USS Wheatland (AKA-85)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wheatland_(AKA-85)"},{"link_name":"USS Woodford (AKA-86)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Woodford_(AKA-86)"},{"link_name":"USS Wrangell (AE-12)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wrangell"},{"link_name":"USS YAG-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_YAG-175&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"All United States Navy ship classes are complete, no other yard built ships of these classes.117 of 328 Type C2 ships\nall 10 C2-S-AJ5\nall 6 C2-S-AJ4\nall 32 C2-S-AJ3\n32 Tolland-class attack cargo ships\nTolland (AKA-64) ... Duplin (AKA-87)\nOttawa (AKA-101) ... Washburn (AKA-108)\nall 5 C2-S-AJ2\nall 64 C2-S-AJ1\n8 Mount McKinley-class command ships\nMount McKinley (AGC-7) ... Teton (AGC-14)\n3 Adirondack-class command ships\nAdirondack (AGC-15), Pocono (AGC-16), Taconic (AGC-17)\n8 Mount Hood-class ammunition ships\nMount Hood (AE-11), Wrangell (AE-12), Firedrake (AE-14) ... Diamond Head (AE-19)\n2 Storm King-class transports\nStorm King (AP-171), Starlight (AP-175)\n126 of M EC2-S-C1 Liberty Ships\nMC-145 ... MC-169\nMC-217 ... MC-228\nMC-860 ... MC-912\nMC-1967 ... MC-2002\nUSS YAG-175Alphabetical List:USS Adirondack (AGC-15)\nUSS Alamance (AKA-75)\nUSS Auburn (AGC-10)\nUSS Caswell (AKA-72)\nUSS Diamond Head (AE-19)\nUSS Duplin (AKA-87)\nUSS Eldorado (AGC-11)\nUSS Estes (AGC-12)\nUSS Firedrake (AE-14)\nUSS Great Sitkin (AE-17)\nUSS Lenoir (AKA-74)\nUSS Mount Hood (AE-11)\nUSS Mount Katmai (AE-16)\nUSS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)\nUSS Mount Olympus (AGC-8)\nUSS New Hanover (AKA-73)\nUSS Ottawa (AKA-101)\nUSS Panamint (AGC-13)\nUSS Paricutin (AE-18)\nUSS Pocono (AGC-16)\nUSS Prentiss (AKA-102)\nUSS Rankin (AKA-103)\nUSS Seminole (AKA-104)\nUSS Shoshone (AKA-65)\nUSS Skagit (AKA-105)\nUSS Southampton (AKA-66)\nUSS Starlight (AP-175)\nUSS Starr (AKA-67)\nUSS Stokes (AKA-68)\nUSS Storm King (AP-171)\nUSS Suffolk (AKA-69)\nUSS Taconic (AGC-17)\nUSS Tate (AKA-70)\nUSS Teton (AGC-14)\nUSS Todd (AKA-71)\nUSS Tolland (AKA-64)\nUSS Torrance (AKA-76)\nUSS Towner (AKA-77)\nUSS Trego (AKA-78)\nUSS Trousdale (AKA-79)\nUSS Tyrrell (AKA-80)\nUSS Union (AKA-106)\nUSS Valencia (AKA-81)\nUSS Venango (AKA-82)\nUSS Vermilion (AKA-107)\nUSS Vesuvius (AE-15)\nUSS Vinton (AKA-89)\nUSS Wasatch (AGC-9)\nUSS Washburn (AKA-108)\nUSS Waukesha (AKA-84)\nUSS Wheatland (AKA-85)\nUSS Woodford (AKA-86)\nUSS Wrangell (AE-12)\nUSS YAG-175","title":"List of Ships Built"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8018-6752-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6752-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59629-210-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-210-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MARCOM_ships_North_Carolina_SB_Co."},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MARCOM_ships_North_Carolina_SB_Co."},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MARCOM_ships_North_Carolina_SB_Co."},{"link_name":"MARCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Type EC2-S-C1 ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"Zebulon B. Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Zebulon_B._Vance"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Nathaniel_Greene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Virginia_Dare"},{"link_name":"William Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_William_Hooper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Daniel_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Francis_Marion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Pinckney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Charles_C._Pinckney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Cropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_John_Cropper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Moultrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_William_Moultrie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Thomas_Sumter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artemus Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Artemus_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Hugh_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William R. Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_William_R._Davie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Gaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_William_Gaston"},{"link_name":"William A. Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_William_A._Graham"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_James_K._Polk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Alexander_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard D. 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boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_boat"},{"link_name":"Minelayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelayer"},{"link_name":"Oglala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oglala"},{"link_name":"Wassuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wassuc_(CMc-3)"},{"link_name":"Monadnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monadnock_(ACM-10)"},{"link_name":"Miantonomah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Miantonomah_(CMc-5)"},{"link_name":"Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Terror_(CM-5)"},{"link_name":"Keokuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Keokuk_(CMc-6)"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Salem_(CM-11)"},{"link_name":"Weehawken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Weehawken_(CM-12)"},{"link_name":"Camanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camanche-class_minelayer"},{"link_name":"Chimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimo-class_minelayer"},{"link_name":"Minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapwing-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Auk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Captor"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Admirable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admirable-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_O-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_R-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_S-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-boat#V-1_through_V-3%E2%80%94the_Barracudas"},{"link_name":"Argonaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Argonaut_(SM-1)"},{"link_name":"Narwhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-boat#V-5_and_V-6%E2%80%94Narwhal_and_Nautilus"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(SS-169)"},{"link_name":"Cachalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachalot-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Porpoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Sargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargo-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Tambor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambor-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Gato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Balao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balao-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Tench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tench-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"T1 tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_tanker"},{"link_name":"T2 tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_tanker"},{"link_name":"T3 tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T3_Tanker"},{"link_name":"Cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_ship"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell-class_attack_transport"},{"link_name":"Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Tolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Alstede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alstede"},{"link_name":"Aldebaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aldebaran"},{"link_name":"Adria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adria"},{"link_name":"Acubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Acubens"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arctic_(AF-7)"},{"link_name":"Denebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Denebola_(AF-56)"},{"link_name":"Hyades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hyades"},{"link_name":"Mizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizar_(AF-12)"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_ship"},{"link_name":"Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"Floating drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_floating_drydock"},{"link_name":"Repair dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock"},{"link_name":"Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks_ship"},{"link_name":"Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Combat stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_stores_ship"},{"link_name":"Destroyer tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_tender"},{"link_name":"Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depot_ship"},{"link_name":"High-speed transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_transport"},{"link_name":"Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"Ice cream barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_barge"},{"link_name":"Net laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_laying_ship"},{"link_name":"Motor torpedo boat tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat_tender"},{"link_name":"Reefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_ship"},{"link_name":"Oiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replenishment_oiler"},{"link_name":"Repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repair_ship"},{"link_name":"Seaplane tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender"},{"link_name":"Submarine tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"Underway replenishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishment"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7054594#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/151490849"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007015878"},{"link_name":"34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company¶ms=34.203423_N_77.954566_W_region:US-NC"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Carolina Shipbuilding Company.Five Years of North Carolina Shipbuilding, 1946, by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company\nShips for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II, by Frederic C. Lane ISBN 0-8018-6752-5\nThe Wilmington Shipyard: Welding a Fleet for Victory in World War II, by Ralph Scott ISBN 978-1-59629-210-9vteMARCOM ships built by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina, during World War IIType EC2-S-C1 shipsLiberty Ships\nZebulon B. Vance\nNathaniel Greene\nVirginia Dare\nWilliam Hooper\nDaniel Morgan\nFrancis Marion\nCharles C. Pinckney\nJohn Cropper\nWilliam Moultrie\nThomas Sumter\nJeremiah Van Rensselaer\nArtemus Ward\nHugh Williamson\nWilliam R. Davie\nWilliam Gaston\nWilliam A. Graham\nJames K. Polk\nAlexander Martin\nRichard D. Spaight\nSamuel Ashe\nBenjamin Williams\nJames Turner\nNathaniel Alexander\nDavid Stone\nBenjamin Smith\nJoseph Hewes\nJohn Penn\nJohn C. Calhoun\nEdward Rutledge\nAbel Parker Upshur\nWilliam Hawkins\nThomas Pinckney \nRoger Williams\nJohn Drayton\nJames B. Richardson\nPaul Hamilton\nHenry Middleton\nCollis P. Huntington\nCornelius Harnett\nHenry Bacon\nAbner Nash\nJoseph Alston\nPaul Hamilton Hayne\nMarshall Elliott\nJames Iredell\nPenelope Barker\nAlexander Lillington\nRichard Caswell\nPocahontas\nBetty Zane\nJames J. Pettigrew\nDaniel H Hill \nGeorge Davis\nWalter Raleigh\nJohn Harvey\nRobert Howe\nNathaniel Macon\nJohn Wright Stanly\nFrancis Nash\nEphraim Brevard\nGeorge E. Badger\nFlora MacDonald\nJames Sprunt\nMatt W. Ransom\nFurnifield M. Simmons\nEdward B. Dudley\nWillie Jones\nJames Moore\nAlfred Moore\nWoodrow Wilson\nWilliam D. Pender \nWilliam D Moseley\nDavid L Swain\nJonathan Worth\nMatthew T. Goldsboro\nElisha Mitchell\nChristopher Gale\nWilliam L. Davidson\nWalker Taylor\nRoger Moore\nRobert Rowan\nThomas W. Bickett\nHorace Williams\nJose Bonifacio\nThomas L. Clingman\nDavid Caldwell\nWaigstill Avery\nCornelia P. Spencer\nWalter Hines Page\nJoseph A. Brown\nRobert F. Hoke\nSallie S. Cotton\nJohn Owen \nPhilip Doddridge\nJohn Grier Hibben\nKemp P. Battle\nRobert Dale Owen\nJohn P. Mitchell\nCharles D. McIver\nJohn M Morehead\nHannis Taylor\nEdward Richardson\nWilliam T. Barry\nLee S. Overman\nThomas J. Jarvis\nJoseph LeConte \nArthur Dobbs\nJohn Lawson\nHilary A. Herbert\nHutchinson I. Cone\nLawrence D. Tyson\nDavid F. Houston\nJohn Merrick\nCharles A. Dana\nClement Clay\nThomas W Owen\nRichmond P. Hobson\nChatham C. Lyon\nJames I. McKay\nJohn N. Maffitt\nGeorge Durant\nAugustus S. Merrimon\nMontfort Stokes\nThomas Pollock\nJohn Branch\nType C2-S-AJ1 shipsStorm King-class transports\nStorm King\nStarlight\nType C2-S-AJ1 shipsMount McKinley-class command ships\nMount McKinley (ex-Cyclone)\nMount Olympus (ex-Eclipse)\nWasatch (ex-Fleetwing)\nAuburn (ex-Kathay)\nEldorado (ex-Monsoon)\nEstes (ex-Morning Star)\nPanamint (ex-Northern Light)\nTeton (ex-Witch of the Wave)\nAdirondack\nPocono\nTaconic\nType C2-S-AJ1 shipsMount Hood-class ammunition ships\nMount Hood (ex-Marco Polo)\nWrangell (ex-Midnight\nFiredrake (ex-Winged Racer)\nVesuvius (ex-Game Cock)\nMount Katmai\nGreat Sitkin \nParicutin\nDiamond Head\nType C2-S-AJ1 ships\nFlying Eagle\nWhite Squall\nWhite Squall\nAlden Besse\nSweepstakes\nOrpheus\nNoonday\nTalisman\nSturdy Beggar\nMemnon\nSea Nymph\nWhite Falcon\nFair Wind\nGolden Fleece\nSanta Leonor\nBlack Warrior\nSirocco\nStella Lykes\nRuth Lykes\nAmerican Ranger\nAmerican Banker\nAmerican Farmer\nKenneth McKay\nVelma Lykes\nLouise Lykes\nElizabeth Lykes\nReuben Tipton\nHarry Culbreath\nRed Gauntlet\nSimoon\nCanvasback\nNational Eagle\nOcean Express\nTornado\nRattler\nStag Hound\nRed Jacket\nResolute\nCourser\nOnward\nCharles Lykes\nDick Lykes\nKendall Fish\nType C2-S-AJ2 ships\nNapier\nSanta Rita\nSanta Catalina\nSanta Elisa\nSanta Ines\nType C2-S-AJ3 shipsTolland-class attack cargo ships\nTolland\nShoshone\nSouthampton\nStarr\nStokes\nSuffolk\nTate\nTodd\nCaswell\nNew Hanover\nLenoir\nAlamance\nTorrance\nTowner\nTrego\nTrousdale\nTyrrell\nValencia\nVenango\nVinton\nWaukesha\nWheatland\nWoodford\nDuplin\nOttawa\nPrentiss\nRankin\nSeminole\nSkagit\nUnion\nVermilion\nWashburn\nType C2-S-AJ5 ships\nRapid\nDefender\nWhistler\nAmerican Merchant\nAmerican Shipper\nAmerican Forwarder\nAmerican Importer\nAmerican Clipper\nAmerican Scout\nAmerican Traveler\nType C2-S-AJ4 ships\nSanta Barbara\nSanta Cecilia\nSanta Margarita\nSanta Maria\nSanta Luisa\nSanta IsabelvteLiberty shipsLists\nA-F\nG-Je\nJe-L\nM-R\nS-Z\nSubtypes\nAcubens-class general stores issue ship\nArmadillo class tanker\nCrater-class cargo ship\nGuardian-class radar picket ship\nList of Subtypes\nSurvivors\nSS John W. Brown\nSS Jeremiah O'Brien\nSS Arthur M. Huddell\nSS Albert M. Boe\nOther\nLiberty Fleet Day\nPort Chicago disaster\nProject Liberty Ship\nSee also\nPark ship (Canadian equivalent)\nFort ship (British equivalent)\nOcean ship (Anglo-American predecessor)\nVictory ship (American follow-on)\nEmpire ship (British ships owned by the Ministry of War Transport)\n\n Category\n ListvteWorld War II Maritime Commission ship designsCargo designs\nType C1\nType C2\nType C3\nType C4\nType C5\n(Type C6)\n(Type C7)\n(Type C8)\n(Type C9)\nType N3\nEmergency cargo\nLiberty ship (\"EC2-S-C1\")\nVictory ship (\"VC2-S-AP1\")\nTanker\nT1 tanker\nT2 tanker\nT3 tanker\nLiberty ship (\"Z-ET1-S-C3\")\nSpecial-purpose\nType S2 (\"Tacoma-class frigate\")\nType S3-S2-BP (\"Landing Ship, Tank\")\nType S3-S2-BP1 (\"Neptune-class cable layer\")\nType S4-S2-BB3 (\"Casablanca-class escort carrier\")\nType S4-SE2-BD1 (\"Gilliam-class attack transport\")\nType S4-SE2-BE1 (\"Artemis-class attack cargo ship\")\n\"Crane vessel-Derrick Barge\"\nMiscellaneous-cargo\nType L6 (\"Lakers\")\nType N (\"Coastal Cargo\")\nType P1 (\"Passenger\")\nType P2 (\"Passenger\")\nType R (\"Refrigerated\")\nType B (\"Barge\")\nTugs\nType V (\"Tugs\")\nSee also:- Empire ship, Fort ship, Park ship, Ocean ship.vteUnited States naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers\nLexington\nRangerS\nYorktown\nWaspS\nEssex\nMidwayC\nLight aircraft carriers\nIndependence\nSaipanC\nEscort carriers\nLong Island\nCharger\nBogue\nSangamon\nCasablanca\nCommencement Bay\nBattleships\nWyoming\nNew York\nNevada\nPennsylvania\nNew Mexico\nTennessee\nColorado\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nIowa\nMontanaX\nLarge cruisers\nAlaska\nHeavy cruisers\nPensacola\nNorthampton\nPortland\nNew Orleans\nWichitaS\nBaltimore\nOregon CityC\nDes MoinesC\nLight cruisers\nOmaha\nBrooklyn\nAtlanta\nCleveland\nFargoC\nJuneauC\nWorcesterC\nCL-154X\nGunboats\nDubuque\nSacramentoS\nAsheville\nPlymouthS\nWilliamsburgS\nSt. AugustineS\nVixenS\nErie\nPGM-1\nPGM-9\nDestroyers\nSampson\nCaldwell\nWickes\nClemson\nFarragut\nPorter\nMahan\nGridley\nBagley\nSomers\nBenham\nSims\nBenson\nGleaves\nFletcher\nAllen M. Sumner\nRobert H. Smith\nGearing\nDestroyer escorts\nEvarts\nBuckley\nCannon\nEdsall\nRudderow\nJohn C. Butler\nPatrol frigates\nAsheville\nTacoma\nPatrol boats\nAction\nPT boat\nMinelayers\nOglalaS\nWassucS\nMonadnockS\nMiantonomahS\nTerrorS\nKeokukS\nSalemS\nWeehawkenS\nCamanche\nChimo\nMinesweepers\nLapwing\nRaven\nAuk\nEagleS\nHawk\nAdmirable\nSubmarines\nO\nR\nS\nBarracuda\nArgonautS\nNarwhal\nDolphinS\nCachalot\nPorpoise\nSalmon\nSargo\nTambor\nMackerel\nGato\nBalao\nTench\nTankers\nT1 tanker\nT2 tanker\nT3 tanker\nCargo ships\nLiberty\nVictory\nHaskell\nAndromeda\nArcturus\nArtemis\nTolland\nAlstede\nAldebaran\nAdria\nAcubens\nArctic\nDenebola\nHyades\nMizar\nAuxiliary ships\nAmmunition\nFloating drydock\nRepair dock\nBarracks\nCollier\nCombat stores\nDestroyer tender\nDepot\nHigh-speed transport\nHospital\nIce cream barge\nNet laying\nMotor torpedo boat tender\nReefer\nOiler\nRepair\nSeaplane tender\nSubmarine tender\nUnderway replenishment\n\nC\nCompleted after the war\nS\nSingle ship of class\nX\nCancelledAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Ships under construction, circa in 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ships_under_construction_at_the_North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company%2C_in_1941-1946_%28fsa.8b09971%29.jpg/220px-Ships_under_construction_at_the_North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company%2C_in_1941-1946_%28fsa.8b09971%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet,_Wilmington"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company¶ms=34.203423_N_77.954566_W_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566"},{"Link":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/northcarolina.htm","external_links_name":"Detailed Record of All Ships Built at North Carolina Shipbuilding Company"},{"Link":"http://www.liberty-ship.com/html/yards/ncarsb.html#top","external_links_name":"A different slant on the company's history, from Liberty-ship.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424232111/http://www.liberty-ship.com/html/yards/ncarsb.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0062/","external_links_name":"North Carolina Shipbuilding Collection (#62)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151490849","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007015878","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company¶ms=34.203423_N_77.954566_W_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"34°12′12″N 77°57′16″W / 34.203423°N 77.954566°W / 34.203423; -77.954566"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsaliya | Bsaliya | ["1 References"] | Village in Idlib, SyriaBsaliya
بسلياVillageCountry SyriaGovernorateIdlibDistrictHarem DistrictSubdistrictArmanaz NahiyahPopulation (2004) • Total924Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)City Qrya PcodeC4181
Bsaliya (Arabic: بسليا) is a Syrian village located in Armanaz Nahiyah in Harem District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bsaliya had a population of 924 in the 2004 census.
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2015-12-09.
Asia portal
vte Idlib GovernorateCapital: IdlibIdlib DistrictIdlib Subdistrict
Idlib
Al-Mastumah
Faylun
Qminas
Aqrabat
Arshani
Ein Shib
Kafruhin
Kreiz
Martein
Nayrab
Ora Shamaliyah
Sijer
Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki
Abu al-Duhur Subdistrict
Abu al-Duhur
Tell Sultan
Tell Touqan
Ballisa
Baragethi
Barissa
Busra - Zafar Saghir
Harmala
Hmeimat Eldayer
Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba
Jallas
Jdidhe Abu Elthohur
Msheirfeh
Mustariha
Ras El Ein
Rasm Abed
Tell Elaghar
Tell Fukhar
Tell Silmo
Taljineh
Talkhatra
Tawahineh
Tawil Elsheikh
Tweim
Taweila
Zafar al-Kabir
Saraqib Subdistrict
Saraqib
Khan al-Sabil
Mardikh
Abul Khos
Afs
Ajez
Anqrati
Bijfas
Bweiti
Dadikh
Jobas
Kafr Battikh
Kafr Amim
Khuwara
Lof
Maar Dibsi
Maharem
Rasafa
Rayan
Salamin
San
Sheikh Idris
Tell Karatine
Tronba
Taftanaz Subdistrict
Taftanaz
Ketyan
Maaret Elnaasan
Shallakh
Talhiyeh
Maarrat Misrin Subdistrict
Maarrat Misrin
Zardana
Haranabush
Hizano
Kafriya
Kaftin
Killi
Maarrat al-Ikhwan
Batenta
Bhora
Kafr Jales
Kafr Nabi
Kafr Yahmul
Murin
Ram Hamdan
Taltuneh
Binnish Subdistrict
Binnish
Al-Fu'ah
Ta'um
Sarmin Subdistrict
Sarmin
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man DistrictMaarrat al-Nu'man Subdistrict
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
Abu Makki
Babilla
Barsa
Bsida
Al-Dana
Deir al-Gharbi
Deir Sharqi
Ghadqa
Halbeh
Hantutin
Harran
Hatamiyeh
Hazzan
Hraki
Jarada
Jarjnaz
Kafr Rumah
Kanayes
Kuweires
Maar Shamshah
Maar Shamarin
Maar Shurin
Maasaran
Qaratli
Samkeh
Sarman
Tell Dibis
Tell Kersyan
Tell Mannas
Thahrat Talamnas
Tqana
Khan Shaykhun Subdistrict
Khan Shaykhun
Abdin
Baarbu
Hbit
Kafr Ein
Nqeir
Qasabiyeh
Umm Zaytuna
Sinjar Subdistrict
Sinjar
Abu Sharji
Abul Eleij
Bashkun
Borj
Brennan
Dreibiyeh
Dwadiyeh
Ejaz
Fahil Jallas
Ferwan
Ghazileh
Halban
Hawa
Heisa
Jaberiyeh
Jahman
Jeb Elqasab
Kafraya Elmaarra
Karatin al-Kabir
Karatin Saghir
Karsanti
Khayriyeh
Khayriyeh Saghira
Khwein Elshaer
Khyara
Lweibdeh Shamaliyah
Lweibdeh Sharki
Magharet Merza
Maksar
Mardagana Burtuqala
Mreiheb
Mreijeb Elmashad
Mutawaseta
Nibaz
Ojeh
Qasr Elabyad
Qatra
Rabeeah Brennan
Rabeeah Musa
Rasm Elabed
Saree
Sarja Gharbiya
Sarja Sharkiya
Sayadi
Seraa
Shara - Sharat Elajayez
Sheikh Barakeh
Sqiah
Tell Dam
Tell Elojeh
Tell Halawa
Tellemara
Thleijeh
Umm Sehrij
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Jisr al-Shughur DistrictJisr al-Shughur Subdistrict
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Harem DistrictHarem Subdistrict
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Armanaz Subdistrict
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Bsaliya
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Kabta
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Millis
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Sheikh Yousef
This article about a location in Idlib Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Armanaz Nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armanaz_Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Harem District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_District"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bsaliya (Arabic: بسليا) is a Syrian village located in Armanaz Nahiyah in Harem District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bsaliya had a population of 924 in the 2004 census.[1]","title":"Bsaliya"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bsaliya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brown_Jr | Arthur Brown Jr. | ["1 Career","2 Work","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | American architect
For the American executed murderer, see Arthur Brown Jr. (murderer).
Arthur Brown Jr.
Arthur Brown Jr. (1874–1957) was an American architect, based in San Francisco and designer of many of its landmarks. He is known for his work with John Bakewell Jr. as Bakewell and Brown, along with later works after the partnership dissolved in 1927.
Career
Brown was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1896, where he and his future partner, John Bakewell Jr. (1872–1963), also a member of Beta Theta Pi, were both protégés of famed Bay Area architect Bernard Maybeck. Brown went to Paris and graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts in 1901, attending the atelier of Victor Laloux, before returning to San Francisco to establish his practice with Bakewell in 1905.
Their first commissions included the interior of the City of Paris department store and the city hall for Berkeley, California, before entering the competition for the 1915 San Francisco City Hall for which they are best known. Brown also designed the city's War Memorial Opera House and Veterans Building, the former in collaboration with G. Albert Lansburgh. Brown was meticulously trained in the rigorous Beaux-Arts tradition, and in the City Hall project his attention extended to the smallest details of light fixtures, floor patterning and doorknobs.
War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco
In addition to their well-known monumental works, Bakewell and Brown designed several homes in the Arts and Crafts style championed by Maybeck. Early among them were two redwood framed "double houses" for Stanford University in 1908, and the only fraternity house they designed de novo, the Beta Chi Chapter House of Sigma Nu in 1910 (razed by the University in 1991 despite student and alumni efforts to give it historic designation and restore it). They later designed additions to Ernest Coxhead's 1893 Beta Theta Pi house they had lived in as undergraduates, now a listed Berkeley landmark.
The firm went on to design a series of familiar San Francisco landmarks, and many buildings at Stanford University, before Brown dissolved the partnership in 1927. For contractual reasons many buildings at Stanford through the 1930s continued to be credited to both.
Bakewell and Brown also designed the Byzantine-inspired Temple Emmanuel (1926) at Lake St. and Arguello Blvd. in San Francisco, and the Pasadena City Hall (1927).
Most of Brown's later San Francisco works employed a stripped-down classicism. The poured-concrete Art Moderne Coit Tower (1932), that crowns Telegraph Hill is an important Modernist landmark in the Bay Area. Coit Tower was the site of some of the first public works murals executed under the Public Works Administration, later known as the WPA. "The primitive nature of Coit Tower would lend itself better to that sort of thing than other public buildings," was Arthur Brown's first reaction to the project. Diego Rivera included Brown among the designers and craftsmen in his fresco mural of The Making of a Fresco Showing the Building of a City (1931).
San Francisco City Hall, completed 1915
In Washington, D.C., Brown designed the Interstate Commerce Commission Building, its near-twin the Department of Labor Building, and the Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium. All three form part of the Federal Triangle, the largest construction project undertaken by the US Federal government prior to The Pentagon. Preliminary designs were begun in 1927, with construction in the Depression years between 1932 and 1934. The new buildings were to be designed to reflect the "dignity and power of the nation."
Brown's last works were primarily at UC Berkeley, where Brown served as campus planner and chief architect from 1936 to 1950. His principal buildings there include Sproul Hall, the Bancroft Library, and the Cyclotron Building, commissioned by Ernest Lawrence and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Coit Tower, dedicated 1933
Brown was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1930. Among the draftsmen in his office was Clarence W. W. Mayhew. In 1943, Brown was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1953.
Work
In San Francisco unless otherwise noted:
Folger Estate, Woodside, California, 1905
Interior of City of Paris Dry Goods Co., 1906–1909
Old Berkeley City Hall, Berkeley, California, 1908–1909
"Double Houses" and Beta Chi Chapter House of Sigma Nu, Stanford University, 1908–1910
Horticulture Building, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915
San Francisco City Hall, 1915
Union Station (San Diego, California), 1915
Cecil H. Green Library, Stanford University, 1919
Burnham Pavilion, Stanford University, 1921
Toyon Hall, Stanford University, 1923
San Francisco Art Institute, 1925
Temple Emanu-El, 1926
Pacific Gas and Electric Company Building, 1926
Sacramento Memorial Auditorium, Sacramento, California, 1926 (consulting architect)
Pasadena City Hall, Pasadena, California, 1927
St. Joseph's Hospital, 1928
Cowell Memorial Hospital, UC Berkeley, 1930
Roble Gym, Stanford University, 1931
War Memorial Opera House, with G. Albert Lansburgh, 1932
Department of Labor Building, Washington, D.C., 1934
Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium, Washington, D.C., 1935
50 United Nations Plaza Federal Office Building, 1936
Memorial Auditorium, Stanford University, 1937
San Francisco Transbay Terminal, with Timothy L. Pflueger, 1939
Hoover Tower, Stanford University, 1941
Cyclotron Building, 1940; Sproul Hall, 1941; Minor Hall, 1941; Donner Laboratory, 1942; Bancroft Library, 1949, UC Berkeley
References
^ "Synergy House demolished". News.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2009-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "The City of Berkeley" (PDF). www.ci.berkeley.ca.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2009.
^ Stanford Historical Society (2007). Historic Houses IV: Early Residential Communities of the Lower San Juan District. Stanford, California: Stanford Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-9664249-5-9.
^ "About the Temple : History - Congregation Emanu-El". Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
^ "City Hall - City of Pasadena, California". Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
^ a b "UC Berkeley Buildings, Features & Sites | Environmental Design Library | UC Berkeley". Lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
^ Vision planlbl.gov Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ "National Academicians | National Academy | National Academy Museum". Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
^ Simon, Mark (25 April 1996). "PENINSULA INSIDER -- Folger Estate up for Sale in Woodside / Atari founder asking $8.9 million for it". Sfgate.
^ "Environmental Design Archives: Campus Architecture". Ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
Further reading
Tilman, Jeffrey T. (2006). Arthur Brown Jr., Progressive Classicist. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-73178-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Brown Jr..
Biography portal
Online guide to the Arthur Brown Jr. Papers, The Bancroft Library
Diego Rivera's mural at the SFAI
Coit tower
Arthur Brown Papers
Find A Grave
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Brown Jr. (murderer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brown_Jr._(murderer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Brown_Jr._1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"John Bakewell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bakewell_Jr."}],"text":"For the American executed murderer, see Arthur Brown Jr. (murderer).Arthur Brown Jr.Arthur Brown Jr. (1874–1957) was an American architect, based in San Francisco and designer of many of its landmarks. 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Green Library, Stanford University, 1919\nBurnham Pavilion, Stanford University, 1921\nToyon Hall, Stanford University, 1923\nSan Francisco Art Institute, 1925\nTemple Emanu-El, 1926\nPacific Gas and Electric Company Building, 1926\nSacramento Memorial Auditorium, Sacramento, California, 1926 (consulting architect)\nPasadena City Hall, Pasadena, California, 1927\nSt. Joseph's Hospital, 1928\nCowell Memorial Hospital, UC Berkeley, 1930\nRoble Gym, Stanford University, 1931\nWar Memorial Opera House, with G. Albert Lansburgh, 1932\nDepartment of Labor Building, Washington, D.C., 1934\nAndrew W. Mellon Auditorium, Washington, D.C., 1935\n\n50 United Nations Plaza Federal Office Building, 1936\nMemorial Auditorium, Stanford University, 1937\nSan Francisco Transbay Terminal, with Timothy L. Pflueger, 1939\nHoover Tower, Stanford University, 1941\nCyclotron Building, 1940; Sproul Hall, 1941; Minor Hall, 1941; Donner Laboratory, 1942; Bancroft Library, 1949, UC Berkeley[7][11]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Brown Jr., Progressive Classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arthurbrownjrpro0000tilm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-73178-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-73178-2"}],"text":"Tilman, Jeffrey T. (2006). Arthur Brown Jr., Progressive Classicist. W. W. Norton. 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Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/ENVI/research_campus_buildings.html","url_text":"\"UC Berkeley Buildings, Features & Sites | Environmental Design Library | UC Berkeley\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Academicians | National Academy | National Academy Museum\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2013-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314023614/http://www.nationalacademy.org/academy/national-academicians/","url_text":"\"National Academicians | National Academy | National Academy Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalacademy.org/academy/national-academicians/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Mark (25 April 1996). \"PENINSULA INSIDER -- Folger Estate up for Sale in Woodside / Atari founder asking $8.9 million for it\". Sfgate.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/PENINSULA-INSIDER-Folger-Estate-Up-for-Sale-In-2984868.php","url_text":"\"PENINSULA INSIDER -- Folger Estate up for Sale in Woodside / Atari founder asking $8.9 million for it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Environmental Design Archives: Campus Architecture\". Ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120911025636/http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/cedarchives/campus.html","url_text":"\"Environmental Design Archives: Campus Architecture\""},{"url":"http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/cedarchives/campus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tilman, Jeffrey T. (2006). Arthur Brown Jr., Progressive Classicist. W. W. Norton. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMD_Business_School | International Institute for Management Development | ["1 History and mission","2 Education","2.1 MBA program","2.2 EMBA program","2.3 Executive education","3 Ranking","4 Notable alumni","5 Faculty","6 Partnerships","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°31′N 6°37′E / 46.51°N 6.62°E / 46.51; 6.62Swiss business education school
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IMDIMD campus in LausanneTypeAcademic InstituteEstablished1990; 34 years ago (1990)ChairmanMichel DemaréPresidentJean-Francois ManzoniAcademic staff50Administrative staff300Students8,900Other students90LocationLausanne, Vaud, Switzerland46°31′N 6°37′E / 46.51°N 6.62°E / 46.51; 6.62CampusUrbanWebsitewww.imd.org
International Institute for Management Development (IIMD) is a business school with campuses in Lausanne, Switzerland and Singapore. IIMD is well known for its MBA program, which is taught in English and consistently ranked among the best in the world.
History and mission
IIMD was formed in January 1990 through the merger of independent management education centers International Management Institute (Geneva) (IMI), established in 1946 by Alcan, and Institut pour l'Etude des Methodes de Direction de l'Entreprise (IMEDE) Lausanne established in 1957 by Nestlé. The new organization, the International Institute for Management Development (IIMD), settled in Lausanne. The history of IMEDE and its merger with IMI is documented in Jean-Pierre Jeannet and Hein Schreuder (2015, chapters 2 and 4). Its industrial heritage is unusual for business schools, which are usually university-affiliated.
IIMD business school solely provides executive education; it is a Swiss university institute accredited by the Swiss Accreditation Council and it consists of one integrated multidisciplinary faculty. The faculty consists of more than 50 full-time members, made up of 21 different nationalities. The current president is Jean-Francois Manzoni, who follows Dominique Turpin, John R. Wells, Peter Lorange, and Juan Rada. The latter ran the school from 1993 to 2008 and has been widely credited with having established IIMD as one of the world's leading business schools.
IIMD focuses on training and developing general management and leadership skills. Compared to other business schools, IIMD tends to select experienced candidates for both the Master of Business Administration (MBA) (average age 31) and the Executive MBA (average age 40). Its other focus is to have a broad international group of participants attending open programs to ensure that no nationality dominates.
Education
IMD has two main educational offerings:
Degree programs: the MBA and the EMBA
Executive education: open enrollment and company custom programs
The degree programs have triple accreditation by AACSB, AMBA, and EFMD(EQUIS).
MBA program
The school's MBA program is a one-year full-time program. The program runs from January through December without any break (summer is dedicated to a Company Engagement Project). Each class includes 90 participants from various countries.
The MBA program focuses strongly on personal development, leadership, and general management instead of functional expertise, and as a result, the majority (70%) of the graduates typically get positions in the industrial and consulting rather than the financial sector, unlike other major schools. Students will benefit from close contact with executives on-site given IMD has been recognized as the best business school for an open program in executive education from 2012 to 2017. Moreover, Students will also enjoy several trips to further expand their knowledge and activate their network: one discovery expedition (one week in a developed country and one week in a developing country), a Europe trip and a trip to reflect on the dilemma. Finally, each student will have to participate in the International Consulting Project during the fall, where he or she will be part of a team and work as a consultant on a project designed by various companies. Starting in 2018, the MBA curriculum includes electives dedicated to practical experience in digital marketing, machine learning, and big data.
Admission to the MBA program requires a bachelor's degree or equivalent from an accredited institution, GMAT, and a minimum of three years of full-time work experience, as well as a strong command of written and spoken English and one language in addition to English. Applicants who are deemed successful in the first written stage of the application process are invited to the second stage, and an interview process called the IMD Assessment Day. The Assessment Day is a full-day event held either in IMD's campus in Lausanne, Switzerland, or in Singapore, or in other locations. It involves a personal interview, a short presentation, a business case discussion, and an MBA class observation. The final admissions decision is communicated within 2 weeks of the Assessment Day.
Forbes has ranked IMD's MBA #1 among one-year international MBA programs in its 2019 ranking. IMD has held top spots in the ranking since 2001. IMD has also been ranked #1 in 2017, 2013, 2011, 2007, and 2001.
EMBA program
The curriculum of the EMBA is different from the MBA because it targets experienced managers with at least 10 years of experience who seek to strengthen their careers without leaving their jobs. The average class size is around 55 participants of more than 40 nationalities. The program has three components: the foundations for business leadership, the advanced management concepts, and the mastery stage. Altogether the program takes over one year. It has a strong focus on leadership skills, integrated business themes, and the immediate practical application of the subject matter. The 55 selected students have an average age of 40. Supporting their growth as a leader, faculty share their knowledge, resources and contacts in discovery modules around the globe. Participants also travel to global destinations to build critical skills in entrepreneurship, innovation, impact investing, and much more, experiencing environments that will have the biggest impact on their learning and development.
Executive education
Executive education is a fundamental part of the school activities.
Ranking
IMD's full-time MBA has been ranked by Bloomberg and Forbes as one of the best one-year programs in Europe and internationally.
In 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 IMD was ranked first in open programs worldwide by the Financial Times. The FT also places IMD at second in Custom Programs, with the school jumping up two places from fourth in 2016. IMD remained in second place in the combined custom and open program rankings, maintaining its spot from last year.
Notable alumni
See also: Category:International Institute for Management Development alumni
Svein Aaser: Former CEO, DnB NOR
Matti Alahuhta: CEO, Kone Corporation
Ole Andersen: Chairman, Bang & Olufsen
Bjarni Ármannsson: CEO, Glitnir Bank, Iceland
Jon Fredrik Baksaas: President and CEO, Telenor
Paul Bulcke: Former CEO, Nestlé
Harsh Goenka: Indian billionaire and Chairman, RPG Enterprises
Oswald Grübel: Former CEO, UBS
Carla De Geyseleer, CFO, Volvo Cars
Philipp Humm: Former CEO, T-Mobile USA
Tarang Jain, Indian billionaire
Susanne Klatten: Member of the Board, BMW
Gerard Kleisterlee: Chairman Vodafone; Former CEO, Royal Philips Electronics
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen: Former President and CEO, The Lego Group
Abba Kyari: Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria from August 2015 to April 2020
Christoph Loos, CEO, Hilti
Jay Mehta, Chairman, Mehta Group
Milinda Moragoda: Sri Lankan Cabinet Minister of Justice, Law Reform and MP
Thomas Oetterli, CEO, Schindler Group
Mark Opzoomer: CEO, Rambler Media
Michael Patsalos-Fox: Former Chairman, Americas, McKinsey & Company
Prince Pieter-Christiaan of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, Netherlands
Mark Rutte: Prime Minister, Netherlands
Thomas Schmidheiny: Chairman, Holcim
Søren Skou: Group CEO, A.P. Moller - Maersk
Ian Charles Stewart: Founder, WiRed
Diego Molano Vega: Former Minister of Information Technologies and Communications, Colombia
Peter Voser: Chairman and CEO, ABB, Former CEO Royal Dutch Shell
Erik Aas, CEO of Banglalink
Faculty
Howard Yu
Darcy C. Coyle
Jean-Francois Manzoni
Samuel Bendahan
Partnerships
IMD has partnerships with
MIT Sloan School of Management
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
University of Lausanne
Yale School of Management
Porto Business School
Waseda University
Ecole cantonale d’art de Lausanne
References
^ IMD appoints Jean-François Manzoni as president // Financial Times, Jonathan Moules, May 4, 2016.
^ IMD announces new President Jean-François Manzoni Professor Manzoni to start 1st of January 2017 // imd.org/news, May 2016.
^ "The Best One-Year International Business Schools List". Forbes.
^ Muhdi, Muhdi (2016-02-11). "Madrasah Dan Transformasi Intelektual". Al-Banjari: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman. 14 (1). doi:10.18592/al-banjari.v14i1.640. ISSN 2527-6778.
^ "IMD – International Institute for Management Development". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
^ Jeannet, Jean-Pierre and Hein Schreuder. 2015. "From Coal to Biotech: The transformation of DSM with business school support". Springer. ISBN 978-3662462980
^ a b c "The Economist: Which MBA". Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
^ "IMD accredited as a Swiss university institute". IMD. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
^ "AACSB DataDirect - General". Datadirect.aacsb.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ "Association of MBAs". Mbaworld.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ Pergoot, Nick. "EQUIS Accredited Schools". www.efmd.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-16. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
^ "The IMD MBA: 90 Exceptional People Who Will Shape the Future of Business". Beat the GMAT. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
^ "IMD 1-year MBA Degree - Master Of Business Administration". www.imd.org. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
^ "IMD Ranking". IMD. Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
^ a b "MBA Degree Admission Criteria - IMD". IMD business school. Archived from the original on 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
^ "IMD assessment day: what to expect, and how to excel". 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ "The IMD MBA – a springboard to success – ranked #1 by Forbes once again".
^ "Executive MBA (EMBA) - Admissions - IMD Business School".
^ "Bloomberg best business in Europe". Bloomberg News.
^ Settimi, Christina (Sep 18, 2019). "IMD And London Business School Top Ranking Of The Best International MBA Programs". Forbes. Archived from the original on Aug 30, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^ "Executive Education Rankings - Open Programs - 2017". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
^ Ortmans, Laurent (May 14, 2017). "FT Executive Education Rankings 2017". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
^ Tutorials, Script. "Varroc Group - Varroc Group Site". www.varrocgroup.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ "IMD Partnerships - IMD Business School". www.imd.org. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
External links
IMD – International Institute for Management Development, A-Z Business Schools, independent.co.uk
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2
3 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"Lausanne, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Swiss business education schoolInternational Institute for Management Development (IIMD) is a business school with campuses in Lausanne, Switzerland and Singapore. IIMD is well known for its MBA program, which is taught in English and consistently ranked among the best in the world.[3][4]","title":"International Institute for Management Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan"},{"link_name":"Institut pour l'Etude des Methodes de Direction de l'Entreprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_pour_l%27Etude_des_Methodes_de_Direction_de_l%27Entreprise"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eiu_rankings-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jean-Francois Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Francois_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"Dominique Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorange"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eiu_rankings-7"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Executive MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_MBA"}],"text":"IIMD was formed in January 1990 through the merger of independent management education centers International Management Institute (Geneva) (IMI), established in 1946 by Alcan, and Institut pour l'Etude des Methodes de Direction de l'Entreprise (IMEDE) Lausanne established in 1957 by Nestlé.[5] The new organization, the International Institute for Management Development (IIMD), settled in Lausanne. The history of IMEDE and its merger with IMI is documented in Jean-Pierre Jeannet and Hein Schreuder (2015, chapters 2 and 4).[6] Its industrial heritage is unusual for business schools, which are usually university-affiliated.[7]IIMD business school solely provides executive education; it is a Swiss university institute accredited by the Swiss Accreditation Council[8] and it consists of one integrated multidisciplinary faculty. The faculty consists of more than 50 full-time members, made up of 21 different nationalities. The current president is Jean-Francois Manzoni, who follows Dominique Turpin, John R. Wells, Peter Lorange, and Juan Rada. The latter ran the school from 1993 to 2008 and has been widely credited with having established IIMD as one of the world's leading business schools.[7]IIMD focuses on training and developing general management and leadership skills. Compared to other business schools, IIMD tends to select experienced candidates for both the Master of Business Administration (MBA) (average age 31) and the Executive MBA (average age 40). Its other focus is to have a broad international group of participants attending open programs to ensure that no nationality dominates.","title":"History and mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triple accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_accreditation"},{"link_name":"AACSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACSB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"AMBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_MBAs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"EFMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFMD"},{"link_name":"EQUIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQUIS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"IMD has two main educational offerings:Degree programs: the MBA and the EMBA\nExecutive education: open enrollment and company custom programs\nThe degree programs have triple accreditation by AACSB,[9] AMBA,[10] and EFMD(EQUIS).[11]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imd.org-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imd.org-15"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imd.ch-17"}],"sub_title":"MBA program","text":"The school's MBA program is a one-year full-time program. The program runs from January through December without any break (summer is dedicated to a Company Engagement Project). Each class includes 90 participants from various countries.[12]The MBA program focuses strongly on personal development, leadership, and general management instead of functional expertise, and as a result, the majority (70%) of the graduates typically get positions in the industrial and consulting rather than the financial sector, unlike other major schools[13].[citation needed] Students will benefit from close contact with executives on-site given IMD has been recognized as the best business school for an open program in executive education from 2012 to 2017.[14] Moreover, Students will also enjoy several trips to further expand their knowledge and activate their network: one discovery expedition (one week in a developed country and one week in a developing country), a Europe trip and a trip to reflect on the dilemma. Finally, each student will have to participate in the International Consulting Project during the fall, where he or she will be part of a team and work as a consultant on a project designed by various companies. Starting in 2018, the MBA curriculum includes electives dedicated to practical experience in digital marketing, machine learning, and big data.Admission to the MBA program requires a bachelor's degree or equivalent from an accredited institution, GMAT, and a minimum of three years of full-time work experience, as well as a strong command of written and spoken English and one language in addition to English. Applicants who are deemed successful in the first written stage of the application process are invited to the second stage, and an interview process called the IMD Assessment Day.[15] The Assessment Day is a full-day event held either in IMD's campus in Lausanne, Switzerland, or in Singapore, or in other locations. It involves a personal interview, a short presentation, a business case discussion, and an MBA class observation.[16] The final admissions decision is communicated within 2 weeks of the Assessment Day.[15]Forbes has ranked IMD's MBA #1 among one-year international MBA programs in its 2019 ranking. IMD has held top spots in the ranking since 2001. IMD has also been ranked #1 in 2017, 2013, 2011, 2007, and 2001.[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"EMBA program","text":"The curriculum of the EMBA is different from the MBA because it targets experienced managers with at least 10 years of experience who seek to strengthen their careers without leaving their jobs. The average class size is around 55 participants of more than 40 nationalities. The program has three components: the foundations for business leadership, the advanced management concepts, and the mastery stage. Altogether the program takes over one year. It has a strong focus on leadership skills, integrated business themes, and the immediate practical application of the subject matter. The 55 selected students have an average age of 40. Supporting their growth as a leader, faculty share their knowledge, resources and contacts in discovery modules around the globe. Participants also travel to global destinations to build critical skills in entrepreneurship, innovation, impact investing, and much more, experiencing environments that will have the biggest impact on their learning and development. [18]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eiu_rankings-7"}],"sub_title":"Executive education","text":"Executive education is a fundamental part of the school activities.[7]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankings.ft.com-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"IMD's full-time MBA has been ranked by Bloomberg[19] and Forbes[20] as one of the best one-year programs in Europe and internationally.In 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 IMD was ranked first in open programs worldwide by the Financial Times.[21] The FT also places IMD at second in Custom Programs, with the school jumping up two places from fourth in 2016. IMD remained in second place in the combined custom and open program rankings, maintaining its spot from last year.[22]","title":"Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:International Institute for Management Development alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Institute_for_Management_Development_alumni"},{"link_name":"Svein Aaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_Aaser"},{"link_name":"DnB NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnB_NOR"},{"link_name":"Matti Alahuhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Alahuhta"},{"link_name":"Kone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kone"},{"link_name":"Bang & Olufsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_%26_Olufsen"},{"link_name":"Bjarni Ármannsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarni_%C3%81rmannsson"},{"link_name":"Glitnir Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitnir_(bank)"},{"link_name":"Jon Fredrik Baksaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Fredrik_Baksaas"},{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"Paul Bulcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bulcke"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Harsh Goenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Goenka"},{"link_name":"RPG Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Oswald Grübel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Gr%C3%BCbel"},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS"},{"link_name":"Volvo Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Cars"},{"link_name":"Philipp Humm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Humm"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA"},{"link_name":"Tarang Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarang_Jain"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Susanne Klatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Klatten"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Gerard Kleisterlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Kleisterlee"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"Royal Philips Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philips_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld_Kirk_Kristiansen"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Abba Kyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Kyari"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Hilti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilti"},{"link_name":"Jay Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Mehta Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehta_Group"},{"link_name":"Milinda Moragoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milinda_Moragoda"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Schindler Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler_Group"},{"link_name":"Mark Opzoomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Opzoomer"},{"link_name":"Rambler Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_Media"},{"link_name":"Michael Patsalos-Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Patsalos-Fox"},{"link_name":"McKinsey & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Prince Pieter-Christiaan of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Pieter-Christiaan_of_Orange-Nassau,_van_Vollenhoven"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Mark Rutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Thomas Schmidheiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schmidheiny"},{"link_name":"Holcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcim"},{"link_name":"Søren Skou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Skou"},{"link_name":"A.P. Moller - Maersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Moller_-_Maersk"},{"link_name":"Ian Charles Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Charles_Stewart"},{"link_name":"WiRed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Diego Molano Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Molano_Vega"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Peter Voser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Voser"},{"link_name":"ABB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB"},{"link_name":"Royal Dutch Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell"},{"link_name":"Erik Aas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Aas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banglalink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglalink"}],"text":"See also: Category:International Institute for Management Development alumniSvein Aaser: Former CEO, DnB NOR\nMatti Alahuhta: CEO, Kone Corporation\nOle Andersen: Chairman, Bang & Olufsen\nBjarni Ármannsson: CEO, Glitnir Bank, Iceland\nJon Fredrik Baksaas: President and CEO, Telenor\nPaul Bulcke: Former CEO, Nestlé\nHarsh Goenka: Indian billionaire and Chairman, RPG Enterprises\nOswald Grübel: Former CEO, UBS\nCarla De Geyseleer, CFO, Volvo Cars\nPhilipp Humm: Former CEO, T-Mobile USA\nTarang Jain, Indian billionaire[23]\nSusanne Klatten: Member of the Board, BMW\nGerard Kleisterlee: Chairman Vodafone; Former CEO, Royal Philips Electronics\nKjeld Kirk Kristiansen: Former President and CEO, The Lego Group\nAbba Kyari: Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria from August 2015 to April 2020\nChristoph Loos, CEO, Hilti\nJay Mehta, Chairman, Mehta Group\nMilinda Moragoda: Sri Lankan Cabinet Minister of Justice, Law Reform and MP\nThomas Oetterli, CEO, Schindler Group\nMark Opzoomer: CEO, Rambler Media\nMichael Patsalos-Fox: Former Chairman, Americas, McKinsey & Company\nPrince Pieter-Christiaan of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, Netherlands\nMark Rutte: Prime Minister, Netherlands\nThomas Schmidheiny: Chairman, Holcim\nSøren Skou: Group CEO, A.P. Moller - Maersk\nIan Charles Stewart: Founder, WiRed\nDiego Molano Vega: Former Minister of Information Technologies and Communications, Colombia\nPeter Voser: Chairman and CEO, ABB, Former CEO Royal Dutch Shell\nErik Aas, CEO of Banglalink","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Yu"},{"link_name":"Darcy C. Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_C._Coyle"},{"link_name":"Jean-Francois Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Francois_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bendahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bendahan"}],"text":"Howard Yu\nDarcy C. Coyle\nJean-Francois Manzoni\nSamuel Bendahan","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"MIT Sloan School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"University of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Porto Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"Ecole cantonale d’art de Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_cantonale_d%27art_de_Lausanne"}],"text":"IMD has partnerships with[24]MIT Sloan School of Management\nEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne\nUniversity of Lausanne\nYale School of Management\nPorto Business School\nWaseda University\nEcole cantonale d’art de Lausanne","title":"Partnerships"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Best One-Year International Business Schools List\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/business-schools/list/international-1-year/","url_text":"\"The Best One-Year International Business Schools List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Muhdi, Muhdi (2016-02-11). \"Madrasah Dan Transformasi Intelektual\". Al-Banjari: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman. 14 (1). doi:10.18592/al-banjari.v14i1.640. ISSN 2527-6778.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v14i1.640","url_text":"\"Madrasah Dan Transformasi Intelektual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18592%2Fal-banjari.v14i1.640","url_text":"10.18592/al-banjari.v14i1.640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2527-6778","url_text":"2527-6778"}]},{"reference":"\"IMD – International Institute for Management Development\". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2014-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/whichmba/imd-international-institute-management-development/2012?tab=3","url_text":"\"IMD – International Institute for Management Development\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424213939/http://www.economist.com/whichmba/imd-international-institute-management-development/2012?tab=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Economist: Which MBA\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://mba.eiu.com/","url_text":"\"The Economist: Which MBA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080529100803/http://mba.eiu.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IMD accredited as a Swiss university institute\". IMD. Retrieved 2023-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imd.org/news/imd-accredited-as-a-swiss-university-institute/","url_text":"\"IMD accredited as a Swiss university institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"AACSB DataDirect - General\". Datadirect.aacsb.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://datadirect.aacsb.edu/public/profiles/profile.cfm?runReport=1&unitid=54611&userType=All","url_text":"\"AACSB DataDirect - General\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314231037/https://datadirect.aacsb.edu/public/profiles/profile.cfm?runReport=1&unitid=54611&userType=All","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Association of MBAs\". Mbaworld.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318135023/http://www.mbaworld.com/MBAWorld/doShowBusinessSchool.action?editbusinessSchoolId=66","url_text":"\"Association of MBAs\""},{"url":"http://www.mbaworld.com/MBAWorld/doShowBusinessSchool.action?editbusinessSchoolId=66","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pergoot, Nick. \"EQUIS Accredited Schools\". www.efmd.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-16. Retrieved 2014-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140216071831/http://www.efmd.org/index.php/accreditation-main/equis/accredited-schools","url_text":"\"EQUIS Accredited Schools\""},{"url":"http://www.efmd.org/index.php/accreditation-main/equis/accredited-schools","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The IMD MBA: 90 Exceptional People Who Will Shape the Future of Business\". Beat the GMAT. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. 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Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gyanone.com/blog/imd-assessment-day/","url_text":"\"IMD assessment day: what to expect, and how to excel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170813024149/http://www.gyanone.com/blog/imd-assessment-day/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The IMD MBA – a springboard to success – ranked #1 by Forbes once again\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imd.org/news/updates/imd-mba-ranked-number-one-by-forbes-2019/","url_text":"\"The IMD MBA – a springboard to success – ranked #1 by Forbes once again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive MBA (EMBA) - Admissions - IMD Business School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imd.org/emba/admission/executive-mba-application-process/","url_text":"\"Executive MBA (EMBA) - Admissions - IMD Business School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg best business in Europe\". Bloomberg News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/business-schools/2019/regions/europe","url_text":"\"Bloomberg best business in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"Settimi, Christina (Sep 18, 2019). \"IMD And London Business School Top Ranking Of The Best International MBA Programs\". Forbes. Archived from the original on Aug 30, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2019/09/18/imd-and-london-business-school-top-ranking-of-the-best-international-mba-programs/","url_text":"\"IMD And London Business School Top Ranking Of The Best International MBA Programs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230830062231/https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2019/09/18/imd-and-london-business-school-top-ranking-of-the-best-international-mba-programs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Education Rankings - Open Programs - 2017\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_cardiosperma | Senna cardiosperma | ["1 Description","1.1 Subspecies cardiosperma","1.2 Subspecies gawlerensis","1.3 Subspecies microphylla","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"] | Species of legume
Senna cardiosperma
Subspecies gawlerensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Genus:
Senna
Species:
S. cardiosperma
Binomial name
Senna cardiosperma(F.Muell.) Randell
Synonyms
Cassia cardiosperma F.Muell.
Subspecies gawlerensis, habit in the Gawler Ranges area
Senna cardiosperma is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the western half of Australia. It is an erect shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves, the number and shape of the leaflets depending on subspecies, yellow flowers with ten fertile stamens in each flower, and flat pods.
Description
Senna cardiosperma is an erect shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Its leaves are pinnate, the size of the leaves and the number and shape of the leaflets varying with subspecies. The flowers are yellow and borne in upper leaf axils, with ten fertile stamens in each flower, the filaments of different length between 1 and 2 mm (0.039 and 0.079 in) long. The fruit is a flattened pod.
Subspecies cardiosperma
Subspecies cardiosperma is an erect shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and has pinnate leaves 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long on a cylindrical petiole about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, with two to four pairs of linear to narrowly spoon-shaped leaflets 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long and 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) wide. There is a single sessile gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, and a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in pairs or groups of up to four on a peduncle 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long. The petals are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. Flowering occurs in winter and spring, and the fruit is a flattened, straight pod 20–50 mm (0.79–1.97 in) long.
Subspecies gawlerensis
Subspecies cardiosperma is an erect shrub or small tree up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and has pinnate leaves 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) long on a cylindrical petiole about 5 mm (0.20 in) long, with five to ten pairs of egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide. There is a single sessile gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, and a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls usually off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in groups of three to six on a peduncle 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long. The petals are about 5 mm (0.20 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. Flowering occurs in most months, and the fruit is a flattened, straight or curved pod 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long.
Subspecies microphylla
Subspecies microphylla is an erect shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and has densely woolly-hairy stems and leaves. The leaves are pinnate, 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) long on a cylindrical petiole about 4 mm (0.16 in) long, with eight to ten pairs of needle-shaped leaflets 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) long and about 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter. There is a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in pairs or groups of two to four on a peduncle 2–15 mm (0.079–0.591 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) long. The petals are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. Flowering occurs in spring, and the fruit is a flattened, straight pod 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long.
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1876 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Cassia cardiosperma in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from specimens collected by Jess Young. In 1989, Barbara Rae Randell transferred the species to Senna as Senna cardiosperma in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. The specific epithet (cardiosperma) means "heart-seeded".
In the same edition of the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, Randell described three subspecies of S. cardiosperma, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Senna cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell subsp. cardiosperma
Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis Randell
Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla Randell
Distribution and habitat
Subspecies cardiosperma grows on rocky hillsides in arid places in the Coolgardie, Great Victoria Desert, Mallee, Murchison and Nullarbor bioregions of Western Australia. Subspecies gawlerensis grows in rocky places and in sand on the Eyre Peninsula and in the northwest corner of South Australia, and subsp. microphylla grows in arid shrubland in the far north-western corner of South Australia and in the south of the Northern Territory.
References
^ a b "Senna cardiosperma". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ a b c d e Randell, Barbara R. (1989). "Revision of Cassiinae in Australia 2. Senna Miller sect. Psilorhegma (J.Vogel) Irwin & Barneby". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 12 (2): 244–253. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ a b "Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ a b "Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ a b "Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Cassia cardiosperma". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1876). Fragmenta Phytographie Australiae. Vol. 10. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. p. 50. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Senna cardiosperma". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780958034180.
^ "Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Senna cardiosperma". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Taxon identifiersSenna cardiosperma
Wikidata: Q15536483
APNI: 117666
FloraBase: 18430
FoAO2: Senna cardiosperma
GBIF: 7278449
IPNI: 947541-1
IUCN: 198150727
NCBI: 346954
Open Tree of Life: 757700
Plant List: tro-13072202
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:947541-1
Tropicos: 13072202
WFO: wfo-0001061569
Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma
Wikidata: Q100494750
APNI: 117665
FoAO2: Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma
GBIF: 7278450
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:168232-3
WFO: wfo-0001359090
Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis
Wikidata: Q66105022
APNI: 117662
FoAO2: Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis
GBIF: 3931950
IPNI: 951400-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:951400-1
Tropicos: 13073230
Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla
Wikidata: Q66105026
APNI: 117659
FoAO2: Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla
GBIF: 3931947
IPNI: 951401-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:951401-1
Cassia cardiosperma
Wikidata: Q15474312
APNI: 114480
CoL: RLD3
EoL: 645010
GBIF: 5357123
IPNI: 484284-1
IRMNG: 10173757
Observation.org: 391452
Open Tree of Life: 3916830
Plant List: ild-35092
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:484284-1
Tropicos: 13027948
WFO: wfo-0000188565 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senna_cardiosperma_habit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gawler Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnation"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"pods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology#Fruit_types"}],"text":"Subspecies gawlerensis, habit in the Gawler Ranges areaSenna cardiosperma is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the western half of Australia. 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There is a single sessile gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, and a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in pairs or groups of up to four on a peduncle 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long. The petals are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. Flowering occurs in winter and spring, and the fruit is a flattened, straight pod 20–50 mm (0.79–1.97 in) long.[3][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JABG-2"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies gawlerensis","text":"Subspecies cardiosperma is an erect shrub or small tree up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and has pinnate leaves 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) long on a cylindrical petiole about 5 mm (0.20 in) long, with five to ten pairs of egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide. There is a single sessile gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, and a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls usually off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in groups of three to six on a peduncle 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long. The petals are about 5 mm (0.20 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. Flowering occurs in most months, and the fruit is a flattened, straight or curved pod 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long.[4][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa3-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JABG-2"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies microphylla","text":"Subspecies microphylla is an erect shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and has densely woolly-hairy stems and leaves. The leaves are pinnate, 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) long on a cylindrical petiole about 4 mm (0.16 in) long, with eight to ten pairs of needle-shaped leaflets 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) long and about 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter. There is a stipule at the base of the leaf, but that falls off as the leaf opens. The flowers are yellow and arranged in upper leaf axils in pairs or groups of two to four on a peduncle 2–15 mm (0.079–0.591 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) long. The petals are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and there are ten fertile stamens, the filaments about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. Flowering occurs in spring, and the fruit is a flattened, straight pod 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long.[5][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmenta_Phytographiae_Australiae"},{"link_name":"Jess Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Young"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.Muell.-7"},{"link_name":"Barbara Rae Randell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Rae_Randell"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JABG-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-8"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharr-9"},{"link_name":"Australian Plant Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APC1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APC2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APC3-12"}],"text":"This species was first formally described in 1876 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Cassia cardiosperma in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from specimens collected by Jess Young.[6][7] In 1989, Barbara Rae Randell transferred the species to Senna as Senna cardiosperma in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden.[2][8] The specific epithet (cardiosperma) means \"heart-seeded\".[9]In the same edition of the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, Randell described three subspecies of S. cardiosperma, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:Senna cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell subsp. cardiosperma[10]\nSenna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis Randell[11]\nSenna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla Randell[12]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Great Victoria Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa1-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-13"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa3-5"}],"text":"Subspecies cardiosperma grows on rocky hillsides in arid places in the Coolgardie, Great Victoria Desert, Mallee, Murchison and Nullarbor bioregions of Western Australia.[3][13] Subspecies gawlerensis grows in rocky places and in sand on the Eyre Peninsula and in the northwest corner of South Australia,[4] and subsp. microphylla grows in arid shrubland in the far north-western corner of South Australia and in the south of the Northern Territory.[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}] | [{"image_text":"Subspecies gawlerensis, habit in the Gawler Ranges area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Senna_cardiosperma_habit.jpg/220px-Senna_cardiosperma_habit.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma\". 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Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senna%20cardiosperma%20subsp.%20cardiosperma","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis\". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senna%20cardiosperma%20subsp.%20gawlerensis","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla\". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senna%20cardiosperma%20subsp.%20microphylla","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cassia cardiosperma\". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/548543","url_text":"\"Cassia cardiosperma\""}]},{"reference":"von Mueller, Ferdinand (1876). Fragmenta Phytographie Australiae. Vol. 10. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. p. 50. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7227#page/50/mode/1up","url_text":"Fragmenta Phytographie Australiae"}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma\". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/551904","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma\""}]},{"reference":"Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780958034180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034180","url_text":"9780958034180"}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/117665","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. cardiosperma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/117662","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. gawlerensis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/117659","url_text":"\"Senna cardiosperma subsp. microphylla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senna cardiosperma\". 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas_School | Lammas School | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°33′58″N 0°01′31″W / 51.566°N 0.0254°W / 51.566; -0.0254
Academy in London, EnglandLammas School & Sixth FormAddress150 Seymour RoadLeytonLondon, E10 7LXEnglandCoordinates51°33′58″N 0°01′31″W / 51.566°N 0.0254°W / 51.566; -0.0254InformationTypeAcademyLocal authorityWaltham ForestTrustThe Griffin Schools TrustDepartment for Education URN145708 TablesOfstedReportsGenderCoeducationalAge11 to 18Enrolment900Websitehttps://www.lammas-gst.org/
Lammas School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Leyton area of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, England.
Previously a community school administered by Waltham Forest London Borough Council, in December 2018 Lammas School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by The Griffin Schools Trust.
References
^ "Lammas School & Sixth Form".
"League Tables: Lammas School". BBC News. BBC. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
External links
Official website
vteSchools and colleges in Waltham ForestPrimary schools
Barclay Primary School
Buxton School
George Mitchell School
Secondary schools
Buxton School
Chingford Foundation School
Connaught School for Girls
Frederick Bremer School
George Mitchell School
Heathcote School
Highams Park School
Holy Family Catholic School
Kelmscott School
Lammas School
Leytonstone School
Norlington School
South Chingford Foundation School
Walthamstow Academy
Walthamstow School for Girls
Willowfield School
Special schools
Joseph Clarke School
Whitefield Schools
Private schools
Forest School
Normanhurst School
FE & sixth form colleges
Big Creative Academy
Leyton Sixth Form College
Sir George Monoux College
Waltham Forest College
Defunct schools
Aveling Park School
Warwick School for Boys
Authority control databases
ISNI
This London school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coeducational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Waltham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"community school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest London Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_London_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"}],"text":"Academy in London, EnglandLammas School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Leyton area of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, England.[1]Previously a community school administered by Waltham Forest London Borough Council, in December 2018 Lammas School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by The Griffin Schools Trust.","title":"Lammas School"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lammas School & Sixth Form\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lammas.waltham.sch.uk/","url_text":"\"Lammas School & Sixth Form\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Tables: Lammas School\". BBC News. BBC. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/06/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/320_4076.stm","url_text":"\"League Tables: Lammas School\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lammas_School¶ms=51.566_N_0.0254_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°33′58″N 0°01′31″W / 51.566°N 0.0254°W / 51.566; -0.0254"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lammas_School¶ms=51.566_N_0.0254_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°33′58″N 0°01′31″W / 51.566°N 0.0254°W / 51.566; -0.0254"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/145708","external_links_name":"145708"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/145708","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/145708","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"https://www.lammas-gst.org/","external_links_name":"https://www.lammas-gst.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.lammas.waltham.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Lammas School & Sixth Form\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/06/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/320_4076.stm","external_links_name":"\"League Tables: Lammas School\""},{"Link":"https://lammas-gst.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040534235X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lammas_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Hempstone | Smith Hempstone | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Foreign correspondent","2.2 The Washington Times","2.3 U.S. ambassador to Kenya","3 Death","4 Writings","5 Memberships","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"] | American diplomat
Smith HempstoneHempstone in Kenya in March 1993Born(1929-02-01)February 1, 1929Washington, D.C., U.S.DiedNovember 19, 2006(2006-11-19) (aged 77)Suburban HospitalBethesda, Maryland, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationGeorge Washington University, 1946-47University of the South, B.A., 1950Harvard University, graduate study, 1964-65Alma materUniversity of the SouthOccupation(s)Journalist and U.S. diplomatPolitical partyRepublican Party (1958-1968)Independent (1968-2006)Board member ofTrustee, University of the South, 1975–1978governor, Institute of Current World Affairs, 1975–1978.Spouse(s)Kathaleen Fishback "Kitty", January 30, 1954 - February 20, 2021 –his deathChildrendaughter, Katherine Hope Hempstone of Baltimore, and two grandsons and one granddaughterParent(s)Smith (a naval officer) and Elizabeth (Noyes) HempstoneAwardsSigma Delta Chi Award for distinguished service in journalism (foreign correspondence), 1960Nieman Fellow, 1964–1965Overseas Press Club citations for excellence in foreign correspondence, 1968, 1974Honorary doctorate of letters from University of the South, 1968.Notes
Smith Hempstone (February 1, 1929–November 19, 2006) was a journalist, author, and the United States ambassador to Kenya from 1989 to 1993. He was a vocal proponent of democracy, advocating free elections for Kenya.
Early life and education
Hempstone was born February 1, 1929, Washington, D.C. He attended George Washington University, and later transferred to the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, where he graduated.
Career
From 1949 to 1952, he was a U.S. Marine in the Korean War, and left the Marines with the rank of captain.
He then did radio rewrite for the Associated Press in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1952. He was a reporter for the Louisville Times in Louisville, Kentucky in 1953, a rewrite editor at National Geographic in Washington, D.C. in 1954, and then a reporter at The Washington Star from 1955 to 1956. He was a fellow of the Institute of Current World Affairs in Africa from 1956 to 1960.
Foreign correspondent
In 1961, Hempstone became a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Daily News in Africa, where he served until 1964, and then in Latin America in 1965. In 1966, he joined The Washington Star as foreign correspondent in Latin America. From 1966 to 1969, he was The Star's correspondent in Europe. He was associate editor and editorial page director of The Star from 1970 to 1975. In 1975, following a disagreement with The Star's new owner Joe L. Allbritton, he left the newspaper. Beginning in 1975, he authored a syndicated twice-weekly column, "Our Times", which carried in over 90 newspapers.
The Washington Times
In 1982, Hempstone was named executive editor of the newly founded Washington Times and, following the resignation of editor and publisher James R. Whelan in 1984, briefly served as editor of the paper before being replaced by Arnaud de Borchgrave.
U.S. ambassador to Kenya
In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Hempstone ambassador to Kenya at a time when the United States was beginning to pressure African countries to democratize and improve human rights. Hempstone worked toward these goals by advocating for multiparty elections in Kenya in 1991, nine years after Kenyan president Daniel arap Moi banned all parties except his own. The Moi administration derided him, saying he failed to understand that strong, unified government was necessary to keep Kenya's tribal groups from dividing the nation.
Hempstone aided dissidents and befriended opponents of the Moi administration, causing the African press to describe his style as "bulldozer diplomacy." The Kenyan government isolated him and, according to Hempstone's book Rogue Ambassador: An African Memoir, twice attempted to kill him. Multi-party elections were ultimately held in Kenya in 1992, which were won by Moi with 36 percent of the vote.
In 2001, former Kenyan government minister Nicholas Biwott successfully sued Hempstone in High Court Civil Suit Case No. 1273 in Kenya for suggesting in his autobiography that Biwott had been involved in the murder Robert Ouko, Kenya's minister of foreign affairs, in February 1990. Hempstone did not defend himself in the suit.
Death
On November 19, 2006, Hempstone died from complications of diabetes in Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland.
Writings
Letters from Africa to the Institute of Current World Affairs, New York (1956)
Africa, Angry Young Giant (1961)
Africa: Angry Young Giant, Praeger, 1961 (published in England as The New Africa, Faber, 1961)
The New Africa (1961)
Rebels, Mercenaries, and Dividends: The Katanga Story Praeger, (1962)
Katanga Report, Faber, (1962)
A Tract of Time (novel), Houghton, (1966)
In the Midst of Lions (novel) (1968)
India in Focus: Six Articles (1964)
In the Midst of Lions (novel), Harper, (1968)
Editor, Illustrated History of St. Albans School, Glastonbury Press, (1981)
United States Foreign Policy and the China Problem by Morton A. Kaplan, Douglas MacArthur, Smith Hempstone (1982)
Chosin Marine: An Autobiography by Bill Davis, James H. Webb, Smith Hempstone (1986)
Rogue Ambassador: An African Memoir (1997)
Contributor to Atlantic Monthly, Reader's Digest, Saturday Evening Post, U.S. News & World Report, and other magazines.
Memberships
American Society of News Editors
Explorers Club
References
^ https://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Hempstrone,%20Smith%20Jr.toc.pdf
^
Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. Fee via Fairfax County Public Library, accessed 2009-05-04. Document Number: H1000044413.
^ Bernstein, Adam (November 20, 2006). "Smith Hempstone; U.S. Ambassador to Kenya". Washington Post. p. B04. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ Martin, Douglas (November 30, 2006). "Smith Hempstone, 77, Journalist Who Became a Prominent Ambassador, Is Dead". New York Times. p. A27. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ "Civil Case 1273 of 2001". Kenya Law Reports.
^ "Nicholas Biwott v Smith Hempstone: Service Abroad and preliminary decree" (PDF). Kenyan Court documents. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-11.
Sources
Douglas Martin (November 30, 2006). "Smith Hempstone, 77, Journalist Who Became Prominent Ambassador, Is Dead". New York Times. p. A27.
External links
Biography portalPolitics portal
Washington Post obituary
Kenyan tribute to Hempstone
Appearances on C-SPAN
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byElinor Greer Constable
United States Ambassador to Kenya 1989–1993
Succeeded byAurelia E. Brazeal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_robin | Garnet robin | ["1 Taxonomy","2 References"] | Species of songbird native to New Guinea
Garnet robin
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Infraorder:
Passerides
Family:
Petroicidae
Genus:
EugerygoneFinsch, 1901
Species:
E. rubra
Binomial name
Eugerygone rubra(Sharpe, 1879)
The garnet robin (Eugerygone rubra) is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae. It is monotypic within the genus Eugerygone. It is found in New Guinea, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Taxonomy
The garnet robin was described by the English ornithologist, Richard Bowdler Sharpe, in 1879, from a specimen collected in the Arfak Mountains on the island of New Guinea. He coined the binomial name Pseudogerygone rubra. It was moved to the genus Eugerygone by the German naturalist, Otto Finsch, in 1901.
References
^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Eugerygone rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704792A118816706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^
"ITIS Report: Eugerygone". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1879). "Pseudogerygone rubra". Notes from the Leyden Museum. 1: 29–30.
^ Finsch, Otto (1901). "Zur catalogisirung der ornithologischen abtheilung". Notes from the Leyden Museum (in German). 22 (3): 193–224 .
vtePetroicidae (Australasian robins)Amalocichla
Greater ground robin (A. sclateriana)
Lesser ground robin (A. incerta)
Drymodes
Southern scrub robin (D. brunneopygia)
Northern scrub robin (D. superciliaris)
Papuan scrub robin (D. beccarii)
Heteromyias
Grey-headed robin (H. cinereifrons)
Ashy robin (H. albispecularis)
Poecilodryas
Black-chinned robin (P. brachyura)
Black-sided robin (P. hypoleuca)
Buff-sided robin (P. cerviniventris)
White-browed robin (P. superciliosa)
Black-throated robin (P. albonotata)
Banded yellow robin (P. placens)
Tregellasia
Pale-yellow robin (T. capito)
White-faced robin (T. leucops)
Eopsaltria
Eastern yellow robin (E. australis)
Western yellow robin (E. griseogularis)
White-breasted robin (E. georgiana)
Peneoenanthe
Mangrove robin (P. pulverulenta)
Peneothello
White-rumped robin (P. bimaculata)
Smoky robin (P. cryptoleuca)
Slaty robin (P. cyanus)
White-winged robin (P. sigillata)
Melanodryas
Hooded robin (M. cucullata)
Dusky robin (M. vittata)
Pachycephalopsis
Green-backed robin (P. hattamensis)
White-eyed robin (P. poliosoma)
Eugerygone
Garnet robin (E. rubra)
Petroica
Snow Mountains robin (P. archboldi)
South Island robin (P. australis)
Mountain robin (P. bivittata)
Scarlet robin (P. boodang)
Red-capped robin (P. goodenovii)
North Island robin (P. longipes)
Tomtit (P. macrocephala)
Chatham tomtit (P. m. chathamensis)
Pacific robin (P. pusilla)
Norfolk robin (P. multicolor)
Flame robin (P. phoenicea)
Pink robin (P. rodinogaster)
Rose robin (P. rosea)
Black robin (P. traversi)
Microeca
Jacky winter (M. fascinans)
Lemon-bellied flyrobin (M. flavigaster)
Yellow-bellied flyrobin (M. flaviventris)
Olive flyrobin (M. flavovirescens)
Yellow-legged flyrobin (M. griseoceps)
Golden-bellied flyrobin (M. hemixantha)
Canary flyrobin (M. papuana)
Monachella
Torrent flyrobin (M. muelleriana)
Taxon identifiersEugerygone rubra
Wikidata: Q1590840
Wikispecies: Eugerygone rubra
BirdLife: 22704792
BOLD: 118051
BOW: garrob1
CoL: 3C73Z
eBird: garrob1
GBIF: 2489312
iNaturalist: 14193
IRMNG: 10460863
ITIS: 559999
IUCN: 22704792
NCBI: 254536
Observation.org: 75151
Xeno-canto: Eugerygone-rubra
This Petroicidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Petroicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroicidae"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-2"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The garnet robin (Eugerygone rubra) is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae. 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He coined the binomial name Pseudogerygone rubra.[3] It was moved to the genus Eugerygone by the German naturalist, Otto Finsch, in 1901.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Eugerygone rubra\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704792A118816706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704792/118816706","url_text":"\"Eugerygone rubra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS Report: Eugerygone\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557668","url_text":"\"ITIS Report: Eugerygone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1879). \"Pseudogerygone rubra\". Notes from the Leyden Museum. 1: 29–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe","url_text":"Sharpe, Richard Bowdler"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9630908","url_text":"\"Pseudogerygone rubra\""}]},{"reference":"Finsch, Otto (1901). \"Zur catalogisirung der ornithologischen abtheilung\". Notes from the Leyden Museum (in German). 22 (3): 193–224 [200].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Finsch","url_text":"Finsch, Otto"},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9646257","url_text":"\"Zur catalogisirung der ornithologischen abtheilung\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704792/118816706","external_links_name":"\"Eugerygone rubra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704792A118816706.en"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557668","external_links_name":"\"ITIS Report: Eugerygone\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9630908","external_links_name":"\"Pseudogerygone rubra\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9646257","external_links_name":"\"Zur catalogisirung der ornithologischen abtheilung\""},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22704792","external_links_name":"22704792"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=118051","external_links_name":"118051"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/garrob1","external_links_name":"garrob1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3C73Z","external_links_name":"3C73Z"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/garrob1","external_links_name":"garrob1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2489312","external_links_name":"2489312"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/14193","external_links_name":"14193"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10460863","external_links_name":"10460863"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=559999","external_links_name":"559999"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22704792","external_links_name":"22704792"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=254536","external_links_name":"254536"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75151/","external_links_name":"75151"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Eugerygone-rubra","external_links_name":"Eugerygone-rubra"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garnet_robin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Language_Standardisation_Council_of_Malaysia | Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia | ["1 Background","2 History","3 Role","3.1 Membership","3.2 Chair","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | The Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (simplified Chinese: 马来西亚华语规范理事会; traditional Chinese: 馬來西亞華語規範理事會; pinyin: Mǎláixīyà Huáyǔ Guīfàn Lǐshìhuì; Malay: Majlis Pembakuan Bahasa Cina Malaysia), abbreviated Yufan (Chinese: 语范; pinyin: Yǔfàn) is the body charged with regulating the use of the Chinese language in Malaysia under Ministry of Education (Malaysia) (In this case, the Chinese language is referred to as the Malaysian Mandarin Chinese language.)
Background
Malaysia is home to approximately 7.2 million ethnic Chinese (23% of the population). The use of the Chinese language is preserved through Chinese vernacular education. Many varieties of Chinese are also used.
Malaysian Chinese have the option of sending their children to vernacular public schools which use Chinese as the medium of instruction at the primary level. At secondary level, some students opt for Chinese Independent High Schools, instead of national public schools, which use Malay (officially referred to as the Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia)) as the medium of instruction. It is also widely taught as a third language alongside English and Mandarin in English Medium international schools.
Malaysia also has a robust Chinese-language media. The Sin Chew Daily is the highest-circulated daily newspaper of any language in Malaysia. News telecasts read in Chinese (Malaysian Mandarin) are broadcast by state television stations TV2 and Bernama TV, and private stations such as ntv7 and 8TV.
The simplified Chinese script is used officially in Malaysia, however Traditional Chinese scripts see widespread daily usage too especially in online media.
History
In 1997, Malaysia hosted the Seminar on Chinese Language Teaching in Southeast Asia, after which scholars in Malaysia agreed to form the Chinese Language Standardisation Working Committee (Chinese: 马来西亚华语规范工委会), which was the predecessor to Yufan. The Working Committee consisted of representatives from civil society organisations. It was dissolved in 2003.
In order to standardise the use of Chinese by the Chinese media in Malaysia, the Ministry of Information formed the Standardisation Council on 12 February 2004. The Council is later transferred to the Ministry of Education Malaysia in 2006.
Role
The Council's stated mission is to "encourage the use of standard Mandarin Chinese, including translated names, phonetics, grammar, words and text, without discouraging the use of Chinese dialects". It consists of six divisions, each in charge of specific areas: translation, information, phonetics, grammar, vocabulary and writing, and publishing.
Membership
Members of the Council consist of representatives from the Ministry of Education, the Association of Translation and Creative Writing, the Federation of Chinese Associations (Huazhong), the private Chinese education sector, the Home Ministry, Chinese newspapers, Chinese radio stations and public universities.
Chair
The following is the list of chairpeople of the Standardisation Council since 2004:
Donald Lim Siang Chai, as Deputy Information Minister (2004–2006)
Hon Choon Kim, as Deputy Education Minister (2006–2009)
Wee Ka Siong, as Deputy Education Minister and Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (2008–2013)
Chong Sin Woon, as Deputy Education Minister (2015-2018)
Teo Nie Ching, as Deputy Education Minister (2018–present)
See also
Malaysian Mandarin
Standard Singaporean Mandarin
Notes
^ Although Malaysian English generally prefers -ise, Yufan's official site is ambiguous between -ise and -ize in its name.
References
^ a b c d e f "马来西亚华语规范理事会简介" (in Chinese). Yufan. Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ "The ABC Report: Circulation Figures for the period ending 30 June 2010" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
^ "2010-2013年理事会委员阵容" (in Chinese). Yufan. Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh | List of presidents of Bangladesh | ["1 Numbering","2 List of officeholders","3 Timeline","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | This article is part of a series on thePolitics of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
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President: Mohammed Shahabuddin
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This article lists the presidents of Bangladesh, and includes persons sworn into the office of President of Bangladesh following the Proclamation of Independence and the establishment of the Provisional Government in 1971.
Numbering
After Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, there is no single numbering system for the subsequent presidents that is universally accepted and followed, even by government representatives. Different sources may calculate the numbering in different ways, depending whether they count acting presidents, how multiple terms are treated, whether the count is by number of terms or number of individuals, and other factors. For example, A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, although he served only a single term, has been described in a government publication and in the press as the 16th President of Bangladesh, as well as the 15th, the 13th and the 11th.
A list published in 2018 by Bdnews24.com appears to coincide with statements made by the country's Election Committee, making Mohammad Abdul Hamid the 20th President when first elected in 2013, yet contradicts the numbering of a list published in 2016 on the President's own official website. The Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore, in 2018 lists him as the 22nd President. Other reports about previous presidents, including some by Bangladesh's newspaper of record the Daily Star, do not correspond with either list.
List of officeholders
Political parties
AL (8)
BaKSAL (1)
Jagodal / BNP (4)
Janadal / JaPa (1)
Independent (3)
Status
Acting President
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Election
Term of office
Political party
Took office
Left office
Time in office
Provisional Government of Bangladesh (1971–1972)
1
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman(1920–1975)
—
17 April 1971
12 January 1972
270 days
Awami League
—
Syed Nazrul Islam(1925–1975)
—
17 April 1971
12 January 1972
270 days
Awami League
People's Republic of Bangladesh (1972–present)
2
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury(1921–1987)
—
12 January 1972
24 December 1973
1 year, 346 days
Awami League
3
Mohammad Mohammadullah(1921–1999)
—
24 December 1973
27 January 1974
1 year, 32 days
Awami League
1974
27 January 1974
25 January 1975
(1)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman(1920–1975)
—
25 January 1975
15 August 1975(Assassinated in a coup)
202 days
Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
4
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad(1918–1996)
—
15 August 1975
6 November 1975(Deposed in a coup)
83 days
Awami League
5
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem(1916–1997)
—
6 November 1975
21 April 1977
1 year, 166 days
Awami League
6
Ziaur Rahman(1936–1981)
19771978
21 April 1977
30 May 1981(Assassinated)
4 years, 39 days
Military /Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal /Bangladesh Nationalist Party
7
Abdus Sattar(1906–1985)
—
30 May 1981
20 November 1981
298 days
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
1981
20 November 1981
24 March 1982(Deposed in a coup)
Post vacant (24 – 27 March 1982)
8
Ahsanuddin Chowdhury(1915–2001)
—
27 March 1982
10 December 1983
1 year, 258 days
Independent
9
Hussain Muhammad Ershad(1930–2019)
19851986
11 December 1983
6 December 1990
6 years, 360 days
Military /Janadal /Jatiya Party
—
Shahabuddin Ahmed(1930–2022)
—
6 December 1990
10 October 1991
308 days
Independent
10
Abdur Rahman Biswas(1926–2017)
1991
10 October 1991
9 October 1996
4 years, 365 days
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
11
Shahabuddin Ahmed(1930–2022)
1996
9 October 1996
14 November 2001
5 years, 36 days
Independent
12
Badruddoza Chowdhury(born 1930)
2001
14 November 2001
21 June 2002
219 days
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
—
Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar(born 1931)
—
21 June 2002
6 September 2002
77 days
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
13
Iajuddin Ahmed(1931–2012)
2002
6 September 2002
12 February 2009
6 years, 159 days
Independent
14
Zillur Rahman(1929–2013)
2009
12 February 2009
20 March 2013(Died in office)
4 years, 36 days
Awami League
15
Mohammad Abdul Hamid(born 1944)
—
14 March 2013
24 April 2013
10 years, 41 days
Awami League
2013
24 April 2013
24 April 2018
2018
24 April 2018
24 April 2023
16
Mohammed Shahabuddin(born 1949)
2023
24 April 2023
Incumbent
1 year, 57 days
Awami League
Timeline
See also
Presidential elections in Bangladesh
List of office-holders in the Government of Bangladesh
Caretaker government of Bangladesh
Chief Advisor
Prime Minister of Bangladesh
List of prime ministers of Bangladesh
President of Bangladesh
Vice President of Bangladesh
List of rulers of Bengal
Notes
^ Pakistani prisoner to 8 January 1972.
^ Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
^ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).
^ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).
^ a b Referendum.
^ a b c Direct election.
^ During this period, Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad served as Chief Martial Law Administrator and de facto head of state.
^ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
^ Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.
^ Term ends on 24 April 2028.
References
^ Karim, M.M. Rezaul (December 2001). "Election 2001: The Triumph of People's Power". Bangladesh Quarterly. Vol. 22. p. 21. AQM Badruddoza Chowdhury, who took over as the Foreign Minister after the victory of the 4-party alliance in the parliamentary election of 1 October, was sworn-in as the 16th President of the country at the Darbar Hall of Bangabhaban on 14 November evening.
^ Country Report: Bangladesh. The Unit. 2001 – via Google Books. In mid-November parliament chose A Q M Badruddoza Chowdhury, another BNP member and the sole candidate, as the 16th president of Bangladesh, succeeding Shahabuddin Ahmed
^ "Polls still in doubt as key issues unresolved". The Daily Star. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2018. Badruddoza, the country's 15th president, spoke in favour of increasing the power of the president.
^ Data India - Issues 27-52. Press Institute of India. 2001. p. 1052 – via Google Books. Psor A Q M Badruddoza Chowdhury, founding secretary-general of the ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party, was on Nov 14 sworn-in as Bangladesh's 13th President.
^ "New president for Bangladesh". 12 November 2001. Retrieved 29 October 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk. Foreign Minister AQM Badruddoza Chowdhury has been elected unopposed as Bangladesh's 11th president.
^ "President Md Abdul Hamid elected for a second term". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতিগণ (সূত্র: মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ) . President's Office - Bangabhaban (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "Death anniversary of Abu Sayeed Chowdhury today". The Daily Star. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ "BNP chalks out programmes marking Zia's birth anniversary". The Daily Star. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2018. BNP will hold a discussion at the Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh today afternoon, marking party founder Ziaur Rahman's 80th birth anniversary, said a party press release yesterday. ... Born on January 19, 1936 at Bagbari in Bogra, Zia had become the country's 7th president and formed Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).
External links
World Statesmen – Bangladesh
vtePresidents of Bangladesh (List)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Syed Nazrul Islam†
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
Mohammad Mohammadullah
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem
Ziaur Rahman
Abdus Sattar
Hussain Muhammad Ershad
A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury
Hussain Muhammad Ershad
Shahabuddin AhmedI
Abdur Rahman Biswas
Shahabuddin Ahmed
A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury
Muhammad Jamiruddin SircarI
Iajuddin Ahmed
Zillur Rahman
Mohammad Abdul Hamid
Mohammed Shahabuddin
Seal of the President of Bangladesh
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OutlineIndex
Category
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"President of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh"}],"text":"This article lists the presidents of Bangladesh, and includes persons sworn into the office of President of Bangladesh following the Proclamation of Independence and the establishment of the Provisional Government in 1971.","title":"List of presidents of Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheikh Mujibur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Q._M._Badruddoza_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bdnews24.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdnews24.com"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Abdul Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Hamid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"newspaper of record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_of_record"},{"link_name":"Daily Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, there is no single numbering system for the subsequent presidents that is universally accepted and followed, even by government representatives. Different sources may calculate the numbering in different ways, depending whether they count acting presidents, how multiple terms are treated, whether the count is by number of terms or number of individuals, and other factors. For example, A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, although he served only a single term, has been described in a government publication and in the press as the 16th President of Bangladesh,[1][2] as well as the 15th,[3] the 13th[4] and the 11th.[5]A list published in 2018 by Bdnews24.com appears to coincide with statements made by the country's Election Committee, making Mohammad Abdul Hamid the 20th President when first elected in 2013,[6] yet contradicts the numbering of a list published in 2016 on the President's own official website.[7] The Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore, in 2018 lists him as the 22nd President.[8] Other reports about previous presidents, including some by Bangladesh's newspaper of record the Daily Star, do not correspond with either list.[9][10]","title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League"},{"link_name":"BaKSAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League"},{"link_name":"Jagodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyatabadi_Ganatantrik_Dal"},{"link_name":"BNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Janadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)#History"},{"link_name":"JaPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"}],"text":"Political partiesAL (8)BaKSAL (1)Jagodal / BNP (4)Janadal / JaPa (1)Independent (3)StatusActing President","title":"List of officeholders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Chief Martial Law Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Referendum_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Referendum_15-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Direct_election_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Direct_election_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Direct_election_16-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Chief of Army Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Hussain Muhammad Ershad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"}],"text":"^ Pakistani prisoner to 8 January 1972.\n\n^ Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.\n\n^ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).\n\n^ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).\n\n^ a b Referendum.\n\n^ a b c Direct election.\n\n^ During this period, Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad served as Chief Martial Law Administrator and de facto head of state.\n\n^ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.\n\n^ Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.\n\n^ Term ends on 24 April 2028.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/50px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0.svg/50px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Seal of the President of Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Seal_of_the_President_of_Bangladesh.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Bangladesh.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Presidential elections in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"List of office-holders in the Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_office-holders_in_the_Government_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Caretaker government of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Chief Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Advisor_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Prime Minister of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"List of prime ministers of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"President of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Vice President of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"List of rulers of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal"}] | [{"reference":"Karim, M.M. Rezaul (December 2001). \"Election 2001: The Triumph of People's Power\". Bangladesh Quarterly. Vol. 22. p. 21. AQM Badruddoza Chowdhury, who took over as the Foreign Minister after the victory of the 4-party alliance in the parliamentary election of 1 October, was sworn-in as the 16th President of the country at the Darbar Hall of Bangabhaban on 14 November evening.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqdQAQAAMAAJ&q=%2216th+president%22","url_text":"\"Election 2001: The Triumph of People's Power\""}]},{"reference":"Country Report: Bangladesh. The Unit. 2001 – via Google Books. In mid-November parliament chose A Q M Badruddoza Chowdhury, another BNP member and the sole candidate, as the 16th president of Bangladesh, succeeding Shahabuddin Ahmed","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TckbAQAAMAAJ&q=%2522Shahabuddin+Ahmed%2522","url_text":"Country Report: Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Polls still in doubt as key issues unresolved\". The Daily Star. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2018. Badruddoza, the country's 15th president, spoke in favour of increasing the power of the president.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-62393","url_text":"\"Polls still in doubt as key issues unresolved\""}]},{"reference":"Data India - Issues 27-52. Press Institute of India. 2001. p. 1052 – via Google Books. Psor A Q M Badruddoza Chowdhury, founding secretary-general of the ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party, was on Nov 14 sworn-in as Bangladesh's 13th President.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PwluAAAAMAAJ&q=%2213th+president%22","url_text":"Data India - Issues 27-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Institute_of_India","url_text":"Press Institute of India"}]},{"reference":"\"New president for Bangladesh\". 12 November 2001. Retrieved 29 October 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk. Foreign Minister AQM Badruddoza Chowdhury has been elected unopposed as Bangladesh's 11th president.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1652312.stm","url_text":"\"New president for Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Md Abdul Hamid elected for a second term\". Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/02/07/president-md-abdul-hamid-elected-for-a-second-term","url_text":"\"President Md Abdul Hamid elected for a second term\""}]},{"reference":"সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতিগণ (সূত্র: মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ) [Former Presidents (sources: Cabinet Division)]. President's Office - Bangabhaban (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangabhaban.portal.gov.bd/site/page/a84fcc05-3409-4180-ab61-c213937ea89a","url_text":"সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতিগণ (সূত্র: মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220032925/https://bangabhaban.portal.gov.bd/site/page/a84fcc05-3409-4180-ab61-c213937ea89a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore\". Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdhc.sg/","url_text":"\"Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death anniversary of Abu Sayeed Chowdhury today\". The Daily Star. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-149111","url_text":"\"Death anniversary of Abu Sayeed Chowdhury today\""}]},{"reference":"\"BNP chalks out programmes marking Zia's birth anniversary\". The Daily Star. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2018. BNP will hold a discussion at the Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh today afternoon, marking party founder Ziaur Rahman's 80th birth anniversary, said a party press release yesterday. ... Born on January 19, 1936 at Bagbari in Bogra, Zia had become the country's 7th president and formed Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bnp-chalks-out-programme-marking-zias-birth-anniversary-203368","url_text":"\"BNP chalks out programmes marking Zia's birth anniversary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqdQAQAAMAAJ&q=%2216th+president%22","external_links_name":"\"Election 2001: The Triumph of People's Power\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TckbAQAAMAAJ&q=%2522Shahabuddin+Ahmed%2522","external_links_name":"Country Report: Bangladesh"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-62393","external_links_name":"\"Polls still in doubt as key issues unresolved\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PwluAAAAMAAJ&q=%2213th+president%22","external_links_name":"Data India - Issues 27-52"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1652312.stm","external_links_name":"\"New president for Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/02/07/president-md-abdul-hamid-elected-for-a-second-term","external_links_name":"\"President Md Abdul Hamid elected for a second term\""},{"Link":"https://bangabhaban.portal.gov.bd/site/page/a84fcc05-3409-4180-ab61-c213937ea89a","external_links_name":"সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতিগণ (সূত্র: মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220032925/https://bangabhaban.portal.gov.bd/site/page/a84fcc05-3409-4180-ab61-c213937ea89a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bdhc.sg/","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh High Commission, Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-149111","external_links_name":"\"Death anniversary of Abu Sayeed Chowdhury today\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bnp-chalks-out-programme-marking-zias-birth-anniversary-203368","external_links_name":"\"BNP chalks out programmes marking Zia's birth anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html","external_links_name":"World Statesmen – Bangladesh"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(Passaic_River) | Market Street Bridge (Passaic River) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 40°51′36″N 74°06′58″W / 40.860°N 74.116°W / 40.860; -74.116 (Second Street Bridge)Bridge in Passaic & Wallington, New JerseyMarket/2nd Street BridgeCoordinates40°51′36″N 74°06′58″W / 40.860°N 74.116°W / 40.860; -74.116 (Second Street Bridge)CarriesMarket Street (2nd Street) Wallington Avenue CrossesPassaic RiverLocalePassaic & WallingtonNew JerseyOther name(s)2nd Street BridgeOwnerPassaic CountyMaintained byPassaic and BergenID number1600003Preceded by1894CharacteristicsDesigndouble basule(fixed 1977)MaterialSteelTotal length307 feet (94 m)Width30 feet (9.1 m)No. of spans3HistoryDesignerStrauss Bascule Bridge CompanyConstructed byF. W. Schwieres, Jr.Construction end193019772002LocationReferences
Market Street Bridge, also known as the Second Street Bridge, is a vehicular bridge over the Passaic River crossing the Passaic-Bergen county line in Passaic and Wallington in northeastern New Jersey. The double-leaf bascule bridge was built in 1930 and fixed in the closed position in 1977. It was reconstructed in 2002. It carries a two-lane street and sidewalks in a late-19th and early-20th century industrial area along the river. An earlier structure built at the crossing in 1894 was damaged during the Passaic floods of 1902 and 1903 but survived.
It is one of three bridges crossing the river between the two municipalities, the others being the Gregory Avenue Bridge and the Eighth Street Bridge. Two other crossings of the Passaic have been known as Market Street Bridge, the since-removed Pennsylvania Railroad bridge at Newark Penn Station and the extant vehicular bridge at Paterson.
See also
Market Street Bridge (disambiguation)
List of crossings of the Lower Passaic River
List of crossings of the Hackensack River
List of NJT moveable bridges
List of fixed crossings of the North River (Hudson River)
Transport portal
Engineering portal
New Jersey portal
References
^ "Market Street Bridge over Passaic River" (PDF). Historic Bridge Survey (1991–1994). New Jersey Department of Transportation. 2001. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
^ "Interim Bridge Report" (PDF). NJDOT. August 9, 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Federal Highway Administration (n.d.). "New Jersey". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Uglybridges.
^ "Passaic River Bridge (Market Street over Passaic River)". Bridgehunter. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
^ "Historic Bridge Survey (1991-1994)". New Jersey Department of Transportation. 2001. Retrieved 2012-08-21. The main span of the 3-span bridge is a Strauss underneath counterweight double-leaf girder bascule. The approaches are encased deck girders with concrete balustrades while the movable leafs have metal railings. A fairly late example of what by 1930was a common type, the span was altered c. 1977 when the motors and controls were removed and the bridge was fixed. The gearing and octagonal houses remain, but the span has been significantly altered which diminishes its technological significance.
^ "History". Borough of Wallington. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ "Fifty City Blocks At Passaic Under Water.; Wallington City Hall Out of Plumb and the Lyndhurst Bridge Is Gone" (PDF). The New York Times. 1902. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Crossings of the Passaic River
UpstreamEighth Street Bridge
Market Street Bridge
DownstreamGregory Avenue Bridge | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passaic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_River"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"county line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_line"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Wallington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"northeastern New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Passaic floods of 1902 and 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passaic_Flood_of_1903&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gregory Avenue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Avenue_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Eighth Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Street_Bridge_(Passaic_River)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Newark Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Penn_Station"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Bridge in Passaic & Wallington, New JerseyMarket Street Bridge, also known as the Second Street Bridge, is a vehicular bridge over the Passaic River crossing the Passaic-Bergen county line in Passaic and Wallington in northeastern New Jersey. The double-leaf bascule bridge was built in 1930 and fixed in the closed position in 1977. It was reconstructed in 2002. It carries a two-lane street and sidewalks in a late-19th and early-20th century industrial area along the river.[5] An earlier structure built at the crossing in 1894 was damaged during the Passaic floods of 1902 and 1903 but survived.[6][7]It is one of three bridges crossing the river between the two municipalities, the others being the Gregory Avenue Bridge and the Eighth Street Bridge. Two other crossings of the Passaic have been known as Market Street Bridge, the since-removed Pennsylvania Railroad bridge at Newark Penn Station and the extant vehicular bridge at Paterson.","title":"Market Street Bridge (Passaic River)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Market Street Bridge (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_Bridge_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Lower Passaic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Lower_Passaic_River"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Hackensack River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Hackensack_River"},{"title":"List of NJT moveable bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit_Rail_Operations#Movable_bridges"},{"title":"List of fixed crossings of the North River (Hudson River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fixed_crossings_of_the_North_River_(Hudson_River)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg"},{"title":"Engineering portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Engineering"},{"title":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"}] | [{"reference":"\"Market Street Bridge over Passaic River\" (PDF). Historic Bridge Survey (1991–1994). New Jersey Department of Transportation. 2001. Retrieved 2016-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/environment/pdf/Historic_BR_Passaic.pdf","url_text":"\"Market Street Bridge over Passaic River\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interim Bridge Report\" (PDF). NJDOT. August 9, 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/interimbridgereport.pdf","url_text":"\"Interim Bridge Report\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (n.d.). \"New Jersey\". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Uglybridges.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"http://uglybridges.com/nj/","url_text":"\"New Jersey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passaic River Bridge (Market Street over Passaic River)\". Bridgehunter. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bridgehunter.com/nj/passaic/passaic-river/","url_text":"\"Passaic River Bridge (Market Street over Passaic River)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Bridge Survey (1991-1994)\". New Jersey Department of Transportation. 2001. Retrieved 2012-08-21. The main span of the 3-span bridge is a Strauss underneath counterweight double-leaf girder bascule. The approaches are encased deck girders with concrete balustrades while the movable leafs have metal railings. A fairly late example of what by 1930was a common type, the span was altered c. 1977 when the motors and controls were removed and the bridge was fixed. The gearing and octagonal houses remain, but the span has been significantly altered which diminishes its technological significance.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/environment/HistBrIntro.shtm","url_text":"\"Historic Bridge Survey (1991-1994)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Borough of Wallington. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wallingtonnj.org/about-borough/pages/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fifty City Blocks At Passaic Under Water.; Wallington City Hall Out of Plumb and the Lyndhurst Bridge Is Gone\" (PDF). The New York Times. 1902. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/03/03/101939769.pdf","url_text":"\"Fifty City Blocks At Passaic Under Water.; Wallington City Hall Out of Plumb and the Lyndhurst Bridge Is Gone\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Market_Street_Bridge_(Passaic_River)¶ms=40.86_N_74.116_W_type:landmark_region:US-NJ&title=Second+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°51′36″N 74°06′58″W / 40.860°N 74.116°W / 40.860; -74.116 (Second Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Market_Street_Bridge_(Passaic_River)¶ms=40.86_N_74.116_W_type:landmark_region:US-NJ&title=Second+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°51′36″N 74°06′58″W / 40.860°N 74.116°W / 40.860; -74.116 (Second Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/environment/pdf/Historic_BR_Passaic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Market Street Bridge over Passaic River\""},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/interimbridgereport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interim Bridge Report\""},{"Link":"http://uglybridges.com/nj/","external_links_name":"\"New Jersey\""},{"Link":"http://bridgehunter.com/nj/passaic/passaic-river/","external_links_name":"\"Passaic River Bridge (Market Street over Passaic River)\""},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/environment/HistBrIntro.shtm","external_links_name":"\"Historic Bridge Survey (1991-1994)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wallingtonnj.org/about-borough/pages/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/03/03/101939769.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fifty City Blocks At Passaic Under Water.; Wallington City Hall Out of Plumb and the Lyndhurst Bridge Is Gone\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_G._Moss | Joseph G. Moss | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Later life","4 References","5 Works cited"] | Former judge and state legislator
Moss c. 1973
Joseph Gibson Moss (April 26, 1922 – March 22, 2009) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a state legislator and chancery judge in Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives for Hinds County for 20 years. He served on the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission for 8 years.
Early life
Joseph (Joe) Gibson Moss was born on April 26, 1922, in Jackson, Mississippi. He attended public schools in the city before transferring out of Central High School his senior year to attend Hinds County Agricultural High School in Raymond, MS. Upon high school graduation he was awarded scholarship to and enrolled at Hinds Junior College where he played on the football team. While there, he met Permelia Williams, and the two married on June 6, 1944. Moss had previously enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in France, Belgium, Germany, and Austria during World War II, rising to the rank of first sergeant in the 281st Combat Engineers Battalion, Third Army. He received three battle stars during the conflict, including one for the Battle of Ardennes Offensive (Battle of the Bulge). At the end of the war he returned to Hinds and received his associate's degree before attending Mississippi State University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in agricultural economics (1948)
Following graduation from Mississippi State, Moss taught agriculture classes at a high school in Clinton, MS and during that time he earned a law degree at night from Jackson School of Law. He practiced law in Raymond from 1956 to 1979.
Political career
In 1956. Moss was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives at-large seat for Hinds County. He served out five terms, leaving the body in 1975, after losing reelection in a Democratic primary matchup with another incumbent due to district reapportionment in Hinds County. He served on the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission from 1960 to 1968. He also served on the Education Committee, Ways & Means Committee, Public Utilities Committee, State Building Commission and PEER Committees during his time in the Mississippi House of Representatives.
In 1978 Moss was elected chancery judge for the Fifth Chancery Court District. He served three terms in that post and upon retirement from the bench, he took senior status whereupon he was assigned special cases until 1992.
He was a Democrat
Later life
In 1999, the Hinds Community College baseball field in Raymond was named in Moss' honor. In 1985, he was awarded Mississippi College School of Law (formerly Jackson School of Law Alumnus of the Year and in 2004 Hinds Community College (formerly Hinds Junior College) award him the same honor. He died in Raymond, MS on March 22, 2009.
References
^ a b Legislative Handbook 1960, p. 28.
^ a b c d e "Joe G. Moss". The Clarion-Ledger. March 24, 2009. p. 9A.
^ "Veterans to dominate legislature despite defeat of many incumbents". Hattiesburg American. Associated Press. August 27, 1975. p. 11.
^ "Sovereignty Commission Online : Commission Members". Mississippi Department of Archives & History. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
Works cited
1960 Legislative Handbook. Jackson: Mississippi Legislature. 1960. OCLC 10993584. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_G._Moss.png"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Hinds County for 20 years.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinds_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegislative_Handbook196028-1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Sovereignty Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Sovereignty_Commission"}],"text":"Moss c. 1973Joseph Gibson Moss (April 26, 1922 – March 22, 2009) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a state legislator and chancery judge in Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives for Hinds County for 20 years.[1] He served on the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission for 8 years.","title":"Joseph G. Moss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegislative_Handbook196028-1"},{"link_name":"Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_High_School_(Jackson,_Mississippi)"},{"link_name":"Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Hinds Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinds_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"}],"text":"Joseph (Joe) Gibson Moss was born on April 26, 1922, in Jackson, Mississippi.[1] He attended public schools in the city before transferring out of Central High School his senior year to attend Hinds County Agricultural High School in Raymond, MS. Upon high school graduation he was awarded scholarship to and enrolled at Hinds Junior College where he played on the football team. While there, he met Permelia Williams, and the two married on June 6, 1944. Moss had previously enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in France, Belgium, Germany, and Austria during World War II, rising to the rank of first sergeant in the 281st Combat Engineers Battalion, Third Army. He received three battle stars during the conflict, including one for the Battle of Ardennes Offensive (Battle of the Bulge). At the end of the war he returned to Hinds and received his associate's degree before attending Mississippi State University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in agricultural economics (1948)[2]Following graduation from Mississippi State, Moss taught agriculture classes at a high school in Clinton, MS and during that time he earned a law degree at night from Jackson School of Law. He practiced law in Raymond from 1956 to 1979.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Hinds County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"reapportionment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapportionment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Sovereignty Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Sovereignty_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"}],"text":"In 1956. Moss was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives at-large seat for Hinds County. He served out five terms, leaving the body in 1975,[2] after losing reelection in a Democratic primary matchup with another incumbent due to district reapportionment in Hinds County.[3] He served on the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission from 1960 to 1968. He also served on the Education Committee, Ways & Means Committee, Public Utilities Committee, State Building Commission and PEER Committees during his time in the Mississippi House of Representatives.[4]In 1978 Moss was elected chancery judge for the Fifth Chancery Court District. He served three terms in that post and upon retirement from the bench, he took senior status whereupon he was assigned special cases until 1992.[2]He was a Democrat","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"}],"text":"In 1999, the Hinds Community College baseball field in Raymond was named in Moss' honor. In 1985, he was awarded Mississippi College School of Law (formerly Jackson School of Law Alumnus of the Year and in 2004 Hinds Community College (formerly Hinds Junior College) award him the same honor. He died in Raymond, MS on March 22, 2009.[2]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1960 Legislative Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=sta_leghb"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10993584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10993584"}],"text":"1960 Legislative Handbook. Jackson: Mississippi Legislature. 1960. OCLC 10993584.","title":"Works cited"}] | [{"image_text":"Moss c. 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Joe_G._Moss.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Joe G. Moss\". The Clarion-Ledger. March 24, 2009. p. 9A.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109217670/joseph-g-moss-obituary/","url_text":"\"Joe G. Moss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veterans to dominate legislature despite defeat of many incumbents\". Hattiesburg American. Associated Press. August 27, 1975. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109242261/hattiesburg-american/","url_text":"\"Veterans to dominate legislature despite defeat of many incumbents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sovereignty Commission Online : Commission Members\". Mississippi Department of Archives & History. Retrieved September 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/members.php","url_text":"\"Sovereignty Commission Online : Commission Members\""}]},{"reference":"1960 Legislative Handbook. Jackson: Mississippi Legislature. 1960. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Kushnir | Alla Kushnir | ["1 Biography","2 Chess career","3 Death","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Soviet-born Israeli chess player
This article is about the Soviet-born Israeli chess player. For the Ukrainian belly-dancing champion, see
Alla KushnirKushnir (1973)Full nameAlla Shulimovna KushnirCountry Soviet Union IsraelBorn(1941-08-11)11 August 1941Moscow, Russia SSR, Soviet UnionDied2 August 2013(2013-08-02) (aged 71)Tel Aviv, IsraelTitleWoman Grandmaster (1976)Peak rating2430 (January 1990)
Alla Shulimovna Kushnir (Hebrew: אלה שולימובנה קושניר; Russian: Алла Шулимовна Кушнир; 11 August 1941 – 2 August 2013) was a Soviet-born Israeli chess player. She was awarded the FIDE titles of Woman International Master (WIM) in 1962 and Woman Grandmaster (WGM) in 1976. In 2017, she was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame.
Biography
Alla Kushnir immigrated from the Soviet Union to Israel in 1974.
Chess career
Kushnir was thrice Women's World Chess Championship Challenger consecutively. She lost matches for the title to Nona Gaprindashvili:
+3 –7 =3 at Riga 1965;
+2 –6 =5 at Tbilisi–Moscow 1969;
+4 –5 =7 at Riga 1972.
In tournaments, she took 1st-3rd at Sukhumi Candidates Tournament (joint Milunka Lazarević and Tatiana Zatulovskaya) 1964, won at Beberjik 1967, won at Subotica (Candidates Tournament) 1967, 2nd at Belgrad 1968, tied for 1st-2nd (with Nikolau) at Sinaia 1969, tied for 2nd-3rd (with Vobralova, won by Ivánka) at Wijk aan Zee 1971, won at Belgrad 1971 (ahead Gaprindashvili), won at Moscow 1971, won at Vrnjačka Banja 1973, 3rd at Voronezh 1973 (behind Zatulovskaya and Saunina), won at Roosendaal Interzonal 1976 (joint Akhmilovskaya).
Kushnir was a three-time winner of the Women's Chess Olympiad: in 1969 and 1972 she won the tournament as a player in the Soviet team, both times showing the best result at the 2nd board, and in 1976 she won it as a player in the Israeli team, showing the best result at the 1st board.
She ended 5th USSR Women's Champion in Lipetsk (1959), 3rd-4th with Volpert USSR Women's Champion in Baku (1961), 2nd-3rd with Volpert USSR Women's Champion in Riga (1962), 3rd-4th with Koslovskaya USSR Women's Champion in Baku (1963) (then in the match playoff Kushnir beat Koslovskaya: 4–2), tied 1st place with Ranniku USSR Women's Champion in Beltsy (1970). Kushnir in the match playoff to beat 4+1⁄2-3+1⁄2 Ranniku at Moscow (February 1971).
Death
She died in 2013 in Tel Aviv, nine days before her 72nd birthday, from undisclosed causes.
See also
Sports in Israel
List of Jewish chess players
References
^ Alla Kushnir rating card at FIDE (archived)
^ "Alla Kushnir". World Chess Hall of Fame. 23 March 2017.
^ 4th Women's Chess Olympiad: Lublin 1969
^ 5th Women's Chess Olympiad: Skopje 1972
^ 7th Women's Chess Olympiad: Haifa 1976
^ Alla Kushnir has passed away in Tel Aviv Archived 13 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, chess-news.ru, 11 August 2013.
External links
Alla Kushnir player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Jews in Sports bio
Obituary (WhyChess.com), with special photograph
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//allakushnirbellydancer.com/"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"Woman International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_International_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Chess Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Soviet-born Israeli chess player. For the Ukrainian belly-dancing champion, see [1]Alla Shulimovna Kushnir (Hebrew: אלה שולימובנה קושניר; Russian: Алла Шулимовна Кушнир; 11 August 1941 – 2 August 2013) was a Soviet-born Israeli chess player. She was awarded the FIDE titles of Woman International Master (WIM) in 1962 and Woman Grandmaster (WGM) in 1976.[1] In 2017, she was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame.[2]","title":"Alla Kushnir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immigrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Alla Kushnir immigrated from the Soviet Union to Israel in 1974.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nona Gaprindashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Gaprindashvili"},{"link_name":"Sukhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumi"},{"link_name":"Milunka Lazarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milunka_Lazarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Zatulovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Zatulovskaya"},{"link_name":"Ivánka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Iv%C3%A1nka"},{"link_name":"Wijk aan Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee"},{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"Saunina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Saunina"},{"link_name":"Roosendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal"},{"link_name":"Women's Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"USSR Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Soviet_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lipetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipetsk"},{"link_name":"USSR Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Soviet_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"USSR Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Soviet_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"USSR Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Soviet_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"USSR Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Soviet_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beltsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kushnir was thrice Women's World Chess Championship Challenger consecutively. She lost matches for the title to Nona Gaprindashvili:+3 –7 =3 at Riga 1965;\n+2 –6 =5 at Tbilisi–Moscow 1969;\n+4 –5 =7 at Riga 1972.In tournaments, she took 1st-3rd at Sukhumi Candidates Tournament (joint Milunka Lazarević and Tatiana Zatulovskaya) 1964, won at Beberjik 1967, won at Subotica (Candidates Tournament) 1967, 2nd at Belgrad 1968, tied for 1st-2nd (with Nikolau) at Sinaia 1969, tied for 2nd-3rd (with Vobralova, won by Ivánka) at Wijk aan Zee 1971, won at Belgrad 1971 (ahead Gaprindashvili), won at Moscow 1971, won at Vrnjačka Banja 1973, 3rd at Voronezh 1973 (behind Zatulovskaya and Saunina), won at Roosendaal Interzonal 1976 (joint Akhmilovskaya).Kushnir was a three-time winner of the Women's Chess Olympiad: in 1969 and 1972 she won the tournament as a player in the Soviet team, both times showing the best result at the 2nd board,[3][4] and in 1976 she won it as a player in the Israeli team, showing the best result at the 1st board.[5]She ended 5th USSR Women's Champion in Lipetsk (1959), 3rd-4th with Volpert USSR Women's Champion in Baku (1961), 2nd-3rd with Volpert USSR Women's Champion in Riga (1962), 3rd-4th with Koslovskaya USSR Women's Champion in Baku (1963) (then in the match playoff Kushnir beat Koslovskaya: 4–2), tied 1st place with Ranniku USSR Women's Champion in Beltsy (1970). Kushnir in the match playoff to beat 4+1⁄2-3+1⁄2 Ranniku at Moscow (February 1971).[citation needed]","title":"Chess career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"She died in 2013 in Tel Aviv, nine days before her 72nd birthday, from undisclosed causes.[6]","title":"Death"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sports in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Israel"},{"title":"List of Jewish chess players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_chess_players"}] | [{"reference":"\"Alla Kushnir\". World Chess Hall of Fame. 23 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldchesshof.org/hof-inductee/alla-kushnir","url_text":"\"Alla Kushnir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"World Chess Hall of Fame"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://allakushnirbellydancer.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120906104911/http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=2800152","external_links_name":"Alla Kushnir"},{"Link":"https://worldchesshof.org/hof-inductee/alla-kushnir","external_links_name":"\"Alla Kushnir\""},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/1969w/1969in.html","external_links_name":"4th Women's Chess Olympiad: Lublin 1969"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/1972w/1972in.html","external_links_name":"5th Women's Chess Olympiad: Skopje 1972"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/1976w/1976in.html","external_links_name":"7th Women's Chess Olympiad: Haifa 1976"},{"Link":"http://chess-news.ru/en/node/12980","external_links_name":"Alla Kushnir has passed away in Tel Aviv"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130813061649/http://chess-news.ru/en/node/12980","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=25406","external_links_name":"Alla Kushnir"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060114111440/http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=chess&ID=65","external_links_name":"Jews in Sports bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140711221847/http://www.whychess.com/node/11459","external_links_name":"Obituary (WhyChess.com), with special photograph"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000054720821","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64040319","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpytkwqf3jCWftBW4vCQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1678650009299","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12129779d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12129779d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116262874X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288318105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14004488","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88006500","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p165674873","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029738245","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_canon | Canon (title) | ["1 Secular canons","1.1 Latin Church","1.2 Church of England","2 Honorary canons","2.1 Lay canons","3 Canon professors","4 Minor canons","5 Canons regular","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Ecclesiastical title for Christian positions
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Canon (Greek: κανονικός, romanized: kanonikós) is a Christian title usually used to refer to a member of certain bodies in subject to an ecclesiastical rule.
Originally, a canon was a cleric living with others in a clergy house or, later, in one of the houses within the precinct of or close to a cathedral or other major church and conducting his life according to the customary discipline or rules of the church. This way of life grew common (and is first documented) in the 8th century AD. In the 11th century, some churches required clergy thus living together to adopt the rule first proposed by Saint Augustine that they renounce private wealth. Those who embraced this change were known as Augustinians or Canons Regular, whilst those who did not were known as secular canons.
Secular canons
Latin Church
In the Latin Church, the members of the chapter of a cathedral (cathedral chapter) or of a collegiate church (so-called after their chapter) are canons. Depending on the title of the church, several languages use specific titles, e.g., in German Domherr or Domkapitular in a Dom (i.e., cathedral), Stiftsherr in a prelature that has the status of a Stift (notably under a prince of the Church).
One of the functions of the cathedral chapter in the Latin Church was to elect a vicar capitular (now named a diocesan administrator) to serve during a sede vacante period of the diocese. Since the 1983 revision of the Code of Canon Law, this responsibility belongs to the college of consultors, unless the national bishops conference decides that the functions that canon law ascribes to the college of consultors, including this one, are to be entrusted to the cathedral chapter.
Church of England
All canons of the Church of England have been secular since the Reformation, although an individual canon may also be a member of a religious order. Mostly, however, they are ordained, that is, priests or other clergy. Today, the system of canons is retained almost exclusively in connection with cathedral churches. A canon is a member of the chapter of (for the most part) priests, headed by a dean, which is responsible for administering a cathedral or certain other churches that are styled collegiate churches. The dean and chapter are the formal body which has legal responsibility for the cathedral and for electing the bishop.
Honorary canons
The title of Canon is not a permanent title and, when no longer in a position entitling preferment, it is usually dropped from a cleric's title nomenclature. However, it is still given in many dioceses to senior parish priests (including some rural deans, those who have played a role in the wider life of the diocese, those who have served in the diocese for a long time, or similar) as a largely honorary title. It is usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese. Honorary canons are members of the chapter in name but are non-residential and receive no emoluments. They are entitled to call themselves canon and may have a role in the administration of the cathedral.
Four canons with SS Augustine and Jerome by an open grave, with the Visitation. Master of the Spes Nostra (active c. 1500–1520, Northern Netherlands)
Generally speaking, canons in Anglican churches are either canons residentiary (working at the cathedral, and few in number) or honorary canons (non-cathedral clergy given the title as a mark of honour — often many of them): either may wear a violet or violet-trimmed cassock. In some Church of England dioceses, the title Prebendary is used instead of canon when the cleric is involved administratively with a cathedral. Canons may be members of the diocesan/bishop's staff rather than cathedral staff, such as in the Episcopal Church (United States), where a diocese's "Canon to the Ordinary" is a senior priest who works directly for the diocesan bishop (ordinary).
Honorary canons within the Catholic Church may still be nominated after the Second Vatican Council. Also, priests (and honorary chaplains) of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre are, in fact, titular or honorary canons of these respective Orders and have the right to the honorific title of "Canon" and "Monsignor" in addition to the choir dress of a canon, which includes the mozetta (black with purple piping for Malta and white with a red Jerusalem cross for Holy Sepulchre.
Lay canons
Since the reign of King Henry IV, the heads of state of France have been granted by the Pope the title of sole honorary canon of Saint John Lateran and Saint Peter's. On the demise of the Kingdom of France this honour became transferred to the Presidents of the Republic, and hence is currently held by Emmanuel Macron. This applies even when the French President is not a Catholic or is an atheist. The proto-canon of the papal basilica of Saint Mary Major is the King of Spain, currently Felipe VI.
Before the English Reformation, the King of England was a canon of the basilica of Saint Paul outside the Walls.
Petrus-Ludovicus Stillemans (1821–1902), brother of Antoon Stillemans and honorary canon of St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent In addition to canons who are clerics in holy orders, cathedrals in the Anglican Communion may also appoint lay persons as canons. The rank of "lay canon" is especially conferred upon diocesan chancellors (the senior legal officer of the diocese, who is usually, though not exclusively, a lay person).
It has traditionally been said that the King of England (now the British Sovereign) is a canon or prebendary of St David's Cathedral, Wales. However, this is based on a misconception. The canonry of St Mary's College, St David's became the property of the Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. The Sovereign was never a canon of St David's, even as a layman (see also the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1562) Article 37), though he or she may occupy the first prebendal stall, which is assigned for the monarch's use.
Canon professors
A canon professor is a canon at an Anglican cathedral (either lay or in orders) who also holds a university professorship. There are four canon professorships in the University of Oxford in conjunction with Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford and two in Durham University in conjunction with Durham Cathedral, although academics titled "canon professor" may also be found at other universities where the appointments as canon and professor have been made independently.
Section 2 of the Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995 was passed for the express purpose of enabling Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, to appoint not more than two lay canons. One of the motivations for this provision was that, under section 6 of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840, the position of Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford was annexed to a Residentiary Canonry of the cathedral, meaning that the Regius professorship could be held only by an Anglican priest. Following the death of Peter Hinchliff in 1995 the Regius professorship was held by Henry Mayr-Harting, a Catholic layman, from 1997 until 2003, and was taken up by another lay person, Sarah Foot, in Michaelmas Term 2007. Three other Statutory Professorships, the Regius Professorship of Divinity, Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, recently held by the famous Anglican theologian, John Macquarrie, and Regius Professorship of Moral and Pastoral Theology, are annexed to canonries of Christ Church and were until recently held only by Anglican priests.Another Flemish canon in official clerical dress of canons
At Durham, the canon professorships are the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity, the holder of which must be an Anglican priest, and the Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies, who must be Anglican but did not have to be ordained. Historically, the chair in Greek at the university was also a canon professorship. This canonry was transferred to the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in 1940.
The Lightfoot professorship was attached to the canonry until 1985, when the non-Anglican James Dunn was appointed.
Minor canons
Minor canons are those clergy who are members of the foundation of a cathedral or collegiate establishment. They take part in the daily services. They have sometimes formed a distinct corporation as at St Paul's Cathedral, London. In St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, they are distinct from, and rank before, the Vicars Choral. The two groups overlap however; the two senior vicars, the Dean's Vicar and the Succentor, are also the two senior Minor Canons. Some Minor Canons do sit with, but are not voting members of, the Chapter. Although at present Minor Canons are generally more junior clergy this is a recent development. Within living memory such offices were often freehold and were held by clergy of great distinction and seniority.
Canons regular
Main article: Canons regular
Canons regular are the members of certain religious orders in the Catholic Church (not to be confused with clerics regular), composed of priests and some choir canons who live in community, together with lay brothers. There is a variety of congregations of canons, some of which are part of the Confederation of Canons Regular of St. Augustine:A canon ceremonially receives Cardinal Franc Rodé.
Canons Regular of the Lateran or St. Saviour, which seems to date back to Pope Alexander II (1063)
Order of the Canons Regular of Premontre; Norbertines founded by St. Norbert (1120)
Order of the Holy Cross (Canons Regular) founded in Portugal in 1131 and re-founded in 1977
Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross (the Crosiers), founded at Clair-lieu, near Huy, in Belgium, in 1211
Swiss Congregation of Canons Regular of Saint Maurice of Agaune
Gilbertine Order, a solely English order of canons regular, driven to extinction under King Henry VIII
Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation of Canons Regular founded in France in 1871
Canons Regular of St. John Cantius, founded in 1998 by Fr. C. Frank Phillips, C.R., and Francis Cardinal George, O.M.I.
The Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, which is a Catholic Society of Apostolic Life dedicated to the Traditional Latin Mass, practice a rule of life generally based on historical secular canons. They refer to their priests as Canons, use the style The Rev. Canon and wear distinct choir dress.
Canons, Bruges, Belgium
Gdańsk, Canons Cross by Giennadij Jerszow
Many bishops endeavoured to imitate St. Augustine and St. Eusebius, and to live a common life with the clergy of their church. Rules taken from the sacred canons were even drawn up for their use, of which the most celebrated is that of St. Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz (766). In the tenth century, this institution declined; the canons, as the clergy attached to a church and living a common life were called, began to live separately; some of them, however, resisted this relaxation of discipline, and even added poverty to their common life. This is the origin of the canons regular. Pope Benedict XII by his constitution Ad decorem (15 May 1339) prescribed a general reform of the canons regular. The canons regular ex professo united Holy Orders with religious life, and being attached to a church, devoted themselves to promoting the dignity of divine worship. With monks, Holy Orders are incidental and secondary, and are superadded to the religious life. With canons as with the clerks regular, Holy Orders are the principal thing, and the religious life is superadded to the Holy Orders.
See also
Canoness
Diocesan priest
Index of religious honorifics and titles
References
^ "Canon 502 §3". The Code of Canon Law. Rome, IT: The Vatican. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
^ The Episcopal Diocese of New York (2019).
"Episcopal Church Terminology." DioceseNY.org.
Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ Insignia according to Gammarelli and Barbiconi
^ "Canon information". www.smomge.org/Brianz.jpg (Image search result). Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Ente - Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano" (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ "Ente - San Pietro in Vaticano" (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ "Liberian Chapter. The Chapter of Saint Mary Major". Rome: The Vatican. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Ente - San Paolo fuori le Mura". Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ Mark Hill; Russell Sandberg; Norman Doe (2011). Religion and Law in the United Kingdom. Kluwer Law International. p. 182. ISBN 9789041134400.
^ "Cathedral and university welcome new professors". Premier Christian Media Trust. 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Canon Professor Elaine Graham". Chester University. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "The Revd Canon Professor Richard Burridge". King's College London. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "The Revd Canon Professor Leslie Francis". University of Warwick. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995 No. 2". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ "Two new Canon Professors appointed". Durham University. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Van Mildert Canon Professor of Divinity". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ The Universities Review, Volumes 13-17. 1940. p. 37.
^ "The Rev Professor Douglas Jones". The Independent. 2 December 2005.
External links
Media related to Canons (priests) at Wikimedia Commons
"Canon (2.)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. V (9th ed.). 1878. p. 15.
Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception
Canons Regular of St. John Cantius, Chicago
Canons Regular of Premontre, Orange County, California
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Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"cleric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Saint Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_clergy"}],"text":"Canon (Greek: κανονικός, romanized: kanonikós) is a Christian title usually used to refer to a member of certain bodies in subject to an ecclesiastical rule.Originally, a canon was a cleric living with others in a clergy house or, later, in one of the houses within the precinct of or close to a cathedral or other major church and conducting his life according to the customary discipline or rules of the church. 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Since the 1983 revision of the Code of Canon Law, this responsibility belongs to the college of consultors, unless the national bishops conference decides that the functions that canon law ascribes to the college of consultors, including this one, are to be entrusted to the cathedral chapter.[1]","title":"Secular canons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"collegiate churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_churches"}],"sub_title":"Church of England","text":"All canons of the Church of England have been secular since the Reformation, although an individual canon may also be a member of a religious order. Mostly, however, they are ordained, that is, priests or other clergy. Today, the system of canons is retained almost exclusively in connection with cathedral churches. A canon is a member of the chapter of (for the most part) priests, headed by a dean, which is responsible for administering a cathedral or certain other churches that are styled collegiate churches. The dean and chapter are the formal body which has legal responsibility for the cathedral and for electing the bishop.","title":"Secular canons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"rural deans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_dean"},{"link_name":"emoluments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remuneration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorietafel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2312.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Master of the Spes Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_the_Spes_Nostra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meester_van_de_Spes_Nostra"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"cassock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassock"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The title of Canon is not a permanent title and, when no longer in a position entitling preferment, it is usually dropped from a cleric's title nomenclature. However, it is still given in many dioceses to senior parish priests (including some rural deans, those who have played a role in the wider life of the diocese, those who have served in the diocese for a long time, or similar) as a largely honorary title. It is usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese. Honorary canons are members of the chapter in name but are non-residential and receive no emoluments. They are entitled to call themselves canon and may have a role in the administration of the cathedral.Four canons with SS Augustine and Jerome by an open grave, with the Visitation. Master of the Spes Nostra [nl] (active c. 1500–1520, Northern Netherlands)Generally speaking, canons in Anglican churches are either canons residentiary (working at the cathedral, and few in number) or honorary canons (non-cathedral clergy given the title as a mark of honour — often many of them): either may wear a violet or violet-trimmed cassock. In some Church of England dioceses, the title Prebendary is used instead of canon when the cleric is involved administratively with a cathedral. Canons may be members of the diocesan/bishop's staff rather than cathedral staff, such as in the Episcopal Church (United States), where a diocese's \"Canon to the Ordinary\" is a senior priest who works directly for the diocesan bishop (ordinary).[2]Honorary canons within the Catholic Church may still be nominated after the Second Vatican Council. Also, priests (and honorary chaplains) of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre are, in fact, titular or honorary canons of these respective Orders and have the right to the honorific title of \"Canon\" and \"Monsignor\" [citation needed] in addition to the choir dress of a canon, which includes the mozetta (black with purple piping for Malta and white with a red Jerusalem cross for Holy Sepulchre.[3][4]","title":"Honorary canons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_state"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Saint John Lateran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Lateran"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Presidents of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Felipe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul outside the Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_outside_the_Walls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Pierre-Louis_Stillemans_door_Jozef_Janssens_de_Varebeke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoon Stillemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoon_Stillemans"},{"link_name":"St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bavo%27s_Cathedral,_Ghent"},{"link_name":"holy orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"diocesan chancellors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"St David's Cathedral, Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"prebendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendal"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)#Seating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Lay canons","text":"Since the reign of King Henry IV, the heads of state of France have been granted by the Pope the title of sole honorary canon of Saint John Lateran and Saint Peter's.[5][6] On the demise of the Kingdom of France this honour became transferred to the Presidents of the Republic, and hence is currently held by Emmanuel Macron. This applies even when the French President is not a Catholic or is an atheist. The proto-canon of the papal basilica of Saint Mary Major is the King of Spain, currently Felipe VI.[7][8]Before the English Reformation, the King of England was a canon of the basilica of Saint Paul outside the Walls.Petrus-Ludovicus Stillemans (1821–1902), brother of Antoon Stillemans and honorary canon of St Bavo's Cathedral, GhentIn addition to canons who are clerics in holy orders, cathedrals in the Anglican Communion may also appoint lay persons as canons. The rank of \"lay canon\" is especially conferred upon diocesan chancellors (the senior legal officer of the diocese, who is usually, though not exclusively, a lay person).[citation needed]It has traditionally been said that the King of England (now the British Sovereign) is a canon or prebendary of St David's Cathedral, Wales. However, this is based on a misconception. The canonry of St Mary's College, St David's became the property of the Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. The Sovereign was never a canon of St David's, even as a layman (see also the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1562) Article 37), though he or she may occupy the first prebendal stall, which is assigned for the monarch's use.[citation needed]","title":"Honorary canons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"Durham Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England_(Miscellaneous_Provisions)_Measure_1995&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Commissioners_Act_1840"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Ecclesiastical_History"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Peter Hinchliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hinchliff"},{"link_name":"Henry Mayr-Harting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Sarah Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Foot"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas Term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_Term"},{"link_name":"Statutory Professorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology,_University_of_Oxford#Professors"},{"link_name":"Regius Professorship of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Professor_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"John Macquarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macquarrie"},{"link_name":"Regius Professorship of Moral and Pastoral Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professorship_of_Moral_and_Pastoral_Theology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanunnik,_Sint-Jozef-Klein-Seminarie_Sint-Niklaas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"Van Mildert Professor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Mildert_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ramsey_Professor_of_Anglican_Studies"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lightfoot Professor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightfoot_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A canon professor is a canon at an Anglican cathedral (either lay or in orders) who also holds a university professorship. There are four canon professorships in the University of Oxford in conjunction with Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford and two in Durham University in conjunction with Durham Cathedral,[9][10] although academics titled \"canon professor\" may also be found at other universities where the appointments as canon and professor have been made independently.[11][12][13]Section 2 of the Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995[14] was passed for the express purpose of enabling Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, to appoint not more than two lay canons. One of the motivations for this provision was that, under section 6 of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840, the position of Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford was annexed to a Residentiary Canonry of the cathedral, meaning that the Regius professorship could be held only by an Anglican priest. Following the death of Peter Hinchliff in 1995 the Regius professorship was held by Henry Mayr-Harting, a Catholic layman, from 1997 until 2003, and was taken up by another lay person, Sarah Foot, in Michaelmas Term 2007. Three other Statutory Professorships, the Regius Professorship of Divinity, Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, recently held by the famous Anglican theologian, John Macquarrie, and Regius Professorship of Moral and Pastoral Theology, are annexed to canonries of Christ Church and were until recently held only by Anglican priests.[citation needed]Another Flemish canon in official clerical dress of canonsAt Durham, the canon professorships are the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity, the holder of which must be an Anglican priest, and the Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies, who must be Anglican but did not have to be ordained.[15][16][17] Historically, the chair in Greek at the university was also a canon professorship. This canonry was transferred to the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in 1940.[18]The Lightfoot professorship was attached to the canonry until 1985,[19] when the non-Anglican James Dunn was appointed.[citation needed]","title":"Canon professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_canon"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Vicars Choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicars_Choral"},{"link_name":"Succentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succentor"}],"text":"Minor canons are those clergy who are members of the foundation of a cathedral or collegiate establishment. They take part in the daily services. They have sometimes formed a distinct corporation as at St Paul's Cathedral, London. In St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, they are distinct from, and rank before, the Vicars Choral. The two groups overlap however; the two senior vicars, the Dean's Vicar and the Succentor, are also the two senior Minor Canons. Some Minor Canons do sit with, but are not voting members of, the Chapter. Although at present Minor Canons are generally more junior clergy this is a recent development. Within living memory such offices were often freehold and were held by clergy of great distinction and seniority.","title":"Minor canons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALCAMO_2010_MGR_Rode.JPG"},{"link_name":"Franc Rodé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Rod%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular of the Lateran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Lateran"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"Order of the Canons Regular of Premontre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Canons_Regular_of_Premontre"},{"link_name":"Norbertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbertines"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Cross (Canons Regular)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Holy_Cross_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Swiss Congregation of Canons Regular of Saint Maurice of Agaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Congregation_of_Canons_Regular_of_Saint_Maurice_of_Agaune&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gilbertine Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbertine_Order"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular of St. John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_St._John_Cantius"},{"link_name":"Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest"},{"link_name":"Society of Apostolic Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Apostolic_Life"},{"link_name":"Traditional Latin Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"choir dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_dress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sint-Salvatorskapittel_Bruges_Precious_Blood_2008.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dystynktorium_kanonicki_Gennadij_Jerszow.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Giennadij Jerszow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giennadij_Jerszow"},{"link_name":"St. Chrodegang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Chrodegang"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII"},{"link_name":"canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Canons regular are the members of certain religious orders in the Catholic Church (not to be confused with clerics regular), composed of priests and some choir canons who live in community, together[clarification needed] with lay brothers. There is a variety of congregations of canons, some of which are part of the Confederation of Canons Regular of St. Augustine:A canon ceremonially receives Cardinal Franc Rodé.Canons Regular of the Lateran or St. Saviour, which seems to date back to Pope Alexander II (1063)\nOrder of the Canons Regular of Premontre; Norbertines founded by St. Norbert (1120)\nOrder of the Holy Cross (Canons Regular) founded in Portugal in 1131 and re-founded in 1977\nCanons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross (the Crosiers), founded at Clair-lieu, near Huy, in Belgium, in 1211\nSwiss Congregation of Canons Regular of Saint Maurice of Agaune\nGilbertine Order, a solely English order of canons regular, driven to extinction under King Henry VIII\nCanons Regular of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation of Canons Regular founded in France in 1871\nCanons Regular of St. John Cantius, founded in 1998 by Fr. C. Frank Phillips, C.R., and Francis Cardinal George, O.M.I.\nThe Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, which is a Catholic Society of Apostolic Life dedicated to the Traditional Latin Mass, practice a rule of life generally based on historical secular canons. They refer to their priests as Canons, use the style The Rev. Canon [Name] and wear distinct choir dress.Canons, Bruges, BelgiumGdańsk, Canons Cross by Giennadij JerszowMany bishops endeavoured to imitate St. Augustine and St. Eusebius, and to live a common life with the clergy of their church. Rules taken from the sacred canons were even drawn up for their use, of which the most celebrated is that of St. Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz (766). In the tenth century, this institution declined; the canons, as the clergy attached to a church and living a common life were called, began to live separately; some of them, however, resisted this relaxation of discipline, and even added poverty to their common life. This is the origin of the canons regular. Pope Benedict XII by his constitution Ad decorem (15 May 1339) prescribed a general reform of the canons regular. The canons regular ex professo united Holy Orders with religious life, and being attached to a church, devoted themselves to promoting the dignity of divine worship. With monks, Holy Orders are incidental and secondary, and are superadded to the religious life. With canons as with the clerks regular, Holy Orders are the principal thing, and the religious life is superadded to the Holy Orders.[citation needed]","title":"Canons regular"}] | [{"image_text":"Four canons with SS Augustine and Jerome by an open grave, with the Visitation. Master of the Spes Nostra [nl] (active c. 1500–1520, Northern Netherlands)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Memorietafel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2312.jpeg/220px-Memorietafel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2312.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Petrus-Ludovicus Stillemans (1821–1902), brother of Antoon Stillemans and honorary canon of St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Portret_van_Pierre-Louis_Stillemans_door_Jozef_Janssens_de_Varebeke.jpg/220px-Portret_van_Pierre-Louis_Stillemans_door_Jozef_Janssens_de_Varebeke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another Flemish canon in official clerical dress of canons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kanunnik%2C_Sint-Jozef-Klein-Seminarie_Sint-Niklaas.jpg/220px-Kanunnik%2C_Sint-Jozef-Klein-Seminarie_Sint-Niklaas.jpg"},{"image_text":"A canon ceremonially receives Cardinal Franc Rodé.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ALCAMO_2010_MGR_Rode.JPG/220px-ALCAMO_2010_MGR_Rode.JPG"},{"image_text":"Canons, Bruges, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sint-Salvatorskapittel_Bruges_Precious_Blood_2008.JPG/220px-Sint-Salvatorskapittel_Bruges_Precious_Blood_2008.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gdańsk, Canons Cross by Giennadij Jerszow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dystynktorium_kanonicki_Gennadij_Jerszow.JPG/220px-Dystynktorium_kanonicki_Gennadij_Jerszow.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Canoness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoness"},{"title":"Diocesan priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_priest"},{"title":"Index of religious honorifics and titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_religious_honorifics_and_titles"}] | [{"reference":"\"Canon 502 §3\". The Code of Canon Law. Rome, IT: The Vatican. Retrieved 2013-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1R.HTM","url_text":"\"Canon 502 §3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy","url_text":"IT"}]},{"reference":"\"Canon information\". www.smomge.org/Brianz.jpg (Image search result). Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mozzetta+cappellano+magistrale+malta&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4GGNI_enUS500US500&biw=1600&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=ea3AwLiKmXaZkM:&imgrefurl=http://www.iagiforum.info/viewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D4502%26start%3D0&docid=0oy87gNj7oaChM&imgurl=http://www.smomge.org/Brianz.jpg&w=311&h=449&ei=S7qdUMy-B8PX0QHZ0YDACA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=499&vpy=115&dur=7564&hovh=270&hovw=187&tx=94&ty=147&sig=114858509990863049397&page=1&tbnh=146&tbnw=96&start=0&ndsp=38&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:86","url_text":"\"Canon information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ente - Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano\" (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075647/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674","url_text":"\"Ente - Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano\""},{"url":"http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ente - San Pietro in Vaticano\" (in Italian). Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Retrieved 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=675","url_text":"\"Ente - San Pietro in Vaticano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberian Chapter. The Chapter of Saint Mary Major\". Rome: The Vatican. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/sm_maggiore/en/capitolo/capitolo.htm","url_text":"\"Liberian Chapter. The Chapter of Saint Mary Major\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ente - San Paolo fuori le Mura\". Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819004451/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=677","url_text":"\"Ente - San Paolo fuori le Mura\""},{"url":"http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=677","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Hill; Russell Sandberg; Norman Doe (2011). Religion and Law in the United Kingdom. Kluwer Law International. p. 182. ISBN 9789041134400.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QjJnyE3miTMC&pg=PA182","url_text":"Religion and Law in the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041134400","url_text":"9789041134400"}]},{"reference":"\"Cathedral and university welcome new professors\". Premier Christian Media Trust. 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premier.org.uk/Across-the-UK/North-East-Cumbria/Cathedral-and-university-welcome-new-professors","url_text":"\"Cathedral and university welcome new professors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canon Professor Elaine Graham\". Chester University. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chester.ac.uk/departments/trs/staff/graham","url_text":"\"Canon Professor Elaine Graham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_University","url_text":"Chester University"}]},{"reference":"\"The Revd Canon Professor Richard Burridge\". King's College London. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/trs/people/staff/academic/burridge/index.aspx","url_text":"\"The Revd Canon Professor Richard Burridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London","url_text":"King's College London"}]},{"reference":"\"The Revd Canon Professor Leslie Francis\". University of Warwick. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ces/research/wreru/aboutus/staff/lf/","url_text":"\"The Revd Canon Professor Leslie Francis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick","url_text":"University of Warwick"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995 No. 2\". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukcm/1995/2/contents#l1g2","url_text":"\"Church of England (Miscellaneous Provisions) Measure 1995 No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two new Canon Professors appointed\". Durham University. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dur.ac.uk/theology.religion/about/news/?itemno=23733","url_text":"\"Two new Canon Professors appointed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Van Mildert Canon Professor of Divinity\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073356/http://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Van-Mildert-Canon-Professor-Of-Divinity-Durham-University%3DaWmQucdx5BGULgAlkGUTnw.html","url_text":"\"Van Mildert Canon Professor of Divinity\""},{"url":"http://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Van-Mildert-Canon-Professor-Of-Divinity-Durham-University=aWmQucdx5BGULgAlkGUTnw.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044012/http://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Michael-Ramsey-Professor-Of-Anglican-Studies-Durham-University%3DdS_He8dx5BGULgAlkGUTnw.html","url_text":"\"Michael Ramsey Professor of Anglican Studies\""},{"url":"http://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Michael-Ramsey-Professor-Of-Anglican-Studies-Durham-University=dS_He8dx5BGULgAlkGUTnw.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Universities Review, Volumes 13-17. 1940. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LLsiAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Universities Review, Volumes 13-17"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rev Professor Douglas Jones\". The Independent. 2 December 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/the-rev-professor-douglas-jones-517952.html","url_text":"\"The Rev Professor Douglas Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canon (2.)\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. V (9th ed.). 1878. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Canon_(2.)","url_text":"\"Canon (2.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1R.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Canon 502 §3\""},{"Link":"https://www.dioceseny.org/christian-life/what-is-an-episcopalian/episcopal-church-terminology/","external_links_name":"\"Episcopal Church Terminology.\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mozzetta+cappellano+magistrale+malta&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4GGNI_enUS500US500&biw=1600&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=ea3AwLiKmXaZkM:&imgrefurl=http://www.iagiforum.info/viewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D4502%26start%3D0&docid=0oy87gNj7oaChM&imgurl=http://www.smomge.org/Brianz.jpg&w=311&h=449&ei=S7qdUMy-B8PX0QHZ0YDACA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=499&vpy=115&dur=7564&hovh=270&hovw=187&tx=94&ty=147&sig=114858509990863049397&page=1&tbnh=146&tbnw=96&start=0&ndsp=38&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:86","external_links_name":"\"Canon information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075647/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674","external_links_name":"\"Ente - Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano\""},{"Link":"http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=674","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/?page_id=188&ID=675","external_links_name":"\"Ente - San Pietro in Vaticano\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/sm_maggiore/en/capitolo/capitolo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Liberian Chapter. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskadrille_721 | Eskadrille 721 | ["1 History","2 Present activity","3 Current equipment","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Squadron 721Eskadrille 721Founded1 October 1950; 73 years ago (1950-10-01)Country DenmarkBranch Royal Danish Air ForceTypeAir TransportPart ofAir Transport Wing AalborgGarrison/HQFlyvestation AalborgMotto(s)Fortis, Firmus Undique (Strong, Reliable, Everywhere)Aircraft flownTrainerSaab T-17 SupporterTransportLockheed C-130J Super HerculesBombardier CL-604 ChallengerMilitary unit
Eskadrille 721 of the Royal Danish Air Force is the sole squadron in 'Air Transport Wing Aalborg' of the Danish Defence. It provides tactical transport for all parts of the Danish state.
History
Eskadrille 721 (721 Squadron) was formed on 1 October 1950, when the Royal Danish Air Force (Flyvevåbnet) was formed by merging the Marinens Flyvevæsen (Danish Naval Air Service) and Hærens Flyvertropper (Danish Army Air Corps), with Eskadrille 721 incorporating the aircraft of the 1st and 2nd Luftflotille of the Naval Air Service, together with the Greenland flight of the Army Air Corps, with the role of transport (including support for operations in Greenland, together with Search and Rescue operations.
Present activity
Since 2004 the air wing is located at Flyvestation Aalborg, in the Northern part of Jutland peninsula.
The main role for the air wing is to provide tactical transport capacity with its C-130's.
The Challengers provide both VIP-transportation for the Royal Court of Denmark and other government officials, and has the option to be equipped with airborne radar for surveillance. The Challenger 604 is tasked with assisting in surveillance missions around Greenland and the Faroe Islands and in that capacity one aircraft has been permanently stationed in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland since 2021.
Current equipment
Currently Eskadrille 721 operates:
4 Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules
4 Bombardier CL-604 Challenger
4 Saab T-17 Supporter
See also
Danish Defence
References
^ Nikolajsen 1970, p.18.
^ "Eskadrille 721 – Flyvevåbnets transporteskadrille". forsvaret.dk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ "THE SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICE IN GREENLAND SAR - GREENLAND" (PDF). RESCUE COUNCIL FOR SHIPPING AND AVIATION. June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
^ Augustesen, Søren (12 December 2022). "Viking Warriors: What does the future hold for the Royal Danish Air Force". Key Aero.
^ Augustesen 2015, p. 82.
Augustesen, Sören. "Denmark's Challengers". Air International, April 2015, Vol. 88, No. 4. pp. 82–85.
Nikolajsen, O. "Arctic Specialists: History of No.721 Squadron, Royal Danish Air Force". Air Pictorial, January 1970, Vol. 32, No. 1. pp. 16–18.
External links
About Eskadrille 721 Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
vte Danish Defence Royal Danish Army Royal Danish Navy Royal Danish Air Force Danish Home GuardCommand organisations
Defence Command
Defence Staff
Army Command
Naval Command
Air Command
Joint Arctic Command
Home Guard Command
Special Operations Command
Leadership
Chief of Defence
Chief of the Defense Staff
Army
Chief of the Army
Sergeant Major of the Army
Navy
Chief of the Navy
Master chief petty officer
Air Force
Chief of the Air Force
Chief Master Sergeant of the RDAF
Home Guard
Chief of the Home Guard
Command Sergeant Major of the Home Guard
Joint Service
Acquisition and Logistics Organization
Administration of Conscientious Objector
The Ark Project
Emergency Management Agency
Estates and Infrastructure Organisation
Financial Management Agency
Health Services
Intelligence Service
Internal Auditor
Judge Advocate Corps
Maintenance Service
Personnel Service
Higher education facilities
Royal Danish Defence College
Royal Danish Military Academy
Royal Danish Naval Academy
Royal Danish Air Force Academy
UnitsArmy
Danish Artillery Regiment
Engineer Regiment
Guard Hussar Regiment
Intelligence Regiment
Jutland Dragoon Regiment
Royal Life Guards
Schleswig Foot Regiment
Signal Regiment
Logistic Regiment
Navy
1st Squadron
2nd Squadron
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol
Danish Task Group
Air Force
Air Squadron 515
Air Squadron 660
Air Squadron 690
Air Squadron 721
Air Squadron 722
Air Squadron 723
Air Squadron 724
Air Squadron 727
Air Squadron 730
Mobile Air Control Centre
Control and Reporting Centre Karup
Combat Support Wing
Special Forces
Jaeger Corps
Frogman Corps
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol
SSR (Home Guard)
Ranks and insignia
Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Army
Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Navy
Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Air Force
Ranks and insignia of Home Guard
Badges of the Danish Military | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Danish Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence"},{"link_name":"Danish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"}],"text":"Military unitEskadrille 721 of the Royal Danish Air Force is the sole squadron in 'Air Transport Wing Aalborg' of the Danish Defence. It provides tactical transport for all parts of the Danish state.","title":"Eskadrille 721"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Search and Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arctic_p18-1"}],"text":"Eskadrille 721 (721 Squadron) was formed on 1 October 1950, when the Royal Danish Air Force (Flyvevåbnet) was formed by merging the Marinens Flyvevæsen (Danish Naval Air Service) and Hærens Flyvertropper (Danish Army Air Corps), with Eskadrille 721 incorporating the aircraft of the 1st and 2nd Luftflotille of the Naval Air Service, together with the Greenland flight of the Army Air Corps, with the role of transport (including support for operations in Greenland, together with Search and Rescue operations.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flyvestation Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyvestation_Aalborg"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kangerlussuaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangerlussuaq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Since 2004 the air wing is located at Flyvestation Aalborg, in the Northern part of Jutland peninsula.[2]The main role for the air wing is to provide tactical transport capacity with its C-130's.\nThe Challengers provide both VIP-transportation for the Royal Court of Denmark and other government officials, and has the option to be equipped with airborne radar for surveillance. The Challenger 604 is tasked with assisting in surveillance missions around Greenland and the Faroe Islands and in that capacity one aircraft has been permanently stationed in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland since 2021.[3][4]","title":"Present activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130J_Super_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Bombardier CL-604 Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiap15_p82-5"},{"link_name":"Saab T-17 Supporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_Safari"}],"text":"Currently Eskadrille 721 operates:4 Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules\n4 Bombardier CL-604 Challenger[5]\n4 Saab T-17 Supporter","title":"Current equipment"}] | [] | [{"title":"Danish Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence"}] | [{"reference":"\"Eskadrille 721 – Flyvevåbnets transporteskadrille\". forsvaret.dk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein | Manfred Abelein | ["1 Education and Work","2 Member of Parliament","3 Mountain Climber and Pilot","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | German politician (1930–2008)
Manfred AbeleinMember of the BundestagIn office19 October 1965 – 20 December 1990
Personal detailsBorn(1930-10-20)20 October 1930Stuttgart, GermanyDied17 January 2008(2008-01-17) (aged 77)Ellwangen, GermanyOccupationPolitician
Manfred Abelein (20 October 1930, Stuttgart, Württemberg - 17 January 2008) was a German politician. He was a representative of the German Christian Democratic Union.
Education and Work
Abelein graduated with a degree in law, political science and economics. He later worked as a professor at the University of Regensburg, where he taught politics and public law. He was well known for his regular course on "The Current Problems in Fiscal Policy".
Member of Parliament
Abelein was a member of the German Bundestag from 1965, when he succeeded Rudolf Vogel, until 1990. He represented the constituency of Aalen-Heidenheim in Baden-Württemberg, and received over 50% of the votes every time he ran for election. In an article in the German newspaper Die Zeit, he presented himself as a conservative politician. He was replaced in office by Georg Brunnhuber in 1990, who still holds the seat as of 2009.
Abelein was also a member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, of which he was vice-president from 1985 to 1987.
Mountain Climber and Pilot
Abelein was a passionate mountain climber. In 1977, while on a trip to help set up the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in South America, he climbed Mount Illimani (6,438m) in Bolivia. He also climbed the Hohe Munde (2,662m) in Austria in 1978. Between March and May 1980 he participated in the first European expedition to Tibet for many years, which climbed Mount Shishapangma (8,013m), the fourteenth highest mountain in the world.
A trained pilot, Abelein flew non-stop from New York City to Cologne in 1979.
See also
List of German Christian Democratic Union politicians
References
^ "Election Results". statistik-portal.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ "Hat der Konservatismus noch Chancen?". zeit.de (in German). Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ "Nur Freitags". wissen.spiegel.de/ (in German). 2 March 1980. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
External links
Literature by and about Manfred Abelein in the German National Library catalogue
navigational boxes
vte Members of the 5th Bundestag (1965–1969)President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU) until 31 January 1969; Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU) from 5 February 1969CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel
CDU:
Abelein
Adenauer (until 19 April 1967)
Adorno
Arnold
Artzinger
Baier
Balkenhol
Barzel
Bauknecht
Becker
Benda
Berberich
Berendsen
Berger
Bewerunge
Biechele
Birrenbach
Blank
Blöcker
Blohm
Blumenfeld
Brand
Brauksiepe
Bremer
Brese
Brück
Budde
Bühler
Burgbacher
Burgemeister
Burger
Conring
Czaja
Damm
Delden
Deringer
Dichgans
Diebäcker
Draeger
Eckardt
Elbrächter
Enk
Enseling (from 28 April 1966)
Erhard
Erhard
Ernesti (from 9 July 1967)
Erpenbeck
Even
Exner
Falke (from 27 July 1967)
Franke
Franzen
Freiwald
Frerichs
Frey
Frieler
Fritz
Furler
Geißler (until 11 October 1967)
Gerstenmaier
Gewandt
Gibbert (until 30 December 1967)
Giulini
Glüsing
Gottesleben
Götz
Gradl
Griesinger
Güde
Haase
Häfele
Hahn
Hammans
Hanz
Härzschel (from 19 October 1967)
Hassel
Hauser
Hauser
Häussler
Heck
Hesberg
Hilbert
Hofmann
Holkenbrink (until 17 July 1967)
Holzmeister (from 5 February 1968)
Hörnemann
Horstmeier
Horten
Huys
Illerhaus
Jacobi
Jahn
Josten
Jungmann
Kalinke
Katzer
Kiep
Klee
Klein
Klepsch
Kliesing
Klinker
Knobloch (from 24 July 1967)
Kopf
Köppler
Krammig
Krampe (from 11 October 1966)
Kraske
Krone
Kühn
Kuntscher
Lampersbach
Leicht
Lemmer
Lenz
Lenz
Lenze
Lindenberg (from 29 September 1967)
Löhr
Lücke
Luda
Majonica
Martin
Marx
Maucher
Maxsein
Meis
Meister
Mengelkamp (until 21 July 1967)
Merkatz
Mick
Missbach
Mönikes (from 12 October 1967)
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Hermann
Müser
Nordenskjöld
Orgaß
Petersen
Philipp (until 20 April 1966)
Picard
Pieser (from 26 June 1968)
Pitz-Savelsberg
Porten
Prassler
Preiß
Rasner
Rawe
Reinhard
Reinholz (from 24 July 1967)
Richarts (until 16 September 1969)
Riedel
Rinsche
Ritgen
Ritz
Rock
Rollmann
Rommerskirchen
Rösing
Rösler (from 24 September 1969)
Ruf
Russe
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
Schmid-Burgk
Schmidt
Schmitt
Schmücker
Schober
Schröder
Schröder
Schroeder
Schulhoff
Schwarzhaupt
Schwörer
Seebohm (until 17 September 1967)
Serres
Siemer
Sinn
Springorum
Stahlberg
Stark
Stecker
Stein
Steinmetz
Stingl (until 15 June 1968)
Stoltenberg
Stommel
Stooß
Storm
Struve
Süsterhenn
Teriete
Tobaben
Toussaint
Varelmann
Verbeek (until 13 December 1966)
Vittinghoff-Schell
Vogel (until 6 October 1966)
Vogel (until 17 July 1967)
Wahl
Weiland (from 14 December 1966)
Weimer
Wendelborn
Wex (from 28 April 1967)
Wilhelmi
Wilper (until 3 July 1967)
Windelen
Winkelheide
Wolf
Wörner
Wrangel
Wuermeling
Wullenhaupt
Zink
CSU:
Aigner
Althammer
Balke
Bauer
Besold
Brenck
Dittrich
Dollinger
Eckhardt
Ehnes
Franz
Geisendörfer
Geisenhofer (from 3 May 1967)
Gierenstein
Gleissner
Guttenberg
Höcherl
Hösl
Hudak
Jaeger
Kempfler
Krug
Kuchtner
Lemmrich
Leukert
Lücker
Memmel
Niederalt
Ott
Pohle
Prinz (until 30 July 1969)
Probst (until 1 May 1967)
Rainer
Röhner
Schlager
Schlee
Schmidhuber
Schulze-Vorberg
Spies (from 4 August 1969)
Stiller
Strauss
Stücklen
Unertl
Vogt
Wagner
Weigl
Wieninger
Ziegler
Zimmermann (until 15 October 1969)
CSU (GDP):
Becher
Prochazka
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Fritz Erler until 22 February 1967; Helmut Schmidt from 14 March 1967
Members:
Adams (from 8 December 1966)
Albertz
Apel
Arendt
Arndt (from 4 June 1968)
Arndt
Arndt
Auge
Bading
Bals
Baltes (from 15 December 1967)
Barche (from 14 April 1967)
Bardens
Bartsch
Bauer
Bäuerle
Bayerl (from 27 October 1967)
Bazille
Bechert
Behrendt
Berger-Heise
Bergmann
Berkhan
Berlin
Beuster
Biermann
Blachstein (until 31 May 1968)
Blume
Böhm
Börner
Braun (until 17 July 1966)
Brück
Brünen
Buchstaller
Bühling
Buschfort
Büttner
Collet
Corterier
Cramer
Diekmann
Dortans (from 30 June 1969)
Dröscher
Eckerland
Eilers
Elsner
Enders (from 9 May 1967)
Eppler
Erler (until 22 February 1967)
Eschmann
Esters (from 15 January 1969)
Faller
Felder
FellerMayer
Feuring (from 2 January 1967)
Figgen (until 6 December 1966)
Flämig
Folger
Franke
Frede (until 23 November 1967)
Frehsee
Freyh
Fritsch
Fritz
Geiger
Gerlach
Gertzen
Glombig
Gscheidle
Haage
Haar
Haase
Haehser
Hamacher
Hansing
Hauck
Hauffe
Hein (until 22 December 1966)
Heinemann (until 24 June 1969)
Hellenbrock
Herberts
Herklotz
Hermsdorf
Herold
Hirsch
Hofmann
Höhmann
Höhne
Hölzle (from 20 February 1967)
Hörauf
Hörmann
Hubert
Hübner (from 6 December 1966 until 14 January 1969)
Hufnagel
Hussong (until 10 December 1967)
Ils
Iven
Jacobi
Jahn
Jaksch (until 27 November 1966)
Jaschke
Josef
Junghans
Junker
Jürgensen
Kaffka
Kahn-Ackermann
Karius (from 18 August 1969)
Kern (from 27 February 1967)
Killat
Kleinert (from 14 December 1967)
Koch
Koenen
Kohlberger
Könen
Korspeter
Krappe
Kriedemann
Krips (until 31 January 1969)
Kübler (until 9 August 1969)
Kulawig
Kunze
Kurlbaum
Kurlbaum-Beyer
Lange
Langebeck
Lautenschlager
Leber
Lemp (from 29 November 1967)
Lemper
Lenders
Liedtke
Liehr
Löbbert
Lohmar
Lösche (from 29 July 1966)
Lotze
Marquardt
Marx
Matthes
Matthöfer
Mattick
Maybaum
Meermann
Meinecke
Merten (until 12 December 1967)
Metzger
Michels
Möller
Mommer
Morgenstern (until 14 September 1966)
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müthling
Nann (from 17 February 1969)
Neemann
Nellen
Neumann
Neumann
Paul
Peiter (from 19 September 1967)
Peters
Pöhler
Porzner
Raffert
Rau
Ravens
Regling
Rehs
Reischl
Reitz
Renger
Richter
Riegel
Rinderspacher
Rohde
Ross (from 21 September 1966)
Rudoll
Sänger
Saxowski
Schäfer (until 14 February 1967)
Schanzenbach
Schellenberg
Schiller
Schimschok
Schlüter (until 7 April 1967)
Schmid
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt-Vockenhausen
Schoettle
Schonhofen
Schulte
Schulz
Schwabe
Seibert
Seidel
Seifriz
Seither
Seppi
Seuffert (until 18 October 1967)
Seume
Sieglerschmidt (from 4 June 1969)
Spillecke
Stammberger
Stein (until 14 September 1967)
Steinhoff
Stephan
Strobel
Strohmayr
Tallert
Tamblé
Tönjes
Urban
Vit
Wehner
Welke
Wellmann (until 30 May 1969)
Welslau
Wendt
Wessel (until 13 October 1969)
Westphal
Wiefel
Wienand
Wilhelm
Wischnewski
Wolf
Wuwer
Zerbe (until 2 May 1967)
SPD (GDP):
Ahrens
Kreutzmann
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm until 23 January 1968; Wolfgang Mischnick from 23 January 1968
Members:
Achenbach
Borm
Bucher
Busse
Dahlgrün
Dehler (until 21 July 1967)
Diemer-Nicolaus
Dorn
Effertz (until 4 July 1968)
Eisenmann (until 1 June 1967)
Emde
Ertl
Friderichs
Funcke
Geldner
Gemmingen-Hornberg (from 11 October 1967)
Genscher
Graaff
Haas
Hamm (until 12 May 1966)
Hellige
Heuser (from 11 July 1968)
Imle (from 2 June 1967)
Jung (from 17 May 1966)
Kubitza
Kühlmann-Stumm
Lenz (until 5 October 1967)
Logemann
Mauk
Mende
Menne
Mertes
Miessner
Mischnick
Moersch
Mühlhan
Ollesch
Opitz
Peters
Porsch (from 27 July 1967)
Ramms
Reichmann
Rutschke
Saam
Sander
Scheel
Schmidt
Schultz
Spitzmüller
Staratzke
Starke
Wächter
Walter
Wurbs
Zoglmann
List of members of the 5th Bundestag
vte Members of the 6th Bundestag (1969–1972)President: Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel
CDU:
Abelein
Adorno (until 21 August 1972)
Alber
Alten-Nordheim
Amrehn
Arnold
Artzinger
Bach
Baier
Balkenhol
Barzel
Becker
Becker
Benda (until 8 December 1971)
Berberich
Berding
Berger (from 26 August 1971)
Berger
Bewerunge
Biechele
Birrenbach
Bismarck
Bittelmann
Blank (until 21 April 1972)
Blumenfeld
Bockelberg
Böhme
Brandes (until 29 October 1969)
Brauksiepe
Breidbach
Bremer
Bremm
Brück (from 14 August 1970)
Burgbacher
Burgemeister (until 23 April 1970)
Burger
Czaja
Damm
Delden
Dichgans
Draeger
Eckardt
Erhard
Erhard
Ernesti
Erpenbeck
Evers
Eyrich
Fircks
Franke
Freiwald
Frerichs
Früh
Furler
Gatzen
Gewandt
Giulini
Glüsing
Gölter
Gottesleben
Götz
Gradl
Griesinger (until 6 September 1972)
Gruhl
Haase
Häfele
Hallstein
Hammans
Hanz
Hartnack (from 14 September 1972)
Härzschel
Hassel
Hauser
Hauser
Häussler
Heck
Hein (from 27 April 1970 until 18 April 1971)
Hellige (from 19 April 1971)
Helms
Henze (until 10 April 1972)
Hermesdorf
Horstmeier
Horten
Hubrig
Hupka
Hussing
Huys
Jacobi
Jahn
Jenninger
Josten
Jungmann
Kalinke
Katzer
Kiep
Kiesinger
Klee
Klepsch
Kliesing
Klinker
Köppler (until 8 August 1970)
Köster
Kotowski
Krammig
Krampe
Kraske
Kunz (from 13 December 1971)
Lampersbach
Leicht
Lemmer (until 18 August 1970)
Lensing
Lenz
Lenze
Lenzer
Link
Löher (from 23 April 1972)
Löhr
Looft (from 15 October 1971)
Lücke
Luda
Majonica
Martin
Marx
Maucher
Meister
Mende
Mick
Mikat
Miltner
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Hermann
Mursch
Nordenskjöld
Orgaß
Petersen
Pfeifer
Picard
Pieroth
Pieser
Pinger
Pohlmann (from 4 November 1969)
Prassler
Preiß
Rasner (until 15 October 1971)
Rawe
Reddemann
Reinhard
Richarts
Riedel
Rinsche
Ritgen
Ritz
Rock
Rollmann
Rommerskirchen
Rönn (from 17 April 1972)
Rösing
Ruf
Russe
Sauter (from 29 August 1972)
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
Schmid-Burgk
Schmidt
Schmitt
Schmitz (from 20 August 1970 until 25 August 1971)
Schmücker
Schneider
Schober
Schröder (until 12 September 1972)
Schröder
Schröder
Schroeder
Schulhoff
Schulte
Schulz
Schwörer
Seiters
Seume
Siemer
Solke
Springorum
Sprung
Stahlberg
Stark
Starke
Stehle (from 7 September 1972)
Stein
Steiner
Stoltenberg (until 3 June 1971)
Stommel
Storm
Struve
Susset
Thadden
Tobaben
Tübler
Unland
Varelmann
Vehar
Vogel
Vogt
Volmer
Wagner
Walz
Wawrzik
Weber
Weizsäcker
Wendelborn (from 11 June 1971)
Werner
Windelen
Winkelheide
Wissebach
Wohlrabe
Wolf
Wörner
Wrangel
Wulff
Zink
Zoglmann
CSU:
Aigner
Althammer
Becher
Biehle
Cantzler (from 7 June 1972)
Dasch (until 15 September 1972)
Dittrich
Dollinger
Ehnes (until 19 September 1972)
Engelsberger
Franz
Fuchs
Geisendörfer
Geisenhofer
Gerlach
Gierenstein
Gleissner
Guttenberg (until 6 June 1972)
Höcherl
Hösl
Jaeger
Jobst
Kempfler
Kiechle
Kley
Kreile
Kuchtner
Lemmrich
Lücker
Memmel
Menth (from 19 September 1972)
Niegel
Ott
Pohle (until 27 August 1971)
Probst
Prochazka (from 18 September 1972)
Rainer
Riedl
Röhner
Roser
Schedl (from 7 January 1971)
Schlee
Schneider
Schulze-Vorberg
Spilker
Strauss
Stücklen
Unertl (until 31 December 1970)
Wagner
Warnke
Weigl
Wittmann (from 6 September 1971)
Ziegler
Zimmermann
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner
Members:
Adams
Ahrens
Anbuhl (from 3 November 1970)
Apel
Arendt
Arndt
Arndt
Baack
Baeuchle
Bals
Barche
Bardens
Bartsch
Batz
Bauer
Bäuerle
Bay
Bayerl
Bechert
Becker
Beermann
Behrendt
Bergmann
Berkhan
Berlin
Biermann
Böhm
Börner
Bothmer
Brand (until 3 November 1970)
Brandt
Brandt
Bredl
Brück
Brünen
Büchler (from 9 December 1971)
Büchner (from 12 October 1971)
Buchstaller
Bühling
Bülow
Buschfort
Bußmann
Collet
Corterier
Cramer
Dohmann (until 20 February 1970)
Dohnanyi
Dröscher (until 12 October 1971)
Dübber (from 16 July 1971)
Dürr
Eckerland
Ehmke
Eilers
Elsner (until 14 May 1970)
Enders
Engholm
Eppler
Esters
Faller
Farthmann (from 26 June 1971)
FellerMayer
Fiebig
Fischer
Flämig
Focke
Folger
Franke
Frehsee
Freyh
Fritsch
Geiger
Gerlach
Gertzen
Geßner
Glombig
Gnädinger
Grobecker (from 8 January 1970)
Gscheidle (until 7 November 1969)
Haack
Haage (until 21 December 1970)
Haar
Haase
Haehser
Halfmeier
Hansen
Hansing
Hauck
Hauff
Hein (until 19 January 1971)
Henke
Herklotz
Hermsdorf
Herold
Heyen
Hirsch (until 8 December 1971)
Hofmann
Höhmann
Hörmann
Horn
Huber
Jacobi (until 5 March 1970)
Jahn
Jaschke
Junghans
Junker
Kaffka
Kahn-Ackermann (from 28 December 1970)
Kater
Kern
Killat
Koch
Koenig
Kohlberger
Konrad
Krappe
Kreutzmann
Kriedemann
Krockert
Kulawig
Lange
Langebeck
Lauritzen
Lautenschlager
Lauterbach
Leber
Lemp
Lemper
Lenders
Liedtke
Liehr (until 16 July 1971)
Löbbert
Löffler
Lohmar
Lotze (until 17 October 1971)
Marquardt
Marx
Matthes
Matthöfer
Mattick
Maybaum
Meermann
Meinecke
Meinike
Metzger
Michels
Möhring
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müthling
Neemann
Neumann
Nölling
Oetting (from 19 October 1971)
Offergeld
Orth
Ostman
Pawelczyk
Peiter
Pensky
Peters
Pöhler
Porzner
Raffert
Ravens
Reischl
Renger
Richter
Rinderspacher
Rohde
Rosenthal
Ross
Säckl (from 10 November 1969)
Sander
Saxowski
Schachtschabel
Schäfer
Schanzenbach
Schellenberg
Scheu
Schiller
Schiller
Schimschok
Schirmer
Schlaga
Schlei
Schmid
Schmidt (until 3 November 1969)
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt-Vockenhausen
Schmude
Schoettle
Schollmeyer
Schonhofen
Schulte
Schwabe
Seefeld
Seibert
Seidel
Seifriz (until 6 January 1970)
Seppi
Sieglerschmidt
Simon
Slotta
Sperling
Spillecke
Staak (from 21 May 1970)
Strobel
Strohmayr
Suck
Tallert
Tamblé
Timm
Tönjes
Urbaniak (from 9 March 1970)
Vit
Walkhoff
Weber
Wehner
Welslau (from 26 February 1970)
Wende
Wendt
Westphal
Wichert
Wiefel
Wienand
Wilhelm
Wischnewski
With
Wittmann
Wolf
Wolfram
Wrede
Würtz
Wüster
Wuttke
Wuwer
Zander (from 3 November 1969)
Zebisch
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Achenbach
Borm
Dahrendorf (until 25 August 1970)
Diemer-Nicolaus
Dorn
Ertl
Funcke
Gallus (from 10 September 1970)
Geldner (from 26 January 1970)
Genscher
Graaff
Grüner
Haas (until 20 January 1970)
Jung
Kienbaum (until 2 May 1972)
Kirst
Kleinert
Krall (from 16 March 1970)
Kühlmann-Stumm (until 30 May 1972)
Logemann
Menne (from 31 May 1972)
Mertes
Mischnick
Moersch
Ollesch
Opitz (from 2 May 1972)
Peters
Rutschke (until 7 January 1971)
Scheel
Schmidt
Schultz (until 11 March 1970)
Spitzmüller (from 12 January 1971)
Wurbs
List of members of the 6th Bundestag
vte Members of the 7th Bundestag (1972–1976)President: Annemarie Renger (SPD)SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner
Members:
Adams
Ahlers
Ahrens
Amling
Anbuhl
Apel
Arendt
Arndt (until 29 January 1974)
Arndt (from 20 May 1974)
Augstein
Baack
Bahr
Barche
Bardens
Batz
Bäuerle
Bayerl
Becker
Beermann (until 24 November 1975)
Behrendt
Berkhan (until 19 March 1975)
Biermann
Blank
Böhme
Börner (until 22 October 1976)
Bothmer
Brandt
Brandt
Bredl
Brück
Büchler
Büchner
Buchstaller
Bühling
Bülow
Buschfort
Bußmann
Collet
Conradi
Coppik
Corterier
Däubler-Gmelin
Dohnanyi
Dübber
Dürr
Eckerland
Egert
Ehmke
Ehrenberg
Eilers
Elchlepp (from 4 June 1976)
Emmerlich
Enders
Engholm
Eppler (until 3 June 1976)
Esters
Ewen
Farthmann (until 5 June 1975)
FellerMayer
Fiebig
Fischer
Flämig
Focke
Franke
Frehsee
Friedrich
Gansel
Geiger
Gerlach
Gerstl
Gertzen
Geßner
Glombig
Glotz
Gnädinger
Grimming (from 18 June 1975)
Grobecker
Grunenberg
Grützmann (from 2 February 1974)
Haack
Haar
Haase
Haase
Haehser
Haenschke
Halfmeier
Hansen
Hauck
Hauff
Henke
Herbers (from 12 May 1976)
Hermsdorf (until 30 May 1974)
Herold
Heyen (until 5 June 1975)
Hofmann
Höhmann
Holtz
Horn
Huber
Huonker
Immer
Jahn
Jaschke
Jaunich
Jens
Junghans
Junker
Kaffka
Kahn-Ackermann (until 18 September 1974)
Kater
Kern
Koblitz
Konrad
Kratz
Kreutzmann
Krockert
Kulawig
Lambinus
Lange
Lattmann
Lauritzen
Lautenschlager
Leber
Lemp
Lenders
Lepsius
Liedtke
Löbbert
Löffler
Lohmar
Lutz
Mahne
Männing (from 19 June 1975)
Marquardt
Marschall
Martiny-Glotz
Matthöfer
Mattick
Meermann
Meinecke
Meinike
Metzger
Möhring
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müntefering (from 10 June 1975)
Nagel
Neumann
Nölling (until 20 May 1974)
Oetting
Offergeld
Orth (until 10 May 1976)
Ostman
Pawelczyk
Peiter
Penner
Pensky
Peter (from 10 June 1974)
Polkehn
Porzner
Rapp
Rappe
Ravens
Rehlen (from 14 November 1974)
Reiser
Renger
Reuschenbach
Richter
Rohde
Röhlig (from 19 March 1975)
Rosenthal
Sander
Saxowski
Schachtschabel
Schäfer
Schäfer
Scheffler
Schellenberg
Scheu
Schimschok
Schinzel
Schirmer
Schlaga
Schlei
Schluckebier
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt-Vockenhausen
Schmude
Schöfberger
Schonhofen
Schreiber
Schulte
Schwabe
Schwedler
Schweitzer
Schwencke
Schwenk (from 3 June 1974)
Seefeld
Seibert
Sieglerschmidt
Simon
Simpfendörfer
Slotta (until 9 June 1974)
Sperling
Spillecke
Staak (until 13 November 1974)
Stahl
Steinhauer (from 9 December 1974)
Suck
Sund
Tietjen (from 12 September 1974)
Timm
Tönjes
Urbaniak
Vahlberg
Vit
Vogel
Vogelsang
Voigt (from 28 October 1976)
Walkhoff
Waltemathe
Walther
Weber
Wehner
Wende
Wendt
Wernitz
Westphal
Wichert (until 10 September 1974)
Wiefel
Wienand (until 3 December 1974)
Wilhelm
Wimmer (from 18 September 1974)
Wischnewski
With
Wittmann
Wolf
Wolfram
Wrede
Wurche (until 3 June 1975)
Würtz
Wüster
Wuttke
Wuwer
Zander
Zebisch
Zeitler
CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel until 9 May 1973; Karl Carstens from 17 May 1973
CDU:
Abelein
Alber
Alten-Nordheim
Amrehn
Arnold
Artzinger
Baier
Barzel
Becker
Benedix
Benz
Berger
Berger
Bewerunge
Biechele
Birrenbach
Bismarck
Blüm
Blumenfeld
Bockelberg
Böhm
Braun
Breidbach
Bremer
Bremm
Burgbacher
Burger
Carstens
Carstens
Czaja
Damm
Delden
Dregger
Dreyer
Eigen
Eilers
Entrup
Erhard
Erhard
Ernesti
Evers
Ey
Eyrich
Ferrang (until 31 May 1974)
Fircks
Franke
Freiwald (until 26 October 1974)
Frerichs (until 15 January 1975)
Früh
Geier (from 5 March 1976)
Gerster
Gewandt
Gölter
Götz
Gradl
Graß (from 13 April 1976)
Gruhl
Haase
Häckel (from 28 September 1976)
Häfele
Hammans
Härzschel (until 23 September 1976)
Hassel
Hauser
Hauser
Hauser
Heck
Hornhues
Horstmeier
Hupka
Hürland
Hussing (from 16 November 1973)
Jäger
Jahn
Jahn
Jenninger
Josten
Katzer
Kiep (until 24 February 1976)
Kiesinger
Klein
Klein
Klepsch
Kliesing
Köhler
Köhler
Köster
Krampe
Kraske
Kroll-Schlüter
Kühlmann-Stumm
Kunz
Lagershausen
Lampersbach
Leicht
Lenz
Lenzer
Link
Löher
Luda
Martin (until 12 November 1973)
Marx
Maucher
Mende
Mertes
Mick
Mikat
Miltner
Milz
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Hermann
Mursch
Narjes
Neumeister
Nordlohne
Oldenstädt
Orgaß
Pack (from 1 June 1974)
Pfeffermann
Pfeifer
Picard
Pieroth
Pieser
Pohlmann
Prassler (until 3 November 1975)
Rawe
Reddemann
Riede
Ritgen
Ritz
Rollmann
Rommerskirchen
Russe
Sauer
Sauter
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
Schäuble
Schetter (from 3 November 1975)
Schmidt (from 17 January 1975)
Schmitt
Schmitz
Schmöle
Schröder
Schröder
Schröder
Schroeder
Schulte
Schulz
Schwörer
Seiters
Sick
Solke
Spies
Springorum
Sprung
Stahlberg (from 1 November 1974)
Stark
Stavenhagen
Stommel
Straßmeir
Susset
Terra
Thürk
Tillmann
Todenhöfer
Tübler
Unland
Vehar
Verhülsdonk
Vogel
Vogt
Volmer
Waffenschmidt
Wagner (until 8 April 1976)
Wallmann
Walz
Wawrzik
Weber
Weizsäcker
Werner
Wex
Will-Feld
Windelen
Wissebach
Wohlrabe
Wolf
Wörner
Wrangel
Wulff
Zeitel
Zeyer
Zink
CSU:
Aigner
Althammer
Becher
Biehle
Dollinger
Engelsberger
Franz
Fuchs
Geisenhofer
Gerlach
Gierenstein
Handlos
Höcherl
Hösl
Jaeger
Jobst
Kempfler
Kiechle
Kreile
Kunz
Lemmrich
Lücker
Memmel
Müller
Niegel
Probst
Rainer
Riedl
Röhner
Roser
Schedl
Schenk
Schleicher
Schmidhuber
Schneider
Schulze-Vorberg
Spilker
Spranger
Starke
Strauss
Stücklen
Wagner
Waigel
Warnke
Wittmann
Ziegler
Zimmermann
Zoglmann
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Achenbach
Augstein (until 24 January 1973)
Bangemann
Baum
Böger (from 25 January 1973)
Christ
Engelhard
Ertl
Flach (until 25 August 1973)
Funcke
Gallus
Geldner
Genscher
Graaff (until 9 December 1975)
Groß (until 5 July 1974)
Grüner
Hirsch (until 5 June 1975)
Hoffie
Hölscher
Hoppe
Jung
Kirst
Kleinert
Krall
Kreibaum (from 15 December 1975)
Laermann (from 28 June 1974)
Lambsdorff
Logemann
Lüdemann (from 4 September 1973)
Mayhofer
Mertes
Mischnick
Moersch
Möllemann
Ollesch
Opitz
Peters (from 13 June 1975)
Ronneburger (until 12 June 1975)
Scheel (until 27 June 1974)
Schleifenbaum (from 5 June 1975)
Schmidt
Schoeler
Schuchardt
Spitzmüller
Vohrer
Wendig
Wolfgramm (from 5 July 1974)
Wurbs
Zywietz
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Emeis (from 8 December 1975)
Stienen
List of members of the 7th Bundestag
vte Members of the 8th Bundestag (1976–1980)President: Karl Carstens (CDU) until 31 May 1979; Richard Stücklen (CSU) from 31 May 1979CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Helmut Kohl
CDU:
Abelein
Aerssen
Alber
Amrehn
Arnold
Bahner (from 12 September 1979)
Barzel
Bayha
Becker
Benedix
Benz
Berger (from 25 October 1977)
Berger
Berger
Besch (from 3 July 1979)
Biechele
Biedenkopf
Bismarck (until 6 September 1979)
Blügel (from 20 July 1979)
Blüm
Blumenfeld
Böhm
Braun
Breidbach
Broll
Bühler
Burger
Carstens (until 29 June 1979)
Carstens
Conrad
Czaja
Damm
Daweke
Dregger
Dreyer
Erhard (until 5 May 1977)
Erhard
Ernesti
Erpenbeck (from 10 September 1979)
Evers
Ey
Eymer
Eyrich (until 16 October 1978)
Feinendegen
Fischer
Francke
Franke
Friedmann
Früh
Geier
Geldern
George
Gerstein
Gerster (from 13 July 1977)
Gölter (until 8 July 1977)
Gradl
Haase
Häfele
Hammans
Hanz
Hasinger
Hassel
Hauser
Hauser
Helmrich
Hennig
Heydt
Hoffacker
Hoffmann
Hornhues
Horstmeier
Hubrig
Hupka
Hürland
Hüsch
Jäger
Jahn
Jahn
Jenninger
Jentsch
Josten
Karwatzki
Katzer
Kiesinger
Kittelmann
Klein
Klepsch
Klinker
Kohl
Köhler
Köhler
Kolb (from 10 June 1977)
Köster
Krampe
Kraske
Krey
Kroll-Schlüter
Künstler (from 11 September 1980)
Kunz
Lagershausen
Lampersbach
Landré
Langguth
Langner
Laufs
Leicht (until 24 October 1977)
Lenz
Lenzer
Link
Löher
Lorenz (until 23 February 1977)
Luda
Luster
Marx
Mende
Mertes
Metz
Meyer
Mikat
Miltner
Milz
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Hermann
Narjes
Neuhaus
Neumeister
Nordlohne (until 4 September 1979)
Nothhelfer (until 6 June 1977)
Oldenstädt (from 11 September 1979)
Pack
Petersen
Pfeffermann
Pfeifer
Pfennig (from 24 February 1977)
Picard
Pieroth
Pieser
Pinger
Pohlmann
Prangenberg
Rawe
Reddemann
Reimers
Riede (from 9 May 1977)
Riesenhuber
Ritz
Rühe
Russe
Sauer
Sauter
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
Schartz
Schäuble
Schetter (from 17 October 1978)
Schmidt
Schmitz
Schmöle
Schröder
Schröder
Schröder
Schulte
Schwarz
Schwarz-Schilling
Schwörer
Seiters
Sick
Spies
Sprung
Stahlberg
Stark
Stavenhagen
Stercken
Stommel
Straßmeir
Stutzer
Susset
Terra
Tillmann
Todenhöfer
Tübler
Unland
Verhülsdonk
Vogel
Vogt
Volmer
Waffenschmidt
Wallmann (until 14 June 1977)
Walz
Wartenberg
Wawrzik
Weber
Weiskirch
Weizsäcker
Werner
Wex
Will-Feld
Wilms
Wimmer
Windelen
Wisniewski
Wissebach (from 15 June 1977)
Wissmann
Wohlrabe (until 11 September 1979)
Wörner
Wrangel
Wulff
Würzbach
Zeitel (until 3 September 1980)
Zeyer (until 10 July 1979)
Zink
CSU:
Aigner
Althammer
Becher
Biehle
Bötsch
Dollinger
Engelsberger
Fuchs
Geisenhofer
Gerlach
Gierenstein
Glos
Haberl
Handlos
Hartmann
Höffkes
Höpfinger
Hösl (until 20 March 1977)
Huyn
Jaeger
Jobst
Kiechle
Klein
Kraus
Kreile
Krone-Appuhn
Kunz
Lemmrich
Lintner
Lücker
Männle (from 4 October 1979)
Müller
Niegel
Probst
Rainer
Regenspurger
Reichold (from 4 December 1978 until 2 October 1979)
Riedl
Röhner
Rose (from 24 March 1977)
Schedl
Schenk
Schleicher
Schmidhuber (until 6 December 1978)
Schneider
Spilker
Spranger
Starke
Strauss (until 29 November 1978)
Stücklen
Voigt (from 8 December 1978)
Voss
Waigel
Warnke
Wittmann
Ziegler
Zimmermann
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner
Members:
Adams
Ahlers (until 7 March 1980)
Ahrens
Amling
Apel
Arendt
Augstein
Baack
Bahr
Balser (from 14 August 1979)
Bardens
Batz
Bayerl
Becker
Biermann
Bindig
Blank (until 23 May 1978)
Böhme
Bothmer
Brandt
Brandt
Brück
Büchler
Büchner
Buchstaller
Bühling
Bülow
Buschfort
Bußmann
Collet
Conradi
Coppik
Corterier
Curdt
Czempiel (from 22 January 1979)
Daubertshäuser
Däubler-Gmelin
Diederich
Dohnanyi
Dübber
Dürr
Egert
Ehmke
Ehrenberg
Eickmeyer (from 23 May 1977)
Eilers
Emmerlich
Enders
Engholm
Erler
Esters
Ewen
FellerMayer
Fiebig
Fischer
Flämig
Focke
Franke
Friedrich
Gansel
Gerstl
Gertzen
Geßner
Glombig
Glotz (until 16 May 1977)
Gobrecht
Grobecker
Grunenberg
Gscheidle
Haack
Haar
Haase
Haehser
Hansen
Hartenstein
Hauck
Hauff
Henke
Heyenn
Hoffmann
Hofmann
Höhmann (until 19 January 1979)
Holtz
Horn
Huber
Huonker
Ibrügger
Immer
Jahn
Jaunich
Jens
Junghans
Jungmann
Junker
Kaffka
Kirschner
Klein
Koblitz (until 13 October 1979)
Konrad
Kratz
Kretkowski
Kreutzmann
Krockert
Kühbacher
Kuhlwein
Lambinus (from 20 May 1977)
Lange
Lattmann
Lauritzen (until 5 June 1980)
Leber
Lemp
Lenders
Lepsius
Leuschner (from 9 June 1980)
Liedtke
Linde
Löffler
Lutz
Mahne
Männing
Marquardt
Marschall
Martiny-Glotz
Matthöfer
Mattick
Meinecke
Meinike
Meininghaus
Menzel
Möhring
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müntefering
Nagel
Nehm (from 13 September 1978)
Neumann (from 20 June 1978)
Neumann
Nöbel
Offergeld
Oostergetelo
Paterna
Pawelczyk
Peiter
Penner
Pensky
Peter
Polkehn
Porzner
Rapp
Rappe
Ravens (until 15 June 1978)
Renger
Reuschenbach
Rohde
Rosenthal
Roth
Sander (from 26 May 1978)
Saxowski
Schachtschabel
Schäfer
Schäfer
Scheffler
Scheu (until 20 December 1978)
Schinzel (from 5 May 1980)
Schirmer
Schlaga
Schlei
Schluckebier
Schmidt (from 9 January 1978)
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt-Vockenhausen (until 2 August 1979)
Schmude
Schöfberger
Schreiber
Schulte
Schulze
Schwabe (until 4 January 1978)
Schweitzer (from 11 March 1980)
Schwencke
Schwenk
Seefeld
Sieglerschmidt
Sieler
Simonis
Simpfendörfer
Sperling
Spillecke (until 5 May 1977)
Spöri
Stahl
Staudt (until 11 September 1978)
Steger
Steinhauer
Stöckl
Stockleben
Sund (until 17 May 1977)
Sybertz
Thüsing (from 9 May 1977)
Timm
Tönjes (until 25 April 1980)
Topmann
Traupe
Ueberhorst
Urbaniak
Vogel
Vogelsang
Voigt
Vosen (from 18 October 1979)
Walkhoff (from 31 December 1978)
Waltemathe
Walther
Weber
Wehner
Weisskirchen
Wendt
Wernitz
Westphal
Wiefel
Wilhelm
Wimmer
Wischnewski
With
Wittmann
Wolfram
Wrede
Würtz
Wüster
Wuttke
Wuwer
Zander
Zebisch
Zeitler
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Angermeyer
Bangemann
Baum
Cronenberg
Eimer
Engelhard
Ertl
Friderichs (until 8 November 1977)
Funcke (until 23 November 1979)
Gallus
Gärtner
Gattermann
Genscher
Grüner
Hamm-Brücher
Haussmann
Hoffie
Hölscher
Hoppe
Jung
Kleinert
Laermann
Lambsdorff
Ludewig
Matthäus-Mayer
Mayhofer
Merker (from 20 April 1978)
Mischnick
Möllemann
Ollesch (until 16 April 1978)
Paintner
Peters (until 8 April 1979)
Schäfer (from 9 November 1977)
Schleifenbaum (from 26 November 1979)
Schmidt
Schoeler
Schuchardt
Spitzmüller
Vohrer
Wendig
Wolfgramm
Wurbs
Zumpfort (from 30 April 1979)
Zywietz
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Gruhl
List of members of the 8th Bundestag
vte Members of the 9th Bundestag (1980–1983)President: Richard Stücklen (CSU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Helmut Kohl until 4 October 1982; Alfred Dregger from 4 October 1982
CDU:
Abelein
Aerssen
Amrehn (until 4 October 1981)
Arnold
Austermann (from 16 April 1982)
Bahner
Barzel
Bayha
Becker (from 13 September 1982)
Benedix-Engler
Berger (from 19 June 1981)
Berger
Blüm (until 15 June 1981)
Bohl
Böhm
Borchert
Boroffka (from 6 October 1981)
Braun
Breuer
Broll
Bugl
Bühler
Burger (until 10 October 1981)
Buschbom (from 16 June 1981)
Carstens
Clemens
Conrad
Czaja
Dallmeyer
Daweke
Deres
Diepgen (until 3 February 1981)
Dolata (from 16 June 1981)
Dörflinger
Doss (from 20 July 1981)
Dregger
Echternach
Eigen
Erhard
Eymer (from 14 January 1981)
Feinendegen
Fischer
Fischer
Francke
Franke
Friedmann
Funk (from 16 October 1981)
Ganz
Geier
Geißler
Geldern
George
Gerstein
Gerster
Günther
Haase
Hackel
Häfele
Hanz
Hauser
Hauser
Hellwig
Helmrich
Hennig
Herkenrath
Heydt
Hoffacker (from 21 December 1982)
Hoffmann
Hornhues
Horstmeier
Hubrig (until 25 March 1982)
Hupka
Hürland-Büning
Hüsch
Jäger
Jagoda
Jahn
Jenninger
Jentsch (until 8 September 1982)
Jung
Kalisch
Kansy
Karwatzki
Kiep (until 26 April 1982)
Kittelmann
Klein
Kohl
Köhler
Köhler
Kolb
Köster
Krey
Kroll-Schlüter
Kunz (until 15 June 1981)
Lagershausen (from 29 March 1982)
Lamers
Lammert
Lampersbach (until 16 December 1982)
Landré
Langner
Lattmann (from 27 April 1982)
Laufs
Lenz
Lenzer
Link
Löher
Lorenz
Louven
Maaß
Magin
Marx
Mertes
Metz
Meyer
Michels
Mikat
Miltner
Milz
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Narjes (until 9 January 1981)
Nelle
Neuhaus
Neumeister
Oldenstädt (from 5 December 1980)
Olderog
Pack
Petersen
Pfeffermann
Pfeifer
Picard
Pieroth (until 16 July 1981)
Pinger
Pohlmann
Pohlmeier
Prangenberg
Rawe
Reddemann
Repnik
Riesenhuber
Ritz (until 2 December 1980)
Roitzsch
Ruf
Rühe
Sauer
Sauer
Sauter
Schartz
Schäuble
Schmitz
Schmöle
Schorlemer
Schröder
Schröder
Schroeder
Schulte
Schulze (from 4 February 1981)
Schwarz
Schwarz-Schilling
Schwörer
Seiters
Sick
Spies
Sprung
Stark
Stavenhagen
Stercken
Straßmeir
Stutzer
Susset
Tillmann
Todenhöfer
Unland
Verhülsdonk
Vogel
Vogt
Volmer
Waffenschmidt
Waldburg-Zeil
Wartenberg
Weirich
Weiskirch
Weiß
Weizsäcker (until 15 June 1981)
Werner
Wex
Will-Feld
Wilms
Wimmer
Windelen
Wisniewski
Wissmann
Wörner
Wrangel (until 3 April 1982)
Wulff
Würzbach
Zink
CSU:
Althammer
Biehle
Bötsch
Brunner
Dollinger
Engelsberger
Faltlhauser
Fellner
Geiger
Gerlach
Glos
Götz (until 8 March 1983)
Handlos
Hartmann
Hinsken
Höffkes
Höpfinger
Huyn
Jobst
Keller
Kiechle
Klein
Kraus
Kreile
Krone-Appuhn
Kunz
Lemmrich
Linsmeier
Lintner
Lowack
Männle (from 17 March 1983)
Müller
Niegel
Probst
Rainer
Regenspurger
Riedl
Röhner (until 11 May 1982)
Rose
Rossmanith
Sauter
Schenk
Schneider
Seehofer
Spilker
Spranger
Stücklen
Voigt (from 14 May 1982)
Voss
Waigel
Warnke
Wittmann
Zierer
Zimmermann
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner
Members:
Ahrens
Amling
Antretter
Apel
Assmann (from 24 February 1983)
Auch
Baack
Bahr
Bamberg (from 2 February 1981)
Bardens
Becker
Bernrath
Berschkeit
Biermann
Bindig
Blunck (from 30 January 1981)
Böhme (until 2 December 1982)
Börnsen
Brandt
Brandt
Brück
Büchler
Büchner
Bühling (from 6 July 1981)
Bülow
Buschfort
Catenhusen
Collet
Conradi
Corterier
Curdt
Daubertshäuser
Däubler-Gmelin
Diederich
Dohnanyi (until 26 June 1981)
Dreßler
Dübber
Duve
Egert
Ehmke
Ehrenberg
Eickmeyer
Emmerlich
Enders
Engholm
Erler (from 6 December 1982)
Esters
Ewen
Feile
Fiebig
Fischer
Fischer
Franke
Fuchs
Gansel
Gerstl
Geßner
Gilges
Ginnuttis
Glombig (from 18 December 1980)
Gnädinger
Gobrecht
Grobecker
Grunenberg
Haack
Haar
Haase
Haehser
Hartenstein
Hauck
Hauff
Heistermann
Herberholz
Herterich
Heyenn
Hitzigrath (from 6 November 1981)
Hoffmann
Holtz
Horn
Huber
Huonker
Ibrügger
Immer
Jahn
Jansen
Jaunich
Jens
Junghans
Jungmann
Kiehm
Kirschner
Klein
Klejdzinski
Kolbow
Korber (until 2 July 1981)
Kretkowski
Kreutzmann
Kübler
Kühbacher
Kuhlwein
Lambinus
Leber
Lennartz
Leonhart
Lepsius
Leuschner
Liedtke
Linde
Löffler
Lutz
Luuk
Mahne
Männing
Marschall
Martiny-Glotz
Matthöfer
Meinike
Meininghaus
Menzel
Mertens
Mitzscherling
Möhring
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müntefering
Nagel
Nehm
Neumann
Neumann
Nöbel
Offergeld
Oostergetelo
Osswald
Paterna
Pauli
Pawelczyk (until 18 December 1980)
Penner
Pensky
Peter
Polkehn
Porzner (until 28 January 1981)
Poß
Purps
Rapp
Rappe
Rayer
Renger
Reschke
Reuschenbach
Reuter
Rohde
Rosenthal
Roth
Sander
Schachtschabel
Schäfer
Schätz
Scheer
Schirmer
Schlaga
Schlatter
Schlei (until 3 November 1981)
Schluckebier
Schmedt
Schmidt (until 10 February 1983)
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt
Schmude
Schöfberger
Schreiber
Schreiner
Schröder
Schröer
Schulte
Schwenk
Sielaff
Sieler
Simonis
Skarpelis-Sperk
Soell
Sperling
Spöri
Stahl
Steger
Steiner
Steinhauer
Stiegler
Stöckl
Stockleben
Struck
Terborg
Thüsing
Tietjen
Timm
Topmann
Traupe
Ueberhorst (until 28 January 1981)
Ueberschär (from 2 February 1981)
Urbaniak
Vogel (until 28 January 1981)
Vogelsang
Voigt
Vosen
Wallow (from 29 June 1981)
Waltemathe
Walther
Wartenberg
Wehner
Weinhofer
Weisskirchen
Wernitz
Westphal
Weyel
Wieczorek
Wieczorek
Wiefel
Wiesche
Wimmer
Wimmer
Wischnewski
Witek
With
Wolfram
Wrede
Würtz
Wuttke
Zander
Zeitler
Zutt
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Adam-Schwaetzer
Baum
Beckmann
Bergerowski
Braun-Stützer
Bredehorn
Brunner (until 28 January 1981)
Brunnstein (from 11 February 1983)
Cronenberg
Eimer
Engel (from 26 June 1981)
Engelhard
Ertl
Feldmann (from 29 January 1981)
Fromm
Funke
Gallus
Gärtner
Gattermann
Genscher
Ginsberg (from 9 December 1982)
Grüner
Hamm-Brücher
Haussmann
Hirsch
Hoffie (until 25 June 1981)
Holsteg
Hoppe
Jung
Kleinert
Laermann
Lambsdorff
Matthäus-Maier (until 2 December 1982)
Merker
Mischnick
Möllemann
Neuhausen
Noth
Paintner
Popp
Rentrop
Riebensahm (from 13 December 1982)
Riemer
Ronneburger
Rösch
Rumpf
Schäfer
Schmidt
Schoeler (until 8 December 1982)
Schuchardt (until 10 February 1983)
Solms
Timm
Vohrer
Wendig
Wolfgramm
Wurbs
Zumpfort
Zywietz
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Coppik
Hansen
Hofmann
Hölscher
List of members of the 9th Bundestag
vte Members of the 10th Bundestag (1983–1987)President: Rainer Barzel until 25 October 1984; Philipp Jenninger from 5 November 1984 (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Alfred Dregger
CDU:
Abelein
Augustin (from 13 January 1984)
Austermann
Barzel
Bayha
Becker
Berger
Berger
Berners (from 17 January 1986)
Blank
Blens
Blüm
Bohl
Bohlsen
Böhm
Borchert
Boroffka
Braun
Breuer
Broll
Bugl
Bühler
Buschbom
Carstens
Carstensen
Clemens
Conrad (until 12 September 1985)
Czaja
Dallmeyer (until 11 April 1983)
Daniels
Daweke
Dempwolf (from 22 March 1984)
Deres
Dolata
Dörflinger
Doss
Dregger
Echternach
Ehrbar
Eigen
Erhard
Eylmann
Feilcke
Fischer
Fischer
Francke
Franke (until 9 April 1984)
Friedmann
Funk (from 14 October 1985)
Ganz
Geißler
Geldern
George (until 5 October 1985)
Gerstein
Gerster
Göhner
Günther
Haase (until 5 December 1983)
Hackel (until 1 December 1985)
Häfele
Hammerstein (from 9 April 1984)
Hanz
Haungs
Hauser
Hauser
Hedrich
Heereman
Hellwig
Helmrich
Hennig
Herkenrath
Hinrichs
Hoffacker
Hoffmann
Hornhues
Hornung
Horstmeier (from 3 December 1986)
Hupka
Hürland-Büning
Hüsch
Jäger
Jagoda
Jahn
Jenninger
Jung
Kalisch
Kansy
Karwatzki
Kittelmann
Klein (until 20 December 1983)
Kohl
Köhler
Köhler
Kolb
Krey
Kroll-Schlüter
Kronenberg
Lamers
Lammert
Landré
Langner
Lattmann
Laufs
Lenz (until 13 January 1984)
Lenzer
Link
Link
Lippold
Löher
Lohmann
Lorenz
Louven
Maaß
Magin
Marschewski
Marx (until 12 July 1985)
Mertes (until 16 June 1985)
Metz
Meyer
Michels
Mikat
Miltner
Milz (until 26 November 1986)
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Nelle
Neumeister
Oldenstädt
Olderog
Pack (from 1 October 1985)
Pesch
Petersen
Pfeffermann
Pfeifer
Pfennig (from 2 December 1985)
Pinger
Pohlmann
Pohlmeier
Rawe
Reddemann
Repnik
Riesenhuber
Rode
Roitzsch
Rönsch
Roth
Ruf
Rühe
Sauer
Sauer
Saurin (from 19 April 1983)
Sauter
Scharrenbroich (from 19 June 1985)
Schartz
Schäuble
Schemken
Schlottmann
Schmidbauer
Schmitz
Schmude
Schneider
Schorlemer
Schreiber
Schröder (until 22 March 1984)
Schroeder
Schulhoff
Schulte
Schultz (from 22 July 1985)
Schulze
Schwarz
Schwarz-Schilling
Schwörer
Seesing
Seiters
Spies
Sprung
Stark
Stavenhagen
Stercken
Stockhausen (from 6 December 1983)
Stoltenberg
Stommel (from 21 March 1985)
Straßmeir
Strube
Stutzer
Susset
Tillmann
Todenhöfer
Uldall
Unland
Verhülsdonk
Vogel
Vogt
Voigt (from 21 December 1983)
Waffenschmidt
Waldburg-Zeil
Warrikoff
Wartenberg
Weirich
Weiskirch (until 20 March 1985)
Weiß
Werner
Wex (until 9 January 1986)
Will-Feld
Wilms
Wilz
Wimmer
Windelen
Wisniewski
Wissmann
Wörner
Wulff
Würzbach
Zink
CSU:
Althammer (until 14 April 1985)
Biehle
Bötsch
Brunner
Dollinger
Engelsberger
Faltlhauser
Fellner
Geiger
Gerlach
Glos
Götz
Götzer (from 4 June 1984)
Hartmann (until 4 June 1984)
Hinsken
Höffkes
Höpfinger
Huyn
Jobst
Keller
Kiechle
Klein
Kraus
Kreile
Krone-Appuhn
Kunz
Lemmrich
Linsmeier
Lintner
Lowack
Männle
Müller
Niegel
Pöppl (from 15 April 1985)
Probst
Regenspurger
Riedl
Rose
Rossmanith
Sauter
Schenk (until 20 November 1984)
Scheu
Schneider
Seehofer
Spilker
Spranger
Stücklen
Voss
Waigel
Warnke
Wittmann (from 20 November 1984)
Wittmann
Zierer
Zimmermann
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel
Members:
Ahrens
Amling
Antretter
Apel
Bachmaier
Bahr
Bamberg
Becker
Bernrath
Berschkeit
Bindig
Blunck
Brandt
Brosi (until 3 April 1984)
Brück
Büchler
Büchner
Buckpesch
Bülow
Buschfort
Catenhusen
Collet
Conradi
Corterier (from 13 June 1984)
Curdt
Czempiel (until 5 July 1984)
Daubertshäuser
Däubler-Gmelin
Delorme
Diederich
Dreßler
Duve
Egert
Ehmke
Ehrenberg
Emmerlich
Enders
Esters
Ewen
Fiebig
Fischer
Fischer
Franke
Fuchs
Fuchs
Gansel
Gerstl
Gilges
Glombig
Glotz
Gobrecht (until 29 June 1984)
Grobecker (until 14 November 1983)
Grunenberg
Haack
Haar
Haase
Haehser
Hansen (from 29 June 1984)
Hartenstein
Hauchler
Hauck
Hauff
Heimann
Heistermann
Herterich
Hettling (from 15 November 1983)
Heyenn
Hiller
Hoffmann (until 11 April 1985)
Holtz
Horn
Huber
Huonker
Ibrügger
Immer
Jahn
Jansen
Jaunich
Jens
Jung
Junghans
Jungmann
Kastning
Kiehm
Kirschner
Kisslinger
Klein
Klejdzinski
Klose
Kolbow
Kretkowski
Kübler
Kühbacher
Kuhlwein
Lahnstein (until 31 August 1983)
Lambinus
Lennartz
Leonhart
Lepsius (from 12 April 1984)
Liedtke
Linde (until 10 November 1983)
Löffler
Lohmann
Lutz
Luuk
Martiny-Glotz
Matthäus-Maier
Matthöfer
Meininghaus
Menzel
Mertens
Mitzscherling
Möhring (from 8 July 1986)
Müller
Müller
Müller-Emmert
Müntefering
Nagel
Nehm
Neumann (from 11 November 1983)
Nöbel
Odendahl
Offergeld (until 1 June 1984)
Oostergetelo
Paterna
Pauli
Penner
Peter
Pfuhl
Polkehn (until 16 August 1985)
Porzner
Poß
Purps
Ranker (from 11 April 1985)
Rapp
Rappe
Reimann
Renger
Reschke
Reuschenbach
Reuter
Rohde
Roth
Sander
Schäfer
Schanz
Scheer
Schlaga
Schlatter
Schluckebier
Schmedt (from 1 September 1983)
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmitt
Schmude
Schöfberger
Schreiner
Schröder (until 1 July 1986)
Schröer
Schulte
Schwenk
Sielaff
Sieler
Simonis
Skarpelis-Sperk
Soell
Sperling
Spöri
Stahl
Steger (until 9 July 1984)
Steiner
Steinhauer
Stiegler
Stobbe
Stockleben
Struck
Terborg
Tietjen
Timm
Toetemeyer
Traupe
Urbaniak
Vahlberg
Verheugen
Vogel
Vogelsang
Voigt
Vosen
Waltemathe
Walther
Wartenberg
Weinhofer
Weisskirchen
Wernitz
Westphal
Weyel
Wieczorek (from 11 July 1984)
Wieczorek
Wiefel
Wiesche
Wimmer
Wischnewski
Witek (from 16 July 1984)
With
Wolfram
Würtz
Zander
Zeitler
Zutt
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Adam-Schwaetzer
Baum
Beckmann
Bredehorn
Cronenberg
Eimer
Engelhard
Ertl
Feldmann
Gallus
Gattermann
Genscher
Grünbeck
Grüner
Hamm-Brücher
Haussmann
Hirsch
Hoffie
Hoppe
Kleinert
Kohn
Laermann
Lambsdorff
Mischnick
Möllemann
Neuhausen
Paintner
Ronneburger
Rumpf
Schäfer
Segall (from 13 December 1984)
Seiler-Albring
Solms
Weng
Wolfgramm
Wurbs (until 13 December 1984)
GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf, Petra Kelly, Otto Schily until 3 April 1984; Annemarie Borgmann, Waltraud Schoppe, Antje Vollmer until 30./31. January 1985;
Sabine Bard, Hannegret Hönes, Christian Schmidt until 1 February 1986; Annemarie Borgmann, Hannegret Hönes, Ludger Volmer until 18 July 1986); Willi Hoss (8 September 1986)
Die Grünen:
Auhagen (from 17 April 1985)
Bard (until 31 March 1985)
Bastian
Beck-Oberdorf (until 14 April 1985)
Borgmann (from 1 April 1985)
Bueb (from 1 April 1985)
Burgmann (until 15 March 1985)
Dann (from 2 March 1985)
Drabiniok (until 31 March 1985)
Ehmke (until 28 March 1985)
Eid (from 17 April 1985)
Fischer (until 31 March 1985)
Fischer (from 20 January 1986)
Fritsch (from 14 March 1986)
Gottwald (until 31 March 1985)
Hecker (until 31 August 1983)
Hickel (until 9 March 1985)
Hönes (from 13 April 1985)
Horácek (from 2 September 1983 until 3 October 1985)
Hoss (until 12 April 1985)
Jannsen (until 1 March 1985)
Kelly
Kleinert (until 19 January 1986)
Krizsan (until 13 March 1985)
Lange (from 17 April 1985)
Mann (from 1 April 1985)
Müller (from 13 March 1985)
Nickels (until 30 March 1985)
Potthast (until 3 April 1985)
Reents (until 19 March 1985)
Reetz (until 16 April 1985)
Rusche (from 4 October 1985)
Sauermilch (until 16 April 1985)
Schierholz (from 14 March 1985)
Schily (until 13 March 1986)
Schmidt (from 22 March 1985)
Schneider (until 30 March 1985)
Schoppe (until 31 March 1985)
Schulte (from 13 April 1985)
Schwenninger (until 16 April 1985)
Senfft (from 3 April 1985)
Stratmann (until 31 March 1985)
Ströbele (from 31 March 1985)
Suhr (from 1 April 1985)
Tatge (from 18 June 1985)
Verheyen (until 30 March 1985)
Vogel (from 16 March 1985)
Vogt (until 18 June 1985)
Vollmer (until 2 April 1985)
Volmer (from 10 April 1985)
Wagner (from 3 April 1985)
Werner (from 2 April 1985)
Werner (from 16 April 1985)
Zeitler (from 3 April 1985)
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Eickmeyer (from 23 August 1985)
Handlos
Tischer (from 3 April 1985)
Voigt
List of members of the 10th Bundestag
vte Members of the 11th Bundestag (1987–1990)President: Philipp Jenninger until 11 November 1988; Rita Süssmuth from 11 November 1988 (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Alfred Dregger
CDU:
Abelein
Ackermann (from 3 October 1990)
Albrecht (from 3 October 1990)
Augustin (from 6 December 1989)
Austermann
Barthel (from 3 October 1990)
Bauer (from 3 October 1990)
Bauer
Bayha
Becker (from 3 October 1990)
Becker
Berger (until 26 September 1989)
Bergmann-Pohl (from 3 October 1990)
Biedenkopf (until 9 November 1990)
Blank
Blens
Blüm
Bohl
Bohlsen
Böhm
Borchert
Börnsen
Breuer
Brudlewsky (from 3 October 1990)
Bühler
Buschbom
Carstens
Carstensen
Clemens
Creter (from 3 October 1990)
Czaja
Daniels
Daweke
Dehnel (from 3 October 1990)
Dempwolf
Deres
Dewitz (from 20 February 1990)
Dorendorf (from 3 October 1990)
Dörflinger
Doss
Dregger
Echternach
Ehlers (from 3 October 1990)
Ehrbar
Eigen
Eylmann
Feilcke
Fell
Fiedler (from 3 October 1990)
Fischer (from 3 October 1990)
Fischer
Fischer
Francke
Friedmann (until 5 February 1990)
Fuchtel
Funk (from 20 May 1988 until 24 August 1989)
Ganz
Geisler (from 3 October 1990)
Geißler
Geldern
Gerstein
Gerster
Göhner
Goldhahn (from 3 October 1990)
Göttsching (from 3 October 1990)
Gries (from 3 October 1990)
Grünewald
Günther
Häfele
Harries
Haschke (from 3 October 1990)
Haschke (from 3 October 1990)
Haungs
Hauser
Hauser
Hedrich
Hellwig
Helmrich
Hennig
Herkenrath
Hinrichs
Hoffacker
Hoffmann
Holz (from 3 October 1990)
Hönicke (from 3 October 1990)
Hornhues
Hornung (from 6 February 1990)
Hörster
Hürland-Büning
Hüsch
Jaffke (from 3 October 1990)
Jäger (from 1 July 1988)
Jahn
Jenninger
Jork (from 3 October 1990)
Jung
Jung
Kalisch
Kansy
Kappes
Karwatzki
Kittelmann
Kleditzsch (from 3 October 1990)
Klinkert (from 3 October 1990)
Koch (from 3 October 1990)
Kohl
Köhler (from 3 October 1990)
Köhler
Kolb
Koslowski (from 3 October 1990)
Kossendey
Krause (from 3 October 1990)
Krause (from 3 October 1990)
Krey
Kroll-Schlüter
Kronenberg
Krüger (from 3 October 1990)
Lamers
Lammert
Landgraf (from 3 October 1990)
Langner
Lattmann
Laufs
Leja (from 3 October 1990)
Lenzer
Limbach
Link
Link
Lippold
Lohmann (from 12 November 1990)
Lorenz (until 6 December 1987)
Louven
Lummer
Maaß
Magin
Mahlo (from 9 December 1987)
Maizière (from 3 October 1990)
Marschewski
Martini (from 3 October 1990)
Meyer
Michalk (from 3 October 1990)
Michels
Miltner (until 20 May 1988)
Möller
Müller
Müller
Nelle
Neuling
Neumann
Nitsch (from 3 October 1990)
Nolte (from 3 October 1990)
Nowack (from 3 October 1990)
Olderog
Paar (from 3 October 1990)
Pack (until 8 September 1989)
Patzig (from 3 October 1990)
Pesch
Petersen
Pfeffermann
Pfeifer
Pfeiffer (from 3 October 1990)
Pfennig
Pinger
Pohlmeier
Priebus (from 3 October 1990)
Rau (from 3 October 1990)
Rauber (from 3 October 1990)
Rauen
Rawe
Reddemann
Rehm (from 3 October 1990)
Reichenbach (from 3 October 1990)
Repnik
Riesenhuber
Roitzsch
Rönsch
Rost (from 26 September 1989 until 16 February 1990)
Roth
Rother (from 3 October 1990)
Ruf
Rühe
Rüttgers
Sauer
Sauer
Sauter
Scharf (from 3 October 1990)
Scharrenbroich
Schartz
Schätzle (from 25 August 1989)
Schäuble
Schemken
Schmidbauer
Schmidt (from 3 October 1990)
Schmidt (from 3 October 1990)
Schmidt (from 9 September 1989)
Schmitz
Schmude
Schneider (from 3 October 1990)
Schneider (from 8 February 1990)
Schorlemer
Schreiber
Schroeder
Schulhoff
Schulte
Schulze
Schwalbe (from 3 October 1990)
Schwarz
Schwarz-Schilling
Schwörer
Seesing
Seiters
Selke (from 3 October 1990)
Sprung
Stark
Stavenhagen
Stercken
Stoltenberg
Straßmeir
Strube
Susset
Süssmuth
Tamm (from 3 October 1990)
Thees (from 3 October 1990)
Tillmann
Todenhöfer
Toscher (from 3 October 1990)
Uelhoff
Uldall
Unger (from 3 October 1990)
Unland
Verhülsdonk
Vogel
Vogt
Voigt
Vondran
Waffenschmidt
Wagner (from 3 October 1990)
Waldburg-Zeil
Wallmann (until 29 April 1987)
Warrikoff
Wartenberg
Weirich (from 29 April 1987 until 6 December 1989)
Weiß (until 6 February 1990)
Werner
Wetzel (from 3 October 1990)
Wieczorek (from 3 October 1990)
Will-Feld
Wilms
Wilz
Wimmer
Windelen
Wisniewski
Wissmann
Wonneberger (from 3 October 1990)
Wörner (until 30 June 1988)
Wulff
Würzbach
Zimmermann (from 3 October 1990)
Zink
Zuydtwyck
CSU:
Biehle (until 27 April 1990)
Bötsch
Brunner (from 5 May 1990)
Dollinger
Engelsberger
Faltlhauser
Fellner
Friedrich
Geiger
Geis
Glos
Götz
Gröbl
Hasselfeldt (from 24 March 1987)
Hinsken
Höffkes
Höpfinger
Huyn (from 2 August 1988)
Jobst
Kalb
Keller (from 23 February 1990)
Kiechle
Klein
Kraus
Kreile (from 11 July 1988 until 22 February 1990)
Kunz
Lemmrich (until 28 July 1988)
Linsmeier
Lintner
Lowack
Männle
Müller
Niegel
Oswald
Probst
Regenspurger
Riedl
Rose
Rossmanith
Sauter (until 6 July 1988)
Scheu
Schneider
Seehofer
Spilker
Spranger
Strauss (until 19 March 1987)
Stücklen
Voss
Waigel
Warnke
Wittmann
Zeitlmann
Zierer
Zimmermann
DSU:
Gottschall (from 3 October 1994)
Haschke (from 3 October 1991)
Landgraf (from 3 October 1993)
Schmidt (from 3 October 1990)
Schmiele (from 3 October 1995)
Steiner (from 3 October 1992)
Tiesler (from 3 October 1996)
Walther (from 3 October 1997)
SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel
Members:
Adler
Ahrens
Amende (from 3 October 1990)
Amling
Andres
Antretter
Apel
Bachmaier
Bahr
Bamberg
Barbe (from 3 October 1990)
Becker
Becker-Inglau
Bernrath
Bindig
Blunck
Bogisch (from 3 October 1990)
Böhme
Börnsen
Botz (from 3 October 1990)
Brandt
Brück
Büchler
Büchner
Bulmahn
Bülow
Buschfort
Catenhusen
Conrad (until 31 May 1990)
Conradi
Daubertshäuser
Däubler-Gmelin
Diederich (from 12 May 1989)
Diller
Dobberthien (from 1 July 1987 until 29 August 1988)
Dräger (from 3 October 1990)
Dreßler
Duve
Egert
Ehmke
Ehrenberg
Elmer (from 3 October 1990)
Emmerlich
Erler
Esters
Ewen
Faße
Fischer
Fritsch (from 3 October 1990)
Fuchs
Fuchs
Ganseforth
Gansel
Gautier
Gerster
Gilges
Glotz
Götte
Graf
Großmann
Grunenberg
Gutzeit (from 3 October 1990)
Haack
Haack
Haar
Hacker (from 3 October 1990)
Hämmerle
Hartenstein
Hasenfratz
Hauchler
Hauff (until 14 June 1989)
Häuser (from 2 January 1990)
Heimann
Heistermann
Heltzig (from 3 October 1989)
Herberholz (from 1 September 1990)
Heyenn
Hiller
Hilsberg (from 3 October 1990)
Holtz
Horn
Huonker
Ibrügger
Jahn
Jansen (until 16 June 1988)
Jaunich
Jens
Jung
Jungmann
Kalz (from 3 October 1990)
Kamilli (from 3 October 1990)
Kastner (from 22 May 1989)
Kastning
Kiehm
Kirschner
Kisslinger
Klein (until 18 December 1989)
Klejdzinski
Klose
Kolbow
Koltzsch
Koschnick
Krehl (from 3 October 1990)
Kretkowski
Kübler (from 15 June 1989)
Kuessner (from 3 October 1990)
Kugler (from 1 June 1990)
Kühbacher
Kuhlwein
Lambinus
Leidinger
Lennartz
Leonhart
Lohmann
Lucyga (from 3 October 1990)
Lutz
Luuk
Martiny-Glotz (until 22 May 1989)
Matthäus-Maier
Menzel
Mertens
Meyer
Misselwitz (from 3 October 1990)
Mitzscherling (until 10 May 1989)
Morgenstern (from 3 October 1990)
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Nagel
Nehm
Niehuis
Niese
Niggemeier
Nöbel
Odendahl
Oesinghaus
Oostergetelo
Opel (from 20 June 1988)
Osswald (from 6 June 1988)
Paterna
Pauli
Penner
Peter
Pfuhl
Pick
Porzner (until 2 October 1990)
Poß
Purps
Rappe
Reimann
Renger
Reschke
Reuschenbach
Reuter
Richter (from 3 October 1990)
Rixe
Roth
Schäfer
Schanz
Scheer
Schemmel (from 3 October 1990)
Scherrer (until 31 August 1990)
Schluckebier
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmude
Schnell (from 3 October 1990)
Schöfberger
Schreiner
Schröder (from 3 October 1990)
Schröer
Schultze (from 3 October 1990)
Schütz
Schwanitz (from 3 October 1990)
Seeger (from 3 October 1990)
Seidenthal
Seuster
Sielaff
Sieler
Simonis (until 8 June 1988)
Singer
Skarpelis-Sperk
Soell
Sonntag-Wolgast (from 14 June 1988)
Sorge (from 3 October 1990)
Sperling
Spöri (until 5 June 1988)
Stahl
Steiner
Steinhauer
Stephan (from 3 October 1990)
Stiegler
Stobbe
Stockmann (from 3 October 1990)
Struck
Terborg
Thierse (from 3 October 1990)
Tietjen
Timm
Toetemeyer
Traupe
Uecker (from 3 October 1990)
Urbaniak
Vahlberg
Verheugen
Vogel
Voigt
Voigtländer (from 3 October 1990)
Vosen
Waltemathe
Walther
Wartenberg
Wegner (from 31 August 1988)
Weiermann
Weiler
Weinhofer (from 3 October 1990)
Weis (from 3 October 1990)
Weißgerber (from 3 October 1990)
Weisskirchen
Wernitz
Westphal
Weyel
Wieczorek
Wieczorek
Wieczorek-Zeul
Wiefelspütz
Wiesche
Wimmer
Wischnewski
With
Wittich
Würtz
Zander
Zeitler
Zumkley
Zutt (until 29 June 1987)
FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick
Members:
Adam-Schwaetzer
Annies (from 3 October 1990)
Bangemann (until 5 January 1989)
Baum
Beckmann
Bohn (from 3 October 1990)
Bredehorn
Cronenberg
Eimer
Engelhard
Felber (from 3 October 1990)
Feldmann
Folz-Steinacker
Funke
Gallus
Gattermann
Genscher
Gries
Grünbeck
Grüner
Hamm-Brücher
Haussmann
Heinrich
Hirsch
Hitschler (from 7 August 1987)
Hoppe
Hoyer
Irmer
Kleinert
Kley (from 3 October 1990)
Kohn
Laermann
Lambsdorff
Lehment (from 3 October 1990)
Lüder
Mischnick
Möllemann
Neuhausen
Nolting
Ortleb (from 3 October 1990)
Paintner
Richter
Rind
Ronneburger
Rumpf (until 6 August 1987)
Schäfer
Segall
Seiler-Albring
Solms
Thomae
Timm
Walz (from 6 January 1989)
Weng
Wolfgramm
Wöstenberg (from 3 October 1990)
Würfel
Zirkler (from 3 October 1990)
Zschornack (from 3 October 1990)
Zywietz
GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Thomas Ebermann, Bärbel Rust, Waltraud Schoppe until 26 January 1988; Helmut Lippelt, Regula Schmidt-Bott, Christa Vennegerts until 30 January 1989, Helmut Lippelt, Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Antje Vollmer until 15 January 1990; Willi Hoss, Waltraud Schoppe (until 21 June 1990), Marianne Birthler (from 4 October 1990), Antje Vollmer
AL:
Frieß (from 21 February 1989)
Olms (until 20 February 1989)
Sellin (until 20 February 1989)
Vogl (from 21 February 1989)
Bündnis 90:
Birthler (from 3 October 1990)
Gauck (from 3 October 1990 until 4 October 1990)
Schulz (from 3 October 1990)
Tschiche (from 3 October 1990)
Ullmann (from 3 October 1990)
Die Grünen:
Beck-Oberdorf
Beer
Brahmst-Rock
Brauer
Daniels
Ebermann (until 18 February 1989)
Eich (from 20 February 1989)
Eid
Flinner
Garbe
Häfner
Hensel
Hillerich
Hoss
Hüser
Kelly
Kleinert
Knabe
Kottwitz (from 8 November 1989)
Kreuzeder
Krieger (until 4 April 1989)
Lippelt
Mechtersheimer
Nickels
Oesterle-Schwerin
Roske (from 22 June 1990)
Rust
Saibold
Schilling
Schily (until 7 November 1989)
Schmidt (from 20 February 1989)
Schmidt-Bott (until 18 February 1989)
Schoppe (until 21 June 1990)
Stratmann
Such (from 4 April 1989)
Teubner
Trenz
Vennegerts
Vollmer
Volmer
Weiss
Wetzel
Wilms-Kegel
Wollny
Grüne DDR:
Dörfler (from 3 October 1990)
Platzeck (from 3 October 1990)
Wollenberger (from 5 October 1990)
PDSvtePDSSpeaker: Gregor Gysi
Members:
Bittner (from 3 October 1990)
Deneke (from 3 October 1990)
Enkelmann (from 3 October 1990)
Fache (from 3 October 1990)
Fischer (from 3 October 1990)
Friedrich (from 3 October 1990)
Fuchs (from 3 October 1990)
Gysi (from 3 October 1990)
Heuer (from 3 October 1990)
Kaufmann (from 3 October 1990)
Keller (from 3 October 1990)
Kertscher (from 3 October 1990)
Klein (from 3 October 1990)
Modrow (from 3 October 1990)
Morgenstern (from 3 October 1990)
Ostrowski (from 3 October 1990)
Riege (from 3 October 1990)
Schönebeck (from 3 October 1990)
Schumann (from 3 October 1990)
Schumann (from 3 October 1990)
Seifert (from 3 October 1990)
Steinitz (from 3 October 1990)
Stolfa (from 3 October 1990)
Wegener (from 3 October 1990)
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Briefs
Unruh
Wüppesahl
List of members of the 11th Bundestag
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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National
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"German Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)"}],"text":"Manfred Abelein (20 October 1930, Stuttgart, Württemberg - 17 January 2008) was a German politician. He was a representative of the German Christian Democratic Union.","title":"Manfred Abelein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"public law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law"}],"text":"Abelein graduated with a degree in law, political science and economics. He later worked as a professor at the University of Regensburg, where he taught politics and public law. He was well known for his regular course on \"The Current Problems in Fiscal Policy\".","title":"Education and Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference1-1"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference2-2"},{"link_name":"NATO Parliamentary Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly"}],"text":"Abelein was a member of the German Bundestag from 1965, when he succeeded Rudolf Vogel, until 1990. He represented the constituency of Aalen-Heidenheim in Baden-Württemberg, and received over 50% of the votes every time he ran for election.[1] In an article in the German newspaper Die Zeit, he presented himself as a conservative politician.[2] He was replaced in office by Georg Brunnhuber in 1990, who still holds the seat as of 2009.Abelein was also a member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, of which he was vice-president from 1985 to 1987.","title":"Member of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konrad Adenauer Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Mount Illimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illimani"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Hohe Munde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohe_Munde"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Mount Shishapangma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishapangma"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference3-3"}],"text":"Abelein was a passionate mountain climber. In 1977, while on a trip to help set up the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in South America, he climbed Mount Illimani (6,438m) in Bolivia. He also climbed the Hohe Munde (2,662m) in Austria in 1978. Between March and May 1980 he participated in the first European expedition to Tibet for many years, which climbed Mount Shishapangma (8,013m), the fourteenth highest mountain in the world.A trained pilot, Abelein flew non-stop from New York City to Cologne in 1979.[3]","title":"Mountain Climber and Pilot"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of German Christian Democratic Union politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_Christian_Democratic_Union_politicians"}] | [{"reference":"\"Election Results\". statistik-portal.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2009-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121203010902/http://www.statistik-portal.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?02015011BW270","url_text":"\"Election Results\""},{"url":"http://www.statistik-portal.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?02015011BW270","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hat der Konservatismus noch Chancen?\". zeit.de (in German). Retrieved 2009-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/1974/09/Hat-der-Konservatismus-noch-Chancen","url_text":"\"Hat der Konservatismus noch Chancen?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nur Freitags\". wissen.spiegel.de/ (in German). 2 March 1980. Retrieved 2009-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-14315490.html?name=Nur+freitags","url_text":"\"Nur Freitags\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121203010902/http://www.statistik-portal.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?02015011BW270","external_links_name":"\"Election Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistik-portal.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?02015011BW270","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.zeit.de/1974/09/Hat-der-Konservatismus-noch-Chancen","external_links_name":"\"Hat der Konservatismus noch Chancen?\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-14315490.html?name=Nur+freitags","external_links_name":"\"Nur Freitags\""},{"Link":"http://d-nb.info/gnd/107432587","external_links_name":"Literature by and about Manfred Abelein"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/87698/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000385561802","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/196381455","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmf79Dd39d9j98hCm68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/107432587","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007452363905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82025206","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2013774461&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071661301","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd107432587.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080726127","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillingham_(game) | Chillingham (game) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | 2004 audio game
Chillingham is an audio game for the PC designed for the blind and visually impaired. Created by Bavisoft and published 2004, Chillingham was part of the Game On exhibition showing at museums around the world. A sequel called Chillingham 2 has also been announced, but as of 2017 has not been published.
References
^ AudioGames.net: Chillingham
^ AudioGames.net: Chillingham 2
External links
Bavisoft: Chillingham web site
This adventure game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"audio game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_game"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"visually impaired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visually_impaired"},{"link_name":"Bavisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051208023946/http://www.bavisoft.com/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Game On exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_On_(exhibition)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chillingham_(game)&action=edit"}],"text":"Chillingham is an audio game for the PC designed for the blind and visually impaired. Created by Bavisoft and published 2004,[1] Chillingham was part of the Game On exhibition showing at museums around the world. A sequel called Chillingham 2 has also been announced,[2] but as of 2017[update] has not been published.","title":"Chillingham (game)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051208023946/http://www.bavisoft.com/","external_links_name":"Bavisoft"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chillingham_(game)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.audiogames.net/db.php?action=view&id=chillingham","external_links_name":"AudioGames.net: Chillingham"},{"Link":"http://www.audiogames.net/db.php?action=view&id=chillingham2","external_links_name":"AudioGames.net: Chillingham 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209055503/http://www.bavisoft.com/chillingham.htm","external_links_name":"Bavisoft: Chillingham web site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chillingham_(game)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdain_(Paris_Metro) | Jourdain station | ["1 History","2 Passenger services","2.1 Access","2.2 Station layout","2.3 Platforms","2.4 Other connections","3 Gallery","4 References"] | Coordinates: 48°52′31″N 2°23′22″E / 48.8752°N 2.389508°E / 48.8752; 2.389508Metro station in Paris, France
JourdainParis Métro stationMP 59 at JourdainGeneral informationLocation19th arrondissement of ParisÎle-de-FranceFranceCoordinates48°52′31″N 2°23′22″E / 48.8752°N 2.389508°E / 48.8752; 2.389508Owned byRATPOperated byRATPLine(s) Platforms2 (2 side platforms)Tracks2Other informationStation code23-14Fare zone1HistoryOpenedApril 28, 1935 (1935-04-28)Passengers1,683,473 (2020)
Services
Preceding station
Paris Métro
Following station
Pyrénéestowards Châtelet
Line 11
Place des Fêtestowards Rosny-Bois Perrier
LocationJourdainLocation within Paris
Jourdain (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a station on Line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 19th and 20th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue du Jourdain, referring to a nearby church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, who baptised Jesus in the Jordan River.
History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.
As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny-Bois Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station will be closed from 2 February 2021 to 12 April 2021 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. An additional entrance was also added in January 2022 from the eastern end of the platforms to allow passengers to enter from both ends of the platforms.
In 2019, the station was used by 3,029,314 passengers, making it the 171st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.
In 2020, the station was used by 1,683,473 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 151st busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.
Passenger services
Access
The station has 3 entrances:
Entrance 1: rue du Jourdain
Entrance 2: rue Lassus
Entrance 3: rue de Belleville
Station layout
Street Level
B1
Mezzanine
Line 11 platforms
Side platform, doors will open on the right
Southbound
← toward Châtelet (Pyrénées)
Northbound
→ toward Mairie des Lilas (Place des Fêtes) →
Side platform, doors will open on the right
Platforms
Jourdain has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.
Other connections
The station is also served by line 20 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.
Gallery
Entrance 1
Entrance 2
Entrance 3
Construction of a new entrance
References
^ Louvet, Simon (2 February 2021). "Prolongement de la ligne 11 du métro à Paris : la station Jourdain fermée pour deux mois". actu.fr (in French). Retrieved 5 February 2022.
^ "Début des travaux de génie civil à la station Jourdain" (PDF). prolongementligne11est.fr (in French). December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
^ "Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2019". dataratp2.opendatasoft.com (in French). Retrieved 5 February 2022.
^ "Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2020". data.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 5 February 2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jourdain (Paris Metro).
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.
vte Line 11Stations
Châtelet
Hôtel de Ville
Rambuteau
Arts et Métiers
République
Goncourt
Belleville
Pyrénées
Jourdain
Place des Fêtes
Télégraphe
Porte des Lilas
Mairie des Lilas
Serge Gainsbourg
Romainville–Carnot
Montreuil-Hôpital
La Dhuys
Coteaux Beauclair
Rosny-Bois Perrier
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Other
IdRef
This article related to the Paris Métro is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒuʁdɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Jourdain.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Jourdain.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Anonym%C3%A2t_(Kvardek_du)-Jourdain.wav"},{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_11"},{"link_name":"Paris Métro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"20th arrondissements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"}],"text":"Metro station in Paris, FranceJourdain (French pronunciation: [ʒuʁdɛ̃] ⓘ) is a station on Line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 19th and 20th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue du Jourdain, referring to a nearby church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, who baptised Jesus in the Jordan River.","title":"Jourdain station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telet_station"},{"link_name":"Porte des Lilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_des_Lilas_station"},{"link_name":"Rosny-Bois Perrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosny-Bois_Perrier_station"},{"link_name":"Grand Paris Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris_Express"},{"link_name":"MP 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_14_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny-Bois Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station will be closed from 2 February 2021 to 12 April 2021 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase passengers and to improve the station's accessibility.[1][2] An additional entrance was also added in January 2022 from the eastern end of the platforms to allow passengers to enter from both ends of the platforms.In 2019, the station was used by 3,029,314 passengers, making it the 171st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.[3]In 2020, the station was used by 1,683,473 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 151st busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rue de Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Belleville"}],"sub_title":"Access","text":"The station has 3 entrances:Entrance 1: rue du Jourdain\nEntrance 2: rue Lassus\nEntrance 3: rue de Belleville","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Station layout","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Platforms","text":"Jourdain has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RATP bus network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_bus_network"},{"link_name":"Noctilien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctilien"}],"sub_title":"Other connections","text":"The station is also served by line 20 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acc%C3%A8s_Station_M%C3%A9tro_Jourdain_Rue_Jourdain_-_Paris_XX_(FR75)_-_2022-01-01_-_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acc%C3%A8s_Station_M%C3%A9tro_Jourdain_Rue_Lassus_-_Paris_XIX_(FR75)_-_2022-01-01_-_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acc%C3%A8s_Station_M%C3%A9tro_Jourdain_Rue_Belleville_-_Paris_XX_(FR75)_-_2022-01-01_-_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travaux_Station_Jourdain_M%C3%A9tro_Ligne_11_Paris_5.jpg"}],"text":"Entrance 1\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance 2\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance 3\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConstruction of a new entrance","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Louvet, Simon (2 February 2021). \"Prolongement de la ligne 11 du métro à Paris : la station Jourdain fermée pour deux mois\". actu.fr (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Moss | List of The IT Crowd characters | ["1 Overview","2 Main characters","2.1 Roy Trenneman","2.2 Maurice Moss","2.3 Jen Barber","2.4 Denholm Reynholm","2.5 Douglas Reynholm","2.6 Richmond Avenal","3 Notable guest appearances","4 Notes","5 Works cited","6 References"] | The following is a list of fictional characters from the British television sitcom The IT Crowd, which was broadcast by Channel 4 from 2006 to 2013.
Overview
= Main cast (credited main cast member)
= Recurring cast (3+ appearances in a season)
= Guest cast (1–2 appearances per season)
Actor
Character
Series
Special
1
2
3
4
Main characters
Chris O'Dowd
Roy Trenneman
Main
Richard Ayoade
Maurice Moss
Main
Katherine Parkinson
Jen Barber
Main
Chris Morris
Denholm Reynholm
Main
Guest
Does not appear
Matt Berry
Douglas Reynholm
Does not appear
Recurring
Main
Noel Fielding
Richmond Avenal
Recurring
Does not appear
Guest
Main
Main characters
From left to right: Jen, Moss and Roy.
Roy Trenneman
Chris O'Dowd
Roy is a work-shy Irish IT technician and geek who spends much of his time playing video games or reading comics in the office. His work attire is casual compared to his colleagues; choosing to wear jeans and geek chic T-shirts. Prior to his IT job, he worked as a waiter; he said he would carry the food of rude customers in his trousers before serving it to them. When answering phone calls, he often uses the phrase "Have you tried turning it off and on again?", even using an automated recording of this phrase in "Fifty-Fifty". The series 4 episodes reveal Roy to have globophobia (fear of balloons) and being extremely uncomfortable when a masseur planted a kiss on his bottom. In the episode special "The Internet Is Coming", Roy says that his new girlfriend described him with the phrase "artistic spectrum" although it is later revealed she probably said "autistic spectrum".
Roy's last name was not given in the first three series. Following the broadcast of the episode "The Speech" in 2008, Graham Linehan (the show's writer) blogged a graphic showing Roy's last name as Tenneman, and later changed the spelling to Trenneman for the broadcast of the series 4 episode "Something Happened" in 2010. Roy's family do not appear in the series, but in the episode "Aunt Irma Visits", he finds the resemblance of Moss's psychiatrist to his own mother disturbing.
In the documentary "The IT Crowd Manual", Roy is described as a worker who is engaged beneath his capabilities. O'Dowd said that Roy is slightly more capable of talking to people than Moss, but is still a man-child and slightly socially inept. Critic Boyd Hilton has said that Roy thinks he is on the cool edge of nerdiness. Author Cory Doctorow said that Roy's snark and misanthropy is identifiable to a certain tribe of nerds. Regarding his friendship with Moss, O'Dowd said that it seems as if they met in college. Linehan likened the two to 14-year-olds who like spending time with each other. Linehan said he originally thought the role should not be played by an Irish person, but that O'Dowd was the best man for the job, especially appreciating his physical performances.
Maurice Moss
Richard Ayoade
Maurice Moss, or simply Moss, is a computer nerd with a side-parted afro and dark-rimmed glasses. The humour in his character is derived from his socially awkward comments and his complex and in-depth knowledge of specialised technical subjects, including chemistry and electronic engineering. Moss has some quirky habits: He switches through glasses of various sizes in reaction when he and Roy scheme; when his ears get hot, he sprays them with a bottle; he uses inhalers; he can detect chemicals such as rohypnol by smell. When faced with conversation concerning women's topics such as bras, he faints; he also spaces out when confronted with sports topics such as football. He lives with his mother, who sends him to work with an apple each day, and had sued him when he was eleven for breaking a window. He admits he is horrible at lying, and demonstrated this with his lies concerning Jen in the episode "The Haunting of Bill Crouse" when he tells Bill that Jen has died. He suppresses his urges to cuss and does not like to break the rules, with an exception in the "Bad Boys" episode when he and Roy ditch work after lunch and he gets in trouble for shoplifting, consequently having to do three hours of community service and give a Scared Straight! talk to some kids.
In "The IT Crowd Manual", Linehan said that Moss was an amalgam of various stereotypes with some uniqueness brought together by him and Ayoade, and described him as a really nerdy guy and a geek. Parkinson said Moss was a classic square, a timeless nerd. Ayoade said Moss was very childlike and positive. He had used his normal voice for Moss, and he liked that Moss sometimes adopts a confident persona like a child would do. Linehan said that he built the show around Ayoade so it was appropriate that he ended the show by turning out the light in the final episode.
Jen Barber
Katherine Parkinson
Jen becomes the relationship manager of the IT department, having been assigned by Denholm at the start of the series because she had impressed the latter by listing computers on her curriculum vitae. She knows very little about electronics and computers, pretending to work even when her desktop and landline phone were revealed to be unplugged or disconnected, making statements at executive meetings such as searching "Google" on the Google website would cause the network to crash, and believing that the Internet resides in a physical box. In "Tramps Like Us", during a job interview, she struggles with not knowing what IT even stands for.
She becomes obsessed by pursuits such as buying cute shoes even though they are far too small for her feet, and trying to impress good-looking men, but her attempts to start relationships turn out to be disastrous. In series 2, Jen reveals that she was a heavy smoker several years prior; she briefly takes up the habit again, but quits when she realises the anti-smoking regulations have made her more socially isolated.
In an interview with The Independent, Parkinson said that Linehan originally wanted Jen to be "likeable" but "I know what he wanted now – he wanted her to be the more normal person people could relate to.” Although she would act as the straight woman to the two guys, her klutziness was well-received by the audience. Arts critic Rupert Christian describes Jen as the normal person going against the new technology. Parkinson also said that Jen is sometimes shallow and egotistic.
Denholm Reynholm
Chris Morris
Denholm is the director of Reynholm Industries at the start of series 1, having started the company with "two things in my possession: a dream, and six million pounds." He openly boasts about employing attractive people who do very little work and who engage in adulterous relationships. In his office, he had a picture of himself on the wall, and of the members of The A-Team on the desk. Whenever he hires a new member of staff, he likes to give them a long, hard stare to assess them. He enjoys setting up initiatives intended to boost performance in a company; for example, he "declares war" on stress, mandating employees to attend a stress management seminar, after which he threatens to fire anyone who does not pass a stress test that same day. In the series 1 finale where he celebrates the success of Project Icarus, he forgets to acknowledge the IT department which did most of the work on the project, preferring to thank everyone else including the janitors. In "Return of the Golden Child", during a company executive meeting, he congratulates himself for being so rich, however, when the police arrive to inquire about irregularities in the company's pension fund, he simply opens a window and jumps to his death. He makes a guest appearance in series 3 when he beckons his son to join him in a place initially presumed to be heaven until Adolf Hitler appears in the doorway. In "The IT Crowd Manual", Denholm is described as strict and slightly sociopathic. Linehan said that Morris had set the tone of the series that the characters cannot be realistic.
Douglas Reynholm
Matt Berry
Douglas is introduced in series 2 where he takes over Reynholm Industries after his father Denholm's death. Having been away for seven years because of a court case, he attends Denholm's funeral in a dramatic fashion. He has been described as awful, sex-crazed, and a serial dater. He has a history of sexual harassment, which is one of the conditions he has to control in order to take over the company. He flirts with Jen during the funeral, and later tries to flirt with her when he makes her his personal assistant. As part of the subsequent sexual harassment settlement, he was required to wear "electric sex pants" that deliver shocks whenever he is aroused at work, although Moss disarms them later. In the episode "Something Happened", he practises the religion of "Spaceology" where he applies "space star ordering" and has his hand replaced with a robotic one. He occasionally brings up the topic of denying having killed his first wife Melissa, and in the series 4 finale, he reunites with ex-wife Victoria for two weeks before they break up and he is sued for a large sum of money. In sharp contrast to his father, who was a shrewd and very skilled businessman, Douglas lacks even basic business skills, and his management marks a significant downward spiral in the company's fortunes and finances, not helped by his extravagant spending and wasting of company time and resources.
In an interview with Radio Times, Linehan said "I could easily spend an hour, or half an hour, with Douglas. He's my favourite way of making fun of people that I really loathe, like Rupert Murdoch and Donald Trump. I basically just have happen to him all the things that I'd love to happen to them, and it's basically a really enjoyable process." Linehan also likes Berry's extraordinary voice and gift for comedy. In an interview with Slant, Berry said that the part was written for him, and in Digital Spy, he said he tried to "do his own thing" regarding his portrayal. In "The IT Crowd Manual", Berry described Douglas as so confident and privileged that he did not care where things would come out wrong, cause offence, or make him look like a fool.
Richmond Avenal
Noel Fielding
Richmond is a mild-mannered, posh-accented goth who resides in the IT department server room. A former up-and-coming executive reporting to Denholm, he discovered black metal band Cradle of Filth and changed his appearance, causing Denholm to feel rather uncomfortable with his appearance and attitude, especially after Richmond had recommended Denholm's grieving mother also listen to Cradle of Filth. Richmond's absence from series 3 is explained as him having scurvy, but Linehan noted in an episode commentary that Fielding was too busy on other projects. In the series 4 finale, he returns without his goth makeup to testify for Douglas Reynholm's divorce case, having founded a business called Goth2Boss where he helps his fellow goths work in society. In "The Internet Is Coming", he is seen in his original goth costume again. He explains Goth2Boss did not work out as planned and he now works as a voiceover artist.
In "The IT Crowd Manual", Parkinson likened Richmond to a damaged bird and vulnerable. Guest star Lucy Montgomery described Richmond as bit of an Edward Scissorhands. Fielding said he based Richmond's voice on Roger Waters' after watching a Pink Floyd documentary.
Notable guest appearances
Paul (Danny Wallace): A cultural adviser who is fired by Denholm for his choice of gift to a Japanese company, but regains his position due to his quick use of a "Profanity Buzzer".
Daniel Carey (Oliver Chris): A security guard that Jen falls for, but unfortunately her plans for romance go awry after she fails to help him as a "phone a friend" on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. While he is charismatic and good-looking, he is shown to be quite violent and immature when he brutally beats up a clown with the clown's own shoe for mocking his failure on TV.
Bill Crouse (Adam Buxton): A senior Reynholm Industries employee, he went on a date with Jen which went badly due to his rudeness to their waiter, his dislike of sharing food despite having gone to a tapas restaurant, and an annoying rising inflection in his voice. After Moss, whilst covering for Jen, told him that she had subsequently died, Crouse proceeded to tell the entire office that he was the last person to sleep with her. Nicknamed "The News" because of his propensity to announce those who he has slept with. Subsequent encounters with Jen make him think she was a ghost haunting him.
April (Lucy Montgomery): A trans woman journalist working for Richest magazine. April becomes romantically involved with Douglas while writing a magazine article about him. Upon finding out she is trans only after they had slept together (initially mistakingly thinking she was "from Iran" rather than "used to be a man") the two break up, and later fight, ultimately accidentally destroying "The Internet".
Nolan (Tom Binns) is introduced in series 3 while Reynholm Industries is experiencing financial turmoil worsened by Douglas's cavalier behaviour, Nolan is Douglas's responsible and serious right-hand-man who is trying to hold the company together. He was also the one who introduced Jen to the shareholders during her speech for winning Employee of the Month.
IT Tech Support (Kevin Eldon): Appearing in "Bad Boys" as a laptop phone technician who responds in a strong and incomprehensible French accent. Linehan had based Eldon's character on his real-life interactions with a French technician. Eldon said that at first, he was upset about the character's silliness but looking back at his role, he said that Graham was exactly right, and that his only criticism was that he should have made him more French and more silly.
Dr. Mendall (Frances Barber): The company psychiatrist who has a crush on Moss, and the feeling is mutual. Roy claims that she looks exactly like his mother. A drunken Roy sleeps with her after a staff party.
Graham Linehan also had cameo appearances in the series. He portrayed The Blind Sorcerer in the episode "Men Without Women", a Restaurant Musician in the episode "Fifty Fifty", a panicked businessman in "The Speech" and as "Beth Gaga Shaggy", a cult leader in "Something Happened".
Notes
^ In "The Haunting of Bill Crouse", Roy presents a business card that shows only his first name.
Works cited
^ a b c d e f "Yesterday's Jam". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 1.
^ a b c "The Red Door". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 4.
^ a b "The Work Outing". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 1.
^ a b c d "The Haunting of Bill Crouse". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 5.
^ a b c d "Return of the Golden Child". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 2.
^ a b c "Fifty-Fifty". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 3.
^ a b "Bad Boys". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 5.
^ a b c "Something Happened". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 3.
^ a b c d "Reynholm vs. Reynholm". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 6.
^ a b c "Aunt Irma Visits". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 6.
^ a b c d "Calamity Jen". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 2.
^ a b "Men Without Women". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 6.
^ a b "Smoke and Mirrors". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 5.
^ "Friendface". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 5.
^ a b c "The Speech". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 4.
^ a b "Tramps Like Us". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 3.
^ "Moss and the German". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 3.
^ a b c "From Hell". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 1.
References
^ Goodacre, Kate (27 September 2013). "'The IT Crowd' finale: Did Roy, Moss and Jen get a fitting send-off?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Hogan, Michael (27 September 2013). "The IT Crowd, Channel 4, review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ a b c "Channel 4 reboots 'The IT Crowd Night'". Channel 4. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^ Freeman, Hadley (18 May 2012). "Chris O'Dowd: from The IT Crowd to Hollywood". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Marnell, Blair (16 April 2010). "The IT Crowd 4.05 'Bad Boys'". CraveOnline. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ a b Wollaston, Sam (28 September 2013). "The IT Crowd – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Linehan, Graham (13 December 2008). "What Roy was actually looking at tonight..." Why, That's Delightful!. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The IT Crowd Manual. Channel 4. 24 December 2013.
^ a b c Renshaw, David (16 May 2013). "The IT Crowd – box set review". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ "The IT Crowd". Channel 4. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Hale, Lyra (2 September 2015). "4 Reasons to Watch The IT Crowd, Like Now". Tell-Tale TV. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Gilbert, Gerard (8 June 2015). "Katherine Parkinson interview: Sherlock actress on likeability and being 'intimidated' by America". The Independent. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ "Inside The Studio Of The IT Crowd's Matt Berry". Synthtopia. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Lazarus, Susanna (20 October 2013). "Toast of London's Matt Berry: I'm typecast as lady-obsessed and sleazy". RadioTimes. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ a b D'Armino, Aubry (20 August 2010). "Interview: The IT Crowd". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Martin, Liam (28 December 2014). "The IT Crowd creator Graham Linehan wants Douglas Reynholm spinoff". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Nissim, Mayer (28 December 2011). "Matt Berry: 'Replacing Chris Morris in The IT Crowd was daunting'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ a b ""Fifty-Fifty"/"The Red Door" · The IT Crowd · TV Review". The A.V. Club. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Episode commentary for "From Hell". The IT Crowd Series 3 (DVD).
^ Kemp, Stuart (10 February 2015). "Graham Linehan and Adam Buxton writing Channel 4 sitcom The Cloud". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Dee, Johnny (6 July 2012). "Six to watch: Adam Buxton". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Hodgson, Claire (20 December 2013). "IT Crowd: Watch behind the scenes on Christmas Eve special documentary". Mirror Online. Retrieved 25 February 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of The IT Crowd characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"}],"text":"= Main cast (credited main cast member) \n = Recurring cast (3+ appearances in a season)\n = Guest cast (1–2 appearances per season)","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_IT_Crowd.jpg"}],"text":"From left to right: Jen, Moss and Roy.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris O'Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_O%27Dowd"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-4-2"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-1-3"},{"link_name":"geek chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_chic"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-5-6"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-2-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-channel4_guests-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-3-10"},{"link_name":"globophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_phobia"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-5-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-3-13"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-6-14"},{"link_name":"autistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonus_episode_review-15"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-5-6"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Graham Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Linehan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-3-13"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-6-18"},{"link_name":"Boyd Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Cory Doctorow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorow"},{"link_name":"misanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misanthropy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Roy Trenneman","text":"Chris O'DowdRoy is a work-shy Irish IT technician and geek who spends much of his time playing video games or reading comics in the office.[a][b][c] His work attire is casual compared to his colleagues; choosing to wear jeans and geek chic T-shirts.[a][1][2] Prior to his IT job, he worked as a waiter; he said he would carry the food of rude customers in his trousers before serving it to them.[d][e] When answering phone calls, he often uses the phrase \"Have you tried turning it off and on again?\",[3][4] even using an automated recording of this phrase in \"Fifty-Fifty\".[f] The series 4 episodes reveal Roy to have globophobia (fear of balloons)[g][5] and being extremely uncomfortable when a masseur planted a kiss on his bottom.[h][i] In the episode special \"The Internet Is Coming\", Roy says that his new girlfriend described him with the phrase \"artistic spectrum\" although it is later revealed she probably said \"autistic spectrum\".[6]Roy's last name was not given in the first three series.[d][i] Following the broadcast of the episode \"The Speech\" in 2008, Graham Linehan (the show's writer) blogged a graphic showing Roy's last name as Tenneman,[7] and later changed the spelling to Trenneman for the broadcast of the series 4 episode \"Something Happened\" in 2010.[h] Roy's family do not appear in the series, but in the episode \"Aunt Irma Visits\", he finds the resemblance of Moss's psychiatrist to his own mother disturbing.[j]In the documentary \"The IT Crowd Manual\", Roy is described as a worker who is engaged beneath his capabilities. O'Dowd said that Roy is slightly more capable of talking to people than Moss, but is still a man-child and slightly socially inept. Critic Boyd Hilton has said that Roy thinks he is on the cool edge of nerdiness. Author Cory Doctorow said that Roy's snark and misanthropy is identifiable to a certain tribe of nerds. Regarding his friendship with Moss, O'Dowd said that it seems as if they met in college. Linehan likened the two to 14-year-olds who like spending time with each other. Linehan said he originally thought the role should not be played by an Irish person, but that O'Dowd was the best man for the job, especially appreciating his physical performances.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"nerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_review_2013-20"},{"link_name":"socially awkward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_awkward"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"electronic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_review_2013-20"},{"link_name":"inhalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaler"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-2-21"},{"link_name":"rohypnol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunitrazepam"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-6-22"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-5-23"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-5-24"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-6-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_review_2013-20"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-5-6"},{"link_name":"Scared Straight!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scared_Straight!"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-5-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Maurice Moss","text":"Richard AyoadeMaurice Moss, or simply Moss, is a computer nerd with a side-parted afro and dark-rimmed glasses.[9] The humour in his character is derived from his socially awkward comments and his complex and in-depth knowledge of specialised technical subjects, including chemistry and electronic engineering. Moss has some quirky habits: He switches through glasses of various sizes in reaction when he and Roy scheme; when his ears get hot, he sprays them with a bottle;[a][9] he uses inhalers;[k] he can detect chemicals such as rohypnol by smell.[l] When faced with conversation concerning women's topics such as bras, he faints; he also spaces out when confronted with sports topics such as football. He lives with his mother,[m] who sends him to work with an apple each day,[n] and had sued him when he was eleven for breaking a window.[i][9] He admits he is horrible at lying, and demonstrated this with his lies concerning Jen in the episode \"The Haunting of Bill Crouse\" when he tells Bill that Jen has died.[d] He suppresses his urges to cuss and does not like to break the rules, with an exception in the \"Bad Boys\" episode when he and Roy ditch work after lunch and he gets in trouble for shoplifting, consequently having to do three hours of community service and give a Scared Straight! talk to some kids.[g]In \"The IT Crowd Manual\", Linehan said that Moss was an amalgam of various stereotypes with some uniqueness brought together by him and Ayoade, and described him as a really nerdy guy and a geek. Parkinson said Moss was a classic square, a timeless nerd. Ayoade said Moss was very childlike and positive. He had used his normal voice for Moss, and he liked that Moss sometimes adopts a confident persona like a child would do. Linehan said that he built the show around Ayoade so it was appropriate that he ended the show by turning out the light in the final episode.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"curriculum vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"landline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-4-2"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-5-23"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-4-26"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-3-27"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-2-21"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-3-10"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-2-7"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-3-29"},{"link_name":"straight woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_man"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Jen Barber","text":"Katherine ParkinsonJen becomes the relationship manager of the IT department, having been assigned by Denholm at the start of the series because she had impressed the latter by listing computers on her curriculum vitae. She knows very little about electronics and computers,[10] pretending to work even when her desktop and landline phone were revealed to be unplugged or disconnected,[a][b] making statements at executive meetings such as searching \"Google\" on the Google website would cause the network to crash,[m] and believing that the Internet resides in a physical box.[o] In \"Tramps Like Us\", during a job interview, she struggles with not knowing what IT even stands for.[p][11]She becomes obsessed by pursuits such as buying cute shoes even though they are far too small for her feet,[k] and trying to impress good-looking men,[f][c] but her attempts to start relationships turn out to be disastrous.[8] In series 2, Jen reveals that she was a heavy smoker several years prior; she briefly takes up the habit again, but quits when she realises the anti-smoking regulations have made her more socially isolated.[e][q]In an interview with The Independent, Parkinson said that Linehan originally wanted Jen to be \"likeable\" but \"I know what he wanted now – he wanted her to be the more normal person people could relate to.” Although she would act as the straight woman to the two guys, her klutziness was well-received by the audience.[12] Arts critic Rupert Christian describes Jen as the normal person going against the new technology.[8] Parkinson also said that Jen is sometimes shallow and egotistic.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Morris_(satirist)"},{"link_name":"The A-Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A-Team"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-1-1"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-2-21"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-6-18"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-2-7"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-1-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Denholm Reynholm","text":"Chris MorrisDenholm is the director of Reynholm Industries at the start of series 1, having started the company with \"two things in my possession: a dream, and six million pounds.\" He openly boasts about employing attractive people who do very little work and who engage in adulterous relationships. In his office, he had a picture of himself on the wall, and of the members of The A-Team on the desk.[a] Whenever he hires a new member of staff, he likes to give them a long, hard stare to assess them.[a] He enjoys setting up initiatives intended to boost performance in a company; for example, he \"declares war\" on stress, mandating employees to attend a stress management seminar, after which he threatens to fire anyone who does not pass a stress test that same day.[k] In the series 1 finale where he celebrates the success of Project Icarus, he forgets to acknowledge the IT department which did most of the work on the project, preferring to thank everyone else including the janitors.[j] In \"Return of the Golden Child\", during a company executive meeting, he congratulates himself for being so rich, however, when the police arrive to inquire about irregularities in the company's pension fund, he simply opens a window and jumps to his death.[e] He makes a guest appearance in series 3 when he beckons his son to join him in a place initially presumed to be heaven until Adolf Hitler appears in the doorway.[r] In \"The IT Crowd Manual\", Denholm is described as strict and slightly sociopathic. Linehan said that Morris had set the tone of the series that the characters cannot be realistic.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Berry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-2-7"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_2-6-22"},{"link_name":"shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"aroused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_arousal"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-3-27"},{"link_name":"space star ordering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ordering"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-3-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-34"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-6-14"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Slant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-34"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Douglas Reynholm","text":"Matt BerryDouglas is introduced in series 2 where he takes over Reynholm Industries after his father Denholm's death. Having been away for seven years because of a court case, he attends Denholm's funeral in a dramatic fashion. He has been described as awful, sex-crazed,[13] and a serial dater.[14] He has a history of sexual harassment, which is one of the conditions he has to control in order to take over the company. He flirts with Jen during the funeral,[e] and later tries to flirt with her when he makes her his personal assistant.[l] As part of the subsequent sexual harassment settlement, he was required to wear \"electric sex pants\" that deliver shocks whenever he is aroused at work, although Moss disarms them later.[p] In the episode \"Something Happened\", he practises the religion of \"Spaceology\" where he applies \"space star ordering\" and has his hand replaced with a robotic one.[h][15] He occasionally brings up the topic of denying having killed his first wife Melissa, and in the series 4 finale, he reunites with ex-wife Victoria for two weeks before they break up and he is sued for a large sum of money.[i] In sharp contrast to his father, who was a shrewd and very skilled businessman, Douglas lacks even basic business skills, and his management marks a significant downward spiral in the company's fortunes and finances, not helped by his extravagant spending and wasting of company time and resources.In an interview with Radio Times, Linehan said \"I could easily spend an hour, or half an hour, with Douglas. He's my favourite way of making fun of people that I really loathe, like Rupert Murdoch and Donald Trump. I basically just have happen to him all the things that I'd love to happen to them, and it's basically a really enjoyable process.\" Linehan also likes Berry's extraordinary voice and gift for comedy.[16] In an interview with Slant, Berry said that the part was written for him,[15] and in Digital Spy, he said he tried to \"do his own thing\" regarding his portrayal.[17][8] In \"The IT Crowd Manual\", Berry described Douglas as so confident and privileged that he did not care where things would come out wrong, cause offence, or make him look like a fool.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Fielding"},{"link_name":"goth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture"},{"link_name":"server room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_room"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Cradle of Filth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Filth"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-4-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-4_review-37"},{"link_name":"scurvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-1-31"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_4-6-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonus_episode_review-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"Lucy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Montgomery_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Edward Scissorhands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Scissorhands"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"}],"sub_title":"Richmond Avenal","text":"Noel FieldingRichmond is a mild-mannered, posh-accented goth who resides in the IT department server room. A former up-and-coming executive reporting to Denholm, he discovered black metal band Cradle of Filth and changed his appearance, causing Denholm to feel rather uncomfortable with his appearance and attitude, especially after Richmond had recommended Denholm's grieving mother also listen to Cradle of Filth.[b][18] Richmond's absence from series 3 is explained as him having scurvy,[r] but Linehan noted in an episode commentary that Fielding was too busy on other projects.[19] In the series 4 finale, he returns without his goth makeup to testify for Douglas Reynholm's divorce case, having founded a business called Goth2Boss where he helps his fellow goths work in society.[i] In \"The Internet Is Coming\", he is seen in his original goth costume again. He explains Goth2Boss did not work out as planned and he now works as a voiceover artist.[6][8]In \"The IT Crowd Manual\", Parkinson likened Richmond to a damaged bird and vulnerable. Guest star Lucy Montgomery described Richmond as bit of an Edward Scissorhands. Fielding said he based Richmond's voice on Roger Waters' after watching a Pink Floyd documentary.[8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Wallace_(humorist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-channel4_guests-8"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-2-21"},{"link_name":"Oliver Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Chris"},{"link_name":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-3-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-4_review-37"},{"link_name":"Adam Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Buxton"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas"},{"link_name":"rising inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_inflection"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-5-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Lucy Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Montgomery_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-channel4_guests-8"},{"link_name":"trans woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-4-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"Tom Binns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Binns"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-1-31"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_3-4-26"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eldon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Frances Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Barber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manual-19"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep_1-6-18"},{"link_name":"Graham Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Linehan"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"}],"text":"Paul (Danny Wallace):[3] A cultural adviser who is fired by Denholm for his choice of gift to a Japanese company, but regains his position due to his quick use of a \"Profanity Buzzer\".[k]\nDaniel Carey (Oliver Chris): A security guard that Jen falls for, but unfortunately her plans for romance go awry after she fails to help him as a \"phone a friend\" on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. While he is charismatic and good-looking, he is shown to be quite violent and immature when he brutally beats up a clown with the clown's own shoe for mocking his failure on TV.[f][18]\nBill Crouse (Adam Buxton): A senior Reynholm Industries employee, he went on a date with Jen which went badly due to his rudeness to their waiter, his dislike of sharing food despite having gone to a tapas restaurant, and an annoying rising inflection in his voice. After Moss, whilst covering for Jen, told him that she had subsequently died, Crouse proceeded to tell the entire office that he was the last person to sleep with her. Nicknamed \"The News\" because of his propensity to announce those who he has slept with. Subsequent encounters with Jen make him think she was a ghost haunting him.[d][20][21]\nApril (Lucy Montgomery):[3] A trans woman journalist working for Richest magazine. April becomes romantically involved with Douglas while writing a magazine article about him. Upon finding out she is trans only after they had slept together (initially mistakingly thinking she was \"from Iran\" rather than \"used to be a man\") the two break up, and later fight, ultimately accidentally destroying \"The Internet\".[o][8]\nNolan (Tom Binns) is introduced in series 3 while Reynholm Industries is experiencing financial turmoil worsened by Douglas's cavalier behaviour, Nolan is Douglas's responsible and serious right-hand-man who is trying to hold the company together.[r] He was also the one who introduced Jen to the shareholders during her speech for winning Employee of the Month.[o]\nIT Tech Support (Kevin Eldon): Appearing in \"Bad Boys\" as a laptop phone technician who responds in a strong and incomprehensible French accent. Linehan had based Eldon's character on his real-life interactions with a French technician. Eldon said that at first, he was upset about the character's silliness but looking back at his role, he said that Graham was exactly right, and that his only criticism was that he should have made him more French and more silly.[22]\nDr. Mendall (Frances Barber):[8] The company psychiatrist who has a crush on Moss, and the feeling is mutual. Roy claims that she looks exactly like his mother. A drunken Roy sleeps with her after a staff party.[j]Graham Linehan also had cameo appearances in the series. He portrayed The Blind Sorcerer in the episode \"Men Without Women\", a Restaurant Musician in the episode \"Fifty Fifty\", a panicked businessman in \"The Speech\" and as \"Beth Gaga Shaggy\", a cult leader in \"Something Happened\".","title":"Notable guest appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ In \"The Haunting of Bill Crouse\", Roy presents a business card that shows only his first name.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1_1-5"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-4_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-4_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-4_2-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-1_3-1"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-5_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-5_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-5_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-5_6-3"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-2_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-2_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-2_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-2_7-3"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-3_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-3_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-3_10-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-5_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-5_11-1"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-3_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-3_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-3_13-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-6_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-6_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-6_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_4-6_14-3"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-6_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-6_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-6_18-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-2_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-2_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-2_21-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-2_21-3"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-6_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-6_22-1"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-5_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-5_23-1"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-5_24-0"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-4_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-4_26-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-4_26-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-3_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-3_27-1"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_2-3_29-0"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-1_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-1_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_3-1_31-2"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f \"Yesterday's Jam\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 1.\n\n^ a b c \"The Red Door\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 4.\n\n^ a b \"The Work Outing\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 1.\n\n^ a b c d \"The Haunting of Bill Crouse\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 5.\n\n^ a b c d \"Return of the Golden Child\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 2.\n\n^ a b c \"Fifty-Fifty\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 3.\n\n^ a b \"Bad Boys\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 5.\n\n^ a b c \"Something Happened\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 3.\n\n^ a b c d \"Reynholm vs. Reynholm\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 6.\n\n^ a b c \"Aunt Irma Visits\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 6.\n\n^ a b c d \"Calamity Jen\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 2.\n\n^ a b \"Men Without Women\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 6.\n\n^ a b \"Smoke and Mirrors\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 5.\n\n^ \"Friendface\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 5.\n\n^ a b c \"The Speech\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 4.\n\n^ a b \"Tramps Like Us\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 3.\n\n^ \"Moss and the German\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 3.\n\n^ a b c \"From Hell\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 1.","title":"Works cited"}] | [{"image_text":"From left to right: Jen, Moss and Roy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/The_IT_Crowd.jpg/220px-The_IT_Crowd.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Yesterday's Jam\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"The Red Door\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"The Work Outing\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"The Haunting of Bill Crouse\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Return of the Golden Child\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifty-Fifty\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Boys\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Something Happened\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Reynholm vs. Reynholm\". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Aunt Irma Visits\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Calamity Jen\". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Men Without Women\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Smoke and Mirrors\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Friendface\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"The Speech\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Tramps Like Us\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"Moss and the German\". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"\"From Hell\". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd","url_text":"The IT Crowd"}]},{"reference":"Goodacre, Kate (27 September 2013). \"'The IT Crowd' finale: Did Roy, Moss and Jen get a fitting send-off?\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/feature/a517871/the-it-crowd-finale-did-roy-moss-and-jen-get-a-fitting-send-off/","url_text":"\"'The IT Crowd' finale: Did Roy, Moss and Jen get a fitting send-off?\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Michael (27 September 2013). \"The IT Crowd, Channel 4, review\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10339631/The-IT-Crowd-Channel-4-review.html","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd, Channel 4, review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Channel 4 reboots 'The IT Crowd Night'\". Channel 4. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206005920/http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-reboots-the-it-crowd-night","url_text":"\"Channel 4 reboots 'The IT Crowd Night'\""},{"url":"https://www.channel4.com/press/news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Hadley (18 May 2012). \"Chris O'Dowd: from The IT Crowd to Hollywood\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/18/chris-odowd-it-crowd-bridesmaids","url_text":"\"Chris O'Dowd: from The IT Crowd to Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Marnell, Blair (16 April 2010). \"The IT Crowd 4.05 'Bad Boys'\". CraveOnline. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.craveonline.com/culture/134522-the-it-crowd-405-bad-boys","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd 4.05 'Bad Boys'\""}]},{"reference":"Wollaston, Sam (28 September 2013). \"The IT Crowd – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/sep/28/the-it-crowd-review","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd – review\""}]},{"reference":"Linehan, Graham (13 December 2008). \"What Roy was actually looking at tonight...\" Why, That's Delightful!. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Linehan","url_text":"Linehan, Graham"},{"url":"http://whythatsdelightful.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/what-roy-was-actually-looking-at-tonight/","url_text":"\"What Roy was actually looking at tonight...\""}]},{"reference":"The IT Crowd Manual. Channel 4. 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4","url_text":"Channel 4"}]},{"reference":"Renshaw, David (16 May 2013). \"The IT Crowd – box set review\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/may/16/it-crowd-box-set-review","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd – box set review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The IT Crowd\". Channel 4. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-it-crowd/articles/all/katherine-parkinson-interview","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4","url_text":"Channel 4"}]},{"reference":"Hale, Lyra (2 September 2015). \"4 Reasons to Watch The IT Crowd, Like Now\". Tell-Tale TV. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://telltaletv.com/2015/09/4-reasons-to-watch-the-it-crowd-like-now/","url_text":"\"4 Reasons to Watch The IT Crowd, Like Now\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Gerard (8 June 2015). \"Katherine Parkinson interview: Sherlock actress on likeability and being 'intimidated' by America\". The Independent. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/katherine-parkinson-interview-sherlock-actress-on-likability-and-being-intimidated-by-america-10304704.html","url_text":"\"Katherine Parkinson interview: Sherlock actress on likeability and being 'intimidated' by America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Inside The Studio Of The IT Crowd's Matt Berry\". Synthtopia. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2015/09/03/inside-the-studio-of-the-it-crowd-matt-berry/","url_text":"\"Inside The Studio Of The IT Crowd's Matt Berry\""}]},{"reference":"Lazarus, Susanna (20 October 2013). \"Toast of London's Matt Berry: I'm typecast as lady-obsessed and sleazy\". RadioTimes. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-10-20/toast-of-londons-matt-berry-im-typecast-as-lady-obsessed-and-sleazy","url_text":"\"Toast of London's Matt Berry: I'm typecast as lady-obsessed and sleazy\""}]},{"reference":"D'Armino, Aubry (20 August 2010). \"Interview: The IT Crowd\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/features/article/interview-the-it-crowd","url_text":"\"Interview: The IT Crowd\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Liam (28 December 2014). \"The IT Crowd creator Graham Linehan wants Douglas Reynholm spinoff\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a618588/the-it-crowd-creator-graham-linehan-wants-douglas-reynholm-spinoff/","url_text":"\"The IT Crowd creator Graham Linehan wants Douglas Reynholm spinoff\""}]},{"reference":"Nissim, Mayer (28 December 2011). \"Matt Berry: 'Replacing Chris Morris in The IT Crowd was daunting'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a357527/matt-berry-replacing-chris-morris-in-the-it-crowd-was-daunting/","url_text":"\"Matt Berry: 'Replacing Chris Morris in The IT Crowd was daunting'\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Fifty-Fifty\"/\"The Red Door\" · The IT Crowd · TV Review\". The A.V. Club. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-it-crowd-fifty-fiftythe-red-door-98487","url_text":"\"\"Fifty-Fifty\"/\"The Red Door\" · The IT Crowd · TV Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Episode commentary for \"From Hell\". The IT Crowd Series 3 (DVD).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kemp, Stuart (10 February 2015). \"Graham Linehan and Adam Buxton writing Channel 4 sitcom The Cloud\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/10/graham-linehan-adam-buxton-channel-4-sitcom-the-cloud","url_text":"\"Graham Linehan and Adam Buxton writing Channel 4 sitcom The Cloud\""}]},{"reference":"Dee, Johnny (6 July 2012). \"Six to watch: Adam Buxton\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2012/jul/06/adam-buxton-six-to-watch","url_text":"\"Six to watch: Adam Buxton\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Claire (20 December 2013). \"IT Crowd: Watch behind the scenes on Christmas Eve special documentary\". Mirror Online. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/crowd-watch-behind-scenes-christmas-2947158","url_text":"\"IT Crowd: Watch behind the scenes on Christmas Eve special documentary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/feature/a517871/the-it-crowd-finale-did-roy-moss-and-jen-get-a-fitting-send-off/","external_links_name":"\"'The IT Crowd' finale: Did Roy, Moss and Jen get a fitting send-off?\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10339631/The-IT-Crowd-Channel-4-review.html","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd, Channel 4, review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206005920/http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-reboots-the-it-crowd-night","external_links_name":"\"Channel 4 reboots 'The IT Crowd Night'\""},{"Link":"https://www.channel4.com/press/news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/18/chris-odowd-it-crowd-bridesmaids","external_links_name":"\"Chris O'Dowd: from The IT Crowd to Hollywood\""},{"Link":"http://www.craveonline.com/culture/134522-the-it-crowd-405-bad-boys","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd 4.05 'Bad Boys'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/sep/28/the-it-crowd-review","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd – review\""},{"Link":"http://whythatsdelightful.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/what-roy-was-actually-looking-at-tonight/","external_links_name":"\"What Roy was actually looking at tonight...\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/may/16/it-crowd-box-set-review","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd – box set review\""},{"Link":"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-it-crowd/articles/all/katherine-parkinson-interview","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd\""},{"Link":"http://telltaletv.com/2015/09/4-reasons-to-watch-the-it-crowd-like-now/","external_links_name":"\"4 Reasons to Watch The IT Crowd, Like Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/katherine-parkinson-interview-sherlock-actress-on-likability-and-being-intimidated-by-america-10304704.html","external_links_name":"\"Katherine Parkinson interview: Sherlock actress on likeability and being 'intimidated' by America\""},{"Link":"http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2015/09/03/inside-the-studio-of-the-it-crowd-matt-berry/","external_links_name":"\"Inside The Studio Of The IT Crowd's Matt Berry\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-10-20/toast-of-londons-matt-berry-im-typecast-as-lady-obsessed-and-sleazy","external_links_name":"\"Toast of London's Matt Berry: I'm typecast as lady-obsessed and sleazy\""},{"Link":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/features/article/interview-the-it-crowd","external_links_name":"\"Interview: The IT Crowd\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a618588/the-it-crowd-creator-graham-linehan-wants-douglas-reynholm-spinoff/","external_links_name":"\"The IT Crowd creator Graham Linehan wants Douglas Reynholm spinoff\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a357527/matt-berry-replacing-chris-morris-in-the-it-crowd-was-daunting/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Berry: 'Replacing Chris Morris in The IT Crowd was daunting'\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-it-crowd-fifty-fiftythe-red-door-98487","external_links_name":"\"\"Fifty-Fifty\"/\"The Red Door\" · The IT Crowd · TV Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/10/graham-linehan-adam-buxton-channel-4-sitcom-the-cloud","external_links_name":"\"Graham Linehan and Adam Buxton writing Channel 4 sitcom The Cloud\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2012/jul/06/adam-buxton-six-to-watch","external_links_name":"\"Six to watch: Adam Buxton\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/crowd-watch-behind-scenes-christmas-2947158","external_links_name":"\"IT Crowd: Watch behind the scenes on Christmas Eve special documentary\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_West_station | Frankfurt West station | ["1 History","2 Modern station","3 Services","4 References"] | Coordinates: 50°07′09″N 8°38′22″E / 50.11917°N 8.63944°E / 50.11917; 8.63944Frankfurt (Main) WestFrankfurt WestbahnhofThrough stationDBAG Class 423 approaching the elevated sectionGeneral informationLocationKasseler Str. 7, Frankfurt, HesseGermanyCoordinates50°07′09″N 8°38′22″E / 50.11917°N 8.63944°E / 50.11917; 8.63944Line(s)
Main-Weser Railway (KBS 630)
Platforms
3 main line
2 S-Bahn
ConstructionArchitectJulius Eugen RuhlOther informationStation code1858DS100 codeFFWCategory3Fare zone: 5001Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened1848Services
Preceding station
DB Fernverkehr
Following station
Friedbergtowards Hamburg Hbf
ICE 26
Frankfurt (Main) Hbftowards Karlsruhe Hbf
Bad Nauheimtowards Münster Hbf or Dortmund Hbf
IC 34
Frankfurt (Main) HbfTerminus
Preceding station
DB Regio Mitte
Following station
Frankfurt (Main) HbfTerminus
RB 34
Bad Vilbeltowards Glauburg-Stockheim
Preceding station
Hessische Landesbahn
Following station
Friedbergtowards Dillenburg
RB 40
Frankfurt (Main) HbfTerminus
Friedbergtowards Treysa
RB 41
Preceding station
Rhine-Main S-Bahn
Following station
Rödelheimtowards Bad Soden
Messetowards Darmstadt Hbf
Rödelheimtowards Kronberg
Messetowards Langen
Rödelheimtowards Friedrichsdorf
Messetowards Südbahnhof
Eschersheimtowards Friedberg (Hess)
LocationFrankfurt (Main) WestLocation within FrankfurtShow map of Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt (Main) WestHesseShow map of HesseFrankfurt (Main) WestLocation within GermanyShow map of GermanyFrankfurt (Main) WestLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe
Frankfurt (Main) West station (German: Bahnhof Frankfurt (Main) West or Frankfurt Westbahnhof) is a railway station for regional and S-Bahn services in Frankfurt, Germany, on the Main-Weser Railway, in the district of Bockenheim, near the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds and the Bockenheim campus of the Goethe University Frankfurt.
History
Platform for S6 city-bound services
Platforms for regional and S6 city-bound services, looking north
Platform 1 on upper level
The station was opened as Bockenheim station in 1849 during the construction of the Main-Weser Railway from Frankfurt to Kassel. The then independent city of Bockenheim was until 1866 in the territory of the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel. The station building was built in a relatively elaborate Renaissance Revival style to a design by Julius Eugen Ruhl.
Elevated section with S-train-Electric multiple unit DB Class 420 in its original design
The first major change in the railways to affect Bockenheim station occurred in 1888 with the opening of the new Frankfurt Central Station. As part of this project a connection was opened on 10 May 1884 from Bockenheim to the Homburg Railway, a connection that could not be built fifteen years earlier during the Homburg line's original construction because the various small states involved failed to come to an agreement.
In addition, a sweeping curve was built for the Main-Weser line's northern approach to the new Central Station. The old ran from the old Main-Weser terminus to Am Hauptbahnhof (the square in front of the Hauptbahnhof) along the current Kaiserstraße and then turned north. Its abandoned path to Bockenheim was turned into a street, which was initially called Bahnstraße, and it is now a series of streets: Hamburger Allee, Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage and Düsseldorfer Straße.
Modern station
In 1913, the station was renamed Frankfurt West. The historic station building was destroyed in World War II. A modern functional building was built in 1961. During the building of the S-Bahn in the 1970s most of this station was demolished and replaced by a simple building, which seems to be tucked under the elevated S-Bahn line.
The current station has two levels. The ground level is used by regional trains and S-Bahn S6 trains towards the city on platforms 3, 4 and 5. The S-Bahn lines S3, S4 and S5 and S6 towards Friedberg use an approximately one kilometre long elevated section with a two-track elevated station (platforms 1 and 2).
Services
Line 17 of the Frankfurt tramway, which opened in 2003, touches the southern end of the Westbahnhof (Nauheimer Straße and Kuhwaldstraße stops). The tram stop on the forecourt of Westbahnhof was last served by the extended tram line 16 in July and August 2019 due to construction work on the tram network.
The M32 bus line runs from Westbahnhof via Frankfurt Nordend and Bornheim to Ostbahnhof. The M36 bus line connects Westbahnhof with Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and the city centre, and the M73 bus line connects the districts of Hausen, Praunheim and Nordweststadt. The planned ring tram will have a stop called Westbahnhof in the neighbouring Schloßstraße.
The regional express trains RE 30 Kassel - Marburg - Gießen - Frankfurt (Main-Weser-Express) and RE 99 Siegen - Gießen - Frankfurt (Main-Sieg-Express) as well as all through trains of the Niddertalbahn (RB 34) to Frankfurt Hbf stop mainly during rush hours. In addition, the Mittelhessen-Express (RB 40/41) always stops at this station.
Some ICE and IC trains in the direction of Kassel-Hamburg or Heidelberg-Karlsruhe (ICE 26/IC 26) stop at the station as scheduled. Double-decker IC trains serve Frankfurt Westbahnhof every two hours (IC 34).
References
^ "Tarifinformationen 2021" (PDF). Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund. 1 January 2021. p. 132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen (Hesse State Conservation), ed. (2005). Eisenbahn in Hessen. Eisenbahnenbauten- und strecken (Railways in Hesse. Rail construction and lines) 1839–1939 (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss Verlag. p. 197. ISBN 3-8062-1917-6.
Schack, Martin; Langner, Ulrich (2004). Neue Bahnhöfe : die Empfangsgebäude der Deutschen Bundesbahn 1948–1973 (New stations: station buildings of the German Federal Railways from 1948 to 1973 (in German). Berlin: Neddermeyer. ISBN 3-933254-49-3.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankfurt West station.
vteRhine-Main S-BahnServices
Routes
Frankfurt City Tunnel
Offenbach City Tunnel
Frankfurt Airport loop
Frankfurt Schlachthof–Hanau railway
Homburg Railway
Kronberg Railway
Limes Railway
Main Railway
Main-Lahn Railway
Main-Neckar Railway
Main–Weser Railway
Offenbach-Bieber–Dietzenbach railway
Mannheim–Frankfurt railway
Rodgau Railway
Taunus Railway
vteRailway stations in Frankfurt am MainIC and ICE
Frankfurt Central (Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof)
Frankfurt Airport Long-Distance (Frankfurt (Main) Flughafen Fernbahnhof)
Frankfurt South (Frankfurt (Main) Südbahnhof)
Frankfurt West (Frankfurt (Main) Westbahnhof)
RB and RE
Frankfurt Airport Regional (Frankfurt (Main) Flughafen Regionalbahnhof)
Frankfurt East (Frankfurt (Main) Ostbahnhof)
Höchst
Mainkur
Niederrad
Sossenheim
Unterliederbach
S-Bahn
Frankfurt Central Underground (Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof tief)
Berkersheim
Eschersheim
Frankfurter Berg
Galluswarte
Gateway Gardens
Griesheim
Hauptwache
Höchst Farbwerke
Konstablerwache
Lokalbahnhof
Louisa
Messe
Mühlberg
Nied
Ostendstraße
Rödelheim
Sindlingen
Stadium (Frankfurt (Main) Stadion)
Stresemannallee
Taunusanlage
Zeilsheim | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Main_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Main-Weser Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-Weser_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bockenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockenheim_(Frankfurt_am_Main)"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messe_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt"}],"text":"Frankfurt (Main) West station (German: Bahnhof Frankfurt (Main) West or Frankfurt Westbahnhof) is a railway station for regional and S-Bahn services in Frankfurt, Germany, on the Main-Weser Railway, in the district of Bockenheim, near the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds and the Bockenheim campus of the Goethe University Frankfurt.","title":"Frankfurt West station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westbahnhof-2010-ffm-014.jpg"},{"link_name":"S6 city-bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(Rhine-Main_S-Bahn)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westbahnhof-2010-ffm-015.jpg"},{"link_name":"S6 city-bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(Rhine-Main_S-Bahn)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurt-Westbahnhof_Gleis_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mk_Frankfurt_S-Bahn_Wbf.jpg"},{"link_name":"S-train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-train"},{"link_name":"Electric multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"DB Class 420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_420"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Homburg Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homburg_Railway"}],"text":"Platform for S6 city-bound services\nPlatforms for regional and S6 city-bound services, looking north\nPlatform 1 on upper levelThe station was opened as Bockenheim station in 1849 during the construction of the Main-Weser Railway from Frankfurt to Kassel. 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The tram stop on the forecourt of Westbahnhof was last served by the extended tram line 16 in July and August 2019 due to construction work on the tram network.The M32 bus line runs from Westbahnhof via Frankfurt Nordend and Bornheim to Ostbahnhof. The M36 bus line connects Westbahnhof with Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and the city centre, and the M73 bus line connects the districts of Hausen, Praunheim and Nordweststadt. The planned ring tram will have a stop called Westbahnhof in the neighbouring Schloßstraße.The regional express trains RE 30 Kassel - Marburg - Gießen - Frankfurt (Main-Weser-Express) and RE 99 Siegen - Gießen - Frankfurt (Main-Sieg-Express) as well as all through trains of the Niddertalbahn (RB 34) to Frankfurt Hbf stop mainly during rush hours. In addition, the Mittelhessen-Express (RB 40/41) always stops at this station.Some ICE and IC trains in the direction of Kassel-Hamburg or Heidelberg-Karlsruhe (ICE 26/IC 26) stop at the station as scheduled. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsky_District | Novosibirsky District | [] | Coordinates: 55°01′N 82°56′E / 55.017°N 82.933°E / 55.017; 82.933District in Novosibirsk Oblast, RussiaNovosibirsky District
Новосибирский районDistrictBridge over the Barlak River, Novosibirsky District
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Novosibirsky District in Novosibirsk OblastCoordinates: 55°01′N 82°56′E / 55.017°N 82.933°E / 55.017; 82.933CountryRussiaFederal subjectNovosibirsk OblastEstablished1929Administrative centerNovosibirskArea • Total2,900 km2 (1,100 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total127,891 • Density44/km2 (110/sq mi) • Urban24.1% • Rural75.9%Administrative structure • Inhabited localities4 Urban-type settlements, 78 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asNovosibirsky Municipal District • Municipal divisions1 urban settlements, 17 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+7 (MSK+4 )OKTMO ID50640000Websitehttps://nsr.nso.ru/
Novosibirsky District (Russian: Новосиби́рский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 127,891 (2010 Census); 113,047 (2002 Census); 130,300 (1989 Soviet census).
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Novosibirsky District is one of the thirty in the oblast. The city of Novosibirsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the territory of the district is split between two municipal formations—Koltsovo Urban Okrug, which the work settlement of Koltsovo is incorporated as, and Novosibirsky Municipal District, which covers the rest of the administrative district's territory. The City of Novosibirsk is incorporated separately from the district as Novosibirsk Urban Okrug.
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 50 240», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 50 240, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
^ a b "General Information" (in Russian). Novosibirsky District. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ The count of urban-type settlements may include the work settlements, the resort settlements, the suburban (dacha) settlements, as well as urban-type settlements proper.
^ a b c d e Law #200-OZ
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 50 401», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 50 401, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
Sources
Новосибирский областной Совет депутатов. Закон №200-ОЗ от 2 июня 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Новосибирской области», в ред. Закона №548-ОЗ от 29 апреля 2015 г. «Об упразднении посёлка Ивановка муниципального образования Чувашинского сельсовета Северного района Новосибирской области и о внесении изменения в статью 4 Закона Новосибирской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Новосибирской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Советская Сибирь", №108, 9 июня 2004 г. (Novosibirsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Law #200-OZ of June 2, 2004 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Novosibirsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #548-OZ of April 29, 2015 On Abolishing the Settlement of Ivanovka in the Municipal Formation of Chuvashinsky Selsoviet of Severny District of Novosibirsk Oblast and on Amending Article 4 of the Law of Novosibirsk Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Novosibirsk Oblast". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
vteAdministrative divisions of Novosibirsk OblastAdministrative center: Novosibirsk • Rural localitiesDistricts
Bagansky
Barabinsky
Bolotninsky
Chanovsky
Cherepanovsky
Chistoozyorny
Chulymsky
Dovolensky
Iskitimsky
Karasuksky
Kargatsky
Kochenyovsky
Kochkovsky
Kolyvansky
Krasnozyorsky
Kupinsky
Kuybyshevsky
Kyshtovsky
Maslyaninsky
Moshkovsky
Novosibirsky
Ordynsky
Severny
Suzunsky
Tatarsky
Toguchinsky
Ubinsky
Ust-Tarksky
Vengerovsky
Zdvinsky
Cities and towns
Barabinsk
Berdsk
Bolotnoye
Cherepanovo
Chulym
Iskitim
Karasuk
Kargat
Kupino
Kuybyshev
Novosibirsk
Ob
Tatarsk
Toguchin
Urban-type settlements
Chany
Chistoozyornoye
Chik
Dorogino
Gorny
Kochenyovo
Koltsovo
Kolyvan
Krasnoobsk
Krasnozyorskoye
Linyovo
Maslyanino
Moshkovo
Ordynskoye
Posevnaya
Stantsionno-Oyashinsky
Suzun
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NovosibirskO_mun-5"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO2-7"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-3"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"}],"text":"District in Novosibirsk Oblast, RussiaNovosibirsky District (Russian: Новосиби́рский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[5] district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi).[2] Its administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk (which is not administratively a part of the district).[7] Population: 127,891 (2010 Census);[3] 113,047 (2002 Census);[8] 130,300 (1989 Soviet census).[9]","title":"Novosibirsky District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Novosibirsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO1-1"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO1-1"},{"link_name":"administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO2-7"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"work settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Koltsovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltsovo,_Novosibirsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NovosibirskO_mun-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NovosibirskO_mun-5"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, Novosibirsky District is one of the thirty in the oblast.[1] The city of Novosibirsk serves as its administrative center,[1] despite being incorporated separately as an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[7]As a municipal division, the territory of the district is split between two municipal formations—Koltsovo Urban Okrug, which the work settlement of Koltsovo is incorporated as, and Novosibirsky Municipal District, which covers the rest of the administrative district's territory.[5] The City of Novosibirsk is incorporated separately from the district as Novosibirsk Urban Okrug.[5]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Information\" (in Russian). Novosibirsky District. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nsr.nso.ru/page/736","url_text":"\"General Information\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Novosibirsky_District¶ms=55_01_N_82_56_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"55°01′N 82°56′E / 55.017°N 82.933°E / 55.017; 82.933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Novosibirsky_District¶ms=55_01_N_82_56_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"55°01′N 82°56′E / 55.017°N 82.933°E / 55.017; 82.933"},{"Link":"https://nsr.nso.ru/","external_links_name":"https://nsr.nso.ru/"},{"Link":"http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta_hynei | Manta hynei | ["1 References"] | Extinct species of cartilaginous fish
Manta hyneiTemporal range: Zanclean
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Superorder:
Batoidea
Order:
Myliobatiformes
Family:
Mobulidae
Genus:
Manta
Species:
†M. hynei
Binomial name
†Manta hyneiBourdon, 1999
Manta hynei is an extinct species of manta ray that was extant in the Pliocene. Its fossils have been found in North America, specifically North Carolina and Virginia. It was first described by Jim Bourdon in 1999, as a specimen dated to the Zanclean (early Pliocene). The species is known from its distinctive fossilized teeth. Some authors have suggested, on the basis of tooth morphology, that this species should be classified in the genus Mobula instead.
References
^ Bourdon, Jim (1999). "A fossil Manta from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) of North America". Tertiary Research. 19 (3–4): 79–84.
^ Pollerspöck, J. and Straube, N. (2018). Manta hynei | Literature | Shark-References. Shark-references.com. Available at: http://shark-references.com/literature/listBySpecies/Manta-hynei .
^ a b ADNET, S., CAPPETTA, H., GUINOT, G. and NOTARBARTOLO DI SCIARA, G. (2012). Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 166(1), pp.132-159.
^ Healy, C. (2018). Manta hynei Bourdon, 1999. Smithsonian Institution. Available at: https://www.si.edu/object/nmnhpaleobiology_10103037 .
^ Bourdon, J. (1997). Mobula, Manta, etc. — Neogene Mobulids. Elasmo.com. Available at: http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=genera/cenozoic/batoids/mobulid-lc.html&menu=bin/menu_genera-alt.html .
This article about prehistoric Batoidea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADNET-3"},{"link_name":"Zanclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclean"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mobula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADNET-3"}],"text":"Manta hynei is an extinct species of manta ray that was extant in the Pliocene. Its fossils have been found in North America, specifically North Carolina and Virginia.[2][3] It was first described by Jim Bourdon in 1999, as a specimen dated to the Zanclean (early Pliocene). The species is known from its distinctive fossilized teeth.[4][5] Some authors have suggested, on the basis of tooth morphology, that this species should be classified in the genus Mobula instead.[3]","title":"Manta hynei"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bourdon, Jim (1999). \"A fossil Manta from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) of North America\". Tertiary Research. 19 (3–4): 79–84.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://shark-references.com/literature/listBySpecies/Manta-hynei","external_links_name":"http://shark-references.com/literature/listBySpecies/Manta-hynei"},{"Link":"https://www.si.edu/object/nmnhpaleobiology_10103037","external_links_name":"https://www.si.edu/object/nmnhpaleobiology_10103037"},{"Link":"http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=genera/cenozoic/batoids/mobulid-lc.html&menu=bin/menu_genera-alt.html","external_links_name":"http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=genera/cenozoic/batoids/mobulid-lc.html&menu=bin/menu_genera-alt.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manta_hynei&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Skeleton_Returns_Again | The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Sequels","7 References","8 External links"] | 2001 film by Larry Blamire
The Lost Skeleton of CadavraPromotional release posterDirected byLarry BlamireWritten byLarry BlamireProduced byF. Miguel ValentiStarringLarry BlamireFay MastersonAndrew ParksSusan McConnellBrian HoweJennifer BlaireCinematographyKevin F. JonesEdited byBill Bryn RussellProductioncompaniesTriStar PicturesFragmightyTransom FilmsValenti EntertainmentDistributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates
October 8, 2001 (2001-10-08) (Mill Valley Film Festival)
March 12, 2004 (2004-03-12) (United States)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$40,000
The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra is a 2001 American independent science-fiction parody film directed by Larry Blamire. The film is a spoof of B movies released during the 1950s. The film was videotaped on a budget of less than US$100,000, and was converted to black-and-white film in post-production. Larry Blamire acted in and directed the film, wrote its screenplay, and provided the voice of the film's titular Skeleton. Jennifer Blaire, who performs Animala, is Blamire's wife.
The film, which was shot at Bronson Canyon in Los Angeles, California, premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 8, 2001 and received a limited release in theatres on March 12, 2004.
Plot
In 1961, scientist Dr. Paul Armstrong (Larry Blamire) and his wife Betty (Fay Masterson) drive into the mountains. Dr. Armstrong is searching for a meteorite that has fallen in the nearby woods, suspected to contain the rare element atmosphereum. Another scientist in the area, Dr. Roger Fleming (Brian Howe) questions Ranger Brad (Dan Conroy) about Cadavra Cave, a site rumored to contain a "Lost Skeleton".
That evening, both the Armstrongs and Dr. Fleming observe another falling meteor. A short time later a farmer (Robert Deveau), encountered by the Armstrongs on their way to the cabin, is mutilated by a mysterious beast. The second meteorite is actually a spaceship carrying two aliens. Kro-Bar (Andrew Parks) and Lattis (Susan McConnell) are from the planet Marva and are now stranded on Earth, in need of the element atmosphereum to repair their powerless ship. The ship's pet mutant (Darren Reed) escapes from its cage while they are distracted.
The next day, Dr. Roger Fleming finds Cadavra Cave and locates the Lost Skeleton. The Skeleton commands Fleming to bring atmosphereum to resurrect him. Meanwhile, Dr. Armstrong and Betty venture into the woods, discovering the meteorite just outside Cadavra Cave. Dr. Fleming overhears them and plots to steal the meteorite from the pair. Kro-Bar and Lattis also journey into the woods, locating the cabin with the meteorite. Using a device called the "transmutatron," they disguise themselves as "Earth people" and clumsily manage to talk their way into the cabin, having been mistaken for the property owners. Not long after they arrive, Dr. Fleming discovers the aliens' transmutatron, left outside the cabin since it would ruin their disguise. He uses it to create an ally for himself, the alluring Animala (Jennifer Blaire), created from four different animals. After briefly teaching Animala the basics of human interaction, he leads her to the cabin and convinces the Armstrongs to invite him inside.
Soon it becomes clear to Lattis and Kro-Bar (calling themselves "Turgaso" and "Bammin" on Earth in an effort to pass as earth humans) that Fleming knows their secret. They soon cooperate in stealing the meteorite, after Betty is psychically attacked by the Skeleton and Dr. Armstrong is entranced by Animala's dancing. The evil scientist tricks the pair, however, and the Skeleton uses his mind powers to freeze the aliens in their tracks once Dr. Fleming has the meteorite. Dr. Fleming and Animala soon use the atmosphereum to resurrect the Skeleton. Meanwhile, Betty, waiting for Dr. Armstrong to come back, encounters the Mutant, who appears to fall in love with her, but she is terrified and faints.
While Fleming and Animala are resurrecting the skeleton, Armstrong arrives and encounters the unfrozen aliens. They also find Betty, who has realized that the mutant has some sort of feelings for her. After bonding over a meal, the four head off to try to obtain the meteorite before it can be used to resurrect the skeleton, but they are attacked by the Mutant. Dr. Armstrong is injured in the fight, but realizes that the monster does not want to harm Betty. Armstrong and his wife return to the cabin to recover, while the aliens try to stop Fleming on their own. However, they are captured by the skeleton's mind powers, and forced to dance by his psychic powers.
The Skeleton uses his mental powers to force Lattis into becoming his bride, much to Kro-Bar's chagrin. The Skeleton mocks everyone, including Fleming, but keeps them in line with his telepathy. When Armstrong sees what is going on, he comes up with a plan to get Betty to lure the Mutant to the wedding to disrupt it. After getting the Mutant to follow them, Armstrong and Betty attack Fleming and Animala. During the fight, the Skeleton kills Fleming after the latter is beaten by Armstrong. The Mutant then arrives at the wedding and attacks the Skeleton, whose powers do not affect beings with as simple minds as the Mutant. They instead fight until the Skeleton is thrown over a cliff, smashing apart on impact. The mutant then succumbs to its injuries and dies. Animala is turned back into the animals she originally was via the transmutatron. The alien and human couples spout traditional homilies about different species working together in harmony, then go to retrieve the atmosphereum.
Cast
Larry Blamire as Dr. Paul Armstrong
Fay Masterson as Betty Armstrong
Andrew Parks as Kro-Bar/Bammin
Susan McConnell as Lattis/Turgaso
Brian Howe as Dr. Roger Fleming
Jennifer Blaire as Animala
Dan Conroy as Ranger Brad
Robert Deveau as the Farmer
Darrin Reed as the Mutant
Production
It was partly filmed in Bronson Canyon, a legendary B-movie location. Actors were instructed to give wooden performances to help with the intentional cheesiness of the film. In total, it took five days to write, and just over ten days to film.
Release
The film premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California on October 8, 2001. Acquired by Sony Pictures' Michael Schlesinger after a screening at the American Cinematheque in Hollywood, the film was released in theaters in February 2004, and on DVD in June 2004.
Reception
The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra has received mixed reviews. The film has a rating of 54% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 69 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Lost Skeleton is clever at spoofing B-movies, but the joke isn't sustainable for its running time." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 45% based on 23 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Dave Kehr of The New York Times called it "a gray, unfunny parody of 1950's science fiction films". Roger Ebert gave the film 1-and-a-half out of 4 stars, writing that "'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra' has been made by people who are trying to be bad, which by definition reveals that they are playing beneath their ability". Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club wrote that "Once the initial joke wears off, Skeleton is a dull slog that even the miracle process of 'Skeletorama' can't set right".
Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote that the film "takes true trash cinema devotion to satirize the clunky visuals, banal dialogue, logic gaps and pseudoscientific silliness of a bygone era’s schlockiest obscurities quite so accurately, complete with one-beat-tardy editorial rhythms". Ed Gonzales and Jeremiah Kipp, writing for Slant Magazine, said that the "perilously low budget plays to Lost Skeleton's advantage, and the scant 90-minute running time assures that it doesn’t wear out its welcome".
Sequels
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A sequel, The Lost Skeleton Returns Again, was filmed in March 2008, again written and directed by Blamire, produced by Mark Allen Stuart, and featuring virtually all of the original cast (though three actors whose characters were killed in the original are back in different roles), as well as several actors who appeared in Blamire's subsequent Trail of the Screaming Forehead. However, unlike the first film, it does not repeat the "ultra-cheap independent" feel, but is intended to look more like a studio B-picture from the same era, such as those produced by Sam Katzman or Edward Small. It had its world premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival October 4, 2008 and its Los Angeles premiere November 9 at the Egyptian Theatre. The film began its theatrical run at the Coolidge Corner in Boston on May 21, 2010, and was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on August 17, 2010, as was another Blamire film, Dark and Stormy Night.
In January 2012, Blamire announced on his Facebook page that a third picture, The Lost Skeleton Walks Among Us, was in development. In November 2012, a Dread Central article by Sean Decker announced that Blamire was teaming with famed monster-maker Cleve Hall to make the picture in 2013, but it was delayed by a book project. Early in 2014, Blamire posted on his Facebook page that production was now targeted for that year, and a Kickstarter campaign was begun in June.
References
^ a b Dave Kehr (20 February 2004). "FILM IN REVIEW; 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Michael O'Sullivan (20 February 2004). "An Idea So Bad It's Good". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
^ a b Dennis Harvey (19 October 2001). "Review: 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'". Variety. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ "The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Roger Ebert (12 March 2004). "The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Keith Phipps (10 February 2004). "The Lost Skeleton Of Cadavra". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Ed Gonzales and Jeremiah Kipp (9 June 2004). "The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
External links
Official website
The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"science-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"parody film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_film"},{"link_name":"Larry Blamire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blamire"},{"link_name":"spoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"B movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"post-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wplostskeleton1-2"},{"link_name":"Bronson Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mill Valley Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Valley_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"limited release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_release"}],"text":"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra is a 2001 American independent science-fiction parody film directed by Larry Blamire. The film is a spoof of B movies released during the 1950s. The film was videotaped on a budget of less than US$100,000, and was converted to black-and-white film in post-production. Larry Blamire acted in and directed the film, wrote its screenplay, and provided the voice of the film's titular Skeleton.[1][2] Jennifer Blaire, who performs Animala, is Blamire's wife.The film, which was shot at Bronson Canyon in Los Angeles, California, premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 8, 2001 and received a limited release in theatres on March 12, 2004.","title":"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Blamire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blamire"},{"link_name":"Fay Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Masterson"},{"link_name":"meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"},{"link_name":"atmosphereum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_elements,_isotopes_and_atomic_particles"},{"link_name":"Brian Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Howe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Parks"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant"},{"link_name":"Darren Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Reed"},{"link_name":"resurrect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"mind powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychokinesis"},{"link_name":"telepathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"homilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"}],"text":"In 1961, scientist Dr. Paul Armstrong (Larry Blamire) and his wife Betty (Fay Masterson) drive into the mountains. Dr. Armstrong is searching for a meteorite that has fallen in the nearby woods, suspected to contain the rare element atmosphereum. Another scientist in the area, Dr. Roger Fleming (Brian Howe) questions Ranger Brad (Dan Conroy) about Cadavra Cave, a site rumored to contain a \"Lost Skeleton\".That evening, both the Armstrongs and Dr. Fleming observe another falling meteor. A short time later a farmer (Robert Deveau), encountered by the Armstrongs on their way to the cabin, is mutilated by a mysterious beast. The second meteorite is actually a spaceship carrying two aliens. Kro-Bar (Andrew Parks) and Lattis (Susan McConnell) are from the planet Marva and are now stranded on Earth, in need of the element atmosphereum to repair their powerless ship. The ship's pet mutant (Darren Reed) escapes from its cage while they are distracted.The next day, Dr. Roger Fleming finds Cadavra Cave and locates the Lost Skeleton. The Skeleton commands Fleming to bring atmosphereum to resurrect him. Meanwhile, Dr. Armstrong and Betty venture into the woods, discovering the meteorite just outside Cadavra Cave. Dr. Fleming overhears them and plots to steal the meteorite from the pair. Kro-Bar and Lattis also journey into the woods, locating the cabin with the meteorite. Using a device called the \"transmutatron,\" they disguise themselves as \"Earth people\" and clumsily manage to talk their way into the cabin, having been mistaken for the property owners. Not long after they arrive, Dr. Fleming discovers the aliens' transmutatron, left outside the cabin since it would ruin their disguise. He uses it to create an ally for himself, the alluring Animala (Jennifer Blaire), created from four different animals. After briefly teaching Animala the basics of human interaction, he leads her to the cabin and convinces the Armstrongs to invite him inside.Soon it becomes clear to Lattis and Kro-Bar (calling themselves \"Turgaso\" and \"Bammin\" on Earth in an effort to pass as earth humans) that Fleming knows their secret. They soon cooperate in stealing the meteorite, after Betty is psychically attacked by the Skeleton and Dr. Armstrong is entranced by Animala's dancing. The evil scientist tricks the pair, however, and the Skeleton uses his mind powers to freeze the aliens in their tracks once Dr. Fleming has the meteorite. Dr. Fleming and Animala soon use the atmosphereum to resurrect the Skeleton. Meanwhile, Betty, waiting for Dr. Armstrong to come back, encounters the Mutant, who appears to fall in love with her, but she is terrified and faints.While Fleming and Animala are resurrecting the skeleton, Armstrong arrives and encounters the unfrozen aliens. They also find Betty, who has realized that the mutant has some sort of feelings for her. After bonding over a meal, the four head off to try to obtain the meteorite before it can be used to resurrect the skeleton, but they are attacked by the Mutant. Dr. Armstrong is injured in the fight, but realizes that the monster does not want to harm Betty. Armstrong and his wife return to the cabin to recover, while the aliens try to stop Fleming on their own. However, they are captured by the skeleton's mind powers, and forced to dance by his psychic powers.The Skeleton uses his mental powers to force Lattis into becoming his bride, much to Kro-Bar's chagrin. The Skeleton mocks everyone, including Fleming, but keeps them in line with his telepathy. When Armstrong sees what is going on, he comes up with a plan to get Betty to lure the Mutant to the wedding to disrupt it. After getting the Mutant to follow them, Armstrong and Betty attack Fleming and Animala. During the fight, the Skeleton kills Fleming after the latter is beaten by Armstrong. The Mutant then arrives at the wedding and attacks the Skeleton, whose powers do not affect beings with as simple minds as the Mutant. They instead fight until the Skeleton is thrown over a cliff, smashing apart on impact. The mutant then succumbs to its injuries and dies. Animala is turned back into the animals she originally was via the transmutatron. The alien and human couples spout traditional homilies about different species working together in harmony, then go to retrieve the atmosphereum.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Blamire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blamire"},{"link_name":"Fay Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Parks"},{"link_name":"Brian Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Howe_(actor)"}],"text":"Larry Blamire as Dr. Paul Armstrong\nFay Masterson as Betty Armstrong\nAndrew Parks as Kro-Bar/Bammin\nSusan McConnell as Lattis/Turgaso\nBrian Howe as Dr. Roger Fleming\nJennifer Blaire as Animala\nDan Conroy as Ranger Brad\nRobert Deveau as the Farmer\nDarrin Reed as the Mutant","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronson Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Canyon"},{"link_name":"cheesiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"}],"text":"It was partly filmed in Bronson Canyon, a legendary B-movie location. Actors were instructed to give wooden performances to help with the intentional cheesiness of the film. In total, it took five days to write, and just over ten days to film.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mill Valley Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Valley_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mill Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-3"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"The film premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California on October 8, 2001.[3] Acquired by Sony Pictures' Michael Schlesinger after a screening at the American Cinematheque in Hollywood, the film was released in theaters in February 2004, and on DVD in June 2004.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregation"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dave Kehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kehr"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"pseudoscientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-3"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra has received mixed reviews. The film has a rating of 54% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 69 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Lost Skeleton is clever at spoofing B-movies, but the joke isn't sustainable for its running time.\"[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 45% based on 23 critic reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[5]Dave Kehr of The New York Times called it \"a gray, unfunny parody of 1950's science fiction films\".[1] Roger Ebert gave the film 1-and-a-half out of 4 stars, writing that \"'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra' has been made by people who are trying to be bad, which by definition reveals that they are playing beneath their ability\".[6] Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club wrote that \"Once the initial joke wears off, Skeleton is a dull slog that even the miracle process of 'Skeletorama' can't set right\".[7]Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote that the film \"takes true trash cinema devotion to satirize the clunky visuals, banal dialogue, logic gaps and pseudoscientific silliness of a bygone era’s schlockiest obscurities quite so accurately, complete with one-beat-tardy editorial rhythms\".[3] Ed Gonzales and Jeremiah Kipp, writing for Slant Magazine, said that the \"perilously low budget plays to Lost Skeleton's advantage, and the scant 90-minute running time assures that it doesn’t wear out its welcome\".[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"The Lost Skeleton Returns Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Skeleton_Returns_Again"},{"link_name":"Sam Katzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Katzman"},{"link_name":"Edward Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Small"},{"link_name":"world premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_premiere"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"Dark and Stormy Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_and_stormy_night_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dread Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central"},{"link_name":"Cleve Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_Hall"}],"text":"A sequel, The Lost Skeleton Returns Again, was filmed in March 2008, again written and directed by Blamire, produced by Mark Allen Stuart, and featuring virtually all of the original cast (though three actors whose characters were killed in the original are back in different roles), as well as several actors who appeared in Blamire's subsequent Trail of the Screaming Forehead. However, unlike the first film, it does not repeat the \"ultra-cheap independent\" feel, but is intended to look more like a studio B-picture from the same era, such as those produced by Sam Katzman or Edward Small. It had its world premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival October 4, 2008 and its Los Angeles premiere November 9 at the Egyptian Theatre. The film began its theatrical run at the Coolidge Corner in Boston on May 21, 2010, and was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on August 17, 2010, as was another Blamire film, Dark and Stormy Night.In January 2012, Blamire announced on his Facebook page that a third picture, The Lost Skeleton Walks Among Us, was in development. In November 2012, a Dread Central article by Sean Decker announced that Blamire was teaming with famed monster-maker Cleve Hall to make the picture in 2013, but it was delayed by a book project. Early in 2014, Blamire posted on his Facebook page that production was now targeted for that year, and a Kickstarter campaign was begun in June.","title":"Sequels"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dave Kehr (20 February 2004). \"FILM IN REVIEW; 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kehr","url_text":"Dave Kehr"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9907E1D9113DF933A15751C0A9629C8B63","url_text":"\"FILM IN REVIEW; 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Michael O'Sullivan (20 February 2004). \"An Idea So Bad It's Good\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2004/02/27/an-idea-so-bad-its-good/9906bfd3-4502-40c6-8b8f-eba01215046b/","url_text":"\"An Idea So Bad It's Good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Dennis Harvey (19 October 2001). \"Review: 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\". Variety. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2001/film/reviews/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-1200553256/","url_text":"\"Review: 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra (2004)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lost_skeleton_of_cadavra/","url_text":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra (2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra","url_text":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Roger Ebert (12 March 2004). \"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Roger Ebert"},{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-2004","url_text":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\""}]},{"reference":"Keith Phipps (10 February 2004). \"The Lost Skeleton Of Cadavra\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-5236","url_text":"\"The Lost Skeleton Of Cadavra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Ed Gonzales and Jeremiah Kipp (9 June 2004). \"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/review/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra","url_text":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9907E1D9113DF933A15751C0A9629C8B63","external_links_name":"\"FILM IN REVIEW; 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2004/02/27/an-idea-so-bad-its-good/9906bfd3-4502-40c6-8b8f-eba01215046b/","external_links_name":"\"An Idea So Bad It's Good\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2001/film/reviews/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-1200553256/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lost_skeleton_of_cadavra/","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra (2004)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-2004","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra-5236","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Skeleton Of Cadavra\""},{"Link":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/review/the-lost-skeleton-of-cadavra","external_links_name":"\"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/thelostskeletonofcadavra","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0307109/","external_links_name":"The Lost Skeleton of Cadavra"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Smith_(football_manager) | Denis Smith (footballer, born 1947) | ["1 Early life","2 Playing career","2.1 Stoke City","2.2 Style of play","3 Managerial career","3.1 York City","3.2 Sunderland","3.3 Bristol City","3.4 Oxford United","3.5 West Bromwich Albion","3.6 Return to Oxford","3.7 Wrexham","4 Personal life","5 Career statistics","5.1 As a player","5.2 As a manager","6 Honours","6.1 As a player","6.2 As a manager","7 References","8 External links"] | English football player and manager (born 1947)
For footballers with a similar name, see Dennis Smith (disambiguation).
Denis SmithPersonal informationFull name
Denis SmithDate of birth
(1947-11-19) 19 November 1947 (age 76)Place of birth
Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, EnglandHeight
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s)
DefenderYouth career1964–1968
Stoke CitySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1968–1982
Stoke City
407
(29)1982
→ York City (loan)
7
(1)1982–1983
York City
30
(4)Total
444
(34)Managerial career1982–1987
York City1987–1991
Sunderland1992–1993
Bristol City1993–1997
Oxford United1997–1999
West Bromwich Albion2000
Oxford United2001–2007
Wrexham
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Denis Smith (born 19 November 1947) is an English former professional footballer and manager. He made 531 appearances in all competitions in 15 seasons as a player in the Football League, and as a manager, he took charge of 1,195 competitive matches.
Born in Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, he joined local club Stoke City as an amateur in 1964, making his first-team debut in September 1968. A hard-tackling defender, he soon established himself in the first team, playing in a centre-back partnership with Alan Bloor for much of his career. Stoke enjoyed one of the most successful periods of their history during his time at the club, as he helped Stoke to win the League Cup in 1972, featuring in successive FA Cup semi-finals in 1971 and 1972 and helping the club to successive fifth-place finishes in the First Division in 1973–74 and 1974–75. His bravery as a player meant that he also entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most injured man in football. However, he was never able to fully recover after breaking his leg for the fifth time in his career in March 1975. He did manage to continue to play competitive football and helped Stoke to win promotion from the Second Division in 1978–79. He missed the entire 1980–81 season due to injury and left the club in May 1982.
He began his management career at York City in May 1982, having played for the club on loan the previous season. He led the club to the Fourth Division title in 1983–84, totalling five seasons. He took charge of Sunderland in May 1987, and took the club to the Third Division title in 1987–88, before getting the club promoted from the Second Division in 1989–90. Dismissed by Sunderland in December 1991, he took charge at Bristol City three months later. He steered the club away from relegation in 1992–93 but was dismissed in January 1993 after falling out with the club's directors. He was appointed manager of Oxford United in September 1993 and, although unable to avoid relegation in 1993–94, led the club to promotion from the Second Division in 1995–96. He switched clubs to West Bromwich Albion in December 1997, remaining in charge for two-and-a-half seasons before being dismissed in July 1999.
He returned to manage Oxford in February 2000 and helped them to avoid relegation in 1999–2000 before resigning in October 2000. In October 2001, he was appointed manager of Wrexham, who were relegated in 2001–02. He won promotion from the Third Division at the first attempt in 2002–03. Wrexham entered administration in December 2004, and the resulting points deduction saw them relegated once more. Despite the financial problems, he managed the club to the Football League Trophy title in 2005, in addition to two successive FAW Premier Cup wins in 2002 and 2003. He was dismissed in January 2007, months after the club exited administration. He married in October 1967 and has three children.
Early life
Denis Smith was born in Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, the second youngest of seven siblings. At just three years old, he formed his own gang, stating in his autobiography that "if we wanted to play in the sandpit we played in the sandpit", and continued to lead his gang through junior and senior years at Sandon Road Junior School. Despite being involved with gangs since his early childhood he grew out of the culture by the age of ten, and as a teenager, formed friendships outside of his local council estate. He turned down the chance to sit the eleven plus exam as local grammar school Longton High was a rugby-playing school, and so instead attended Queensbury Road School, with whom he won the Stoke Schools Trophy; he also played for the Stoke-on-Trent Schoolboys (who were coached by former England international Dennis Wilshaw). At the age of 15 he became Staffordshire County boxing champion.
He was only 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) at 14, but a late growth spurt took him to just under six feet and was, therefore, tall enough to play centre-back as a professional footballer. He was offered an apprenticeship by Portsmouth but turned it down as he wanted to sign for his local club Stoke City, who initially were not willing to take him on as an apprentice. They only allowed him to train with the 'A' team twice a week as an amateur whilst he initially worked as a plumber's mate, and later as a factory worker at Stone Lotus.
Playing career
Stoke City
Smith signed for Stoke City in September 1966 after telling manager Tony Waddington that he was going to sign a contract at another club; though Waddington was not keen on Smith's hard-tackling style, he did not want to lose the young player. At the age of 18 he faced Leeds United's FWA Footballer of the Year Bobby Collins in a reserve match, and despite Collins going as far as to punch him in the face Smith managed to last the entire match without backing down in an extremely physical contest. However, for a period, Waddington banned Smith from playing against first-team players in training as he feared Smith would injure one of his players. He made his first-team debut in the Football League against Arsenal in September 1968. He was given the task of man-marking Bobby Gould. He gave away a penalty after fouling Jon Sammels, which Terry Neill converted for the only goal of the match, but otherwise made a solid debut. However, in his second appearance, he gave away two penalties in a 3–1 defeat away to Ipswich Town and had to wait five months for another first-team appearance. In March 1969, Alan Bloor picked up a knock and Smith returned to the starting line-up in a 5–1 defeat to Leeds, failing in his task to man-mark Mick Jones, who claimed a hat-trick. Despite the poor start to his senior career, he managed to finish the 1968–69 season with 14 First Division appearances to his name and was occasionally used as an emergency striker.
Smith established himself in the Stoke defence in 1969–70, forming a centre-back partnership with Alan Bloor in between full backs Jackie Marsh and Mike Pejic. Smith was the aggressive and highly physical defender, complemented by Bloor who tended to stay further back and use his intelligence to read the game and clean up any mistakes Smith made. Smith claimed his first goal for the club on 17 September 1969, in a 3–1 win over West Bromwich Albion (West Brom) at the Hawthorns. Stoke reached the semi-final of the FA Cup in 1970–71, and Smith played in the fourth round victory over Huddersfield Town despite suffering from a fractured ankle. He scored the only goal of the match in the fifth-round replay away to Ipswich. He also scored a "freak goal" from a deflected Peter Storey clearance in the semi-final against Arsenal on 27 March 1971, but Stoke lost the replay four days later.
Stoke reached the FA Cup semi-final for a second successive season in 1971–72, again being knocked out by Arsenal in a replay. He had scored in the quarter-final victory over Manchester United and pressured Arsenal's Peter Simpson into scoring an own goal in the original semi-final match. However, John Radford was the hero of the tie as he played as an emergency goalkeeper in the first match following an injury to Bob Wilson, and then scored the winning goal in the replay. Stoke found greater success in the League Cup, beating Southport, Oxford United (after a replay), Manchester United (after two replays), Bristol Rovers and West Ham United (after three replays) to reach the 1972 League Cup Final against Chelsea. He scored two goals during the run but was knocked out whilst scoring against Bristol Rovers in the quarter-final and missed some weeks with concussion. He returned to play in the final, man-marking Peter Osgood in a match which Stoke won 2–1 to win their first major trophy.
Despite the cup success and arrival of new signing Geoff Hurst, Stoke laboured to a 15th-place finish in 1972–73. Smith blamed the car crash and subsequent injury to Gordon Banks in October 1972 as the cause for the club's mid-season slump, which compounded an already poor start to the season. Any concerns over relegation disappeared though with six victories in the final eight league matches. After a poor start to 1973–74, Waddington signed Alan Hudson in January 1974 to help revive the club's fortunes. The defence also improved, as Smith helped to ensure only two goals were conceded in the last nine matches of the season as Stoke finished fifth. On 23 February 1974, Smith scored the winning goal against Leeds to end their opponent's 29-match unbeaten run. Leeds went on to have a £250,000 bid for Smith turned down by Stoke in the summer.
Stoke made a push for the title in 1974–75. They also competed in the UEFA Cup against Dutch team Ajax, and Smith scored in a 1–1 draw at the Victoria Ground. However, Stoke would lose the tie on away goals. Smith scored the only goal of the match against Leicester City on 30 November 1974 to take Stoke top of the table. However, Smith broke his leg for the fifth time in his career making a red-card challenge on Mick Lambert in a 2–1 defeat to Ipswich on 18 March 1975; he was the fourth Stoke player to break a leg that season. Stoke ended the season again in fifth place, picking up just two points from their final three matches to finish four points behind champions Derby County.
He underwent an operation to remove cartilage in his knee in November 1975, and his recovery was not entirely successful. He later admitted that after returning to match fitness from the injury he was only ever able to play at "half pace". His long-term replacement was young defender Alan Dodd. The club also faced a major decline following a gale which severely damaged the Victoria Ground's Butler Street stand, and a lack of adequate insurance cover left a significant repair bill meaning the club had to sell Alan Hudson, Jimmy Greenhoff, Mike Pejic, Sean Haslegrave and Ian Moores to fund the repair; Eric Skeels and John Ritchie also retired. Waddington filled in the gaps left by these players with youngsters, and it also meant that Smith could continue to be a regular for the club despite his reduced mobility. Waddington was dismissed in March 1976, and new manager George Eastham failed to prevent Stoke from being relegated at the end of 1976–77. Following relegation Smith formed another good partnership, this time with Mike Doyle, which helped Stoke gain promotion in 1978–79 under new manager Alan Durban. Smith claimed his two seasons in the Second Division were "boring", as even with his reduced mobility few attackers in the division posed too much of a threat for him.
A pre-season injury kept him out of the entire 1980–81 season, during which time he coached the reserves. In this time he converted Steve Bould from a striker into a centre-back. Smith returned from injury in 1981–82, and featured regularly early in the season, and by the time another injury forced him out of the team, Stoke were in 18th place. He joined York City, who were struggling in the Fourth Division, on a one-month loan in March 1982. He debuted in a 3–1 home defeat to Hull City on 16 March 1982, and scored once for York, in a 4–2 loss away to Wigan Athletic on 2 April. Smith made seven appearances while on loan at York, and exerted his influence on the team by organising the defence; he commented that "They had been crying out for an older head like me". He was recalled by Stoke manager Richie Barker as the defence struggled in his absence, and Smith re-established himself in the team as they avoided relegation. He was handed a free transfer to York in May 1982. He said that if he had been offered a coaching role at Stoke he would have stayed, but that Barker wanted him gone as he saw him as a threat to his position. In total, Smith made 493 appearances for Stoke, a club record for a centre-back.
Style of play
During Smith's 14 seasons with Stoke, he became known for his fearless mentality, which led to him sustaining many injuries. These included five broken legs, breaking his nose four times, a cracked ankle, a broken collar bone, a chipped spine, breaking most of his fingers and toes and needing more than 200 stitches. The sequence saw him named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most injured man in football. Early into his career, Smith soon developed a reputation as a "hard player" who would launch himself at opponents determined to either block a shot or win the ball, which is how he picked up most of his injuries. He was known as Stoke's "hitman", and relished going toe to toe with the biggest and most feared opposition players.
He would generally man-mark the opposition's playmaker or major goalscoring threat. He was a highly effective tackler, able to either flatten opposition players or quickly take the ball off their toes. After the tackle from behind was outlawed, he adapted to the rule change by making hard challenges from the side. Manager Tony Waddington said, "His qualities were his tackling strength and his courage. On the ball, he just did what he could do, but he also had a tremendous ability to read the game."
Managerial career
York City
He moved into management with York as player-manager ahead of 1982–83, accepting the position on 12 May 1982. He described the set-up at Bootham Crescent on his arrival as a "shambles", as training consisted entirely of running and was devoid of any actual coaching. He signed veteran players Roger Jones (goalkeeper), Alan Hay (defender) and Ricky Sbragia (defender), as well as young Stoke defender Chris Evans, which including Smith himself meant a complete change in the club's back line. He brought in striker Viv Busby as a player-coach. He then made 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 26-year-old striker Keith Walwyn his priority and encouraged Walwyn to use his natural physical presence to become a greater threat in front of goal and unlock his potential. Smith retired from playing after steering York to a seventh-place in 1982–83, in which he made 36 appearances and scored 4 goals. He signed Sheffield United's John MacPhail on a free transfer as a replacement for himself.
In his second season as York manager, 1983–84, he signed another former teammate, energetic midfielder Sean Haslegrave. Smith was named as the division's Manager of the Month for March 1984 after York won five and drew one of their six league matches. He guided York to the Fourth Division title and promotion into the Third Division, with Walwyn scoring 25 goals and earning a place in the PFA Team of the Year alongside strike partner John Byrne, who scored 27 goals. York finished with 101 points, 16 points ahead of runners-up Doncaster Rovers.
Early in 1984–85, York were beaten by Queens Park Rangers (QPR) in the League Cup, but Byrne impressed QPR manager Alan Mullery enough to earn a £100,000 move to Loftus Road. Smith spent half of this sum (a club record) on Aldershot forward Dale Banton, who went on to score 49 goals in 138 appearances for the club. He also released winger Brian Pollard, but found that the man he signed in his place, Gary Nicholson, was not able to replicate Pollard's form. York started the season well, and another of his signings, Keith Houchen (£15,000), scored a hat-trick in a 7–1 win over Gillingham in November 1984. On 26 January 1985, he guided York to victory over Arsenal in the FA Cup fourth round. In the next round York came from behind to draw 1–1 at home with Liverpool, before losing 7–0 away at Anfield.
York again drew Liverpool in the FA Cup fifth round in 1985–86 and took the lead through Gary Ford only to concede a stoppage-time equaliser. Tony Canham scored at Anfield and York had a second goal disallowed before York succumbed to a 3–1 defeat in extra time. York lost only three home league matches all season but missed out on promotion after finishing seventh. In the summer of 1986, he sold MacPhail to Bristol City for £15,000, whilst many of the veteran players he signed when he first came to the club were coming to the end of their careers. The 1986–87 season was disappointing for York as they were knocked out of the FA Cup by non-League team Caernarfon Town and ended the season in 20th-place. They did, though manage to beat Chelsea 1–0 in the League Cup but lost the return fixture at Stamford Bridge 3–0. Smith ended up falling out with the club's directors, who invested money in the club's facilities rather than on players, and released goalkeeper Andy Leaning against his wishes.
Sunderland
In May 1987, Smith was appointed manager at Sunderland, who had just been relegated into the Third Division for the first time in their history. York were unwilling to release him from his contract for less than £20,000 compensation, and Sunderland would only go as far as pay £10,000. Smith agreed to a £40,000-a-year contract that meant if he failed to win promotion with Sunderland in his first season he would pay the extra £10,000 compensation himself. He brought his York coaching staff with him: Viv Busby, Malcolm Crosby, and Roger Jones. He also signed former York player John MacPhail to shore up the defence, who captained the team and scored 16 goals (including 10 penalties) in his maiden season at Roker Park. He signed right-back John Kay, whilst remaining satisfied with existing left-back Reuben Agboola, centre-back Gary Bennett and goalkeeper Iain Hesford. In midfield he played a youthful combination of Gordon Armstrong, Paul Lemon, Gary Owers and Paul Atkinson, alongside the more experienced defensive midfielder Steve Doyle. He sold Mark Proctor to Sheffield Wednesday for £275,000. He signed young and pacey York striker Marco Gabbiadini for £80,000 and played him alongside the experienced Eric Gates; the pair scored 42 goals between them in 1987–88. A 7–0 win over Southend United started a run of 15 league matches unbeaten, though in the second half of the campaign a run of just 2 wins in 10 matches set them back. Smith bought Swansea City winger Colin Pascoe in March 1988, and oversaw a run of seven wins in the final eight matches to secure the Third Division championship and promotion with 93 points.
Injuries to Kay and Lemon hindered Sunderland at the start of 1988–89, and they took until 1 October 1988 to register their first win back in the Second Division. He signed burly striker Billy Whitehurst to act as a "battering-ram", who proved to be an effective player despite being a heavy binge drinker. He spent a club record £500,000 on goalkeeper Tony Norman, though Hesford and Whitehurst were traded as part-exchange on the fee. Sunderland improved and ended the season in 11th-place.
He signed experienced midfielder Paul Bracewell for 1989–90 and spent £130,000 on Portsmouth left-back Paul Hardyman. He introduced the exceptionally talented teenage winger Kieron Brady to the first team. Still, he could not discipline the precocious teenager, and Brady never realised his full potential. Sunderland reached the play-offs, and faced rivals Newcastle United in the semi-final, securing passage into the final with a 2–0 victory at St James' Park. They lost 1–0 to Swindon Town in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. However, Swindon were found guilty of financial irregularities and remained in the Second Division, whilst Sunderland took their place in the First Division.
Having been promoted weeks after the end of the previous season and not being granted an increased wage budget, Smith felt he had a tough job in keeping Sunderland in the top flight in 1990–91. He allowed Gates and MacPhail to leave on free transfers to free up money to bring in new players. He spent £350,000 on Portsmouth defender Kevin Ball and took forward Peter Davenport from rivals Middlesbrough; Ball would prove to be a success, though Smith admitted in his autobiography that signing Davenport had been a mistake that left him unable to bring in any further players, as his small budget was spent. He was given further funds in February 1991 as Sunderland were engaged in a relegation battle, and Smith spent £225,000 on midfielder Brian Mooney, who had a limited impact due to injuries. On the final day of the season Sunderland had to better Luton Town's result at home to Derby in their match against Manchester City at Maine Road, but they lost 3–2 and were relegated back into the Second Division.
In the summer of 1991, Stoke chairman Peter Coates offered Smith the vacant management position at the club. Smith decided that potentially being dismissed by his hometown club would be too intense an emotional experience, and he chose to stay loyal to Sunderland. This was despite finances being tight at Sunderland as the club saved the money to build a new stadium. However, after just 4 wins in the opening 14 matches of 1991–92, Smith decided to sell star striker Gabbiadini to Crystal Palace for £1.8 million to raise funds to improve the squad. He then spent £350,000 on Celtic left-back Anton Rogan and brought in strikers Don Goodman (£900,000 from West Bromwich Albion) and John Byrne (£225,000 from Brighton & Hove Albion). Smith was dismissed on 30 December 1991, with Sunderland lying 17th in the Second Division. His former assistant Malcolm Crosby took Sunderland to the 1992 FA Cup Final, in which Liverpool beat them.
Bristol City
Smith was only out of work for nine weeks before being appointed manager of Bristol City on 9 March 1992. He succeeded Jimmy Lumsden, who left the club second-from-bottom in the Second Division. Smith felt the team lacked pace, so signed 20-year-old striker Andy Cole on loan from Arsenal. Dariusz Dziekanowski scored both goals against Wolverhampton Wanderers (Wolves) in Smith's second match in charge to provide City with their first win in three months. They then won 3–1 against Smith's former club Sunderland, with Cole scoring the first of his 8 goals in 12 appearances during his loan spell. Smith successfully steered the club out of the relegation zone at the end of 1992–93 with a run of eight matches unbeaten and paid a club record £500,000 to secure Cole's services permanently. He further paid £250,000 for Everton midfielder Raymond Atteveld and signed West Ham United striker Leroy Rosenior.
Smith rebuilt the defence for 1993–94, signing right-back Brian Mitchell and centre-back David Thompson, and oversaw a mixed start to the season. City won four straight home matches but also lost 5–1 to West Ham, 5–0 at Newcastle, and most significantly 4–0 to local rivals Bristol Rovers at Twerton Park. He found it difficult to control the club's talented and popular players, as Dziekanowski regularly got into trouble in his social life and skilled left-winger Junior Bent was unwilling to deliver crosses as regularly as Smith demanded. He tried to sell Bent but was unable to have the deal sanctioned by the club's directors. His relationship with the board was poor and he found himself regularly undermined and sensitive boardroom discussions were leaked. He also tried to sell Cole in order to provide funds to restructure the first team but again the board refused to sanction the deal. He was dismissed on 21 January 1993 following a run of 10 matches without a victory, and his assistant Russell Osman was appointed as his successor.
Oxford United
Smith made a return to management with Oxford on 10 September 1993, and the following day led them to a 4–2 victory over his former club Bristol City. A victory over another former club, Stoke, took Oxford off the bottom of the Second Division, but a sequence of just 2 wins in 17 matches left them in great danger of relegation. He signed goalkeeper Phil Whitehead on loan from Barnsley, signed striker John Byrne (£50,000 from Millwall) for the third time in his career, and then made what he later said was the best signing of his career by bringing in defender Matt Elliott from Scunthorpe United for £170,000. Oxford were boosted by these arrivals and briefly exited the relegation zone, also claiming an FA Cup giant-killing over Leeds at Elland Road after Jim Magilton scored the winning goal in extra time. However, after the match Magilton moved to Southampton for a £600,000 fee. Oxford had struggled in the league during their FA Cup run and were 15 points short of safety with 16 matches to play, but were aided by £60,000 signing Paul Moody, who, despite arriving in February 1994, managed to finish as the club's top-scorer with 12 goals in 15 appearances. His arrival kick-started the club's fightback, and Oxford closed the 15 points gap in just 9 matches. However, a difficult run-in left Oxford needing to beat Notts County on the last day of the season and hope results elsewhere went their way, and though they beat County their relegation rivals also claimed victories and Oxford were relegated.
The sale of star midfielder Joey Beauchamp to West Ham for a club record £1 million allowed Smith money to spend in the transfer market, and he spent £100,000 each on Norwich City midfielder David Smith and Sunderland striker David Rush. Oxford formed a strong promotion push in 1994–95, but were knocked out of the FA Cup in the first round by non-League Marlow. In February 1995, he spent £60,000 on Hartlepool United's Phil Gilchrist, who would form a highly effective centre-back partnership with Elliott. Oxford finished the season in seventh place, six points outside the play-offs. In November 1995, Smith re-signed Beauchamp for £300,000, who continued his excellent form after returning to his native Oxfordshire. The next month he brought in striker Martin Aldridge on a free transfer. The club were 14th in January 1996, but lost only once in their last 17 matches of 1995–96 in a tremendous second half of the season that saw them climb 12 places to win promotion as runners-up. At the end of the season, Smith became a director of the club.
In order to strengthen for 1996–97, Smith signed striker Nigel Jemson and spent £100,000 on Leyton Orient defender Darren Purse. In order to finance these deals he sold Chris Allen to Nottingham Forest for £450,000. Oxford knocked Premier League team Sheffield Wednesday out of the League Cup en route to a fourth-round exit. Oxford were fifth in the table in December 1996, but chairman Robin Herd resigned amidst financial problems at the club, and work on the new stadium came to a halt as the club debt reached £13 million. Smith raised funds by selling Elliott to Leicester for £1.7 million, and signed veteran defender Chris Whyte on a free transfer as a short-term replacement. Oxford finished the season in 17th place, but the club's financial situation became ever bleaker. Numerous players were sold, though Smith was allowed to spend £170,000 on defender Phil Whelan. Smith left the Manor Ground midway through 1997–98 with Oxford 16th in the league, and his assistant Crosby managed to maintain the club's mid-table position at the end of the season.
West Bromwich Albion
Smith was appointed manager of West Brom on a three-year contract on 24 December 1997, with Oxford receiving around £100,000 in compensation. He had a mixed start to his time at the Hawthorns as Albion fell from promotion contenders to a tenth-place finish in 1997–98, but recorded victories over local rivals Wolves and Stoke.
In preparation for 1998–99, he signed athletic Derby centre-back Matt Carbon for £800,000, Blackpool striker James Quinn for £500,000, and Manchester City defender Jason van Blerk for £50,000. He also brought in winger Mark Angel, midfielders Mario Bortolazzi and Enzo Maresca, and striker Fabian de Freitas. However, the player who had the greatest impact for West Brom was young striker Lee Hughes, who had been signed before Smith's arrival but only made his first start under Smith. Aside from Maresca, many of Smith's signings had little impact, and supporters criticised him for allowing popular goalkeeper Alan Miller and strikers Andy Hunt and Bob Taylor to leave the club. West Brom started the season well with Hughes in tremendous form, but a slump in form in March 1999 left them ending up in 12th place. Smith was dismissed on 27 July 1999, just a week before the start of 1999–2000.
Return to Oxford
On 3 February 2000, Smith was appointed manager of Oxford for the second time in his career, with the club 21st in the Second Division. He re-signed striker Nigel Jemson from Ayr United, and kept Oxford in the division as they ended 1999–2000 in 20th place, one place and one point above the relegation zone. He signed a one-year contract extension in the summer of 2000 but fell out with chairman Firoz Kassam. He later admitted that the signings he made on a limited budget, which included Ian McGuckin, Andy Scott and Rob Quinn, were not good enough. Smith resigned on 2 October 2000 after a terrible start to 2000–01, a season which ended in Oxford being relegated in last place. He continued to work as a scout for the club under Dave Kemp and then Mark Wright.
Wrexham
Smith returned to management on 8 October 2001 with Wrexham on a two-year contract, replacing Brian Flynn who had resigned after 12 years in charge, with the club 23rd in the Second Division. He was tasked with keeping the club steady whilst it struggled with financial problems. He decided to cut back on the club's youth coaching spending, and as a result, Wrexham's youth structure was downgraded from an academy to a Centre of Excellence. He signed goalkeeper Marius Røvde, midfielder Jim Whitley, and gave striker Hector Sam his debut, but failed to keep Wrexham away from the relegation zone. With relegation confirmed, new signing Lee Jones scored all five goals in a 5–0 win over Cambridge United, leaving cause for optimism at the Racecourse Ground.
He signed wing-back Paul Edwards and held on to most of his key players for the 2002–03 season. Wrexham had a good start to the season, and Smith won the Manager of the Month award for September 2002 after a sequence of four wins and two draws. A slump followed, but Wrexham recovered from a poor October 2002 after coming from behind to beat AFC Bournemouth on 9 November, as strikers Andy Morrell and Lee Trundle formed a good partnership, with Jones an impact substitute. Wrexham dropped out of the play-off places following a sequence of draws in March 2003, but new signing Scott Green scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool United on 18 March, the first of a sequence of eight victories that took Wrexham into the third automatic promotion place with four matches to go. They held on to the position to secure promotion from the Third Division at the first attempt. Wrexham also beat Newport County 6–1 in the final of the FAW Premier Cup to secure an important £100,000 in prize money. Smith was named as the Manager of the Month for April and 2003, before winning the League Managers Association's Third Division Manager of the Season award.
Smith lost Morrell and Trundle on free transfers and replaced them with Chris Armstrong and Chris Llewellyn. The club's financial problems meant that players went unpaid at the start of 2003–04. However, they remained in the play-off places in December 2003. However, a hairline fracture to Shaun Pejic left Smith short of defenders and the promotion challenge ebbed away to a mid-table finish. Wrexham retained the FAW Premier Cup though with a 4–1 victory over Rhyl. However, Smith made himself unpopular with supporters after refusing to endorse their campaign to oust controversial chairman Alex Hamilton.
Writing in his autobiography, Smith described 2004–05 "the most harrowing, distressing footballing time of my life" as the club entered administration with debts of £2.6 million. Wrexham became the first club to be deducted 10 points for entering administration and were subsequently relegated from League One, eight points short of safety despite new signing Juan Ugarte scoring 23 goals. Despite the financial trouble Wrexham managed to win the Football League Trophy, knocking out Notts County, Stockport County, Chester City, Hereford United and Oldham Athletic en route to the final against Southend United at the Millennium Stadium. The final was settled in extra time, with Ugarte and Darren Ferguson securing a 2–0 victory. The club earned £250,000 in prize money and the first national trophy in Wrexham's history.
Smith turned down the managerial role at Blackpool to remain in place at Wrexham for 2005–06. He signed goalkeeper Michael Ingham, defenders David Bayliss and Lee Roche, and strikers Lee McEvilly and Jonathan Walters, whilst blooding brothers Marc and Mike Williams. However, Wrexham struggled in the league despite on-loan striker Matt Derbyshire scoring 10 goals in 16 appearances. They finished the season 13th in League Two, having won only one of their last nine matches. The last match of the season was a 1–1 draw with former club Oxford, which hastened Oxford's relegation out of the Football League.
Wrexham exited 18 months of administration at the start of 2006–07 and started the season with an eight-match unbeaten run, including a 4–1 win over Championship club Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup. However, a 5–0 defeat at Accrington Stanley triggered a run of bad results that Smith was unable to turn around. With Wrexham hovering above the relegation zone in 18th place, Smith was dismissed on 11 January 2007. He is one of only 24 people to have managed over 1,000 professional matches in English football.
Personal life
He married his childhood sweetheart Kate in October 1967. Their first child, Paul, was born in April 1969 and was named after teammate Paul Shardlow, who had died six months earlier. They had two further children: Becky (born 1971) and Tom (born 1978). Smith released his autobiography, Just One Of Seven, in November 2008. He writes a weekly column for The Sentinel and is occasionally a commentator on Stoke matches for BBC Radio Stoke. In July 2011, he re-joined Stoke on a part-time basis as a mentor for young Academy players needing guidance off the pitch. He was inducted into the Stoke-on-Trent Sporting Hall of Fame.
Career statistics
As a player
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Stoke City
1968–69
First Division
14
0
0
0
0
0
—
14
0
1969–70
First Division
40
4
3
0
1
0
—
44
4
1970–71
First Division
36
0
8
2
2
0
6
1
52
3
1971–72
First Division
28
5
9
1
9
2
8
2
54
10
1972–73
First Division
39
4
1
0
2
0
2
0
44
4
1973–74
First Division
41
4
1
0
3
1
5
0
50
5
1974–75
First Division
30
2
1
0
5
1
2
1
38
4
1975–76
First Division
19
3
3
1
0
0
—
22
4
1976–77
First Division
30
2
1
0
0
0
—
31
2
1977–78
Second Division
41
1
0
0
1
0
—
42
1
1978–79
Second Division
38
2
1
0
5
0
—
44
2
1979–80
First Division
34
2
1
0
4
1
—
39
3
1980–81
First Division
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
0
0
1981–82
First Division
17
0
0
0
2
0
—
19
0
Total
407
29
29
4
34
5
23
4
493
42
York City (loan)
1981–82
Fourth Division
7
1
—
—
—
7
1
York City
1982–83
Fourth Division
30
4
4
0
2
0
—
36
4
Total
37
5
4
0
2
0
—
43
5
Career total
444
34
33
4
36
5
23
4
536
47
^ Two appearances in Texaco Cup, four appearances and one goal in Anglo-Italian Cup
^ Four appearances and two goals in Texaco Cup, four appearances in Anglo-Italian Cup
^ a b Appearances in UEFA Cup
^ Three appearances in Watney Cup, two in Texaco Cup
As a manager
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
From
To
Record
Ref
P
W
D
L
Win %
York City
May 1982
31 May 1987
279
128
64
87
045.9
Sunderland
31 May 1987
30 December 1991
238
91
64
83
038.2
Bristol City
9 March 1992
21 January 1993
49
15
11
23
030.6
Oxford United
10 September 1993
24 December 1997
247
99
60
88
040.1
West Bromwich Albion
24 December 1997
27 July 1999
74
22
20
32
029.7
Oxford United
3 February 2000
2 October 2000
30
8
3
19
026.7
Wrexham
8 October 2001
11 January 2007
278
101
68
109
036.3
Total
1,195
464
290
441
038.8
—
Honours
As a player
Stoke City
Football League Second Division third-place promotion: 1978–79
Football League Cup: 1971–72
Watney Cup: 1973–74
As a manager
York City
Football League Fourth Division: 1983–84
Sunderland
Football League Third Division: 1987–88
Football League Second Division promotion: 1989–90
Oxford United
Football League Second Division promotion: 1995–96
Wrexham
FAW Premier Cup: 2002–03, 2003–04
Football League Third Division third-place promotion: 2002–03
Football League Trophy: 2004–05
Individual
Football League Fourth Division Manager of the Month: March 1984
Football League Third Division Manager of the Month: September 2002, April 2003
Third Division Manager of the Season: 2002–03
References
General
Smith, Denis (2008), Just One of Seven: The Autobiography of Denis Smith, Studley: Know The Score Books, ISBN 978-1-84818-504-3
Specific
^ "Denis Smith". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.
^ a b c d Smith 2008, p. 315
^ Smith 2008, p. 38
^ Smith 2008, p. 37
^ Smith 2008, p. 46
^ Smith 2008, p. 47
^ a b c d e f g Lowe, Simon (2002). Stoke City: 101 Golden Greats. Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Islands Books. ISBN 1-874287-55-4.
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 16
^ Smith 2008, p. 48
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 51
^ Smith 2008, p. 72
^ Smith 2008, p. 17
^ Smith 2008, p. 74
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 18
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 75
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 76
^ Smith 2008, p. 77
^ Smith 2008, p. 78
^ Smith 2008, p. 86
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 90
^ Smith 2008, p. 116
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 118
^ Smith 2008, p. 99
^ Smith 2008, p. 100
^ Smith 2008, p. 122
^ Smith 2008, p. 123
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 124
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 126
^ Smith 2008, p. 129
^ Smith 2008, p. 127
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 139
^ Smith 2008, p. 142
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 140
^ Smith 2008, p. 144
^ Smith 2008, p. 145
^ Smith 2008, p. 148
^ Smith 2008, p. 150
^ Smith 2008, p. 164
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 166
^ Windross, Dave; Jarred, Martin (1997). Citizens and Minstermen: A Who's Who of York City FC 1922–1997. Selby: Citizen Publications. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-9531005-0-7.
^ a b c Batters, David (2008). York City: The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. pp. 356–357. ISBN 978-1-85983-633-0.
^ Smith 2008, p. 167
^ Smith 2008, p. 168
^ Smith 2008, p. 169
^ Spinks, Martin (28 November 2014). "Stoke City: I'd love to have played alongside Ryan Shawcross says Denis Smith". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014.
^ "Potters hero Denis invited to kick off village festivities". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014.
^ Smith 2008, p. 22
^ Smith 2008, p. 26
^ Smith 2008, p. 27
^ McInnes, Kathie (22 June 2013). "Hardman Denis Smith was one of Tony Waddington's key players". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014.
^ Batters. York City: The Complete Record. p. 223.
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 171
^ Smith 2008, p. 67
^ Batters. York City: The Complete Record. p. 224.
^ a b Batters. York City: The Complete Record. pp. 358–359.
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 178
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 180
^ Smith 2008, p. 181
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 183
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 184
^ Smith 2008, p. 185
^ Smith 2008, p. 186
^ Smith 2008, p. 188
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 189
^ Smith 2008, p. 190
^ Smith 2008, p. 191
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 192
^ Smith 2008, p. 193
^ a b "Dennis Smith". TheStatCat. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
^ Pye, Steven (22 May 2015). "How Charlton, Swindon and Aldershot triumphed in the first play-offs in 1987". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 194
^ Smith 2008, p. 199
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 200
^ Smith 2008, p. 201
^ Smith 2008, p. 202
^ Smith 2008, p. 203
^ Smith 2008, p. 204
^ "Season 1987-88". English Football League Tables. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ Smith 2008, p. 206
^ Smith 2008, p. 208
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 209
^ Smith 2008, p. 210
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 212
^ Smith 2008, p. 214
^ Smith 2008, p. 215
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 219
^ Smith 2008, p. 220
^ Smith 2008, p. 224
^ Smith 2008, p. 226
^ Smith 2008, p. 227
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 228
^ Rollin, Jack, ed. (1992). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1992–93. London: Headline Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7472-7905-1.
^ Smith 2008, p. 232
^ a b Rollin (ed.). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1992–93. p. 19.
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 234
^ a b c d Smith 2008, p. 235
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 236
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 237
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 239
^ a b Haylett, Trevor; Lovejoy, Joe (22 January 1993). "Football: Bristol City sack Smith and promote Osman". The Independent. London. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 242
^ Smith 2008, p. 243
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 244
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 245
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 246
^ Smith 2008, p. 247
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 248
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 250
^ Smith 2008, p. 253
^ Smith 2008, p. 254
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 255
^ Smith 2008, p. 256
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 258
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 259
^ a b Moore, David (24 December 1997). "Albion job for Smith". Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 3 October 2017 – via TheFreeLibrary.com.
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 262
^ Smith 2008, p. 265
^ Smith 2008, p. 264
^ Smith 2008, p. 271
^ Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2000). Rothmans Football Yearbook 2000–2001. London: Headline Publishing Group. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7472-7232-8.
^ a b c "Managers: Denis Smith". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ Smith 2008, p. 276
^ Smith 2008, p. 277
^ Smith 2008, p. 278
^ "Smith quits as Oxford boss". BBC Sport. 2 October 2000. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Oxford United 2000–2001: Table: Final table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 279
^ "Smith takes over at Wrexham". BBC Sport. 8 October 2001. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 280
^ Smith 2008, p. 281
^ Smith 2008, p. 284
^ Smith 2008, p. 285
^ Smith 2008, p. 286
^ a b c d "Denis Smith". League Managers Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 287
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 289
^ Smith 2008, p. 290
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 291
^ Smith 2008, p. 292
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 293
^ Smith 2008, p. 294
^ Smith 2008, p. 295
^ Smith 2008, p. 296
^ Smith 2008, p. 299
^ Smith 2008, p. 300
^ Smith 2008, p. 302
^ Smith 2008, p. 303
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 304
^ a b Smith 2008, p. 305
^ Smith 2008, p. 306
^ "Wrexham 2006–2007: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016.
^ "Smith and Russell depart Wrexham". BBC Sport. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "1000 Club". League Managers Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 60
^ Smith 2008, p. 65
^ "Former Minstermen boss Denis Smith signs in". The Press. York. 12 November 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ Smith 2008, p. 313
^ "Legends sign-up for Potters Premier League revolution". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015.
^ "Denis Smith and Alan Durban to assist Stoke's academy". BBC Sport. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Ex-England footballers join Stoke-on-Trent's Sporting Hall of Fame". www.stoke.gov.uk. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 162.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 163.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 164."European competition statistics". Stoke City F.C. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. pp. 165–166.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 167.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. pp. 168–169.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 170.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 171.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 172.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 173.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 174.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 175.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 176.
^ Matthews. The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. p. 177.
^ Batters. York City: The Complete Record. pp. 223–224, 358–368, 412.
^ "Bristol City 1991–1992: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016."Bristol City 1992–1993: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016.
^ "Oxford United 1993–1994: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016."Oxford United 1994–1995: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016."Oxford United 1995–1996: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016."Oxford United 1996–1997: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016."Oxford United 1997–1998: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016.
^ "West Bromwich Albion 1997–1998: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016."West Bromwich Albion 1998–1999: Results". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016.
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 316
^ Smith 2008, p. 317
^ a b c Smith 2008, p. 318
External links
Denis Smith management career statistics at Soccerbase
Managerial positions
vteYork City F.C. – managers
Collier (1928–1930)
Sherrington (1930–1933)
Collier (1933–1937)
Mitchell (1937–1950)
Duckworth (1950–1952)
Spencer (1952–1953)
McCormick (1953–1954)
Bartram (1956–1960)
Lockie (1960–1967)
Shaw (1967–1968)
Johnston (1968–1975)
Bakerc (1975)
McGuinness (1975–1977)
Simpsonc (1977)
Wright (1977–1980)
Lyons (1980–1981)
Randallc (1981–1982)
Swallowc (1982)
Smith (1982–1987)
Saxton (1987–1988)
Swallowc (1988)
Bird (1988–1991)
Ward (1991–1993)
Little (1993–1999)
Thompson (1999–2000)
Dolan (2000–2003)
Brass (2003–2004)
Busbyc (2004–2005)
McEwan (2005–2007)
Walker (2007–2008)
Redfearnc (2008)
Foyle (2008–2010)
Porterc (2010)
Torpeyc (2010)
Mills (2010–2013)
Worthington (2013–2014)
Torpeyc (2014)
Wilcox (2014–2015)
Cresswellc (2015)
McNamara (2015–2016)
Mills (2016–2017)
Gray (2017–2018)
Collins (2018–2019)
Watson (2019–2021)
Askey (2021–2022)
Ryanc (2022)
Webb (2022–2023)
Morton (2023)
McMahonc (2023)
Ardley (2023–2024)
McMahonc (2024)
Hinshelwood (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSunderland A.F.C. – managers
Watson (1888–96)
Campbell (1896–99)
Mackie (1899–1905)
Kyle (1905–28)
Cochrane (1928–39)
Murray (1939–57)
Brown (1957–64)
Hardwickc (1964–65)
McColl (1965–68)
Brown (1968–72)
Elliottc (1972)
Stokoe (1972–76)
MacFarlanec (1976)
Adamson (1976–78)
Merringtonc (1978)
Elliott (1978–79)
Knighton (1979–81)
Dochertyc (1981)
Durban (1981–84)
Robsonc (1984)
Ashurst (1984–85)
McMenemy (1985–87)
Stokoec (1987)
Smith (1987–91)
Crosby (1991–93)
Butcher (1993)
Buxton (1993–95)
Reid (1995–2002)
Wilkinson (2002–03)
McCarthy (2003–06)
Ballc (2006)
Quinn (2006)
Keane (2006–08)
Sbragia (2008–09)
Bruce (2009–11)
Blackc (2011)
O'Neill (2011–13)
Di Canio (2013)
Ballc (2013)
Poyet (2013–15)
Advocaat (2015)
Allardyce (2015–16)
Moyes (2016–17)
Grayson (2017)
Stockdale & McKinlayc (2017)
Coleman (2017–18)
Stockdalec (2018)
Ross (2018–19)
Fowlerc (2019)
Parkinson (2019–20)
Taylorc (2020)
Johnson (2020–22)
Doddsc (2022)
Neil (2022)
Canningc (2022)
Mowbray (2022–23)
Doddsc (2023)
Beale (2023–24)
Doddsc (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBristol City F.C. – managers
Hollis (1897–99)
Campbell (1899–1901)
Hollis (1901–05)
Thickitt (1905–10)
Bacon (1910–11)
Hollis (1911–13)
Hedley (1913–15)
Hamilton (1915–19)
Palmer (1919–21)
Raisbeck (1921–29)
Bradshaw (1929–32)
Hewison (1932–49)
Wright (1949–50)
Beasley (1950–58)
Doherty (1958–60)
Ford (1960–67)
Dicks (1967–80)
Houghton (1980–82)
Hodgson (1982)
Sharpe (1982)
Cooper (1982–88)
Jordan (1988–90)
Lumsden (1990–92)
Smith (1992–93)
Osman (1993–94)
Jordan (1994–97)
Sweeney (1997)
Ward (1997–98)
Lennartsson (1998–99)
Pulis (1999–2000)
Fawthrop & Burnside (2000)
Rosenior (2000)
Wilson (2000–04)
Tinnion (2004–05)
Millen (2005)
G. Johnson (2005–10)
Millen (2010)
Coppell (2010)
Millen (2010–11)
McInnes (2011–13)
O'Driscoll (2013)
Cotterill (2013–16)
Pemberton (2016)
L. Johnson (2016–20)
Holden (2020–21)
Pearson (2021–23)
Fleming (2023)
Manning (2023–)
vteOxford United F.C. – managers
Thompson (1949–58)
Selection committee (1958–59)
Turner (1959–69)
Saunders (1969)
Summers (1969–75)
Brown (1975–79)
Asprey (1979–80)
Greaves (1980–82)
Barryc (1982)
J. Smith (1982–85)
Evans (1985–88)
Lawrenson (1988)
Horton (1988–93)
Evansc (1993)
D. Smith (1993–97)
Crosbyc (1997–98)
Shotton (1998–99)
Lewisc (1999–2000)
D. Smith (2000)
Fordc (2000)
Kemp (2000–01)
Fordc (2001)
Wright (2001)
Atkins (2001–04)
Rix (2004)
Pattersonc (2004)
Díaz (2004–05)
Oldfieldc (2005)
Talbot (2005–06)
Patterson (2006)
J. Smith (2006–07)
Patterson (2007–08)
J. Smithc (2008)
Wilder (2008–14)
Lewisc (2014)
Waddock (2014)
Appleton (2014–17)
Clotet (2017–18)
Fazackerleyc (2018)
Robinson (2018–23)
Shortc (2023)
Manning (2023)
Shortc (2023)
Buckingham (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteWest Bromwich Albion F.C. – managers
Ford (1890–92)
Jackson (1892–94)
Stephenson (1894–95)
Keys (1895–96)
Heaven (1896–1902)
Everiss (1902–48)
J. Smith (1948–52)
Carver (1952–53)
Buckingham (1953–59)
Clark (1959–61)
Macaulay (1961–63)
Hagan (1963–67)
Ashman (1967–71)
Howe (1971–75)
Whitehousec (1975)
Giles (1975–77)
Allen (1977)
Wilec (1977–78)
Atkinson (1978–81)
Allen (1981–82)
Wylie (1982–84)
Giles (1984–85)
Stiles (1985–86)
Saunders (1986–87)
Atkinson (1987–88)
Talbot (1988–91)
S. Pearsonc (1991)
Gould (1991–92)
Ardiles (1992–93)
Burkinshaw (1993–94)
Buckley (1994–97)
Mannc (1997)
Harford (1997)
Barkerc (1997)
Trewickc (1997)
D. Smith (1997–99)
Gorman & Regisc (1999)
Little (1999–2000)
Evans & Regisc (2000)
Megson (2000–04)
Burrowsc (2004)
Robson (2004–06)
N. Pearsonc (2006)
Shakespearec (2006)
Mowbray (2006–09)
Di Matteo (2009–11)
Appletonc (2011)
Hodgson (2011–12)
Clarke (2012–13)
Downingc (2013–14)
Mel (2014)
Irvine (2014)
Kellyc (2014–15)
Pulis (2015–17)
Megsonc (2017)
Pardew (2017–18)
Moore (2018–19)
Shanc (2019)
Bilić (2019–20)
Allardyce (2020–21)
Ismaël (2021–22)
Bruce (2022)
Bealec (2022)
Corberán (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteWrexham A.F.C. – managers
Robinson (1912–24)
Hewitt (1924–29)
Baynes (1929–31)
Blackburn (1932–37)
Logan (1937–38)
Morgan (1938–40)
Cowell (1938)
T. Williams (1940–49)
McDowall (1949–50)
Jackson (1950–54)
Lloyd (1955–57)
Love (1957–59)
Lloyd (1959–60)
Morris (1960–61)
Barnes (1961–65)
Morris (1965)
Rowley (1966–67)
A. Williams (1967–68)
Neal (1968–77)
Griffiths (1977–81)
Sutton (1981–82)
Roberts (1982–85)
McNeil (1985–89)
Flynn (1989–2001)
Jonesc (2001)
Smith (2001–07)
Carey (2007)
Little (2007–08)
Carey & Foylec (2008)
Saunders (2008–11)
Morrell (2011–14)
Barrc (2014)
Wilkin (2014–15)
Darlingtonc (2015)
Mills (2015–16)
Keates (2016–18)
Daviesc (2018)
Ricketts (2018)
Barrow (2018–2019)
Hughes (2019)
Keates (2019–2021)
Parkinson (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Smith (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Smith_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Alan Bloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bloor"},{"link_name":"their history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(British_football)"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Football_League_Trophy_Final"},{"link_name":"FAW Premier Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Premier_Cup"}],"text":"English football player and manager (born 1947)For footballers with a similar name, see Dennis Smith (disambiguation).Denis Smith (born 19 November 1947) is an English former professional footballer and manager. He made 531 appearances in all competitions in 15 seasons as a player in the Football League, and as a manager, he took charge of 1,195 competitive matches.Born in Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, he joined local club Stoke City as an amateur in 1964, making his first-team debut in September 1968. A hard-tackling defender, he soon established himself in the first team, playing in a centre-back partnership with Alan Bloor for much of his career. Stoke enjoyed one of the most successful periods of their history during his time at the club, as he helped Stoke to win the League Cup in 1972, featuring in successive FA Cup semi-finals in 1971 and 1972 and helping the club to successive fifth-place finishes in the First Division in 1973–74 and 1974–75. His bravery as a player meant that he also entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most injured man in football. However, he was never able to fully recover after breaking his leg for the fifth time in his career in March 1975. He did manage to continue to play competitive football and helped Stoke to win promotion from the Second Division in 1978–79. He missed the entire 1980–81 season due to injury and left the club in May 1982.He began his management career at York City in May 1982, having played for the club on loan the previous season. He led the club to the Fourth Division title in 1983–84, totalling five seasons. He took charge of Sunderland in May 1987, and took the club to the Third Division title in 1987–88, before getting the club promoted from the Second Division in 1989–90. Dismissed by Sunderland in December 1991, he took charge at Bristol City three months later. He steered the club away from relegation in 1992–93 but was dismissed in January 1993 after falling out with the club's directors. He was appointed manager of Oxford United in September 1993 and, although unable to avoid relegation in 1993–94, led the club to promotion from the Second Division in 1995–96. He switched clubs to West Bromwich Albion in December 1997, remaining in charge for two-and-a-half seasons before being dismissed in July 1999.He returned to manage Oxford in February 2000 and helped them to avoid relegation in 1999–2000 before resigning in October 2000. In October 2001, he was appointed manager of Wrexham, who were relegated in 2001–02. He won promotion from the Third Division at the first attempt in 2002–03. Wrexham entered administration in December 2004, and the resulting points deduction saw them relegated once more. Despite the financial problems, he managed the club to the Football League Trophy title in 2005, in addition to two successive FAW Premier Cup wins in 2002 and 2003. He was dismissed in January 2007, months after the club exited administration. He married in October 1967 and has three children.","title":"Denis Smith (footballer, born 1947)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"early childhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood"},{"link_name":"council estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_house"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"eleven plus exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven_plus_exam"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"Longton High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longton_High_School"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"Dennis Wilshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wilshaw"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_16-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_51-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_51-11"}],"text":"Denis Smith was born in Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, the second youngest of seven siblings.[4] At just three years old, he formed his own gang, stating in his autobiography that \"if we wanted to play in the sandpit we played in the sandpit\", and continued to lead his gang through junior and senior years at Sandon Road Junior School.[5] Despite being involved with gangs since his early childhood he grew out of the culture by the age of ten, and as a teenager, formed friendships outside of his local council estate.[6] He turned down the chance to sit the eleven plus exam as local grammar school Longton High was a rugby-playing school, and so instead attended Queensbury Road School, with whom he won the Stoke Schools Trophy; he also played for the Stoke-on-Trent Schoolboys (who were coached by former England international Dennis Wilshaw).[7][8] At the age of 15 he became Staffordshire County boxing champion.[9]He was only 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) at 14, but a late growth spurt took him to just under six feet and was, therefore, tall enough to play centre-back as a professional footballer.[10] He was offered an apprenticeship by Portsmouth but turned it down as he wanted to sign for his local club Stoke City, who initially were not willing to take him on as an apprentice.[11] They only allowed him to train with the 'A' team twice a week as an amateur whilst he initially worked as a plumber's mate, and later as a factory worker at Stone Lotus.[11]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Tony Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Waddington"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"FWA Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWA_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Bobby Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Collins_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bobby Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Gould"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_18-15"},{"link_name":"penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jon Sammels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Sammels"},{"link_name":"Terry Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Neill"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_75-16"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_75-16"},{"link_name":"Alan Bloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bloor"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(footballer,_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_76-17"},{"link_name":"1968–69 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_76-17"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"full backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-back_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Marsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Mike Pejic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pejic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_78-19"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"the Hawthorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawthorns"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_90-21"},{"link_name":"replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_90-21"},{"link_name":"Peter Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Storey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_90-21"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peter Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Simpson_(footballer,_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"own goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_118-23"},{"link_name":"John Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Radford_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bob Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_118-23"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1972 League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"concussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Peter Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Osgood"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hurst"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Gordon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Banks"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Alan Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hudson"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_124-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_124-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_126-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_126-29"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_126-29"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"away goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_129-30"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_127-31"},{"link_name":"Mick Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Lambert"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_139-32"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_139-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_140-34"},{"link_name":"Alan Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dodd"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_140-34"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenhoff"},{"link_name":"Sean Haslegrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Haslegrave"},{"link_name":"Ian Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Moores"},{"link_name":"Eric Skeels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Skeels"},{"link_name":"John Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritchie_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"George Eastham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastham"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mike Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Doyle_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Alan Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Durban"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"1980–81 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"Steve Bould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bould"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2008_166-40"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1981-82-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1981-82-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Richie Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Barker_(footballer,_born_1939)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"free transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Stoke City","text":"Smith signed for Stoke City in September 1966 after telling manager Tony Waddington that he was going to sign a contract at another club; though Waddington was not keen on Smith's hard-tackling style, he did not want to lose the young player.[12] At the age of 18 he faced Leeds United's FWA Footballer of the Year Bobby Collins in a reserve match, and despite Collins going as far as to punch him in the face Smith managed to last the entire match without backing down in an extremely physical contest.[13] However, for a period, Waddington banned Smith from playing against first-team players in training as he feared Smith would injure one of his players.[14] He made his first-team debut in the Football League against Arsenal in September 1968. He was given the task of man-marking Bobby Gould.[15] He gave away a penalty after fouling Jon Sammels, which Terry Neill converted for the only goal of the match, but otherwise made a solid debut.[16] However, in his second appearance, he gave away two penalties in a 3–1 defeat away to Ipswich Town and had to wait five months for another first-team appearance.[16] In March 1969, Alan Bloor picked up a knock and Smith returned to the starting line-up in a 5–1 defeat to Leeds, failing in his task to man-mark Mick Jones, who claimed a hat-trick.[17] Despite the poor start to his senior career, he managed to finish the 1968–69 season with 14 First Division appearances to his name and was occasionally used as an emergency striker.[17]Smith established himself in the Stoke defence in 1969–70, forming a centre-back partnership with Alan Bloor in between full backs Jackie Marsh and Mike Pejic.[18] Smith was the aggressive and highly physical defender, complemented by Bloor who tended to stay further back and use his intelligence to read the game and clean up any mistakes Smith made.[19] Smith claimed his first goal for the club on 17 September 1969, in a 3–1 win over West Bromwich Albion (West Brom) at the Hawthorns.[20] Stoke reached the semi-final of the FA Cup in 1970–71, and Smith played in the fourth round victory over Huddersfield Town despite suffering from a fractured ankle.[21] He scored the only goal of the match in the fifth-round replay away to Ipswich.[21] He also scored a \"freak goal\" from a deflected Peter Storey clearance in the semi-final against Arsenal on 27 March 1971, but Stoke lost the replay four days later.[21]Stoke reached the FA Cup semi-final for a second successive season in 1971–72, again being knocked out by Arsenal in a replay.[22] He had scored in the quarter-final victory over Manchester United and pressured Arsenal's Peter Simpson into scoring an own goal in the original semi-final match.[23] However, John Radford was the hero of the tie as he played as an emergency goalkeeper in the first match following an injury to Bob Wilson, and then scored the winning goal in the replay.[23] Stoke found greater success in the League Cup, beating Southport, Oxford United (after a replay), Manchester United (after two replays), Bristol Rovers and West Ham United (after three replays) to reach the 1972 League Cup Final against Chelsea.[24] He scored two goals during the run but was knocked out whilst scoring against Bristol Rovers in the quarter-final and missed some weeks with concussion.[25] He returned to play in the final, man-marking Peter Osgood in a match which Stoke won 2–1 to win their first major trophy.[8]Despite the cup success and arrival of new signing Geoff Hurst, Stoke laboured to a 15th-place finish in 1972–73. Smith blamed the car crash and subsequent injury to Gordon Banks in October 1972 as the cause for the club's mid-season slump, which compounded an already poor start to the season.[26] Any concerns over relegation disappeared though with six victories in the final eight league matches.[27] After a poor start to 1973–74, Waddington signed Alan Hudson in January 1974 to help revive the club's fortunes.[28] The defence also improved, as Smith helped to ensure only two goals were conceded in the last nine matches of the season as Stoke finished fifth.[28] On 23 February 1974, Smith scored the winning goal against Leeds to end their opponent's 29-match unbeaten run.[29] Leeds went on to have a £250,000 bid for Smith turned down by Stoke in the summer.[29]Stoke made a push for the title in 1974–75.[29] They also competed in the UEFA Cup against Dutch team Ajax, and Smith scored in a 1–1 draw at the Victoria Ground. However, Stoke would lose the tie on away goals.[30] Smith scored the only goal of the match against Leicester City on 30 November 1974 to take Stoke top of the table.[31] However, Smith broke his leg for the fifth time in his career making a red-card challenge on Mick Lambert in a 2–1 defeat to Ipswich on 18 March 1975; he was the fourth Stoke player to break a leg that season.[32] Stoke ended the season again in fifth place, picking up just two points from their final three matches to finish four points behind champions Derby County.[33]He underwent an operation to remove cartilage in his knee in November 1975, and his recovery was not entirely successful.[32] He later admitted that after returning to match fitness from the injury he was only ever able to play at \"half pace\".[34] His long-term replacement was young defender Alan Dodd.[34] The club also faced a major decline following a gale which severely damaged the Victoria Ground's Butler Street stand, and a lack of adequate insurance cover left a significant repair bill meaning the club had to sell Alan Hudson, Jimmy Greenhoff, Mike Pejic, Sean Haslegrave and Ian Moores to fund the repair; Eric Skeels and John Ritchie also retired.[35] Waddington filled in the gaps left by these players with youngsters, and it also meant that Smith could continue to be a regular for the club despite his reduced mobility.[36] Waddington was dismissed in March 1976, and new manager George Eastham failed to prevent Stoke from being relegated at the end of 1976–77.[37] Following relegation Smith formed another good partnership, this time with Mike Doyle, which helped Stoke gain promotion in 1978–79 under new manager Alan Durban.[8] Smith claimed his two seasons in the Second Division were \"boring\", as even with his reduced mobility few attackers in the division posed too much of a threat for him.[38]A pre-season injury kept him out of the entire 1980–81 season, during which time he coached the reserves.[8] In this time he converted Steve Bould from a striker into a centre-back.[39] Smith returned from injury in 1981–82, and featured regularly early in the season, and by the time another injury forced him out of the team, Stoke were in 18th place.[40] He joined York City, who were struggling in the Fourth Division, on a one-month loan in March 1982.[41] He debuted in a 3–1 home defeat to Hull City on 16 March 1982, and scored once for York, in a 4–2 loss away to Wigan Athletic on 2 April.[42] Smith made seven appearances while on loan at York,[42] and exerted his influence on the team by organising the defence; he commented that \"They had been crying out for an older head like me\".[43] He was recalled by Stoke manager Richie Barker as the defence struggled in his absence, and Smith re-established himself in the team as they avoided relegation.[44] He was handed a free transfer to York in May 1982.[8] He said that if he had been offered a coaching role at Stoke he would have stayed, but that Barker wanted him gone as he saw him as a threat to his position.[45] In total, Smith made 493 appearances for Stoke, a club record for a centre-back.[46]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_16-9"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101_greats-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_18-15"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Style of play","text":"During Smith's 14 seasons with Stoke, he became known for his fearless mentality, which led to him sustaining many injuries.[9] These included five broken legs, breaking his nose four times, a cracked ankle, a broken collar bone, a chipped spine, breaking most of his fingers and toes and needing more than 200 stitches.[47] The sequence saw him named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most injured man in football.[8] Early into his career, Smith soon developed a reputation as a \"hard player\" who would launch himself at opponents determined to either block a shot or win the ball, which is how he picked up most of his injuries.[8] He was known as Stoke's \"hitman\", and relished going toe to toe with the biggest and most feared opposition players.[15]He would generally man-mark the opposition's playmaker or major goalscoring threat.[48] He was a highly effective tackler, able to either flatten opposition players or quickly take the ball off their toes.[49] After the tackle from behind was outlawed, he adapted to the rule change by making hard challenges from the side.[50] Manager Tony Waddington said, \"His qualities were his tackling strength and his courage. On the ball, he just did what he could do, but he also had a tremendous ability to read the game.\"[51]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach#Player-managers_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Football_League"},{"link_name":"the position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_York_City_F.C._managers"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Bootham Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootham_Crescent"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2008_166-40"},{"link_name":"Roger Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Jones_(footballer,_born_1946)"},{"link_name":"Alan Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hay"},{"link_name":"Ricky Sbragia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Sbragia"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_171-53"},{"link_name":"Viv Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Busby"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_171-53"},{"link_name":"Keith Walwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Walwyn"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1982-83-56"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"John MacPhail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacPhail"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_178-57"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_York_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_178-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_180-58"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_180-58"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alan Mullery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mullery"},{"link_name":"Loftus Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftus_Road"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_183-60"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_York_City_F.C._records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dale Banton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Banton"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_183-60"},{"link_name":"Brian Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Gary Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nicholson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_184-61"},{"link_name":"Keith Houchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Houchen"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Anfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_189-65"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Gary Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ford"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_189-65"},{"link_name":"Tony Canham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Canham"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_192-68"},{"link_name":"1986–87 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Football_League"},{"link_name":"non-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_192-68"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_192-68"},{"link_name":"Andy Leaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Leaning"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"York City","text":"He moved into management with York as player-manager ahead of 1982–83, accepting the position on 12 May 1982.[52] He described the set-up at Bootham Crescent on his arrival as a \"shambles\", as training consisted entirely of running and was devoid of any actual coaching.[40] He signed veteran players Roger Jones (goalkeeper), Alan Hay (defender) and Ricky Sbragia (defender), as well as young Stoke defender Chris Evans, which including Smith himself meant a complete change in the club's back line.[53] He brought in striker Viv Busby as a player-coach.[53] He then made 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 26-year-old striker Keith Walwyn his priority and encouraged Walwyn to use his natural physical presence to become a greater threat in front of goal and unlock his potential.[54] Smith retired from playing after steering York to a seventh-place in 1982–83,[55] in which he made 36 appearances and scored 4 goals.[56] He signed Sheffield United's John MacPhail on a free transfer as a replacement for himself.[57]In his second season as York manager, 1983–84, he signed another former teammate, energetic midfielder Sean Haslegrave.[57] Smith was named as the division's Manager of the Month for March 1984 after York won five and drew one of their six league matches.[58] He guided York to the Fourth Division title and promotion into the Third Division, with Walwyn scoring 25 goals and earning a place in the PFA Team of the Year alongside strike partner John Byrne, who scored 27 goals.[58] York finished with 101 points, 16 points ahead of runners-up Doncaster Rovers.[59]Early in 1984–85, York were beaten by Queens Park Rangers (QPR) in the League Cup, but Byrne impressed QPR manager Alan Mullery enough to earn a £100,000 move to Loftus Road.[60] Smith spent half of this sum (a club record) on Aldershot forward Dale Banton, who went on to score 49 goals in 138 appearances for the club.[60] He also released winger Brian Pollard, but found that the man he signed in his place, Gary Nicholson, was not able to replicate Pollard's form.[61] York started the season well, and another of his signings, Keith Houchen (£15,000), scored a hat-trick in a 7–1 win over Gillingham in November 1984.[62] On 26 January 1985, he guided York to victory over Arsenal in the FA Cup fourth round.[63] In the next round York came from behind to draw 1–1 at home with Liverpool,[64] before losing 7–0 away at Anfield.[65]York again drew Liverpool in the FA Cup fifth round in 1985–86 and took the lead through Gary Ford only to concede a stoppage-time equaliser.[65] Tony Canham scored at Anfield and York had a second goal disallowed before York succumbed to a 3–1 defeat in extra time.[66] York lost only three home league matches all season but missed out on promotion after finishing seventh.[67] In the summer of 1986, he sold MacPhail to Bristol City for £15,000, whilst many of the veteran players he signed when he first came to the club were coming to the end of their careers.[68] The 1986–87 season was disappointing for York as they were knocked out of the FA Cup by non-League team Caernarfon Town and ended the season in 20th-place.[68] They did, though manage to beat Chelsea 1–0 in the League Cup but lost the return fixture at Stamford Bridge 3–0.[68] Smith ended up falling out with the club's directors, who invested money in the club's facilities rather than on players, and released goalkeeper Andy Leaning against his wishes.[69]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatCat-70"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_194-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_194-72"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Roker Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roker_Park"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_200-74"},{"link_name":"John Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kay_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Reuben Agboola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Agboola"},{"link_name":"Gary Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Bennett_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Iain Hesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Hesford"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_200-74"},{"link_name":"Gordon Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Paul Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lemon"},{"link_name":"Gary Owers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Owers"},{"link_name":"Paul Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Atkinson_(footballer,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"Steve Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Mark Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Proctor_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Marco Gabbiadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Gabbiadini"},{"link_name":"Eric Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gates"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Southend United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Colin Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Pascoe"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Billy Whitehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Whitehurst"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunderland_A.F.C._records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"Tony Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Norman"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_209-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_209-82"},{"link_name":"Paul Bracewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bracewell"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Paul Hardyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hardyman"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Kieron Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieron_Brady"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_212-84"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Football_League_play-offs#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne%E2%80%93Wear_derby"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"St James' Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Park"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_212-84"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_219-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_219-87"},{"link_name":"Kevin Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ball"},{"link_name":"Peter Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davenport"},{"link_name":"rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tees%E2%80%93Wear_derby"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Brian Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mooney"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maine Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Road"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Peter Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coates"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_228-92"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Anton Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rogan"},{"link_name":"Don Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_228-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"1992 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Sunderland","text":"In May 1987, Smith was appointed manager at Sunderland,[70] who had just been relegated into the Third Division for the first time in their history.[71] York were unwilling to release him from his contract for less than £20,000 compensation, and Sunderland would only go as far as pay £10,000.[72] Smith agreed to a £40,000-a-year contract that meant if he failed to win promotion with Sunderland in his first season he would pay the extra £10,000 compensation himself.[72] He brought his York coaching staff with him: Viv Busby, Malcolm Crosby, and Roger Jones.[73] He also signed former York player John MacPhail to shore up the defence, who captained the team and scored 16 goals (including 10 penalties) in his maiden season at Roker Park.[74] He signed right-back John Kay, whilst remaining satisfied with existing left-back Reuben Agboola, centre-back Gary Bennett and goalkeeper Iain Hesford.[74] In midfield he played a youthful combination of Gordon Armstrong, Paul Lemon, Gary Owers and Paul Atkinson, alongside the more experienced defensive midfielder Steve Doyle.[75] He sold Mark Proctor to Sheffield Wednesday for £275,000.[76] He signed young and pacey York striker Marco Gabbiadini for £80,000 and played him alongside the experienced Eric Gates; the pair scored 42 goals between them in 1987–88.[77] A 7–0 win over Southend United started a run of 15 league matches unbeaten, though in the second half of the campaign a run of just 2 wins in 10 matches set them back.[78] Smith bought Swansea City winger Colin Pascoe in March 1988, and oversaw a run of seven wins in the final eight matches to secure the Third Division championship and promotion with 93 points.[79]Injuries to Kay and Lemon hindered Sunderland at the start of 1988–89, and they took until 1 October 1988 to register their first win back in the Second Division.[80] He signed burly striker Billy Whitehurst to act as a \"battering-ram\", who proved to be an effective player despite being a heavy binge drinker.[81] He spent a club record £500,000 on goalkeeper Tony Norman, though Hesford and Whitehurst were traded as part-exchange on the fee.[82] Sunderland improved and ended the season in 11th-place.[82]He signed experienced midfielder Paul Bracewell for 1989–90 and spent £130,000 on Portsmouth left-back Paul Hardyman.[83] He introduced the exceptionally talented teenage winger Kieron Brady to the first team. Still, he could not discipline the precocious teenager, and Brady never realised his full potential.[84] Sunderland reached the play-offs, and faced rivals Newcastle United in the semi-final, securing passage into the final with a 2–0 victory at St James' Park.[84] They lost 1–0 to Swindon Town in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium.[85] However, Swindon were found guilty of financial irregularities and remained in the Second Division, whilst Sunderland took their place in the First Division.[86]Having been promoted weeks after the end of the previous season and not being granted an increased wage budget, Smith felt he had a tough job in keeping Sunderland in the top flight in 1990–91.[87] He allowed Gates and MacPhail to leave on free transfers to free up money to bring in new players.[87] He spent £350,000 on Portsmouth defender Kevin Ball and took forward Peter Davenport from rivals Middlesbrough; Ball would prove to be a success, though Smith admitted in his autobiography that signing Davenport had been a mistake that left him unable to bring in any further players, as his small budget was spent.[88] He was given further funds in February 1991 as Sunderland were engaged in a relegation battle, and Smith spent £225,000 on midfielder Brian Mooney, who had a limited impact due to injuries.[89] On the final day of the season Sunderland had to better Luton Town's result at home to Derby in their match against Manchester City at Maine Road, but they lost 3–2 and were relegated back into the Second Division.[90]In the summer of 1991, Stoke chairman Peter Coates offered Smith the vacant management position at the club. Smith decided that potentially being dismissed by his hometown club would be too intense an emotional experience, and he chose to stay loyal to Sunderland.[91] This was despite finances being tight at Sunderland as the club saved the money to build a new stadium. However, after just 4 wins in the opening 14 matches of 1991–92, Smith decided to sell star striker Gabbiadini to Crystal Palace for £1.8 million to raise funds to improve the squad.[92] He then spent £350,000 on Celtic left-back Anton Rogan and brought in strikers Don Goodman (£900,000 from West Bromwich Albion) and John Byrne (£225,000 from Brighton & Hove Albion).[92] Smith was dismissed on 30 December 1991, with Sunderland lying 17th in the Second Division.[93] His former assistant Malcolm Crosby took Sunderland to the 1992 FA Cup Final, in which Liverpool beat them.[94]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothmans1992-93-95"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lumsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lumsden"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_234-96"},{"link_name":"Andy Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cole"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_234-96"},{"link_name":"Dariusz Dziekanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariusz_Dziekanowski"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_235-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_235-97"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_235-97"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Raymond Atteveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Atteveld"},{"link_name":"Leroy Rosenior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Rosenior"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_235-97"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Brian Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mitchell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"David Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(footballer,_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_236-98"},{"link_name":"local rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_derby"},{"link_name":"Twerton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerton_Park"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_236-98"},{"link_name":"Junior Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Bent"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_237-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_237-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_239-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_239-100"},{"link_name":"Russell Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Osman"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Football:_Bristol_City_sack_Smith_and_promote_Osman-101"}],"sub_title":"Bristol City","text":"Smith was only out of work for nine weeks before being appointed manager of Bristol City on 9 March 1992.[95] He succeeded Jimmy Lumsden, who left the club second-from-bottom in the Second Division.[96] Smith felt the team lacked pace, so signed 20-year-old striker Andy Cole on loan from Arsenal.[96] Dariusz Dziekanowski scored both goals against Wolverhampton Wanderers (Wolves) in Smith's second match in charge to provide City with their first win in three months.[97] They then won 3–1 against Smith's former club Sunderland, with Cole scoring the first of his 8 goals in 12 appearances during his loan spell.[97] Smith successfully steered the club out of the relegation zone at the end of 1992–93 with a run of eight matches unbeaten and paid a club record £500,000 to secure Cole's services permanently.[97] He further paid £250,000 for Everton midfielder Raymond Atteveld and signed West Ham United striker Leroy Rosenior.[97]Smith rebuilt the defence for 1993–94, signing right-back Brian Mitchell and centre-back David Thompson, and oversaw a mixed start to the season.[98] City won four straight home matches but also lost 5–1 to West Ham, 5–0 at Newcastle, and most significantly 4–0 to local rivals Bristol Rovers at Twerton Park.[98] He found it difficult to control the club's talented and popular players, as Dziekanowski regularly got into trouble in his social life and skilled left-winger Junior Bent was unwilling to deliver crosses as regularly as Smith demanded.[99] He tried to sell Bent but was unable to have the deal sanctioned by the club's directors.[99] His relationship with the board was poor and he found himself regularly undermined and sensitive boardroom discussions were leaked.[100] He also tried to sell Cole in order to provide funds to restructure the first team but again the board refused to sanction the deal.[100] He was dismissed on 21 January 1993 following a run of 10 matches without a victory, and his assistant Russell Osman was appointed as his successor.[101]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Phil Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Matt Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Elliott_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_244-104"},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"Jim Magilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Magilton"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_244-104"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_245-105"},{"link_name":"Paul Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Moody_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_245-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_246-106"},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_246-106"},{"link_name":"Joey Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oxford_United_F.C._records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"David Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(footballer,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"David Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rush_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow_F.C."},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_245-105"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Phil Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_248-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_248-108"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_250-109"},{"link_name":"Martin Aldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Aldridge"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_250-109"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Oxford_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Nigel Jemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Jemson"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darren Purse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Purse"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_255-112"},{"link_name":"Chris Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Allen_(footballer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_255-112"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_255-112"},{"link_name":"Robin Herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Herd"},{"link_name":"new stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassam_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_256-113"},{"link_name":"Chris Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whyte"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_258-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_258-114"},{"link_name":"Phil Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Whelan"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_259-115"},{"link_name":"Manor Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Ground_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_259-115"}],"sub_title":"Oxford United","text":"Smith made a return to management with Oxford on 10 September 1993, and the following day led them to a 4–2 victory over his former club Bristol City.[102] A victory over another former club, Stoke, took Oxford off the bottom of the Second Division, but a sequence of just 2 wins in 17 matches left them in great danger of relegation.[103] He signed goalkeeper Phil Whitehead on loan from Barnsley, signed striker John Byrne (£50,000 from Millwall) for the third time in his career, and then made what he later said was the best signing of his career by bringing in defender Matt Elliott from Scunthorpe United for £170,000.[104] Oxford were boosted by these arrivals and briefly exited the relegation zone, also claiming an FA Cup giant-killing over Leeds at Elland Road after Jim Magilton scored the winning goal in extra time.[104] However, after the match Magilton moved to Southampton for a £600,000 fee.[105] Oxford had struggled in the league during their FA Cup run and were 15 points short of safety with 16 matches to play, but were aided by £60,000 signing Paul Moody, who, despite arriving in February 1994, managed to finish as the club's top-scorer with 12 goals in 15 appearances.[105] His arrival kick-started the club's fightback, and Oxford closed the 15 points gap in just 9 matches.[106] However, a difficult run-in left Oxford needing to beat Notts County on the last day of the season and hope results elsewhere went their way, and though they beat County their relegation rivals also claimed victories and Oxford were relegated.[106]The sale of star midfielder Joey Beauchamp to West Ham for a club record £1 million allowed Smith money to spend in the transfer market, and he spent £100,000 each on Norwich City midfielder David Smith and Sunderland striker David Rush.[107] Oxford formed a strong promotion push in 1994–95, but were knocked out of the FA Cup in the first round by non-League Marlow.[105] In February 1995, he spent £60,000 on Hartlepool United's Phil Gilchrist, who would form a highly effective centre-back partnership with Elliott.[108] Oxford finished the season in seventh place, six points outside the play-offs.[108] In November 1995, Smith re-signed Beauchamp for £300,000, who continued his excellent form after returning to his native Oxfordshire.[109] The next month he brought in striker Martin Aldridge on a free transfer.[109] The club were 14th in January 1996, but lost only once in their last 17 matches of 1995–96 in a tremendous second half of the season that saw them climb 12 places to win promotion as runners-up.[110] At the end of the season, Smith became a director of the club.[111]In order to strengthen for 1996–97, Smith signed striker Nigel Jemson and spent £100,000 on Leyton Orient defender Darren Purse.[112] In order to finance these deals he sold Chris Allen to Nottingham Forest for £450,000.[112] Oxford knocked Premier League team Sheffield Wednesday out of the League Cup en route to a fourth-round exit.[112] Oxford were fifth in the table in December 1996, but chairman Robin Herd resigned amidst financial problems at the club, and work on the new stadium came to a halt as the club debt reached £13 million.[113] Smith raised funds by selling Elliott to Leicester for £1.7 million, and signed veteran defender Chris Whyte on a free transfer as a short-term replacement.[114] Oxford finished the season in 17th place, but the club's financial situation became ever bleaker.[114] Numerous players were sold, though Smith was allowed to spend £170,000 on defender Phil Whelan.[115] Smith left the Manor Ground midway through 1997–98 with Oxford 16th in the league, and his assistant Crosby managed to maintain the club's mid-table position at the end of the season.[115]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Football:_Albion_job_for_Smith-116"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"local rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Country_derby"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_262-117"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Matt Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Carbon"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"James Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Quinn_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"Jason van Blerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_van_Blerk"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_262-117"},{"link_name":"Mark Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Angel_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Mario Bortolazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bortolazzi"},{"link_name":"Enzo Maresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Maresca"},{"link_name":"Fabian de Freitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_de_Freitas"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_265-118"},{"link_name":"Lee Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_262-117"},{"link_name":"Alan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Miller_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Andy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hunt_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bob Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"West Bromwich Albion","text":"Smith was appointed manager of West Brom on a three-year contract on 24 December 1997, with Oxford receiving around £100,000 in compensation.[116] He had a mixed start to his time at the Hawthorns as Albion fell from promotion contenders to a tenth-place finish in 1997–98, but recorded victories over local rivals Wolves and Stoke.[117]In preparation for 1998–99, he signed athletic Derby centre-back Matt Carbon for £800,000, Blackpool striker James Quinn for £500,000, and Manchester City defender Jason van Blerk for £50,000.[117] He also brought in winger Mark Angel, midfielders Mario Bortolazzi and Enzo Maresca, and striker Fabian de Freitas.[118] However, the player who had the greatest impact for West Brom was young striker Lee Hughes, who had been signed before Smith's arrival but only made his first start under Smith.[117] Aside from Maresca, many of Smith's signings had little impact, and supporters criticised him for allowing popular goalkeeper Alan Miller and strikers Andy Hunt and Bob Taylor to leave the club.[119] West Brom started the season well with Hughes in tremendous form, but a slump in form in March 1999 left them ending up in 12th place.[120] Smith was dismissed on 27 July 1999, just a week before the start of 1999–2000.[121]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denis_Smith-122"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Oxford_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Firoz Kassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firoz_Kassam"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Ian McGuckin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McGuckin"},{"link_name":"Andy Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Scott_(footballer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Rob Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Oxford_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Dave Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Mark Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wright_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Return to Oxford","text":"On 3 February 2000, Smith was appointed manager of Oxford for the second time in his career, with the club 21st in the Second Division.[122] He re-signed striker Nigel Jemson from Ayr United, and kept Oxford in the division as they ended 1999–2000 in 20th place, one place and one point above the relegation zone.[123] He signed a one-year contract extension in the summer of 2000 but fell out with chairman Firoz Kassam.[124] He later admitted that the signings he made on a limited budget, which included Ian McGuckin, Andy Scott and Rob Quinn, were not good enough.[125] Smith resigned on 2 October 2000 after a terrible start to 2000–01,[126] a season which ended in Oxford being relegated in last place.[127] He continued to work as a scout for the club under Dave Kemp and then Mark Wright.[128]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Brian Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Flynn_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Marius Røvde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_R%C3%B8vde"},{"link_name":"Jim Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Hector Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Sam"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jones_(footballer,_born_1973)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Paul Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(footballer,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"2002–03 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Wrexham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaguemanagers.com-135"},{"link_name":"AFC Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Andy Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Morrell"},{"link_name":"Lee Trundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Trundle"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Scott Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Green_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_289-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_289-137"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"FAW Premier Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Premier_Cup"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"League Managers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Managers_Association"},{"link_name":"Third Division Manager of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Managers_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_291-139"},{"link_name":"Chris Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Armstrong_(footballer,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Chris Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_291-139"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Shaun Pejic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Pejic"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_293-141"},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_F.C."},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_293-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Football_League"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(British_football)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Juan Ugarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ugarte"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Football_League_Trophy_Final"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Darren Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Wrexham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Michael Ingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ingham_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"David Bayliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bayliss"},{"link_name":"Lee Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Roche"},{"link_name":"Lee McEvilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_McEvilly"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Walters"},{"link_name":"Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Williams"},{"link_name":"Mike Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Williams_(footballer,_born_1986)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Matt Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_304-149"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_304-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_305-150"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_305-150"},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"sub_title":"Wrexham","text":"Smith returned to management on 8 October 2001 with Wrexham on a two-year contract, replacing Brian Flynn who had resigned after 12 years in charge, with the club 23rd in the Second Division.[129] He was tasked with keeping the club steady whilst it struggled with financial problems.[130] He decided to cut back on the club's youth coaching spending, and as a result, Wrexham's youth structure was downgraded from an academy to a Centre of Excellence.[131] He signed goalkeeper Marius Røvde, midfielder Jim Whitley, and gave striker Hector Sam his debut, but failed to keep Wrexham away from the relegation zone.[132] With relegation confirmed, new signing Lee Jones scored all five goals in a 5–0 win over Cambridge United, leaving cause for optimism at the Racecourse Ground.[133]He signed wing-back Paul Edwards and held on to most of his key players for the 2002–03 season.[134] Wrexham had a good start to the season, and Smith won the Manager of the Month award for September 2002 after a sequence of four wins and two draws.[135] A slump followed, but Wrexham recovered from a poor October 2002 after coming from behind to beat AFC Bournemouth on 9 November, as strikers Andy Morrell and Lee Trundle formed a good partnership, with Jones an impact substitute.[136] Wrexham dropped out of the play-off places following a sequence of draws in March 2003, but new signing Scott Green scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Hartlepool United on 18 March, the first of a sequence of eight victories that took Wrexham into the third automatic promotion place with four matches to go.[137] They held on to the position to secure promotion from the Third Division at the first attempt.[137] Wrexham also beat Newport County 6–1 in the final of the FAW Premier Cup to secure an important £100,000 in prize money.[138] Smith was named as the Manager of the Month for April and 2003, before winning the League Managers Association's Third Division Manager of the Season award.[139]Smith lost Morrell and Trundle on free transfers and replaced them with Chris Armstrong and Chris Llewellyn.[139] The club's financial problems meant that players went unpaid at the start of 2003–04. However, they remained in the play-off places in December 2003.[140] However, a hairline fracture to Shaun Pejic left Smith short of defenders and the promotion challenge ebbed away to a mid-table finish.[141] Wrexham retained the FAW Premier Cup though with a 4–1 victory over Rhyl.[141] However, Smith made himself unpopular with supporters after refusing to endorse their campaign to oust controversial chairman Alex Hamilton.[142]Writing in his autobiography, Smith described 2004–05 \"the most harrowing, distressing footballing time of my life\" as the club entered administration with debts of £2.6 million.[143] Wrexham became the first club to be deducted 10 points for entering administration and were subsequently relegated from League One, eight points short of safety despite new signing Juan Ugarte scoring 23 goals.[144] Despite the financial trouble Wrexham managed to win the Football League Trophy, knocking out Notts County, Stockport County, Chester City, Hereford United and Oldham Athletic en route to the final against Southend United at the Millennium Stadium. The final was settled in extra time, with Ugarte and Darren Ferguson securing a 2–0 victory.[145] The club earned £250,000 in prize money and the first national trophy in Wrexham's history.[146]Smith turned down the managerial role at Blackpool to remain in place at Wrexham for 2005–06.[147] He signed goalkeeper Michael Ingham, defenders David Bayliss and Lee Roche, and strikers Lee McEvilly and Jonathan Walters, whilst blooding brothers Marc and Mike Williams.[148] However, Wrexham struggled in the league despite on-loan striker Matt Derbyshire scoring 10 goals in 16 appearances.[149] They finished the season 13th in League Two, having won only one of their last nine matches.[149] The last match of the season was a 1–1 draw with former club Oxford, which hastened Oxford's relegation out of the Football League.[150]Wrexham exited 18 months of administration at the start of 2006–07 and started the season with an eight-match unbeaten run, including a 4–1 win over Championship club Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup.[150] However, a 5–0 defeat at Accrington Stanley triggered a run of bad results that Smith was unable to turn around.[151] With Wrexham hovering above the relegation zone in 18th place,[152] Smith was dismissed on 11 January 2007.[153] He is one of only 24 people to have managed over 1,000 professional matches in English football.[154]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Paul Shardlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shardlow"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_184-61"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"The Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Staffordshire)"},{"link_name":"commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Stoke"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"text":"He married his childhood sweetheart Kate in October 1967.[155] Their first child, Paul, was born in April 1969 and was named after teammate Paul Shardlow, who had died six months earlier.[156] They had two further children: Becky (born 1971) and Tom (born 1978).[61] Smith released his autobiography, Just One Of Seven, in November 2008.[157] He writes a weekly column for The Sentinel and is occasionally a commentator on Stoke matches for BBC Radio Stoke.[158] In July 2011, he re-joined Stoke on a part-time basis as a mentor for young Academy players needing guidance off the pitch.[159][160] He was inducted into the Stoke-on-Trent Sporting Hall of Fame.[161]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-165"},{"link_name":"Texaco Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco_Cup"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Italian_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-167"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UC_169-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UC_169-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"Watney Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watney_Cup"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"^ Two appearances in Texaco Cup, four appearances and one goal in Anglo-Italian Cup\n\n^ Four appearances and two goals in Texaco Cup, four appearances in Anglo-Italian Cup\n\n^ a b Appearances in UEFA Cup\n\n^ Three appearances in Watney Cup, two in Texaco Cup","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As a manager","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_315-3"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_315-3"},{"link_name":"Watney Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watney_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_315-3"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"Stoke CityFootball League Second Division third-place promotion: 1978–79[3]\nFootball League Cup: 1971–72[3]\nWatney Cup: 1973–74[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_316-184"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_316-184"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_316-184"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"FAW Premier Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Premier_Cup"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_318-186"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_318-186"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_318-186"},{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_League_Fourth_Division_Manager_of_the_Month&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page_180-58"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division Manager of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_Manager_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaguemanagers.com-135"},{"link_name":"Third Division Manager of the 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Autobiography of Denis Smith, Studley: Know The Score Books, ISBN 978-1-84818-504-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84818-504-3","url_text":"978-1-84818-504-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Denis Smith\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/18272","url_text":"\"Denis Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Simon (2002). Stoke City: 101 Golden Greats. Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Islands Books. ISBN 1-874287-55-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874287-55-4","url_text":"1-874287-55-4"}]},{"reference":"Windross, Dave; Jarred, Martin (1997). Citizens and Minstermen: A Who's Who of York City FC 1922–1997. Selby: Citizen Publications. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-9531005-0-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9531005-0-7","url_text":"978-0-9531005-0-7"}]},{"reference":"Batters, David (2008). York City: The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. pp. 356–357. ISBN 978-1-85983-633-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-633-0","url_text":"978-1-85983-633-0"}]},{"reference":"Spinks, Martin (28 November 2014). \"Stoke City: I'd love to have played alongside Ryan Shawcross says Denis Smith\". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219004317/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Stoke-City-d-love-played-alongside-Ryan-Shawcross/story-24842276-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Stoke City: I'd love to have played alongside Ryan Shawcross says Denis Smith\""},{"url":"http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Stoke-City-d-love-played-alongside-Ryan-Shawcross/story-24842276-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Potters hero Denis invited to kick off village festivities\". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306105048/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Potters-hero-Denis-invited-kick-village-festivities/story-12523776-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Potters hero Denis invited to kick off village festivities\""},{"url":"http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Potters-hero-Denis-invited-kick-village-festivities/story-12523776-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McInnes, Kathie (22 June 2013). \"Hardman Denis Smith was one of Tony Waddington's key players\". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140113161248/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Hardman-Denis-Smith-Tony-Waddington-s-key-players/story-19360717-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Hardman Denis Smith was one of Tony Waddington's key players\""},{"url":"http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Hardman-Denis-Smith-Tony-Waddington-s-key-players/story-19360717-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Batters. York City: The Complete Record. p. 223.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Batters. York City: The Complete Record. p. 224.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Batters. York City: The Complete Record. pp. 358–359.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Smith\". TheStatCat. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Manager.aspx?ManagerID=6","url_text":"\"Dennis Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Pye, Steven (22 May 2015). \"How Charlton, Swindon and Aldershot triumphed in the first play-offs in 1987\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/that-1980s-sports-blog/2015/may/22/first-football-league-play-offs-1987-charlton-swindon-aldershot","url_text":"\"How Charlton, Swindon and Aldershot triumphed in the first play-offs in 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season 1987-88\". English Football League Tables. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englishfootballleaguetables.co.uk/final/f1987-88.html#d3","url_text":"\"Season 1987-88\""}]},{"reference":"Rollin, Jack, ed. (1992). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1992–93. London: Headline Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7472-7905-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7905-1","url_text":"978-0-7472-7905-1"}]},{"reference":"Rollin (ed.). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1992–93. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haylett, Trevor; Lovejoy, Joe (22 January 1993). \"Football: Bristol City sack Smith and promote Osman\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-bristol-city-sack-smith-and-promote-osman-1480126.html","url_text":"\"Football: Bristol City sack Smith and promote Osman\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, David (24 December 1997). \"Albion job for Smith\". Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 3 October 2017 – via TheFreeLibrary.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Football%3A+Albion+job+for+Smith.-a061054337","url_text":"\"Albion job for Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2000). Rothmans Football Yearbook 2000–2001. London: Headline Publishing Group. p. 11. 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Archived from the original on 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160323013149/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/oxford-united/2000-2001/table","url_text":"\"Oxford United 2000–2001: Table: Final table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/oxford-united/2000-2001/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Smith takes over at Wrexham\". BBC Sport. 8 October 2001. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wrexham/1586410.stm","url_text":"\"Smith takes over at Wrexham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denis Smith\". League Managers Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160202153941/http://www.leaguemanagers.com/managers/denis-smith/","url_text":"\"Denis Smith\""},{"url":"http://www.leaguemanagers.com/managers/denis-smith/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrexham 2006–2007: Results\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160912141704/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/wrexham/2006-2007/results","url_text":"\"Wrexham 2006–2007: Results\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/wrexham/2006-2007/results","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Smith and Russell depart Wrexham\". BBC Sport. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wrexham/6253233.stm","url_text":"\"Smith and Russell depart Wrexham\""}]},{"reference":"\"1000 Club\". League Managers Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130043605/http://www.leaguemanagers.com/managers/1000-club/","url_text":"\"1000 Club\""},{"url":"http://www.leaguemanagers.com/managers/1000-club/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Minstermen boss Denis Smith signs in\". The Press. York. 12 November 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/3839398.Former_Minstermen_boss_Denis_Smith_signs_in/","url_text":"\"Former Minstermen boss Denis Smith signs in\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legends sign-up for Potters Premier League revolution\". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. 13 July 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Isakovsky | Mikhail Isakovsky | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Russian Soviet poet (1900–1973)
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Mikhail IsakovskyMikhail IsakovskyBorn(1900-01-19)January 19, 1900Glotovka village, Smolensk Governorate, Russian EmpireDiedJuly 21, 1973(1973-07-21) (aged 73)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionOccupationPoet, lyricist, translator, editorNotable works"Katyusha" "Lonely Accordion" "Enemies burnt the dear house down"
Mikhail Vasilyevich Isakovsky (Russian: Михаи́л Васи́льевич Исако́вский; 19 January 1900 – 20 July 1973) was a Soviet and Russian poet, lyricist and translator. Hero of Socialist Labour (1970).
Biography
Mikhail Isakovsky's first rhyme Просьба солдата published in newspaper Nov (Новь). in 1914
Mikhail Isakovsky was born in Glotovka, Yelninsky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, to a poor peasant family of ethnic Russians. A local priest taught him to read and write. Later he studied at a gymnasium for two years. His first poem, Просьба солдата, was published in 1914 in Russian newspaper Nov (Новь). In 1918, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1921 until 1931, he worked in Smolensk newspapers. In 1927, his first book of poems, Провода в соломе, was published. In 1931, he left for Moscow.
Many poems of Isakovsky are set to music. The most famous are "Katyusha (Катюша)" (music by Matvey Blanter), "The Enemy Burned My Native Hut (Враги сожгли родную хату)" (music by Matvey Blanter), "In the Frontier Forest (В лесу прифронтовом)", and "Migrant Birds Fly (Летят перелётные птицы)", and "Lonely Accordion (Одинокая гармонь)". His songs "What You Were Is What You Are (Каким ты был, таким ты и остался)" and "Oh, Arrowwood Is Blooming (Ой, цветет калина)", set to music by Isaak Dunayevsky, were used in the film Cossacks of the Kuban (Кубанские казаки) (1949).
The song "The Enemy Burned My Native Hut (Враги сожгли родную хату)" (1945) was officially criticized for "pessimism" and was not printed or sung until 1956.
As a result of cooperation with Vladimir Zakharov, Isakovsky's poems set to music appear in the repertoire of the Pyatnitsky Choir. The most widely known of them are "Along the Village (Вдоль деревни)", "Seeing Off (Провожанье)" and "You Can Never Tell (И кто его знает)". According to Alexandra Permyakova, chief musician of the Pyatnitsky Choir, these songs made the Choir famous.
Honorary post envelope with an image of Mikhail Isakovsky
He twice received the Stalin Prize for his songwriting (1943, 1949). In 1970, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labour. He was also awarded four Orders of Lenin, in addition to other orders and medals.
He also published a book on the subject of poetry, О поэтическом мастерстве ('On Poetic Mastery').
Mikhail Isakovsky died in Moscow on 20 July 1973, and he was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.
References
^ "Исаковский Михаил Васильевич". www.warheroes.ru. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ С. Минаков. Вино с печалью пополам Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The grave of M. V. Isakovsky at the Novodevichy Cemetery".
External links
Mikhail Isakovsky at Find a Grave
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikhail Vasilyevich Isakovsky.
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Later he studied at a gymnasium for two years. His first poem, Просьба солдата, was published in 1914 in Russian newspaper Nov (Новь). In 1918, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1921 until 1931, he worked in Smolensk newspapers. In 1927, his first book of poems, Провода в соломе, was published. In 1931, he left for Moscow.Many poems of Isakovsky are set to music. The most famous are \"Katyusha (Катюша)\" (music by Matvey Blanter), \"The Enemy Burned My Native Hut (Враги сожгли родную хату)\" (music by Matvey Blanter), \"In the Frontier Forest (В лесу прифронтовом)\", and \"Migrant Birds Fly (Летят перелётные птицы)\", and \"Lonely Accordion (Одинокая гармонь)\". His songs \"What You Were Is What You Are (Каким ты был, таким ты и остался)\" and \"Oh, Arrowwood Is Blooming (Ой, цветет калина)\", set to music by Isaak Dunayevsky, were used in the film Cossacks of the Kuban (Кубанские казаки) (1949).The song \"The Enemy Burned My Native Hut (Враги сожгли родную хату)\" (1945) was officially criticized for \"pessimism\" and was not printed or sung until 1956.[2]As a result of cooperation with Vladimir Zakharov, Isakovsky's poems set to music appear in the repertoire of the Pyatnitsky Choir. The most widely known of them are \"Along the Village (Вдоль деревни)\", \"Seeing Off (Провожанье)\" and \"You Can Never Tell (И кто его знает)\". According to Alexandra Permyakova, chief musician of the Pyatnitsky Choir, these songs made the Choir famous.[citation needed]Honorary post envelope with an image of Mikhail IsakovskyHe twice received the Stalin Prize for his songwriting (1943, 1949). In 1970, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labour. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_Christiana | Civitas Christiana | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Dutch non-profit activist organization
Civitas Christiana is a Dutch non-profit activist organization of Catholic inspiration. Through online petitions, mailing, books, and street activism it works to defend the traditional Christian understanding of the family and opposes abortion, the LGBT movement, gender ideology, pedophilia, feminism, environmentalism, multiculturalism, Islam, and mass immigration.
Founded in 2014 by Hugo Bos, Civitas Christiana is a member of the international network of Societies for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property.
References
^ "Heisa in Nederland: 'Wij vinden het gewoon erg dat hier twee homoseksuelen staan te zoenen'". 11 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ Munsterman, Hendro (24 February 2023). "Hoe katholiek is Civitas Christiana eigenlijk? 'Als bisschop ben ik verwonderd over bepaalde opvattingen'". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2023.
^ de Winter, Suzanne (2019-06-23). "Anti-homo, anti-abortus en anti-revolutie: stichting Civitas Christiana gaat overal vol gas tegenin". de Gelderlander (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-20.
^ Wilschut, Jaco; van Soest, Aaldert (10 February 2023). "'Pedofilie is onderdeel van de lhbt+-agenda.' In de wereld van Hugo Bos is alles een geestelijke strijd". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2023.
External links
Media related to Civitas Christiana at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (June 2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Societies for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Civitas Christiana is a Dutch non-profit activist organization of Catholic inspiration. Through online petitions, mailing, books, and street activism it works to defend the traditional Christian understanding of the family and opposes abortion, the LGBT movement, gender ideology, pedophilia, feminism, environmentalism, multiculturalism, Islam, and mass immigration.[1][2][3]Founded in 2014 by Hugo Bos, Civitas Christiana is a member of the international network of Societies for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property.[4]","title":"Civitas Christiana"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heisa in Nederland: 'Wij vinden het gewoon erg dat hier twee homoseksuelen staan te zoenen'\". 11 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20180311_03402057","url_text":"\"Heisa in Nederland: 'Wij vinden het gewoon erg dat hier twee homoseksuelen staan te zoenen'\""}]},{"reference":"Munsterman, Hendro (24 February 2023). \"Hoe katholiek is Civitas Christiana eigenlijk? 'Als bisschop ben ik verwonderd over bepaalde opvattingen'\". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd.nl/geloof/katholiek/1164448/hoe-katholiek-is-civitas-christiana-eigenlijk-als-bisschop-ben-","url_text":"\"Hoe katholiek is Civitas Christiana eigenlijk? 'Als bisschop ben ik verwonderd over bepaalde opvattingen'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Dagblad","url_text":"Nederlands Dagblad"}]},{"reference":"de Winter, Suzanne (2019-06-23). \"Anti-homo, anti-abortus en anti-revolutie: stichting Civitas Christiana gaat overal vol gas tegenin\". de Gelderlander (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gelderlander.nl/nijmegen/anti-homo-anti-abortus-en-anti-revolutie-stichting-civitas-christiana-gaat-overal-vol-gas-tegenin~a764dd12/","url_text":"\"Anti-homo, anti-abortus en anti-revolutie: stichting Civitas Christiana gaat overal vol gas tegenin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gelderlander","url_text":"de Gelderlander"}]},{"reference":"Wilschut, Jaco; van Soest, Aaldert (10 February 2023). \"'Pedofilie is onderdeel van de lhbt+-agenda.' In de wereld van Hugo Bos is alles een geestelijke strijd\". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd.nl/geloof/katholiek/1162200/pedofilie-is-onderdeel-van-de-lhbti-agenda-in-de-wereld-van-hug#closemodal","url_text":"\"'Pedofilie is onderdeel van de lhbt+-agenda.' In de wereld van Hugo Bos is alles een geestelijke strijd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Dagblad","url_text":"Nederlands Dagblad"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20180311_03402057","external_links_name":"\"Heisa in Nederland: 'Wij vinden het gewoon erg dat hier twee homoseksuelen staan te zoenen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nd.nl/geloof/katholiek/1164448/hoe-katholiek-is-civitas-christiana-eigenlijk-als-bisschop-ben-","external_links_name":"\"Hoe katholiek is Civitas Christiana eigenlijk? 'Als bisschop ben ik verwonderd over bepaalde opvattingen'\""},{"Link":"https://www.gelderlander.nl/nijmegen/anti-homo-anti-abortus-en-anti-revolutie-stichting-civitas-christiana-gaat-overal-vol-gas-tegenin~a764dd12/","external_links_name":"\"Anti-homo, anti-abortus en anti-revolutie: stichting Civitas Christiana gaat overal vol gas tegenin\""},{"Link":"https://www.nd.nl/geloof/katholiek/1162200/pedofilie-is-onderdeel-van-de-lhbti-agenda-in-de-wereld-van-hug#closemodal","external_links_name":"\"'Pedofilie is onderdeel van de lhbt+-agenda.' In de wereld van Hugo Bos is alles een geestelijke strijd\""},{"Link":"https://civitaschristiana.nl/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civitas_Christiana&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland_Plan | Maitland Plan | ["1 Bibliography"] | 19th century British plan to capture Buenos Aires and Chile
Maitland Plan (Spanish, Plan de Maitland), refers to a plan created by British Major General Thomas Maitland in 1800. The plan was titled Plan to capture Buenos Aires and Chile, and then emancipate Peru and Quito. The Kingdom of Great Britain was by then at war with the Kingdom of Spain and the French First Republic in the Napoleonic Wars, and was seeking to expand its influence in South America since the loss of the Thirteen Colonies of North America, which had become independent some time before.
The plan consisted of the following steps:
Seize control of Buenos Aires.
Take position in Mendoza.
Coordinate actions with an independentist Chilean army.
Cross the Andes.
Defeat the Spanish and take control of Chile.
Continue through sea and liberate Peru.
The British tried to put the plan in practice twice and failed. They attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideo in 1806 and 1807, during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, but were eventually defeated by the Spanish army and the local militias. British military actions against Spanish South America ceased during the Peninsular War, when France turned against Spain and Britain allied itself with the Spanish resistance.
According to Argentine historians like Felipe Pigna and Rodolfo Terragno, José de San Martín, the Argentine general and prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, was introduced to the plan (during his stay in London in 1811) by members of the Logia Lautaro: a Freemasonic Lodge founded by Francisco de Miranda and Scottish Lord MacDuff (James Duff, 4th Earl Fife). San Martín was allegedly part of the lodge, and he took the Maitland Plan as a blueprint for the movements necessary to defeat the Spanish army in South America; he carried on successfully with the last five points of the plan, and thus liberated a great part of the continent.
Bibliography
Terragno, Rodolfo. Maitland & San Martin. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1998. ISBN 987-9173-35-X
Maitland & San Martin, download available, Spanish version only
This South American history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Thomas Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"had become independent some time before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_province"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British invasions of the Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Felipe Pigna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Pigna"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Terragno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Terragno"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"South America's successful struggle for independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Freemasonic Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonic_Lodges"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"James Duff, 4th Earl Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duff,_4th_Earl_Fife"}],"text":"Maitland Plan (Spanish, Plan de Maitland), refers to a plan created by British Major General Thomas Maitland in 1800. The plan was titled Plan to capture Buenos Aires and Chile, and then emancipate Peru and Quito. The Kingdom of Great Britain was by then at war with the Kingdom of Spain and the French First Republic in the Napoleonic Wars, and was seeking to expand its influence in South America since the loss of the Thirteen Colonies of North America, which had become independent some time before.The plan consisted of the following steps:Seize control of Buenos Aires.\nTake position in Mendoza.\nCoordinate actions with an independentist Chilean army.\nCross the Andes.\nDefeat the Spanish and take control of Chile.\nContinue through sea and liberate Peru.The British tried to put the plan in practice twice and failed. They attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideo in 1806 and 1807, during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, but were eventually defeated by the Spanish army and the local militias. British military actions against Spanish South America ceased during the Peninsular War, when France turned against Spain and Britain allied itself with the Spanish resistance.According to Argentine historians like Felipe Pigna and Rodolfo Terragno, José de San Martín, the Argentine general and prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, was introduced to the plan (during his stay in London in 1811) by members of the Logia Lautaro: a Freemasonic Lodge founded by Francisco de Miranda and Scottish Lord MacDuff (James Duff, 4th Earl Fife). San Martín was allegedly part of the lodge, and he took the Maitland Plan as a blueprint for the movements necessary to defeat the Spanish army in South America; he carried on successfully with the last five points of the plan, and thus liberated a great part of the continent.","title":"Maitland Plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"987-9173-35-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-9173-35-X"},{"link_name":"Maitland & San Martin, download available, Spanish version only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090511083642/http://www.terragno.org.ar/libros.php"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_America.svg"},{"link_name":"South American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maitland_Plan&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SouthAm-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SouthAm-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAm-hist-stub"}],"text":"Terragno, Rodolfo. Maitland & San Martin. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1998. ISBN 987-9173-35-X\nMaitland & San Martin, download available, Spanish version onlyThis South American history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511083642/http://www.terragno.org.ar/libros.php","external_links_name":"Maitland & San Martin, download available, Spanish version only"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maitland_Plan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyko_Reinikka | Tyko Reinikka | ["1 References"] | Finnish politician
Tyko Reinikka
Tyko Henrik Reinikka (10 December 1887 – 18 January 1964) was a Finnish bank director and politician. He served as Minister of Trade and Industry from 31 December 1925 to 13 December 1926, Minister of Finance from 18 August 1929 to 4 July 1930, as Deputy Minister of Finance from 6 March to 7 October 1936 and again from 5 March 1943 to 8 August 1944. He was born in Oulu, and was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1922 to 1930, representing the Agrarian League. As one of the accused in the war-responsibility trials, he was given a prison sentence of two years on 21 February 1946 because of his political role during the Continuation War. He was pardoned by President Paasikivi on 21 October 1947.
References
^ "Finnish Government - Ministers of Trade and Industry". Valtioneuvosto.fi. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
^ "Council of State - Ministers of Finance". Valtioneuvosto.fi. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ "Eduskunta - kansanedustajat". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
Authority control databases: National
Finland | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotona_Tyko_Reinikka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Minister of Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Agrarian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"war-responsibility trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War-responsibility_trials_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"Continuation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War"},{"link_name":"Paasikivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tyko ReinikkaTyko Henrik Reinikka (10 December 1887 – 18 January 1964) was a Finnish bank director and politician. He served as Minister of Trade and Industry from 31 December 1925 to 13 December 1926,[1] Minister of Finance from 18 August 1929 to 4 July 1930,[2] as Deputy Minister of Finance from 6 March to 7 October 1936 and again from 5 March 1943 to 8 August 1944. He was born in Oulu, and was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1922 to 1930, representing the Agrarian League. As one of the accused in the war-responsibility trials, he was given a prison sentence of two years on 21 February 1946 because of his political role during the Continuation War. He was pardoned by President Paasikivi on 21 October 1947.[3]","title":"Tyko Reinikka"}] | [{"image_text":"Tyko Reinikka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kotona_Tyko_Reinikka.jpg/220px-Kotona_Tyko_Reinikka.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Finnish Government - Ministers of Trade and Industry\". Valtioneuvosto.fi. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142310/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/6","url_text":"\"Finnish Government - Ministers of Trade and Industry\""},{"url":"http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Council of State - Ministers of Finance\". Valtioneuvosto.fi. Retrieved 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/13","url_text":"\"Council of State - Ministers of Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021031322/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911348","url_text":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"url":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911348","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142310/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/6","external_links_name":"\"Finnish Government - Ministers of Trade and Industry\""},{"Link":"http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/13","external_links_name":"\"Council of State - Ministers of Finance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021031322/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911348","external_links_name":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"Link":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911348","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000122773","external_links_name":"Finland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn_Mann | Jenn Mann | ["1 References"] | American psychotherapist and media personality
Jenn Mann is an American psychotherapist, sports psychology consultant, author, and speaker.
She is the daughter of Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, a famous songwriting couple. She was divorced from Joshua Berman in 2013.
Mann has twin daughters, Mendez and Quincy
Mann has a private practice as a psychotherapist in Beverly Hills, California. She has appeared in media as "Dr. Jenn". She has acted as a relationship counselor for the VH1 reality shows Couples Therapy and spin-off Family Therapy. Until Sirius XM Radio dropped the Oprah Winfrey channel on December 31, 2014, Mann hosted a nightly radio call-in show. The show moved to a new channel in 2015.
References
^ "How can you feel sexier as you get older? Read more: How can you feel sexier as you get older? - The Times of India". The Times of India. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
^ "Love & Lust: Will Sanford Marriage Last?". CBS News. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
^ Schefft, Jen (2007). Better Single Than Sorry: A No-Regrets Guide to Loving Yourself and Never Settling. HarperCollins. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-06-122807-0. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
^ Heger, Jen (2013-09-10). "Ironic Much? VH1's 'Couples Therapy' Host Dr. Jenn Berman Divorces". Radar Online. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
^ Barker, Olivia (31 May 2009). "The Gosselins and the consequences of reality TV". USA Today. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
^ "SHOWBIZ TONIGHT (Transcript)". CNN. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
^ vh1. "Couples Therapy With Dr. Jenn (TV Series) | Season 5 Episodes". VH1. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved 2015-09-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychotherapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapist"},{"link_name":"sports psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Barry Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Mann"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Weil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Couples Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couples_Therapy_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Family Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Therapy_with_Dr._Jenn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"call-in show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-in_show"}],"text":"Jenn Mann is an American psychotherapist, sports psychology consultant, author, and speaker.[1][2][3]She is the daughter of Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, a famous songwriting couple. She was divorced from Joshua Berman in 2013.[4] \nMann has twin daughters, Mendez and QuincyMann has a private practice as a psychotherapist in Beverly Hills, California.[5] She has appeared in media as \"Dr. Jenn\".[6] She has acted as a relationship counselor for the VH1 reality shows Couples Therapy and spin-off Family Therapy.[7] Until Sirius XM Radio dropped the Oprah Winfrey channel on December 31, 2014, Mann hosted a nightly radio call-in show. The show moved to a new channel in 2015.","title":"Jenn Mann"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How can you feel sexier as you get older? Read more: How can you feel sexier as you get older? - The Times of India\". The Times of India. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/How-can-you-feel-sexier-as-you-get-older/articleshow/7047465.cms","url_text":"\"How can you feel sexier as you get older? 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Retrieved 20 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=16pxkXAvTdQC&dq=jenn+berman&pg=PA91","url_text":"Better Single Than Sorry: A No-Regrets Guide to Loving Yourself and Never Settling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122807-0","url_text":"978-0-06-122807-0"}]},{"reference":"Heger, Jen (2013-09-10). \"Ironic Much? VH1's 'Couples Therapy' Host Dr. Jenn Berman Divorces\". Radar Online. Retrieved 2015-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2013/09/couples-therapy-host-dr-jenn-berman-divorces/","url_text":"\"Ironic Much? VH1's 'Couples Therapy' Host Dr. Jenn Berman Divorces\""}]},{"reference":"Barker, Olivia (31 May 2009). \"The Gosselins and the consequences of reality TV\". USA Today. 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Retrieved 2015-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316134953/http://www.vh1.com/shows/couples_therapy/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=15304","url_text":"\"Couples Therapy With Dr. Jenn (TV Series) | Season 5 Episodes\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/shows/couples_therapy/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=15304","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/How-can-you-feel-sexier-as-you-get-older/articleshow/7047465.cms","external_links_name":"\"How can you feel sexier as you get older? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mudurian | Downloading the Repertoire | ["1 Songs sung on Downloading the Repertoire","2 References"] | 1996 live album by Jack MudurianDownloading the RepertoireLive album by Jack MudurianReleased1996RecordedJune 15, 1981VenueDuplex Nursing Home, Boston, MassachusettsLabelArf! Arf! RecordsAA-057
Downloading the Repertoire is a 1996 novelty album by American singer John "Jack" Mudurian (May 23, 1929 – September 30, 2013).
Mudurian was a resident of Duplex Nursing Home in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1981, David Greenberger, an employee who also edited the zine The Duplex Planet, overheard Mudurian singing at a home talent show, and when Greenberger spoke to him about it, Mudurian boasted that he could sing as many songs as Frank Sinatra. Greenberger brought in a cassette tape recorder and asked him to sing; Mudurian proceeded to sing 129 songs, many from the Tin Pan Alley repertory (and several more than once), continuously over the next 47 minutes.
The recording was issued as Downloading the Repertoire on Arf! Arf! Records in 1996, and it became a cult novelty hit. Neil Strauss, writing about the recording for The New York Times, wrote: "What is most interesting about this CD is not Mr. Mudurian's slurred, rushed singing but the way his entire life story unfolds in his selection of material." In a review for AllMusic, Cub Koda commented: "... free association from tune to tune is downright astounding. No matter what kind of music you might have in your collection, it's a good bet you don't have anything that sounds quite like this." A reviewer for CMJ New Music Monthly described the album as "a hysterical, bizarre tour through the history of American popular song."
A shortened version of the music heard on Downloading appeared on Irwin Chusid's compilation of outsider music called Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1. Mudurian can also be heard on the compilations The Talent Show (1996), and The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza (2000). After meeting Mudurian, singer Jad Fair transcribed his version of "Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)" and performed it in his own live shows.
According to Greenberger, the nursing home at which Mudurian resided closed in 1987, and the two lost touch. Greenberger, who affectionately referred to the marathon recording session as "Jack's and my private Olympic event," recalled: "That June afternoon lives on for me. Planes flew overhead, birds chirped in the trees and another resident... could be heard singing in the background from time to time."
Songs sung on Downloading the Repertoire
(in order of songs sung)
Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)
It's Been a Long, Long Time
Why Am I Always Yearning for Theresa
The Halls of Montezuma
So Long It's Been Good to Know You
Step Right Up (and Help Old Uncle Sam)
It's Only a Paper Moon
Music! Music! Music! (Put Another Nickel In)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
Some Sunday Morning
Any Bonds Today?
Red River Valley
My Bonnie
Jimmy Crack Corn
The Wabash Cannonball
I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now
Ramona
Toot Toot Tootsie! (Goo' Bye)
If You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie
I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine
I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me)
I'll See You in My Dreams
Lucky Me
I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)
Near You
South of the Border (Down Mexico Way)
I've Been Working on the Railroad
Goody-Goody
Home on the Range
Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho
Bell Bottom Trousers
Ragtime Cowboy Joe
Over the Rainbow
When You Wish Upon a Star
Pistol Packin' Mama
Frankie and Johnnie
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Jingle Bells
I Love You
Cuddle Up a Little Closer
Ain't She Sweet
Rose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)
The Band Played On
Sparrow in the Treetop
"Pep Talk"/South of the Border (Down Mexico Way)
It's Only a Paper Moon
California, Here I Come
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
Singin' in the Rain
Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue
Lullaby Of Broadway
I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now
Some Sunday Morning
For Me and My Gal
Blue Skies
Smoke That Cigarette
Ain't Misbehavin'
Cheek to Cheek
Let's Call the Whole Thing Off
I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts (Roll or Bowl a Ball-A Penny a Pitch)
Michael Row the Boat Ashore
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
When You Wish Upon a Star
I'll See You in My Dreams
Chiquita Banana
Your Cheatin' Heart
Sparrow in the Treetop
Rock Around the Clock
That Old Flying Machine
The Man on the Flying Trapeze
School Days
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
Johnson Rag
Sugarfoot Rag
Chicago (That Toddling Town)
Pistol Packin' Mama
Boola Boola
Honeysuckle Rose
Volare
Quando Quando Quando (Tell Me When)
San Antonio Rose
Ragtime Cowboy Joe
Chattanooga Choo Choo
The Trolley Song
"Pep Talk"/Sing Sing Sing
Goody Goody
"Pep Talk"/Pistol Packin' Mama
Any Bonds Today
Music Music Music! (Put Another Nickel In)
It's Only a Paper Moon
Melody Time
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling
Heartaches
Night and Day
The Band Played On
Rose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)
The Wabash Cannonball
"Pep Talk"/Pistol Packin' Mama
The Halls Of Montezuma
Jingle Bell Rock
I'll Never Say "Never Again" Again
Million Dollar Baby
Shine on Harvest Moon
Carolina in the Morning
You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby
Jimmy Crack Corn
Any Bonds Today
Rose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)
Michael Row the Boat Ashore
Three Blind Mice
Ramona
Mona Lisa
Bye Bye Baby
My Baby Just Cares for Me
Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue
If You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie
That's Amore
The Music Goes 'Round And Around
Jeepers Creepers
Some Sunday Morning
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Any Bonds Today
I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire
Oh What a Gal
The Wabash Cannonball
My Bonnie
Chicago (That Toddling Town)
Rose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)
References
^ a b c "Jack Mudurian | David Greenberger".
^ "John Mudurian", Social Security Death Index, via FamilySearch.org.
^ Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 22.
^ "Downloading the Repertoire: Lost and Found Sound: Jack Mudurian's 45-Minute Medly". NPR. September 10, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ a b Koda, Cub. "Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ "Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire". Arf! Arf! Records. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ a b "Weird Record of the Month". CMJ New Music Monthly. October 1996. p. 10.
^ Strauss, Neil (August 20, 1996). "Brilliant Or Merely Bizarre?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ "Various Artists: Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1-2: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ Koda, Cub. "Various Artists: Talent Show". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ "The Talent Show". Arf! Arf! Records. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ Cramer, Stephen. "Various Artists: The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ Greenberger, David. "Discography". DavidGreenberger.com. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 24.
^ Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 25.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essay-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"David Greenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Greenberger"},{"link_name":"The Duplex Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duplex_Planet"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"tape recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essay-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koda-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmj-7"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koda-5"},{"link_name":"CMJ New Music Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmj-7"},{"link_name":"Irwin Chusid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Chusid"},{"link_name":"outsider music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_music"},{"link_name":"Songs in the Key of Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Z"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jad Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Fair"},{"link_name":"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(That_Toddlin%27_Town)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essay-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Downloading the Repertoire is a 1996 novelty album by American singer John \"Jack\" Mudurian (May 23, 1929 – September 30, 2013).[1][2]Mudurian was a resident of Duplex Nursing Home in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1981, David Greenberger, an employee who also edited the zine The Duplex Planet, overheard Mudurian singing at a home talent show, and when Greenberger spoke to him about it, Mudurian boasted that he could sing as many songs as Frank Sinatra. Greenberger brought in a cassette tape recorder and asked him to sing; Mudurian proceeded to sing 129 songs, many from the Tin Pan Alley repertory (and several more than once), continuously over the next 47 minutes.[1][3][4]The recording was issued as Downloading the Repertoire on Arf! Arf! Records in 1996,[5][6] and it became a cult novelty hit.[7] Neil Strauss, writing about the recording for The New York Times, wrote: \"What is most interesting about this CD is not Mr. Mudurian's slurred, rushed singing but the way his entire life story unfolds in his selection of material.\"[8] In a review for AllMusic, Cub Koda commented: \"[Mudurian's]... free association from tune to tune is downright astounding. No matter what kind of music you might have in your collection, it's a good bet you don't have anything that sounds quite like this.\"[5] A reviewer for CMJ New Music Monthly described the album as \"a hysterical, bizarre tour through the history of American popular song.\"[7]A shortened version of the music heard on Downloading appeared on Irwin Chusid's compilation of outsider music called Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1.[9] Mudurian can also be heard on the compilations The Talent Show (1996),[10][11] and The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza (2000).[12][13] After meeting Mudurian, singer Jad Fair transcribed his version of \"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)\" and performed it in his own live shows.[14]According to Greenberger, the nursing home at which Mudurian resided closed in 1987, and the two lost touch. Greenberger, who affectionately referred to the marathon recording session as \"Jack's and my private Olympic event,\" recalled: \"That June afternoon lives on for me. Planes flew overhead, birds chirped in the trees and another resident... could be heard singing in the background from time to time.\"[1][15]","title":"Downloading the Repertoire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(That_Toddlin%27_Town)"},{"link_name":"It's Been a Long, Long Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Been_a_Long,_Long_Time"},{"link_name":"The Halls of Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Halls_of_Montezuma"},{"link_name":"So Long It's Been Good to Know You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Long,_It%27s_Been_Good_to_Know_Yuh"},{"link_name":"It's Only a Paper Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_a_Paper_Moon_(song)"},{"link_name":"Music! Music! Music! 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Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Out_to_the_Ball_Game"},{"link_name":"Sugarfoot Rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-Foot_Rag"},{"link_name":"Chicago (That Toddling Town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(That_Toddlin%27_Town)"},{"link_name":"Pistol Packin' Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Packin%27_Mama"},{"link_name":"Boola Boola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boola_Boola"},{"link_name":"Honeysuckle Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle_Rose_(song)"},{"link_name":"Volare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volare_(song)"},{"link_name":"Quando Quando Quando (Tell Me When)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quando,_Quando,_Quando"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_San_Antonio_Rose"},{"link_name":"Ragtime Cowboy Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime_Cowboy_Joe"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga Choo Choo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo_Choo"},{"link_name":"The Trolley Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trolley_Song"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing,_Sing,_Sing_(With_a_Swing)"},{"link_name":"When Irish Eyes Are Smiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Irish_Eyes_Are_Smiling"},{"link_name":"Heartaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartaches_(song)"},{"link_name":"Night and Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_and_Day_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Band Played On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band_Played_On"},{"link_name":"Jingle Bell Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock"},{"link_name":"Shine on Harvest Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_On,_Harvest_Moon"},{"link_name":"Carolina in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Must_Have_Been_a_Beautiful_Baby"},{"link_name":"Three Blind Mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Blind_Mice"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Nat_King_Cole_song)"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye,_Bye,_Baby_(Baby_Goodbye)"},{"link_name":"My Baby Just Cares for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Baby_Just_Cares_for_Me"},{"link_name":"That's Amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Amore"},{"link_name":"The Music Goes 'Round And Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Goes_Round_and_Round"},{"link_name":"Jeepers Creepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepers_Creepers_(song)"},{"link_name":"Alexander's Ragtime Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band"}],"text":"(in order of songs sung)Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)\nIt's Been a Long, Long Time\nWhy Am I Always Yearning for Theresa\nThe Halls of Montezuma\nSo Long It's Been Good to Know You\nStep Right Up (and Help Old Uncle Sam)\nIt's Only a Paper Moon\nMusic! Music! Music! (Put Another Nickel In)\nTake Me Out to the Ball Game\nSome Sunday Morning\nAny Bonds Today?\nRed River Valley\nMy Bonnie\nJimmy Crack Corn\nThe Wabash Cannonball\nI Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now\nRamona\nToot Toot Tootsie! (Goo' Bye)\nIf You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie\nI Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine\nI Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me)\nI'll See You in My Dreams\nLucky Me\nI Don't Know Why (I Just Do)\nNear You\nSouth of the Border (Down Mexico Way)\nI've Been Working on the Railroad\nGoody-Goody\nHome on the Range\nJoshua Fit the Battle of Jericho\nBell Bottom Trousers\nRagtime Cowboy Joe\nOver the Rainbow\nWhen You Wish Upon a Star\nPistol Packin' Mama\nFrankie and Johnnie\nRudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\nJingle Bells\nI Love You\nCuddle Up a Little Closer\nAin't She Sweet\nRose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)\nThe Band Played On\nSparrow in the Treetop\n\"Pep Talk\"/South of the Border (Down Mexico Way)\nIt's Only a Paper Moon\nCalifornia, Here I Come\nRow, Row, Row Your Boat\nSingin' in the Rain\nFive Foot Two, Eyes of Blue\nLullaby Of Broadway\nI Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now\nSome Sunday Morning\nFor Me and My Gal\nBlue Skies\nSmoke That Cigarette\nAin't Misbehavin'\nCheek to Cheek\nLet's Call the Whole Thing Off\nI've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts (Roll or Bowl a Ball-A Penny a Pitch)\nMichael Row the Boat Ashore\nRow, Row, Row Your Boat\nWhen You Wish Upon a Star\nI'll See You in My Dreams\nChiquita Banana\nYour Cheatin' Heart\nSparrow in the Treetop\nRock Around the Clock\nThat Old Flying Machine\nThe Man on the Flying Trapeze\nSchool Days\nTake Me Out to the Ball Game\nJohnson Rag\nSugarfoot Rag\nChicago (That Toddling Town)\nPistol Packin' Mama\nBoola Boola\nHoneysuckle Rose\nVolare\nQuando Quando Quando (Tell Me When)\nSan Antonio Rose\nRagtime Cowboy Joe\nChattanooga Choo Choo\nThe Trolley Song\n\"Pep Talk\"/Sing Sing Sing\nGoody Goody\n\"Pep Talk\"/Pistol Packin' Mama\nAny Bonds Today\nMusic Music Music! (Put Another Nickel In)\nIt's Only a Paper Moon\nMelody Time\nWhen Irish Eyes Are Smiling\nHeartaches\nNight and Day\nThe Band Played On\nRose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)\nThe Wabash Cannonball\n\"Pep Talk\"/Pistol Packin' Mama\nThe Halls Of Montezuma\nJingle Bell Rock\nI'll Never Say \"Never Again\" Again\nMillion Dollar Baby\nShine on Harvest Moon\nCarolina in the Morning\nYou Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby\nJimmy Crack Corn\nAny Bonds Today\nRose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)\nMichael Row the Boat Ashore\nThree Blind Mice\nRamona\nMona Lisa\nBye Bye Baby\nMy Baby Just Cares for Me\nFive Foot Two Eyes of Blue\nIf You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie\nThat's Amore\nThe Music Goes 'Round And Around\nJeepers Creepers\nSome Sunday Morning\nAlexander's Ragtime Band\nAny Bonds Today\nI Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\nOh What a Gal\nThe Wabash Cannonball\nMy Bonnie\nChicago (That Toddling Town)\nRose O'Day (The Filla-Ga-Dusha Song)","title":"Songs sung on Downloading the Repertoire"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jack Mudurian | David Greenberger\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davidgreenberger.com/writing/essays/jack-mudurian/","url_text":"\"Jack Mudurian | David Greenberger\""}]},{"reference":"Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Downloading the Repertoire: Lost and Found Sound: Jack Mudurian's 45-Minute Medly\". NPR. September 10, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2005/09/10/3378072/downloading-the-repertoire","url_text":"\"Downloading the Repertoire: Lost and Found Sound: Jack Mudurian's 45-Minute Medly\""}]},{"reference":"Koda, Cub. \"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/downloading-the-repertoire-mw0000189863","url_text":"\"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\". Arf! Arf! Records. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arfarfrecords.com/arfarf/home.html","url_text":"\"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weird Record of the Month\". CMJ New Music Monthly. October 1996. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (August 20, 1996). \"Brilliant Or Merely Bizarre?\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/20/arts/brilliant-or-merely-bizarre.html","url_text":"\"Brilliant Or Merely Bizarre?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists: Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1-2: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-in-the-key-of-z-vol-1-2-the-curious-universe-of-outsider-music-mw0000557713","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1-2: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music\""}]},{"reference":"Koda, Cub. \"Various Artists: Talent Show\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/talent-show-mw0000052114","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Talent Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Talent Show\". Arf! Arf! Records. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arfarfrecords.com/arfarf/records/aa56.html","url_text":"\"The Talent Show\""}]},{"reference":"Cramer, Stephen. \"Various Artists: The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-tarquin-records-all-star-holiday-extravaganza-mw0000997596","url_text":"\"Various Artists: The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza\""}]},{"reference":"Greenberger, David. \"Discography\". DavidGreenberger.com. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davidgreenberger.com/performance/discography","url_text":"\"Discography\""}]},{"reference":"Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chusid, Irwin (2000). Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious World of Outsider Music. A Cappella Books. p. 25.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.davidgreenberger.com/writing/essays/jack-mudurian/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Mudurian | David Greenberger\""},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2HJ7-GFP","external_links_name":"\"John Mudurian\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2005/09/10/3378072/downloading-the-repertoire","external_links_name":"\"Downloading the Repertoire: Lost and Found Sound: Jack Mudurian's 45-Minute Medly\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/downloading-the-repertoire-mw0000189863","external_links_name":"\"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\""},{"Link":"http://www.arfarfrecords.com/arfarf/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Jack Mudurian: Downloading the Repertoire\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/20/arts/brilliant-or-merely-bizarre.html","external_links_name":"\"Brilliant Or Merely Bizarre?\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-in-the-key-of-z-vol-1-2-the-curious-universe-of-outsider-music-mw0000557713","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists: Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1-2: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/talent-show-mw0000052114","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists: Talent Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.arfarfrecords.com/arfarf/records/aa56.html","external_links_name":"\"The Talent Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-tarquin-records-all-star-holiday-extravaganza-mw0000997596","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists: The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidgreenberger.com/performance/discography","external_links_name":"\"Discography\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/75d4a67b-305e-3040-b112-d20f0f3232af","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitely_additive_measure | Content (measure theory) | ["1 Examples","2 Properties","2.1 On semirings","2.2 On rings","3 Integration of bounded functions","4 Duals of spaces of bounded functions","5 Construction of a measure from a content","5.1 Definition on open sets","5.2 Definition on all sets","5.3 Construction of a measure","6 See also","7 References"] | In mathematics, in particular in measure theory, a content
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is a real-valued function defined on a collection of subsets
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
such that
μ
(
A
)
∈
[
0
,
∞
]
whenever
A
∈
A
.
{\displaystyle \mu (A)\in \ {\text{ whenever }}A\in {\mathcal {A}}.}
μ
(
∅
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mu (\varnothing )=0.}
μ
(
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
i
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
μ
(
A
i
)
whenever
A
1
,
…
,
A
n
,
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
i
∈
A
and
A
i
∩
A
j
=
∅
for
i
≠
j
.
{\displaystyle \mu {\Bigl (}\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}{\Bigr )}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu (A_{i}){\text{ whenever }}A_{1},\dots ,A_{n},\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\in {\mathcal {A}}{\text{ and }}A_{i}\cap A_{j}=\varnothing {\text{ for }}i\neq j.}
That is, a content is a generalization of a measure: while the latter must be countably additive, the former must only be finitely additive.
In many important applications the
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
is chosen to be a ring of sets or to be at least a semiring of sets in which case some additional properties can be deduced which are described below. For this reason some authors prefer to define contents only for the case of semirings or even rings.
If a content is additionally σ-additive it is called a pre-measure and if furthermore
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
is a σ-algebra, the content is called a measure. Therefore, every (real-valued) measure is a content, but not vice versa. Contents give a good notion of integrating bounded functions on a space but can behave badly when integrating unbounded functions, while measures give a good notion of integrating unbounded functions.
Examples
A classical example is to define a content on all half open intervals
[
a
,
b
)
⊆
R
{\displaystyle [a,b)\subseteq \mathbb {R} }
by setting their content to the length of the intervals, that is,
μ
(
[
a
,
b
)
)
=
b
−
a
.
{\displaystyle \mu ([a,b))=b-a.}
One can further show that this content is actually σ-additive and thus defines a pre-measure on the semiring of all half-open intervals. This can be used to construct the Lebesgue measure for the real number line using Carathéodory's extension theorem. For further details on the general construction see article on Lebesgue measure.
An example of a content that is not a measure on a σ-algebra is the content on all subsets of the positive integers that has value
1
/
2
n
{\displaystyle 1/2^{n}}
on any integer
n
{\displaystyle n}
and is infinite on any infinite subset.
An example of a content on the positive integers that is always finite but is not a measure can be given as follows. Take a positive linear functional on the bounded sequences that is 0 if the sequence has only a finite number of nonzero elements and takes value 1 on the sequence
1
,
1
,
1
,
…
,
{\displaystyle 1,1,1,\ldots ,}
so the functional in some sense gives an "average value" of any bounded sequence. (Such a functional cannot be constructed explicitly, but exists by the Hahn–Banach theorem.) Then the content of a set of positive integers is the average value of the sequence that is 1 on this set and 0 elsewhere. Informally, one can think of the content of a subset of integers as the "chance" that a randomly chosen integer lies in this subset (though this is not compatible with the usual definitions of chance in probability theory, which assume countable additivity).
Properties
Frequently contents are defined on collections of sets that satisfy further constraints. In this case additional properties can be deduced that fail to hold in general for contents defined on any collections of sets.
On semirings
If
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
forms a Semiring of sets then the following statements can be deduced:
Every content
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is monotone that is,
A
⊆
B
⇒
μ
(
A
)
≤
μ
(
B
)
for
A
,
B
∈
A
.
{\displaystyle A\subseteq B\Rightarrow \mu (A)\leq \mu (B){\text{ for }}A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}.}
Every content
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is subadditive that is,
μ
(
A
∪
B
)
≤
μ
(
A
)
+
μ
(
B
)
{\displaystyle \mu (A\cup B)\leq \mu (A)+\mu (B)}
for
A
,
B
∈
A
{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}}
such that
A
∪
B
∈
A
.
{\displaystyle A\cup B\in {\mathcal {A}}.}
On rings
If furthermore
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}
is a Ring of sets one gets additionally:
Subtractivity: for
B
⊆
A
{\displaystyle B\subseteq A}
satisfying
μ
(
B
)
<
∞
{\displaystyle \mu (B)<\infty }
it follows
μ
(
A
∖
B
)
=
μ
(
A
)
−
μ
(
B
)
.
{\displaystyle \mu (A\setminus B)=\mu (A)-\mu (B).}
A
,
B
∈
A
⇒
μ
(
A
∪
B
)
+
μ
(
A
∩
B
)
=
μ
(
A
)
+
μ
(
B
)
.
{\displaystyle A,B\in {\mathcal {A}}\Rightarrow \mu (A\cup B)+\mu (A\cap B)=\mu (A)+\mu (B).}
Subadditivity:
A
i
∈
A
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
)
⇒
μ
(
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
i
)
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
μ
(
A
i
)
.
{\displaystyle A_{i}\in {\mathcal {A}}\;(i=1,2,\dotsc ,n)\Rightarrow \mu \left(\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\right)\leq \sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu (A_{i}).}
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
-Superadditivity: For any
A
i
∈
A
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
)
{\displaystyle A_{i}\in {\mathcal {A}}\;(i=1,2,\dotsc )\ }
pairwise disjoint satisfying
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
i
∈
A
{\displaystyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }A_{i}\in {\mathcal {A}}}
we have
μ
(
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
i
)
≥
∑
i
=
1
∞
μ
(
A
i
)
.
{\displaystyle \mu \left(\bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }A_{i}\right)\geq \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\mu (A_{i}).}
If
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is a finite content, that is,
A
∈
A
⇒
μ
(
A
)
<
∞
,
{\displaystyle A\in {\mathcal {A}}\Rightarrow \mu (A)<\infty ,}
then the inclusion–exclusion principle applies:
μ
(
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
i
)
=
∑
k
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
k
+
1
∑
I
⊆
{
1
,
…
,
n
}
,
|
I
|
=
k
μ
(
⋂
i
∈
I
A
i
)
{\displaystyle \mu \left(\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\right)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k+1}\!\!\sum _{I\subseteq \{1,\dotsc ,n\}, \atop |I|=k}\!\!\!\!\mu \left(\bigcap _{i\in I}A_{i}\right)}
where
A
i
∈
A
{\displaystyle A_{i}\in {\mathcal {A}}}
for all
i
∈
{
1
,
…
,
n
}
.
{\displaystyle i\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}.}
Integration of bounded functions
In general integration of functions with respect to a content does not behave well. However, there is a well-behaved notion of integration provided that the function is bounded and the total content of the space is finite, given as follows.
Suppose that the total content of a space is finite.
If
f
{\displaystyle f}
is a bounded function on the space such that the inverse image of any open subset of the reals has a content, then we can define the integral of
f
{\displaystyle f}
with respect to the content as
∫
f
d
λ
=
lim
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
α
i
)
λ
(
f
−
1
(
A
i
)
)
{\displaystyle \int f\,d\lambda =\lim \sum _{i=1}^{n}f(\alpha _{i})\lambda (f^{-1}(A_{i}))}
where the
A
i
{\displaystyle A_{i}}
form a finite collections of disjoint half-open sets whose union covers the range of
f
,
{\displaystyle f,}
and
α
i
{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}
is any element of
A
i
,
{\displaystyle A_{i},}
and where the limit is taken as the diameters of the sets
A
i
{\displaystyle A_{i}}
tend to 0.
Duals of spaces of bounded functions
Suppose that
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is a measure on some space
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
The bounded measurable functions on
X
{\displaystyle X}
form a Banach space with respect to the supremum norm. The positive elements of the dual of this space correspond to bounded contents
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
with the value of
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
on
f
{\displaystyle f}
given by the integral
∫
f
d
λ
.
{\displaystyle \int f\,d\lambda .}
Similarly one can form the space of essentially bounded functions, with the norm given by the essential supremum, and the positive elements of the dual of this space are given by bounded contents that vanish on sets of measure 0.
Construction of a measure from a content
There are several ways to construct a measure μ from a content
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
on a topological space. This section gives one such method for locally compact Hausdorff spaces such that the content is defined on all compact subsets. In general the measure is not an extension of the content, as the content may fail to be countably additive, and the measure may even be identically zero even if the content is not.
First restrict the content to compact sets. This gives a function
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
of compact sets
C
{\displaystyle C}
with the following properties:
λ
(
C
)
∈
[
0
,
∞
]
{\displaystyle \lambda (C)\in \ }
for all compact sets
C
{\displaystyle C}
λ
(
∅
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \lambda (\varnothing )=0.}
λ
(
C
1
)
≤
λ
(
C
2
)
whenever
C
1
⊆
C
2
{\displaystyle \lambda (C_{1})\leq \lambda (C_{2}){\text{ whenever }}C_{1}\subseteq C_{2}}
λ
(
C
1
∪
C
2
)
≤
λ
(
C
1
)
+
λ
(
C
2
)
{\displaystyle \lambda (C_{1}\cup C_{2})\leq \lambda (C_{1})+\lambda (C_{2})}
for all pairs of compact sets
λ
(
C
1
∪
C
2
)
=
λ
(
C
1
)
+
λ
(
C
2
)
{\displaystyle \lambda (C_{1}\cup C_{2})=\lambda (C_{1})+\lambda (C_{2})}
for all pairs of disjoint compact sets.
There are also examples of functions
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
as above not constructed from contents.
An example is given by the construction of Haar measure on a locally compact group. One method of constructing such a Haar measure is to produce a left-invariant function
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
as above on the compact subsets of the group, which can then be extended to a left-invariant measure.
Definition on open sets
Given λ as above, we define a function μ on all open sets by
μ
(
U
)
=
sup
C
⊆
U
λ
(
C
)
.
{\displaystyle \mu (U)=\sup _{C\subseteq U}\lambda (C).}
This has the following properties:
μ
(
U
)
∈
[
0
,
∞
]
{\displaystyle \mu (U)\in \ }
μ
(
∅
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \mu (\varnothing )=0}
μ
(
U
1
)
≤
μ
(
U
2
)
whenever
U
1
⊆
U
2
{\displaystyle \mu (U_{1})\leq \mu (U_{2}){\text{ whenever }}U_{1}\subseteq U_{2}}
μ
(
⋃
n
U
n
)
≤
∑
n
λ
(
U
n
)
{\displaystyle \mu \left(\bigcup _{n}U_{n}\right)\leq \sum _{n}\lambda (U_{n})}
for any collection of open sets
μ
(
⋃
n
U
n
)
=
∑
n
λ
(
U
n
)
{\displaystyle \mu \left(\bigcup _{n}U_{n}\right)=\sum _{n}\lambda (U_{n})}
for any collection of disjoint open sets.
Definition on all sets
Given μ as above, we extend the function μ to all subsets of the topological space by
μ
(
A
)
=
inf
A
⊆
U
μ
(
U
)
.
{\displaystyle \mu (A)=\inf _{A\subseteq U}\mu (U).}
This is an outer measure, in other words it has the following properties:
μ
(
A
)
∈
[
0
,
∞
]
{\displaystyle \mu (A)\in \ }
μ
(
∅
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mu (\varnothing )=0.}
μ
(
A
1
)
≤
μ
(
A
2
)
whenever
A
1
⊆
A
2
{\displaystyle \mu (A_{1})\leq \mu (A_{2}){\text{ whenever }}A_{1}\subseteq A_{2}}
μ
(
⋃
n
A
n
)
≤
∑
n
λ
(
A
n
)
{\displaystyle \mu \left(\bigcup _{n}A_{n}\right)\leq \sum _{n}\lambda (A_{n})}
for any countable collection of sets.
Construction of a measure
The function μ above is an outer measure on the family of all subsets. Therefore, it becomes a measure when restricted to the measurable subsets for the outer measure, which are the subsets
E
{\displaystyle E}
such that
μ
(
X
)
=
μ
(
X
∩
E
)
+
μ
(
X
∖
E
)
{\displaystyle \mu (X)=\mu (X\cap E)+\mu (X\setminus E)}
for all subsets
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
If the space is locally compact then every open set is measurable for this measure.
The measure
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
does not necessarily coincide with the content
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
on compact sets, However it does if
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is regular in the sense that
for any compact
C
,
{\displaystyle C,}
λ
(
C
)
{\displaystyle \lambda (C)}
is the inf of
λ
(
D
)
{\displaystyle \lambda (D)}
for compact sets
D
{\displaystyle D}
containing
C
{\displaystyle C}
in their interiors.
See also
Minkowski content
References
Elstrodt, Jürgen (2018), Maß- und Integrationstheorie, Springer-Verlag
Halmos, Paul (1950), Measure Theory, Van Nostrand and Co.
Mayrhofer, Karl (1952), Inhalt und Mass (Content and measure), Springer-Verlag, MR 0053185
vteMeasure theoryBasic concepts
Absolute continuity of measures
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Measure
Measure space
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Carathéodory's criterion
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Essential range
infimum/supremum
Locally measurable
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Types of Measures
Atomic
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Content
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in measure
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Main results
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Other results
Disintegration theorem
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Sard's theorem
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For Lebesgue measure
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Minkowski–Steiner formula
Prékopa–Leindler inequality
Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality
Applications & related
Convex analysis
Descriptive set theory
Probability theory
Real analysis
Spectral theory | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ring of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_sets"},{"link_name":"semiring of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiring#Semiring_of_sets"},{"link_name":"σ-additive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_additivity"},{"link_name":"pre-measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-measure"},{"link_name":"σ-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_algebra"},{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)"}],"text":"μ\n (\n A\n )\n ∈\n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n whenever \n \n A\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A)\\in \\ [0,\\infty ]{\\text{ whenever }}A\\in {\\mathcal {A}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n ∅\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (\\varnothing )=0.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n μ\n (\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n whenever \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n and \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∩\n \n A\n \n j\n \n \n =\n ∅\n \n for \n \n i\n ≠\n j\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu {\\Bigl (}\\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}{\\Bigr )}=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\mu (A_{i}){\\text{ whenever }}A_{1},\\dots ,A_{n},\\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}{\\text{ and }}A_{i}\\cap A_{j}=\\varnothing {\\text{ for }}i\\neq j.}That is, a content is a generalization of a measure: while the latter must be countably additive, the former must only be finitely additive.In many important applications the \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n is chosen to be a ring of sets or to be at least a semiring of sets in which case some additional properties can be deduced which are described below. For this reason some authors prefer to define contents only for the case of semirings or even rings.If a content is additionally σ-additive it is called a pre-measure and if furthermore \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n is a σ-algebra, the content is called a measure. Therefore, every (real-valued) measure is a content, but not vice versa. Contents give a good notion of integrating bounded functions on a space but can behave badly when integrating unbounded functions, while measures give a good notion of integrating unbounded functions.","title":"Content (measure theory)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebesgue measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_measure"},{"link_name":"Carathéodory's extension theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s_extension_theorem"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_measure#Construction_of_the_Lebesgue_measure"},{"link_name":"Hahn–Banach theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn%E2%80%93Banach_theorem"}],"text":"A classical example is to define a content on all half open intervals \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n ⊆\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b)\\subseteq \\mathbb {R} }\n \n by setting their content to the length of the intervals, that is, \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n [\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n )\n =\n b\n −\n a\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu ([a,b))=b-a.}\n \n One can further show that this content is actually σ-additive and thus defines a pre-measure on the semiring of all half-open intervals. This can be used to construct the Lebesgue measure for the real number line using Carathéodory's extension theorem. For further details on the general construction see article on Lebesgue measure.An example of a content that is not a measure on a σ-algebra is the content on all subsets of the positive integers that has value \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2^{n}}\n \n on any integer \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n and is infinite on any infinite subset.An example of a content on the positive integers that is always finite but is not a measure can be given as follows. Take a positive linear functional on the bounded sequences that is 0 if the sequence has only a finite number of nonzero elements and takes value 1 on the sequence \n \n \n \n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1,1,1,\\ldots ,}\n \n so the functional in some sense gives an \"average value\" of any bounded sequence. (Such a functional cannot be constructed explicitly, but exists by the Hahn–Banach theorem.) Then the content of a set of positive integers is the average value of the sequence that is 1 on this set and 0 elsewhere. Informally, one can think of the content of a subset of integers as the \"chance\" that a randomly chosen integer lies in this subset (though this is not compatible with the usual definitions of chance in probability theory, which assume countable additivity).","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Frequently contents are defined on collections of sets that satisfy further constraints. In this case additional properties can be deduced that fail to hold in general for contents defined on any collections of sets.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semiring of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiring#Semiring_of_sets"}],"sub_title":"On semirings","text":"If \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n forms a Semiring of sets then the following statements can be deduced:Every content \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is monotone that is, \n \n \n \n A\n ⊆\n B\n ⇒\n μ\n (\n A\n )\n ≤\n μ\n (\n B\n )\n \n for \n \n A\n ,\n B\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\subseteq B\\Rightarrow \\mu (A)\\leq \\mu (B){\\text{ for }}A,B\\in {\\mathcal {A}}.}\n \n\nEvery content \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is subadditive that is,μ\n (\n A\n ∪\n B\n )\n ≤\n μ\n (\n A\n )\n +\n μ\n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A\\cup B)\\leq \\mu (A)+\\mu (B)}\n \n for \n \n \n \n A\n ,\n B\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,B\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n A\n ∪\n B\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cup B\\in {\\mathcal {A}}.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ring of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_sets"},{"link_name":"inclusion–exclusion principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion%E2%80%93exclusion_principle"}],"sub_title":"On rings","text":"If furthermore \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n is a Ring of sets one gets additionally:Subtractivity: for \n \n \n \n B\n ⊆\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\subseteq A}\n \n satisfying \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n B\n )\n <\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (B)<\\infty }\n \n it follows \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n A\n ∖\n B\n )\n =\n μ\n (\n A\n )\n −\n μ\n (\n B\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A\\setminus B)=\\mu (A)-\\mu (B).}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n A\n ,\n B\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n ⇒\n μ\n (\n A\n ∪\n B\n )\n +\n μ\n (\n A\n ∩\n B\n )\n =\n μ\n (\n A\n )\n +\n μ\n (\n B\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,B\\in {\\mathcal {A}}\\Rightarrow \\mu (A\\cup B)+\\mu (A\\cap B)=\\mu (A)+\\mu (B).}\n \n\nSubadditivity: \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n (\n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n )\n ⇒\n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≤\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n μ\n (\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}\\;(i=1,2,\\dotsc ,n)\\Rightarrow \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\\right)\\leq \\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\mu (A_{i}).}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n-Superadditivity: For any \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n (\n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}\\;(i=1,2,\\dotsc )\\ }\n \n pairwise disjoint satisfying \n \n \n \n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\bigcup _{i=1}^{\\infty }A_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n we have \n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≥\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n μ\n (\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{i=1}^{\\infty }A_{i}\\right)\\geq \\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }\\mu (A_{i}).}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is a finite content, that is, \n \n \n \n A\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n ⇒\n μ\n (\n A\n )\n <\n ∞\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\in {\\mathcal {A}}\\Rightarrow \\mu (A)<\\infty ,}\n \n then the inclusion–exclusion principle applies: \n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n \n I\n ⊆\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n ,\n \n \n \n |\n \n I\n \n |\n \n =\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋂\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}\\right)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k+1}\\!\\!\\sum _{I\\subseteq \\{1,\\dotsc ,n\\}, \\atop |I|=k}\\!\\!\\!\\!\\mu \\left(\\bigcap _{i\\in I}A_{i}\\right)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\{1,\\dotsc ,n\\}.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In general integration of functions with respect to a content does not behave well. However, there is a well-behaved notion of integration provided that the function is bounded and the total content of the space is finite, given as follows.Suppose that the total content of a space is finite. \nIf \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is a bounded function on the space such that the inverse image of any open subset of the reals has a content, then we can define the integral of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n with respect to the content as∫\n f\n \n d\n λ\n =\n lim\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n f\n (\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n )\n λ\n (\n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int f\\,d\\lambda =\\lim \\sum _{i=1}^{n}f(\\alpha _{i})\\lambda (f^{-1}(A_{i}))}A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}}f\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,}α\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{i}}A\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i},}A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}}","title":"Integration of bounded functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Suppose that \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is a measure on some space \n \n \n \n X\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X.}\n \n The bounded measurable functions on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n form a Banach space with respect to the supremum norm. The positive elements of the dual of this space correspond to bounded contents \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X,}\n \n with the value of \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n on \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n given by the integral \n \n \n \n ∫\n f\n \n d\n λ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int f\\,d\\lambda .}\n \n Similarly one can form the space of essentially bounded functions, with the norm given by the essential supremum, and the positive elements of the dual of this space are given by bounded contents that vanish on sets of measure 0.","title":"Duals of spaces of bounded functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locally compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_space"},{"link_name":"Haar measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haar_measure"},{"link_name":"locally compact group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_group"}],"text":"There are several ways to construct a measure μ from a content \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n on a topological space. This section gives one such method for locally compact Hausdorff spaces such that the content is defined on all compact subsets. In general the measure is not an extension of the content, as the content may fail to be countably additive, and the measure may even be identically zero even if the content is not.First restrict the content to compact sets. This gives a function \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n of compact sets \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n with the following properties:λ\n (\n C\n )\n ∈\n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (C)\\in \\ [0,\\infty ]}\n \n for all compact sets \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n λ\n (\n ∅\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (\\varnothing )=0.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ≤\n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n whenever \n \n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n ⊆\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (C_{1})\\leq \\lambda (C_{2}){\\text{ whenever }}C_{1}\\subseteq C_{2}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ≤\n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n +\n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (C_{1}\\cup C_{2})\\leq \\lambda (C_{1})+\\lambda (C_{2})}\n \n for all pairs of compact sets\n\n \n \n \n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n ∪\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n +\n λ\n (\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (C_{1}\\cup C_{2})=\\lambda (C_{1})+\\lambda (C_{2})}\n \n for all pairs of disjoint compact sets.There are also examples of functions \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n as above not constructed from contents. \nAn example is given by the construction of Haar measure on a locally compact group. One method of constructing such a Haar measure is to produce a left-invariant function \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n as above on the compact subsets of the group, which can then be extended to a left-invariant measure.","title":"Construction of a measure from a content"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Definition on open sets","text":"Given λ as above, we define a function μ on all open sets byμ\n (\n U\n )\n =\n \n sup\n \n C\n ⊆\n U\n \n \n λ\n (\n C\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (U)=\\sup _{C\\subseteq U}\\lambda (C).}μ\n (\n U\n )\n ∈\n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (U)\\in \\ [0,\\infty ]}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n ∅\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (\\varnothing )=0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n \n U\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ≤\n μ\n (\n \n U\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n whenever \n \n \n U\n \n 1\n \n \n ⊆\n \n U\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (U_{1})\\leq \\mu (U_{2}){\\text{ whenever }}U_{1}\\subseteq U_{2}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n n\n \n \n \n U\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≤\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n λ\n (\n \n U\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{n}U_{n}\\right)\\leq \\sum _{n}\\lambda (U_{n})}\n \n for any collection of open sets\n\n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n n\n \n \n \n U\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n λ\n (\n \n U\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{n}U_{n}\\right)=\\sum _{n}\\lambda (U_{n})}\n \n for any collection of disjoint open sets.","title":"Construction of a measure from a content"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Definition on all sets","text":"Given μ as above, we extend the function μ to all subsets of the topological space byμ\n (\n A\n )\n =\n \n inf\n \n A\n ⊆\n U\n \n \n μ\n (\n U\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A)=\\inf _{A\\subseteq U}\\mu (U).}outer measureμ\n (\n A\n )\n ∈\n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A)\\in \\ [0,\\infty ]}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n ∅\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (\\varnothing )=0.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ≤\n μ\n (\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n whenever \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n ⊆\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (A_{1})\\leq \\mu (A_{2}){\\text{ whenever }}A_{1}\\subseteq A_{2}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n \n (\n \n \n ⋃\n \n n\n \n \n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≤\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n λ\n (\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\left(\\bigcup _{n}A_{n}\\right)\\leq \\sum _{n}\\lambda (A_{n})}\n \n for any countable collection of sets.","title":"Construction of a measure from a content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outer measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_measure"}],"sub_title":"Construction of a measure","text":"The function μ above is an outer measure on the family of all subsets. Therefore, it becomes a measure when restricted to the measurable subsets for the outer measure, which are the subsets \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n X\n )\n =\n μ\n (\n X\n ∩\n E\n )\n +\n μ\n (\n X\n ∖\n E\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (X)=\\mu (X\\cap E)+\\mu (X\\setminus E)}\n \n for all subsets \n \n \n \n X\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X.}\n \n If the space is locally compact then every open set is measurable for this measure.The measure \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n does not necessarily coincide with the content \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n on compact sets, However it does if \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is regular in the sense that \nfor any compact \n \n \n \n C\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C,}\n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n (\n C\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (C)}\n \n is the inf of \n \n \n \n λ\n (\n D\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda (D)}\n \n for compact sets \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n containing \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n in their interiors.","title":"Construction of a measure from a content"}] | [] | [{"title":"Minkowski content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_content"}] | [{"reference":"Elstrodt, Jürgen (2018), Maß- und Integrationstheorie, Springer-Verlag","urls":[]},{"reference":"Halmos, Paul (1950), Measure Theory, Van Nostrand and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos","url_text":"Halmos, Paul"}]},{"reference":"Mayrhofer, Karl (1952), Inhalt und Mass (Content and measure), Springer-Verlag, MR 0053185","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0053185","url_text":"0053185"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0053185","external_links_name":"0053185"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation | Stracin–Kumanovo operation | ["1 Development","1.1 Bulgarian military activity","1.2 Capture of Skopje","2 Controversy","2.1 Descriptions of events","2.2 Present-day views","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"] | Stracin–Kumanovo operationPart of World War II in YugoslaviaDateOctober 8 – November 14, 1944LocationKriva Palanka, Stracin, Kumanovo, SkopjeResult
Allied victoryBelligerents
Bulgaria Yugoslav Partisans
Germany
Albanian Kingdom
ChetniksCommanders and leaders
Vladimir Stoychev
Alexander LöhrUnits involved
1st Bulgarian Army
1st Sofia Infantry Division
2nd Thracian Infantry Division
11th Infantry Division
1st Sofia Guard Division
2nd Cavalry Division
Army Group E
11th Luftwaffe Field Division
41st Infantry Division
22nd Air Landing Division
Chetnik auxiliaries
21st SS SkanderbegStrength
100 guns and mortars35–40 tanks and vehiclesvteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941
Axis invasion
Bombing of Belgrade
Bombing of Sarajevo
Uprisings
Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sanski Most
Eastern Herzegovina
Drvar uprising
Rogatica
Olovo
Uprising in Croatia
Srb uprising
Uprising in Serbia
Bela Crkva
Loznica
Banja Koviljača
Šabac
Kruševac
Mačva
Uzice
Kraljevo
Trešnjica
Novi Pazar
Mihailovic
Sjenica
Uprising in Montenegro
Bullseye
Pljevlja
1942
Dražgoše
Southeast Croatia
Hydra
Prijedor
Nanos
Trio
Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines
Montenegro
Kozara
Partisan Long March
Kupres
Livno
Alfa
Kopaonik
Bihać
1943
Case White
Greenwood–Rootham
Otto
Fungus
Hoathley 1
Case Black
Typical
Zvornik
Davidson
Grčarice
Turjak Castle
Maclean
Višegrad
Bombing of Podgorica
Bombing of Zadar
Delphin
Rogers
Kugelblitz
Kočevje
1944
Maibaum
Bombing of Belgrade
Raid on Šolta
Dafoe
Lindsay
Rösselsprung
Andrijevica
Halyard
Ožbalt
Ratweek
Serbia
Belgrade
Niš
Stracin–Kumanovo
Vukov Klanac
Bregalnitsa–Strumica
Kosovo
Syrmian Front
Floxo
Niš airspace incident
Batina
Knin
1945
Trnovo
Mostar
Bombing of Zagreb
Spring Awakening
Transdanubian Hills
Lika-Primorje
Nagykanizsa-Körmend
Sarajevo
Lijevče Field
Trieste
Zelengora
Poljana
Odžak
Axis occupation of Serbia
Hungarian occupation
Kosovo during World War II
World War II in the Slovene Lands
World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
Air warfare in Yugoslavia
Allied bombing campaign
The Stracin–Kumanovo operation (Bulgarian: Страцинско-Кумановска операция) was an offensive operation conducted in 1944 by the Bulgarian Army against German forces in occupied Yugoslavia which culminated in the capture of Skopje in 1944. With the Bulgarian declaration of war on Germany on September 8, followed by Bulgarian withdrawal from the area, the German 1st Mountain Division moved north, occupied Skopje, and secured the strategic Belgrade–Nis–Salonika railroad line. On October 14, withdrawing from Greece, Army Group E faced Soviet and Bulgarian divisions advancing in Eastern Serbia and Vardar Macedonia; by November 2, the last German units left Northern Greece.
By early October, Bulgarian forces were breaking through into eastern Serbia, Vardar Macedonia and Kosovo in support of the Soviet advance towards Belgrade. Although the Bulgarian army drove the Germans out of Skopje and what is now North Macedonia, later the Yugoslav and today the Macedonian historiography has played down its role for ethnopolitical reasons. Accounts of these events in post-war Yugoslav literature give the impression that the Germans were driven out by the communist Partisans who liberated the area. There was some fighting by Yugoslav Partisans, but their actions were insignificant compared with Bulgarian military activity. The greeting of Bulgarian troops in Skopje as liberators at the end of the operation is still denied there.
After had captured Skopje, on 14 November the Bulgarian Second Army and the Yugoslav Partisans kept driving the Albanian SS Division and Balli Kombëtar back, until Kosovo had been seized.
Development
Bulgarian military activity
Map of the October–November 1944 Bulgarian offensive in Yugoslavia. Its main task was to cover up the Soviet advance to Belgrade.
Bulgarian troops entering Skopje. According to Bulgarian sources they were the first to enter the city (on November 13 at 6:30 pm). According to German historians, the city was abandoned to the Bulgarians early in the morning of November 14.
The operation, from October 8 to November 14, was conducted in parallel with three other Bulgarian offensives in Yugoslavia: the Niš operation, the Kosovo operation and the Bregalnitsa-Strumica operation. Bulgarians supported the Soviet offensive in the area, which was aided by Yugoslav, Albanian and Greek Partisans. It was conducted to close the road to retreat for Army Group E from Greece to central Europe. Bulgarian troops began the offensive on October 8, entering Kriva Palanka. They fought for the Stražin ridge on October 18 and seized Stracin on October 25 with support from the Bulgarian Air Force. The battle for Stražin against German air and ground forces was fierce, and it was captured after an attack by Bulgarian paratroopers. Thirty-five paratroopers were killed and 64 were injured, one-fourth of the Parachute Druzhina unit. Battles continued on the Pčinja River and in the city of Kumanovo (on 11 November), where portions of the Wehrmacht were pushed back. The Bulgarians developed the advance towards Skopje into a large-scale offensive, raising the possibility of cutting off Army Group E. The situation was desperate, and the town was evacuated finally during the night of November 13/14. On November 13 and 14, portions of the First and Fourth Bulgarian Armies entered Skopje. The onslaught continued as part of the Kosovo operation, and Bulgarian troops captured Pristina on November 19.
Capture of Skopje
Parallel to the Soviet advance in Eastern Serbia, Bulgarian forces south and south-west of Niš threatened the last German troop-withdrawal route from Skopje. To avoid being cut off, the German command in Mitrovica deployed portions of the 22nd Air Landing Division in the city, while the 11th Luftwaffe Field Division shielded the operational area to the north at Pristina. A crisis arose during the fighting at Pristina in early November, when the 11th Luftwaffe Field Division gave way under Bulgarian attacks. The army group established a new blocking line, enabling the German position at Skopje to be held. The offensive of the Bulgarians, which attacked well-equipped with the support of tanks and fighter planes in the Skopje area, forced the Germans to evacuate their forces, which they carried out on schedule; their main forces abandoned Skopje on 11–12 November. The German rearguard abandoned Skopje early on 14 November. Skopje was seized with the decisive role of Bulgarian troops. On a series of Army Group E maps of its withdrawal through Vardar Macedonia and southern Serbia and in the memoirs of its chief of staff, there is almost no indication of Yugoslav Partisan units. According to Allied Commission British commissioner in Sofia General Walter Oxley, who visited the front line in Stracin, the task of the Bulgarian army was to advance west and cut the Skopje-Pristina-Kraljevo rail line. Oxley noted that the Bulgarians were given freedom of action, and no Soviet troops were in the area of its offensive. Oxley reported that a small number of Yugoslav partisans were in the area of the Bulgarian operations, but it was difficult for them to take serious action against the well-organised German units. Impressed by the discipline of the Bulgarian soldiers, he noted that it was a problem for the partisans. Oxley said that Skopje was seized after weak German resistance with Bulgarian Army attacks, and the partisans held back until the Bulgarians entered the city. According to an agreement between Bulgarian and Yugoslav authorities, the Bulgarian troops coordinated their entry into the city with the Yugoslav partisans. The Bulgarians retained their prisoners of war, but gave weapons abandoned by the Germans to Josip Broz Tito's partisans. Units of the Fourth Bulgarian Army entered Skopje early in the morning of 14 November, and the last nests of German resistance were cleared. According to a November 15 summary by the Army Group E intelligence staff chief, units of the 4th Bulgarian Army (the 5th Infantry Division) and the 1st Bulgarian Army (the 2nd Infantry Division) seized the city after the withdrawal of German troops. News that Skopje was captured by the Bulgarians was reported on November 14 and 15 by Radio Moscow, Radio London, the Voice of America, and Radio Sofia.
After the liberation of Skopje, the new Macedonian authorities confiscated лв.430 million, stamps, and other securities from the former Bulgarian National Bank building. They refused to give the funds to Sofia, and General Damyan Velchev ordered a Bulgarian artillery regiment to return from South Serbia to shell Skopje and confiscate the funds. The order was rescinded after the intervention of Marshal of the Soviet Union Fyodor Tolbukhin, preventing an armed conflict. Bulgarian currency had been used by the short-lived pro-German puppet government, and remained in use by the new Macedonian communist authorities.
Controversy
Descriptions of events
Macedonian monument to the liberators of Skopje, a group of Partisans
In the autumn of 1944, the Bulgarian army was the primary force driving the Germans out of Vardar Macedonia. The Macedonian Partisans were not a significant military force; they were ill-equipped, lacked tanks, artillery and airplanes, and relied on guerrilla warfare. Before the Tito-Stalin split in 1948,
General Mihajlo Apostolski wrote that it was tactically advantageous to include the reorganized Bulgarian army in the Macedonian war against the Germans. As a result of the Tito–Stalin split, however, Yugoslav and (later) Macedonian historiography has minimized Bulgaria's role. According to Macedonian sources, the Bulgarians did not participate in the capture of Skopje even as observers. According to Apostolski, Skopje was liberated by Yugoslav partisans after several days of heavy fighting. Partisan Jordan Cekov wrote that street battles to liberate western Skopje ended late in the evening of November 13, but continued in the city's eastern half. One Bulgarian unit had nearly reached the center of Skopje by about 3 am on November 14, but it was pushed back to the outskirts by Partisans and was not allowed to reenter the city until noon. According to Partisan Trajko Stamatoski, there were attempts by some Bulgarian units to claim credit for the liberation of Skopje but "we did not allow it then, or today". Boro Čuškar claimed that a parade by the Bulgarian troops was prevented and that they were not involved in the liberation of Skopje.
On the other hand, according to Macedonian Goce Delčev Brigade commander and first commandant of Skopje after its liberation, Petar Traykov, Apostolski said that he had liberated Skopje and did not allow Bulgarian troops to enter the city even, but this was not true. Goce Delčev Brigade member Metodi Karpachev said that his unit entered Skopje on the morning on November 14 to find it seized by Bulgarian troops. The population did not welcome the partisans with their expected enthusiasm, and Karpachev later joined the Bulgarian forces. Bulgarian sources say that the first unit, which entered Skopje on November 13 at 6:30 pm, was the cavalry intelligence platoon of the Second Infantry Division of the 4th Bulgarian Army after the main German force had left the city. The Second Infantry Division of the First Bulgarian Army took its southern and the eastern areas at 11 pm, and the Bulgarians seized the city center at midnight. Because the bridges and other approaches to Skopje had been destroyed by the Germans, only infantry and cavalry units entered the city first. Strategic parts of the city had been mined by the retreating Germans, and Bulgarian sappers de-mined them.
Present-day views
See also: Fascism in Bulgaria
Memorial column at Sofia's Georgi Rakovski Military Academy palisade, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the battle of Skopje.
Macedonian identity formed after World War II is deeply rooted in Yugoslav Partisan activity, and thus the Bulgarians are considered fascists. Macedonian media, such as Vo Centar, continue to spread the untruth that Skopje was liberated by Yugoslav communist guerrillas from the Bulgarian fascist occupiers. According to the Bulgarian Association for Research and Development of Civil Society, the WW2 Macedonian film The Liberation of Skopje evokes anti-Bulgarian sentiment.
In October 2019, the Bulgarian government proposed strict terms for North Macedonia's EU admission. One condition is for both countries to "harmonize" their World War II historical narratives, with North Macedonia tempering its view of Bulgaria. In a November 2020 interview with Bulgarian media, North Macedonia's then-Prime Minister Zoran Zaev acknowledged the involvement of Bulgarian troops in the capture of Skopje and other towns during the war, and that the Bulgarians were not fascist occupiers. The interview was followed by a wave of nationalism in Skopje, with protests demanding Zaev's resignation; opposition leader Hristijan Mickoski accused him of threatening Macedonian national identity.
According to former Macedonian Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski, the reaction was the result of ignorance, hypocrisy or politics. Vlado Bučkovski, another former prime minister and chief negotiator with Bulgaria, stated a week later, amid the campaign against Zaev, that the Macedonians and Bulgarians were a single people, separated by the post-WWII Yugoslav policy. Journalist Dejan Azeski said in the weekly newspaper Fokus that Zaev's interview was politically unwise but factually accurate. Bulgaria denies any occupation during the war and insists on double liberation (in 1941 and 1944).
Gallery
Bulgarians re-entering occupied Yugoslavia
Bulgarian troops entering Kriva Palanka, Macedonia
Bulgarians advancing toward the ridge of Stražin
Vladimir Stoychev and the commander of the Parachute Company, after the breakthrough at Strazhin.
Bulgarian Messerschmitt Bf 109s in the autumn of 1944
Bulgarian soldiers in the battle for Kumanovo
Bulgarian Parachute Druzhina troops welcomed in Kumanovo
German soldiers captured by Bulgarians near Kumanovo
Bulgarian troops entering Skopje on November 13
Entry of the 42nd Macedonian Division into Skopje on November, 14.
Bulgarian troops greeted as liberators in Skopje on 14 November.
Bulgarian troops in Skopje on November 14, 1944.
Bulgarian troops in Skopje on November 14, 1944.
Bulgarian troops welcomed in Skopje on November, 14.
Bulgarian troops welcomed in Skopje on November 14
Monument to Bulgarian paratroopers who fell during the Stracin-Kumanovo operation in Sofia
See also
World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
Bulgaria during World War II
References
^ Ivaylo Znepolski et al., Bulgaria under Communism Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2018, ISBN 1351244892, chapter: Bulgaria in the shadow of Stalin, see also: Timeline of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
^ Karl-Heinz Frieser, Klaus Schmider, The Eastern Front 1943-1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts, editor Karl-Heinz Frieser, translated by Barry Smerin, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 0198723466, pp. 1096-1098.
^ Spencer C. Tucker as ed., (2016) World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection ; ABC-CLIO, 2016; p. 1841, ISBN 1851099697.
^ "Until the Soviet-Yugoslav rift in 1948, a trilateral military-political alliance between the U.S.S.R, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria dominated the strategic situation in the Balkans. As a direct consequence of the Moscow talks, Tito met with a delegation from the Bulgarian government's Fatherland Front on October 5, 1944, in Krajova, and on the same day, concluded an agreement on the participation of the new battles on Yugoslav territory. The three armies took part in the Belgrade Operation, which was launched in late September 1944, and Yugoslav-Bulgarian relations flourished with the patronage of the Soviet Union. Southeastern Europe's fate was effectively secured." For more, see Norman Naimark, The Establishment Of Communist Regimes In Eastern Europe, 1944-1949, Routledge, 2018, ISBN 0429976216, p. 60.
^ "By the end of November, almost all of Macedonia and Serbia had been liberated and cleansed of German units. The Bulgarian army is largely responsible for achieving this goal. A military contingent of more than 450,000 troops participated in the campaign. Even though the Bulgarian offensive was undertaken with the cooperation of the Yugoslav Liberation Army, as all observers at the time noted, the latter's forces were absolutely insufficient and without Bulgarian participation, defeating the enemy would have been impossible. Another thing noted at the time was the wholly upright behavior of Bulgarian troops in Macedonia and Serbia. After conquering a given territory, the army turned over control to the new administration that was being formed from the ranks of the Yugoslav opposition. In contradiction to preliminary expectations, it was found that the whole local population, especially in urban areas, calmly accepted the Bulgarian military presence in the region. This generally positive attitude was connected to the idea of a future federation between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria that was beginning to be promoted." For more, see Ivaylo Znepolski et al., Bulgaria under Communism, Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2018, ISBN 1351244892.
^ "Military realities, however, made this incident look very ironic indeed, for Skopje was liberated by Bulgarian forces, while the Macedonian Partisans remained in the surrounding hills, and came down only to celebrate their entrance to the city. Similar scenes occurred in many other towns of Macedonia and Serbia, pointing to the fact that, from a military perspective the Russians were right: the Bulgarian army was the only force capable of driving the Germans quickly from Yugoslavia. Needless to say, the official Macedonian historiography, written mainly by Apostolski himself, understandably played down the crucial role of the Bulgarians. The glorification of the Partisan movement, an essential component of the post-war Yugoslav political culture-and more personal Partisan considerations left little room for such 'technicalities' ... For information on the military situation in Macedonia and Serbia and the role of the Bulgarian army see FO 371/43608, R17271, 24/11/1944; FO 371/44279, R16642,14/10/1944; FO 371/43630, R19495, 24/11/1944; WO 208, 113B, 12/9/1944. The sources, which contain intelligence reports from BLOs, confirm the decisive role of the Bulgarian army in the liberation of Skopje, Nis, Prilep, and the Morava Valley." For more, see Dimitris Livanios, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939–1949, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008; ISBN 9780199237685, p. 134.
^ "For a detailed description of the German withdrawal from Greece through Macedonia and the central Balkans to Bosnia ... see the account by one of the participants, Erich Schmidt-Richberg, 'Der Endkampf auf dem Balkan'. General Schmidt-Richberg was chief of staff of Army Group E, deployed in Greece ... The Yugoslavs' main criticism of the book was that it did not mention the Partisan units that fought the Germans as soon as they entered Yugoslav territory in Macedonia. Schmidt-Richberg only mentioned Bulgarian divisions, which had changed camps and were now fighting the Germans. But the Yugoslavs claimed that the main burden of fighting the Germans was theirs and that the Bulgarians did not have their heart in fighting their erstwhile allies. The claim applies to Partisan operations in the area between the Greek frontier on the south and the Drina River on the northwest – Macedonia, Southern Serbia, Kosovo and Sndjak. It is interesting to note that in a series of maps from Army Group E on its withdrawal through Macedonia and Serbia toward the Drina River and Bosnia, there is almost no indications on Yugoslav Partisan units… The contribution of Bulgarian troops in fighting the Germans in the fall of 1944 in Macedonia and Serbia is still much debated between Yugoslav and Bulgarian military historians." For more, see Jozo TomasevichWar and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Volume 2, Stanford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0804779244, pp. 751-752.
^ "Soviet arrogance was evident at all levels of the Red Army, beginning with its commander in chief. Stalin told Tito at a meeting that the Bulgarian army (which switched sides in the war in September 1944) was superior to Partisans, praising the professionalism of its officers. This was a pure provocation from the Soviet leader. The Bulgarians were Partisan wartime foes, and regardless of whether it was true, Stalin meant to put the assertive Yugoslav leadership in its place by insulting Tito's proudest achievement: his army. Furthermore, the Red Army's operational maps often excluded Partisan units, indicating the command's failure to even acknowledge that Yugoslavs played any role in the defeat of the Germans in the country. Further below in the chain of command, Partisan commanders had to appeal to the Red Army's political departments to include in their public statements the fact that Belgrade was liberated jointly by the Red Army and Partisans and not just by the Soviets, as well as to cease treating the Partisans as unknowledgeable and as a second-rate army." For more, see Majstorović, Vojin. "The Red Army in Yugoslavia, 1944–1945". p. 414 in Slavic Review, vol. 75, no. 2, 2016, pp. 396–421. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5612/slavicreview.75.2.396. Accessed October 24, 2020.
^ "By 23 October the Bulgarians had reached the vicinity of Podujevo, in the north-eastern corner of Kosovo; another Bulgarian force was also closing on Kumanovo, a strategically important town just to the north-east of Skopje. For a crucial period of a fortnight, however, this front remained more or less static. This was thanks to two factors: the disruption of the Bulgarian army by the sudden removal (at Russian insistence) of its old officer corps, and the dogged resistance of the Scholz Group, which was assisted by up to 5,000 Albanians in the Prishtina-Mitrovica area (of whom some belonged to the security force recruited in Albania by Xhafer Deva, and 700 were members of the Skanderbeg division) as well as some local Chetnik formations. The Germans formed a plan for the orderly evacuation of their forces, which they were able to carry out on schedule, abandoning Skopje on 11 November, destroying installations at the Trepcha mine on the 12th and leaving Prishtina on the 19th, from where they retreated north-westwards into Bosnia. Accounts of these events published in post-war Yugoslavia give the impression that the Germans were driven out by the Partisans, who 'liberated' the cities of Kosovo by force. There was some fighting by a combined force of Yugoslav and Albanian Partisans in Western Kosovo, mainly against the remnants of the Skanderbeg division; but these actions were quite insignificant compared with the Soviet-Bulgarian advance. The war diary of the commander of the German Army Group 'E', with its detailed day-by-day record of military actions in Kosovo, contains hardly any references to Partisan actions at all. The general pattern was that the towns in Western Kosovo were 'liberated', i.e. taken over by Partisan forces, only after the Germans and their auxiliaries had left; in Eastern Kosovo it was the Soviet and Bulgarian forces (with some Yugoslav Partisans attached to them) who took over, also after the Germans had got out." For more, see Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History, New York University Press, 1998, pp. 310-313, ISBN 0814755984.
^ Andrew Rawson, Balkan Struggles: A Century of Civil War, Invasion, Communism and Genocide; Pen and Sword Military, 2021, ISBN 1526761475, p. 86.
^ Македонски преглед: издава Македонският научен институт, Volume 28, 2005, стр. 11.
^ Egon Boshof, Kurt Düwell, Hans Kloft, Grundlagen des Studiums der Geschichte, Böhlau-Studien-Bücher: Grundlagen des Studiums, Böhlau, 1973, ISBN 3412864730, S. 487.
^ Karl Hnilicka, Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45: Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche. Wehrmacht Volume 13 of Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, ISSN 0562-3189, Musterschmidt, 1970, ISBN 3788114142, S. 372.
^ Андон Андонов, Димо Ангелев, История на военната авиация на България. Военно издателство, 1988, стр. 172.
^ Karl Hnilicka: Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45 – Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970. (Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Band 13) ìn German; pp. 90-91; 95.
^ Crawford, Steve. The Eastern Front Day by Day, 1941-45: A Photographic Chronology, Potomac Books, 2006, ISBN 1597970107, p. 170: "November 13, 1944: Greece, land war. The Bulgarian First Army ejects Army Group E from Skopje although, as most Axis forces have left Greece, this does not trap the army group."
^ Stone & Ston; An online database of World War II, books and information on the Web since 1995: War Diary for Monday, 13 November 1944: "German forces withdraw from Skopje as Bulgarian 1st Army advances. Bulgarian 1st Army captures Skopje. Southern flank of the Russian Front, 1944-1945; Balkan campaigns, the Aegean, and the Adriatic, 1942-1945."
^ Alexander Perry Biddiscombe, The SS Hunter Battalions: The Hidden History of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944-45, History Press Series, Tempus, 2006, ISBN 0752439383, p. 155. "... By the late autumn of 1944, however, the Germans could no longer hold their base in Macedonia and they had to evacuate Skopje on 13 November, bringing covert operations against "Old Bulgaria" to a momentary hold."
^ Sfetas, Spyridon. "The Bulgarian-Yugoslav Dispute over the Macedonian Question as a Reflection of the Soviet-Yugoslav Controversy (1968-1980)". Balcanica. 2012. 241-271. 10.2298/BALC1243241S. "Indeed, the Soviets contributed heavily to Belgrade’s liberation in October 1944, and Bulgarians, though undesirable for the Yugoslav partisans, fought in the battles for the liberation Skopje in November 1944."
^ Великите битки и борби на българите след освобождението, Световна библиотека, София, 2007, стр.73 – 74.
^ Die Offensive der bulgarischen Divisionen, die gut ausgerüstet mit Unterstützung zahlreicher Panzer und Jagdflugzeuge deutscher Herkunft im Raum Skoplje angreifen, zwingt die deutschen Kräfte zur Rückzugsbewegung in die östlichen Seitentäler. In der Nacht vom 11./12. November 1944 wird Skoplje von der Heeresgruppe E geräumt.For more see: Janusz Piekałkiewicz (1984) Krieg auf dem Balkan, 1940-1945, Südwest, S. 285, ISBN 3517007900.
^ Germany and the Second World War. Volume VIII, The Eastern Front 1943-1944 : the war in the East and on the neighbouring fronts. The withdrawal battles in Macedonia.
^ Livanios, Dimitris, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, Oxford University Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, pp. 118-141.
^ Karl Hnilicka: Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45 – Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970. (Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Band 13) ìn German; pp. 90-91; 95.
^ War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration, Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, pp. 751–752.
^ Витка Тошкова, България-непризнатият противник на Третия райх, Военно издателство, 1995, стр. 146.
^ Аврора Котева, Николай Котев, Британското разузнаване в България, 1939-1945; Издание 2, Военно издателство, 2003; ISBN 9545092661, стр. 168.
^ Игнат Криворов, Военното изкуство на българската армия 1885-1945, Военно издателство, 2003; ISBN 954509270X, ст. 117.
^ Ива Бурилкова, Цочо Билярски, БКП, Коминтернът и македонският въпрос (1917-1946): томове 1-2, Глав. управл. на архивите, 1998, ISBN 9549800040, стр. 1147.
^ Georgi Daskalov, Bulgarian-Yugoslav political relations, 1944-1945, Kliment Ohridski University Press, 1989, p. 114; (in Bulgarian).
^ Atanas Semerdzhiev et al., Otechestvenata voĭna na Bŭlgaria, 1944-1945; Volume 4, Voen. izd-vo, 1982, str. 482.
^ Livanios, Dimitris, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, Oxford University Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, pp. 134-135.
^ Въпреки намесата на съветското военно командуване, югославските ръководители продължиха да провеждат своята враждебна антибългарска политика. Те побързаха да сложат ръка върху 430 млн. български лева - собственост на Българската народна банка в Скопие в пари, марки, бандероли и други ценни книжа. Без малко във връзка с този дързък грабеж не се стигна до военно стълкновение, тъй като министърът на войната ген. Д.Велчев заповяда на един полк артилерия да се върне в Скопие и със сила да възвърне тази българска собственост. ЦК на БРП (к) успя обаче да предотврати този инцидент и се обърна за съдействие към маршал Толбухин. For more see: Добрин Мичев, Македонският въпрос и българо-югославските отношения: 9 септември 1944-1949, Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", 1994, ISBN 9540701821, стр. 119.
^ Костадин Христов, За първите македонски банкноти. 20.09.2017, Управление на риска.
^ Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443888494, p. 212.
^ Anatoliy Prokopiev, Bulgaria's Preordained Choice in 1941 and 1944, p. 83, in: Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation Past and Future, Center for Military History, U.S. Army, Government Printing Office, ISBN 0160872421, 2006, pp. 77-85.
^ Sfetas, Spyridon. (2012). The Bulgarian-Yugoslav dispute over the Macedonian question as a reflection of the Soviet-Yugoslav controversy (1968-1980). Balcanica. 2012. 241-271. 10.2298/BALC1243241S.
^ Михаило Апостолски, Завршните операции на НОВ за ослободување на Македонија, "Кочо Рацин", Скопје, 1953.
^ Како Бугарите "учествуваа" во ослободувањето на Скопје. Јордан Цеков-Дане
^ Skopje was liberated by Bulgarian forces, and the Macedonian Partisans came down from the surrounding hills to celebrate their entrance to the city; similar scenes occurred in other Macedonian and Serbian towns. The official Macedonian historiography, written primarily by Apostolski, played down the Bulgarian role and emphasized that of the Partisans. For information on the military situation in Macedonia and Serbia and the role of the Bulgarian army, see FO 371/43608, R17271, 24/11/1944; FO 371/44279, R16642,14/10/1944; FO 371/43630, R19495, 24/11/1944; WO 208, 113B, 12/9/1944. The sources, which contain intelligence reports from BLOs, confirm the role of the Bulgarian army in the liberation of Skopje, Nis, Prilep, and the Morava Valley. For more, see Dimitris Livanios, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939–1949, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008; ISBN 9780199237685, p. 134.
^ 70 години слободно Скопје! Мали битки за голема победа! ФАКТОР.МК, 13 Ноември, 2014.
^ Како не успеала бугарската парада за „ослободувањето“ на Скопје Pressing TV
^ Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 370.
^ Никола Стоянов, Генерал Михаило Апостолски: поучителна история на трите превъплъщения на Михаил Митев, злостен българомразец, в-к Струма, 11.02.2021г.
^ "The first unit to enter Skopje at 18:30, abandoned by the Germans under pressure from the Bulgarian army, was the intelligence cavalry platoon of the Second Infantry Division of the 4th Bulgarian Army; detachments of the Second Infantry Division of the First Bulgarian Army also contributed to the liberation. They forced the withdrawing Nazi detachments to retreat from the city, and on November 13 at 11 pm controlled the southern and southeastern areas of the city; at midnight, they seized the city center." Georgi Daskalov, Bulgarian-Yugoslav political relations, 1944-1945, Kliment Ohridski University Press, 1989, p. 113; (in Bulgarian).
^ Военно-исторически сборник, том 37, Институт за военна история, Военно-историческа комисия при Щаба на армията, 1968, стр. 34.
^ Katerina Kolozova, On the Macedonian-Bulgarian dispute and historical revisionism. 7 Dec 2020, Al Jazeera.
^ Захариевa: Бугарите не биле фашистички окупатори. Тогаш на 13 ноември партизаните го ослободиле или го окупирале Скопје од Бугарите Ное. 13, 2020, Во Центар.
^ Македония с нов филм против българската окупация (трейлър); OFFNews.bg 27.09.2016.
^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia’s EU Progress Skopje. BIRN; 10 October 2019.
^ Зоран Заев: Договорът с България ще бъде закон. Меdiapool публикува интервюто на Любчо Нешков, собственик на информационната агенция БГНЕС. 25 November, 2020; Mediapool.bg.
^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, North Macedonia PM’s Remarks About History Hit a Nerve. BIRN, November 26, 2020.
^ Мария Атанасова: Мицкоски: Заев да внимава с приятелството с България, Факти.бГ. 25 Ноември, 2020г.
^ VMRO-DPMNE leader Mickoski demands PM Zaev's resignation, announces more protests. MIA, 26 November, 2020 Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Любчо Георгиевски: Хората са шокирани от Заев, защото не познават миналото. Епицентър, 28 ноем. 2020.
^ Владо Бучковски: Македонците съществуват от 1944 година, българите са по-стар народ. 2 дек. 2020, Епицентър.
^ Дејан Азески, Зошто Зоран Заев политички греши, а историски е во право? Fokus 02.12.2020
^ В Северна Македония: Българската армия бе едновременно окупационна и освободителна, Факти.бг. 4 Декември, 2020.
^ Boris Georgievski Bulgaria asks EU to stop 'fake' Macedonian identity. 23.09.2020, Deutsche Welle.
^ Военно-исторически сборник, Volume 64, Issues 1-3, Армия. Щаб. Военно-историческа комисия, Bulgaria. Министерство на народната отбрана, Институт за военна история, Военно-историческа комисия при Щаба на армията, 1995, стр. 162.
^ Тодор Атанасовски, Тито ја сакал Македонија како држава;списание Глобус; 01.12.2009 г. Archived 2020-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
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Battle of Pljevlja
Battle of Kozara
Battle of Loznica (1941)
Battle of Livno
Battle of Neretva
Battle of the Sutjeska
Raid on Drvar
Battle of Knin
Battle of Mostar
Battle of Lijevče Field
1942 Montenegro offensive
Bihać Operation
Battle of Batina
Belgrade Offensive
Capture of Banja Koviljača
Case Black
Case White
Operation Draufgänger
Kozara Offensive
Battle of Kupres (1942)
Battle of Višegrad
Mostar operation
Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
Niš operation
Battle of Odžak
Capture of Olovo (1941)
Operation Alfa
Operation Delphin
Operation Kopaonik
Operation Kugelblitz
Operation Mihailovic
Operation Southeast Croatia
Operation Trio
Operation Uzice
Battle of Poljana
Operation Prijedor
Siege of Rogatica (1941)
Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
Kosovo Operation (1944)
Operation Spring Awakening
Srb uprising
Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
Syrmian Front
Battle of Zvornik
Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
Battle of Zelengora
Croatian War
Pakrac clash
Plitvice Lakes incident
Battle of Borovo Selo
Operation Stinger
1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
Battle of Osijek
Battle of Vukovar
Battle of Gospić
Battle of Šibenik
Battle of Zadar
Battle of Kusonje
Battle of the Barracks
Siege of Varaždin Barracks
Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
Siege of Dubrovnik
Operation Otkos 10
Operation Orkan 91
Operation Whirlwind
Operation Baranja
Operation Jackal
Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
Operation Tiger
Operation Maslenica
Operation Medak Pocket
Operation Winter '94
Operation Flash
Operation Summer '95
Operation Storm
Bosnian War
Battle of Bosanski Brod
Battle of Kupres
Siege of Sarajevo
Siege of Srebrenica
Siege of Goražde
Siege of Doboj
Operation Jackal
Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
Operation Vrbas '92
Operation Corridor 92
Operation Bura
Kravica attack
Siege of Mostar
Operation Irma
Operation Bøllebank
Operation Tiger
Battle of Kupres
Operation Amanda
Operation Spider
Operation Winter '94
Battle of Vlašić
Operation Leap 1
Battle of Orašje
Operation Leap 2
Operation Summer '95
Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
Battle of Vozuća
Operation Miracle
Operation Mistral 2
Operation Sana
Operation Una
Operation Southern Move
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1995 Pale air strikes
Operation Deny Flight
Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Maritime Monitor
Kosovo War
Insurgency in Kosovo
Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
Attack on Orahovac
Attack on Prekaz
Battle of Lođa
Battle of Oraovica
Battle of Belaćevac Mine
Battle of Podujevo
December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
Battle of Glođane
July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
Battle of Junik
Battle of Košare
Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
Prizren incident (1999)
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
1999 F-117A shootdown
21st centuryPeacekeeping
Central African Republic
Cyprus
DR Congo
Ivory Coast
Lebanon
Liberia
Mali
Somalia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paratroopers2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kriva Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriva_Palanka"},{"link_name":"Stracin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracin"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Albanian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"Chetniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Stoychev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Stoychev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alexander Löhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr"},{"link_name":"1st Bulgarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"Army Group E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_E"},{"link_name":"11th Luftwaffe Field Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division"},{"link_name":"41st Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"22nd Air Landing Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Air_Landing_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Chetnik auxiliaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik_movement"},{"link_name":"21st SS Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Axis invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sanski Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1941_Sanski_Most_revolt"},{"link_name":"Eastern Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Drvar uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvar_uprising"},{"link_name":"Rogatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Olovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Srb uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srb_uprising"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Bela Crkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Crkva_incident"},{"link_name":"Loznica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Banja Koviljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Mačva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_operation"},{"link_name":"Uzice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uzice"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kraljevo"},{"link_name":"Trešnjica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tre%C5%A1njica"},{"link_name":"Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Mihailovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic"},{"link_name":"Sjenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sjenica_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bullseye"},{"link_name":"Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Dražgoše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dra%C5%BEgo%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Southeast Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Nanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanos"},{"link_name":"Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trio"},{"link_name":"Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik_sabotage_of_Axis_communication_lines"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Partisan Long March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Long_March"},{"link_name":"Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Livno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Livno"},{"link_name":"Alfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alfa"},{"link_name":"Kopaonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87_operation"},{"link_name":"Case White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_White"},{"link_name":"Greenwood–Rootham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Greenwood%E2%80%93Rootham"},{"link_name":"Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Otto_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fungus"},{"link_name":"Hoathley 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hoathley_1"},{"link_name":"Case Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Black"},{"link_name":"Typical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Typical"},{"link_name":"Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Grčarice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gr%C4%8Darice"},{"link_name":"Turjak Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Turjak"},{"link_name":"Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean_Mission"},{"link_name":"Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Delphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delphin"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Kugelblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz"},{"link_name":"Kočevje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C4%8Devje"},{"link_name":"Maibaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)#Anti-Partisan_operations_March_to_May_1944"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Raid on Šolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%A0olta"},{"link_name":"Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Rösselsprung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Andrijevica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Halyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halyard"},{"link_name":"Ožbalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_at_O%C5%BEbalt"},{"link_name":"Ratweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ratweek_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation"},{"link_name":"Stracin–Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vukov Klanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukov_Klanac"},{"link_name":"Bregalnitsa–Strumica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregalnitsa%E2%80%93Strumica_operation"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Syrmian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front"},{"link_name":"Floxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Floxo"},{"link_name":"Niš airspace incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_battle_over_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Batina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batina"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin"},{"link_name":"Trnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trnovo"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_operation"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Transdanubian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Transdanubian_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lika-Primorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lika-Primorje_operation"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa-Körmend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa-K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Operation"},{"link_name":"Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste_operation"},{"link_name":"Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Axis occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hungarian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories"},{"link_name":"Kosovo during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II in the Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Air warfare in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_in_Yugoslavia_(1941%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Allied bombing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Army"},{"link_name":"occupied Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian withdrawal from the area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"German 1st Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Macedonian historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_historiography"},{"link_name":"ethnopolitical reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Albanian SS Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_SS_Division"},{"link_name":"Balli Kombëtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar"},{"link_name":"Kosovo had been seized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Stracin–Kumanovo operationPart of World War II in YugoslaviaDateOctober 8 – November 14, 1944LocationKriva Palanka, Stracin, Kumanovo, SkopjeResult\nAllied victoryBelligerents\n Bulgaria Yugoslav Partisans\n Germany\n\n Albanian Kingdom\n ChetniksCommanders and leaders\n Vladimir Stoychev\n Alexander LöhrUnits involved\n1st Bulgarian Army\n\n1st Sofia Infantry Division\n2nd Thracian Infantry Division\n11th Infantry Division\n1st Sofia Guard Division\n2nd Cavalry Division\nArmy Group E\n\n11th Luftwaffe Field Division\n41st Infantry Division\n22nd Air Landing Division\nChetnik auxiliaries\n21st SS SkanderbegStrength\n\n100 guns and mortars35–40 tanks and vehiclesvteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941\nAxis invasion\nBombing of Belgrade\nBombing of Sarajevo\nUprisings\n\nUprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nSanski Most\nEastern Herzegovina\nDrvar uprising\nRogatica\nOlovo\nUprising in Croatia\nSrb uprising\nUprising in Serbia\nBela Crkva\nLoznica\nBanja Koviljača\nŠabac\nKruševac\nMačva\nUzice\nKraljevo\nTrešnjica\nNovi Pazar\nMihailovic\nSjenica\nUprising in Montenegro\nBullseye\nPljevlja\n1942\n\nDražgoše\nSoutheast Croatia\nHydra\nPrijedor\nNanos\nTrio\nChetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines\nMontenegro\nKozara\nPartisan Long March\nKupres\nLivno\nAlfa\nKopaonik\nBihać\n1943\n\nCase White\nGreenwood–Rootham\nOtto\nFungus\nHoathley 1\nCase Black\nTypical\nZvornik\nDavidson\nGrčarice\nTurjak Castle\nMaclean\nVišegrad\nBombing of Podgorica\nBombing of Zadar\nDelphin\nRogers\nKugelblitz\nKočevje\n1944\n\nMaibaum\nBombing of Belgrade\nRaid on Šolta\nDafoe\nLindsay\nRösselsprung\nAndrijevica\nHalyard\nOžbalt\nRatweek\nSerbia\nBelgrade\nNiš\nStracin–Kumanovo\nVukov Klanac\nBregalnitsa–Strumica\nKosovo\nSyrmian Front\nFloxo\nNiš airspace incident\nBatina\nKnin\n1945\n\nTrnovo\nMostar\nBombing of Zagreb\nSpring Awakening\nTransdanubian Hills\nLika-Primorje\nNagykanizsa-Körmend\nSarajevo\nLijevče Field\nTrieste\nZelengora\nPoljana\nOdžak\n\nAxis occupation of Serbia\nHungarian occupation\nKosovo during World War II\nWorld War II in the Slovene Lands\nWorld War II in Yugoslav Macedonia\nAir warfare in Yugoslavia\nAllied bombing campaignThe Stracin–Kumanovo operation[1] (Bulgarian: Страцинско-Кумановска операция) was an offensive operation conducted in 1944 by the Bulgarian Army against German forces in occupied Yugoslavia which culminated in the capture of Skopje in 1944.[2] With the Bulgarian declaration of war on Germany on September 8, followed by Bulgarian withdrawal from the area, the German 1st Mountain Division moved north, occupied Skopje, and secured the strategic Belgrade–Nis–Salonika railroad line. On October 14, withdrawing from Greece, Army Group E faced Soviet and Bulgarian divisions advancing in Eastern Serbia and Vardar Macedonia; by November 2, the last German units left Northern Greece.[3]By early October, Bulgarian forces were breaking through into eastern Serbia, Vardar Macedonia and Kosovo in support of the Soviet advance towards Belgrade. Although the Bulgarian army drove the Germans out of Skopje and what is now North Macedonia, later the Yugoslav and today the Macedonian historiography has played down its role for ethnopolitical reasons.[4][5][6][7][8] Accounts of these events in post-war Yugoslav literature give the impression that the Germans were driven out by the communist Partisans who liberated the area. There was some fighting by Yugoslav Partisans, but their actions were insignificant compared with Bulgarian military activity. The greeting of Bulgarian troops in Skopje as liberators at the end of the operation is still denied there.[9]After had captured Skopje, on 14 November the Bulgarian Second Army and the Yugoslav Partisans kept driving the Albanian SS Division and Balli Kombëtar back, until Kosovo had been seized.[10]","title":"Stracin–Kumanovo operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_offensives_in_Yugoslavia_1944.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_13_Nov_1944.png"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Niš operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation"},{"link_name":"Kosovo operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Bregalnitsa-Strumica operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregalnitsa-Strumica_operation"},{"link_name":"Soviet offensive in the area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Army Group E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_E"},{"link_name":"Kriva Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriva_Palanka"},{"link_name":"Stracin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracin"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Parachute Druzhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Druzhina"},{"link_name":"Pčinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%8Dinja_(river)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kosovo operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Bulgarian military activity","text":"Map of the October–November 1944 Bulgarian offensive in Yugoslavia. Its main task was to cover up the Soviet advance to Belgrade.Bulgarian troops entering Skopje. According to Bulgarian sources they were the first to enter the city (on November 13 at 6:30 pm).[11] According to German historians, the city was abandoned to the Bulgarians early in the morning of November 14.[12][13]The operation, from October 8 to November 14, was conducted in parallel with three other Bulgarian offensives in Yugoslavia: the Niš operation, the Kosovo operation and the Bregalnitsa-Strumica operation. Bulgarians supported the Soviet offensive in the area, which was aided by Yugoslav, Albanian and Greek Partisans. It was conducted to close the road to retreat for Army Group E from Greece to central Europe. Bulgarian troops began the offensive on October 8, entering Kriva Palanka. They fought for the Stražin ridge on October 18 and seized Stracin on October 25 with support from the Bulgarian Air Force. The battle for Stražin against German air and ground forces was fierce, and it was captured after an attack by Bulgarian paratroopers.[14] Thirty-five paratroopers were killed and 64 were injured, one-fourth of the Parachute Druzhina unit. Battles continued on the Pčinja River and in the city of Kumanovo (on 11 November), where portions of the Wehrmacht were pushed back. The Bulgarians developed the advance towards Skopje into a large-scale offensive, raising the possibility of cutting off Army Group E. The situation was desperate, and the town was evacuated finally during the night of November 13/14.[15] On November 13 and 14, portions of the First and Fourth Bulgarian Armies entered Skopje.[16][17][18][19] The onslaught continued as part of the Kosovo operation, and Bulgarian troops captured Pristina on November 19.[20]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"22nd Air Landing Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Air_Landing_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"11th Luftwaffe Field Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Allied Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Commission"},{"link_name":"Walter Oxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Oxley"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Radio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service#History"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"Radio Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Bulgaria#History"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"лв.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_lev"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"Damyan Velchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damyan_Velchev"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Tolbukhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"pro-German puppet government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Capture of Skopje","text":"Parallel to the Soviet advance in Eastern Serbia, Bulgarian forces south and south-west of Niš threatened the last German troop-withdrawal route from Skopje. To avoid being cut off, the German command in Mitrovica deployed portions of the 22nd Air Landing Division in the city, while the 11th Luftwaffe Field Division shielded the operational area to the north at Pristina. A crisis arose during the fighting at Pristina in early November, when the 11th Luftwaffe Field Division gave way under Bulgarian attacks. The army group established a new blocking line, enabling the German position at Skopje to be held. The offensive of the Bulgarians, which attacked well-equipped with the support of tanks and fighter planes in the Skopje area, forced the Germans to evacuate their forces, which they carried out on schedule; their main forces abandoned Skopje on 11–12 November.[21] The German rearguard abandoned Skopje early on 14 November.[22] Skopje was seized with the decisive role of Bulgarian troops.[23][24] On a series of Army Group E maps of its withdrawal through Vardar Macedonia and southern Serbia and in the memoirs of its chief of staff, there is almost no indication of Yugoslav Partisan units.[25] According to Allied Commission British commissioner in Sofia General Walter Oxley, who visited the front line in Stracin, the task of the Bulgarian army was to advance west and cut the Skopje-Pristina-Kraljevo rail line. Oxley noted that the Bulgarians were given freedom of action, and no Soviet troops were in the area of its offensive.[26] Oxley reported that a small number of Yugoslav partisans were in the area of the Bulgarian operations, but it was difficult for them to take serious action against the well-organised German units.[27] Impressed by the discipline of the Bulgarian soldiers, he noted that it was a problem for the partisans.[28] Oxley said that Skopje was seized after weak German resistance with Bulgarian Army attacks, and the partisans held back until the Bulgarians entered the city. According to an agreement between Bulgarian and Yugoslav authorities, the Bulgarian troops coordinated their entry into the city with the Yugoslav partisans.[29] The Bulgarians retained their prisoners of war, but gave weapons abandoned by the Germans to Josip Broz Tito's partisans.[30] Units of the Fourth Bulgarian Army entered Skopje early in the morning of 14 November, and the last nests of German resistance were cleared. According to a November 15 summary by the Army Group E intelligence staff chief, units of the 4th Bulgarian Army (the 5th Infantry Division) and the 1st Bulgarian Army (the 2nd Infantry Division) seized the city after the withdrawal of German troops.[31] News that Skopje was captured by the Bulgarians was reported on November 14 and 15 by Radio Moscow, Radio London, the Voice of America, and Radio Sofia.[32]After the liberation of Skopje, the new Macedonian authorities confiscated лв.430 million, stamps, and other securities from the former Bulgarian National Bank building. They refused to give the funds to Sofia, and General Damyan Velchev ordered a Bulgarian artillery regiment to return from South Serbia to shell Skopje and confiscate the funds. The order was rescinded after the intervention of Marshal of the Soviet Union Fyodor Tolbukhin, preventing an armed conflict.[33] Bulgarian currency had been used by the short-lived pro-German puppet government, and remained in use by the new Macedonian communist authorities.[34]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberators_Skopje_NOB.JPG"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mihajlo Apostolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Apostolski"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tito–Stalin split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split"},{"link_name":"Macedonian historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_historiography"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Jordan Cekov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Cekov"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Boro Čuškar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C4%8Cu%C5%A1karov"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Goce Delčev Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Petar Traykov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Traykov"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Descriptions of events","text":"Macedonian monument to the liberators of Skopje, a group of PartisansIn the autumn of 1944, the Bulgarian army was the primary force driving the Germans out of Vardar Macedonia. The Macedonian Partisans were not a significant military force; they were ill-equipped, lacked tanks, artillery and airplanes, and relied on guerrilla warfare.[35] Before the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, \nGeneral Mihajlo Apostolski wrote that it was tactically advantageous to include the reorganized Bulgarian army in the Macedonian war against the Germans.[36] As a result of the Tito–Stalin split, however, Yugoslav and (later) Macedonian historiography has minimized Bulgaria's role.[37] According to Macedonian sources, the Bulgarians did not participate in the capture of Skopje even as observers. According to Apostolski, Skopje was liberated by Yugoslav partisans after several days of heavy fighting.[38] Partisan Jordan Cekov wrote that street battles to liberate western Skopje ended late in the evening of November 13, but continued in the city's eastern half.[39] One Bulgarian unit had nearly reached the center of Skopje by about 3 am on November 14, but it was pushed back to the outskirts by Partisans and was not allowed to reenter the city until noon.[40] According to Partisan Trajko Stamatoski, there were attempts by some Bulgarian units to claim credit for the liberation of Skopje but \"we did not allow it then, or today\".[41] Boro Čuškar claimed that a parade by the Bulgarian troops was prevented and that they were not involved in the liberation of Skopje.[42]On the other hand, according to Macedonian Goce Delčev Brigade commander and first commandant of Skopje after its liberation, Petar Traykov, Apostolski said that he had liberated Skopje and did not allow Bulgarian troops to enter the city even, but this was not true.[43] Goce Delčev Brigade member Metodi Karpachev said that his unit entered Skopje on the morning on November 14 to find it seized by Bulgarian troops. The population did not welcome the partisans with their expected enthusiasm, and Karpachev later joined the Bulgarian forces.[44] Bulgarian sources say that the first unit, which entered Skopje on November 13 at 6:30 pm, was the cavalry intelligence platoon of the Second Infantry Division of the 4th Bulgarian Army after the main German force had left the city. The Second Infantry Division of the First Bulgarian Army took its southern and the eastern areas at 11 pm, and the Bulgarians seized the city center at midnight.[45] Because the bridges and other approaches to Skopje had been destroyed by the Germans, only infantry and cavalry units entered the city first. Strategic parts of the city had been mined by the retreating Germans, and Bulgarian sappers de-mined them.[46]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fascism in Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_1944_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgi Rakovski Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Rakovski_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Vo Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo_Centar"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Liberation of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberation_of_Skopje_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Zoran Zaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Zaev"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hristijan Mickoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Ljubčo Georgievski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Vlado Bučkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Bu%C4%8Dkovski"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism#Post-World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Fokus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokus_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Present-day views","text":"See also: Fascism in BulgariaMemorial column at Sofia's Georgi Rakovski Military Academy palisade, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the battle of Skopje.Macedonian identity formed after World War II is deeply rooted in Yugoslav Partisan activity, and thus the Bulgarians are considered fascists.[47][better source needed] Macedonian media, such as Vo Centar, continue to spread the untruth that Skopje was liberated by Yugoslav communist guerrillas from the Bulgarian fascist occupiers.[48] According to the Bulgarian Association for Research and Development of Civil Society, the WW2 Macedonian film The Liberation of Skopje evokes anti-Bulgarian sentiment.[49]In October 2019, the Bulgarian government proposed strict terms for North Macedonia's EU admission. One condition is for both countries to \"harmonize\" their World War II historical narratives, with North Macedonia tempering its view of Bulgaria.[50] In a November 2020 interview with Bulgarian media, North Macedonia's then-Prime Minister Zoran Zaev acknowledged the involvement of Bulgarian troops in the capture of Skopje and other towns during the war, and that the Bulgarians were not fascist occupiers.[51] The interview was followed by a wave of nationalism in Skopje,[52] with protests demanding Zaev's resignation; opposition leader Hristijan Mickoski accused him of threatening Macedonian national identity.[53][54]According to former Macedonian Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski, the reaction was the result of ignorance, hypocrisy or politics.[55] Vlado Bučkovski, another former prime minister and chief negotiator with Bulgaria, stated a week later, amid the campaign against Zaev, that the Macedonians and Bulgarians were a single people, separated by the post-WWII Yugoslav policy.[56] Journalist Dejan Azeski said in the weekly newspaper Fokus that Zaev's interview was politically unwise but factually accurate.[57][58] Bulgaria denies any occupation during the war and insists on double liberation (in 1941 and 1944).[59]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_troops_in_Yugoslavia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kriva_Palanka.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strazhin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strazin_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Stoychev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Stoychev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messerschmitt_Bg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumanovo-Nov_1944.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paratroopers_Kumanovo.png"},{"link_name":"Parachute Druzhina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Druzhina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captured_Germans_Kumanovo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_November_13.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partisans_in_liberated_Skopje_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_on_November_13,_1944.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_November_14_2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_November_14.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopie_1944.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_14_Nov_1944.MIME.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_of_the_paratroopers_in_Sofia,_Bulgaria.jpg"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Bulgarians re-entering occupied Yugoslavia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops entering Kriva Palanka, Macedonia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarians advancing toward the ridge of Stražin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVladimir Stoychev and the commander of the Parachute Company, after the breakthrough at Strazhin.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian Messerschmitt Bf 109s in the autumn of 1944\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian soldiers in the battle for Kumanovo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian Parachute Druzhina troops welcomed in Kumanovo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman soldiers captured by Bulgarians near Kumanovo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops entering Skopje on November 13\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntry of the 42nd Macedonian Division into Skopje on November, 14.[60]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops greeted as liberators in Skopje on 14 November.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops in Skopje on November 14, 1944.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops in Skopje on November 14, 1944.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops welcomed in Skopje on November, 14.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBulgarian troops welcomed in Skopje on November 14\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to Bulgarian paratroopers who fell during the Stracin-Kumanovo operation in Sofia[61]","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the October–November 1944 Bulgarian offensive in Yugoslavia. Its main task was to cover up the Soviet advance to Belgrade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bulgarian_offensives_in_Yugoslavia_1944.png/240px-Bulgarian_offensives_in_Yugoslavia_1944.png"},{"image_text":"Bulgarian troops entering Skopje. According to Bulgarian sources they were the first to enter the city (on November 13 at 6:30 pm).[11] According to German historians, the city was abandoned to the Bulgarians early in the morning of November 14.[12][13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Skopje_13_Nov_1944.png/240px-Skopje_13_Nov_1944.png"},{"image_text":"Macedonian monument to the liberators of Skopje, a group of Partisans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liberators_Skopje_NOB.JPG/240px-Liberators_Skopje_NOB.JPG"},{"image_text":"Memorial column at Sofia's Georgi Rakovski Military Academy palisade, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the battle of Skopje.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Skopje_1944_2015.jpg/240px-Skopje_1944_2015.jpg"}] | [{"title":"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"title":"Bulgaria during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://ebrary.net/116940/political_science/withdrawal_battles_macedonia","external_links_name":"The withdrawal battles in Macedonia."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA751","external_links_name":"War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration"},{"Link":"https://www.risk-guidance.eu/publications/84-macedonia-bank","external_links_name":"Костадин Христов, За първите македонски банкноти. 20.09.2017, Управление на риска."},{"Link":"https://faktor.mk/70-godini-slobodno-skopje-mali-bitki-za-golema-pobeda","external_links_name":"ФАКТОР.МК, 13 Ноември, 2014."},{"Link":"https://pressingtv.mk/makedonija/kako-ne-uspeala-bugarskata-parada-za-osloboduvanjeto-na-skopje/","external_links_name":"Pressing TV"},{"Link":"https://struma.bg/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB/","external_links_name":"Никола Стоянов, Генерал Михаило Апостолски: поучителна история на трите превъплъщения на Михаил Митев, злостен българомразец, в-к Струма, 11.02.2021г."},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/12/7/on-the-macedonian-bulgarian-issue","external_links_name":"7 Dec 2020, Al Jazeera"},{"Link":"https://vocentar.com/zaharieva-bugarite-ne-bile-fashistichki-okupatori-togash-na-13-noemvri-partizanite-go-oslobodile-ili-go-okupirale-skopje-od-bugarite/","external_links_name":"Ное. 13, 2020, Во Центар"},{"Link":"https://offnews.bg/kultura/makedonia-s-nov-film-protiv-balgarskata-okupatcia-trejlar-636743.html","external_links_name":"OFFNews.bg 27.09.2016."},{"Link":"https://balkaninsight.com/2019/10/10/bulgaria-sets-tough-terms-for-north-macedonias-eu-progress/","external_links_name":"BIRN; 10 October 2019."},{"Link":"https://www.mediapool.bg/zoran-zaev-dogovorat-s-bulgaria-shte-bade-zakon-dalbokata-darzhava-e-vav-vmro-dpmne-news314961.html","external_links_name":"25 November, 2020; Mediapool.bg."},{"Link":"https://balkaninsight.com/2020/11/26/north-macedonia-pms-remarks-about-bulgarian-history-hit-a-nerve/","external_links_name":"BIRN, November 26, 2020."},{"Link":"https://fakti.bg/world/531818-mickoski-zaev-da-vnimava-s-priatelstvoto-s-balgaria","external_links_name":"Факти.бГ. 25 Ноември, 2020г."},{"Link":"https://mia.mk/vmro-dpmne-leader-mickoski-demands-pm-zaev-s-resignation-announces-more-protests/?lang=en","external_links_name":"MIA, 26 November, 2020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060831/https://mia.mk/vmro-dpmne-leader-mickoski-demands-pm-zaev-s-resignation-announces-more-protests/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://epicenter.bg/article/L--Georgievski--Horata-sa-shokirani-ot-Zaev--zashtoto-ne-poznavat-minaloto-/233678/11/0","external_links_name":"Епицентър, 28 ноем. 2020."},{"Link":"http://epicenter.bg/article/Vlado-Buchkovski--Makedontsite-sashtestvuvat-ot-1944-godina--balgarite-sa-po-star-narod--VIDEO--/234052/7/51","external_links_name":"2 дек. 2020, Епицентър."},{"Link":"https://fokus.mk/fokus-express/zoshto-zoran-zaev-politichki-greshi-a-istoriski-e-vo-pravo/","external_links_name":"Дејан Азески, Зошто Зоран Заев политички греши, а историски е во право? Fokus 02.12.2020"},{"Link":"https://fakti.bg/world/534272-v-severna-makedonia-balgarskata-armia-be-ednovremenno-okupacionna-i-osvoboditelna","external_links_name":"Факти.бг. 4 Декември, 2020."},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/bulgaria-asks-eu-to-stop-fake-macedonian-identity/a-55020781","external_links_name":"23.09.2020, Deutsche Welle."},{"Link":"http://www.globusmagazin.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=784128C0FF2D164AAEB652024048FBE6","external_links_name":"списание Глобус; 01.12.2009 г."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627195701/http://www.globusmagazin.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=784128C0FF2D164AAEB652024048FBE6","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Freshwater_Angling_Championships | World Freshwater Angling Championships | ["1 Brief history","2 World Championship Nations Team Results","3 World Championship Individual results","3.1 Roll of Honour","3.2 Team medal table","4 References","5 External links"] | The World Freshwater Angling Championships is a freshwater angling competition. Participating countries fish in teams of five with titles awarded to the team with the fewest points, the competition area is split into sections and the winner with the most weight will be awarded one point, two for second, three for third, at the end of the two days the team with the least points is the top team. Since its inception in 1954, the competition has been staged on rivers, canals and still waters from a selected host nation. Currently (to 2021), the world championships have not been held outside of Europe.
The 68th event was held in September 2022 at Bilje, in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia. Held at Lake Biljsko Jezero which holds prussian carp, dwarf catfish, grass carp, catfish, asp, bighead, red perch, silver bream, ide and carassius. First-time world champions were Serbia, with Italy in second place and Czech Republic in third. and the individual new world champion was Mihael Pongrac of Croatia.
The 69th World Freshwater Coarse Angling Championships was held in Mequinenza-Fayón, at the Ribarroja Dam, on the river Ebro, Spain on 9-10th September 2023. and the team event won by Serbia, for a second consecutive year, with England in second place, and France in third. The individual world championship winner was Esteve Martinez , with James Dent and Sean Ashby of England in second and third place.
The 70th World Championships are due to be held at Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France on 21 – 22 September 2024.
Brief history
The inaugural world championship was held in West Germany in 1954 and won by team England, with the first individual title going to Gino Vigarani of Italy.
In 1992, Dave Wesson, an Australian, became the only non-European to win the title. The 2020 World Freshwater Angling Championships was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic but resumed in 2021. The host nation have been team champions on 15 occasions, with the strongest nation at home being Italy who have won on their own waters 6 times, the others were Belgium 2, France, Luxembourg, Romania, East Germany, West Germany, England, Spain. The host nation has produced a home grown individual world champion from just 9 events of the 67 fished (one in seven).
For a video history of this major angling event, see External links at the bottom of this page.
World Championship Nations Team Results
Year
Venue and Host Country
World Champions
P/Pts
Runners-up
P/Pts
3rd Place Team
P/Pts
Reference
1954
Düsseldorf, West Germany
England
50
Belgium
70
Italy
71
1955
Reading, England
Luxembourg
69
Belgium
71
France
74
1956
Paris, France
France
39
Belgium
64
Luxembourg
71
1957
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Italy
23
Luxembourg
52
France
54
1958
Huy, Belgium
Belgium
29
France
32
Luxembourg
86
1959
Neuchatel, Switzerland
France
71
Italy
103
Switzerland
104
1960
Gdańsk, Poland
Belgium
36
France
61
West Germany
87
1961
Merseburg, East Germany
East Germany
44
Belgium
66
England
70
1962
Lac de Garde, Italy
Italy
21
France
27
Belgium
95
1963
Wormeldange, Luxembourg
France
57
Italy
77
England
80
1964
Isola dei Pescatori, Italy
France
6
Italy
9
Austria
20
1965
Galati, Romania
Romania
22
Poland
27
France
32
1966
River Thurne, Martham Ferry, England
France
8
Belgium
15
Italy
24
1967
Dunaújváros, Hungary
Belgium
12
France
17
England
25
1968
Fermoy, Ireland
France
18
West Germany
24
Romania
25
1969
Bad Oldesloe, West Germany
Netherlands
17
Belgium
19
France
21
1970
Berg, Netherlands
Belgium
8
Netherlands
14
France
16
1971
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Italy
6
Belgium
21
France
25
1972
Prague, Czechoslovakia
France
12
England
24
Italy
25
1973
Chalon-sur-Saône, France
Belgium
10
France
16
England
26
1974
Ghent, Belgium
France
18
Italy
18
Netherlands
23
1975
Bydgoszcz, Poland
France
23
England
26
Belgium
26
1976
Varna, Bulgaria
Italy
7
Bulgaria
20
Austria
27
1977
Ehnen, Luxembourg
Luxembourg
16
Belgium
18
France
19
1978
Vienna, Austria
France
14
Italy
19
Czechoslovakia
24
1979
Saragossa, Spain
France
14
Netherlands
16
Portugal
25
1980
Mannheim, West Germany
West Germany
7
England
23
Belgium
24
1981
Luddington, England
France
25
England
31
Wales
37
1982
Newry, Northern Ireland
Netherlands
20
France
25
England
26
1983
Amersfoort, Netherlands
Belgium
9
England
14
Netherlands
24
1984
Yverdon, Switzerland
Luxembourg
28
England
28
Belgium
40
1985
Florence, Italy
England
16
Italy
17
Belgium
25
1986
Strasbourg, France
Italy
27
West Germany
35
Austria
40
1987
Coimbra, Portugal
England
9
Italy
18
Austria
40
1988
Damme, Belgium
England
50
Italy
50
France
58
1989
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Wales
48
Italy
68
England
83
1990
Maribor, Yugoslavia
France
60
England
89
Italy
89
1991
Szeged, Hungary
England
44
France
48
Italy
51
1992
Enniskillen, Northern Ireland
Italy
94
France
87
Channel islands
120
1993
Coruche, Portugal
Italy
49
France
68
Austria
76
1994
Nottingham, England
England
92
France
96
Italy
117
1995
Lappeenranta, Finland
France
23
Belgium
45
Italy
59
1996
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Italy
36
England
63
Austria
72
1997
Velence, Hungary
Italy
56.5
England
70
France
72
1998
Zagreb, Croatia
England
61
France
84
Italy
89
1999
Toledo, Spain
Spain
34
Italy
40
England
52
2000
Firenze, Italy
Italy
37
England
59.5
Hungary
89.5
2001
Paris, France
England
68
France
72
Italy
87
2002
Coimbra, Portugal
Spain
52.5
Portugal
55.5
Belgium
74
2003
Madunice, Slovakia
Hungary
55
Poland
93.5
France
102.5
2004
Willebroek, Belgium
France
70
England
71
Hungary
79
2005
Lappeenranta, Finland
England
64
Belgium
76
Hungary
77
2006
Rio Mondego, Portugal
England
61
Italy
85
Hungary
101
2007
Lake Velence, Hungary
Italy
57
Belgium
78
Hungary
86.5
2008
Spinadesco Canal, Italy
England
74
San Marino
104
Italy
109
2009
Lage Vaart Canal, Netherlands
Slovakia
39
France
40
Belgium
41
2010
Ciudad Real, Spain?
England
40
Italy
42.5
Netherlands
51
2011
Ostellato Ferrara, Italy
Italy
21
Hungary
27
Belgium
33
2012
Morava River, Czech Republic
Poland
32
Czech Republic
44
France
47
2013
Żerański Canal, Warsaw, Poland
England
22
France
33
Poland
39
2014
Dubrava Canal, Croatia
Netherlands
38
Hungary
40.5
Serbia
45
2015
Sava River, Slovenia
Italy
37
Czech Republic
42
England
46.5
2016
Rowing Course, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Hungary
34
Czech Republic
42
England
46
2017
Ronquières, Belgium
Belgium
18
England
21
France
24.5
2018
Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal
Germany
46
Hungary
52
Belgium
61
2019
Novi Sad, Serbia
France
20
Italy
26
Hungary
32
2020
cancelled – COVID-19 pandemic
–
–
–
–
–
–
2021
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Italy
75
Czech Republic
86.5
England
89
2022
Bilje, Croatia
Serbia
31.5
Italy
42
Czech Republic
47
2023
Mequinenza-Fayón, Spain
Serbia
45
England
54
France
70
2024
Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France
-
-
-
-
-
-
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
World Championship Individual results
Year
Venue and Host Country
Individual World Champion
Individual Runner-Up
Individual 3rd Place
Reference
1954
Düsseldorf, West Germany
Gino Vigarani
F Fugazza
H Andef
1955
Reading, England
M Mailly
Dufeys
Ducret
1956
Paris, France
F Cerfontaine
G Dubuc
Robert Tesse
1957
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Giulio Mandelli
G De Angellis
F Fugazza
1958
Huy, Belgium
J Garroit
F Cerfontaine
A Negrignat
1959
Neuchatel, Switzerland
Robert Tesse
G De Angelli
S Knapen
1960
Gdańsk, Poland
Robert Tesse
F Cerfontaine
F Swinnen
1961
Merseburg, East Germany
R Le Gouge
F Schmidt
Robert Tesse
1962
Lac de Garde, Italy
R Tedesco
J Fontanet
M Vanelli
1963
Wormeldange, Luxembourg
Billy Lane
Robert Tesse
M Vanelli
1964
Isola dei Pescatori, Italy
J Fontanet
P Despres
Robert Tesse
1965
Galati, Romania
Robert Tesse
L Seppi
C Burch
1966
River Thurne, Martham Ferry, Norfolk
Henri Guiheneuf
P Baudot
C Roelandt
1967
Dunaújváros, Hungary
J Isenbaert
K Handt
G Detry
1968
Fermoy, Ireland
G Grebenstein
I Pana
V Sherwood
1969
Bad Oldesloe, West Germany
Robin Harris
J Leyrer
J Vermeulen
1970
Berg, Netherlands
M Van Den Eynde
P Michiels
P Paquet
1971
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Dino Bassi
A Alfieri
E Zimmer
1972
Prague, Czechoslovakia
RJE Levels
A Thommas
Jacques Tesse
1973
Chalon-sur-Saône, France
P Michiels
M Van Den Eynde
G Herbert
1974
Ghent, Belgium
A Richter
Mendez Gomez
Jean Pierre Fougeat
1975
Bydgoszcz, Poland
Ian Heaps
Jacques Tesse
G De Bagi
1976
Varna, Bulgaria
Dino Bassi
Ivan Marks
F Pasinetti
1977
Ehnen, Luxembourg
J Mainil
Poth
J Quinet
1978
Vienna, Austria
Jean Pierre Fougeat
Roberto Trabucco
N Birnbaum
1979
Saragossa, Spain
G Heulard
T Eikhout
H Durozier
1980
Mannheim, West Germany
Rudgher Kremkus
O Wessel
Roberto Trabucco
1981
Luddington, England
David Thomas
V Santos
S Lecocq
1982
Newry, Northern Ireland
Kevin Ashurst
M Thill
F Bartolas
1983
Amersfoort, Netherlands
Rudgher Kremkus
J Kohn
P Van Gool
1984
Yverdon, Switzerland
Bobby Smithers
R Stevens
BJ Brouwer
1985
Florence, Italy
David Roper
Roberto Trabucco
P David
1986
Strasbourg, France
L Wever
Clive Branson
R Van Neer
1987
Coimbra, Portugal
Clive Branson
Kevin Ashurst
D White
1988
Damme, Belgium
Jean Pierre Fougeat
S Gardner
E Colombo
1989
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Tom Pickering
F Casini
R Benton
1990
Maribor, Yugoslavia
Bob Nudd
Kevin Ashurst
R Koenig
1991
Szeged, Hungary
Bob Nudd
Kevin Ashurst
J Van Schendel
1992
Enniskillen, Northern Ireland
Dave Wesson
C Guicciardi
M Thill
1993
Coruche, Portugal
M Barros
J Savelhoul
B Bodineau
1994
Nottingham, England
Bob Nudd
R Stronck
JJ Chaumet
1995
Lappeenranta, Finland
P Jean
J Wilmart
J Desque
1996
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Alan Scotthorne
C Guicciardi
E Colombo
1997
Velence, Hungary
Alan Scotthorne
Gianluigi Sorti
K Milson
1998
Zagreb, Croatia
Alan Scotthorne
P Carroyer
M Barros
1999
Toledo, Spain
Bob Nudd
J Rodriguez Blasco
R Xarez
2000
Firenze, Italy
Jacopo Falsini
Will Raison
Jean Pierre Fougeat
2001
Paris, France
Umberto Ballabeni
P Lorenc
D Da Silva
2002
Coimbra, Portugal
J Rodriguez Blasco
J Duran
S Conroy
2003
Madunice, Slovakia
Alan Scotthorne
K Schater
R Bednarski
2004
Willebroek, Belgium
Tamás Walter
E van der Hoogan
T Ambrus
2005
Finland
Guido Nullens
Stephane Pottelet
Will Raison
2006
Rio Mondego, Portugal
Tamás Walter
Ivan Biordi
Sean Ashby
2007
Lake Velence, Hungary
Alan Scotthorne
N. Gavrobiks
Lee Edwards
2008
Spinadesco Canal, Italy
Will Raison
W Wheeler
Steve Gardner
2009
Lage Vaart Canal, Netherlands
Igor Potapov
Will Raison
Simon Jensen
2010
Ciudad Real, Spain
Frank Meis
Cathal Hughes
Rumen Vitkov
2011
Ostellato Ferrara, Italy
Andrea Fini
Peter Milkovics
Ferruccio Gabba
2012
Morava River, Czech Republic
Sean Ashby
Sergey Fedorov
Stephane Pottelet
2013
Żerański Canal, Warsaw, Poland
Didier Delannoy
Steve Hemmingway
Alan Scotthorne
2014
Dubrava Canal, Croatia
Goran Radovic
Stefan Altena
Arjan Klop
2015
Sava River, Slovenia
Yuri Siptsov
Tamás Walter
Alan Scotthorne
2016
Rowing Course, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Jernej Ambrozic
Josef Konopasek
Rastislav Dudr
2017
Ronquières, Belgium
Luc Thijs
Stephane Linder
Geoffrey Duquensne
2018
Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal
Johannes Böhm
Eric Di Venti
Ralf Herdlitschke
2019
Novi Sad, Serbia
Alan Perko
Alexandre Caudin
Maxime Duchesne
2020
cancelled COVID-19 pandemic
–
–
–
2021
Peschiera del Garda, Italy
Goran Radovic
Imre Szákovics
Petr Klásek
2022
Bilje, Croatia
Mihael Pongrac
Mitja Kmetec
Balázs Csöregl
2023
Mequinenza-Fayón, Spain
Esteve Martinez
James Dent
Sean Ashby
2024
Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France
-
-
-
Roll of Honour
Team competition : France 16, Italy 14, England 13, Belgium 7, Netherlands 3, Luxemburg 3, Germany 3, Spain 2, Hungary 2, Serbia 2, Wales 1, Poland 1, Romania 1, Slovakia 1.
Individual multiple Champions : Alan Scotthorne 5, Bob Nudd 4, Robert Tesse 3, Jean Pierre Fougeat 2, Rudgher Kremkus 2, Dino Bassi 2, Tamás Walter 2, Goran Radovic 2
4-Time World Champion Bob Nudd (1990, 1991, 1994, 1999)
5-Time World Champion Alan Scotthorne (1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2007)
Team medal table
Country
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Medals
France
016
014
013
043
Italy
014
014
010
037
England
013
013
010
036
Belgium
07
012
09
028
Netherlands
03
02
03
08
Luxembourg
03
01
02
06
Hungary
02
02
06
10
Germany
2
2
1
5
Serbia
02
00
01
03
Spain
02
00
00
02
Poland
01
02
01
04
Wales
01
00
01
02
Romania
01
00
01
02
East Germany
01
00
00
01
Slovakia
01
00
00
01
Czech Republic
00
04
2
6
Portugal
00
01
01
02
Bulgaria
00
01
00
01
San Marino
00
01
00
01
Austria
00
00
06
06
Switzerland
00
00
01
01
Channel Islands
00
00
01
01
Total
68
68
68
204
References
^ "68th Coarse Angling World Championship for nations - Croatia 2022" (PDF). zsrubaranje.hr. 2022.
^ a b "68th Nations Coarse Angling World Championship 2022 Final team Rankings". facebook. September 11, 2022.
^ a b "68th Coarse Angling World Championship Individual Final Rankings 2022". Facebook. 11 September 2022.
^ "69th Coarse Angling for Nations World Championship Spain 2023 Mequinenza-Fayón 09-10 September 2023" (PDF). fips-ed.com. 2023.
^ a b "69th Nations Coarse Angling World Championship for Nations 2023 Final team Rankings". facebook. September 11, 2023.
^ a b "69th Coarse Angling World Championship Individual Final Rankings 2023". Facebook. 11 September 2023.
^ a b c "FIPSed 70th Coarse Angling Nations World Championship - Béthune, France". anglingtrust.net. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi "World Freshwater Angling Championships Tables". angling-news.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved January 16, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Special Shot Fishing, The World Cup in Figures". gpofishing.it. September 7, 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be "World Freshwater Angling Championships Tables". angling-news.co.uk. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
^ a b c "The FIPS-M has decided to postpone all the Championships from 2020 until Autumn 2021". fips-m.org. January 14, 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022.
^ a b c "67th Nations Coarse angling World Championship 2021". facebook. September 12, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh "Coup Nations M Fra 2019". FIPS-ED. 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ a b "1966 and all that". canalrivertrust.org.uk. April 18, 2017.
^ a b "Gold for England's Sean Ashby in 2012 World Angling Championships". anglersmail.co.uk. 2012. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017.
^ a b "World Angling Championships 2013". anglersmail.co.uk. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
^ a b "World Angling Championships 2014". anglersmail.co.uk. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
^ "63rd Coarse Angling World Championship for Nations - Team Final Ranking 2016". Facebook. 2016.
^ "63rd Coarse Angling World Championship for Nations - Team Winners 2016". Facebook. 2016.
^ a b "Belgium's Anglers win gold at World Championship". Brussels Times. 2017.
^ "64th Coarse Angling World Championship for Nations - Team Final Ranking 2017". Facebook. 2017.
^ "65th Coarse Angling World Championship Team Final Ranking 2018". Facebook. 2018.
^ a b "Team England finishes in 5th Place in the 66th FIPSed Nations World Championship 2019". anglingtrust.net. September 10, 2019.
^ a b "67th Nations Coarse angling World Championship 2021 Team Result" (PDF). kirchberg.neumann.lu. September 12, 2021.
^ "September 7, 1975 in on the Bydgoszcz Canal between Okole and Osowa Góra locks". facebook.com. June 5, 2021.
^ "63rd Coarse Angling World Championship Individual Final Ranking 2016". Facebook. 2016.
^ "64th Coarse Angling World Championship Individual Final Ranking 2017". Facebook. 2017.
^ "65th Coarse Angling World Championship Individual Final Rankings 2018". Facebook. 2018.
External links
Video of 49th World coarse angling championships in N.Ireland 1992
Video of 51st World coarse angling championships in Belgium 2004
Video of 56th World coarse angling championships in Netherlands 2009
Video of 57th World coarse angling championships in Spain 2010
Video of 58th World coarse angling championships in Italy 2011
Video of 59th World coarse angling championships in Czech 2012
Video of 60th World coarse angling championships in Poland 2013
Video of 61st World coarse angling championships in Croatia 2014
Video of 62nd World coarse angling championships in Slovenia 2015
Video of 63rd World coarse angling championships in Bulgaria 2016
Video of 64th World coarse angling championships in Belgium 2017
Video of 65th World coarse angling championships in Portugal 2018
Video of 66th World coarse angling championships in Serbia 2019
Video of 67th World coarse angling championships in Italy 2021
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Valorant
See also: World cups | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilje,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Osijek-Baranja County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek-Baranja_County"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_Croatia-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022-team-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022-ind-3"},{"link_name":"Mequinenza-Fayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribarroja_Dam"},{"link_name":"Ribarroja Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribarroja_Dam"},{"link_name":"Ebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023_Spain-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023-team-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023-ind-6"},{"link_name":"Béthune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9thune"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beth-7"}],"text":"The 68th event was held in September 2022 at Bilje, in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia. Held at Lake Biljsko Jezero which holds prussian carp, dwarf catfish, grass carp, catfish, asp, bighead, red perch, silver bream, ide and carassius.[1] First-time world champions were Serbia, with Italy in second place and Czech Republic in third.[2] and the individual new world champion was Mihael Pongrac of Croatia.[3]The 69th World Freshwater Coarse Angling Championships was held in Mequinenza-Fayón, at the Ribarroja Dam, on the river Ebro, Spain on 9-10th September 2023.[4] and the team event won by Serbia, for a second consecutive year, with England in second place, and France in third.[5] The individual world championship winner was Esteve Martinez , with James Dent and Sean Ashby of England in second and third place.[6]The 70th World Championships are due to be held at Béthune, Pas-de-Calais, France on 21 – 22 September 2024.[7]","title":"World Freshwater Angling Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPO-9"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020FM-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-result-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coup-13"}],"text":"The inaugural world championship was held in West Germany in 1954 and won by team England,[8] with the first individual title going to Gino Vigarani of Italy.[9]\nIn 1992, Dave Wesson, an Australian, became the only non-European to win the title.[10] The 2020 World Freshwater Angling Championships was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic[11] but resumed in 2021.[12] The host nation have been team champions on 15 occasions, with the strongest nation at home being Italy who have won on their own waters 6 times, the others were Belgium 2, France, Luxembourg, Romania, East Germany, West Germany, England, Spain.[10] The host nation has produced a home grown individual world champion from just 9 events of the 67 fished (one in seven).[13]For a video history of this major angling event, see External links at the bottom of this page.","title":"Brief history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________","title":"World Championship Nations Team Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Championship Individual results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Nudd_in_2009.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Scotthorne.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Roll of Honour","text":"4-Time World Champion Bob Nudd (1990, 1991, 1994, 1999)5-Time World Champion Alan Scotthorne (1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2007)","title":"World Championship Individual results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team medal table","title":"World Championship Individual results"}] | [{"image_text":"4-Time World Champion Bob Nudd (1990, 1991, 1994, 1999)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bob_Nudd_in_2009.png/180px-Bob_Nudd_in_2009.png"},{"image_text":"5-Time World Champion Alan Scotthorne (1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alan_Scotthorne.jpg/190px-Alan_Scotthorne.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"68th Coarse Angling World Championship for nations - Croatia 2022\" (PDF). zsrubaranje.hr. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zsrubaranje.hr/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/POZIVNO-PISMO-CROATIA-2022-pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"68th Coarse Angling World Championship for nations - Croatia 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"68th Nations Coarse Angling World Championship 2022 Final team Rankings\". facebook. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lichel | Walter Lichel | [] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Walter Lichel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Walter LichelBorn1 May 1885Stolp, German Empire, modern PolandDied10 December 1969(1969-12-10) (aged 84)Bärnau, GermanyAllegiance Nazi GermanyService/branchArmy (Wehrmacht)RankGeneral of the InfantryCommands held3rd Infantry Division123. Infanterie-DivisionBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Walter Lichel (1 May 1885 – 10 December 1969) was a German general during World War II and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Lichel surrendered to the Allied troops in 1945 and was held until 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 18 September 1941 as Generalleutnant and commander of 123. Infanterie-Division
References
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 237.
Bibliography
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Military offices
Preceded byGeneralmajor Walter Petzel
Commander of 3. Infanterie-Division 11 October 1938 – 1 October 1940
Succeeded byGeneral der Artillerie Paul Bader
Preceded byNone
Commander of 123. Infanterie-Division 5 October 1940 - 5 August 1941
Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Erwin Rauch
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 123rd Infantry Division
Felix Becker
Albert Graf von der Goltz1 (Oak Leaves)
Walter Lichel
Erwin Rauch
1 Oak Leaves with Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 144 (3rd Mountain Division)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Gore | Terrance Gore | ["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","2.1 Kansas City Royals","2.2 Chicago Cubs","2.3 Return to Kansas City","2.4 New York Yankees","2.5 Los Angeles Dodgers","2.6 Atlanta Braves","2.7 New York Mets","3 References","4 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1991)
Baseball player
Terrance GoreGore with the Mets in 2022OutfielderBorn: (1991-06-08) June 8, 1991 (age 33)Macon, Georgia, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 31, 2014, for the Kansas City RoyalsLast MLB appearanceOctober 5, 2022, for the New York MetsMLB statisticsBatting average.216Home runs0Runs batted in1Stolen bases43
Teams
Kansas City Royals (2014–2017)
Chicago Cubs (2018)
Kansas City Royals (2019)
Los Angeles Dodgers (2020)
Atlanta Braves (2021)
New York Mets (2022)
Career highlights and awards
World Series champion (2021)
Terrance Jamar Gore (born June 8, 1991) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played college baseball at Gulf Coast Community College. He made his MLB debut in 2014 with the Kansas City Royals and played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Los Angeles Dodgers, Atlanta Braves and New York Mets.
Gore was regarded as one of the fastest players in baseball and was mainly used as a pinch runner. Gore was frequently added to expanded rosters on contending teams late in the season and was on the postseason roster of a championship team three times - the Royals in 2015, the Dodgers in 2020, and the Braves in 2021.
Amateur career
Originally from Macon, Georgia, Gore attended Jones County High School in Gray, Georgia, where he starred in baseball and football as a running back and wide receiver. During his senior year, Gore compiled over 1,000 rushing yards and averaged over nine yards per carry. During his four years playing baseball at the school, he stole 145 bases and hit .474 as a senior. Gore later attended Gulf Coast Community College in Panama City, Florida, turning down football scholarships from the University of Georgia and Georgia Tech. Gore spent one season at Gulf Coast, hitting .330 and had 51 steals in 54 attempts.
Professional career
Kansas City Royals
Gore was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 20th round of the 2011 Major League Baseball Draft out of Gulf Coast Community College.
During the 2014 season, Gore expressed a desire to quit baseball to his agent, Jay Witasick, as he was about to raise a family and was not progressing professionally as much as he would have liked. Royals special assistant Mike Sweeney also advised Gore against retirement, and, in early August, Gore was duly promoted to the Omaha Storm Chasers to focus on pinch-running and stealing bases. On August 31, 2014, Gore was promoted to the Royals. Gore became the 16th known player in Major League Baseball history to wear No. 0. He was the second Royal to wear the number after George Scott Jr. He was used primarily as a designated pinch runner.
Gore pinch running for the Kansas City Royals in 2015
Gore appeared on the 2015 ALDS and 2015 ALCS roster for the Royals, but not the World Series roster. Regardless, Gore received his first World Series ring.
He was non-tendered by the Royals on December 1, 2017, and signed a minor league contract with them the following day.
Chicago Cubs
On August 15, 2018, Gore was traded to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for cash considerations, and assigned to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs. He was promoted to the major leagues on September 1, 2018. On September 8, he recorded his first major league hit in the first game of a double header against the Washington Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer. He became a free agent after the 2018 season.
Return to Kansas City
On December 18, 2018, Gore signed a one-year contract to return to the Royals. He was designated for assignment on July 12, 2019 despite hitting .275 with 13 stolen bases.
New York Yankees
On July 17, 2019, Gore was traded to the New York Yankees for cash considerations. He was not added to the 40-man roster and was sent to the Yankees AAA affiliate. He became a free agent following the 2019 season.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On February 17, 2020, Gore signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. On July 23, 2020, he was added to the opening day 30-man roster. Gore appeared in two games for the Dodgers, playing one inning as a defensive replacement in the outfield and also pinch running before he was designated for assignment on July 30. On September 30, 2020, Gore was added to the 28-man roster for the 2020 Wild Card Series matchup against the Milwaukee Brewers. He did not appear in either of the two games in that series but remained on the roster for the second round series against the San Diego Padres. Manager Dave Roberts said that Gore might not appear in the series "...but if that situation presents itself, to not have him on the roster would be pretty costly, in my opinion.". He did not play in any games in the postseason as he was left off the roster for the NLCS and the World Series. Despite being left off the NLCS and World Series rosters, Gore still received a ring following the Dodgers championship victory, the second in his career.
On October 31, 2020, Gore was outrighted off the 40-man roster. He became a free agent on November 2, 2020.
Atlanta Braves
On February 25, 2021, Gore signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. Playing in 2021 for the Triple–A Gwinnett Stripers he batted .232/.361/.319 and stole 18 bases while being caught four times.
On October 8, 2021, Gore was announced as part of the Braves 26-man roster for the NLDS. In the NLDS series against the Milwaukee Brewers, he had one appearance as a pinch runner. He was removed from the National League Championship Series roster, and though he returned to the World Series roster, did not appear in any of the ensuing games. The Braves eventually won the 2021 World Series, giving the Braves their first title since 1995, and Gore his second in a row, and third in seven years. On November 6, 2021, Gore was outrighted off of the 40-man roster and elected free agency the next day.
New York Mets
On June 6, 2022, Gore signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets organization. He was selected to the active roster on August 31. On November 10, he was removed from the 40-man roster and sent outright to the Triple–A Syracuse Mets; he elected free agency the same day.
References
^ Cooper, J.J. (2022-09-01). "Terrance Gore, Mr. Pinch Runner, Joins the Mets". Baseball America. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
^ "Meet the fastest man in baseball: Royals pinch-run specialist Terrance Gore".
^ Andrew (23 July 2012). "The Baseball Historian: Royals Terrance Gore Trying to Speed His Way Through Minors".
^ "Gore drafted, signs with Kansas City Royals". Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
^ Lee, Joon (October 1, 2022). "'I'm trying to catch Tom Brady': How Terrance Gore's unusual career got him three rings ... and counting". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
^ "Royals to add three as September callups".
^ "MLB Players Who Wore Number 0 - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com.
^ "Jarrod Dyson activated off disabled list". MLB.com.
^ Downing, Kyle (December 2, 2017). "Minor MLB Transactions: 12/2/17". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Knowles, Joe (August 15, 2018). "Cubs acquire outfielder/pinch-runner Terrance Gore from Royals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Muskat, Carrie (August 15, 2018). "Cubs acquire Terrance Gore from Royals". MLB.com.
^ "After five years in majors, Terrance Gore got his first major league hit". 9 September 2018.
^ Eddy, Matt (November 6, 2018). "Minor League Free Agents 2018". Baseball America. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Royals sign speedy OF Gore to split contract". ESPN.com. December 18, 2018.
^ "Yankees acquire OF Terrance Gore from Kansas City". MLB.com. July 17, 2019.
^ Matt Eddy (November 7, 2019). "Minor League Free Agents 2019". Baseball America. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
^ Plunkett, Bill (February 17, 2020). "Dodgers' Justin Turner lashes out at MLB commissioner over handling of Astros". Daily Breeze. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Torres, Maria (October 1, 2020). "Dodgers' Terrance Gore waiting for his Dave Roberts moment". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Hoornstra, J. P. (July 23, 2020). "Dodgers' Opening Day roster includes Terrance Gore, Dustin May, 6 first-timers". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Hoornstra, J. P. (July 23, 2020). "Dodgers announce 30-man Opening Day roster". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "Dodgers recall LHP Victor González". MLB.com. July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Plunkett, Bill (September 30, 2020). "Dodgers add Terrance Gore and Keibert Ruiz to roster for Wild Card Series, leave off Gavin Lux and Dylan Floro". Orange County Register. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Stephen, Eric (October 6, 2020). "Edwin Ríos left off NLDS roster with groin injury". SB Nation. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Dodgers' Terrance Gore: Dropped from the roster for NLCS". CBS Sports. October 12, 2020.
^ Anderson, R.J. (October 28, 2020). "World Series: Five unheralded Dodgers who will receive 2020 championship ring". CBS Sports. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ Gurnick, Ken (November 1, 2020). "Dodgers outright Gore off 40-man roster". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Great, Ivan the (February 25, 2021). "Braves ink speedster Terrance Gore to minor league deal". Talking Chop.
^ "Braves Sign Terrance Gore To Minor League Deal". MLB Trade Rumors.
^ "Terrance Gore Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com.
^ "Rich Rod out, Smyly in on Braves' DS roster". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
^ Burns, Gabriel (October 16, 2021). "Braves announce roster for NLCS vs. Dodgers". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Bowman, Mark (October 26, 2021). "With Wright & Gore in, Braves set WS roster". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "Atlanta Braves: Terrance Gore's head-shaking statistical anomaly". Call to the Pen. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Gratoff, Pete (November 4, 2021). "A World Series champ again, ex-Royal Terrance Gore's career is unlike any in history". Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series". MLB. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
^ "Terrance Gore, a stranger with three world series rings".
^ "Braves' Terrance Gore: Outrighted to Triple-A".
^ Abriano, Danny (June 8, 2022). "Mets sign OF Terrance Gore to minor league deal". SNY. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ Gratoff, Pete (June 9, 2022). "Mets signed ex-Royals outfielder Terrance Gore and some fans think it's a good omen". Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ "Mets lose rookie Brett Baty to thumb surgery, promote speedster Terrance Gore to majors".
^ "Terrance Gore: Returns to free agency". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Terrance Gore on X
vteAtlanta Braves 2021 World Series champions
1 Ozzie Albies
5 Freddie Freeman
7 Dansby Swanson
8 Eddie Rosario (NLCS MVP)
9 Orlando Arcia
11 Terrance Gore
12 Jorge Soler (World Series MVP)
14 Adam Duvall
16 Travis d'Arnaud
18 Drew Smyly
22 Joc Pederson
23 Ehire Adrianza
24 William Contreras
27 Austin Riley
30 Kyle Wright
33 A. J. Minter
36 Ian Anderson
38 Guillermo Heredia
50 Charlie Morton
51 Will Smith
54 Max Fried
55 Chris Martin
60 Jesse Chavez
64 Tucker Davidson
68 Tyler Matzek
74 Dylan Lee
77 Luke Jackson
Manager
43 Brian Snitker
Coaches
Bench Coach 4 Walt Weiss
First Base Coach 2 Eric Young Sr.
Third Base Coach 37 Ron Washington
Hitting Coach 28 Kevin Seitzer
Pitching Coach 39 Rick Kranitz
Assistant Hitting Coach 59 José Castro
Assistant Hitting Coach 70 Bobby Magallanes
Bullpen Coach 58 Drew French
Batting Practice Pitcher 98 Tomás Pérez
Catching Coach 57 Sal Fasano
Bullpen Catcher 97 Jimmy Leo
Bullpen Catcher 99 José Yepez
Regular season
National League Division Series
National League Championship Series | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper_2022-1"}],"text":"Baseball playerTerrance Jamar Gore (born June 8, 1991) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. 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During his senior year, Gore compiled over 1,000 rushing yards and averaged over nine yards per carry. During his four years playing baseball at the school, he stole 145 bases and hit .474 as a senior. 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Royals special assistant Mike Sweeney also advised Gore against retirement, and, in early August, Gore was duly promoted to the Omaha Storm Chasers to focus on pinch-running and stealing bases.[5] On August 31, 2014, Gore was promoted to the Royals.[6] Gore became the 16th known player in Major League Baseball history to wear No. 0. He was the second Royal to wear the number after George Scott Jr.[7] He was used primarily as a designated pinch runner.[8]Gore pinch running for the Kansas City Royals in 2015Gore appeared on the 2015 ALDS and 2015 ALCS roster for the Royals, but not the World Series roster. Regardless, Gore received his first World Series ring.He was non-tendered by the Royals on December 1, 2017, and signed a minor league contract with them the following day.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Iowa Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Max Scherzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Scherzer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"On August 15, 2018, Gore was traded to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for cash considerations, and assigned to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs.[10][11] He was promoted to the major leagues on September 1, 2018. On September 8, he recorded his first major league hit in the first game of a double header against the Washington Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer.[12] He became a free agent after the 2018 season.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Return to Kansas City","text":"On December 18, 2018, Gore signed a one-year contract to return to the Royals.[14] He was designated for assignment on July 12, 2019 despite hitting .275 with 13 stolen bases.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"On July 17, 2019, Gore was traded to the New York Yankees for cash considerations. He was not added to the 40-man roster and was sent to the Yankees AAA affiliate.[15] He became a free agent following the 2019 season.[16]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2020 Wild Card Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_National_League_Wild_Card_Series"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Milwaukee_Brewers_season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"second round series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_National_League_Division_Series"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"Dave Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Roberts_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"NLCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NLCS"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Dodgers","text":"On February 17, 2020, Gore signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers.[17][18] On July 23, 2020, he was added to the opening day 30-man roster.[19][20] Gore appeared in two games for the Dodgers, playing one inning as a defensive replacement in the outfield and also pinch running before he was designated for assignment on July 30.[21] On September 30, 2020, Gore was added to the 28-man roster for the 2020 Wild Card Series matchup against the Milwaukee Brewers.[22] He did not appear in either of the two games in that series but remained on the roster for the second round series against the San Diego Padres. Manager Dave Roberts said that Gore might not appear in the series \"...but if that situation presents itself, to not have him on the roster would be pretty costly, in my opinion.\".[23] He did not play in any games in the postseason as he was left off the roster for the NLCS and the World Series.[24] Despite being left off the NLCS and World Series rosters, Gore still received a ring following the Dodgers championship victory, the second in his career.[25]On October 31, 2020, Gore was outrighted off the 40-man roster.[26] He became a free agent on November 2, 2020.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gwinnett Stripers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinnett_Stripers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"NLDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_MLB_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Milwaukee_Brewers_season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On February 25, 2021, Gore signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization.[27][28] Playing in 2021 for the Triple–A Gwinnett Stripers he batted .232/.361/.319 and stole 18 bases while being caught four times.[29]On October 8, 2021, Gore was announced as part of the Braves 26-man roster for the NLDS.[30] In the NLDS series against the Milwaukee Brewers, he had one appearance as a pinch runner. He was removed from the National League Championship Series roster,[31] and though he returned to the World Series roster,[32] did not appear in any of the ensuing games.[33][34] The Braves eventually won the 2021 World Series, giving the Braves their first title since 1995, and Gore his second in a row, and third in seven years.[35][36] On November 6, 2021, Gore was outrighted off of the 40-man roster[37] and elected free agency the next day.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"40-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-man_roster"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Mets"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"On June 6, 2022, Gore signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets organization.[38][39] He was selected to the active roster on August 31.[40] On November 10, he was removed from the 40-man roster and sent outright to the Triple–A Syracuse Mets; he elected free agency the same day.[41]","title":"Professional career"}] | [{"image_text":"Gore pinch running for the Kansas City Royals in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Terrance_Gore_pinch_running_for_the_Kansas_City_Royals_on_September_1%2C_2015_%28Cropped%29.jpg/220px-Terrance_Gore_pinch_running_for_the_Kansas_City_Royals_on_September_1%2C_2015_%28Cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Cooper, J.J. (2022-09-01). \"Terrance Gore, Mr. Pinch Runner, Joins the Mets\". Baseball America. Retrieved 2022-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/terrance-gore-mr-pinch-runner-joins-the-mets/","url_text":"\"Terrance Gore, Mr. Pinch Runner, Joins the Mets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the fastest man in baseball: Royals pinch-run specialist Terrance Gore\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article2626436.html","url_text":"\"Meet the fastest man in baseball: Royals pinch-run specialist Terrance Gore\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew (23 July 2012). \"The Baseball Historian: Royals Terrance Gore Trying to Speed His Way Through Minors\".","urls":[{"url":"http://baseballhistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/royals-terrance-gore-trying-to-speed.html","url_text":"\"The Baseball Historian: Royals Terrance Gore Trying to Speed His Way Through Minors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gore drafted, signs with Kansas City Royals\". Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121201/http://jcnews.com/bookmark/14347983-Gore-drafted-signs-with-Kansas-City-Royals","url_text":"\"Gore drafted, signs with Kansas City Royals\""},{"url":"http://jcnews.com/bookmark/14347983-Gore-drafted-signs-with-Kansas-City-Royals","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Joon (October 1, 2022). \"'I'm trying to catch Tom Brady': How Terrance Gore's unusual career got him three rings ... and counting\". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/34696764/mlb-tom-brady-how-terrance-gore-racking-rings","url_text":"\"'I'm trying to catch Tom Brady': How Terrance Gore's unusual career got him three rings ... and counting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royals to add three as September callups\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20140831&content_id=92426428¬ebook_id=92462198&vkey=notebook_kc&c_id=kc","url_text":"\"Royals to add three as September callups\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLB Players Who Wore Number 0 - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/friv/numbers.cgi?number=0&year=0","url_text":"\"MLB Players Who Wore Number 0 - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jarrod Dyson activated off disabled list\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/173222934/jarrod-dyson-activated-off-disabled-list","url_text":"\"Jarrod Dyson activated off disabled list\""}]},{"reference":"Downing, Kyle (December 2, 2017). \"Minor MLB Transactions: 12/2/17\". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2017/12/minor-mlb-transactions-12217.html","url_text":"\"Minor MLB Transactions: 12/2/17\""}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Joe (August 15, 2018). \"Cubs acquire outfielder/pinch-runner Terrance Gore from Royals\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cubs/ct-spt-cus-terrance-gore-20180815-story.html","url_text":"\"Cubs acquire outfielder/pinch-runner Terrance Gore from Royals\""}]},{"reference":"Muskat, Carrie (August 15, 2018). \"Cubs acquire Terrance Gore from Royals\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/speedster-terrance-gore-traded-to-cubs-c290441038","url_text":"\"Cubs acquire Terrance Gore from Royals\""}]},{"reference":"\"After five years in majors, Terrance Gore got his first major league hit\". 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mlb.nbcsports.com/2018/09/09/after-five-years-in-majors-terrance-gore-got-his-first-major-league-hit/","url_text":"\"After five years in majors, Terrance Gore got his first major league hit\""}]},{"reference":"Eddy, Matt (November 6, 2018). \"Minor League Free Agents 2018\". Baseball America. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor-league-free-agents-2018/","url_text":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royals sign speedy OF Gore to split contract\". ESPN.com. December 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25568448/kansas-city-royals-sign-terrance-gore-split-contract-next-season","url_text":"\"Royals sign speedy OF Gore to split contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yankees acquire OF Terrance Gore from Kansas City\". MLB.com. July 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/yankees/press-release/press-release-yankees-acquire-of-terrance-gore?t=yankees-press-releases","url_text":"\"Yankees acquire OF Terrance Gore from Kansas City\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Eddy (November 7, 2019). \"Minor League Free Agents 2019\". Baseball America. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor-league-free-agents-2019/","url_text":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America","url_text":"Baseball America"}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Bill (February 17, 2020). \"Dodgers' Justin Turner lashes out at MLB commissioner over handling of Astros\". Daily Breeze. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2020/02/17/justin-turner-lashes-out-at-mlb-commissioner-over-handling-of-astros/","url_text":"\"Dodgers' Justin Turner lashes out at MLB commissioner over handling of Astros\""}]},{"reference":"Torres, Maria (October 1, 2020). \"Dodgers' Terrance Gore waiting for his Dave Roberts moment\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2020-10-01/terrance-gore-dodgers-dave-roberts-mlb-playoffs","url_text":"\"Dodgers' Terrance Gore waiting for his Dave Roberts moment\""}]},{"reference":"Hoornstra, J. P. (July 23, 2020). \"Dodgers' Opening Day roster includes Terrance Gore, Dustin May, 6 first-timers\". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/2020/07/23/dodgers-opening-day-roster-includes-terrance-gore-dustin-may-6-first-timers/","url_text":"\"Dodgers' Opening Day roster includes Terrance Gore, Dustin May, 6 first-timers\""}]},{"reference":"Hoornstra, J. P. (July 23, 2020). \"Dodgers announce 30-man Opening Day roster\". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/2020/07/23/dodgers-announce-30-man-opening-day-roster/","url_text":"\"Dodgers announce 30-man Opening Day roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dodgers recall LHP Victor González\". MLB.com. July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-dodgers-recall-lhp-victor-gonzalez","url_text":"\"Dodgers recall LHP Victor González\""}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Bill (September 30, 2020). \"Dodgers add Terrance Gore and Keibert Ruiz to roster for Wild Card Series, leave off Gavin Lux and Dylan Floro\". Orange County Register. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2020/09/30/dodgers-add-terrance-gore-and-keibert-ruiz-to-roster-for-wild-card-series-leave-off-gavin-lux-and-dylan-floro/","url_text":"\"Dodgers add Terrance Gore and Keibert Ruiz to roster for Wild Card Series, leave off Gavin Lux and Dylan Floro\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Eric (October 6, 2020). \"Edwin Ríos left off NLDS roster with groin injury\". SB Nation. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.truebluela.com/2020/10/6/21504913/edwin-rios-injury-dodgers-nlds","url_text":"\"Edwin Ríos left off NLDS roster with groin injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dodgers' Terrance Gore: Dropped from the roster for NLCS\". CBS Sports. October 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/dodgers-terrance-gore-dropped-from-roster-for-nlcs/","url_text":"\"Dodgers' Terrance Gore: Dropped from the roster for NLCS\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, R.J. (October 28, 2020). \"World Series: Five unheralded Dodgers who will receive 2020 championship ring\". CBS Sports. Retrieved September 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/world-series-five-unheralded-dodgers-who-will-receive-2020-championship-ring/","url_text":"\"World Series: Five unheralded Dodgers who will receive 2020 championship ring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"Gurnick, Ken (November 1, 2020). \"Dodgers outright Gore off 40-man roster\". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/dodgers-outright-terrance-gore","url_text":"\"Dodgers outright Gore off 40-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"Great, Ivan the (February 25, 2021). \"Braves ink speedster Terrance Gore to minor league deal\". Talking Chop.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.talkingchop.com/2021/2/25/22301497/braves-ink-speedster-outfielder-terrance-gore-to-minor-league-deal","url_text":"\"Braves ink speedster Terrance Gore to minor league deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves Sign Terrance Gore To Minor League Deal\". MLB Trade Rumors.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/02/braves-sign-terrance-gore-to-minor-league-deal.html","url_text":"\"Braves Sign Terrance Gore To Minor League Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrance Gore Minor Leagues Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=gore--000ter","url_text":"\"Terrance Gore Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rich Rod out, Smyly in on Braves' DS roster\". MLB.com. Retrieved 2021-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-2021-nlds-roster","url_text":"\"Rich Rod out, Smyly in on Braves' DS roster\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Gabriel (October 16, 2021). \"Braves announce roster for NLCS vs. Dodgers\". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-announce-roster-for-nlcs-vs-dodgers/THMSBNZAQ5C7RLAUJVY4RZSRUA/","url_text":"\"Braves announce roster for NLCS vs. Dodgers\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (October 26, 2021). \"With Wright & Gore in, Braves set WS roster\". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-2021-world-series-roster","url_text":"\"With Wright & Gore in, Braves set WS roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Braves: Terrance Gore's head-shaking statistical anomaly\". Call to the Pen. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://calltothepen.com/2021/11/04/atlanta-braves-terrance-gore-strange-statistics/","url_text":"\"Atlanta Braves: Terrance Gore's head-shaking statistical anomaly\""}]},{"reference":"Gratoff, Pete (November 4, 2021). \"A World Series champ again, ex-Royal Terrance Gore's career is unlike any in history\". Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansascity.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/for-petes-sake/article255539821.html","url_text":"\"A World Series champ again, ex-Royal Terrance Gore's career is unlike any in history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series\". MLB. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-win-world-series-2021","url_text":"\"Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrance Gore, a stranger with three world series rings\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cvbj.biz/terrance-gore-a-stranger-with-three-world-series-rings.html","url_text":"\"Terrance Gore, a stranger with three world series rings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves' Terrance Gore: Outrighted to Triple-A\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/braves-terrance-gore-outrighted-to-triple-a/","url_text":"\"Braves' Terrance Gore: Outrighted to Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"Abriano, Danny (June 8, 2022). \"Mets sign OF Terrance Gore to minor league deal\". SNY. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sny.tv/articles/mets-sign-terrance-gore","url_text":"\"Mets sign OF Terrance Gore to minor league deal\""}]},{"reference":"Gratoff, Pete (June 9, 2022). \"Mets signed ex-Royals outfielder Terrance Gore and some fans think it's a good omen\". Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansascity.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/for-petes-sake/article262338887.html","url_text":"\"Mets signed ex-Royals outfielder Terrance Gore and some fans think it's a good omen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mets lose rookie Brett Baty to thumb surgery, promote speedster Terrance Gore to majors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/mets-lose-rookie-brett-baty-to-thumb-surgery-promote-speedster-terrance-gore-to-majors/","url_text":"\"Mets lose rookie Brett Baty to thumb surgery, promote speedster Terrance Gore to majors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrance Gore: Returns to free agency\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/terrance-gore-returns-to-free-agency/amp/","url_text":"\"Terrance Gore: Returns to free agency\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/terrance-gore-mr-pinch-runner-joins-the-mets/","external_links_name":"\"Terrance Gore, Mr. Pinch Runner, Joins the Mets\""},{"Link":"http://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article2626436.html","external_links_name":"\"Meet the fastest man in baseball: Royals pinch-run specialist Terrance Gore\""},{"Link":"http://baseballhistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/royals-terrance-gore-trying-to-speed.html","external_links_name":"\"The Baseball Historian: Royals Terrance Gore Trying to Speed His Way Through Minors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121201/http://jcnews.com/bookmark/14347983-Gore-drafted-signs-with-Kansas-City-Royals","external_links_name":"\"Gore drafted, signs with Kansas City 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omen\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/mets-lose-rookie-brett-baty-to-thumb-surgery-promote-speedster-terrance-gore-to-majors/","external_links_name":"\"Mets lose rookie Brett Baty to thumb surgery, promote speedster Terrance Gore to majors\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/terrance-gore-returns-to-free-agency/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Terrance Gore: Returns to free agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/605253","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/33632","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/gorete01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=13658","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=gore--000ter","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/G/Pgoret001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://x.com/TGO7E","external_links_name":"Terrance Gore"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Simulation | Millennium Run | ["1 Overview","2 Size of the simulation","3 First results","4 Millennium II","5 Millennium XXL","6 Millennium Run Observatory","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Computer simulation of the universe
The Millennium Run, or Millennium Simulation (referring to its size) is a computer N-body simulation used to investigate how the distribution of matter in the Universe has evolved over time, in particular, how the observed population of galaxies was formed. It is used by scientists working in physical cosmology to compare observations with theoretical predictions.
Overview
A basic scientific method for testing theories in cosmology is to evaluate their consequences for the observable parts of the universe. One piece of observational evidence is the distribution of matter, including galaxies and intergalactic gas, which are observed today. Light emitted from more distant matter must travel longer in order to reach Earth, meaning looking at distant objects is like looking further back in time. This means the evolution in time of the matter distribution in the universe can also be observed directly.
The Millennium Simulation was run in 2005 by the Virgo Consortium, an international group of astrophysicists from Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and the United States. It starts at the epoch when the Cosmic microwave background was emitted, about 379,000 years after the universe began. The cosmic background radiation has been studied by satellite experiments, and the observed inhomogeneities in the cosmic background serve as the starting point for following the evolution of the corresponding matter distribution. Using the physical laws expected to hold in the currently known cosmologies and simplified representations of the astrophysical processes observed to affect real galaxies, the initial distribution of matter is allowed to evolve, and the simulation's predictions for formation of galaxies and black holes are recorded.
Since the completion of the Millennium Run simulation in 2005, a series of ever more sophisticated and higher fidelity simulations of the formation of the galaxy population have been built within its stored output and have been made publicly available over the internet. In addition to improving the treatment of the astrophysics of galaxy formation, recent versions have adjusted the parameters of the underlying cosmological model to reflect changing ideas about their precise values. To date (mid-2018) more than 950 published papers have made use of data from the Millennium Run, making it, at least by this measure, the highest impact astrophysical simulation of all time.
Size of the simulation
For the first scientific results, published on June 2, 2005, the Millennium Simulation traced 21603, or just over 10 billion, "particles." These are not particles in the particle physics sense – each "particle" represents approximately a billion solar masses of dark matter. The region of space simulated was a cube with about 2 billion light years as its length. This volume was populated by about 20 million "galaxies". A super computer located in Garching, Germany executed the simulation, which used a version of the GADGET code, for more than a month. The output of the simulation needed about 25 terabytes of storage.
First results
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The Sloan Digital Sky Survey had challenged the current understanding of cosmology by finding black hole candidates in very bright quasars at large distances. This meant that they were created much earlier than initially expected. In successfully managing to produce quasars at early times, the Millennium Simulation demonstrated that these objects do not contradict our models of the evolution of the universe.
Millennium II
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In 2009, the same group ran the 'Millennium II' simulation (MS-II) on a smaller cube (about 400 million light years on a side), with the same number of particles but with each particle representing 6.9 million solar masses. This is a rather harder numerical task since splitting the computational domain between processors becomes harder when dense clumps of matter are present. MS-II used 1.4 million CPU hours over 2048 cores (i.e. about a month) on the Power-6 computer at Garching; a simulation was also run with the same initial conditions and fewer particles to check that features in the higher-resolution run were also seen at lower resolution.
Millennium XXL
In 2010, the 'Millennium XXL' simulation (MXXL) was performed, this time using a much larger cube (over 13 billion light years on a side), and 67203 particles each representing 7 billion times the mass of the Sun. The MXXL spans a cosmological volume 216 and 27,000 times the size of the Millennium and the MS-II simulation boxes, respectively. The simulation was run on JUROPA, one of the top 15 supercomputers in the world in 2010. It used more than 12,000 cores for an equivalent of 300 years CPU time, 30 terabytes of RAM and generated more than 100 terabytes of data. Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.
Millennium Run Observatory
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In 2012, the Millennium Run Observatory (MRObs) project was launched. The MRObs is a theoretical virtual observatory that integrates detailed predictions for the dark matter (from the Millennium simulations) and for the galaxies (from semi-analytical models) with a virtual telescope to synthesize artificial observations. Astrophysicists use these virtual observations to study how the predictions from the Millennium simulations compare to the real universe, to plan future observational surveys, and to calibrate the techniques used by astronomers to analyze real observations. A first set of virtual observations produced by the MRObs have been released to the astronomical community for analysis through the MRObs Web portal. The virtual universe can also be accessed through a new online tool, the MRObs browser, which allows users to interact with the Millennium Run Relational Database where the properties of millions of dark matter halos and their galaxies from the Millennium project are being stored. Upgrades to the MRObs framework, and its extension to other types of simulations, are currently being planned.
See also
Illustris
Eris (simulation)
Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation
References
^ a b c
Springel, Volker; et al. (2005). "Simulations of the formation, evolution, and clustering of galaxies and quasars" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 629–636. arXiv:astro-ph/0504097. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S. doi:10.1038/nature03597. hdl:2027.42/62586. PMID 15931216. S2CID 4383030.
^
"MPA :: Current Research Highlight :: August 2004". Retrieved 2009-05-28.
^
"The Millennium Simulation public page". Retrieved 2017-02-15.
^
"Millennium Simulation - The Largest Ever Model of the Universe". Retrieved 2009-05-28.
^
"The Millennium-XXL Project: Simulating the Galaxy Population in Dark Energy Universes". Retrieved 2013-07-02.
Further reading
Springel, Volker; et al. (2005). "Simulations of the formation, evolution, and clustering of galaxies and quasars" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 629–636. arXiv:astro-ph/0504097. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S. doi:10.1038/nature03597. hdl:2027.42/62586. PMID 15931216. S2CID 4383030.
Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; et al. (2009). "Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 398 (3): 1150–116?. arXiv:0903.3041. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398.1150B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15191.x. S2CID 9703617.
Angulo, Raul; et al. (2012). "Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 426 (3): 2046–2062. arXiv:1203.3216. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.426.2046A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21830.x. S2CID 53692799.
Overzier, Roderik; et al. (2012). "The Millennium Run Observatory: First Light". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (1): 778–803. arXiv:1206.6923. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428..778O. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts076. S2CID 119219960.
Lemson, Gerard; Virgo Consortium (2006). "Halo and Galaxy Formation Histories from the Millennium Simulation: Public release of a VO-oriented and SQL-queryable database for studying the evolution of galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmogony". arXiv:astro-ph/0608019. Bibcode:2006astro.ph..8019L. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Millennium Simulation Data Page
Press release of the June 2 results (MPG)
VIRGO home page
Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
The Millennium Run Observatory Page
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It used more than 12,000 cores for an equivalent of 300 years CPU time, 30 terabytes of RAM and generated more than 100 terabytes of data.[5] Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.","title":"Millennium XXL"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2012, the Millennium Run Observatory (MRObs) project was launched. The MRObs is a theoretical virtual observatory that integrates detailed predictions for the dark matter (from the Millennium simulations) and for the galaxies (from semi-analytical models) with a virtual telescope to synthesize artificial observations. Astrophysicists use these virtual observations to study how the predictions from the Millennium simulations compare to the real universe, to plan future observational surveys, and to calibrate the techniques used by astronomers to analyze real observations. A first set of virtual observations produced by the MRObs have been released to the astronomical community for analysis through the MRObs Web portal. The virtual universe can also be accessed through a new online tool, the MRObs browser, which allows users to interact with the Millennium Run Relational Database where the properties of millions of dark matter halos and their galaxies from the Millennium project are being stored. Upgrades to the MRObs framework, and its extension to other types of simulations, are currently being planned.","title":"Millennium Run Observatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Simulations of the formation, evolution, and clustering of galaxies and quasars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62586/1/nature03597.pdf"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"astro-ph/0504097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0504097"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005Natur.435..629S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435..629S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature03597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03597"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027.42/62586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F62586"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15931216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931216"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4383030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4383030"},{"link_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0903.3041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0903.3041"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2009MNRAS.398.1150B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.398.1150B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15191.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2009.15191.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9703617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9703617"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1203.3216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1203.3216"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012MNRAS.426.2046A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426.2046A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21830.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21830.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53692799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53692799"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1206.6923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1206.6923"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2013MNRAS.428..778O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.428..778O"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/mnras/sts076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsts076"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"119219960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119219960"},{"link_name":"\"Halo and Galaxy Formation Histories from the Millennium Simulation: Public release of a VO-oriented and SQL-queryable database for studying the evolution of galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmogony\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arxiv-astro-ph0608019"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"astro-ph/0608019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608019"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006astro.ph..8019L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006astro.ph..8019L"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"Springel, Volker; et al. (2005). \"Simulations of the formation, evolution, and clustering of galaxies and quasars\" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 629–636. arXiv:astro-ph/0504097. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S. doi:10.1038/nature03597. hdl:2027.42/62586. PMID 15931216. S2CID 4383030.\nBoylan-Kolchin, Michael; et al. (2009). \"Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 398 (3): 1150–116?. arXiv:0903.3041. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398.1150B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15191.x. S2CID 9703617.\nAngulo, Raul; et al. (2012). \"Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 426 (3): 2046–2062. arXiv:1203.3216. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.426.2046A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21830.x. S2CID 53692799.\nOverzier, Roderik; et al. (2012). \"The Millennium Run Observatory: First Light\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (1): 778–803. arXiv:1206.6923. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428..778O. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts076. S2CID 119219960.\nLemson, Gerard; Virgo Consortium (2006). \"Halo and Galaxy Formation Histories from the Millennium Simulation: Public release of a VO-oriented and SQL-queryable database for studying the evolution of galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmogony\". arXiv:astro-ph/0608019. Bibcode:2006astro.ph..8019L. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Illustris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustris"},{"title":"Eris (simulation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(simulation)"},{"title":"Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Cosmological_Simulation"}] | [{"reference":"Springel, Volker; et al. (2005). \"Simulations of the formation, evolution, and clustering of galaxies and quasars\" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7042): 629–636. arXiv:astro-ph/0504097. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S. doi:10.1038/nature03597. hdl:2027.42/62586. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentiazac | Fentiazac | ["1 See also","2 References"] | NSAID analgesic medication
FentiazacClinical dataTrade namesNorvedanAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesATC codeM02AA14 (WHO) Identifiers
IUPAC name
2-acetic acid
CAS Number18046-21-4 NPubChem CID28871ChemSpider26854 NUNII0YHF6E6NLSKEGGD01975 YChEMBLChEMBL589092 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID8023050 ECHA InfoCard100.038.129 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H12ClNO2SMolar mass329.80 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageMelting point162–163 °C (324–325 °F)
SMILES
c1ccc(cc1)c2nc(c(s2)CC(=O)O)c3ccc(cc3)Cl
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H12ClNO2S/c18-13-8-6-11(7-9-13)16-14(10-15(20)21)22-17(19-16)12-4-2-1-3-5-12/h1-9H,10H2,(H,20,21) NKey:JIEKMACRVQTPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Fentiazac is a thiazole-based nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in joint and muscular pain. Like most other NSAIDs, it acts through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, via non-selective inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2. First described in 1974, it was synthesized using the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis.
Fentiazac was marketed under the trade-name Norvedan (among others), but its market status is currently unknown and assumed to be discontinued.
See also
Fenclozic acid
References
^ Lombardino JG (1985). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Vol. 247. New York: Wiley. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-471-89803-0.
^ Brown K, Cater DP, Cavalla JF, Green D, Newberry RA, Wilson AB (November 1974). "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 1.2,4-Diphenylthiazole-5-acetic acid and related compounds". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (11): 1177–1181. doi:10.1021/jm00257a010. PMID 4414839.
^ "FENTIAZAC". NCATS Inxight Drugs. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
vteNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)pyrazolones /pyrazolidines
Aminophenazone
Ampyrone
Azapropazone
Clofezone
Difenamizole
Famprofazone
Feprazone
Kebuzone
Metamizole
Mofebutazone
Morazone
Nifenazone
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenazone
Phenylbutazone
Propyphenazone
Sulfinpyrazone
Suxibuzone‡
salicylates
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)#
Aloxiprin
Benorylate
Carbasalate calcium
Diflunisal
Dipyrocetyl
Ethenzamide
Guacetisal
Magnesium salicylate
Methyl salicylate
Salsalate
Salicin
Salicylamide
Salicylic acid (salicylate)
Sodium salicylate
acetic acid derivativesand related substances
Aceclofenac
Acemetacin
Alclofenac
Amfenac
Bendazac
Bromfenac
Bufexamac
Bumadizone
Diclofenac
Difenpiramide
Etodolac
Felbinac
Fenclozic acid
Fentiazac
Indometacin
Indometacin farnesil
Isoxepac
Ketorolac
Lonazolac
Mofezolac
Oxametacin
Prodolic acid
Proglumetacin
Sulindac
Tiopinac
Tolmetin
Zomepirac†
oxicams
Ampiroxicam
Droxicam
Isoxicam
Lornoxicam
Meloxicam
Piroxicam
Pivoxicam
Tenoxicam
propionic acidderivatives (profens)
Alminoprofen
Benoxaprofen†
Carprofen‡
Dexibuprofen
Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunoxaprofen
Flurbiprofen
Ibuprofen#
Ibuproxam
Indoprofen†
Ketoprofen
Loxoprofen
Miroprofen
Naproxen
Oxaprozin
Pelubiprofen
Piketoprofen
Pirprofen
Suprofen
Tarenflurbil
Tepoxalin‡
Tiaprofenic acid
Vedaprofen‡
Zaltoprofen
COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator: Naproxcinod
n-arylanthranilicacids (fenamates)
Azapropazone
Clonixin
Etofenamate
Floctafenine
Flufenamic acid
Flunixin
Flutiazin
Glafenine†
Meclofenamic acid
Mefenamic acid
Morniflumate
Niflumic acid
Tolfenamic acid
COX-2 inhibitors(coxibs)
Apricoxib
Celecoxib (+tramadol)
Cimicoxib‡
Deracoxib‡
Etoricoxib
Firocoxib‡
Lumiracoxib†
Mavacoxib‡
Parecoxib
Robenacoxib‡
Rofecoxib†
Valdecoxib†
other
Aminopropionitrile
Benzydamine
Chondroitin sulfate
Diacerein
Fluproquazone
Glucosamine
Glycosaminoglycan
Hyperforin
Nabumetone
Nimesulide
Oxaceprol
Proquazone
Superoxide dismutase / orgotein
Tenidap
NSAIDcombinations
Ibuprofen/famotidine
Ibuprofen/hydrocodone
Ibuprofen/oxycodone
Ibuprofen/paracetamol
Meloxicam/bupivacaine
Naproxen/diphenhydramine
Naproxen/esomeprazole
Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; #WHO-Essential Medicines; †withdrawn drugs; ‡veterinary use.
category
commons
portal
vteTopical products for joint and muscular pain (M02)Anti-inflammatory preparations, non-steroidsPyrazolidines
Clofezone
Mofebutazone
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenylbutazone
Acetic acid derivatives
Diclofenac
Fentiazac
Tolmetin
Other
Bendazac
Benzydamine
Bufexamac
Etofenamate
Felbinac
Feprazone
Flurbiprofen
Ibuprofen
Indometacin
Ketoprofen
Meclofenamic acid
Naproxen
Nifenazone
Niflumic acid
Piketoprofen
Piroxicam
Suxibuzone
Capsaicin derivatives
Zucapsaicin
Other
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Idrocilamide
Tolazoline
vteProstanoid signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)DP (D2)Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptorDP1Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1
Agonists: Prostaglandin D2
Treprostinil
Antagonists: Asapiprant
Laropiprant
Vidupiprant
DP2Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2
Agonists: Indometacin
Prostaglandin D2
Antagonists: ADC-3680
AZD-1981
Bay U3405
Fevipiprant
MK-1029
MK-7246
QAV-680
Ramatroban
Setipiprant
Timapiprant
TM30089
Vidupiprant
EP (E2)Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptorEP1Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor
Agonists: Beraprost
Enprostil
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Latanoprost
Lubiprostone
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Sulprostone
Antagonists: AH-6809
ONO-8130
SC-19220
SC-51089
SC-51322
EP2Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor
Agonists: Butaprost
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Treprostinil
Antagonists: AH-6809
PF-04418948
TG 4-155
EP3Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor
Agonists: Beraprost
Carbacyclin
Cicaprost
Enprostil
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Isocarbacyclin
Latanoprost
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
Remiprostol
Ricinoleic acid
Sulprostone
Antagonists: L-798106
EP4Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor
Agonists: Lubiprostone
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)
TCS-2510
Antagonists: Grapiprant
GW-627368
L-161982
ONO-AE3-208
Unsorted
Agonists: 16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2
Aganepag
Carboprost
Evatanepag
Gemeprost
Nocloprost
Omidenepag
Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)
Simenepag
Taprenepag
FP (F2α)Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor
Agonists: Alfaprostol
Bimatoprost
Carboprost
Cloprostenol
Enprostil
Fluprostenol
Latanoprost
Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)
Sulotroban
Tafluprost
Travoprost
Unoprostone
IP (I2)Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor
Agonists: ACT-333679
AFP-07
Beraprost
BMY-45778
Carbacyclin
Cicaprost
Iloprost (ciloprost)
Isocarbacyclin
MRE-269
NS-304
Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol)
Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)
Ralinepag
Selexipag
Taprostene
TRA-418
Treprostinil
Antagonists: RO1138452
TP (TXA2)Tooltip Thromboxane receptor
Agonists: Carbocyclic thromboxane A2
I-BOP
Thromboxane A2
U-46619
Vapiprost
Antagonists: 12-HETE
13-APA
AA-2414
Argatroban
Bay U3405
BMS-180,291
Daltroban
Domitroban
EP-045
GR-32191
ICI-185282
ICI-192605
Ifetroban
Imitrodast
L-655240
L-670596
Linotroban
Mipitroban
ONO-3708
ONO-11120
Picotamide
Pinane thromboxane A2
Ramatroban
Ridogrel
S-145
Samixogrel
Seratrodast
SQ-28,668
SQ-29,548
Sulotroban
Terbogrel
Terutroban
TRA-418
Unsorted
Arbaprostil
Ataprost
Ciprostene
Clinprost
Cobiprostone
Delprostenate
Deprostil
Dimoxaprost
Doxaprost
Ecraprost
Eganoprost
Enisoprost
Eptaloprost
Esuberaprost
Etiproston
Fenprostalene
Flunoprost
Froxiprost
Lanproston
Limaprost
Luprostiol
Meteneprost
Mexiprostil
Naxaprostene
Nileprost
Nocloprost
Ornoprostil
Oxoprostol
Penprostene
Pimilprost
Piriprost
Posaraprost
Prostalene
Rioprostil
Rivenprost
Rosaprostol
Spiriprostil
Tiaprost
Tilsuprost
Tiprostanide
Trimoprostil
Viprostol
Enzyme(inhibitors)COX(PTGS)
Salicylic acids: Aloxiprin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Benorilate (benorylate)
Carbasalate calcium
Diflunisal
Dipyrocetyl
Ethenzamide
Guacetisal
Magnesium salicylate
Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)
Methyl salicylate
Salacetamide
Salicin
Salicylamide
Salicylate (salicylic acid)
Salsalate
Sodium salicylate
Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac
Acemetacin
Aclofenac
Amfenac
Alclofenac
Bendazac
Bromfenac
Bufexamac
Bumadizone
Cinmetacin
Clometacin
Diclofenac
Difenpiramide
Etodolac
Felbinac
Fenclofenac
Fentiazac
Glucametacin
Indometacin (indomethacin)
Indometacin farnesil
Ketorolac
Lonazolac
Mofezolac
Nabumetone
Oxametacin
Oxindanac
Proglumetacin
Sulindac
Sulindac sulfide
Tolmetin
Zidometacin
Zomepirac; Propionic acids: Alminoprofen
Benoxaprofen
Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)
Butibufen
Carprofen
Dexibuprofen
Dexindoprofen
Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunoxaprofen
Flurbiprofen
Ibuprofen
Ibuproxam
Indoprofen
Ketoprofen
Loxoprofen
Miroprofen
Naproxen
Naproxcinod
Oxaprozin
Pirprofen
Pranoprofen
Suprofen
Tarenflurbil
Tepoxalin
Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)
Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)
Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)
Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)
Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)
Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)
Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)
Niflumic acid (niflumate)
Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)
Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate); Pyrazolones: Azapropazone
Dipyrone
Isopyrin
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenylbutazone; Enolic acids (oxicams): Ampiroxicam
Droxicam
Enolicam
Isoxicam
Lornoxicam
Meloxicam
Piroxicam
Tenoxicam; 4-Aminoquinolines: Antrafenine
Floctafenine
Glafenine; Quinazolines: Fluproquazone
Proquazone; Aminonicotinic acids: Clonixeril
Clonixin
Flunixin; Sulfonanilides: Flosulide
Nimesulide; Aminophenols (anilines): Acetanilide
AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)
Bucetin
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Parapropamol
Phenacetin
Propacetamol; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): Apricoxib
Celecoxib
Cimicoxib
Deracoxib
Etoricoxib
Firocoxib
Lumiracoxib
Mavacoxib
Parecoxib
Polmacoxib
Robenacoxib
Rofecoxib
Tilmacoxib
Valdecoxib; Others/unsorted: Anitrazafen
Clobuzarit
Curcumin
DuP-697
FK-3311
Flumizole
FR-122047
Glimepiride
Hyperforin
Itazigrel
L-655240
L-670596
Licofelone
Menatetrenone (vitamin K2)
NCX-466
NCX-4040
NS-398
Pamicogrel
Resveratrol
Romazarit
Rosmarinic acid
Rutecarpine
Satigrel
SC-236
SC-560
SC-58125
Tenidap
Tiflamizole
Timegadine
Trifenagrel
Tropesin
PGD2STooltip Prostaglandin D synthase
Retinoids
Selenium (selenium tetrachloride, sodium selenite, selenium disulfide)
PGESTooltip Prostaglandin E synthaseHQL-79PGFSTooltip Prostaglandin F synthaseBimatoprostPGI2STooltip Prostacyclin synthaseTranylcypromineTXASTooltip Thromboxane A synthase
Camonagrel
Dazmegrel
Dazoxiben
Furegrelate
Isbogrel
Midazogrel
Nafagrel
Nicogrelate
Ozagrel
Picotamide
Pirmagrel
Ridogrel
Rolafagrel
Samixogrel
Terbogrel
U63557A
Others
Precursors: Linoleic acid
γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid
Diacylglycerol
Arachidonic acid
Prostaglandin G2
Prostaglandin H2
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Leukotriene signaling modulators
This drug article relating to the musculoskeletal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazole"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"prostaglandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"COX-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-1"},{"link_name":"COX-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-2"},{"link_name":"Hantzsch thiazole synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantzsch_thiazole_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fentiazac is a thiazole-based nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in joint and muscular pain.[1] Like most other NSAIDs, it acts through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, via non-selective inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2. First described in 1974, it was synthesized using the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis.[2]Fentiazac was marketed under the trade-name Norvedan (among others), but its market status is currently unknown and assumed to be discontinued.[3]","title":"Fentiazac"}] | [] | [{"title":"Fenclozic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenclozic_acid"}] | [{"reference":"Lombardino JG (1985). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Vol. 247. New York: Wiley. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-471-89803-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89803-0","url_text":"978-0-471-89803-0"}]},{"reference":"Brown K, Cater DP, Cavalla JF, Green D, Newberry RA, Wilson AB (November 1974). \"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 1.2,4-Diphenylthiazole-5-acetic acid and related compounds\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (11): 1177–1181. doi:10.1021/jm00257a010. PMID 4414839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00257a010","url_text":"10.1021/jm00257a010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4414839","url_text":"4414839"}]},{"reference":"\"FENTIAZAC\". NCATS Inxight Drugs. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2023-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://drugs.ncats.io/substance/0YHF6E6NLS","url_text":"\"FENTIAZAC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/international/fentiazac.html","external_links_name":"International Drug Names"},{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M02AA14","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=18046-21-4","external_links_name":"18046-21-4"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/28871","external_links_name":"28871"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.26854.html","external_links_name":"26854"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/0YHF6E6NLS","external_links_name":"0YHF6E6NLS"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01975","external_links_name":"D01975"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL589092","external_links_name":"ChEMBL589092"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8023050","external_links_name":"DTXSID8023050"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.038.129","external_links_name":"100.038.129"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=c1ccc%28cc1%29c2nc%28c%28s2%29CC%28%3DO%29O%29c3ccc%28cc3%29Cl","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=447984130&page2=Fentiazac","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00257a010","external_links_name":"10.1021/jm00257a010"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4414839","external_links_name":"4414839"},{"Link":"https://drugs.ncats.io/substance/0YHF6E6NLS","external_links_name":"\"FENTIAZAC\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fentiazac&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Ratto | Teresa Ratto | ["1 References"] | Argentine physician
Teresa Ratto (1877-1906) was an Argentine physician. She was the second female doctor in Argentina, and the first from Entre Ríos Province. Ratto was the first woman accepted at the Colegio del Uruguay, and became the first woman to receive her bachelor's degree from there in 1895. She earned her medical degree in 1903 from the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. While studying there she began the Centro de Universitarias, one of the first feminist organizations in Argentina. As a doctor she became head of vaccination at the Asistencia Pública of Buenos Aires and later returned to Concepción del Uruguay to practice medicine there.
In addition to being a doctor she was a high school administrator.
The Chamber of Deputies of Argentina declared the year 2006 in tribute to Dr. Teresa Ratto.
References
^ a b c d e "Teresa Ratto (1877-1906) | UNC Health Sciences Library". Hsl.lib.unc.edu. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
^ Revista Interamericana, Volume 4, Inter American University Press, 1974, page 146
^ "H.Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN". Retrieved 2015-09-06.
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This biographical article related to medicine in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about an Argentine activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entre Ríos Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Colegio del Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_del_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanish-3"}],"text":"Argentine physicianTeresa Ratto (1877-1906) was an Argentine physician. She was the second female doctor in Argentina, and the first from Entre Ríos Province.[1] Ratto was the first woman accepted at the Colegio del Uruguay, and became the first woman to receive her bachelor's degree from there in 1895.[1] She earned her medical degree in 1903 from the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires.[1] While studying there she began the Centro de Universitarias, one of the first feminist organizations in Argentina.[1] As a doctor she became head of vaccination at the Asistencia Pública of Buenos Aires and later returned to Concepción del Uruguay to practice medicine there.[1]In addition to being a doctor she was a high school administrator.[2]The Chamber of Deputies of Argentina declared the year 2006 in tribute to Dr. Teresa Ratto.[3]","title":"Teresa Ratto"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Teresa_Ratto.jpg/220px-Teresa_Ratto.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Teresa Ratto (1877-1906) | UNC Health Sciences Library\". Hsl.lib.unc.edu. Retrieved 2015-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://hsl.lib.unc.edu/specialcollections/bios/ratto","url_text":"\"Teresa Ratto (1877-1906) | UNC Health Sciences Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN\". Retrieved 2015-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/proyxml/expediente.asp?fundamentos=si&numexp=3097-D-2006","url_text":"\"H.Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hsl.lib.unc.edu/specialcollections/bios/ratto","external_links_name":"\"Teresa Ratto (1877-1906) | UNC Health Sciences Library\""},{"Link":"http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/proyxml/expediente.asp?fundamentos=si&numexp=3097-D-2006","external_links_name":"\"H.Cámara de Diputados de la Nación, PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_Ratto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_Ratto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(Audio_Adrenaline_album) | Underdog (Audio Adrenaline album) | ["1 Concept and development","2 Recording","3 Promotion","4 Critical reception","5 Commercial performance","6 Music videos","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","9 References","10 External links"] | 1999 studio album by Audio AdrenalineUnderdogStudio album by Audio AdrenalineReleasedSeptember 14, 1999Recorded1999StudioSound Stage Studios, Nashville, TennesseeBattery Studios, Nashville, TennesseeSixteenth Avenue Sound, Nashville, TennesseeDark Horse Recording Studio, Franklin, TennesseeThe House of Insomnia , Franklin, TennesseeTejas Recorders, Franklin, TennesseeGenreChristian rockLength42:56LabelForeFrontProducerAudio Adrenaline, Charlie Peacock, Todd CollinsAudio Adrenaline chronology
Some Kind of Zombie(1997)
Underdog(1999)
Hit Parade(2001)
Underdog is the fifth full-length album released by Audio Adrenaline. The album's lyrics are a slight departure from Some Kind of Zombie, as they focus more on missions and the word of God being spread, as shown in "Hands and Feet" and "Jesus Movement"; a theme that would reappear in Worldwide. Other songs, such as "Get Down" and "Good Life", reflect on God's influence in a Christian life.
The album also contains a more upbeat rerecording of "DC-10" (which had originally appeared on the band's debut album), a cover of "Let My Love Open the Door" by Pete Townshend, and a recording of "It Is Well With My Soul", the only recording of a traditional worship song on any of the band's albums.
Concept and development
According to guitarist/songwriter Bob Herdman, the idea for the album was to "have more fun — not take this music so seriously — and just make songs that people like". The title of the album comes from the belief that Christians are usually seen as "underdogs" or "weak . . . but we're not. We're just the opposite. God's empowered us because we've become less for Him," says Herdman.
The album includes two covers and a re-recording. The song "Let My Love Open the Door" was written and recorded by Pete Townshend in 1980. The album also features the band's version of the popular hymn "It Is Well with My Soul", which features the guest vocals of Jennifer Knapp. The band also decided to record a new version of one of their first songs, "DC-10". The song, which was featured on the band's debut album, was a live staple of the band and is considered one of their most popular songs. According to Herdman, they "wanted to do something that kinda touched back with our roots, our very beginning. We were gonna do it like the Beastie Boys — more modern stuff … we were just goofin' around and the swing thing came around. Swing's such a big thing and we thought we would just make a joke of it. And do our song swing."
One of the songs, "The Houseplant Song", features guitarist/keyboardist Bob Herdman on the lead vocals. The lyrics were inspired by a story Herdman read on the Internet about the effects of music on plants. It features a number of pop culture references, including a line that says "the second one you play that Petra or that Megadeth", and the closing line which says "we listen to Audio Adrenaline, cranked to eleven", in reference to a line from the film This Is Spinal Tap.
Recording
The album was recorded on several studios in Nashville, Tennessee: Tejas Studios, Dark Horse Studio, The Battery, 16 Ave Sound, and The House of Insomnia. Most of the recording was handled by Aaron Swihart at Tejas. However, recording at Dark Horse was handled by Shane D. Wilson and Richie Biggs, while recording at The House of Insomnia was handled by F. Reid Shippen and Todd Collins. Strings were also recorded by Swihart at Sound Stage Studio, in Nashville, and mixed at Castle Recordings.
Most of the mastering was done by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound Studio, while digital edition was done by Paul Angelli. Mixing was done at East Iris Studio, Castle Recording Studios, and Masterphonics in Nashville. Shippen, Collins, and David Leonard where in charge of mixing.
Promotion
Audio Adrenaline performed songs from Underdog during the Underdog Tour, the Diverse City Worldwide Tour, the Until My Heart Caves In Tour and the Kings & Queens Tours.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicHM Magazine(favorable)Jesus Freak Hideout
Underdog was generally well received by critics. Steve Huey, of AllMusic, gave the album 3 stars out of 5, writing that overall, the album would please especially fans of the band. However, he writes that "the funk riffs still sometimes feel grafted onto the songs, which are melodic AOR at heart, and there are a few musically awkward moments here and there". John DiBiase, of Jesus Freak Hideout, gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, and claimed it was the best album from the band since Don't Censor Me. He also wrote that Underdog surpasses "each album in talent, song craftmanship, tightness, bold message, and overall greatness."
Both "Get Down" and "Hands and Feet" were later featured in WOW 2000 and WOW Hits 2001 respectively, which features chart-topping and/or critically acclaimed Christian songs. Also, "Mighty Good Leader" was sampled by rapper Aceyalone for his song "Superstar", which was featured heavily in the 2004 video game ESPN NFL 2K5.
Commercial performance
Underdog peaked at No. 76 on Billboard 200.
Music videos
Music videos were made for the songs "Get Down" and "Hands and Feet". The video for "Hands and Feet" was recorded in the Darién Jungle in Panama with some local native tribes.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Mark Stuart, Bob Herdman, Will McGinniss and Tyler Burkum, except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Mighty Good Leader "Mark Stuart, Bob Herdman, Will McGinniss, Tyler Burkum, Ben Cissell3:152."Underdog" 3:303."Get Down"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Burkum, Cissell3:164."Good Life"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Charlie Peacock3:535."Let My Love Open the Door"Pete Townshend2:356."Hands and Feet"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Burkum, Peacock4:087."Jesus Movement" 3:188."DC-10"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Barry Blair2:269."It Is Well with My Soul" (featuring Jennifer Knapp)Horatio Spafford, Philip Bliss5:1210."This Day" 3:2511."It's Over" 3:5712."The Houseplant Song"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss4:04Total length:42:56
Notes
a appears on Hit Parade
b appears on Adios: The Greatest Hits
Personnel
Audio Adrenaline
Mark Stuart – lead vocals, backing vocals, harp (7)
Bob Herdman – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals, acoustic guitar (12), lead vocals (12)
Tyler Burkum – lead guitars, guitar (7, 9), backing vocals
Will McGinniss – bass, backing vocals
Ben Cissell – drums, drum overdubs (7)
Additional musicians
Greg Herrington – programming (1, 11)
Eddie DeGarmo – Moog synthesizer (2)
Mike Owsley – acoustic piano (3, 12), organ (5), backing vocals (12)
DJ Maj – scratches (3)
Tony Miracle – programming (4, 6), synthesizers (4, 6)
Mark Nicholas – accordion (7)
Todd Collins – all other instruments (7, 9), programming (7, 9), additional bass (7), backing vocals (9)
F. Reid Shippen – all other instruments (7, 9), programming (7, 9)
Dan Spencer (of The O.C. Supertones) – trombone (7)
Darren Mettler (of The O.C. Supertones) – trumpet (7)
David Davidson – strings arrangements (9, 10)
The Nashville String Machine – strings (9, 10)
Chris Williamson – preacher (2)
Charlie Peacock – additional vocals (4, 6), arrangements (4, 6)
Claudia Tapia – Spanish vocals (7)
Jennifer Knapp – lead vocals (9)
Production
Audio Adrenaline – producers (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12)
Charlie Peacock – producer (4, 6)
Todd Collins (for the Gotee Brothers) – producer (7, 9), recording (7, 9), mixing (7, 9)
Eddie DeGarmo – executive producer
Dan R. Brock – executive producer
Aaron Swihart – recording (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12), mixing (8, 12), strings recording (9, 10)
Richie Biggs – recording (4, 6)
Shane D. Wilson – recording (4, 6)
F. Reid Shippen – mixing (1, 7, 9, 11)
David Leonard – mixing (2–6, 10)
Charlie Brocco – mix assistant (4, 6)
Dan Shike – mix assistant (7, 9)
Paul Angelli – digital editing (1, 2, 3, 5, 7–12)
Gil Gowing – digital editing (4, 6)
Ted Jensen – mastering
Mark Nicholas – A&R
Mandy Galyean – A&R administration
Molly Nicholas – project administration (4, 6)
Susannah Parrish – creative coordinator
Kerri McKeehan-Stuart – art direction, design, photography
David Maxwell – photography
Additional studios
East Iris Studios, Nashville, Tennessee – mixing location
Masterfonics, Nashville, Tennessee – mixing location
The Castle, Franklin, Tennessee – mixing location
Sterling Sound, New York City – mastering location
References
^ a b Get Down with the Underdog on Jesus Freak Hideout (8/20/99)
^ Underdog slip cover; Audio Adrenaline (1999)
^ "Jesusfreakhideout.com: Audio Adrenaline Concert Review". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ "Jesusfreakhideout.com: Diverse City Worldwide Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, TobyMac". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ "The JfH Concert Reviews and Dates: Until My Heart Caves In Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, Pillar, Superchick, Sanctus Real, Kids In The Way". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ "The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Lancaster Bible College in Lancaster, PA". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ "The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Bethany Wesleyan Church in Cherryville, PA". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ AllMusic review
^ Pogge, David M. (January–February 2000). "Album Reviews: AUDIO ADRENALINE, underdog". HM Magazine (81). ISSN 1066-6923.
^ "Audio Adrenaline, "Underdog" Review". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^ Underdog on AllMusic; Huey, Steve
^ Underdog on Jesus Freak Hideout; DiBiase, John (8/16/99)
^ Underdog on Billboard
^ Get Down by Audio Adrenaline. May 26, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via YouTube.
^ audio adrenaline hands and feet. March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via YouTube.
External links
"Get Down" music video
"Hands and Feet" music video
vteAudio Adrenaline
Adam Agee
Brandon Bagby
Dave Stovall
Jack Campbell
Mark Stuart
Will McGinniss
Dwayne Larring
Bob Herdman
Barry Blair
David Stuart
Brian Hayes
Jonathan Schneck
Brian McSweeney
Jared Byers
Ben Cissell
Tyler Burkum
Jason Walker
Dave Ghazarian
Kevin Max
Josh Engler
Studio albums
Audio Adrenaline
Don't Censor Me
Bloom
Some Kind of Zombie
Underdog
Lift
Worldwide
Until My Heart Caves In
Kings & Queens
Sound of the Saints
Live albums
Live Bootleg
Live from Hawaii: The Farewell Concert
Compilations
Hit Parade
Adios: The Greatest Hits
DVDs
Lift DVD
Adios: The Greatest Hits (Special Edition CD/DVD)
Live from Hawaii: The Farewell Concert
Singles
"Big House"
"Kings & Queens"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Audio Adrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Adrenaline"},{"link_name":"Some Kind of Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Kind_of_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Adrenaline_(album)"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Let My Love Open the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_My_Love_Open_the_Door"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"It Is Well With My Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Is_Well_With_My_Soul"}],"text":"1999 studio album by Audio AdrenalineUnderdog is the fifth full-length album released by Audio Adrenaline. The album's lyrics are a slight departure from Some Kind of Zombie, as they focus more on missions and the word of God being spread, as shown in \"Hands and Feet\" and \"Jesus Movement\"; a theme that would reappear in Worldwide. Other songs, such as \"Get Down\" and \"Good Life\", reflect on God's influence in a Christian life.The album also contains a more upbeat rerecording of \"DC-10\" (which had originally appeared on the band's debut album), a cover of \"Let My Love Open the Door\" by Pete Townshend, and a recording of \"It Is Well With My Soul\", the only recording of a traditional worship song on any of the band's albums.","title":"Underdog (Audio Adrenaline album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Herdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Herdman"},{"link_name":"underdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(competition)"},{"link_name":"Let My Love Open the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_My_Love_Open_the_Door"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"It Is Well with My Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Knapp"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Adrenaline_(album)"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bob Herdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Herdman"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_(band)"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"cranked to eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap"},{"link_name":"This Is Spinal Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Get_Down_with_the_Underdog-1"}],"text":"According to guitarist/songwriter Bob Herdman, the idea for the album was to \"have more fun — not take this music so seriously — and just make songs that people like\". The title of the album comes from the belief that Christians are usually seen as \"underdogs\" or \"weak . . . but we're not. We're just the opposite. God's empowered us because we've become less for Him,\" says Herdman.The album includes two covers and a re-recording. The song \"Let My Love Open the Door\" was written and recorded by Pete Townshend in 1980. The album also features the band's version of the popular hymn \"It Is Well with My Soul\", which features the guest vocals of Jennifer Knapp. The band also decided to record a new version of one of their first songs, \"DC-10\". The song, which was featured on the band's debut album, was a live staple of the band and is considered one of their most popular songs. According to Herdman, they \"wanted to do something that kinda touched back with our roots, our very beginning. We were gonna do it like the Beastie Boys — more modern stuff … we were just goofin' around and the swing thing came around. Swing's such a big thing and we thought we would just make a joke of it. And do our song swing.\"[citation needed]One of the songs, \"The Houseplant Song\", features guitarist/keyboardist Bob Herdman on the lead vocals. The lyrics were inspired by a story Herdman read on the Internet about the effects of music on plants. It features a number of pop culture references, including a line that says \"the second one you play that Petra or that Megadeth\", and the closing line which says \"we listen to Audio Adrenaline, cranked to eleven\", in reference to a line from the film This Is Spinal Tap.[1]","title":"Concept and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"F. Reid Shippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Reid_Shippen"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The album was recorded on several studios in Nashville, Tennessee: Tejas Studios, Dark Horse Studio, The Battery, 16 Ave Sound, and The House of Insomnia. Most of the recording was handled by Aaron Swihart at Tejas. However, recording at Dark Horse was handled by Shane D. Wilson and Richie Biggs, while recording at The House of Insomnia was handled by F. Reid Shippen and Todd Collins. Strings were also recorded by Swihart at Sound Stage Studio, in Nashville, and mixed at Castle Recordings.Most of the mastering was done by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound Studio, while digital edition was done by Paul Angelli. Mixing was done at East Iris Studio, Castle Recording Studios, and Masterphonics in Nashville. Shippen, Collins, and David Leonard where in charge of mixing.[2]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Audio Adrenaline performed songs from Underdog during the Underdog Tour,[3] the Diverse City Worldwide Tour,[4] the Until My Heart Caves In Tour[5] and the Kings & Queens Tours.[6][7]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Don't Censor Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Censor_Me"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"WOW 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_2000"},{"link_name":"WOW Hits 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_Hits_2001"},{"link_name":"Aceyalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceyalone"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"ESPN NFL 2K5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_NFL_2K5"}],"text":"Underdog was generally well received by critics. Steve Huey, of AllMusic, gave the album 3 stars out of 5, writing that overall, the album would please especially fans of the band. However, he writes that \"the funk riffs still sometimes feel grafted onto the songs, which are melodic AOR at heart, and there are a few musically awkward moments here and there\".[11] John DiBiase, of Jesus Freak Hideout, gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, and claimed it was the best album from the band since Don't Censor Me. He also wrote that Underdog surpasses \"each album in talent, song craftmanship, tightness, bold message, and overall greatness.\"[12]Both \"Get Down\" and \"Hands and Feet\" were later featured in WOW 2000 and WOW Hits 2001 respectively, which features chart-topping and/or critically acclaimed Christian songs. Also, \"Mighty Good Leader\" was sampled by rapper Aceyalone for his song \"Superstar\", which was featured heavily in the 2004 video game ESPN NFL 2K5.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Underdog peaked at No. 76 on Billboard 200.[13]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Darién Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Get_Down_with_the_Underdog-1"}],"text":"Music videos were made for the songs \"Get Down\" and \"Hands and Feet\".[14][15] The video for \"Hands and Feet\" was recorded in the Darién Jungle in Panama with some local native tribes.[1]","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stuart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_hitpa"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_adiosb"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_hitpa"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_hitpa"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_adiosb"},{"link_name":"Charlie Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Let My Love Open the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_My_Love_Open_the_Door"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_hitpa"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_adiosb"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_hitpa"},{"link_name":"It Is Well with My Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Knapp"},{"link_name":"Horatio Spafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Spafford"},{"link_name":"Philip Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bliss"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_hpa"},{"link_name":"Hit Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Parade_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_adiosb"},{"link_name":"Adios: The Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adios:_The_Greatest_Hits"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Mark Stuart, Bob Herdman, Will McGinniss and Tyler Burkum, except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Mighty Good Leader [a][b]\"Mark Stuart, Bob Herdman, Will McGinniss, Tyler Burkum, Ben Cissell3:152.\"Underdog[a]\" 3:303.\"Get Down[a][b]\"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Burkum, Cissell3:164.\"Good Life\"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Charlie Peacock3:535.\"Let My Love Open the Door\"Pete Townshend2:356.\"Hands and Feet[a][b]\"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Burkum, Peacock4:087.\"Jesus Movement\" 3:188.\"DC-10[a]\"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss, Barry Blair2:269.\"It Is Well with My Soul\" (featuring Jennifer Knapp)Horatio Spafford, Philip Bliss5:1210.\"This Day\" 3:2511.\"It's Over\" 3:5712.\"The Houseplant Song\"Stuart, Herdman, McGinniss4:04Total length:42:56Notesa appears on Hit Parade\nb appears on Adios: The Greatest Hits","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stuart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bob Herdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Herdman"},{"link_name":"Will McGinniss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_McGinniss"},{"link_name":"Eddie DeGarmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_DeGarmo"},{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"F. Reid Shippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Reid_Shippen"},{"link_name":"The O.C. Supertones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C._Supertones"},{"link_name":"The Nashville String Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_String_Machine"},{"link_name":"Charlie Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Knapp"},{"link_name":"Gotee Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotee_Brothers"},{"link_name":"David Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leonard_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_%26_repertoire"}],"text":"Audio AdrenalineMark Stuart – lead vocals, backing vocals, harp (7)\nBob Herdman – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals, acoustic guitar (12), lead vocals (12)\nTyler Burkum – lead guitars, guitar (7, 9), backing vocals\nWill McGinniss – bass, backing vocals\nBen Cissell – drums, drum overdubs (7)Additional musiciansGreg Herrington – programming (1, 11)\nEddie DeGarmo – Moog synthesizer (2)\nMike Owsley – acoustic piano (3, 12), organ (5), backing vocals (12)\nDJ Maj – scratches (3)\nTony Miracle – programming (4, 6), synthesizers (4, 6)\nMark Nicholas – accordion (7)\nTodd Collins – all other instruments (7, 9), programming (7, 9), additional bass (7), backing vocals (9)\nF. Reid Shippen – all other instruments (7, 9), programming (7, 9)\nDan Spencer (of The O.C. Supertones) – trombone (7)\nDarren Mettler (of The O.C. Supertones) – trumpet (7)\nDavid Davidson – strings arrangements (9, 10)\nThe Nashville String Machine – strings (9, 10)\nChris Williamson – preacher (2)\nCharlie Peacock – additional vocals (4, 6), arrangements (4, 6)\nClaudia Tapia – Spanish vocals (7)\nJennifer Knapp – lead vocals (9)ProductionAudio Adrenaline – producers (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12)\nCharlie Peacock – producer (4, 6)\nTodd Collins (for the Gotee Brothers) – producer (7, 9), recording (7, 9), mixing (7, 9)\nEddie DeGarmo – executive producer\nDan R. Brock – executive producer\nAaron Swihart – recording (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12), mixing (8, 12), strings recording (9, 10)\nRichie Biggs – recording (4, 6)\nShane D. Wilson – recording (4, 6)\nF. Reid Shippen – mixing (1, 7, 9, 11)\nDavid Leonard – mixing (2–6, 10)\nCharlie Brocco – mix assistant (4, 6)\nDan Shike – mix assistant (7, 9)\nPaul Angelli – digital editing (1, 2, 3, 5, 7–12)\nGil Gowing – digital editing (4, 6)\nTed Jensen – mastering\nMark Nicholas – A&R\nMandy Galyean – A&R administration\nMolly Nicholas – project administration (4, 6)\nSusannah Parrish – creative coordinator\nKerri McKeehan-Stuart – art direction, design, photography\nDavid Maxwell – photographyAdditional studiosEast Iris Studios, Nashville, Tennessee – mixing location\nMasterfonics, Nashville, Tennessee – mixing location\nThe Castle, Franklin, Tennessee – mixing location\nSterling Sound, New York City – mastering location","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Audio Adrenaline Concert Review\". Retrieved February 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/aalive.asp","url_text":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Audio Adrenaline Concert Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Diverse City Worldwide Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, TobyMac\". Retrieved February 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/DiverseCityWorldwideTour05.asp","url_text":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Diverse City Worldwide Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, TobyMac\""}]},{"reference":"\"The JfH Concert Reviews and Dates: Until My Heart Caves In Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, Pillar, Superchick, Sanctus Real, Kids In The Way\". Retrieved February 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/UntilMyHeartCavesInTour05.asp","url_text":"\"The JfH Concert Reviews and Dates: Until My Heart Caves In Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, Pillar, Superchick, Sanctus Real, Kids In The Way\""}]},{"reference":"\"The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Lancaster Bible College in Lancaster, PA\". Retrieved February 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/KingsandQueensTourWinter2013.asp","url_text":"\"The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Lancaster Bible College in Lancaster, PA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Bethany Wesleyan Church in Cherryville, PA\". 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Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46JYdkb3eM","url_text":"Get Down by Audio Adrenaline"}]},{"reference":"audio adrenaline hands and feet. March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2016 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m36OWibR6nk","url_text":"audio adrenaline hands and feet"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/interviews/AudioA.asp","external_links_name":"Get Down with the Underdog"},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/aalive.asp","external_links_name":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Audio Adrenaline Concert Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/DiverseCityWorldwideTour05.asp","external_links_name":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Diverse City Worldwide Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, TobyMac\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/UntilMyHeartCavesInTour05.asp","external_links_name":"\"The JfH Concert Reviews and Dates: Until My Heart Caves In Tour 2005, Audio Adrenaline, Pillar, Superchick, Sanctus Real, Kids In The Way\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/KingsandQueensTourWinter2013.asp","external_links_name":"\"The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Lancaster Bible College in Lancaster, PA\""},{"Link":"http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/concerts/KingsandQueensFallTour2013.asp","external_links_name":"\"The JFH Concert Reviews and Dates: Kings and Queens Tour 2013 at Bethany Wesleyan Church in Cherryville, PA\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r429500","external_links_name":"AllMusic review"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-6923","external_links_name":"1066-6923"},{"Link":"http://jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/Underdog.asp","external_links_name":"\"Audio Adrenaline, \"Underdog\" Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/r429500","external_links_name":"Underdog"},{"Link":"http://jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/Underdog.asp","external_links_name":"Underdog"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/audio-adrenaline/chart-history/","external_links_name":"Underdog"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46JYdkb3eM","external_links_name":"Get Down by Audio Adrenaline"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m36OWibR6nk","external_links_name":"audio adrenaline hands and feet"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46JYdkb3eM","external_links_name":"\"Get Down\" music video"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m36OWibR6nk","external_links_name":"\"Hands and Feet\" music video"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c7ba799a-fb92-335e-a9a3-3ceab19dff50","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_William_James_Cousins | Alan William James Cousins | ["1 Education and career","2 Awards and recognition","3 Personal life","4 Sources","5 References"] | South African astronomer
Alan William James CousinsBorn(1903-08-08)8 August 1903Three Anchor Bay, Cape Town, South AfricaDied11 May 2001(2001-05-11) (aged 97)Cape TownEducationPretoria Boys High SchoolUniversity of the WitwatersrandAlma materUniversity of Cape TownSpouseAlison Mavis DonaldsonScientific careerFieldsPhotometryInstitutionsC.A. Parson Engineering worksElectricity Supply CommissionRoyal Observatory, Cape of Good HopeThesis Standard Magnitude Sequences in the E regions (1954)
Alan William James Cousins FRAS (8 August 1903 – 11 May 2001) was a South African astronomer. His career spanned 70 years during which time he concentrated on the measurement of variable stars, including the measurement of the two sinusoidal periods of Gamma Doradus. The UBV photometric system for measuring stellar fluxes he devised in his 1990s became a standard known as the "Cousins system".
Education and career
He was born in Three Anchor Bay, Cape Town, the eldest of four children, and his father Clarence Wilfred Cousins was a senior civil servant who served for a time as Secretary of Labour. His grandfather on his mother's side was Sir James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, and Cousins attended Murray's funeral at the age of 11.
Image of Halley's Comet taken 6 June 1910
Cousins' interest in Astronomy was aroused first by the sighting of Halley's Comet in 1910 and then by a book on Astronomy ("The Stars" by E.Hawkes) given to him in late 1914 - early 1915 during a family visit to England. In 1915 the family moved to Pretoria and Cousins was educated at Pretoria Boys High School from 1917 to 1921. The appearance of Nova Aquilae (a bright nova occurring in the constellation Aquila) in 1918 and a letter he received from the astronomer A.W. Roberts in 1920 further encouraged his interest in Astronomy. In 1922 he attended the University of the Witwatersrand on a Barnato Scholarship to study mechanical and electrical engineering. After graduation in 1925, Cousins spent a year in England at the C.A. Parson Engineering works in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He then returned to South Africa and was employed at the Electricity Supply Commission, where he worked for 20 years.
Throughout his early career Cousins observed numerous variable stars. In the 1940s the technique of using a Fabry lens to obtain uniform stellar images for measurement, as used by E.G. Williams, became of great interest to Cousins, who then published his first list (with photovisual magnitude) of over 100 bright southern hemisphere stars in 1943, that he had observed at the Durban observatory.
R. H. Stoy of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, was impressed by Cousins' results as they were comparable to those obtained by professional astronomers. This led to a collaboration and in 1947 Cousins joined the staff of the Royal Observatory. Cousins singlemindedly devoted himself for the last 50 years of his life to photometry and its improvement by application of the photoelectric effect.
In his early 1990s Cousins started to use a newly-available red-sensitive photomultiplier tube as part of a photometric system for information gathering on the energy distribution of red stars. This UBV photometric system was based on one devised by Gerald Kron and became known as the "Cousins system" (or sometimes the "Kron-Cousins system"). It allowed broadband, standardised fundamental measurements of stellar flux from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths.
Another of his discoveries was the variability of Gamma Doradus, which was later shown to be the prototype of a new class of variable star.
Awards and recognition
1941 Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
1944–45 President of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
1963 Gill Medal of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
1967–70 President of Commission 25 of the International Astronomical Union
1971 Jackson-Gwilt Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Personal life
In 1938 he married Alison Mavis Donaldson and they had two children.
His official retirement was in 1972 but he ignored it and continued to work at the observatory. He retired from the South Africa Observatory on 31 December 1976 but remained in a part time capacity and kept his official house on the observatory grounds. He was an active observer into his 90s and continued to work on photometric problems.
In the early 1990s in Dublin, one of the speakers, Dave Crawford, while bemoaning the current generation of astronomers asked the audience if they had ever spoken to one of the great astronomers including Johnson, Kron, Cousins, etc, little knowing that Cousins was in the audience.
Sources
Kilkenny, David (February 2002). Christiaan Sterken; Donald W. Kurtz (eds.). Alan Cousins (1903–2001): a life in astronomy. Observational Aspects of Pulsating B- and A Stars, ASP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 256. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 1. Bibcode:2002ASPC..256....1K. ISBN 1-58381-096-X.
Kilkenny, D. (2001). "Obituary: A.W.J. Cousins (1903–2001)". The Observatory. 121: 350–352. Bibcode:2001Obs...121..350K. Obituary
Williams, Thomas R.; Overbeek, M. Danie (2001). "The End of an Era: A. W. J. Cousins 1903–2001". Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. 30 (1): 58–61. Bibcode:2001JAVSO..30...58W.
Kilkenny, David (1993). "Alan Cousins: A Brief Biography". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. Southern Africa. 52: 55–61. Bibcode:1993MNSSA..52...55K.
References
^
"Astronomer Alan Cousins dies at 97". News24. 22 May 2001. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ a b c
Bolt, M.; Hockey, T.; Palmeri, J.A.; Trimble, V.; Williams, T.R.; Bracher, K.; Jarrell, R.; Marché, J.D.; Ragep, F.J. (2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer New York. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ a b c d e f g
"Alan William James Cousins 1903–2001" (PDF). Astronomy & Geophysics. 42 (4): 4.34.
^ a b c d e f
Kilkenny, D. (1 August 1993). "Alan Cousins : a brief biography". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa. 52 (7–8): 55–61. ISSN 0024-8266. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^
"Gill Medal". ASSA. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^
"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 16 July 2019. The Jackson-Gwilt Medal is awarded for the invention, improvement, or development of astronomical instrumentation or techniques; for achievement in observational astronomy; or for achievement in research into the history of astronomy.
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Parson Engineering works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Parsons_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Electricity Supply Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"variable stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_stars"},{"link_name":"Fabry lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"R. H. Stoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Stoy"},{"link_name":"Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"photometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"photoelectric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"UBV photometric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBV_photometric_system"},{"link_name":"Gerald Kron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Kron"},{"link_name":"stellar flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_flux"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolt-2"},{"link_name":"Gamma Doradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Doradus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"}],"text":"He was born in Three Anchor Bay, Cape Town, the eldest of four children, and his father Clarence Wilfred Cousins was a senior civil servant who served for a time as Secretary of Labour. His grandfather on his mother's side was Sir James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, and Cousins attended Murray's funeral at the age of 11.[3]Image of Halley's Comet taken 6 June 1910Cousins' interest in Astronomy was aroused first by the sighting of Halley's Comet in 1910 and then by a book on Astronomy (\"The Stars\" by E.Hawkes) given to him in late 1914 - early 1915 during a family visit to England.[4] In 1915 the family moved to Pretoria and Cousins was educated at Pretoria Boys High School from 1917 to 1921. The appearance of Nova Aquilae (a bright nova occurring in the constellation Aquila) in 1918 and a letter he received from the astronomer A.W. Roberts in 1920 further encouraged his interest in Astronomy.[4] In 1922 he attended the University of the Witwatersrand on a Barnato Scholarship to study mechanical and electrical engineering. After graduation in 1925, Cousins spent a year in England at the C.A. Parson Engineering works in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He then returned to South Africa and was employed at the Electricity Supply Commission, where he worked for 20 years.[3]Throughout his early career Cousins observed numerous variable stars. In the 1940s the technique of using a Fabry lens to obtain uniform stellar images for measurement, as used by E.G. Williams, became of great interest to Cousins, who then published his first list (with photovisual magnitude) of over 100 bright southern hemisphere stars in 1943, that he had observed at the Durban observatory.[3]R. H. Stoy of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, was impressed by Cousins' results as they were comparable to those obtained by professional astronomers. This led to a collaboration and in 1947 Cousins joined the staff of the Royal Observatory. Cousins singlemindedly devoted himself for the last 50 years of his life to photometry and its improvement by application of the photoelectric effect.[3]In his early 1990s Cousins started to use a newly-available red-sensitive photomultiplier tube as part of a photometric system for information gathering on the energy distribution of red stars. This UBV photometric system was based on one devised by Gerald Kron and became known as the \"Cousins system\" (or sometimes the \"Kron-Cousins system\"). It allowed broadband, standardised fundamental measurements of stellar flux from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths.[2]Another of his discoveries was the variability of Gamma Doradus, which was later shown to be the prototype of a new class of variable star.[3]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilkenny-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASSA-5"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Jackson-Gwilt Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson-Gwilt_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilkenny-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-Gwilt-6"}],"text":"1941 Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society[3]\n1944–45 President of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa\n1963 Gill Medal of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa[4][5]\n1967–70 President of Commission 25 of the International Astronomical Union\n1971 Jackson-Gwilt Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society[4][6]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolt-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilkenny-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Johnson_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"Kron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Kron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilkenny-4"}],"text":"In 1938 he married Alison Mavis Donaldson and they had two children.[2]His official retirement was in 1972 but he ignored it and continued to work at the observatory.[4] He retired from the South Africa Observatory on 31 December 1976 but remained in a part time capacity and kept his official house on the observatory grounds. He was an active observer into his 90s and continued to work on photometric problems.[3]In the early 1990s in Dublin, one of the speakers, Dave Crawford, while bemoaning the current generation of astronomers asked the audience if they had ever spoken to one of the great astronomers including Johnson, Kron, Cousins, etc, little knowing that Cousins was in the audience.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astronomical Society of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002ASPC..256....1K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..256....1K"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58381-096-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58381-096-X"},{"link_name":"The Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observatory_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001Obs...121..350K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Obs...121..350K"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001JAVSO..30...58W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JAVSO..30...58W"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1993MNSSA..52...55K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MNSSA..52...55K"}],"text":"Kilkenny, David (February 2002). Christiaan Sterken; Donald W. Kurtz (eds.). Alan Cousins (1903–2001): a life in astronomy. Observational Aspects of Pulsating B- and A Stars, ASP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 256. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 1. Bibcode:2002ASPC..256....1K. ISBN 1-58381-096-X.\nKilkenny, D. (2001). \"Obituary: A.W.J. Cousins (1903–2001)\". The Observatory. 121: 350–352. Bibcode:2001Obs...121..350K. Obituary\nWilliams, Thomas R.; Overbeek, M. Danie (2001). \"The End of an Era: A. W. J. Cousins 1903–2001\". Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. 30 (1): 58–61. Bibcode:2001JAVSO..30...58W.\nKilkenny, David (1993). \"Alan Cousins: A Brief Biography\". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. Southern Africa. 52: 55–61. Bibcode:1993MNSSA..52...55K.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Image of Halley's Comet taken 6 June 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG/220px-Halley%27s_Comet%2C_1910.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kilkenny, David (February 2002). Christiaan Sterken; Donald W. Kurtz (eds.). Alan Cousins (1903–2001): a life in astronomy. Observational Aspects of Pulsating B- and A Stars, ASP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 256. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 1. Bibcode:2002ASPC..256....1K. 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Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Astronomer-Alan-Cousins-dies-at-97-20010522","url_text":"\"Astronomer Alan Cousins dies at 97\""}]},{"reference":"Bolt, M.; Hockey, T.; Palmeri, J.A.; Trimble, V.; Williams, T.R.; Bracher, K.; Jarrell, R.; Marché, J.D.; Ragep, F.J. (2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer New York. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C","url_text":"Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30400-7","url_text":"978-0-387-30400-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan William James Cousins 1903–2001\" (PDF). Astronomy & Geophysics. 42 (4): 4.34.","urls":[{"url":"http://astrogeo.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/4.35.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Alan William James Cousins 1903–2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Geophysics","url_text":"Astronomy & Geophysics"}]},{"reference":"Kilkenny, D. (1 August 1993). \"Alan Cousins : a brief biography\". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa. 52 (7–8): 55–61. ISSN 0024-8266. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.co.za/content/mnassa/52/7-8/AJA00248266_2537","url_text":"\"Alan Cousins : a brief biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-8266","url_text":"0024-8266"}]},{"reference":"\"Gill Medal\". ASSA. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://assa.saao.ac.za/about/awards/gill-medal/","url_text":"\"Gill Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners\" (PDF). Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 16 July 2019. The Jackson-Gwilt Medal is awarded for the invention, improvement, or development of astronomical instrumentation or techniques; for achievement in observational astronomy; or for achievement in research into the history of astronomy.","urls":[{"url":"https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/Jackson-Gwilt_medallists_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..256....1K","external_links_name":"2002ASPC..256....1K"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Obs...121..350K","external_links_name":"2001Obs...121..350K"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JAVSO..30...58W","external_links_name":"2001JAVSO..30...58W"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MNSSA..52...55K","external_links_name":"1993MNSSA..52...55K"},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Astronomer-Alan-Cousins-dies-at-97-20010522","external_links_name":"\"Astronomer Alan Cousins dies at 97\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C","external_links_name":"Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"},{"Link":"http://astrogeo.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/4.35.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alan William James Cousins 1903–2001\""},{"Link":"https://journals.co.za/content/mnassa/52/7-8/AJA00248266_2537","external_links_name":"\"Alan Cousins : a brief biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-8266","external_links_name":"0024-8266"},{"Link":"http://assa.saao.ac.za/about/awards/gill-medal/","external_links_name":"\"Gill Medal\""},{"Link":"https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/Jackson-Gwilt_medallists_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/352619/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049992443","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71279195","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrTb8wfDPpPbpHfp6kDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95008058","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/06415324X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenderi | Kalenderi | ["1 References"] | Village in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and HerzegovinaKalenderi
КалендериVillageKalenderiCoordinates: 45°10′00″N 16°34′22″E / 45.16667°N 16.57278°E / 45.16667; 16.57278Country Bosnia and HerzegovinaEntity Republika SrpskaMunicipalityKostajnicaArea • Total727 km2 (281 sq mi)Population (2013) • Total176 • Density24/km2 (60/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Kalenderi (Cyrillic: Календери) is a village in the municipality of Kostajnica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
References
^ Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.
This article about a location in the municipality of Kostajnica, Republika Srpska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Kostajnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostajnica,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kalenderi (Cyrillic: Календери) is a village in the municipality of Kostajnica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]","title":"Kalenderi"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalenderi¶ms=45_10_00_N_16_34_22_E_type:city(176)_region:BA","external_links_name":"45°10′00″N 16°34′22″E / 45.16667°N 16.57278°E / 45.16667; 16.57278"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalenderi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shaw_Brandreth | Thomas Shaw Brandreth | ["1 Early life and education","2 Inventions","3 Family, judicial office, and Homer","4 References"] | English mathematician, inventor and classicist (1788–1873)
Thomas Shaw Brandreth, FRS (24 July 1788 – 27 May 1873) was an English mathematician, inventor and classicist.
Early life and education
Brandreth was the son of a Cheshire physician, Joseph Brandreth. He studied at Eton and received a BA from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1810 as Second Wrangler, second Smith's Prizeman, and chancellor's medalist, attesting to his keen intelligence. He received his MA in 1813, and was subsequently elected to a fellowship at Trinity. He then entered the Inns of Court, initially at Lincoln's Inn in 1810, but he migrated to the Inner Temple in 1813 and was called to the bar in 1818. He entered legal practice at Liverpool, but was much diverted from advancement by his interest in inventions.
Inventions
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821 for mathematical achievements, he had by that time invented a logometer (an early slide rule), and went on to design and patent a friction wheel and a clock escapement. These achievements led him into friendship with George Stephenson, and he played a role in the survey and engineering of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, particularly the crossing of Chat Moss. However, he resigned as a director of the line shortly before its completion.
In the early days of railroading, it was by no means clear that the steam locomotive would come to be the principal form of propulsion for trains. Brandreth invented a machine which used a horse galloping on a treadmill as its source of motive power. A prototype, the Cycloped, participated in the Rainhill Trials in 1829, but it had to be withdrawn when the horse broke through the floor of the machine. In any case, the trials proved the superiority of steam motive power in all but exceptional circumstances.
Family, judicial office, and Homer
Brandreth married a Harriet Byrom, of Fairview (a suburb of Liverpool), in 1822, by whom he had two daughters and five sons, among them Thomas Brandreth, a distinguished naval officer. A move to London further diminished his legal practice, and he ultimately declined the offer of a judgeship in Jamaica and retired to Worthing and devoted himself to the education of his children.
In retirement, he again took up the study of classical literature, and made a lengthy inquiry into the use of the digamma in the works of Homer. His studies were published in 1844 as A Dissertation on the Metre of Homer; and reflected in an edition of the Iliad with digammas. This was followed by a well-received translation of the Iliad into blank verse in 1846. Brandreth died in Worthing in 1873. He took an interest of local affairs, becoming a justice of the peace for West Sussex and taking a hand in the improvement of the town's infrastructure.
References
^ "Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (BRNT805TS)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Brandreth, Thomas Shaw. "Thomas Shaw Brandreth". Cambridge University Library. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Lane-Poole, Stanley (2004). "Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (1788–1873)". In rev. R. C. Cox (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3272. Retrieved 13 April 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"inventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor"},{"link_name":"classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicist"}],"text":"Thomas Shaw Brandreth, FRS (24 July 1788 – 27 May 1873) was an English mathematician, inventor and classicist.","title":"Thomas Shaw Brandreth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brandreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brandreth"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Second Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Wrangler"},{"link_name":"Smith's Prizeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"}],"text":"Brandreth was the son of a Cheshire physician, Joseph Brandreth. He studied at Eton and received a BA from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1810 as Second Wrangler, second Smith's Prizeman, and chancellor's medalist, attesting to his keen intelligence.[1] He received his MA in 1813, and was subsequently elected to a fellowship at Trinity. He then entered the Inns of Court, initially at Lincoln's Inn in 1810, but he migrated to the Inner Temple in 1813 and was called to the bar in 1818.[2] He entered legal practice at Liverpool, but was much diverted from advancement by his interest in inventions.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"slide rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_rule"},{"link_name":"friction wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friction_wheel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"escapement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapement"},{"link_name":"George Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Liverpool and Manchester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chat Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_Moss"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"treadmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmill"},{"link_name":"Cycloped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloped"},{"link_name":"Rainhill Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhill_Trials"}],"text":"Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821 for mathematical achievements, he had by that time invented a logometer (an early slide rule), and went on to design and patent a friction wheel and a clock escapement. These achievements led him into friendship with George Stephenson, and he played a role in the survey and engineering of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, particularly the crossing of Chat Moss. However, he resigned as a director of the line shortly before its completion.In the early days of railroading, it was by no means clear that the steam locomotive would come to be the principal form of propulsion for trains. Brandreth invented a machine which used a horse galloping on a treadmill as its source of motive power. A prototype, the Cycloped, participated in the Rainhill Trials in 1829, but it had to be withdrawn when the horse broke through the floor of the machine. In any case, the trials proved the superiority of steam motive power in all but exceptional circumstances.","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Brandreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brandreth_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"digamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"a well-received translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer#Brandreth"},{"link_name":"blank verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_verse"},{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"}],"text":"Brandreth married a Harriet Byrom, of Fairview (a suburb of Liverpool), in 1822, by whom he had two daughters and five sons, among them Thomas Brandreth, a distinguished naval officer. A move to London further diminished his legal practice, and he ultimately declined the offer of a judgeship in Jamaica and retired to Worthing and devoted himself to the education of his children.In retirement, he again took up the study of classical literature, and made a lengthy inquiry into the use of the digamma in the works of Homer. His studies were published in 1844 as A Dissertation on the Metre of Homer; and reflected in an edition of the Iliad with digammas. This was followed by a well-received translation of the Iliad into blank verse in 1846. Brandreth died in Worthing in 1873. He took an interest of local affairs, becoming a justice of the peace for West Sussex and taking a hand in the improvement of the town's infrastructure.","title":"Family, judicial office, and Homer"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (BRNT805TS)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BRNT805TS&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (BRNT805TS)\""}]},{"reference":"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw. \"Thomas Shaw Brandreth\". Cambridge University Library. Retrieved 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2016.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BRNT805TS&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Thomas Shaw Brandreth\""}]},{"reference":"Lane-Poole, Stanley (2004). \"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (1788–1873)\". In rev. R. C. Cox (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3272. Retrieved 13 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3272","url_text":"\"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (1788–1873)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3272","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/3272"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BRNT805TS&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (BRNT805TS)\""},{"Link":"https://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2016.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BRNT805TS&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Shaw Brandreth\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3272","external_links_name":"\"Brandreth, Thomas Shaw (1788–1873)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3272","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/3272"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Cry_(Angel_Haze_song) | Battle Cry (Angel Haze song) | ["1 Music video","2 Credits and personnel","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"] | 2014 single by Angel Haze featuring Sia"Battle Cry"Single by Angel Haze featuring Siafrom the album Dirty Gold ReleasedJanuary 9, 2014 (2014-01-09)Recorded2013GenreHip hopLength4:52Label
Island
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Angel Haze
Sia Furler
Greg Kurstin
Producer(s)Greg KurstinAngel Haze singles chronology
"Echelon (It's My Way)" (2013)
"Battle Cry" (2014)
"Impossible" (2015)
Sia singles chronology
"Elastic Heart"(2013)
"Battle Cry"(2014)
"Chandelier"(2014)
"Battle Cry" is a song recorded by American rapper Angel Haze featuring Australian singer-songwriter Sia. It was released as the second single from Haze's debut album, Dirty Gold, on January 9, 2014. The song was produced by Greg Kurstin.
Music video
An official music video for the song, directed by Frank Borin, was released on Haze's official Vevo account on February 14, 2014. The music video was nominated for Best Video with a Social Message at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Angel Haze – writer, vocals
Sia Furler – writer, vocals
Greg Kurstin – writer, producer, bass guitar, drums, guitar, keyboards, piano, recording engineer
Jesse Shatkin – recording engineer
Alex Pasco – recording engineer
Manny Marroquin – mixer
Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer
Track listing
Remixes EP
"Battle Cry (MK Remix)" – 8:25
"Battle Cry (Levi Lennox Remix) – 4:07
"Battle Cry (Yumi And the Weather Remix)" – 4:26
"Battle Cry (Kudu Blue Remix)" – 4:18
Charts
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
79
UK Singles (OCC)
70
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
12
References
^ "Angel Haze teams up with Sia for new single 'Battle Cry' – listen". Digital Spy. January 17, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
^ "Video: Angel Haze: "Battle Cry". Idolator. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
^ Lambe, Stacy (July 17, 2014). "Angel Haze, Sam Smith Nominated for VMAs". Out. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ "Angel Haze / Dirty Gold (Deluxe) / Credits". Tidal. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
^ "iTunes – Music – Battle Cry (feat. Sia) – EP by Angel Haze". iTunes. January 1, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
^ "Angel Haze feat. Sia – Battle Cry" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
External links
"Battle Cry" (music video) on YouTube
"Battle Cry" (lyric video) on YouTube
vteAngel HazeDiscographyStudio albums
Dirty Gold
Back to the Woods
Extended plays
New York
Mixtapes
Reservation
Singles
"New York"
"Battle Cry"
vteSia singles
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Healing Is Difficult
"Taken for Granted"
"Little Man"
"Drink to Get Drunk"
Colour the Small One
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"Breathe Me"
"Where I Belong"
Some People HaveReal Problems
"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine"
"Soon We'll Be Found"
"Buttons"
We Are Born
"You've Changed"
"Clap Your Hands"
"Bring Night"
1000 Forms of Fear
"Chandelier"
"Big Girls Cry"
"Elastic Heart"
"Fire Meet Gasoline"
This Is Acting
"Alive"
"Cheap Thrills"
"The Greatest"
"Move Your Body"
"Reaper"
"Unstoppable"
Everyday Is Christmas
"Santa's Coming for Us"
"Snowman"
Music
"Saved My Life"
"Together"
"Courage to Change"
"Hey Boy"
"Floating Through Space"
Reasonable Woman
"Gimme Love"
"Dance Alone"
"Incredible"
Soundtrack singles
"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile"
"California Dreamin'"
"Never Give Up"
"Angel by the Wings"
"Helium"
"To Be Human"
"Rainbow"
"Original"
Other singles
"Under the Milky Way"
"Free Me"
"Flames"
"I'm Still Here"
"Del Mar"
"Let's Love"
"Hass Hass"
Promotional singles
"Eye of the Needle"
"Bird Set Free"
Featured singles
"Destiny"
"Somersault"
"I Love It"
"Titanium"
"Wild Ones"
"She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)"
"Battle Cry"
"Guts Over Fear"
"Déjà Vu"
"Golden"
"Bang My Head"
"Je te pardonne"
"Living Out Loud"
"Waterfall"
"Dusk Till Dawn"
"That's Life"
"On"
"Dynamite"
"Manchild"
Other songs
"I Go to Sleep"
"Beautiful Pain"
"The Whisperer"
"Like a River Runs"
"Start a War"
"Wolves"
"Satisfied" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angel Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Haze"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"Dirty Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Gold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production"},{"link_name":"Greg Kurstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin"}],"text":"\"Battle Cry\" is a song recorded by American rapper Angel Haze featuring Australian singer-songwriter Sia. It was released as the second single from Haze's debut album, Dirty Gold, on January 9, 2014.[1] The song was produced by Greg Kurstin.","title":"Battle Cry (Angel Haze song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Best Video with a Social Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Video_with_a_Social_Message"},{"link_name":"2014 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An official music video for the song, directed by Frank Borin, was released on Haze's official Vevo account on February 14, 2014.[2] The music video was nominated for Best Video with a Social Message at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards.[3]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Angel Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Haze"},{"link_name":"Sia Furler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"Greg Kurstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin"},{"link_name":"Jesse Shatkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Shatkin"},{"link_name":"Manny Marroquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Marroquin"},{"link_name":"Chris Gehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gehringer"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[4]Angel Haze – writer, vocals\nSia Furler – writer, vocals\nGreg Kurstin – writer, producer, bass guitar, drums, guitar, keyboards, piano, recording engineer\nJesse Shatkin – recording engineer\nAlex Pasco – recording engineer\nManny Marroquin – mixer\nChris Gehringer – mastering engineer","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Remixes EP[5]\"Battle Cry (MK Remix)\" – 8:25\n\"Battle Cry (Levi Lennox Remix) – 4:07\n\"Battle Cry (Yumi And the Weather Remix)\" – 4:26\n\"Battle Cry (Kudu Blue Remix)\" – 4:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Angel Haze teams up with Sia for new single 'Battle Cry' – listen\". Digital Spy. January 17, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a544725/angel-haze-teams-up-with-sia-for-new-single-battle-cry-listen.html#~peWrbSKYDBBkE5","url_text":"\"Angel Haze teams up with Sia for new single 'Battle Cry' – listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Angel Haze: \"Battle Cry\". Idolator. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/7506232/angel-haze-sia-battle-cry-video/","url_text":"\"Video: Angel Haze: \"Battle Cry\""}]},{"reference":"Lambe, Stacy (July 17, 2014). \"Angel Haze, Sam Smith Nominated for VMAs\". Out. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_(name) | Kiel (name) | ["1 Notable bearers of this name","2 References"] | Kiel
Kiel is a surname or given name. As first name it is an alternate spelling of Kyle (kahyl). It can be pronounced like "Kyle"
It is also believed to be rooted in the Hawaiian for "lily of the valley".
Notable bearers of this name
As a first name:
Kiel Brown (born 1984), Australian field hockey player
Kiel Martin (1944–1990), American actor
Kiel McClung (born 1985), American soccer player
Kiel McLeod (born 1982), Canadian hockey player
Kiel Moe (born 1976), American architect
Kiel Reijnen (born 1986), American cyclist
Kiel Pease (born 1983), American Visual Effects Artist
Kiel Cruz (born 1995), Filipino Engineer
As a surname:
Blair Kiel (1961–2012), American footballer
Deb Kiel (born 1957), American politician (Minnesota)
Emil Charles Kiel (1895–1971), American soldier
Friedrich Kiel (1821–1885), German composer
Friedrich-Wilhelm Kiel (born 1934), German politician
Gunner Kiel (born 1993), American footballer
Henry Kiel (1871–1942), American politician, mayor of St. Louis
Niklas Kiel (born 1997), German basketball player
Peter Kiel (born 1958), Australian rules footballer
Richard Kiel (1939–2014), American actor
Sid Kiel (1916–2007), South African cricketer
Terrence Kiel (1980–2008), American football player
Wayne Kiel (born 1949), Canadian curler and coach
Yehuda Kiel (1916–2011), Israeli educator
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Kiel. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
References | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"Kiel is a surname or given name. As first name it is an alternate spelling of Kyle (kahyl). It can be pronounced like \"Kyle\"It is also believed to be rooted in the Hawaiian for \"lily of the valley\".","title":"Kiel (name)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiel Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Brown"},{"link_name":"Kiel Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Martin"},{"link_name":"Kiel McClung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_McClung"},{"link_name":"Kiel McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_McLeod"},{"link_name":"Kiel Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Moe"},{"link_name":"Kiel Reijnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Reijnen"},{"link_name":"Kiel Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiel_Pease&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiel Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiel_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blair Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Deb Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Emil Charles Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_C._Kiel"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Wilhelm Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Gunner Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunner_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Henry Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Niklas Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Peter Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Richard Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Sid Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Terrence Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Wayne Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Kiel"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kiel_(name)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"As a first name:Kiel Brown (born 1984), Australian field hockey player\nKiel Martin (1944–1990), American actor\nKiel McClung (born 1985), American soccer player\nKiel McLeod (born 1982), Canadian hockey player\nKiel Moe (born 1976), American architect\nKiel Reijnen (born 1986), American cyclist\nKiel Pease (born 1983), American Visual Effects Artist\nKiel Cruz (born 1995), Filipino EngineerAs a surname:Blair Kiel (1961–2012), American footballer\nDeb Kiel (born 1957), American politician (Minnesota)\nEmil Charles Kiel (1895–1971), American soldier\nFriedrich Kiel (1821–1885), German composer\nFriedrich-Wilhelm Kiel (born 1934), German politician\nGunner Kiel (born 1993), American footballer\nHenry Kiel (1871–1942), American politician, mayor of St. Louis\nNiklas Kiel (born 1997), German basketball player\nPeter Kiel (born 1958), Australian rules footballer\nRichard Kiel (1939–2014), American actor\nSid Kiel (1916–2007), South African cricketer\nTerrence Kiel (1980–2008), American football player\nWayne Kiel (born 1949), Canadian curler and coach\nYehuda Kiel (1916–2011), Israeli educatorSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Kiel. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Notable bearers of this name"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kiel_(name)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_S._T._Co._No._2 | USS S. T. Co. No. 2 | ["1 References"] | Minesweeper of the United States Navy
History
United States
NameUSS S. T. Co. No. 2
NamesakePrevious name retained
BuilderCharles Hillman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Completed1898
Acquired24 September 1917
Commissioned27 September 1917
FateReturned to owner 23 June 1919
NotesOperated as commercial tug S. T. Co. No. 2 1898-1917 and from 1919
General characteristics
TypeTug, dispatch boat, and Minesweeper
Displacement157 tons
Length101 ft 0 in (30.78 m)
Beam22 ft 0 in (6.71 m)
Draft10 ft 5 in (3.18 m) (mean)
PropulsionSteam engine
Speed10 knots
Complement13
Armament2 × 1-pounder guns
USS S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP-267) was a United States Navy tug, dispatch boat, and minesweeper in commission from 1917 to 1919.
S. T. Co. No. 2 was built as a commercial steam screw tug of the same name in 1898 by Charles Hillman at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The U.S. Navy acquired her under charter from her owner, the Standard Transportation Company, on 24 September 1917 for World War I service. She was commissioned on 27 September 1917 as USS S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP-267).
Assigned to the 5th Naval District, S. T. Co. No. 2 operated in the Virginia Capes area and Chesapeake Bay for the remainder of World War I, serving as a tug, dispatch vessel, and minesweeper.
After the war, S. T. Co. No. 2 was returned to Standard Transportation on 23 June 1919.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP 267) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"dispatch boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatch_boat"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"Charles Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hillman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"Standard Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Transportation_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"5th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Virginia Capes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capes"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"}],"text":"USS S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP-267) was a United States Navy tug, dispatch boat, and minesweeper in commission from 1917 to 1919.S. T. Co. No. 2 was built as a commercial steam screw tug of the same name in 1898 by Charles Hillman at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The U.S. Navy acquired her under charter from her owner, the Standard Transportation Company, on 24 September 1917 for World War I service. She was commissioned on 27 September 1917 as USS S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP-267).Assigned to the 5th Naval District, S. T. Co. No. 2 operated in the Virginia Capes area and Chesapeake Bay for the remainder of World War I, serving as a tug, dispatch vessel, and minesweeper.After the war, S. T. Co. No. 2 was returned to Standard Transportation on 23 June 1919.","title":"USS S. T. Co. No. 2"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s1/s_t_co_no_2.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/170267.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive S. T. Co. No. 2 (SP 267)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germe_(Mysia) | Germa (Mysia) | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 39°22′07″N 27°41′26″E / 39.36872°N 27.690683°E / 39.36872; 27.690683Town of ancient Mysia
Germa or Germe (Ancient Greek: Γέρμη) or Germae or Germai (Γέρμαι), or Hiera Germa or Hiera Germe (Ἱερά Γέρμη), meaning 'holy Germa', also known as Germa in Hellesponto to distinguish it from several other towns named Germa, was a town of ancient Mysia, situated between the rivers Macestus and Rhyndacus. It appears in episcopal notices as an archbishopric. and was represented at the Council of Ephesus and Calcedon by the towns bishop. No longer the seat of a residential archbishop, it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.
Its site is located near Karaçam in Savaştepe, Asiatic Turkey.
References
^ a b Hierocles. Synecdemus. Vol. p. 663, 2.
^ Ptolemy. The Geography. Vol. 5.2.14.
^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v.
^ Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 (University of Liverpool 2005) page 230.
^ Catholic Hierarchy
^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 56, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Germa". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
vteAncient settlements in TurkeyAegean
Abbassus
Abrostola
Achaion Limen
Acharaca
Acmonia
Acrassus
Adramyttium
Agatheira
Aegae
Airai
Aizanoi
Alabanda
Alia
Alinda
Allianoi
Almura
Amnista
Amorium
Amos
Amynanda
Amyzon
Anaua
Anineta
Annaea
Antandrus
Antioch on the Maeander
Apamea in Phrygia
Aphrodisias
Apollonia in Mysia
Apollonia Salbaces
Apollonis
Apollonos Hieron
Appia
Appolena
Aragokome
Araukome
Arcadiopolis
Arilla
Aroma
Aspaneus
Astragon
Astyra near Adramyttium
Astyra near Pergamon
Astyria
Atarneus
Atarneus sub Pitanem
Attea
Attuda
Augustopolis
Aulae
Aurelia Neapolis
Aureliopolis in Lydia
Aurokra
Bageis
Bargasa
Bargasa in northern Caria
Bargylia
Beudos
Beycesultan
Birgena
Blaundus
Bonitai
Boukolion
Boutheia
Briula
Bruzus
Bybassus
Cadi
Callipolis
Caloe
Canae
Carene
Carmylessus
Carura
Caryanda
Castabus
Casystes
Cedreae
Celaenae
Ceramus
Chalcetor
Choria
Chrysaoris
Chytrium
Cidramus
Cindye
Cisthene
Clannuda
Claros
Colophon
Colossae
Conium
Coryphas
Cybeleia
Cyllandus
Cyme
Daldis
Dareioukome
Dideiphyta
Didyma
Digda
Dioclea
Dionysiopolis
Dios Hieron in Ionia
Dios Hieron in Lydia
Dioskome
Docimium
Doroukome
Eibeos
Eiokome
Elaea
Eluza
Embatum
Emoddi
Ephesus
Erines
Erythrae
Erythras
Etsyena
Euaza
Eukarpia
Euhippe
Eumeneia
Euromus
Euthenae
Euxine
Gambrium
Gerga
Gergitha
Gerriadai
Glauke
Gryneium
Halicarnassus
Halisarna
Harpasa
Helos
Heraclea at Latmus
Heraclea in Aeolis
Heraclea in Lydia
Heraclea Salbace
Hermocapelia
Hierapolis
Hieropolis
Hierocaesarea
Homadena
Hydai
Hydas
Hydissus
Hygassos
Hyllarima
Hypaepa
Hypokremnos
Hyrcanis
Iasos
Iaza
Idyma
Ioniapolis
Ioudda
Ipsus
Isinda in Ionia
Iskome
Kadyie
Kaira
Kalabantia
Kasara
Kasossos
Kaualena
Kaunos
Kaymakçı Tepe
Kilaraza
Kildara
Klazomenai
Kleimaka
Kleros Politike
Knidos
Koddinou Petra
Koraia
Korakoe
Koresa
Kouara
Kyllene
Kymnissa
Kys
Labraunda
Lagina
Lalandos
Lamyana
Lankena
Laodicea on the Lycus
Larisa in Caria
Larisa in Ionia
Larisa in Lydia
Larissa Phrikonis
Larymna
Lasnedda
Latmus
Lebedus
Leimon
Leucae
Leucophrys
Limantepe
Lobolda
Loryma
Lunda
Lydae
Lyrna
Lysimachia
Madnasa
Maeandropolis
Magnesia ad Sipylum
Magnesia on the Maeander
Maiboza
Maionia in Lydia
Malene
Marathesium
Mastaura
Meiros
Meiros Megale
Melampagos
Meloukome
Metropolis in Lydia
Metropolis in southern Phrygia
Miletus
Mylasa
Mobolla
Mokolda
Mossyna
Mostene
Motella
Myloukome
Myndus
Myrina
Myus
Nais
Nasos
Naulochon
Naulochus
Naxia
Neapolis
Neonteichos
Nisyra
Notion
Nymphaeum
Nysa on the Maeander
Odon
Oenoanda
Olaeis
Olymos
Oroanna
Orthoisa
Ortygia
Otrus
Palaemyndus
Palaeopolis
Panasion
Panormus near Miletus
Panormus near Halicarnassus
Parsada
Parthenium
Passala
Passanda
Pedasa
Peltae
Pepuza
Pergamon
Perperene
Philadelphia in Lydia
Phocaea
Phoenix in Caria
Physcus
Phyteia
Pidasa
Pinara
Pisilis
Pisye
Pitane
Pladasa
Plarasa
Polichna in Ionia
Polichne in Ionia
Polybotus
Pordoselene
Priene
Prymnessus
Pteleum
Pydnae
Pygela
Pyrnus
Pyrrha
Saouenda
Sardis
Satala in Lydia
Sebaste in Phrygia
Sebastopolis in Caria
Setae
Side in Caria
Sidussa
Silandus
Sillyos
Sion
Skolopoeis
Smyrna
Soa
Spore
Stadia
Stectorium
Stratonicea in Lydia
Stratonicea in Caria
Strobilos
Syangela
Symbra
Synaus
Syneta
Synnada
Syrna
Tabae
Tabala
Tateikome
Taza
Teichiussa
Telandrus
Temenothyra
Temnos
Tempsis
Tendeba
Teos
Termera
Teuthrania
Thasthara
Theangela
Thebe Hypoplakia
Thebes
Thera
Thyaira
Thyatira
Thymbrara
Thyssanus
Tisna
Tlos in Caria
Tomara
Traianopolis
Trapezopolis
Trarium
Triopium
Tripolis on the Meander
Troketta
Tyanollos
Tymion
Tymnos
Ula
Uranium
Zemmeana
Zingotos Kome
Black Sea
Abonoteichos
Aegialus
Aiginetes
Alaca Höyük
Amasia
Amastris
Ancon
Anticinolis
Argyria
Armene
Berissa
Bonita
Boon
Cabira
Cales
Callistratia
Carambis
Carissa
Carussa
Cerasus
Chadisia
Cinolis
Cizari
Colonia in Armenia
Colussa
Comana in the Pontus
Coralla
Cordyle
Cratia
Crenides
Cromen
Cromna
Cyptasia
Cytorus
Dia
Diacopa
Elaeus
Endeira
Erythini
Euchaita
Eusene
Gadilon
Garius
Garzoubanthon
Gaziura
Gozalena
Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
Hattusa
Heraclea Pontica
Heracleium
Hermonassa
Hieron Oros
Hüseyindede Tepe
Hyssus
Ibora
Ischopolis
Karza
Kelesa
Kimista
Laodicea Pontica
Libiopolis
Lillium
Metroon
Mokata
Naustathmus
Nerik
Nicopolis
Ophis
Oxinas
Patara
Pharnacia
Phazemon
Philocaleia
Pida
Pimolisa
Polemonium
Pompeiopolis
Potami
Prusias ad Hypium
Pteria in Paphlagonia
Salatiwara
Samuha
Sandaraca
Sapinuwa
Satala
Saurania
Sebastopolis in Pontus
Stephane
Syderos
Themiscyra
Thymena
Timolaeum
Tium
Tripolis
Virasia
Yazılıkaya
Zagorus
Zaliche
Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
Ziporea
Central Anatolia
Abouadeineita
Alişar Hüyük
Amblada
Anadynata
Anastasiopolis
Andabalis
Anisa
Anniaca
Antoniopolis
Anzoulada
Aquae Saravenae
Aralla
Arasaxa
Archalla
Ardistama
Ariaramneia
Ariarathia
Armaxa
Artiknos
Aspenzinsos
Astra
Atenia
Balbissa
Balgatia
Barate
Bathys Rhyax
Binbirkilise
Blucium
Borissos
Campae
Camuliana
Candara
Carus Vicus
Çatalhöyük
Cimiata
Ciscissus
Cinna
Claneus
Comitanassus
Congustus
Corna
Corniaspa
Coropassus
Cotenna
Cybistra
Cyzistra
Dadastana
Dasmenda
Derbe
Diocaesarea
Doara
Dometiopolis
Dorylaeum
Ecdaumava
Ecobriga
Ergobrotis
Euaissa
Eudocia (Cappadocia)
Eudocia (Phrygia)
Eulepa
Faustinopolis
Germa
Gorbeus
Gordium
Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
Heraclea Cybistra
Herpha
Hieropotamon
Homana
Hyde
Ilistra
Irenopolis
Isauropolis
Juliopolis
Kaman-Kalehöyük
Kanotala
Karbala
Keissia
Kerkenes
Kilistra
Kindyria
Kobara
Kodylessos
Korama
Koron
Kültepe (Kanesh)
Lageina
Lamatorma
Laodicea Combusta
Laroumada
Lauzadus
Limnae
Lystra
Malandasa
Malus in Galatia
Malus in Phrygia
Meloë
Metropolis in northern Phrygia
Midaeium
Mistea
Mnizus
Mokissos
Mourisa
Moutalaske
Musbanda
Myrika
Nakoleia
Nazianzus
Nitazi
Nora
Nyssa
Ochras
Olosada
Orcistus
Papirion
Parnassus
Pedachtoë
Pedaia
Peium
Perta
Pessinus
Pharax
Phlara
Pillitokome
Pissia
Pithoi
Pontanena
Posala
Pteria
Purushanda
Pyrgoi
Sadagolthina
Salamboreia
Salarama
Sasima
Savatra
Sbida
Sedasa
Senzousa
Sereana
Sibora
Sidamaria
Skandos
Soanda
Soandos
Sora
Takourtha
Tavium
Thebasa
Thouththourbia
Tiberiopolis
Trocmades
Tyana
Tynna
Tyriaeum
Vasada
Verinopolis
Zeita
Zizima
Eastern Anatolia
Altıntepe
Ani
Arsamosata
Cafer Höyük
Camachus
Citharizum
Dadima
Justinianopolis
Melid
Sugunia
Theodosiopolis
Tushpa
Marmara
Abarnis
Abydos
Achaiion
Achilleion
Ad Statuas
Adrasteia
Aegospotami
Agora
Aianteion in Thrace
Aianteion in the Troad
Ainos
Alexandria Troas
Alopeconnesus
Ammoi
Amycus
Anaplous
Apamea Myrlea
Aphrodisias
Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
Aprus
Apsoda
Arbeila
Argiza
Argyria
Argyronion
Argyropolis
Arisba
Artace
Artaiouteichos
Artanes
Assos
Astacus
Astyra in Troad
Athyras
Aureliane
Aureliopolis
Baradendromia
Baris
Basilica Therma
Basilinopolis
Bathonea
Bathys Limen
Beodizo
Bergule
Birytis
Bisanthe
Bitenas
Bithynium
Blachernae
Bolos
Boradion
Brunca
Burtudizon
Bythias
Byzantium
Byzapena
Caenophrurium
Callum
Calpe
Canopus
Cardia
Cebrene
Cenchreae
Cenon Gallicanon
Chalcaea
Chalcedon
Charax
Charmidea
Chelae on the Black Sea
Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
Choiragria
Chryse
Chrysopolis
Cius
Clitae
Cobrys
Cocylium
Colla
Colonae
Cremaste
Crenides
Cressa
Crithote
Cypasis
Cypsela
Cyzicus
Dadokome
Dacibyza
Damalis
Daphne Mainomene
Daphnus
Dardanus
Dascylium
Dascylium in Bithynia
Dekaton in Bithynia
Dekaton in Thrace
Delkos
Delphin
Deris
Desa
Didymateiche
Diolkides
Drabus
Drizipara/Drusipara
Eirakla
Elaea in Bithynia
Elaeus
Elekosmioi
Embolos
Ergasteria
Eribolum
Gargara
Gentinos
Gergis
Germa
Germanicopolis
Hadriani ad Olympum
Hadriania
Hadrianotherae
Halone
Hamaxitus
Harpagion
Hebdomon
Helenopolis/Drepanum
Heracleium
Hermaion
Hieria
Hierion
Iasonion
Ide
Ilieon Kome
Kabia
Kalamos
Kalasyrta
Kale Peuke
Kalos Agros
Kampos
Kassa
Katapaspanas
Kepos
Kizoura
Koila
Kolonai
Kosilaos
Koubaita
Kyparodes
Kypra
Lamponeia
Lampsacus
Larisa in Troad
Lasthenes
Leptoia
Liada
Libum
Libyssa
Limnae in Bithynia
Limnae in Thrace
Linus
Lupadium
Lygos
Lysimachia
Madytus
Mantineion
Marpessos
Miletopolis
Mocasura
Mochadion
Modra
Morzapena
Mossynea
Moukaporis
Myrileion
Narco
Nassete
Nausikleia
Nausimachion
Neandreia
Neapolis on the Bosphorus
Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
Neonteichos
Nerola
Nicomedia
Oka
Ontoraita
Ophryneion
Orestias
Orni
Ostreodes
Pactya
Paeon
Paesus
Palodes
Panion
Pantichium
Parabolos
Parium
Paulines
Pegae in Mysia
Pegae in Thrace
Pege
Pentephyle
Percote
Pericharaxis
Perinthus
Petrozetoi
Pharmakia
Phidalia Petra
Phiela
Philia
Phosphorus
Pionia
Pitheci Portus
Placia
Ploketta
Poemanenum
Poleatikon
Polychron
Polymedium
Potamoi
Potamonion
Praenetus
Pratomysia
Prepa
Priapus
Prindea
Proconnesus
Proochthoi
Prusa
Psarela
Psyllium
Pyrrhias Cyon
Pytheion
Rhebas
Rhegion
Rhesion
Rhoiteion
Rouphinianai
Salmydessus
Sangarus
Scamandria
Scamandrus
Scepsis
Scylace
Scylla
Selymbria
Semystra
Serrion Teichos
Sestos
Sigeion
Sirkanos
Smintheion
Soka
Strobilos
Sykai
Syllanta
Tarpodizo
Tarsus in Bithynia
Tattaios
Tenba
Terbos
Tesderamoska
Tetrakomia
Tipaso
Tragasai
Thynias
Traron
Tricomia in Bithynia
Troy (Hisarlik)
Tyrodiza
Tzurulum
Urisio
Utsurgae
Zeleia
Mediterranean
Acalissus
Acarassus
Adada
Adrasus
Aegae
Agrae
Alalakh
Amelas
Anabura in Pisidia
Anazarbus
Anchiale
Andeda
Andriaca
Anemurium
Ano Kotradis
Antigonia
Antioch on the Orontes
Antioch of Pisidia
Antiochia Lamotis
Antioch on the Cragus
Antioch on the Pyramis
Antiphellus
Aperlae
Aphrodisias of Cilicia
Apollonia in Lycia
Arabissus
Araxa
Ariassus
Arima
Arnabanda
Arneae
Arsada
Arsinoe
Artanada
Arycanda
Aspendos
Augai
Augusta
Aulae
Aunesis
Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
Balbura
Baris
Bindaios
Bubon
Cabassus
Cadrema
Cadyanda
Callimache
Calynda
Carallia
Carmylessus
Casae
Castabala
Ceretapa
Cestrus
Charadrus
Choma
Cibyra Mikra
Claudiopolis
Colybrassus
Comama
Comana in Cappadocia
Comba
Conana
Coracesium
Corycium Antrum
Corycus (Kızkalesi)
Corydala
Cremna
Cretopolis
Crya
Cyaneae
Cyrrhus
Daedala
Dalisandus in Isauria
Dalisandus in Pamphylia
Damasei
Dias
Diocaesarea
Domuztepe
Elaiussa Sebaste
Elbessos
Emirzeli
Epiphania
Erymna
Etenna
Eudocia (Lycia)
Eudocias (Pamphylia)
Flaviopolis
Gagae
Gözlükule
Hacilar
Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
Halae
Hamaxia
Hierapolis
Hippucome
Holmi
Hyia
Idebessos
Idyros
Iotape
Irenopolis
Isaura Nea
Isaura Palaea
Isba
Isinda in Lycia
Isinda in Pisidia
Issus
Istlada
Juliosebaste
Kalanthia
Kalelibelen
Kandyba
Kanytelis
Karakabaklı
Karatepe
Karkabo
Kastellon
Keraia
Kibyra
Kiphisos
Kirkota
Kitanaura
Kodroula
Kolbasa
Korasion
Korma
Kynosarion
Laertes
Lagbe
Lamos
Lebessus
Legeita
Limnae in Pamphylia
Limnae in Pisidia
Limyra
Lissa
Lycae
Lyrbe
Lysinia
Magarsa
Magastara
Magydus
Mallus
Malus in Pisidia
Mampsoukrenai
Mamure Castle
Manava
Mandane
Marciana
Marmara (Mnara)
Mastaura
Meloë
Melanippe
Meriana
Mezgitkale
Moatra
Mopsucrene
Mopsuestia
Morka
Moron Hydor
Moumoustra
Mylae
Mylios
Myra
Myriandus
Nagidos
Nauloi
Neapolis in Pisidia
Nephelis
Nisa
Octapolis
Olba
Olbasa
Olbia
Olympus
Öküzlü
Onobara
Orokenda
Otanada
Ouerbe
Padyandus
Palaeopolis
Panemotichus
Panhormus
Pargais
Parlais
Patara
Pednelissus
Perga
Perminounda
Phaselis
Phellus
Philadelphia in Cilicia
Philaea
Phoenicus
Phoenix in Lycia
Pisarissos
Pisurgia
Placoma
Platanus
Podalia
Pogla
Prostanna
Pseudokorasion
Ptolemais
Rhodiapolis
Rhoscopus
Rhosus
Rygmanoi
Sabandus
Sagalassos
Sandalium
Saraganda
Sebeda
Seleucia in Pamphylia
Seleucia Pieria
Seleucia Sidera
Selge
Selinus
Seroiata
Serraepolis
Sia
Sibidounda
Sibyla
Side
Siderus
Sidyma
Sillyon
Simena
Sinda
Siricae
Soli
Solyma
Sozopolis
Sura
Syca
Syedra
Takina
Tapureli
Tardequeia
Tarsus
Teimiussa
Tell Judaidah
Tell Tayinat
Telmessos
Telmessos (Caria)
Tenedos
Termessos
Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
Titiopolis
Tityassus
Tlos
Toriaeum
Tragalassus
Trebendae
Trebenna
Trysa
Tyberissus
Tyinda
Tymandus
Tynada
Typallia
Xanthos
Yanıkhan
Yumuktepe
Zenopolis in Isauria
Zenopolis in Lycia
Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
SoutheasternAnatolia
Amida
Antioch in the Taurus
Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
Apamea on the Euphrates
Carcathiocerta
Carchemish
Çayönü
Dabanas
Dara
Doliche
Edessa
Göbekli Tepe
Hallan Çemi Tepesi
Harran
Khashshum
Kussara
Matiate
Nevalı Çori
Nicopolis in Cilicia
Nisibis
Sakçagözü
Sam'al
Samosata
Sareisa
Seleucia at the Zeugma
Sitai
Sultantepe
Tille
Tushhan
Urima
Urshu
Zeugma
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Pleiades
39°22′07″N 27°41′26″E / 39.36872°N 27.690683°E / 39.36872; 27.690683
This article about a location in ancient Troad is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This geographical article about a location in Balıkesir Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hierocles-1"},{"link_name":"ancient Mysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mysia"},{"link_name":"Macestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macestus"},{"link_name":"Rhyndacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyndacus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"archbishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hierocles-1"},{"link_name":"Council of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Calcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Karaçam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7am,_Sava%C5%9Ftepe"},{"link_name":"Savaştepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9Ftepe"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrington-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Town of ancient MysiaGerma or Germe (Ancient Greek: Γέρμη) or Germae or Germai (Γέρμαι),[1] or Hiera Germa or Hiera Germe (Ἱερά Γέρμη), meaning 'holy Germa', also known as Germa in Hellesponto to distinguish it from several other towns named Germa, was a town of ancient Mysia, situated between the rivers Macestus and Rhyndacus.[2][3] It appears in episcopal notices as an archbishopric.[1] and was represented at the Council of Ephesus and Calcedon[4] by the towns bishop. No longer the seat of a residential archbishop, it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[5]Its site is located near Karaçam in Savaştepe, Asiatic Turkey.[6][7]","title":"Germa (Mysia)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hierocles. Synecdemus. Vol. p. 663, 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus)","url_text":"Hierocles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdemus","url_text":"Synecdemus"}]},{"reference":"Ptolemy. The Geography. Vol. 5.2.14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy","url_text":"Ptolemy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)","url_text":"The Geography"}]},{"reference":"Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium","url_text":"Stephanus of Byzantium"}]},{"reference":"Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 56, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Talbert","url_text":"Richard Talbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World","url_text":"Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03169-9","url_text":"978-0-691-03169-9"}]},{"reference":"Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University","url_text":"Lund University"},{"url":"http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/29046.html","url_text":"Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germa_(Mysia)¶ms=39.36872_N_27.690683_E_source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/29046","external_links_name":"39°22′07″N 27°41′26″E / 39.36872°N 27.690683°E / 39.36872; 27.690683"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2g27.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy"},{"Link":"http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/29046.html","external_links_name":"Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550577","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germa_(Mysia)¶ms=39.36872_N_27.690683_E_source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/29046","external_links_name":"39°22′07″N 27°41′26″E / 39.36872°N 27.690683°E / 39.36872; 27.690683"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germa_(Mysia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germa_(Mysia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Zulm%C3%A9_Dabadie | Zulmé Dabadie | ["1 Early life and training","2 Career at the Opéra","3 Other activities","4 Retirement and later life","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | French opera singer
Zulmé DabadieBornZulmée Leroux(1795-10-15)15 October 1795Boulogne-sur-Mer, FranceDied21 November 1877(1877-11-21) (aged 82)Paris, FranceOccupationOpera singerSpouseHenri-Bernard DabadieFamilyClara Lavry (sister)Signature
Zulmé Dabadie, born Zulmée Leroux and also known as Louise-Zulmé Dabadie (15 October 1795 – 21 November 1877), was a French opera singer active at the Paris Opéra, where she sang both soprano and mezzo-soprano roles. Amongst the roles she created were Jemmy in Rossini's William Tell and Sinaïde in his Moïse et Pharaon. Born in Boulogne-sur-Mer and trained at the Conservatoire de Paris, she made her stage debut at the Paris Opéra in 1821 and remained with that company until her retirement from the stage in 1835. After her retirement she taught singing in Paris, where she died at the age of 82. She was married to the French baritone Henri-Bernard Dabadie.
Early life and training
She was born Zulmée Leroux on 15 October 1795 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where she began her music studies. Her father was Benoît Leroux, a musician, and her mother was Louise Pallasalle. Her younger sister, Clara Leroux (born 1806 in Boulogne-sur-Mer), also became a singer, who after her marriage was known as Mme Lavry and debuted at the Opéra as the Lady-in-waiting to Isabelle in the 1831 premiere of Meyerbeer's opera Robert le diable.
Zulmé Leroux enrolled at the Conservatoire de Paris on 9 July 1814, made rapid progress in solfège and continued her studies in singing under Charles-Henri Plantade. She was awarded first prize in singing and declamation in 1819 and second prize in piano in 1823.
Career at the Opéra
She made her stage debut under the name Zulmé Leroux at the Paris Opéra on 31 January 1821 as Antigone in Sacchini's Œdipe à Colone. On 23 March of that year she was offered a permanent position at the Opéra as a cover (remplacement) for the primadonnas Caroline Branchu and Caroline Grassari, singing their roles when they were unavailable. When Branchu retired, Dabadie was promoted to the first rank.
On 6 November 1821, she married one of the Opéra's leading baritones, Bernard Dabadie, and was billed as Mme Dabadie when she created the title role of Anton Reicha's Sapho on 16 December 1822. She and her husband often appeared together in the premieres of the same operas, such as Rossini's Moïse et Pharaon (26 March 1827) and William Tell (3 August 1829). The couple had several children, including a son Victor (1823–1853) and a daughter Claire (born 19 January 1837), who was also a musician prior to her marriage to the architect Edmond Guillaume on 13 June 1866.
Her first big success in a major role at the Opéra came in August 1825 as Julia in Spontini's La vestale. In June of that year she had sung the role of The Spirit of France in Boieldieu's Pharamond. The opera was a failure at its premiere, which was attended by the recently crowned King Charles X, and only the final tableau with Dabadie was singled out for praise. She appeared on a cloud dressed in a gold breastplate and helmet and carrying a banner emblazoned with the fleur-de-lis. She then gestured to the back curtain, which parted to reveal a receding line of illustrious French kings ending with the Arc de Triomphe and the Tuileries Palace on the far horizon.
Dabadie as the angel Mizaël in La tentation, 1832
Dabadie as Pamyra in Le siège de Corinthe
Dabadie went on to create the roles of Sinaïde in Moïse et Pharaon (1827), Lady Macbeth in Chélard's Macbeth (1827), Jemmy in William Tell (1829), Mizaël in La tentation (1832), and Arvedson in Gustave III (1833). Her other leading roles at the Opéra included Eurydice in Orphée et Eurydice, Iphigénie in Iphigénie en Tauride, Pamyra in Le siège de Corinthe, Adèle in Le comte Ory, Amazily in Fernand Cortez, and Églantine in the first French performance of Euryanthe. Dabadie's voice was beautiful and well-schooled, with a purity of style and diction, but Laure Cinti-Damoreau somewhat eclipsed her fame when she joined the company in 1826. Several of the leading roles in Paris Opéra premieres were given to Cinti-Damoreau, with Dabadie either in secondary roles (as in Moïse et Pharaon and William Tell) or singing Cinti-Damoreau's roles in revival performances (such as Le siège de Corinthe and Le comte Ory).
Other activities
From 1821 to 1830, Dabadie was also a principal singer in the Chapelle royale of Louis XVIII and later Charles X. She had been engaged by the Duc de La Châtre in 1821 after he heard her performance at Notre Dame Cathedral in a Te Deum marking the baptism of the Count of Chambord. In addition to her appearances at the Opéra and the Chapelle royale, Dabadie regularly sang in the concert series held by the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire and twice performed cantatas in the final round of the Prix de Rome composition competition. In 1827 she sang Jean-Baptiste Guiraud's version of La Mort d'Orphée, the first-prize winner. Berlioz hired her to sing his version of Hermine for the 1828 competition and was awarded the second prize. He hired her again in 1829 for La mort de Cléopâtre. She sang in the qualification round, but a last-minute rehearsal for the premiere of William Tell prevented her from singing it in the final round. Instead, she sent her sister Clara, who was still a student at the Paris Conservatory and was overwhelmed by the difficulty of the score. Berlioz failed to win either first or second prize.
Retirement and later life
Dabadie and her husband retired from the stage in 1835, after which they both taught singing in Paris. Writing in 1861, François-Joseph Fétis attributed her relatively early retirement to a serious deterioration of her voice and claimed that this early vocal decline was due to the "deplorable" training system at the Paris Conservatory during the years she studied there. This assessment was strongly disputed by Jacques-Léopold Heugel in his obituary of Dabadie published in Le Ménestrel. According to Heugel, her vocal powers were undiminished at the time of her retirement. He wrote that Dabadie had been schooled and excelled in works of the earlier classical composers such as Gluck, Sacchini, and Spontini and saw no future for herself in the newer repertoire that was coming into vogue at the Opéra.
Her husband, Bernard Dabadie, died in 1853. Zulmé died at her home on the rue Louis-le-Grand in Paris on 21 November 1877 at the age of 82. Following her funeral at the Église de la Madeleine, she was buried next to her husband in Montmartre Cemetery.
Notes
^ A birth date of 15 October 1795 is consistent with her reported ages of 70 at the time of the marriage of her daughter Claire on 13 June 1866 and 82 at her death on 21 November 1877. François-Joseph Fétis states she was born in Paris on 20 March 1804. Constant Pierre, a historian of the Conservatoire de Paris, gives her name as Louise-Zulmé Le Roux and her birth date as 20 March 1804, but says she was born in Pas-de-Calais . A birth date of 20 March 1804 and birth place of Boulogne-sur-Mer are also given by Elizabeth Forbes in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera and by the Großes Sängerlexikon. Jean-Louis Tamvaco says she was born in Boulogne-sur-Mer on 15 October 1797.
^ According to Jean-Louis Tamvaco, she had another sister, Pauline Leroux (1809–1891), a dancer whose father was an army officer who had died in 1812 during the retreat from Moscow. That Pauline Leroux was Zulmé Dabadie's sister may be erroneous, since Pauline Leroux's father is said to have been Louis-Bénigne-Marie Leroux and mother, Marguerite-Suzanne (née Lecocq).
^ For the Prix de Rome, the competitors were all required to set the same text as a cantata. The competitors hired their own singers for the performances before the jury.
References
^ a b c Forbes, Elizabeth (1992). "Dabadie (née Zulme Leroux), Louise". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 3 November 2019 (subscription required for full access).
^ a b Commons:File:Birth record of Zulmé Leroux – Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer, section des Cazernes, acte de naissance n°66 dressé le 24 vendémiaire an IV, vue 460.png
^ a b Commons:File:Record of marriage 13 June 1866 Edmond Guillaume and Claire Dabadie 2nd arrond of Paris V4E 161 view 26 of 31 No. 423 archives AD075EC V4E 00161 0089.JPG
^ a b Commons:File:Record of death of Zulmé Leroux on 21 Nov 1877.jpg
^ a b c d e f Heugel, Jacques-Léopold (25 November 1877). "Nécrologie". Le Ménestrel, p. 416. Retrieved 3 November 2019 (in French).
^ a b Béjart, Frédéric (24 November 1877). "Courrier des théâtres". Le Petit Parisien, p. 4. Retrieved 5 November 2019 (in French). See also: Commons:File:Death notice of Zulmé Dabadie in Le Petit Parisien, 24 Nov 1877.png.
^ a b c d e f Fétis, François-Joseph (1861) "Dabadie (Mme. Louise-Zulmé)". Biographie universelle des musiciens, Vol. 2, p. 410. Firmin Didot (in French)
^ a b Constant Pierre, "Le Roux (Louise-Zulmé), née 20 mars 1804", p. 796, in Le Conservatoire national de musique et de déclamation (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1900).
^ a b c Kutsch, Karl-Josef and Riemens, Leo (2004). "Leroux-Dabadie, Louise-Zulme". Großes Sängerlexikon (4th edition), p. 2695. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 359844088X (in German)
^ a b c d e f Tamvaco, Jean-Louis (2000). "Dabadie / Leroux ", pp. 919–921, in Les Cancans de l'Opéra: Chroniques de l'Académie Royale de Musique et du théâtre, à Paris sous les deux Restaurations. CNRS. 1307 pages. OCLC 1063925895. ISBN 2271057426.
^ a b c d White, Kimberly (2018). Female Singers on the French Stage, 1830–1848, p. 146. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1108643191
^ Smith, Marian (2004). "Backstage at the Paris Opéra in the 1830s" . Dance Chronicle, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 427–431. JSTOR 1568171.
^ Hallman, Diana R. (2007). Opera, Liberalism, and Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century France, p. 274. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521038812.
^ "Mme Dabadie", plate 45, in Galerie Théâtrale, ou Collection des portraits en pied des principaux acteurs des premiers théâtres de la capitale, vol. 3. Paris: Bance ainé.
^ Commons:File:Reconstituted record of marriage 6 Novembre 1821 Bernard Dabadie and Zulmée Leroux V3E-M 247 vue 21-51 archives AD075ER V3E M 00247 00619 C.JPG
^ Empis, A. S.; Cournol, H. (1822). "Personnages. Acteurs." in Sapho, tragédie lyrique en trois actes . Paris: Roullet.
^ Walton, Benjamin (2007). Rossini in Restoration Paris: The Sound of Modern Life, p. 76. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521870607
^ Hamer, Laura (2018). Female Composers, Conductors, Performers: Musiciennes of Interwar France, 1919–1939, p. 143. Routledge. ISBN 1315451476
^ Rushton, Julian (2013). Liner notes: Hector Berlioz, Les Nuits d'été and La Mort de Cléopâtre, p. 13. Linn Records 0421. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
External links
Media related to Louise-Zulmé Dabadie at Wikimedia Commons
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tentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_tentation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mme_Dabadie_as_Pamyra_%E2%80%93_Galerie_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trale_vol._3_(1834)_view_372%E2%80%93_%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_(adjusted).jpg"},{"link_name":"Le siège de Corinthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Corinthe"},{"link_name":"Chélard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Andr%C3%A9_Jean_Baptiste_Ch%C3%A9lard"},{"link_name":"La tentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_tentation"},{"link_name":"Gustave III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_III_(Auber)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Orphée et Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_et_Eurydice"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie en Tauride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride"},{"link_name":"Le siège de Corinthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Corinthe"},{"link_name":"Le comte Ory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_comte_Ory"},{"link_name":"Fernand Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Euryanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryanthe"},{"link_name":"Laure Cinti-Damoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_Cinti-Damoreau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LM1-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSL-9"}],"text":"She made her stage debut under the name Zulmé Leroux at the Paris Opéra on 31 January 1821 as Antigone in Sacchini's Œdipe à Colone.[14] On 23 March of that year she was offered a permanent position at the Opéra as a cover (remplacement) for the primadonnas Caroline Branchu and Caroline Grassari, singing their roles when they were unavailable. When Branchu retired, Dabadie was promoted to the first rank.[7]On 6 November 1821, she married one of the Opéra's leading baritones, Bernard Dabadie,[15] and was billed as Mme Dabadie when she created the title role of Anton Reicha's Sapho on 16 December 1822.[16] She and her husband often appeared together in the premieres of the same operas, such as Rossini's Moïse et Pharaon (26 March 1827) and William Tell (3 August 1829).[9] The couple had several children, including a son Victor (1823–1853)[10] and a daughter Claire (born 19 January 1837), who was also a musician prior to her marriage to the architect Edmond Guillaume [fr] on 13 June 1866.[3][5][11]Her first big success in a major role at the Opéra came in August 1825 as Julia in Spontini's La vestale. In June of that year she had sung the role of The Spirit of France in Boieldieu's Pharamond. The opera was a failure at its premiere, which was attended by the recently crowned King Charles X, and only the final tableau with Dabadie was singled out for praise. She appeared on a cloud dressed in a gold breastplate and helmet and carrying a banner emblazoned with the fleur-de-lis. She then gestured to the back curtain, which parted to reveal a receding line of illustrious French kings ending with the Arc de Triomphe and the Tuileries Palace on the far horizon.[5][11][7][17]Dabadie as the angel Mizaël in La tentation, 1832Dabadie as Pamyra in Le siège de CorintheDabadie went on to create the roles of Sinaïde in Moïse et Pharaon (1827), Lady Macbeth in Chélard's Macbeth (1827), Jemmy in William Tell (1829), Mizaël in La tentation (1832), and Arvedson in Gustave III (1833).[1] Her other leading roles at the Opéra included Eurydice in Orphée et Eurydice, Iphigénie in Iphigénie en Tauride, Pamyra in Le siège de Corinthe, Adèle in Le comte Ory, Amazily in Fernand Cortez, and Églantine in the first French performance of Euryanthe. Dabadie's voice was beautiful and well-schooled, with a purity of style and diction, but Laure Cinti-Damoreau somewhat eclipsed her fame when she joined the company in 1826. Several of the leading roles in Paris Opéra premieres were given to Cinti-Damoreau, with Dabadie either in secondary roles (as in Moïse et Pharaon and William Tell) or singing Cinti-Damoreau's roles in revival performances (such as Le siège de Corinthe and Le comte Ory).[5][11][9]","title":"Career at the Opéra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapelle royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelle_royale"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Duc de La Châtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_duc_de_La_Chastre"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Count of Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord"},{"link_name":"Société des Concerts du Conservatoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Concerts_du_Conservatoire"},{"link_name":"cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlioz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LM1-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linn-22"}],"text":"From 1821 to 1830, Dabadie was also a principal singer in the Chapelle royale of Louis XVIII and later Charles X. She had been engaged by the Duc de La Châtre in 1821 after he heard her performance at Notre Dame Cathedral in a Te Deum marking the baptism of the Count of Chambord. In addition to her appearances at the Opéra and the Chapelle royale, Dabadie regularly sang in the concert series held by the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire and twice performed cantatas in the final round of the Prix de Rome composition competition.[c] In 1827 she sang Jean-Baptiste Guiraud's version of La Mort d'Orphée, the first-prize winner. Berlioz hired her to sing his version of Hermine for the 1828 competition and was awarded the second prize. He hired her again in 1829 for La mort de Cléopâtre. She sang in the qualification round, but a last-minute rehearsal for the premiere of William Tell prevented her from singing it in the final round. Instead, she sent her sister Clara, who was still a student at the Paris Conservatory and was overwhelmed by the difficulty of the score. Berlioz failed to win either first or second prize.[5][19]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François-Joseph Fétis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_F%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"Le Ménestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9nestrel"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluck"},{"link_name":"Sacchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sacchini"},{"link_name":"Spontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fetis-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LM1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cancan-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeathRecord-4"},{"link_name":"Église de la Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Montmartre Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cancan-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPP1-6"}],"text":"Dabadie and her husband retired from the stage in 1835, after which they both taught singing in Paris. Writing in 1861, François-Joseph Fétis attributed her relatively early retirement to a serious deterioration of her voice and claimed that this early vocal decline was due to the \"deplorable\" training system at the Paris Conservatory during the years she studied there. This assessment was strongly disputed by Jacques-Léopold Heugel in his obituary of Dabadie published in Le Ménestrel. According to Heugel, her vocal powers were undiminished at the time of her retirement. He wrote that Dabadie had been schooled and excelled in works of the earlier classical composers such as Gluck, Sacchini, and Spontini and saw no future for herself in the newer repertoire that was coming into vogue at the Opéra.[7][5]Her husband, Bernard Dabadie, died in 1853.[10] Zulmé died at her home on the rue Louis-le-Grand in Paris on 21 November 1877 at the age of 82.[4] Following her funeral at the Église de la Madeleine, she was buried next to her husband in Montmartre Cemetery.[10][6]","title":"Retirement and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaireMarriageRecord-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeathRecord-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LM1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPP1-6"},{"link_name":"François-Joseph Fétis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_F%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fetis-7"},{"link_name":"Constant Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Pierre"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstantPierre-8"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Forbes_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"Großes Sängerlexikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_S%C3%A4ngerlexikon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSL-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cancan-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Pauline Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Leroux"},{"link_name":"retreat from Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_from_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cancan-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hallman-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamer-20"}],"text":"^ A birth date of 15 October 1795 is consistent with her reported ages of 70 at the time of the marriage of her daughter Claire on 13 June 1866[3] and 82 at her death on 21 November 1877.[4][5][6] François-Joseph Fétis states she was born in Paris on 20 March 1804.[7] Constant Pierre, a historian of the Conservatoire de Paris, gives her name as Louise-Zulmé Le Roux and her birth date as 20 March 1804, but says she was born in Pas-de-Calais [where Boulogne-sur-Mer is located].[8] A birth date of 20 March 1804 and birth place of Boulogne-sur-Mer are also given by Elizabeth Forbes in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera[1] and by the Großes Sängerlexikon.[9] Jean-Louis Tamvaco says she was born in Boulogne-sur-Mer on 15 October 1797.[10]\n\n^ According to Jean-Louis Tamvaco, she had another sister, Pauline Leroux (1809–1891), a dancer whose father was an army officer who had died in 1812 during the retreat from Moscow.[10][12][13] That Pauline Leroux was Zulmé Dabadie's sister may be erroneous, since Pauline Leroux's father is said to have been Louis-Bénigne-Marie Leroux and mother, Marguerite-Suzanne (née Lecocq).\n\n^ For the Prix de Rome, the competitors were all required to set the same text as a cantata. The competitors hired their own singers for the performances before the jury.[18]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Dabadie as the angel Mizaël in La tentation, 1832","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dabadie_as_the_angel_in_%27La_tentation%27_-_Maleuvre_-_Gallica_-_cropped.jpg/180px-Dabadie_as_the_angel_in_%27La_tentation%27_-_Maleuvre_-_Gallica_-_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dabadie as Pamyra in Le siège de Corinthe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mme_Dabadie_as_Pamyra_%E2%80%93_Galerie_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trale_vol._3_%281834%29_view_372%E2%80%93_%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_%28adjusted%29.jpg/180px-Mme_Dabadie_as_Pamyra_%E2%80%93_Galerie_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trale_vol._3_%281834%29_view_372%E2%80%93_%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_%28adjusted%29.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000901240","external_links_name":"\"Dabadie (née Zulme Leroux), Louise\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5614375q/f8.image.","external_links_name":"\"Nécrologie\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k470504j/f4.item.","external_links_name":"\"Courrier des théâtres\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxmjonsciIcC&pg=PA410","external_links_name":"\"Dabadie (Mme. Louise-Zulmé)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MXAJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA796","external_links_name":"\"Le Roux (Louise-Zulmé), née 20 mars 1804\", p. 796"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&pg=PA2695","external_links_name":"\"Leroux-Dabadie, Louise-Zulme\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1063925895","external_links_name":"1063925895"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BqxcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Female Singers on the French Stage, 1830–1848"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568171","external_links_name":"1568171"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mqJqWBIV14UC&pg=PA274","external_links_name":"Opera, Liberalism, and Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century France"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SI7Kw5iXxfYC&pg=PT76","external_links_name":"\"Mme Dabadie\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SI7Kw5iXxfYC&pg=PR5","external_links_name":"this internal evidence"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OV1oAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"\"Personnages. Acteurs.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OV1oAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Sapho, tragédie lyrique en trois actes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wPzJ3nEwiJUC&pg=PA76","external_links_name":"Rossini in Restoration Paris: The Sound of Modern Life"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9EVbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143","external_links_name":"Female Composers, Conductors, Performers: Musiciennes of Interwar France, 1919–1939"},{"Link":"https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/LN0421.pdf","external_links_name":"Liner notes: Hector Berlioz, Les Nuits d'été and La Mort de Cléopâtre"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000011161732","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17490835","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148337727","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148337727","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV020938","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/20001415","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/15307924X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota | 1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota | ["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Candidates","1.2 Results","2 Republican primary","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Results","4 References"] | 1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota
← 1936
November 3, 1942
1948 →
Nominee
Harlan J. Bushfield
Tom Berry
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
106,704
74,945
Percentage
58.74%
41.26%
County resultsBushfield: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%Berry: 50–60% 60–70%No Vote:
U.S. senator before election
William J. Bulow
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Harlan J. Bushfield
Republican
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vte
The 1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 3, 1942. Incumbent Democratic Senator William J. Bulow ran for re-election to a third term. During the primary, Bulow was attacked for being insufficiently supportive of President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy and war preparedness. Former Governor Tom Berry, Bulow's chief opponent, drew a contrast between Bulow's isolationism and his support for Roosevelt's policies. In the end, Berry defeated Bulow in a landslide, and advanced to the general election, where he faced Harlan J. Bushfield, the incumbent Republican Governor of South Dakota. As Republicans gained ground nationwide, Bushfield defeated Berry in a landslide to pick up the seat for the Republican Party. Bushfield did not serve his full term, however; shortly before the 1948 U.S. Senate election, he died.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Tom Berry, former Governor of South Dakota
William J. Bulow, incumbent U.S. Senator
Edward Prchal, former member of the South Dakota Board of Regents
Results
Democratic primary
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Tom Berry
25,454
64.60%
Democratic
William J. Bulow (inc.)
10,956
27.80%
Democratic
Edward Prchal
2,994
7.60%
Total votes
39,404
100.00%
Republican primary
Candidates
Harlan J. Bushfield, Governor of South Dakota
Olive A. Ringsrud, Secretary of State of South Dakota
Results
Republican primary
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Harlan J. Bushfield
52,342
63.32%
Republican
Olive A. Ringsrud
30,325
36.68%
Total votes
82,667
100.00%
General election
Results
1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Republican
Harlan J. Bushfield
106,704
58.74%
+12.00%
Democratic
Tom Berry
74,945
41.26%
-7.57%
Majority
31,759
17.48%
+15.40%
Turnout
181,649
100.00%
Republican gain from Democratic
References
^ Mikkelson, Gordon; Milner, Harold S. (May 2, 1942). "Bulow-Berry Isolationism Fight And Four-Way Gubernatorial Tilt Highlight S. D. Political Battle". Evening Huronite. Huron, S.D. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ "Prchal to Run Against Bulow: Former Board of Regents Member to Seek Democratic Nomination". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, S.D. January 14, 1942. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ a b c Nelson, Nelson; Heinrich, Chad W., eds. (2005). "Chapter 8: Elections". Legislative Manual: South Dakota, 2005. Pierre, S.D. p. 631.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Evansville, IN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William J. Bulow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bulow"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Tom Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Berry_(South_Dakota_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Harlan J. Bushfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_J._Bushfield"},{"link_name":"gained ground nationwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1948 U.S. Senate election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota"}],"text":"The 1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 3, 1942. Incumbent Democratic Senator William J. Bulow ran for re-election to a third term. During the primary, Bulow was attacked for being insufficiently supportive of President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy and war preparedness. Former Governor Tom Berry, Bulow's chief opponent, drew a contrast between Bulow's isolationism and his support for Roosevelt's policies.[1] In the end, Berry defeated Bulow in a landslide, and advanced to the general election, where he faced Harlan J. Bushfield, the incumbent Republican Governor of South Dakota. As Republicans gained ground nationwide, Bushfield defeated Berry in a landslide to pick up the seat for the Republican Party. Bushfield did not serve his full term, however; shortly before the 1948 U.S. Senate election, he died.","title":"1942 United States Senate election in South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Berry_(South_Dakota_politician)"},{"link_name":"William J. Bulow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bulow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Tom Berry, former Governor of South Dakota\nWilliam J. Bulow, incumbent U.S. Senator\nEdward Prchal, former member of the South Dakota Board of Regents[2]","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlan J. Bushfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_J._Bushfield"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Harlan J. Bushfield, Governor of South Dakota\nOlive A. Ringsrud, Secretary of State of South Dakota","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mikkelson, Gordon; Milner, Harold S. (May 2, 1942). \"Bulow-Berry Isolationism Fight And Four-Way Gubernatorial Tilt Highlight S. D. Political Battle\". Evening Huronite. Huron, S.D. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/350486330/","url_text":"\"Bulow-Berry Isolationism Fight And Four-Way Gubernatorial Tilt Highlight S. D. Political Battle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prchal to Run Against Bulow: Former Board of Regents Member to Seek Democratic Nomination\". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, S.D. January 14, 1942. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/230013831/","url_text":"\"Prchal to Run Against Bulow: Former Board of Regents Member to Seek Democratic Nomination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Leader","url_text":"Argus Leader"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Nelson; Heinrich, Chad W., eds. (2005). \"Chapter 8: Elections\". Legislative Manual: South Dakota, 2005. Pierre, S.D. p. 631.","urls":[{"url":"http://sdsdl-montage.auto-graphics.com/#/item-details/entities_1092?from=search-results","url_text":"Legislative Manual: South Dakota, 2005"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/350486330/","external_links_name":"\"Bulow-Berry Isolationism Fight And Four-Way Gubernatorial Tilt Highlight S. D. Political Battle\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/230013831/","external_links_name":"\"Prchal to Run Against Bulow: Former Board of Regents Member to Seek Democratic Nomination\""},{"Link":"http://sdsdl-montage.auto-graphics.com/#/item-details/entities_1092?from=search-results","external_links_name":"Legislative Manual: South Dakota, 2005"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_not_easy_being_green_(disambiguation) | It's not easy being green (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | "It's not easy being green" is a phrase from the song "Bein' Green", originally sung by Kermit the Frog.
The phrase may also refer to:
It's Not Easy Being Green, a programme on BBC Two
It's Not Easy Being Green (album), a 1999 pop album by the Filipino rock band, Rivermaya
It's Not Easy Being Green (Once Upon a Time), a 2014 TV episode
See also
It's Not Easy Being...
It's Not Easy Being a Bunny
It's Not Easy Being Mean
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title It's not easy being green.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It's Not Easy Being Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Green"},{"link_name":"It's Not Easy Being Green (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Green_(album)"},{"link_name":"It's Not Easy Being Green (Once Upon a Time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Green_(Once_Upon_a_Time)"}],"text":"It's Not Easy Being Green, a programme on BBC Two\nIt's Not Easy Being Green (album), a 1999 pop album by the Filipino rock band, Rivermaya\nIt's Not Easy Being Green (Once Upon a Time), a 2014 TV episode","title":"It's not easy being green (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"It's Not Easy Being...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being..."},{"title":"It's Not Easy Being a Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_a_Bunny"},{"title":"It's Not Easy Being Mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Mean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/It%27s_not_easy_being_green_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/It%27s_not_easy_being_green_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSM_Group | VSM Group | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article is about Husqvarna Sewing Machines. For other uses, see Husqvarna.
Husqvarna Viking sewing machine
VSM Group AB (Viking Sewing Machines), previously named Husqvarna Sewing Machines is a company based in Huskvarna, Sweden.
Founded in 1872, the company is best known for "smart" (computerized) sewing machines and sergers under the brands Husqvarna Viking and Pfaff. The VSM brand produces several lines of sewing machines, the top being the Designer series and the lowest being the mechanical (non-computerized) Huskystars. The sewing machines change every year or so as the experts create upgrades. In February 2006 VSM Group was bought by Kohlberg & Co., who already owned the brand Singer. Singer and VSM Group have been merged into a company named SVP Worldwide, with headquarters in Hamilton, Bermuda, where the initials are reflecting the brands Singer, Viking and Pfaff.
History
In 1999, VSM Group took over Pfaff sewing machines. In December 2005, Industri Kapital sold VSM Group to Kohlberg Management IV, already owner of the Singer1 brand. The merger of the two entities then gave birth to SVP Worldwide, whose head office is in Hamilton, Bermuda. The name SVP identifies the three brands of the merger (Singer, VSM, Pfaff). All brands used by VSM group are under license from KSIN Luxembourg2.
See also
List of sewing machine brands
References
^ "SVP Worldwide".
^ "Homepage | IK Partners | People-First Private Equity". IK Partners. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
^ "KSIN LUXEMBOURG II, S.AR.L. Trademarks :: Justia Trademarks". trademarks.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
External links
Husqvarna Viking sewing machines
vteSewingTechniques
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VIAF
This product or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Husqvarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Husqvarna_viking.jpg"},{"link_name":"sewing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine"},{"link_name":"Huskvarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskvarna"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"sewing machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine"},{"link_name":"sergers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serger"},{"link_name":"Pfaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaff"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SVP Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVP_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about Husqvarna Sewing Machines. For other uses, see Husqvarna.Husqvarna Viking sewing machineVSM Group AB (Viking Sewing Machines), previously named Husqvarna Sewing Machines is a company based in Huskvarna, Sweden.Founded in 1872, the company is best known for \"smart\" (computerized) sewing machines and sergers under the brands Husqvarna Viking and Pfaff. The VSM brand produces several lines of sewing machines, the top being the Designer series and the lowest being the mechanical (non-computerized) Huskystars. The sewing machines change every year or so as the experts create upgrades. In February 2006 VSM Group was bought by Kohlberg & Co., who already owned the brand Singer. Singer and VSM Group have been merged into a company named SVP Worldwide, with headquarters in Hamilton, Bermuda, where the initials are reflecting the brands Singer, Viking and Pfaff.[1]","title":"VSM Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1999, VSM Group took over Pfaff sewing machines. In December 2005, Industri Kapital sold VSM Group to Kohlberg Management IV, already owner of the Singer1 brand.[2] The merger of the two entities then gave birth to SVP Worldwide, whose head office is in Hamilton, Bermuda. The name SVP identifies the three brands of the merger (Singer, VSM, Pfaff). All brands used by VSM group are under license from KSIN Luxembourg2.[3]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Husqvarna Viking sewing machine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Husqvarna_viking.jpg/220px-Husqvarna_viking.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of sewing machine brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sewing_machine_brands"}] | [{"reference":"\"SVP Worldwide\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svpworldwide.com/","url_text":"\"SVP Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage | IK Partners | People-First Private Equity\". IK Partners. Retrieved 2022-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ikpartners.com/","url_text":"\"Homepage | IK Partners | People-First Private Equity\""}]},{"reference":"\"KSIN LUXEMBOURG II, S.AR.L. Trademarks :: Justia Trademarks\". trademarks.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://trademarks.justia.com/owners/ksin-luxembourg-ii-s-ar-l-52798/","url_text":"\"KSIN LUXEMBOURG II, S.AR.L. Trademarks :: Justia Trademarks\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.svpworldwide.com/","external_links_name":"\"SVP Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://ikpartners.com/","external_links_name":"\"Homepage | IK Partners | People-First Private Equity\""},{"Link":"https://trademarks.justia.com/owners/ksin-luxembourg-ii-s-ar-l-52798/","external_links_name":"\"KSIN LUXEMBOURG II, S.AR.L. Trademarks :: Justia Trademarks\""},{"Link":"http://www.husqvarnaviking.com/","external_links_name":"Husqvarna Viking sewing machines"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2145193216970460191","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VSM_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_(1800_ship) | Cato (1800 ship) | ["1 History","2 Naming","3 Citations","4 References"] | Coordinates: 22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333Shipwreck in Queensland, Australia
For other ships with the same name, see Cato (ship).
Cato and HMS Porpoise
History
Great Britain
NameCato
OwnerReeve & Green, London
BuilderThomas Haw, Stockton, England
Launched2 December 1800
FateWrecked 17 August 1803.
General characteristics
Class and typeFull-rigged ship
Tons burthen430, or 43088⁄94, or 431(bm)
Armament4 × 6-pounder + 6 × 9-pounder guns
NotesCopper sheathing (1801)
Cato was launched at Stockton in 1800 and registered in London to Reeve & Green. She was wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in 1803 at (22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333).
History
Cato first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1802 with C. Pearson, master, changing to I. Park, and trade London—Suriname. The Register of Shipping has a little more information; it also reports Cato's armament, and shows her trade changing to London—Botany Bay.
Cato, Park, master, arrived in Port Jackson, New South Wales, from England on 9 March 1803, carrying stores.
Loss of the Porpoise & Cato 200 miles from land
On 10 August 1803, Cato left Sydney in the company of HMS Porpoise and Bridgewater, all bound for Canton. On 17 August the three ships got caught near a sandbank, 157 miles north and 51 miles east of Sandy Cape. With shrinking leeway, both Cato and Porpoise grounded.
Bridgewater sailed on, despite knowing that the other two vessels had come to grief. The crew and passengers of the wrecked vessels were able to land on a sandbank as both their ships broke up.
On 26 August 1803 with no sign of rescue, Porpoise passenger Matthew Flinders and Captain John Park of Cato took the largest cutter (which they named Hope), and twelve crewmen and headed to Sydney to seek rescue. Through marvelous navigation, Hope made it to Port Jackson by 8 September. Although three lives had been lost in the joint shipwreck, Rolla, and the schooners HMS Cumberland and Francis, were able to rescue all the remaining passengers. Rolla then took the people she had rescued to Canton.
Naming
This sandbank become known as Wreck Reefs and is located in the southern part of the Coral Sea Islands approximately 450 km (280 mi) East Nor East of Gladstone, Queensland or 250 km (155 mi) east of the Swain reefs complex. They form a narrow chain of reefs with small cays that extends for around 25 km (16 mi) in a west to east line. Cato also gave its name to the nearby Cato Reef, which it discovered.
Citations
^ a b c Hackman (2001), p. 227.
^ The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser Sun 18 Sep 1803 Page 2
^ a b c Register of Shipping (1802), Seq. №179.
^ Lloyd's Register (1802), Seq.№C194.
^ a b "Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure". Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.17. 3 January 1891. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^ Bateson (1972), p. 35.
^ Hackman (2001), p. 242.
References
Bateson, Charles (1972). Australian Shipwrecks: including Vessels wrecked en route to and from Australia and some strandings. Volume 1 1622-1850. Reed, AH; Reed, AW.
Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1803Shipwrecks
6 Jan: Whydah
11 Jan: Hindostan
January (unknown date): Active, Anna Augusta
16 Feb: Rachael
19 Feb: Fishburn
February (unknown date): King George
17 Apr: Margaret
31 May: HMS Resistance
2 Jul: HMS Minerve
21 Jul: HMS Seine
29 Jul: Caledonia
30 Jul: HMS Calypso
July (unknown date): Perseverance
17 Aug: Cato, Mutine, HMS Porpoise
August (unknown date): Houghton
29 Oct: General Baird
October (unknown date): Betsy, Cicero
10 Nov: HMS Garland
17 Nov: HMS Circe
5 Dec: HMS Avenger
10 Dec: HMS Shannon
25 Dec: HMS Suffisante
27 Dec: Earl of Wycombe
Unknown date: Dreadnought, L'Enterprise, HMS Victorious, Windsor Castle
Other incidents
2 Dec: Rachael
6 Dec: Rachael
1802 1804
vteAustralian historic shipwrecks with a protected zoneNational
Aarhus (1894)
Alert (1893)
Cato (1804)
Centaur (1943)
Clonmel (1841)
Emden (1914)
Gothenburg (1875)
Kormoran (1941)
M24 (1942)
Mermaid (1829)
Pandora (1791)
Porpoise (1803)
I-124 (1942)
Sydney (1941)
Yongala (1911)
Zuytdorp (1712)
Northern Territory
Booya (1974)
South Australia
Hobart (2000)
South Australian (1837)
Zanoni (1867)
Related topics
Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976
Note: Number in brackets refers to the year when the vessel was lost or deliberately sunk. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cato (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cato_(1800_ship)¶ms=22.1966666_S_155.3583333_E_"}],"text":"Shipwreck in Queensland, AustraliaFor other ships with the same name, see Cato (ship).Cato was launched at Stockton in 1800 and registered in London to Reeve & Green. She was wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in 1803 at (22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333).","title":"Cato (1800 ship)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Botany Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS1802-3"},{"link_name":"Port Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ar-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loss_of_the_Porpoise_%26_Cato_200_miles_from_land_RMG_PU6052.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Porpoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Porpoise_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_(1785_EIC_ship)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ar-5"},{"link_name":"Sandy Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Cape"},{"link_name":"Matthew Flinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Flinders"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Port Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolla_(1800_ship)"},{"link_name":"HMS Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1803)"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_(1793)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateson197235-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackman2001242-7"}],"text":"Cato first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1802 with C. Pearson, master, changing to I. Park, and trade London—Suriname.[4] The Register of Shipping has a little more information; it also reports Cato's armament, and shows her trade changing to London—Botany Bay.[3]Cato, Park, master, arrived in Port Jackson, New South Wales, from England on 9 March 1803, carrying stores.[5]Loss of the Porpoise & Cato 200 miles from landOn 10 August 1803, Cato left Sydney in the company of HMS Porpoise and Bridgewater, all bound for Canton.[5] On 17 August the three ships got caught near a sandbank, 157 miles north and 51 miles east of Sandy Cape. With shrinking leeway, both Cato and Porpoise grounded.Bridgewater sailed on, despite knowing that the other two vessels had come to grief. The crew and passengers of the wrecked vessels were able to land on a sandbank as both their ships broke up.On 26 August 1803 with no sign of rescue, Porpoise passenger Matthew Flinders and Captain John Park of Cato took the largest cutter (which they named Hope), and twelve crewmen and headed to Sydney to seek rescue. Through marvelous navigation, Hope made it to Port Jackson by 8 September. Although three lives had been lost in the joint shipwreck, Rolla, and the schooners HMS Cumberland and Francis, were able to rescue all the remaining passengers.[6] Rolla then took the people she had rescued to Canton.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wreck Reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_Reefs"},{"link_name":"Coral Sea Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands"},{"link_name":"Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Cato Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Reef"}],"text":"This sandbank become known as Wreck Reefs and is located in the southern part of the Coral Sea Islands approximately 450 km (280 mi) East Nor East of Gladstone, Queensland or 250 km (155 mi) east of the Swain reefs complex. They form a narrow chain of reefs with small cays that extends for around 25 km (16 mi) in a west to east line. Cato also gave its name to the nearby Cato Reef, which it discovered.","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001227_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001227_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001227_1-2"},{"link_name":"Hackman (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHackman2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RS1802_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RS1802_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RS1802_3-2"},{"link_name":"Register of Shipping (1802), Seq. №179.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233575?urlappend=%3Bseq=95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1802), Seq.№C194.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005680551?urlappend=%3Bseq=82"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ar_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ar_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateson197235_6-0"},{"link_name":"Bateson (1972)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBateson1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001242_7-0"},{"link_name":"Hackman (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHackman2001"}],"text":"^ a b c Hackman (2001), p. 227.\n\n^ The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser Sun 18 Sep 1803 Page 2\n\n^ a b c Register of Shipping (1802), Seq. №179.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1802), Seq.№C194.\n\n^ a b \"Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure\". Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.17. 3 January 1891. Retrieved 28 April 2012.\n\n^ Bateson (1972), p. 35.\n\n^ Hackman (2001), p. 242.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Loss of the Porpoise & Cato 200 miles from land","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Loss_of_the_Porpoise_%26_Cato_200_miles_from_land_RMG_PU6052.jpg/220px-Loss_of_the_Porpoise_%26_Cato_200_miles_from_land_RMG_PU6052.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure\". Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.17. 3 January 1891. Retrieved 28 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621","url_text":"\"Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure\""}]},{"reference":"Bateson, Charles (1972). Australian Shipwrecks: including Vessels wrecked en route to and from Australia and some strandings. Volume 1 1622-1850. Reed, AH; Reed, AW.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bateson","url_text":"Bateson, Charles"}]},{"reference":"Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-96-7","url_text":"0-905617-96-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cato_(1800_ship)¶ms=22.1966666_S_155.3583333_E_","external_links_name":"22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cato_(1800_ship)¶ms=22.1966666_S_155.3583333_E_","external_links_name":"22°11′48″S 155°21′30″E / 22.1966666°S 155.3583333°E / -22.1966666; 155.3583333"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233575?urlappend=%3Bseq=95","external_links_name":"Register of Shipping (1802), Seq. №179."},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005680551?urlappend=%3Bseq=82","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register (1802), Seq.№C194."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621","external_links_name":"\"Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Irvine | James Irvine (chemist) | ["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Family","4 References"] | British organic chemist
SirJames IrvineKBE FRS FRSE FEISPrincipal of the University of St AndrewsIn office1921–1952Preceded bySir John HerklessSucceeded bySir Thomas Malcolm KnoxPrincipal of University College, DundeeIn office1930–1939Preceded byJohn Yule MackaySucceeded byAngus Robertson Fulton
Personal detailsBorn(1877-05-09)9 May 1877Glasgow, ScotlandDied12 June 1952(1952-06-12) (aged 75)St Andrews, Fife, ScotlandSpouse
Mabel Violet Williams
(m. 1905)EducationAllan Glen's SchoolAlma materRoyal Technical CollegeUniversity of St AndrewsUniversity of LeipzigAwardsDavy Medal (1925)Willard Gibbs Award (1926)Elliott Cresson Medal (1929)Longstaff Prize (1933)Scientific careerFieldsOrganic chemistry
Sir James Colquhoun Irvine KBE JP PhD (Leipzig) DL DSc BSc FRS FRSE FEIS (9 May 1877 – 12 June 1952) was a British organic chemist and Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1921 until his death. As a research chemist, Irvine worked on the application of methylation techniques to carbohydrates, and isolated the first methylated sugars, trimethyl and tetramethyl glucose.
Life
Irvine was born in Glasgow to factory owner John Irvine (a manufacturer of light-castings) and Mary Paton Colquhoun. He was educated at Allan Glen's School.
He then studied at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, before taking a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at the University of St Andrews. From there, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he studied for a PhD under Ostwald and Wislicenus. Returning to St Andrews, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree, and taught Chemistry there. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry in 1909 and Dean of Science in 1912. In 1921, he was appointed Principal. His tenure saw the renovation and restoration of both buildings and traditions, and his works are still talked of today. His commitments spanned further than the University, into higher education in Britain and the colonies. He also served as acting Principal of University College Dundee.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1917. His proposers were Sir James Walker, John Edwin Mackenzie, Cargill Gilston Knott, and Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. He was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society of London in 1918 also being awarded its Davy Medal. He served as Vice-President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1922 to 1925. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1933. He won the society's Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1936–1940.
Irvine was also Willard Gibbs Medallist of the American Chemical Society, Elliot Cressan Medallist of the Franklin Institute, Longstaff Medallist of the Chemical Society of London.
The grave of James Colquhoun Irvine, East Cemetery, St Andrews
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1920 and knighted in 1925 and was awarded the Freedom of St Andrews.
He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Aberdeen, Cambridge, Columbia, Durham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, McGill, Oxford, Princeton, Toronto, Wales and Yale.
He died at home in St Andrews on 12 June 1952 and was buried in the eastern cemetery close to the main lower entrance gate.
Publications
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry (1953)
Family
Mabel Violet Irvine
Irvine married Mabel Violet Williams in 1905.
References
^ Read, John (1953). "James Colquhoun Irvine. 1877–1952". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8 (22): 458–489. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1953.0011. JSTOR 769223.
^ Hirst, E. L. (1953). "James Colquhoun Irvine, 1877–1952". Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry. 8: xi–xvii. doi:10.1016/S0096-5332(08)60096-X. ISBN 9780120072088. PMID 13138381.
^ Read, J. (1952). "Sir James Irvine, K.B.E., F.R.S". Nature. 170 (4314): 13–14. Bibcode:1952Natur.170...13R. doi:10.1038/170013a0. PMID 14957005.
^ Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ "Former Pupils". Allanglens.com. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ Shafe, Michael (1982). University Education in Dundee 1881–1981: A Pictorial History. Dundee: University of Dundee. p. 204.
^ a b Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ a b "Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002" (PDF). Royalsoced.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
Academic offices
Preceded bySir John Herkless
Principal of University of St Andrews 1921–1952
Succeeded bySir Thomas Malcolm Knox
Preceded byJohn Yule Mackay
Principal of University College, Dundee 1930–1939
Succeeded byAngus Robertson Fulton (interim)
vtePrincipals of the University of St AndrewsUniversity of St Andrews
Sir David Brewster (1837)
Reverend John Tulloch (1859)
Sir James Donaldson (1886)
Sir John Herkless (1915)
Sir James Irvine (1921)
Sir Thomas Malcolm Knox (1953)
John Steven Watson (1966)
Struther Arnott (1986)
Brian Lang (2001)
Dame Louise Richardson (2009)
Dame Sally Mapstone (2016)
Excludes Principals of the prior constituent institutions of the university: St John's College, St Salvator's College, St Leonard's College, and St Mary's College
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"FEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Educational_Institute_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"organic chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemist"},{"link_name":"Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(university)"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sir James Colquhoun Irvine KBE JP PhD (Leipzig) DL DSc BSc FRS[1] FRSE FEIS (9 May 1877 – 12 June 1952) was a British organic chemist and Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1921 until his death. As a research chemist, Irvine worked on the application of methylation techniques to carbohydrates, and isolated the first methylated sugars, trimethyl and tetramethyl glucose.[2][3]","title":"James Irvine (chemist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Allan Glen's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Glen%27s_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waterston-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Ostwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald"},{"link_name":"Wislicenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wislicenus"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"University College Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shafe-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"John Edwin Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Edwin_Mackenzie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cargill Gilston Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill_Gilston_Knott"},{"link_name":"D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"The Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Victoria_Jubilee_Prize"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalsoced.org.uk-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_James_Colquhoun_Irvine,_East_Cemetery,_St_Andrews.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royalsoced.org.uk-9"}],"text":"Irvine was born in Glasgow to factory owner John Irvine (a manufacturer of light-castings) and Mary Paton Colquhoun. He was educated at Allan Glen's School.[4][5]He then studied at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, before taking a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at the University of St Andrews. From there, he went to the University of Leipzig, where he studied for a PhD under Ostwald and Wislicenus. Returning to St Andrews, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree, and taught Chemistry there. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry in 1909 and Dean of Science in 1912. In 1921, he was appointed Principal. His tenure saw the renovation and restoration of both buildings and traditions, and his works are still talked of today. His commitments spanned further than the University, into higher education in Britain and the colonies. He also served as acting Principal of University College Dundee.[6]He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1917. His proposers were Sir James Walker, John Edwin Mackenzie, Cargill Gilston Knott, and Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.[7] He was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society of London in 1918 also being awarded its Davy Medal. He served as Vice-President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1922 to 1925. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1933.[8] He won the society's Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1936–1940.[9]Irvine was also Willard Gibbs Medallist of the American Chemical Society, Elliot Cressan Medallist of the Franklin Institute, Longstaff Medallist of the Chemical Society of London.The grave of James Colquhoun Irvine, East Cemetery, St AndrewsHe was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1920 and knighted in 1925[7] and was awarded the Freedom of St Andrews.He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Aberdeen, Cambridge, Columbia, Durham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, McGill, Oxford, Princeton, Toronto, Wales and Yale.He died at home in St Andrews on 12 June 1952 and was buried in the eastern cemetery close to the main lower entrance gate.[9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry (1953)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No-nb_bldsa_f1c008.jpg"}],"text":"Mabel Violet IrvineIrvine married Mabel Violet Williams in 1905.","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"The grave of James Colquhoun Irvine, East Cemetery, St Andrews","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_grave_of_James_Colquhoun_Irvine%2C_East_Cemetery%2C_St_Andrews.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_James_Colquhoun_Irvine%2C_East_Cemetery%2C_St_Andrews.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mabel Violet Irvine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/No-nb_bldsa_f1c008.jpg/200px-No-nb_bldsa_f1c008.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Read, John (1953). \"James Colquhoun Irvine. 1877–1952\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echatt | Echatt | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°49′48″N 7°52′19″E / 36.830°N 7.872°E / 36.830; 7.872Commune and town in El Taref Province, AlgeriaEchattCommune and townEchattLocation in AlgeriaCoordinates: 36°49′48″N 7°52′19″E / 36.830°N 7.872°E / 36.830; 7.872Country AlgeriaProvinceEl Taref ProvinceTime zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Echatt is a town and commune in El Taref Province, Algeria.
References
Algeria portal
vte El Taref ProvinceCapital: El TarefDistricts
Ben M'Hidi
Besbes
Bouhadjar
Boutheldja
Dréan
El Kala
El Taref
Communes
Aïn El Assel
Ain Kerma
Asfour
Ben Mehdi
Echatt
Berrihane
Besbes
Bougous
Bouhadjar
Bouteldja
Chebaita Mokhtar
Chefia
Chihani
Dréan
El Aioun
El Kala
El Taref
Hammam Béni Salah
Lac des Oiseaux
Oued Zitoun
Raml Souk
Souarekh
Zerizer
Zitouna
This article about a location in El Taref Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"El Taref Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Taref_Province"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"}],"text":"Commune and town in El Taref Province, AlgeriaEchatt is a town and commune in El Taref Province, Algeria.","title":"Echatt"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Echatt¶ms=36.83_N_7.872_E_type:city_region:DZ","external_links_name":"36°49′48″N 7°52′19″E / 36.830°N 7.872°E / 36.830; 7.872"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Echatt¶ms=36.83_N_7.872_E_type:city_region:DZ","external_links_name":"36°49′48″N 7°52′19″E / 36.830°N 7.872°E / 36.830; 7.872"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echatt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarussa | Solarussa | ["1 Demographic evolution","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°57′N 8°41′E / 39.950°N 8.683°E / 39.950; 8.683Comune in Sardinia, ItalySolarussa
SabarussaComuneComune di SolarussaLocation of Solarussa
SolarussaLocation of Solarussa in SardiniaShow map of ItalySolarussaSolarussa (Sardinia)Show map of SardiniaCoordinates: 39°57′N 8°41′E / 39.950°N 8.683°E / 39.950; 8.683CountryItalyRegionSardiniaProvinceProvince of Oristano (OR)Area • Total31.9 km2 (12.3 sq mi)Elevation163 m (535 ft)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total2,496 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)DemonymSolarussesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code09077Dialing code0783WebsiteOfficial website
Solarussa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 115 kilometres (71 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Oristano. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,496 and an area of 31.9 square kilometres (12.3 sq mi).
Solarussa borders the following municipalities: Bauladu, Oristano, Paulilatino, Siamaggiore, Simaxis, Tramatza, Zerfaliu.
Demographic evolution
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solarussa.
www.comune.solarussa.or.it/sito/home/
vteSardinia · Comuni of the Province of Oristano
Abbasanta
Aidomaggiore
Albagiara
Ales
Allai
Arborea
Ardauli
Assolo
Asuni
Baradili
Baratili San Pietro
Baressa
Bauladu
Bidonì
Bonarcado
Boroneddu
Bosa
Busachi
Cabras
Cuglieri
Curcuris
Flussio
Fordongianus
Ghilarza
Gonnoscodina
Gonnosnò
Gonnostramatza
Laconi
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Marrubiu
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Modolo
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Mogoro
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Narbolia
Neoneli
Norbello
Nughedu Santa Vittoria
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Nureci
Ollastra
Oristano
Palmas Arborea
Pau
Paulilatino
Pompu
Riola Sardo
Ruinas
Sagama
Samugheo
San Nicolò d'Arcidano
San Vero Milis
Santa Giusta
Santu Lussurgiu
Scano di Montiferro
Sedilo
Seneghe
Senis
Sennariolo
Siamaggiore
Siamanna
Siapiccia
Simala
Simaxis
Sini
Siris
Soddì
Solarussa
Sorradile
Suni
Tadasuni
Terralba
Tinnura
Tramatza
Tresnuraghes
Ulà Tirso
Uras
Usellus
Villa Sant'Antonio
Villa Verde
Villanova Truschedu
Villaurbana
Zeddiani
Zerfaliu
This Sardinia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Oristano"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oristano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istat-3"},{"link_name":"Bauladu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauladu"},{"link_name":"Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oristano"},{"link_name":"Paulilatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulilatino"},{"link_name":"Siamaggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamaggiore"},{"link_name":"Simaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simaxis"},{"link_name":"Tramatza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramatza"},{"link_name":"Zerfaliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerfaliu"}],"text":"Comune in Sardinia, ItalySolarussa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 115 kilometres (71 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Oristano. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,496 and an area of 31.9 square kilometres (12.3 sq mi).[3]Solarussa borders the following municipalities: Bauladu, Oristano, Paulilatino, Siamaggiore, Simaxis, Tramatza, Zerfaliu.","title":"Solarussa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographic evolution"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solarussa¶ms=39_57_N_8_41_E_type:city(2,496)_region:IT","external_links_name":"39°57′N 8°41′E / 39.950°N 8.683°E / 39.950; 8.683"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solarussa¶ms=39_57_N_8_41_E_type:city(2,496)_region:IT","external_links_name":"39°57′N 8°41′E / 39.950°N 8.683°E / 39.950; 8.683"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.solarussa.or.it/sito/home/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.comune.solarussa.or.it/sito/home/","external_links_name":"www.comune.solarussa.or.it/sito/home/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solarussa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wolford | Great Wolford | ["1 History","2 Governance","3 Geography and community","4 Landmarks","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°00′32″N 1°38′18″W / 52.0090°N 1.63845°W / 52.0090; -1.63845
Human settlement in EnglandGreat WolfordGreat Wolford and St Michael's ChurchGreat WolfordLocation within WarwickshirePopulation278 (2011)OS grid referenceSP249345• London74 mi (119 km) SECivil parishGreat WolfordDistrictStratford-on-AvonShire countyWarwickshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townShipston-on-StourPostcode districtCV36Dialling code01608PoliceWarwickshireFireWarwickshireAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentStratford-on-Avon
List of places
UK
England
Warwickshire
52°00′32″N 1°38′18″W / 52.0090°N 1.63845°W / 52.0090; -1.63845
Great Wolford is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. With the neighbouring parish of Little Wolford it is part of 'The Wolfords'.
History
According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, Wolford derives from the Old English 'wulf' with 'weard', meaning a "place protected against wolves". The Concise Oxfordshire Dictionary of English Place-names adds that 'weard' might mean "guard", and as such might here be unique usage, as an "arrangement for protection, fence", the whole name perhaps "enclosure to protect flocks from wolves".
In the Domesday Book, the settlement is variously listed as 'Ulware', 'Ulwarda' and 'Wolwarde', and in 1242 as 'Magna Wulleward'. In 1086, after the Norman Conquest, Little Wolford was in the Hundred of Barcheston and county of Warwickshire. There were three Tenants-in-chief to king William I: Bishop Odo of Bayeux, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (Count of Meulan), and Robert de Stafford. Bishop Odo retained Gerald as his lord, who had acquired the title from the 1066 lord Aelfric (uncle of Thorkil) – the manor contained three villagers, one ploughland with 0.5 men's plough team, and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of meadow. The land of the Count of Meluan had Ralf as lord, again acquiring the title from the 1066 lord Aelfric - the manor contained three villagers, five smallholders, two slaves, and four ploughlands with one lord's plough team and one men's plough team. De Stafford had three manorial lands. Firstly, one where he was also Lord, this acquired from the 1066 lord Vagn (of Wootton), which contained eight villagers, eight smallholders, four slaves and a priest, with ten ploughlands, six men's plough teams and a mill. Secondly, one with Ordwy as lord, acquired from the 1066 lord Alwy, which contained four villagers, four smallholders, six ploughlands, and two lord's and one men's plough teams. Thirdly, where Alwin was the lord in 1066 and 1086, which contained four villagers, three smallholders, a slave, and two ploughlands with one lord's and one men's plough teams. In 1177 the church at Wolford was a gift from Henry II to the Augustinian Kenilworth Priory.
After Robert de Stafford died (c.1100), his manor at Wolford passed through his sister Milicent de Stafford (who married Hervey Bagot), to her son Hervey de Stafford, who had adopted his mother's name. The manor was divided in 1242 at the time of the later Robert de Stafford, becoming Great and Little Wolford. Ownership of the two manors stayed with the Stafford family, including the 15th-century Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1521 Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham was executed by Henry VIII for treason. The year before he had, through trustees, sold the manors to Henry's courtier, Sir William Compton. The manors of Great and Little Wolford stayed in the Compton family until 1819, however, at about 1600 they were bought by Robert Catesby, the leader of the group of English Catholics who planned the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot. They were then, in 1605, transferred to a Thomas Spencer and an Edward Sheldon, by Catesby, Sir Thomas Leigh, and Lord Ellesmere whose wife was sister to the second wife of Henry, Lord Compton. Because of transaction inconsistency, the manors reverted to the Compton family. In 1819 they were sold, by Charles Compton, Marquess of Northampton, to Lord Redesdale, they subsequently passing to his son John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale. The unmarried earl then left the manors to Algernon Bertram Mitford, created Baron Redesdale in 1902. After his death in 1916, the manors passed to David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, the father of the Mitford sisters.
Wolford, including Great and Little Wolford, in 1903
During the 19th century Great Wolford, and its directory-listed parish hamlet of Little Wolford, was part of the Brailes division of the Kington Hundred. In 1801 parish population was 278, and in 1821, 529. By 1841 the township of Great Wolford, contained 311 inhabitants in 58 houses, and 583 in the whole parish, in an area of 2,671 acres (1,081 ha) with soil, "on the whole good", of clay, sand, gravel, and bog. Within the parish were "many" mineral springs, but not used medicinally. A school, erected in 1821 by Lord Redesdale, with attached schoolmaster's house, was mainly supported by subscription. The Church of St Michael accommodated seating for 460, of which 338 were free — not designated for particular persons. The incumbent's income was by a 'discharged vicarage' — all vicarages under ten pounds a year, and all rectories under ten marks, were discharged from the payment of first-fruits, also called annates, being the first year's revenues, together with one tenth of the income in all succeeding years. The previous Wolford tithes had been commuted — tithes were typically one-tenth of the produce or profits of parish land given to the rector for his services and were commuted under the 1836 Tithe Commutation Act, and usually substituted with a yearly rent-charge payment. The Wolford vicar's income was augmented by private benefactions of £400, Queen Anne's Bounty of £200, and a parliamentary grant of £300. Support for the incumbent also came from 81 acres (33 ha) in total of glebe—an area of land used to support a parish priest—and provision of a residence. Patronage (advowson) of the parish living was held by the Warden and Fellows of Merton College, Oxford. Lord Redesdale was lord of the manor and chief landowner. Directory listed trades and occupations in 1850 included the parish rector, a schoolmaster, the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house, a corn miller, a carpenter, and eight farmers.
The Samuel Lewis directory of 1850 mentions a mound of earth opened up in 1844, on the outskirts of an extensive wood near the "Oxford and Worcester road". Twenty skeletons were found, supposed to be those of persons slain near the spot of a skirmish during the war of the 17th century.
By 1896 Great Wolford is recorded again as in the Brailes division of Kineton Hundred, and in the Brailes petty sessional division. It was in the Shipston-on-Stour Union—poor relief provision set up under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834—and county court district. The ecclesiastical parish was part of the Rural Deanery of South Kineton, and the Archdeaconry and Diocese of Worcester. St Michael's Church was restored in 1885, including reseated with open benches for 300 people, for a cost of £750. Its parish registers date to 1654 for births, 1656 for marriages, and 1665 for burials. The living was still a discharged vicarage, now with 36 acres (15 ha) of glebe, with residence, still in the gift of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College who were the appropriators. Lord of the manor was Bertram Freeman-Mitford (Lord Redesdale) of Batsford Park, Moreton-in-Marsh. Land area was 1,344 acres (544 ha), growing wheat, oats, barley, beans and roots, and in which lived, in 1891, 202 people in the village, and 380 in the whole parish. There was a post box but no post office. The nearest money order office was at Long Compton, the nearest telegraph offices at Moreton-in-Marsh and Shipston-on-Stour. A National School for 70 children was erected in 1874 by Lord Redesdale; its average 1896 attendance was 61. Trades and occupations listed in 1896 included eight farmers, one of whom was also a haulier and two of whom were unmarried women of the same family, two carpenters, a blacksmith, and the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house.
Civil parish population in 1901 was 181, ecclesiastical, 362. On 7 June 1910 St Michael's Church was struck by lightning; repairs cost £130. The National School was now a Public Elementary School (Education Act 1902), with an average attendance of 57. Trades and occupations listed were eight farmers, again two of whom were unmarried women of the same family, one carpenter, a blacksmith, and the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house.
Although Little Wolford was described as a hamlet of Great Wolford (under 'Wolford') in 19th and 20th-century trade directories, both had attained separate parish status under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1866, which established new civil parishes for the purposes of the New Poor Law of 1834, and collection of poor rate.
In 2019 a Village design statement (VDS) was drawn up for Great Wolford parish with aid from community involvement and supported by Stratford-on-Avon District Council and the National Lottery. The Statement describes the physical aspects of Wolford, and provides guidance on maintenance of parish character and any future development.
Governance
The lowest tier of local government is through five elected councillors of Great Wolford Parish Council. The next higher tier of government is Stratford-on-Avon District Council, to which Little Wolford sends one councillor under the Brailes and Compton ward, above this, Warwickshire County Council, where Great Wolford is represented by the seat for the Shipston division of the Stratford-on-Avon area.
Great Wolford is represented in the UK Parliament House of Commons as part of the Stratford-on-Avon constituency, its 2019 sitting MP being Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party.
Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was part of the West Midlands constituency for the European Parliament.
Geography and community
Great Wolford, a civil parish at the south of Warwickshire, is entirely rural, of farms, fields, woods, dispersed businesses and residential properties, the only nucleated settlements being the village of Great Wolford with no amenities except a church and a bed & breakfast establishment, and the hamlet and farm of Nethercote. The parish is elongated in shape, 3 miles (5 km) north-east to south-west, and 1,200 yards (1,000 m) north-west to south-east at its widest. It borders the county of Gloucestershire with its parish of Todenham completely along the north-west side and defined by a tributary stream of Nethercote Brook, and Moreton-in-Marsh at the south-west corner. The Warwickshire parishes of Little Wolford, the boundary defined by the course of Nethercote Brook, a tributary of the River Stour, is at the east and Barton-on-the-Heath at the south-east. The south-east corner of the parish is part of the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). To the west of the AONB, at the south-west of the parish is the commercial Wolford Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), with facilities for glamping.
There are four minor through-roads, all at the centre and the south-west of the parish, radiating from the village which sits at the central north-west edge of the parish, these to the settlements of Todenham at the north-west; to Little Wolford at the east; to Barton-on-the-Heath at the south-east; and to Moreton-in-Marsh at the south-west. The county town and city of Gloucester is 28 miles (45 km) to the south-west. Closest towns to the village are Moreton-in-Marsh, 3 miles (5 km) to the south-west, and Shipston-on-Stour, 4 miles (6 km) to the north. The neighbouring hamlet of Little Wolford is 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north-east. The nearest railway station is at Moreton-in-Marsh on the Cotswold Line of the Great Western Railway. Bus services operate within Great Wolford. The only stop, this in the village, includes connection to Shipston-on-Stour, Stretton-on-Fosse and Burmington on a circuitous village Shipston Link service. A further Villager Community Bus service includes connection to Moreton-in-Marsh, Bourton-on-the-Hill, Stow-on-the-Wold, Chipping Norton, and Little Compton.
Wolford ecclesiastical parish includes Great Wolford and Little Wolford. The parish is part of the South Warwickshire Seven group of the Diocese of Coventry, which includes the other parishes of Barcheston, Barton-on-the-Heath, Burmington, Cherington with Stourton, Long Compton, and Whichford.
The nearest primary school is Acorns Primary School at Long Compton, the nearest secondary, Shipston High School.
Landmarks
Great Wolford has six Grade II listed buildings and structures, all within the village.
St Michael's Church nave interior
St Michael's Church (listed 1987), dating to 1833 and built by James Trubshaw on the site of a previous medieval church, is of limestone ashlar and comprises a chancel with vestry, nave and west tower. The buttressed chancel with polygonal pinacles, is listed as "short", and contains an east window in "15th-century style" by Heinersdorf of Berlin, and a vestry on its south side with internal and external access. The buttressed nave is of five bays with "13th-century-style" windows. Both chancel and nave are slate-roofed. The buttressed tower is of four stages; above its parapet rises an octagonal spire. At the west of the tower is the church main doorway portal, arched, and with hood mould with "carved head" label stops. The fourth stage is the belfry with abat-sons, and a ring of six bells, three originals dating to 1689, and three recast in the 18th and 19th century. The nave interior includes an 1876 pipe organ by Charles Martin of Oxford at the corner of the north wall and chancel arch, a wooden pulpit and reading desk, and an octagonal stone font, and late 17th or early 18th-century marble tablet memorials to the Ingram's family. In the churchyard to the east of the chancel is a 1698 headstone (listed 1987), limestone, with a panel with "carved drapery surround" and dated inscription.
There are two listed farmhouses: Manor Farmhouse (listed 1987) 30 yards (27 m) north-east from church, and Ash House Farmhouse (listed 1987) 200 yards (183 m) south-west from the church. Manor Farmhouse dates to the early 18th century and has additions from the 19th. Of L-plan, it is of two storeys with slate roof. The front aspect is of three window bays, one on the ground floor a canted bay—at an oblique angle to the wall—of 19th-century 'gothick' style with a battlemented parapet. At the rear of the building, included in the listing, is a two-storey range, with a 'gothick' porch. Listing for the interior includes, on the ground floor, 18th-century plank doors and stone flag-tiled floors. Ash House Farmhouse is early to mid-18th century, constructed of limestone courses, of two storeys with casement windows, and an attic with 20th-century dormer windows.
Fair View (listed 2019), 250 yards (229 m) south from the church, is a cottage dating to the 17th century, with additions and alterations from the 18th to 21st centuries. It is two storey with attic, of dressed Cotswold stone, and with a Welsh slate roof with a chimney stack at each gable end and attic windows. Windows are metal casements. It is of three-bay elevation with a central entrance and 20th-century porch. The interior is of two rooms with stone flag floor and historic plank and panelled doors. The cottage, orientated north to south, has a ground floor interior inglenook supported by a bressumer in the end wall of the south room, reflected by a chimney breast surrounded by a timber mantelpiece in the north room. A winder stair—stairs that change direction using angled treads—leads from the south room, through its first floor room, to the attic.
The Fox and Hounds Inn (listed 1987), 300 yards (274 m) south-west from the church, originally a farmhouse, dates to the mid-17th century. Of L-shape plan and built in limestone courses with a stone tiled roof, it is of part two storeys, and of part one storey with an attic with three dormer windows. The interior has open beams, and an open fireplace with stone surround and braced by a timber bressumer. In 2003 The Fox and Hounds received a favourable review from The Daily Telegraph. In late 2018 the pub was up for sale for a guide price of £550,000 with an application for conversion to complete residential use, this after a 2016 closure following a locally controversial renovation and unsuccessful relaunch.
Within the parish are nineteen historic and archaeological sites as scheduled monuments. These include a possible site of the 1016 Battle of Sherston (51°59′16″N 1°39′56″W / 51.987853°N 1.665651°W / 51.987853; -1.665651), fought between king Edmund Ironside, who died in the same year, and the Danes. At Parsonage farm, 60 yards (55 m) south-west from the church, is the site of a farmhouse, rebuilt in 1900, and its pigeon house of c.1700 which still stands. There are examples of defensive earthworks, and earthworks of medieval ridge and furrow cultivation, cropmarks, enclosures, dispersed evidence of ditches (some of late prehistoric or Roman origin), field boundaries, a limestone quarry and a sand pit. There are earthworks of medieval house platforms and hollow ways 120 yards (110 m) south from the church (52°00′29″N 1°38′11″W / 52.008147°N 1.636419°W / 52.008147; -1.636419). The earthworks of a Second World War bomb store, part of Moreton-in-Marsh airfield, are at the south-east of the parish at the edge of Wolford Woods (51°59′36″N 1°39′52″W / 51.993451°N 1.664415°W / 51.993451; -1.664415). The site of a Deserted medieval village (DMV) is map marked by English Heritage 850 yards (800 m) east from the village on Little Wolford Road at Nethercote (52°00′30″N 1°37′37″W / 52.00826°N 1.627057°W / 52.00826; -1.627057).
References
^ Mills, Anthony David (2003); A Dictionary of British Place Names, Oxford University Press, revised edition (2011), p.506 ISBN 019960908X
^ a b Ekwall, Eilert (1936); The Concise Oxfordshire Dictionary of English Place-names, Oxford University Press, 4th ed. (1960), p.529 ISBN 0198691033
^ a b Historic England. "St Michaels Church (332787)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ "Wolford and Little Wolford", Open Domesday, University of Hull. Retrieved 16 October 2019
^ a b "Wolford", A History of the County of Warwick Volume 5, Kington Hundred, ed. L F Salzman (London, 1949), pp. 213-218. Retrieved 16 October 2019
^ "Little Wolford", A topographical dictionary of England, Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), vol. IV, p.643
^ a b "Wolford (Little)" in A History, Gazetteer & Directory of Warwickshire, Francis White (1850), pp.714, 715
^ Kelly's Directory of Warwickshire, 1896, p.274
^ a b Kelly's Directory of Warwickshire, 1912, p.323
^ Youngs, Frederic A., Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, citing 29 & 30 Vict c.113
^ a b "Great Wolford Village Design Statement - 2019", Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Great Wolford Parish Council. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ "Councillor Sarah Whalley-Hoggins", Stratford-on-Avon District Council. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ "Warwickshire Map divisions", Warwickshire County Council. Retrieved 18 October 2019
^ a b Extracted from "Great Wolford", Grid Reference Finder. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ a b Extracted from "Great Wolford", GetOutside, Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ a b Extracted from "Great Wolford", civil parish boundary, Google Maps. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ "Great Wolford", Bus Times. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ a b "South Warwickshire Seven", Diocese of Coventry. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Acorns Primary School. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Shipston High School at Shipston-on-Stour. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ "Great Wolford", Cotswold Homes. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ "Listed Buildings in Great Wolford, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire", British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ St Michael's Church, Great Wolford, Warwickshire, Google Street View (image date July 2009). Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ "Great Wolford, St Michael and All Angels 6, 11-3-7 in Ab", Church Bells of Warwickshire. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ "9 valid peals for Great Wolford, S Michael & All Angels, Warwickshire, England", Felstead Database (includes photographs and video). Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Historic England. "Headstone Approximately 10 Metres East of Chancel of Church of St Michael (1186235)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Manor Farmhouse (1024283)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Ash House Farmhouse (1299317)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Church of St Michael (1024326)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Fair View (1464346)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Fox and Hounds Inn (1355504)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Fox and Hounds Inn, Great Wolford, Warwickshire, Google Street View (image date August 2016). Retrieved 17 October 2019
^ Jones, Tamlyn; "Historic Fox and Hounds pub in Great Wolford up for sale amid claims of hostile social media campaign", Birmingham Mail, 11 December 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019
^ Burt, Paddy; "Room service: The Fox & Hounds, Great Wolford, Warwickshire", The Daily Telegraph, 4 October 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Historic England. "Battle of Sherston (1554176)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ Historic England. "Parsonage Farm (332832)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ "Post medieval dovecote at Parsonage Farm, Great Wolford", Our Warwickshire, Ourwarwickshire.org.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2019
^ Great Wolford, PastScape. Retrieved 25 October 2019
External links
Media related to Great Wolford at Wikimedia Commons
Great Wolford Parish Council
South Warwickshire Seven, Diocese of Coventry.
"Great Wolford", Our Warwickshire, Ourwarwickshire.org.uk
Wolfords History, photographs and history articles web site
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High Sheriffs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Stratford-on-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_District"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Little Wolford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wolford"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandGreat Wolford is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. 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The Concise Oxfordshire Dictionary of English Place-names adds that 'weard' might mean \"guard\", and as such might here be unique usage, as an \"arrangement for protection, [or] fence\", the whole name perhaps \"enclosure to protect flocks from wolves\".[1][2]In the Domesday Book, the settlement is variously listed as 'Ulware', 'Ulwarda' and 'Wolwarde', and in 1242 as 'Magna Wulleward'.[2] In 1086, after the Norman Conquest, Little Wolford was in the Hundred of Barcheston and county of Warwickshire. There were three Tenants-in-chief to king William I: Bishop Odo of Bayeux, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (Count of Meulan), and Robert de Stafford. Bishop Odo retained Gerald as his lord, who had acquired the title from the 1066 lord Aelfric (uncle of Thorkil) – the manor contained three villagers, one ploughland with 0.5 men's plough team, and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of meadow. The land of the Count of Meluan had Ralf as lord, again acquiring the title from the 1066 lord Aelfric - the manor contained three villagers, five smallholders, two slaves, and four ploughlands with one lord's plough team and one men's plough team. De Stafford had three manorial lands. Firstly, one where he was also Lord, this acquired from the 1066 lord Vagn (of Wootton), which contained eight villagers, eight smallholders, four slaves and a priest, with ten ploughlands, six men's plough teams and a mill. Secondly, one with Ordwy as lord, acquired from the 1066 lord Alwy, which contained four villagers, four smallholders, six ploughlands, and two lord's and one men's plough teams. Thirdly, where Alwin was the lord in 1066 and 1086, which contained four villagers, three smallholders, a slave, and two ploughlands with one lord's and one men's plough teams. In 1177 the church at Wolford was a gift from Henry II to the Augustinian Kenilworth Priory.[3][4][5]After Robert de Stafford died (c.1100), his manor at Wolford passed through his sister Milicent de Stafford (who married Hervey Bagot), to her son Hervey de Stafford, who had adopted his mother's name. The manor was divided in 1242 at the time of the later Robert de Stafford, becoming Great and Little Wolford. Ownership of the two manors stayed with the Stafford family, including the 15th-century Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1521 Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham was executed by Henry VIII for treason. The year before he had, through trustees, sold the manors to Henry's courtier, Sir William Compton. The manors of Great and Little Wolford stayed in the Compton family until 1819, however, at about 1600 they were bought by Robert Catesby, the leader of the group of English Catholics who planned the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot. They were then, in 1605, transferred to a Thomas Spencer and an Edward Sheldon, by Catesby, Sir Thomas Leigh, and Lord Ellesmere whose wife was sister to the second wife of Henry, Lord Compton. Because of transaction inconsistency, the manors reverted to the Compton family. In 1819 they were sold, by Charles Compton, Marquess of Northampton, to Lord Redesdale, they subsequently passing to his son John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale. The unmarried earl then left the manors to Algernon Bertram Mitford, created Baron Redesdale in 1902. After his death in 1916, the manors passed to David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, the father of the Mitford sisters.[5]Wolford, including Great and Little Wolford, in 1903During the 19th century Great Wolford, and its directory-listed parish hamlet of Little Wolford, was part of the Brailes division of the Kington Hundred. In 1801 parish population was 278, and in 1821, 529. By 1841 the township of Great Wolford, contained 311 inhabitants in 58 houses, and 583 in the whole parish, in an area of 2,671 acres (1,081 ha) with soil, \"on the whole good\", of clay, sand, gravel, and bog. Within the parish were \"many\" mineral springs, but not used medicinally. A school, erected in 1821 by Lord Redesdale, with attached schoolmaster's house, was mainly supported by subscription. The Church of St Michael accommodated seating for 460, of which 338 were free — not designated for particular persons. The incumbent's income was by a 'discharged vicarage' — all vicarages under ten pounds a year, and all rectories under ten marks, were discharged from the payment of first-fruits, also called annates, being the first year's revenues, together with one tenth of the income in all succeeding years. The previous Wolford tithes had been commuted — tithes were typically one-tenth of the produce or profits of parish land given to the rector for his services and were commuted under the 1836 Tithe Commutation Act, and usually substituted with a yearly rent-charge payment. The Wolford vicar's income was augmented by private benefactions of £400, Queen Anne's Bounty of £200, and a parliamentary grant of £300. Support for the incumbent also came from 81 acres (33 ha) in total of glebe—an area of land used to support a parish priest—and provision of a residence. Patronage (advowson) of the parish living was held by the Warden and Fellows of Merton College, Oxford. Lord Redesdale was lord of the manor and chief landowner. Directory listed trades and occupations in 1850 included the parish rector, a schoolmaster, the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house, a corn miller, a carpenter, and eight farmers.[6][7]The Samuel Lewis directory of 1850 mentions a mound of earth opened up in 1844, on the outskirts of an extensive wood near the \"Oxford and Worcester road\". Twenty skeletons were found, supposed to be those of persons slain near the spot of a skirmish during the war of the 17th century.[7]By 1896 Great Wolford is recorded again as in the Brailes division of Kineton Hundred, and in the Brailes petty sessional division. It was in the Shipston-on-Stour Union—poor relief provision set up under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834—and county court district. The ecclesiastical parish was part of the Rural Deanery of South Kineton, and the Archdeaconry and Diocese of Worcester. St Michael's Church was restored in 1885, including reseated with open benches for 300 people, for a cost of £750. Its parish registers date to 1654 for births, 1656 for marriages, and 1665 for burials. The living was still a discharged vicarage, now with 36 acres (15 ha) of glebe, with residence, still in the gift of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College who were the appropriators. Lord of the manor was Bertram Freeman-Mitford (Lord Redesdale) of Batsford Park, Moreton-in-Marsh. Land area was 1,344 acres (544 ha), growing wheat, oats, barley, beans and roots, and in which lived, in 1891, 202 people in the village, and 380 in the whole parish. There was a post box but no post office. The nearest money order office was at Long Compton, the nearest telegraph offices at Moreton-in-Marsh and Shipston-on-Stour. A National School for 70 children was erected in 1874 by Lord Redesdale; its average 1896 attendance was 61. Trades and occupations listed in 1896 included eight farmers, one of whom was also a haulier and two of whom were unmarried women of the same family, two carpenters, a blacksmith, and the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house.[8]Civil parish population in 1901 was 181, ecclesiastical, 362. On 7 June 1910 St Michael's Church was struck by lightning; repairs cost £130. The National School was now a Public Elementary School (Education Act 1902), with an average attendance of 57. Trades and occupations listed were eight farmers, again two of whom were unmarried women of the same family, one carpenter, a blacksmith, and the licensee of the Fox and Hounds public house.[9]Although Little Wolford was described as a hamlet of Great Wolford (under 'Wolford') in 19th and 20th-century trade directories,[9] both had attained separate parish status under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1866, which established new civil parishes for the purposes of the New Poor Law of 1834, and collection of poor rate.[10]In 2019 a Village design statement (VDS) was drawn up for Great Wolford parish with aid from community involvement and supported by Stratford-on-Avon District Council and the National Lottery. The Statement describes the physical aspects of Wolford, and provides guidance on maintenance of parish character and any future development.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parish Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stratford-on-Avon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_District"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stratford-on-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Nadhim Zahawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"}],"text":"The lowest tier of local government is through five elected councillors of Great Wolford Parish Council.[12] The next higher tier of government is Stratford-on-Avon District Council, to which Little Wolford sends one councillor under the Brailes and Compton ward,[13] above this, Warwickshire County Council, where Great Wolford is represented by the seat for the Shipston division of the Stratford-on-Avon area.[14]Great Wolford is represented in the UK Parliament House of Commons as part of the Stratford-on-Avon constituency, its 2019 sitting MP being Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party.Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was part of the West Midlands constituency for the European Parliament.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Todenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todenham"},{"link_name":"Moreton-in-Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh"},{"link_name":"Little Wolford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wolford"},{"link_name":"River Stour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Stour,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Barton-on-the-Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton-on-the-Heath"},{"link_name":"Cotswolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswolds"},{"link_name":"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"glamping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamping"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRF-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMap-17"},{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Shipston-on-Stour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipston-on-Stour"},{"link_name":"Moreton-in-Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cotswold Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_Line"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"Stretton-on-Fosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton-on-Fosse"},{"link_name":"Burmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmington"},{"link_name":"Bourton-on-the-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourton-on-the-Hill"},{"link_name":"Stow-on-the-Wold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow-on-the-Wold"},{"link_name":"Chipping Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Norton"},{"link_name":"Little Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Compton,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRF-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMap-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Coventry"},{"link_name":"Barcheston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcheston"},{"link_name":"Cherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherington,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Stourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourton,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Long Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Compton"},{"link_name":"Whichford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whichford"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSS-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Great Wolford, a civil parish at the south of Warwickshire, is entirely rural, of farms, fields, woods, dispersed businesses and residential properties, the only nucleated settlements being the village of Great Wolford with no amenities except a church and a bed & breakfast establishment, and the hamlet and farm of Nethercote. The parish is elongated in shape, 3 miles (5 km) north-east to south-west, and 1,200 yards (1,000 m) north-west to south-east at its widest. It borders the county of Gloucestershire with its parish of Todenham completely along the north-west side and defined by a tributary stream of Nethercote Brook, and Moreton-in-Marsh at the south-west corner. The Warwickshire parishes of Little Wolford, the boundary defined by the course of Nethercote Brook, a tributary of the River Stour, is at the east and Barton-on-the-Heath at the south-east. The south-east corner of the parish is part of the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). To the west of the AONB, at the south-west of the parish is the commercial Wolford Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), with facilities for glamping.[15][16][17]There are four minor through-roads, all at the centre and the south-west of the parish, radiating from the village which sits at the central north-west edge of the parish, these to the settlements of Todenham at the north-west; to Little Wolford at the east; to Barton-on-the-Heath at the south-east; and to Moreton-in-Marsh at the south-west. The county town and city of Gloucester is 28 miles (45 km) to the south-west. Closest towns to the village are Moreton-in-Marsh, 3 miles (5 km) to the south-west, and Shipston-on-Stour, 4 miles (6 km) to the north. The neighbouring hamlet of Little Wolford is 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north-east. The nearest railway station is at Moreton-in-Marsh on the Cotswold Line of the Great Western Railway. Bus services operate within Great Wolford. The only stop, this in the village, includes connection to Shipston-on-Stour, Stretton-on-Fosse and Burmington on a circuitous village Shipston Link service. A further Villager Community Bus service includes connection to Moreton-in-Marsh, Bourton-on-the-Hill, Stow-on-the-Wold, Chipping Norton, and Little Compton.[15][16][17][18]Wolford ecclesiastical parish includes Great Wolford and Little Wolford. The parish is part of the South Warwickshire Seven group of the Diocese of Coventry, which includes the other parishes of Barcheston, Barton-on-the-Heath, Burmington, Cherington with Stourton, Long Compton, and Whichford.[19]The nearest primary school is Acorns Primary School at Long Compton,[20] the nearest secondary, Shipston High School.[21][22]","title":"Geography and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Great_Wolford_church_(geograph_6174934).jpg"},{"link_name":"James Trubshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trubshaw"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"buttressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"},{"link_name":"polygonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal"},{"link_name":"pinacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"15th-century style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"hood mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_mould"},{"link_name":"label stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"belfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"abat-sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abat-son"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peal"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PsStMichael-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSS-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"gothick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"battlemented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlement"},{"link_name":"stone flag-tiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"casement windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_window"},{"link_name":"attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic"},{"link_name":"dormer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cotswold stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_stone"},{"link_name":"Welsh slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"metal casements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_window"},{"link_name":"inglenook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglenook"},{"link_name":"bressumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressumer"},{"link_name":"chimney breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_breast"},{"link_name":"mantelpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneypiece"},{"link_name":"stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs"},{"link_name":"treads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_tread"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"dormer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDS-11"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"51°59′16″N 1°39′56″W / 51.987853°N 1.665651°W / 51.987853; -1.665651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wolford¶ms=51.987853_N_1.665651_W_"},{"link_name":"Edmund Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ironside"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"pigeon house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovecote"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwork_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"ridge and furrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow"},{"link_name":"cropmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropmark"},{"link_name":"enclosures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"late prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"hollow ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_lane"},{"link_name":"52°00′29″N 1°38′11″W / 52.008147°N 1.636419°W / 52.008147; -1.636419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wolford¶ms=52.008147_N_1.636419_W_"},{"link_name":"51°59′36″N 1°39′52″W / 51.993451°N 1.664415°W / 51.993451; -1.664415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wolford¶ms=51.993451_N_1.664415_W_"},{"link_name":"Deserted medieval village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserted_medieval_village"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"52°00′30″N 1°37′37″W / 52.00826°N 1.627057°W / 52.00826; -1.627057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wolford¶ms=52.00826_N_1.627057_W_"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Great Wolford has six Grade II listed buildings and structures, all within the village.[23]St Michael's Church nave interiorSt Michael's Church (listed 1987), dating to 1833 and built by James Trubshaw on the site of a previous medieval church, is of limestone ashlar and comprises a chancel with vestry, nave and west tower. The buttressed chancel with polygonal pinacles, is listed as \"short\", and contains an east window in \"15th-century style\" by Heinersdorf of Berlin, and a vestry on its south side with internal and external access. The buttressed nave is of five bays with \"13th-century-style\" windows. Both chancel and nave are slate-roofed. The buttressed tower is of four stages; above its parapet rises an octagonal spire. At the west of the tower is the church main doorway portal, arched, and with hood mould with \"carved head\" label stops. The fourth stage is the belfry with abat-sons, and a ring of six bells, three originals dating to 1689, and three recast in the 18th and 19th century. The nave interior includes an 1876 pipe organ by Charles Martin of Oxford at the corner of the north wall and chancel arch, a wooden pulpit and reading desk, and an octagonal stone font, and late 17th or early 18th-century marble tablet memorials to the Ingram's family.[3][24][19][25][26] In the churchyard to the east of the chancel is a 1698 headstone (listed 1987), limestone, with a panel with \"carved drapery surround\" and dated inscription.[27]There are two listed farmhouses: Manor Farmhouse (listed 1987) 30 yards (27 m) north-east from church, and Ash House Farmhouse (listed 1987) 200 yards (183 m) south-west from the church. Manor Farmhouse dates to the early 18th century and has additions from the 19th. Of L-plan, it is of two storeys with slate roof. The front aspect is of three window bays, one on the ground floor a canted bay—at an oblique angle to the wall—of 19th-century 'gothick' style with a battlemented parapet. At the rear of the building, included in the listing, is a two-storey range, with a 'gothick' porch. Listing for the interior includes, on the ground floor, 18th-century plank doors and stone flag-tiled floors.[28] Ash House Farmhouse is early to mid-18th century, constructed of limestone courses, of two storeys with casement windows, and an attic with 20th-century dormer windows.[29][30]Fair View (listed 2019), 250 yards (229 m) south from the church, is a cottage dating to the 17th century, with additions and alterations from the 18th to 21st centuries. It is two storey with attic, of dressed Cotswold stone, and with a Welsh slate roof with a chimney stack at each gable end and attic windows. Windows are metal casements. It is of three-bay elevation with a central entrance and 20th-century porch. The interior is of two rooms with stone flag floor and historic plank and panelled doors. The cottage, orientated north to south, has a ground floor interior inglenook supported by a bressumer in the end wall of the south room, reflected by a chimney breast surrounded by a timber mantelpiece in the north room. A winder stair—stairs that change direction using angled treads—leads from the south room, through its first floor room, to the attic.[31]The Fox and Hounds Inn (listed 1987), 300 yards (274 m) south-west from the church, originally a farmhouse, dates to the mid-17th century. Of L-shape plan and built in limestone courses with a stone tiled roof, it is of part two storeys, and of part one storey with an attic with three dormer windows. The interior has open beams, and an open fireplace with stone surround and braced by a timber bressumer. In 2003 The Fox and Hounds received a favourable review from The Daily Telegraph. In late 2018 the pub was up for sale for a guide price of £550,000 with an application for conversion to complete residential use, this after a 2016 closure following a locally controversial renovation and unsuccessful relaunch.[11][32][33][34][35]Within the parish are nineteen historic and archaeological sites as scheduled monuments. These include a possible site of the 1016 Battle of Sherston (51°59′16″N 1°39′56″W / 51.987853°N 1.665651°W / 51.987853; -1.665651), fought between king Edmund Ironside, who died in the same year, and the Danes.[36] At Parsonage farm, 60 yards (55 m) south-west from the church, is the site of a farmhouse, rebuilt in 1900, and its pigeon house of c.1700 which still stands.[37][38] There are examples of defensive earthworks, and earthworks of medieval ridge and furrow cultivation, cropmarks, enclosures, dispersed evidence of ditches (some of late prehistoric or Roman origin), field boundaries, a limestone quarry and a sand pit. There are earthworks of medieval house platforms and hollow ways 120 yards (110 m) south from the church (52°00′29″N 1°38′11″W / 52.008147°N 1.636419°W / 52.008147; -1.636419). The earthworks of a Second World War bomb store, part of Moreton-in-Marsh airfield, are at the south-east of the parish at the edge of Wolford Woods (51°59′36″N 1°39′52″W / 51.993451°N 1.664415°W / 51.993451; -1.664415). The site of a Deserted medieval village (DMV) is map marked by English Heritage 850 yards (800 m) east from the village on Little Wolford Road at Nethercote (52°00′30″N 1°37′37″W / 52.00826°N 1.627057°W / 52.00826; -1.627057).[39]","title":"Landmarks"}] | [{"image_text":"Wolford, including Great and Little Wolford, in 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Great_and_Little_Wolford%2C_Warwickshire_1903_map.jpg/220px-Great_and_Little_Wolford%2C_Warwickshire_1903_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Michael's Church nave interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Interior_of_Great_Wolford_church_%28geograph_6174934%29.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Great_Wolford_church_%28geograph_6174934%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Historic England. \"St Michaels Church (332787)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=332787&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"St Michaels Church (332787)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Headstone Approximately 10 Metres East of Chancel of Church of St Michael (1186235)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1186235","url_text":"\"Headstone Approximately 10 Metres East of Chancel of Church of St Michael (1186235)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Manor Farmhouse (1024283)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1024283","url_text":"\"Manor Farmhouse (1024283)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Ash House Farmhouse (1299317)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1299317","url_text":"\"Ash House Farmhouse (1299317)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Michael (1024326)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1024326","url_text":"\"Church of St Michael (1024326)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Fair View (1464346)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1464346","url_text":"\"Fair View (1464346)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Fox and Hounds Inn (1355504)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1355504","url_text":"\"Fox and Hounds Inn (1355504)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Battle of Sherston (1554176)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1554176&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"Battle of Sherston (1554176)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Parsonage Farm (332832)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Elvis | Pete Vallee | ["1 Background","2 Elvis career","3 Venues","4 Health","4.1 Weight loss","4.2 Accident","5 Ancestry","6 Films","6.1 The Big Elvis Files","6.2 Big Elvis","7 References","8 External links"] | Pete ValleeAlso known asPete "Big Elvis" ValleeBorn1965Memphis, TennesseeGenresRockGospelOccupation(s)Singer, elvis impersonatorInstrument(s)GuitarYears active1996–presentMusical artist
Pete Vallee, known professionally as Pete "Big Elvis" Vallee, is an Elvis impersonator. At one stage and possibly even now, he is the world's heaviest Elvis impersonator.
Background
Vallee was born in Memphis, Tennessee to a mother who was a singer. She ended her singing career to concentrate on motherhood. The youngest of four children, Vallee grew up in a house that had pictures of his mother Delores Vallee with Kitty Wells, Elvis Presley and others. In 1971 when he was five, his mother divorced his alcoholic father.
On July 15, 2010, he married Amanda Lasham, the daughter of Robert & Letitia Lasham. She is of Hawaiian and Philippine extraction and was raised in Hawaii.
Elvis career
At the age of 13, Vallee learned to play guitar. Even at that age, he was quite sizable. One day when he was singing in a choir, his pastor heard him and commented that he sounded like Elvis. He later was in Washington as part of a group called Ricky and the Starfires.
Vallee started his Elvis act around 1996 and came to Las Vegas in 1997. He has been described as one of the longest-running, and most unusual, Elvis impersonators in Las Vegas. He performs at The Piano Bar at Harrah's Casino doing Elvis' 40-minute sets three times on afternoons.
On Feb. 27, 2017, Vallee was honored with a star on the Las Vegas Walk of Stars.
Venues
Vallee had a residency at Harrah's Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. During his performances, he handed out maracas and Elvis wigs to audience members and invited them to get involved.
Health
Weight loss
In 2005, he weighed 960 pounds (68st 8 lb, 435 kg). Five years later, he had dropped down to 450 pounds (32st 2 lb, 204 kg). At one stage he had to weigh himself on the scales in a post office which he had to access from the back entrance so he wouldn't be seen. He achieved his weight loss with diet and exercise, and with help from his manager Lucille Star.
Accident
In September 2015, Vallee was hospitalized after being involved in a road accident on Blue Diamond road that resulted in leg lacerations and bruises.
Ancestry
In a 2004 Las Vegas Mercury article, Vallee has said that there are three other Elvis love children other than himself. One is a woman called Desiree Presley who Vallee said Presley when he was alive acknowledged as his daughter. He said the other two were male. Vallee's publicist, Lucille Star said she believed Vallee was Presley's son. They were hoping to get a sample of Lisa Marie Presley's DNA He has had two birth certificates. One from Memphis, the other from Canada. Vallee said that when his mother Delores was dying, she told him that she had an affair with Presley who was introduced to her by Kitty Wells. Apparently, his mother had an affair with Presley in 1964.
Films
The Big Elvis Files
An article in the Las Vegas Review-Journal, dated August 28, 2014 mentioned that Vallee was to appear in a film The Big Elvis Files. In addition to some fellow Las Vegas performers, Cook E. Jarr was to appear in the film. Most of the writing and co-production was handled by his brother Guy Vallee who also had a small part in the film. The film was about two policeman from the city who were on the run. They sought refuge in La Conner, a small town in Skagit County where they come across "Big Elvis". Among the people to appear in the film which included locals from Skagit, the actual sheriff and mayor of La Conner appeared in the film.
Big Elvis
In 2018, Paul Stone created a short film titled Big Elvis, a biography of Vallee's life and career, as well as his claim to be Elvis's biological son. It was met with positive reviews. It was also nominated for Best Documentary Short at the Tribeca Film Festival.
References
^ "About Us".
^ Toronto Star Wed Jun 09 2010 Vegas Elvis impersonator is a Big Hunk o’ Love By: Kathleen Kenna
^ a b c d Winegardner, Mark. "Big Elvis: The Greatest Weight-Loss Story You'll Ever Read". Details. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
^ Las Vegas Sun Friday, July 16, 2010 Big Elvis, the King of Bill’s Gamblin’ Hall, finds a fitting bride By John Katsilometes
^ Important Occasions.com 07/04/2010 Pete "Big Elvis" Vallee & Amanda Lasham Weddiing Bells Are Ringing!
^ Toronto Star Wed Jun 09 2010 Vegas Elvis impersonator is a Big Hunk o’ Love By: Kathleen Kenna
^ Las Vegas Review-Journal August 28, 2014 A day in the life of … a Las Vegas Elvis By F. Andrew Taylor
^ Los Angeles Times December 30, 2015 Elvis impersonators are in the building for Presley's birthday concerts in Las Vegas Jay Jones
^ Rox News October 18, 2012 5 free things to do when you visit Vegas
^ Daily Herald 30/10/2012 Yes, there are free things to do in Las Vegas, Big Elvis
^ Las Vegas Review-Journal October 1, 2015 The Scene and Heard By Norm Clarke
^ Las Vegas Mercury February 19, 2004 Music: The King and I by Roberta Ostroff
^ Huffington Post 06/04/2012 'Big Elvis' Peter Vallee, 500-Pound Presley Impersonator, On A Diet
^ Las Vegas Review-Journal August 28, 2014 A day in the life of … a Las Vegas Elvis By F. Andrew Taylor
^ LA CONNER PD – THE BIG ELVIS FILE MOVIE About
^ Skagit Valley Herald Sep 1, 2014 Big Elvis takes care of business in La Conner, Elvis Presley impersonator wraps up filming with brother By Evan Marczynski
^ Lincoln Theatre La Conner PD: The Big Elvis File
^ Living in Skagit La Conner PD: The Big Elvis File by Waterfront Cafe about Waterfront Cafe in La Conner
^ "Big Elvis". 20 June 2018.
^ "Big Elvis". IMDb. 20 April 2018.
^ "A Wonderful Short Film About a 960 Pound Elvis Impersonator Who Believes Elvis is His Father". 25 June 2018.
^ "Big Elvis – IMDb". IMDb.
External links
Official website
You Were Always On My Mind – Big Elvis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvis impersonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_impersonator"}],"text":"Musical artistPete Vallee, known professionally as Pete \"Big Elvis\" Vallee, is an Elvis impersonator. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy | Immunization during pregnancy | ["1 Tetanus and whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy","2 Influenza vaccination in pregnancy","3 COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy","4 Rubella vaccination to prevent fetal disease","5 References"] | Immunization during pregnancy is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant individual. This may be done either to protect the individual from disease or to induce an antibody response, such that the antibodies cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the infant after birth. In many countries, including the US, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand, vaccination against influenza, COVID-19 and whooping cough is routinely offered during pregnancy.
Other vaccines may be offered during pregnancy where travel-related or occupational exposure to disease-causing organisms warrant this. However, certain vaccines are contra-indicated in pregnancy. These include vaccines that include live attenuated organisms, such as the MMR and BCG vaccines, since there is a potential risk that these could infect the fetus.
Tetanus and whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy
Newborns are at increased risk of infection, particularly before they receive their first infant vaccinations. For this reason, certain vaccinations are offered during pregnancy in order to induce an antibody response, resulting in the passage of antibody across the placenta and into the fetus: this confers passive immunity on the newborn. As early as 1879, it was noted that infants born following smallpox vaccination in pregnancy were themselves protected against smallpox. However, the original smallpox vaccination was never widely used during pregnancy because, as a live vaccine, its use is contraindicated.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. Newborns can be infected via their unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the umbilical cord is cut with a non-sterile instrument, and suffer a generalised infection. The tetanus toxoid vaccine was first licensed for use in 1938 and, during the 1960s, it was noted that tetanus vaccination in pregnancy could prevent neonatal tetanus. Subsequent trials showed that vaccination of pregnant women reduces infant deaths from tetanus by 94%. In 1988, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to use maternal vaccination to eliminate neonatal tetanus by the year 2000. Although neonatal tetanus has not yet been eliminated, by 2017 there were an estimated 31,000 annual infant deaths from tetanus, down from 787,000 in 1987.
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is fatal in an estimated 0.5% of infants in the USA. The first vaccine against whooping cough was developed in the 1930s, and in the 1940s a study found that vaccination in pregnancy protected infants against developing whooping cough.
The tetanus and whooping cough vaccinations are generally administered in combination during pregnancy, for example as the DTaP vaccine (which also protects against diphtheria) or the 4-in-1 vaccine (which also protects against diphtheria and polio).
Influenza vaccination in pregnancy
Influenza is a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. Pregnant women are disproportionately affected by influenza: in the 1918 pandemic, mortality rates as high as 27% were reported in this population and in the 1957 pandemic, nearly 20% of deaths in pregnancy were attributed to influenza. In the 2009 pandemic, even with medical advances, pregnant women accounted for a disproportionately high percentage of deaths.
The influenza vaccine was first used in the US military from 1938, and then in the civilian population from the 1940s. Given the increased risk of influenza during pregnancy, public health bodies in the USA recommended that pregnant women should be prioritised for influenza vaccination from the 1960s, with the CDC endorsing the recommendation from 1997. However, it was not until 2005 that a randomised clinical trial formally demonstrated the efficacy of influenza vaccination in pregnancy.
Following the 2009 pandemic, both Australia and the UK added influenza vaccination to the recommended schedule for pregnant women.
COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy
See also: COVID-19 in pregnancy
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. Before COVID-19 vaccines were available, pregnant women who caught the disease were at increased risk of needing intensive care, invasive ventilation or ECMO, but not at increased risk of death. Infection significantly increased the risk of preterm birth, stillbirth and pre-eclampsia.
COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is safe and associated with improved levels of risk for stillbirth, premature birth and admission of the newborn to intensive care. Vaccination can prevent COVID-19 infection during pregnancy although these immunity benefits are not passed on to the child.
mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were first rolled out in December 2020. At this time, in recognition of the risks posed by COVID-19 disease in pregnancy, the US and Israel offered the vaccines to all pregnant women shortly afterwards, and the first safety and effectiveness data therefore came from these vaccines and these nations.
Rubella vaccination to prevent fetal disease
Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. In childhood, it usually causes a mild disease but infection in pregnancy can result in fetal infection, or congenital rubella syndrome, which causes neonatal deaths, deafness, blindness and intellectual disabilities. The first rubella vaccine was licensed for use in 1969, with its development largely spurred by the heavy burden of congenital rubella experienced in the 1960s.
Because the rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, there is a theoretical risk that it could cause fetal infection, although this has never been seen to occur. Therefore, rubella vaccination is usually avoided during pregnancy. Rather, vaccination is offered to children to reduce the prevalence of rubella virus in circulation and/or to adolescent girls, to boost their immunity before they are likely to conceive.
References
^ Vesikari T, Maertens K, Finn A (2021). "6. Maternal immunization". In Vesikari T, Damme PV (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 49–53. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0.
^ "Vaccines During and After Pregnancy". 26 January 2022.
^ "Vaccination and pregnancy: During pregnancy". 22 September 2021.
^ "Vaccinations in pregnancy". 9 December 2020.
^ Immunisation for pregnancy Australian Government. Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 10 December 2022
^ Pregnancy, breastfeeding and COVID-19 vaccines Australian Government. Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 10 December 2022
^ "Immunisation during pregnancy".
^ de Martino M (2016). "Dismantling the Taboo against Vaccines in Pregnancy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (6): 894. doi:10.3390/ijms17060894. PMC 4926428. PMID 27338346.
^ Schofield FD, Tucker VM, Westbook GR (1961). "Neonatal tetanus in New Guinea. Effect of active immunization in pregnancy". British Medical Journal. 2 (5255): 785–789. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5255.785. PMC 1969799. PMID 13748431.
^ Blencowe H, Lawn J, Vandelaer J, Roper M, Cousens S (2010). "Tetanus toxoid immunization to reduce mortality from neonatal tetanus". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (Suppl 1): i102–i109. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq027. PMC 2845866. PMID 20348112.
^ Demicheli V, Barale A, Rivetti A (2015). "Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD002959. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002959.pub4. PMC 7138051. PMID 26144877.
^ "Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE)".
^ "Complications of Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | CDC". April 2021.
^ Cohen P, Scandron S (1943). "The placental transmission of protective antibodies against whooping cough: by inoculation of the pregnant mother". JAMA. 121 (9): 656–662. doi:10.1001/jama.1943.02840090026008.
^ Pazos M, Sperling R, Moran T, Kraus T (2012). "The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity". Immunologic Research. 54 (1–3): 254–61. doi:10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9. PMC 7091327. PMID 22447351.
^ Burney L (1960). "Influenza immunization: Statement". Public Health Reports. 75 (10): 944. doi:10.2307/4590965. JSTOR 4590965. PMC 1929542. PMID 19316369.
^ "Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". MMWR. 46: 1–25. 1997.
^ Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen S, Rahman M, Raqib R, Wilson E, Omer S, Shahid N, Brieman R, Steinhoff M (2008). "Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (15): 1555–1564. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708630. PMID 18799552. S2CID 205089531.
^ Mackin DW, Walker SP (October 2021). "The historical aspects of vaccination in pregnancy". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 76: 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.09.005. PMC 7550856. PMID 33168428.
^ "Update to living systematic review on covid-19 in pregnancy". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 377: o1205. 2022-05-30. doi:10.1136/bmj.o1205. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35636775. S2CID 249157852.
^ Marchand G, Patil A, Masoud A, Ware K, King A, Ruther S, Brazil G, Calteux N, Ulibarri H, Parise J, Arroyo A, Coriel C, Cook C, Ruuska A, Nourlden AZ, Sainz K (2022). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 maternal and neonatal clinical features and pregnancy outcomes up to June 3, 2021". AJOG Global Reports. 2 (1): 100049. doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100049. PMC 8720679. PMID 35005663.
^ Rahmati M, Yon DK, Lee SW, Butler L, Koyanagi A, et al. (March 2023). "Effects of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Rev Med Virol (Systematic review). 33 (3): e2434. doi:10.1002/rmv.2434. PMID 36896895. S2CID 257429897.
^ Male V (2022). "SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy". Nature Reviews Immunology. 22 (5): 277–282. doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00703-6. PMC 8931577. PMID 35304596.
^ • Cooper LZ (1985). "The history and medical consequences of rubella". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 7 (Suppl 1): S2-10. doi:10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2. PMID 3890105.
^ Miller CL, Miller E, Waight PA (1987). "Rubella susceptibility and the continuing risk of infection in pregnancy". BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 294 (6582): 1277–1278. doi:10.1136/bmj.294.6582.1277. PMC 1246439. PMID 3109615.
^ Walker D, Carter H, Jones IG (1986). "Measles, mumps, and rubella: the need for a change in immunisation policy". BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 292 (6534): 1501–1502. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6534.1501. PMC 1340503. PMID 3087495.
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Gravidity and parity | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live attenuated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine"},{"link_name":"MMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine"},{"link_name":"BCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine"}],"text":"Other vaccines may be offered during pregnancy where travel-related or occupational exposure to disease-causing organisms warrant this. However, certain vaccines are contra-indicated in pregnancy. These include vaccines that include live attenuated organisms, such as the MMR and BCG vaccines, since there is a potential risk that these could infect the fetus.","title":"Immunization during pregnancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta"},{"link_name":"fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"passive immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tetanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus"},{"link_name":"Clostridium tetani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetani"},{"link_name":"Newborns can be infected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_tetanus"},{"link_name":"tetanus toxoid vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Whooping cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough"},{"link_name":"Bordetella pertussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"DTaP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTaP"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Newborns are at increased risk of infection, particularly before they receive their first infant vaccinations. For this reason, certain vaccinations are offered during pregnancy in order to induce an antibody response, resulting in the passage of antibody across the placenta and into the fetus: this confers passive immunity on the newborn. As early as 1879, it was noted that infants born following smallpox vaccination in pregnancy were themselves protected against smallpox.[8] However, the original smallpox vaccination was never widely used during pregnancy because, as a live vaccine, its use is contraindicated.[citation needed]Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. Newborns can be infected via their unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the umbilical cord is cut with a non-sterile instrument, and suffer a generalised infection. The tetanus toxoid vaccine was first licensed for use in 1938 and, during the 1960s, it was noted that tetanus vaccination in pregnancy could prevent neonatal tetanus.[9] Subsequent trials showed that vaccination of pregnant women reduces infant deaths from tetanus by 94%.[10][11] In 1988, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to use maternal vaccination to eliminate neonatal tetanus by the year 2000. Although neonatal tetanus has not yet been eliminated, by 2017 there were an estimated 31,000 annual infant deaths from tetanus, down from 787,000 in 1987.[12]Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is fatal in an estimated 0.5% of infants in the USA.[13] The first vaccine against whooping cough was developed in the 1930s, and in the 1940s a study found that vaccination in pregnancy protected infants against developing whooping cough.[14]The tetanus and whooping cough vaccinations are generally administered in combination during pregnancy, for example as the DTaP vaccine (which also protects against diphtheria) or the 4-in-1 vaccine (which also protects against diphtheria and polio).[citation needed]","title":"Tetanus and whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"influenza viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Influenza is a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. Pregnant women are disproportionately affected by influenza: in the 1918 pandemic, mortality rates as high as 27% were reported in this population and in the 1957 pandemic, nearly 20% of deaths in pregnancy were attributed to influenza. In the 2009 pandemic, even with medical advances, pregnant women accounted for a disproportionately high percentage of deaths.[15]The influenza vaccine was first used in the US military from 1938, and then in the civilian population from the 1940s. Given the increased risk of influenza during pregnancy, public health bodies in the USA recommended that pregnant women should be prioritised for influenza vaccination from the 1960s,[16] with the CDC endorsing the recommendation from 1997.[17] However, it was not until 2005 that a randomised clinical trial formally demonstrated the efficacy of influenza vaccination in pregnancy.[18]Following the 2009 pandemic, both Australia and the UK added influenza vaccination to the recommended schedule for pregnant women.[19]","title":"Influenza vaccination in pregnancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 in pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"SARS-CoV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"stillbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"premature birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_birth"},{"link_name":"intensive care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid36896895-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Male-23"}],"text":"See also: COVID-19 in pregnancyCOVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. Before COVID-19 vaccines were available, pregnant women who caught the disease were at increased risk of needing intensive care, invasive ventilation or ECMO, but not at increased risk of death.[20] Infection significantly increased the risk of preterm birth, stillbirth and pre-eclampsia.[21]COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is safe and associated with improved levels of risk for stillbirth, premature birth and admission of the newborn to intensive care. Vaccination can prevent COVID-19 infection during pregnancy although these immunity benefits are not passed on to the child.[22]mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were first rolled out in December 2020. At this time, in recognition of the risks posed by COVID-19 disease in pregnancy, the US and Israel offered the vaccines to all pregnant women shortly afterwards, and the first safety and effectiveness data therefore came from these vaccines and these nations.[23]","title":"COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rubella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella"},{"link_name":"rubella virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virus"},{"link_name":"congenital rubella syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. In childhood, it usually causes a mild disease but infection in pregnancy can result in fetal infection, or congenital rubella syndrome, which causes neonatal deaths, deafness, blindness and intellectual disabilities. The first rubella vaccine was licensed for use in 1969, with its development largely spurred by the heavy burden of congenital rubella experienced in the 1960s.[24]Because the rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, there is a theoretical risk that it could cause fetal infection, although this has never been seen to occur. Therefore, rubella vaccination is usually avoided during pregnancy. Rather, vaccination is offered to children to reduce the prevalence of rubella virus in circulation and/or to adolescent girls, to boost their immunity before they are likely to conceive.[25][26]","title":"Rubella vaccination to prevent fetal disease"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Vesikari T, Maertens K, Finn A (2021). \"6. Maternal immunization\". In Vesikari T, Damme PV (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 49–53. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LLg-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_fluid | Gender fluidity | ["1 History","2 Symbols","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","5.1 Bibliography"] | Non-fixed gender identity
GenderfluidThe genderfluid pride flagClassificationGender identityAbbreviationsGFParent categoryNon-binary
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Categoryvte
Gender fluidity (commonly referred to as genderfluid) is a non-fixed gender identity that shifts over time or depending on the situation. These fluctuations can occur at the level of gender identity or gender expression. A genderfluid person may fluctuate among different gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers simultaneously. Genderfluid individuals may identify as non-binary or transgender, or cisgender, which means they identify with the gender associated with their sex assigned at birth.
Gender fluidity is different from gender-questioning, a process in which people explore their gender in order to find their true gender identity and adjust their gender expression accordingly. Gender fluidity continues throughout lives of genderfluid people.
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History
Main article: Transgender history
Transgender people (including non-binary and third gender people) have existed in cultures worldwide since ancient times. The modern terms and meanings of "transgender", "gender", "gender identity", and "gender role" only emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, opinions vary on how to categorize historical accounts of gender-variant people and identities, including genderfluid individuals.
The 1928 Virginia Woolf novel Orlando: A Biography features a main character who changes gender several times, and considers gender fluidity:
In every human being, a vacillation from one sex to the other takes place, and often it is only the clothes that keep the male or female likeness, while underneath the sex is the very opposite of what it is above.
The first known mention of the term gender fluidity was in gender theorist Kate Bornstein's 1994 book Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. It was later used again in the 1996 book The Second Coming: A Leatherdyke Reader.
In February 2014, Facebook included "Gender Fluid" as one of the 50 identity options available.
In May 2015, Dictionary.com added an entry for genderfluid.
Symbols
The genderfluid pride flag was designed by JJ Poole in 2012. The pink stripe of the flag represents femininity, the white represents lack of gender, purple represents androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.
See also
Gender identity
Gender questioning
Non-binary gender
Transgender
References
^ Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2015). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7613-9022-0.
^ McGuire, Peter (9 November 2015). "Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. (2018). The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-5063-3134-8. OCLC 1038755742. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
^ Whyte, Stephen; Brooks, Robert C.; Torgler, Benno (25 September 2018). "Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (8). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 2397–2406. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3. PMID 30255409. S2CID 52823167. 2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.
^ Katz-Wise, Sabra (December 3, 2020). "Gender fluidity: What it means and why support matters". Harvard Health Publishing. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ Jolly, Divya; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Thomson, Katharine A.; Tabaac, Ariella R.; Burns, Maureen T.S.; Katz-Wise, Sabra L. (2021-03-12). "Why Are You Asking? Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Assessment in Clinical Care". Journal of Adolescent Health. 69 (6): 891–893. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.015. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 34629230. S2CID 238580640.
^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual Hygiene and Pathology: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions. Lippincott.
^ Janssen, Diederik F. (April 21, 2020). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32319033. S2CID 216073926.
^ Mesch, Rachel (May 12, 2020). Before trans : three gender stories from nineteenth-century France. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-1-5036-1235-8. OCLC 1119978342.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Thousands of U.S. copyrighted works from 1928 are entering the public domain". Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
^ Bornstein, Kate (2016). Gender Outlaw On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-97461-2. OCLC 1155971422. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
^ Hernandez, Michael M. (1996). "Boundaries: Gender and Transgenderism". The Second Coming: A Leatherdyke Reader. Alyson. OCLC 757653724.
^ Sparkes, Matthew (2014-02-14). "Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
^ "gender-fluid Meaning | Gender & Sexuality". Dictionary.com. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
^ "Flags and Symbols" (PDF). Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ "Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Further reading
Bibliography
Booker, Lauren (2021-04-21). "What it means to be gender-fluid". CNN.
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bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom_bill"},{"link_name":"unisex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles"},{"link_name":"Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"link_name":"Against non-binary people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people"},{"link_name":"Against transgender men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men"},{"link_name":"Anti-gender movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gender_movement"},{"link_name":"Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism"},{"link_name":"Asylum 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panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_panic_defense"},{"link_name":"Blåhaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5haj"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_transgender_people"},{"link_name":"LGBT-related films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films"},{"link_name":"Awareness Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week"},{"link_name":"Day of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"Day of Visibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_march"},{"link_name":"Non-binary People's 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characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transgender_people"},{"link_name":"Pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_pornography"},{"link_name":"Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications"},{"link_name":"Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics"},{"link_name":"Androphilia and gynephilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia"},{"link_name":"Blanchard's typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology"},{"link_name":"Childhood gender nonconformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity"},{"link_name":"Cisgender / cissexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgender"},{"link_name":"Cisnormativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisnormativity"},{"link_name":"Cross-dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing"},{"link_name":"Deadnaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadnaming"},{"link_name":"Gender binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_binary"},{"link_name":"Gender detransitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detransition"},{"link_name":"Gender expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_expression"},{"link_name":"Gender transitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_transition"},{"link_name":"Gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"Gender-sexuality questioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)"},{"link_name":"Gender variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_variance"},{"link_name":"Postgenderism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgenderism"},{"link_name":"Rapid-onset dysphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy"},{"link_name":"Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_studies"},{"link_name":"Transfeminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfeminism"},{"link_name":"views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics"},{"link_name":"Transmedicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmedicalism"},{"link_name":"Transmisogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisogyny"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_transgender_people_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_India"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China"},{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"2012 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"2021 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_Law_-_Lohana_Berkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_-_Lohana_Berkins"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"re Kevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual"},{"link_name":"2016 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"2016 bill C-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code"},{"link_name":"2018 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_India"},{"link_name":"2014 Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014"},{"link_name":"2019 Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"2017 bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017"},{"link_name":"2018 Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018"},{"link_name":"2003 Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2022 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Trans"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2004 act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"legal history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX"},{"link_name":"2018 law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_Law_for_Trans_People&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Integral_para_Personas_Trans"},{"link_name":"Gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"Gender studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies"},{"link_name":"Intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"Queer heterosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"Sex–gender distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction"},{"link_name":"Sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"Social construction of gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transgender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg"},{"link_name":"Transgender portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transgender"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Booker, Lauren (2021-04-21). \"What it means to be gender-fluid\". CNN.vteTransgender topicsGenderidentities\n\nAndrogyne\nBissu, Calabai, Calalai\nBurrnesha\nCisgender\nGender bender\nHijra\nNon-binary or genderqueer\nGender fluidity\nKathoey\nKoekchuch\nThird gender\nBakla\nFaʻafafine\nFemminiello\nKhanith\nMāhū\nMudoko dako\nMukhannath\nMuxe\nTravesti\nTwo-spirit\nWinkte\nX-gender\nTrans man\nTrans woman\nFakaleitī\nMak nyah\nRae-rae\nTransgender\nYouth\nAkava'ine\nTranssexual\nHealth careand medicine\nGender dysphoria\nin children\nPuberty blocker\nHormone therapy\nfeminizing\nmasculinizing\nDIY hormone therapy\nSurgery\nto female\nto male\nLegal status\nPregnancy\nRights\nGender self-identification\nLegal gender\nLegal recognition of non-binary gender\nLegal status\nMarriage\nRights movement\nRights organizations\nToilets\nbathroom bills\nunisex\nYogyakarta Principles\nDiscrimination\nAgainst non-binary people\nAgainst transgender men\nAnti-gender movement\nGender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism\nAsylum seekers\nCisgenderism\nInequality\nPrison\nTransmisogyny\nViolence\ngenocide\nkillings\ntrans panic\nSocietyand culture\nBlåhaj\nChristianity\nLGBT-related films\nEvents\nAwareness Week\nDay of Remembrance\nDay of Visibility\nMarch\nNon-binary People's Day\nLGBT\nFlags\nHistory\nMedia portrayals\nfictional characters\nfilm\nPeople\nPornography\nPublications\nSexuality\nSports\nice hockey\nYouth\nmore\nTheory andconcepts\n\nAndrophilia and gynephilia\nBlanchard's typology\nChildhood gender nonconformity\nCisgender / cissexual\nCisnormativity\nCross-dressing\nDeadnaming\nGender binary\nGender detransitioning\nGender expression\nGender transitioning\nGender identity\nGender-sexuality questioning\nGender variance\nPostgenderism\nRapid-onset dysphoria\nStudies\nTransfeminism\nviews\nTransmedicalism\nTransmisogyny\nBy countryHistory\nArgentina [es]\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCambodia\nChile [es]\nChina\nFinland\nIndia\nIran\nRussia\nSingapore\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nlegal\nPeople\nChina\nancient Egypt\nFrance [fr]\nSouth Korea\nSingapore\nNazi Germany\nRights\nArgentina\n2012 law\n2021 law [es]\nAustralia\nre Kevin\nBolivia\n2016 law [es]\nBrazil\nCanada\n2016 bill C-16\nChile\n2018 law [es]\nGermany\nIndia\n2014 Bill\n2019 Act\nKerala\nTamil Nadu\nIran\nIreland\nNew Zealand\nPakistan\n2017 bill\n2018 Act\nSouth Africa\n2003 Act\nSouth Korea\nSpain\n2022 law\nUnited Kingdom\n2004 act\nUnited States\nlegal history\ntitle IX\nUruguay\n2018 law [es]\nSee also\n\nGender\nGender studies\nIntersex\nQueer heterosexuality\nLGBT\nSex\nSex–gender distinction\nSexual orientation\nSocial construction of gender\n\nOutline\nTimeline\nCategory\n Transgender portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"title":"Gender questioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)"},{"title":"Non-binary gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"title":"Transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"}] | [{"reference":"Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2015). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7613-9022-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-9022-0","url_text":"978-0-7613-9022-0"}]},{"reference":"McGuire, Peter (9 November 2015). \"Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434","url_text":"\"Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. (2018). The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-5063-3134-8. OCLC 1038755742. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54","url_text":"The Psychology of Sex and Gender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-3134-8","url_text":"978-1-5063-3134-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1038755742","url_text":"1038755742"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200528040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whyte, Stephen; Brooks, Robert C.; Torgler, Benno (25 September 2018). \"Man, Woman, \"Other\": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (8). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 2397–2406. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3. PMID 30255409. S2CID 52823167. 2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior","url_text":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer Science+Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1307-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255409","url_text":"30255409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52823167","url_text":"52823167"}]},{"reference":"Katz-Wise, Sabra (December 3, 2020). \"Gender fluidity: What it means and why support matters\". Harvard Health Publishing. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544","url_text":"\"Gender fluidity: What it means and why support matters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025353/https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jolly, Divya; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Thomson, Katharine A.; Tabaac, Ariella R.; Burns, Maureen T.S.; Katz-Wise, Sabra L. (2021-03-12). \"Why Are You Asking? Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Assessment in Clinical Care\". Journal of Adolescent Health. 69 (6): 891–893. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.015. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 34629230. S2CID 238580640.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2021.08.015","url_text":"\"Why Are You Asking? 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Lippincott.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Sexual Hygiene and Pathology: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions"}]},{"reference":"Janssen, Diederik F. (April 21, 2020). \"Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32319033. S2CID 216073926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-020-01715-w","url_text":"10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002","url_text":"0004-0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32319033","url_text":"32319033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216073926","url_text":"216073926"}]},{"reference":"Mesch, Rachel (May 12, 2020). Before trans : three gender stories from nineteenth-century France. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-1-5036-1235-8. OCLC 1119978342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1235-8","url_text":"978-1-5036-1235-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119978342","url_text":"1119978342"}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands of U.S. copyrighted works from 1928 are entering the public domain\". Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2024/01/01/1222380396/thousands-of-u-s-copyrighted-works-from-1928-are-entering-the-public-domain","url_text":"\"Thousands of U.S. copyrighted works from 1928 are entering the public domain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240113025643/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/01/1222380396/thousands-of-u-s-copyrighted-works-from-1928-are-entering-the-public-domain","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bornstein, Kate (2016). Gender Outlaw On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-97461-2. OCLC 1155971422. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1155971422","url_text":"Gender Outlaw On Men, Women and the Rest of Us"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97461-2","url_text":"978-1-101-97461-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155971422","url_text":"1155971422"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220110092813/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155971422","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Michael M. (1996). \"Boundaries: Gender and Transgenderism\". The Second Coming: A Leatherdyke Reader. Alyson. OCLC 757653724.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757653724","url_text":"757653724"}]},{"reference":"Sparkes, Matthew (2014-02-14). \"Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?\". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2023-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html","url_text":"\"Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"gender-fluid Meaning | Gender & Sexuality\". Dictionary.com. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/e/gender-sexuality/gender-fluid/","url_text":"\"gender-fluid Meaning | Gender & Sexuality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090141/https://www.dictionary.com/e/gender-sexuality/gender-fluid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flags and Symbols\" (PDF). Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf","url_text":"\"Flags and Symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College","url_text":"Amherst College"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary\". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/","url_text":"\"Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Booker, Lauren (2021-04-21). \"What it means to be gender-fluid\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/13/living/gender-fluid-feat/index.html","url_text":"\"What it means to be gender-fluid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434","external_links_name":"\"Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54","external_links_name":"The Psychology of Sex and Gender"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1038755742","external_links_name":"1038755742"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200528040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1307-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255409","external_links_name":"30255409"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52823167","external_links_name":"52823167"},{"Link":"https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544","external_links_name":"\"Gender fluidity: What it means and why support matters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025353/https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2021.08.015","external_links_name":"\"Why Are You Asking? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment_and_Heritage_(South_Australia) | Department for Environment and Water (South Australia) | ["1 History of the environment portfolio","2 People","3 Premier's Climate Change Council","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"] | Department of the Government of South Australia
Department for Environment and WaterDepartment overviewFormed1 July 2012Preceding agenciesDepartment of Environment, Water and Natural ResourcesDepartment of Environment and Natural ResourcesDepartment for Environment and HeritageDepartment for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal AffairsDepartment of Environment and Natural ResourcesDepartment of Environment and Land ManagementJurisdictionState of South AustraliaHeadquarters81-95 Waymouth Street, AdelaideEmployees1,393 (2023)Annual budget$344.7 millionMinister responsibleSusan Close, Minister for Climate, Environment and WaterDepartment executiveBen Bruce, Chief ExecutiveWebsiteDepartment for Environment and Water
Former Chief Executive John Schutz at the Tennyson Dunes Open Day, 23 September 2018
The Department for Environment and Water (DEW) is a department of the Government of South Australia. It is responsible for ensuring that the state of South Australia's natural resources are managed productively and sustainably, while improving the condition and resilience of the state's natural environment.
The current department was created on 1 July 2012 by the merger of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department for Water as the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR), it was given its present name on 22 March 2018.
History of the environment portfolio
On 23 December 1971, a new department called the Department of Environment and Conservation was created by the amalgamation of the Museum Department and the State Planning Office which was part of the Department of the Premier and of Development.
On 18 December 1975, the Department of Environment and Conservation was renamed as the Department for the Environment following a merger with the Botanic Garden Department.
On 11 May 1981, the Department for the Environment and the Department of Urban and Regional Affairs were merged with the Department of Environment and Planning which was created on 7 August 1980 when it only consisted of the office of its first permanent head.
On 8 October 1992, the Department of Environment and Planning was abolished on 8 October 1992 and its parts were distributed to new entities including the Department of Environment and Land Management which included the entirety of the former Department of Lands which was also abolished on 8 October 1992.
On 1 October 1993, the Department of Environment and Land Management was renamed as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
On 23 October 1997, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources was abolished and replaced in part by the Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs which also included “employees” of other abolished “Administrative Units” such as the Department of State Aboriginal Affairs and the Department of Mines and Energy.
In 1999, the Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs became the Department for Environment and Heritage.
On 1 July 2010, the Department for Environment and Heritage was renamed for the second time as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
On 1 July 2012, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources became the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR) after acquiring the roles and responsibilities of the former Department of Water. This created the current (2024) incarnation of the department. it was given its present name on 22 March 2018.
Following the Liberal Party's victory in the 2018 state election, the department was renamed as the Department for Environment and Water (DEW) on 2 March 2018.
People
Deputy Premier Susan Close, who is also Minister for Climate, Environment and Water, has responsibility for the department.
As of February 2024, the chief executive of the department is Ben Bruce, who took over from John Schutz.
Premier's Climate Change Council
Main article: Premier's Climate Change Council
The Premier's Climate Change Council was established under the Climate Change and Greenhouse Emissions Reduction Act 2007, with the inaugural council created in February 2008. The primary role of the Council is to provide independent advice to the Minister for Environment and Water on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change.
See also
Friends of Parks
List of environmental ministries
National Parks and Wildlife Service (South Australia)
Protected areas of South Australia
State Herbarium of South Australia
Notes
^ Office of the Commissioner for Public Sector Employment. "Workplace Information Report 2022-2023" (PDF). Public Sector SA. South Australian Government. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ Department for Environment and Water. "2022-2023 Annual Report" (PDF). Department for Environment and Water. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
^ Shard, A.J. (23 December 1971). "PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 2629. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Banfield, D. H. (18 December 1975). "Public Service Act, 1967-1975..." (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 3280. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Rodda, W. Allan (7 August 1980). "PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 480. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Griffin, K.T. (7 May 1981). "PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Blevins, F.T. (8 October 1992). "GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1272. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Blevins, F.T. (27 August 1993). "GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ Buckby, M.R. (23 October 1997). "PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. pp. 1066–1069. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ a b "South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources", Trove, National Library of Australia, 2008, retrieved 14 April 2018
^ "Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "Public Sector (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources) Proclamation 2012". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 28 June 2012. p. 2926. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "Home". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011.
^ "Home". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018.
^ "Home". Department for Environment and Water. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ "Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service) Proclamation 2018". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 22 March 2018. p. 1277. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ "Ministers incorporated in South Australia" (PDF). South Australian Legislation. South Australian Government. 24 March 2022. p. 1. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ "Department for Environment and Water". SA.GOV.AU. 16 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ "Premier's Climate Change Council". Department for Environment and Water. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2024. Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Schutz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tennyson Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennyson_Dunes_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Government of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"}],"text":"Former Chief Executive John Schutz at the Tennyson Dunes Open Day, 23 September 2018The Department for Environment and Water (DEW) is a department of the Government of South Australia. It is responsible for ensuring that the state of South Australia's natural resources are managed productively and sustainably, while improving the condition and resilience of the state's natural environment.The current department was created on 1 July 2012 by the merger of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department for Water as the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR), it was given its present name on 22 March 2018.","title":"Department for Environment and Water (South Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1971-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1975-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1980-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1981-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1992-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1993-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1997-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-2010-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-2012-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dew-15"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(South_Australian_Division)"},{"link_name":"2018 state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_South_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-March2018-16"}],"text":"On 23 December 1971, a new department called the Department of Environment and Conservation was created by the amalgamation of the Museum Department and the State Planning Office which was part of the Department of the Premier and of Development.[3]On 18 December 1975, the Department of Environment and Conservation was renamed as the Department for the Environment following a merger with the Botanic Garden Department.[4]On 11 May 1981, the Department for the Environment and the Department of Urban and Regional Affairs were merged with the Department of Environment and Planning which was created on 7 August 1980 when it only consisted of the office of its first permanent head.[5][6]On 8 October 1992, the Department of Environment and Planning was abolished on 8 October 1992 and its parts were distributed to new entities including the Department of Environment and Land Management which included the entirety of the former Department of Lands which was also abolished on 8 October 1992.[7]On 1 October 1993, the Department of Environment and Land Management was renamed as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.[8]On 23 October 1997, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources was abolished and replaced in part by the Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs which also included “employees” of other abolished “Administrative Units” such as the Department of State Aboriginal Affairs and the Department of Mines and Energy.[9]In 1999, the Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs became the Department for Environment and Heritage.[10]On 1 July 2010, the Department for Environment and Heritage was renamed for the second time as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.[10][11]On 1 July 2012, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources became the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR) after acquiring the roles and responsibilities of the former Department of Water. This created the current (2024) incarnation of the department.[12][13][14] it was given its present name on 22 March 2018.[15]Following the Liberal Party's victory in the 2018 state election, the department was renamed as the Department for Environment and Water (DEW) on 2 March 2018.[16]","title":"History of the environment portfolio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Close"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Environment_and_Water_(South_Australia)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"chief executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Deputy Premier Susan Close, who is also Minister for Climate, Environment and Water, has responsibility for the department.[17]As of February 2024[update], the chief executive of the department is Ben Bruce, who took over from John Schutz.[18]","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pccc-19"}],"text":"The Premier's Climate Change Council was established under the Climate Change and Greenhouse Emissions Reduction Act 2007, with the inaugural council created in February 2008. The primary role of the Council is to provide independent advice to the Minister for Environment and Water on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change.[19]","title":"Premier's Climate Change Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Workplace Information Report 2022-2023\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publicsector.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/955304/OCPSE-WIR2023.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"2022-2023 Annual Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/environment/docs/2022-23-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1971_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1971/59/2629.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1975_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Service Act, 1967-1975...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1975/57/3280.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1980_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1980/34/480.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1981_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1981/20/1346.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1992_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1992/101/1272.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1993_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1993/88/1018.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1997_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1997/127.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NLA_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NLA_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.party-494287"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2010_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuops1p2010734/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2012_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Sector (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources) Proclamation 2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psoewanrp2012791/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110209085108/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180208001238/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dew_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-March2018_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service) Proclamation 2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuopsp2018634/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Ministers incorporated in South Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lists-and-index-to-sa-legislation/sa-minister-lists/2022.03.24-Ministers-Incorporated.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Department for Environment and Water\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sa.gov.au/topics/about-sa/government/departments/environment-and-water"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240129061004/https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/about-sa/government/departments/environment-and-water"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pccc_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Premier's Climate Change Council\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/climate-change/premiers-climate-change-council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/"}],"text":"^ Office of the Commissioner for Public Sector Employment. \"Workplace Information Report 2022-2023\" (PDF). Public Sector SA. South Australian Government. Retrieved 4 March 2024.\n\n^ Department for Environment and Water. \"2022-2023 Annual Report\" (PDF). Department for Environment and Water. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 8 March 2024.\n\n^ Shard, A.J. (23 December 1971). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 2629. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Banfield, D. H. (18 December 1975). \"Public Service Act, 1967-1975...\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 3280. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Rodda, W. Allan (7 August 1980). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 480. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Griffin, K.T. (7 May 1981). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Blevins, F.T. (8 October 1992). \"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1272. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Blevins, F.T. (27 August 1993). \"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ Buckby, M.R. (23 October 1997). \"PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. pp. 1066–1069. Retrieved 13 April 2018.\n\n^ a b \"South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources\", Trove, National Library of Australia, 2008, retrieved 14 April 2018\n\n^ \"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Public Sector (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources) Proclamation 2012\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 28 June 2012. p. 2926. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011.\n\n^ \"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018.\n\n^ \"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Retrieved 1 July 2020.\n\n^ \"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service) Proclamation 2018\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 22 March 2018. p. 1277. Retrieved 12 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Ministers incorporated in South Australia\" (PDF). South Australian Legislation. South Australian Government. 24 March 2022. p. 1. Retrieved 6 April 2022.\n\n^ \"Department for Environment and Water\". SA.GOV.AU. 16 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.\n\n^ \"Premier's Climate Change Council\". Department for Environment and Water. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2024. Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Former Chief Executive John Schutz at the Tennyson Dunes Open Day, 23 September 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/John_Schutz.jpg/220px-John_Schutz.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Friends of Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Parks"},{"title":"List of environmental ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries"},{"title":"National Parks and Wildlife Service (South Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service_(South_Australia)"},{"title":"Protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"title":"State Herbarium of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"Office of the Commissioner for Public Sector Employment. \"Workplace Information Report 2022-2023\" (PDF). Public Sector SA. South Australian Government. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publicsector.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/955304/OCPSE-WIR2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Workplace Information Report 2022-2023\""}]},{"reference":"Department for Environment and Water. \"2022-2023 Annual Report\" (PDF). Department for Environment and Water. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/environment/docs/2022-23-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf","url_text":"\"2022-2023 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"Shard, A.J. (23 December 1971). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 2629. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1971/59/2629.pdf","url_text":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE\""}]},{"reference":"Banfield, D. H. (18 December 1975). \"Public Service Act, 1967-1975...\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 3280. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1975/57/3280.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Service Act, 1967-1975...\""}]},{"reference":"Rodda, W. Allan (7 August 1980). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 480. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1980/34/480.pdf","url_text":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED\""}]},{"reference":"Griffin, K.T. (7 May 1981). \"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1981/20/1346.pdf","url_text":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS\""}]},{"reference":"Blevins, F.T. (8 October 1992). \"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1272. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1992/101/1272.pdf","url_text":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE\""}]},{"reference":"Blevins, F.T. (27 August 1993). \"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1993/88/1018.pdf","url_text":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT\""}]},{"reference":"Buckby, M.R. (23 October 1997). \"PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. pp. 1066–1069. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1997/127.pdf","url_text":"\"PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources\", Trove, National Library of Australia, 2008, retrieved 14 April 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-494287","url_text":"\"South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuops1p2010734/","url_text":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Sector (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources) Proclamation 2012\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 28 June 2012. p. 2926. Retrieved 14 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psoewanrp2012791/","url_text":"\"Public Sector (Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources) Proclamation 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110209085108/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180208001238/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Department for Environment and Water. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service) Proclamation 2018\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 22 March 2018. p. 1277. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuopsp2018634/","url_text":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service) Proclamation 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministers incorporated in South Australia\" (PDF). South Australian Legislation. South Australian Government. 24 March 2022. p. 1. Retrieved 6 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lists-and-index-to-sa-legislation/sa-minister-lists/2022.03.24-Ministers-Incorporated.pdf","url_text":"\"Ministers incorporated in South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Department for Environment and Water\". SA.GOV.AU. 16 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. 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Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/climate-change/premiers-climate-change-council","url_text":"\"Premier's Climate Change Council\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Department for Environment and Water"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Environment_and_Water_(South_Australia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.publicsector.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/955304/OCPSE-WIR2023.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Workplace Information Report 2022-2023\""},{"Link":"https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/environment/docs/2022-23-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2022-2023 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1971/59/2629.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1971: MUSEUM DEPARTMENT-ABOLITION OF OFFICE\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1975/57/3280.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Public Service Act, 1967-1975...\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1980/34/480.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1978: SECTION 25: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE: OFFICE OF PERMANENT HEAD CREATED\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1981/20/1346.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1967-1981: SECTION 25: AMALGAMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING: CONSEQUENTIAL MATTERS\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1992/101/1272.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21: VARIATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1993/88/1018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT ACT 1985 SECTION 21 (2): ALTERATION OF TITLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LAND MANAGEMENT\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1997/127.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ACT 1995 SECTIONS 7 AND 76: STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND RELATED MATTERS\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-494287","external_links_name":"\"South Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moment_(Kenny_G_album) | The Moment (Kenny G album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Production","4 Singles","5 Certifications and Sales","6 References"] | 1996 studio album by Kenny GThe MomentStudio album by Kenny GReleasedOctober 1, 1996Recorded1996 at Studio G (Seattle, WA), Skywalker Ranch (Marin County, CA) and Signet Sound Studios (Los Angeles, CA).GenreSmooth jazzLength64:46LabelAristaProducerKenny GWalter AfanasieffBabyfaceKenny G chronology
The Very Best of Kenny G(1994)
The Moment(1996)
Six of Hearts(1997)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChicago TribuneEntertainment WeeklyBLos Angeles Times
The Moment is the eighth studio album by American saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1996, and reached number 1 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 2 on the Billboard 200, number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
The second single taken from this album, "Havana", was remixed and released to dance clubs in the United States, and these remixes went to number 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1997, earning Kenny G his first number 1 on this chart. The remixes were by Todd Terry and Tony Moran.
Track listing
"The Moment" (Kenny G) – 6:02
"Passages" (Kenny G) – 5:57
"Havana" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 7:22
"Always" (Kenny G) – 5:35
"That Somebody Was You" (with Toni Braxton) (Kenny G/Babyface/Walter Afanasieff) – 5:02
"The Champion's Theme" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 4:21
"Eastside Jam" (Kenny G) – 5:09
"Moonlight" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 5:59
"Gettin' On The Step" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 4:17
"Every Time I Close My Eyes" (with Babyface) (Babyface) – 4:58
"Northern Lights" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 5:01
"Innocence" (Kenny G/Walter Afanasieff) – 3:58
Personnel
Kenny G – all other instruments (1, 2, 4, 7), soprano saxophone (1-7, 9, 10, 12), alto saxophone (8), tenor saxophone (11), bass (11), drums (11)
Walter Afanasieff – keyboards (3, 5, 6, 8, 11), all other instruments (5, 6, 8), acoustic piano (9), bass (9, 11), drums (9, 11), guitars (12)
Dan Shea – keyboards (5), drum programming (5), rhythm programming (5)
Babyface – backing vocals (5, 10), lead vocals (10), keyboards (10), drum programming (10)
Greg Phillinganes – acoustic piano (10)
Michael Thompson – guitars (1-11)
Nathan East – bass (10)
Paulinho da Costa – percussion (1-9, 11)
Sheila E – percussion (10)
William Ross – string arrangements (1, 3, 6, 8, 12)
Chris Bordman – string arrangements (2, 11)
Toni Braxton – lead and backing vocals (5)
Marc Nelson – backing vocals (5)
DeDe O'Neal – backing vocals (5)
Production
Producers – Kenny G; Walter Afanasieff (tracks 3, 5, 6, 8 & 11); Babyface (tracks 5 & 10).
Engineers – Steve Shepherd (tracks 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 11 & 12); Dana Jon Chappelle (tracks 5 & 8); Brad Gilderman (track 10).
Additional Engineering – Dana Jon Chappelle (tracks 3 & 12); Steve Shepherd (track 8).
Strings recorded by Johnny Richards (tracks 2, 4 & 11); Humberto Gatica (tracks 3 & 12); Dana Jon Chappelle (track 8).
Vocals on track 5 engineered by Brad Gilderman
Mixed by Mick Guzauski
Art Direction and Design – Angelo Skouras
Photography – Matthew Rolston
Management – Dennis Turner
Singles
Year
Title
Chart positions
US AC
US R&B
US Hot 100
US Dance
1996
"The Moment"
16
62
63
—
1997
"Havana"
10
—
66
1
Certifications and Sales
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000^
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
Gold
100,000*
Canada (Music Canada)
2× Platinum
200,000^
Japan (RIAJ)
Platinum
200,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
7,500^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
Platinum
100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
4× Platinum
4,000,000^
Summaries
Asia Pacific
—
1,500,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ AllMusic review
^ "Kenny GThe Moment (Arista) (star) 1/2While the..." Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
^ Entertainment Weekly review
^ "Not Quite a Shining 'Moment' for Kenny G". Los Angeles Times. 1996-10-05. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
^ Charts & Awards at Allmusic
^ a b Billboard Singles at Allmusic
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1996 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
^ "Brazilian album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment". Music Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ "Japanese album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Select 1998年3月 on the drop-down menu
^ "New Zealand album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 945. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ "British album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type The Moment in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
^ "American album certifications – Kenny G – The Moment". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ McClure, Steve (14 September 2002). "Really Big in Japan". Billboard. p. 40. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
vteKenny G
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Kenny G
G Force
Gravity
Duotones
Silhouette
Breathless
The Moment
Paradise
Rhythm & Romance
Heart and Soul
Namaste (with Rahul Sharma)
Brazilian Nights
New Standards
Singles
"Hi, How Ya Doin'?"
"Don't Make Me Wait for Love"
"Songbird"
"Silhouette"
"We've Saved the Best for Last"
"Going Home"
"Forever in Love"
"By the Time This Night Is Over"
"Sentimental"
"The Moment"
"Havana"
"Fall Again"
"Heart and Soul"
Other songs
"Use This Gospel"
Holiday albums
Miracles
Faith
Wishes
Live albums
Kenny G Live
Best
Greatest hits albums
The Very Best of Kenny G
Greatest Hits
Ultimate Kenny G
The Greatest Holiday Classics
The Essential Kenny G
Compilation albums
The Collection
Montage
Six of Hearts
In America
The Romance of Kenny G
The Holiday Collection
Cover albums
Classics in the Key of G
At Last...The Duets Album
I'm in the Mood for Love...The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time
Authority control databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_nephew | Cardinal-nephew | ["1 History","1.1 Before 1566","1.2 1566–1692","1.3 Since 1692","2 Role in conclaves","3 Legacy","3.1 Cardinal Secretary of State","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Bibliography"] | Nephew or relative of a pope appointed as a cardinal by him
Pietro Ottoboni, the last holder of the post of cardinal-nephew, painted by Francesco Trevisani
See also: List of cardinal-nephews
A cardinal-nephew (Latin: cardinalis nepos; Italian: cardinale nipote; Spanish: valido de su tío; Portuguese: cardeal-sobrinho; French: prince de fortune) was a cardinal elevated by a pope who was that cardinal's relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The last cardinal-nephew was named in 1689 and the practice was abolished in 1692. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669. From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), Romanum decet pontificem (1692), a pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule. Every Renaissance pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice, although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.
The institution of the cardinal-nephew evolved over seven centuries, tracking developments in the history of the papacy and the styles of individual popes. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, known as the Cardinal Nephew, and thus the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The curial office of the Cardinal Nephew as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The list of cardinal-nephews includes at least fifteen, and possibly as many as nineteen popes (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII; perhaps also John XIX and Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals; as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators); one antipope (John XXIII); and two or three saints (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if he was really a cardinal).
History
Before 1566
The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) produced an unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews.
The creation of cardinal-nephews predates the hierarchical preeminence of cardinals within the Roman Catholic Church, which grew out of the 1059 decree of Pope Nicholas II, In nomine Domini, which established cardinal bishops as the sole electors of the Pope, with the consent of cardinal deacons and cardinal priests. The first known cardinal-nephew is Lottario (Latin: Loctarius), seniore, cousin of Pope Benedict VIII (1012–1024), elected circa 1015. Benedict VIII also elevated his brother Giovanni (the future Pope John XIX) and his cousin Teofilatto (the future Pope Benedict IX) as cardinal-deacons. The first known cardinal-nephew after 1059 is Anselm of Lucca, the nephew or brother of Pope Alexander II (1061–1073), although until the end of 12th the majority of the alleged cases of such appointments are dubious, either because the relationship between the Pope and cardinal is not proven, or because the cardinalate of the papal kinsman is uncertain. However, it is beyond doubt that the promotions of papal relatives to the College of Cardinals were common in 13th century.
According to historian John Bargrave, "by the Council of Bazill, Session 21, the number of cardinals was not to be above 24, and not any nephew of the Pope or of any cardinal was to be of that number. (Session 23.)"
Pope Paul III with his cardinal-nephew Alessandro Farnese (left) and his other grandson, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (right)Ranuccio Farnese was made cardinal by Paul III at the age of 15.
Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) created more cardinal-nephews than any other pontiff, including six on September 20, 1342, the greatest number of cardinal-nephews elevated at one time. The capitulation of the 1464 papal conclave limited the Pope it elected (Pope Paul II) to appointing one cardinal-nephew, along with other conditions designed to increase the power of the College of Cardinals and reduce the Pope's ability to dilute that power.
The Fifth Council of the Lateran declared in 1514 that the care of relatives was to be commended, and the creation of cardinal-nephews was often recommended or justified based on the need to care for indigent family members. A cardinal-nephew could usually expect profitable appointments; for example, Alessandro Farnese, cardinal-nephew of Pope Paul III (1534–1549) held 64 benefices simultaneously in addition to the vice-chancellorship.
Pope Paul IV (1555–1559), in his old age, was said to have "fallen almost completely under the cardinal-nephew's influence"; Paul IV's cardinal-nephew, Carlo Carafa, was accused in August 1558 by a Theatine of seducing a Roman noble woman, Plautila de' Massimi, who had come into possession of an inordinate amount of money and jewelry, but the accusations were dismissed by the pontiff. Saint Charles Borromeo, cardinal-nephew of Pope Pius IV (1559–1565), had ensured the subordination of the secretarius intimus to the Cardinal Nephew, which came to be sometimes known as the secretarius maior. Pius IV was notorious for nepotism: between 1561 and 1565 he transferred more than 350,000 scudi to his relatives.
1566–1692
Pope Pius V created the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on March 14, 1566.
Following the Council of Trent (1563), Pope Pius V (1566–1572) drew up the terms for the office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, who was to handle the temporal affairs of the Papal States and the foreign relations of the Holy See. After abortively attempting to divide the duties of the Superintendent between four non-familial cardinals, Pius V acceded to the urgings of the College of Cardinals and his Spanish ambassador, and appointed his grandnephew, Michele Bonelli, as Superintendent, demarcating his duties with a papal bull of March 14, 1566. However, Pius V relentlessly avoided delegating any real autonomous power to Bonelli.
The Cardinal Nephew (also called cardinale padrone or Secretarius Papae et superintendens status ecclesiasticæ: "Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State", Italian: Sopraintendente dello Stato Ecclesiastico) was an official legate of the Roman Curia, approximately equivalent to the Cardinal Secretary of State, which absorbed its functions after the office of Cardinal Nephew was abolished in 1692. The office has been likened by historians to a "prime minister", "alter ego", or "vice-pope". The Cardinal Nephew was generally among a Pope's first cardinal creations, and his creature was traditionally accompanied by a salute from the guns of Castel Sant'Angelo.
Following the Avignon Papacy, the Cardinal Nephew was responsible for the spiritual and temporal governance of the Comtat Venaissin, where the Avignon Popes had resided; in 1475, Pope Sixtus IV raised the Diocese of Avignon to the rank of an archbishopric, to the benefit of his nephew Giuliano della Rovere.
Pope Innocent X named the son, nephew, and cousin of his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini to the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew
The terms of the office of Cardinal Nephew were established by a papal brief developed and refined by Pius V's successors to Paul V (1605–1621). The Cardinal Nephew was also the correspondence liaison for all papal nuncios and gubernatorial legates, and the prefect for two congregations: the Consulta and the Congregazione del Buon Governo. The Cardinal Nephew was also the captain-general of the papal army and a "channel through which flowed benefices one way and gold the other".
However, these formal functions only came into force during the pontificates of unusually weak Popes; most Cardinal Nephews were the de facto rubber stamp of the pontiff himself.
Although Pope Leo XI (1605) died before he was able to elevate his nephew, Roberto Ubaldini, Ubaldini was elevated by Leo XI's successor, Pope Paul V in 1615.
Some historians consider Scipione Borghese, cardinal-nephew to Pope Paul V, to be the "prototypical representative" of a cardinal-nephew, unlike those before him, created to "provide for and oversee the permanent social and economic ascent of the reigning papal family into the ranks of the high Roman aristocracy". For example, in 1616, 24 of the 30 abbeys belonging to Borghese were rented out, a practice the Council of Trent had attempted to eliminate. A thorough financial analysis of Borghese's cardinalate by Volker Reinhardt (based on a series of extant account books) examines the strategies Borghese used to build up wealth during his uncle's pontificate and non-ecclesiastical assets before his uncle's death, which Volker considers to be exemplary of Baroque papal families. It is estimated that Paul V Borghese had transferred to his family approximately 4% of the total income of the Holy See during his pontificate. Borghese's personal revenues in 1610 were 153,000 scudi compared to the mere 4,900 scudi that constituted his entire family's income in 1592.
Pope Gregory XIV (1590–1591) began the practice of creating cardinal-nephews whose formal appointment coincided de facto with their nomination, and was thus separate from the ordinal process for creating cardinals, and, when he fell ill, he authorized his cardinal-nephew, Paolo Emilio Sfondrato, to use the Fiat ut petitur, a power which was later diminished at the urging of the college. Paul V issued a motu proprio on April 30, 1618, formally bestowing on his cardinal-nephew the same authority Pope Clement VIII had given to Pietro Aldobrandini, beginning what historian Laurain-Portemer calls "l'age classique'" of nepotism.
Pope Gregory XV with his Cardinal Nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padrone.
Pope Gregory XV's (1621–1623) cardinal-nephew, Ludovico Ludovisi, the first cardinal-nephew known as il cardinale padrone ("the Cardinal boss") accumulated a vast array of benefices: the bishopric of Bologna, 23 abbeys, the directorship of the Apostolic Signatura, as well as the offices of the vice-chancellor and high-chamberlain, and was able to have most of them redistributed among 17 of his kinsmen upon his death. These benefices and offices netted Ludovisi more than 200,000 scudi annually, and he is considered to have exercised "more unlimited authority" than any previous cardinal-nephew. Notably, cardinal-nephews were allowed to create facultas testandi to will the rewards of their benefices to secular family members. Gregory XV's successor, Urban VIII (1623–1644) convened two special committees of theologians, both of whom endorsed this practice.
As Fabio Chigi, I had a family. As Alexander VII I have none. You won't find my name anywhere in the baptismal registers of Siena.— Pope Alexander VII, 1655, who appointed two cardinal-nephews in 1657
Not all Cardinal Nephews were cardinal-nephews in the strictest sense. In fact, papal historian Valérie Pirie considers not having a nephew a "tremendous asset for a would-be Pope" as it left the position open for an ally cardinal. For example, Pope Clement X gave the office to Cardinal Paoluzzi-Altieri, whose nephew had recently married Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of Clement X's family. Many historians consider Olimpia Maidalchini, the sister-in-law of Pope Innocent X (1644–1655), to have been a de facto Cardinal Nephew; the position was formally held by her son, Camillo Pamphili, then her nephew, Francesco Maidalchini (after Pamphili renounced his cardinalate in order to wed), and (after Francesco proved incompetent) Camillo Astalli, her cousin.
Popes often had only a few choices for the creation of a Cardinal Nephew. According to papal historian Frederic Baumgartner, Pope Sixtus V's (1585–1590) reign "started badly" because Alessandro Peretti di Montalto was "his only nephew eligible for the office, but he could hardly serve the Pope as a trustworthy confidant", causing several cardinals to refuse to attend his investiture. Another papal historian Ludwig von Pastor notes that "the misfortune of Pope Pamphilj was that the only person in his family who would have had the qualities necessary to fill such a position was a woman".
Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) despised the practice and only accepted his election as Pope after the College of Cardinals consented to his plans for reform, which included a ban on nepotism. However, Innocent XI backed down after thrice failing to achieve the support of the majority of his cardinals for a bull banning nepotism, which had been tediously composed between 1677 and 1686. Innocent XI refused entreaties from within the papal court to bring his only nephew, Livio Odescalchi, the prince of Sirmio, to Rome, although he did elevate Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri, a distant relative, cardinal on September 2, 1686. Innocent XI's successor, Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691), was the last Pope to create a Cardinal Nephew. Alexander VIII also undid another reform of Innocent XI by restoring the revenues of the former Chancery to the Vice-Chancellor, who was, at the time, his cardinal-nephew, Pietro Ottoboni. Edith Standen, a consultant to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, calls Ottoboni the "last and certainly not least magnificent example" of the "splendor of an extinct species, the Cardinal-Nephew".
Until 1692 (and sometimes thereafter), the cardinal-nephew (or a lay nephew) would be the chief archivist of the Pope, usually removing the archives to a family archive upon the death of the pontiff. In particular, the archival collections of the Barberini, Farnese, Chigi, and Borghese families contain important papal documents.
Since 1692
Pope Innocent XII abolished the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on June 22, 1692, and strengthened the office of Cardinal Secretary of State
Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700) issued a papal bull on June 22, 1692, Romanum decet pontificem, banning the office of Cardinal Nephew, limiting his successors to elevating only one cardinal relative, eliminating various sinecures traditionally reserved for cardinal-nephews, and capping the stipend or endowment the nephew of a Pope could receive to 12,000 scudi. Romanum decet pontificem was later incorporated into the Code of Canon Law of 1917 in canons 240, 2; 1414, 4; and 1432, 1. In 1694, Innocent XII's series of reforms was concluded with an expensive campaign to eliminate the "venality" of offices while reimbursing their current holders. These reforms are viewed by some scholars as a delayed reaction to the financial crisis created by the nepotism of Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
However, even following Romanum decet pontificem, only three of the eight Popes of the 18th century failed to make a nephew or brother cardinal. The College of Cardinals apparently preferred rule by nephews than by favorites, which they perceived as the alternative; for example, the college urged Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) to appoint a cardinal-nephew, who they hoped would replace Benedict XIII's notorious lieutenant Niccolò Coscia. Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585) also had to be urged by key figures in the college to appoint his cardinal-nephew: Filippo Boncompagni.
The cardinal-nephews of the 18th century declined in influence as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased. The church of Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) is described by historian Eamon Duffy as "all the evils of nepotism without the nephew". Neri Maria Corsini, cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement XII (1730–1740) was by far the most powerful cardinal-nephew of the 18th century, on account of his uncle's advanced age and blindness. However, Clement XII's successor, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) was described by Hugh Walpole as "a priest without indolence or interest, a prince without favorites, a Pope without nephews".
Giuseppe Pecci, the last papal relative elevated to cardinalRomualdo Braschi-Onesti, the penultimate cardinal-nephew
Romualdo Braschi-Onesti, cardinal-nephew of Pius VI (1775–1799), was the penultimate cardinal-nephew. Despite Pius VI's lineage to a noble Cesena family, his only sister had married a man from the poor Onesti family. Therefore, he commissioned a genealogist to discover (and inflate) some trace of nobility in the Onesti lineage, an endeavor which yielded only a circuitous connection to Saint Romualdo.
After the turbulent 1800 papal conclave, Pope Pius VII (1800–1823) shunned the institution of the cardinal-nephew and instead relied on his Cardinal Secretary of State, Ercole Consalvi. During the 19th century, the only nephew of a Pope created cardinal was Gabriele della Genga Sermattei, nephew of Pope Leo XII, created cardinal by Pope Gregory XVI on February 1, 1836. Although the institutionalization of nepotism disappeared in the 18th century, "pietas" (duty to family) remained a theme of papal administration into the 20th century, although rarely with the overt intervention of a papal uncle. Following the example of Pius VI, Popes Leo XIII (who elevated his brother, Giuseppe Pecci, cardinal on May 12, 1879) and Pius XII (1939–1958) weakened the formal curial bureaucracy in favor of a parallel government, in which family members often figured prominently. The loss of temporal power over the Papal States (de facto in 1870 with the "Roman Question" and de jure in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty) also eliminated the structural conditions which had figured prominently in the family politics of earlier Popes.
Role in conclaves
A Pope's nephew dies twice; the second time like all men, the first time when his uncle dies.— Cardinal Albani
Even into the 18th century, the cardinal-nephew was a natural power broker at the conclave following his uncle's death, as a figure whom cardinals desirous of continuing the status quo could rally around. In particular, the cardinal-nephew often commanded the loyalty of his uncle's creatures, whom he generally had a role in naming. For example, Alessandro Peretti di Montalto led his uncle's creatures in the papal conclave of 1590 despite being only 21. According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, "the purpose of such appointments was ensuring that the Pope's family would have power and influence for a much longer time than the brief period that a Pope could expect to reign". A notable exception is Pope Gregory XV (1621–1623) who declined on his death bed the request of Ludovico Ludovisi to name more relatives to the college, saying he had "enough to account to God for the unworthy ones he had appointed".
Pope Leo X with his cousins Giulio de' Medici (left, the future Pope Clement VII) and Luigi de' Rossi (right), whom he appointed as cardinals
However, cardinal-nephews were not guaranteed the leadership of their uncle's creatures; for example, in the papal conclave, 1621, Scipione Borghese could count only twenty-nine votes (a fraction of his uncle's fifty-six cardinals), Pietro Aldobrandini controlled only nine (of his uncle's thirteen remaining cardinals), and Montalto only five of his uncle's remaining cardinals. In fact, international rivalries sometimes overwhelmed family loyalties when cardinal-nephews were relatively "poorly organized". As Pope Innocent X (1644–1655) died with the office of Cardinal Nephew vacant his faction proved divided and leaderless in the conclave, although his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini was invited to address the cardinals from within the enclosure, the only woman ever so honored.
Instruzione al cardinal Padrone circa il modo come si deve procurare una fazione di cardinali con tutti i requisiti che deve avere per lo stabilimento della sua grandezza ("Instructions to the chief cardinal on how to create a faction of cardinals with all the requisites for the establishment of his grandeur"), discovered in the archive of the Santa Maria de Monserrato offers advice to cardinal-nephews for consolidating power within the College of Cardinals. Another text, the Ricordi dati da Gregorio XV al cardinale Lodovisio suo nipote ("Memoir addressed by Gregory XV to his Nephew Cardinal Lodovisio") offers advice for how to rise within the Curia.
An analysis of the five papal conclaves between 1605 and 1644 shows that cardinal-nephews were generally unsuccessful in electing their chosen candidates, although the victor was usually a cardinal created by the deceased Pope. Crown-cardinals in particular, when they deigned to travel to Rome for the conclave, tended to oppose the election of cardinal-nephews, although they equally opposed the election of crown-cardinals of other monarchs. In general, a cardinal-nephew had to outlive one or more successors of his uncle to become regarded as papabile, both because of their youth and their tendency to be blamed for any unpopular papal policies of their uncles.
A papal election could bring a dramatic change of fortune for a cardinal-nephew, often bringing the former favorites into conflict with the new Pope. For example, Prospero Colonna and Francisco de Borja were excommunicated, and Carlo Carafa was executed. The papal conclave, May 1605, is one example of a conclave where a candidate (Antonmaria Sauli) was defeated because enough other cardinals were convinced of the need for "a Pope willing to punish the cardinal-nephews for robbing the papacy". A cardinal-nephew was also a potential threat to any future pontiff; for example, Ludovisi came to lead the opposition against Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644), even talking about calling a council against the Pope (which never occurred as Ludovisi died in 1632) because "no one else had the standing to confront Urban's titanic temper".
Legacy
Ippolito de' Medici, cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement VII and illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici
Nepotism is a common feature in the history of governance, particularly in cultures where identity and loyalty are determined more at the level of the family than that of the nation-state. The use of nephews, rather than direct descendants, is a product of the tradition of clerical celibacy within the Catholic Church, although hereditary descent from uncles to nephews is also seen in the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East.
The creation of relatives and known-allies as cardinals was only one way in which medieval and Renaissance Popes attempted to dilute the power of the College of Cardinals as an "ecclesiastical rival" and perpetuate their influence within the church after their death. The institution of the cardinal-nephew had the effect both of enriching the Pope's family with desirable benefices and of modernizing the administration of the papacy, by allowing the pontiff to rule through a proxy which was more easily deemed fallible when necessary and provided a formal distance between the person of the pontiff and the everydayness of pontifical affairs.
Gregorio Leti's Papal Nepotism, or the True Relation of the Reasons Which Impel the Popes to make their Nephews Powerful (1667) is one example of contemporary criticism of the institution of the cardinal-nephew; Leti holds the rare distinction of having all of his publications on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books"). The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 defended the institution of the cardinal-nephew as a necessary countermeasure to the intrigue of the old Church. According to Francis A. Burkle-Young, 15th century Popes in particular found it necessary to elevate their relatives to the College of Cardinals due to their distrust of the crown-cardinals, Roman baronial families, and Italian princely families who also populated the college.
According to Thomas Adolphus Trollope, a famed papal historian, "the evil wrought by them in and to the church has been well nigh fatal to it; and it continued to increase until increasing danger warned the Pontiffs to abstain. The worst cardinals, providing, of course, the material for the worst Popes, have been for the most part cardinal nephews, the temptation to the creation of such having been rendered too great to be resisted by the exorbitant greatness of the power, dignity, and wealth attributed to the members of the Sacred College. The value of these great "prizes" was so enormous, that the "hat" became an object of ambition to princes, and it was the primary object with a long series of Popes to bestow it on their kinsmen."
Cardinal Secretary of State
Main article: Cardinal Secretary of State
The curial office of Cardinal Secretary of State in many ways evolved from the roles formerly filled by cardinal-nephews. From 1644 to 1692, the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State was essentially inversely proportional to that of the Cardinal Nephew, to whom the Secretariat was subordinate. During some pontificates, for example that of Pope Pius V (1566–1572) and his nephew Michele Bonelli, the cardinal-nephew and secretary of state were one and the same.
According to Baumgartner, "the rise of a centralized administration with professional bureaucrats with careers in the papal service" proved more effective than nepotism for future Popes and thus "greatly reduced the need for papal nephews". The rise of the Cardinal Secretary of State was the "most obvious element of this new approach".
See also
List of cardinal-nephews
Favourite
Captain General of the Church
Lay cardinal
Notes
^ Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene. 1976. The Holy See and the International Order. Maclean-Hunter Press. p. 133.
^ Burckhardt, Jacob, and Middlemore, Samuel George Chetwynd. 1892. The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy. Sonnenschein. p. 107.
^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 114. Modern French scholarly literature uses the term "cardinal-neveu".
^ a b c Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "Cardinal Nephew". The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.
^ Oxford English Dictionary has, as its first citation, Pepys' writing about a family reading of Gregorio Leti's Il Nipotismo di Roma, or, The History of the Popes Nephews: from the time of Sixtus IV, anno 1471, to the death of the late Pope Alexander VII, anno 1667. September 2003. "Nepotism"
^ Until Innocent XII, the only other exceptions were popes who did not appoint cardinals: Pius III, Marcellus II, Urban VII, Leo XI) and Adrian VI (who appointed one cardinal).
^ Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1. p. 170. Vidmar gives the exception of Nicholas V, who elevated his half-brother Filippo Calandrini on December 20, 1448 (see: Salvator, 1998, "15th Century (1404–1503)").
^ S. Miranda: Consistory of 1127, citing some older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II; however, modern scholars (Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, pp. 46–48) are in agreement that Corrado was created cardinal by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.
^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Essay of a General List of Cardinals (112–2006)".
^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "General list of Cardinals: 11th Century (999–1099)".
^ For the discussion concerning dubious cases see List of cardinal-nephews.
^ Bargrave, John, edited by James Craigie Robertson, 1867. Pope Alexander the Seventh and the College of Cardinals. Camden Society. p. 3.
^ Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)".
^ a b c d e f g h i j Reinhard, Wolfgang, Levillain, ed., 2002. "Nepotism", p. 1031–1033.
^ Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 703.
^ Setton, 1984, p. 639.
^ Setton, 1984, p. 711.
^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 289.
^ a b Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 702.
^ a b c d e Laurain-Portemer, Madeleine, Levillain, ed., 2002. "Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State", p. 1467–1469.
^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 141.
^ a b c d Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Roman Curia" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Avignon" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ a b c Hsia, 2005, p. 102.
^ a b c Pirie, Valérie. 1965. "The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: Preliminary Chapter". Spring Books.
^ Emich, Birgit (2019-12-09). "The Cardinal Nephew". A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal: 71–87. doi:10.1163/9789004415447_007. ISBN 9789004415447. S2CID 213479369.
^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 144.
^ Bireley, Robert. 2004. Book Review of Bürokratie und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605–1621): Studien zur frühneuzeitlichen Mikropolitik in Rom by Birgit Emich. The Catholic Historical Review. 90, 1: 127–129.
^ Osheim, Duane J. "Review of Kardinal Scipione Borghese, 1605–1633: Vermögen, Finanzen und sozialer Aufstieg eines Papstnepoten". The American Historical Review. 90, 4: 971–972.
^ Thomas Munck. Europa XVII wieku. Warszawa 1999, p. 341
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 142.
^ Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile, Levillain, ed., 2002, "Gregory XIV", p. 666.
^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 144–145.
^ Williams, 2004, p. 103.
^ von Rankle, Leopold. 1848. The History of the Popes. p. 307.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Urban VIII" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ a b c d e f g Chadwick, 1981, p. 305.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Clement X" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 303.
^ a b Boutry, Philippe, Levillain, ed., 2002, "Innocent X", p. 801–802.
^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 130.
^ a b Chadwick, 1981, p. 304.
^ a b Rosa, Mario, Levillain, ed., 2002, "Curia", p. 468.
^ Fr. Jeffrey Keyes. "A YOUNG MAN IN THE ROME OF PIUS VII Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". p. 34.
^ Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Consistory of September 2, 1686."
^ a b Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.
^ Hansman, Silvia. 1999, Spring. "The Vatican Secret Archives Archived 2007-10-26 at the Wayback Machine". Seminar on Records and Archives in Society.
^ a b Chadwick, 1981, p. 299.
^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Guide to documents and events (76–2005)".
^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 142.
^ a b Wilcock, John. "The Popes, in chronological order: AD 1700–1800". Popes and Anti-Popes. www.ojaiorange.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
^ Duffy, Eamon. 2006. "Saints & sinners: a history of the Popes".
^ Pirie, Valérie. 1965. "The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: XVIIIth Century: PIUS VI (BRASCHI)". Spring Books.
^ Pirie, Valérie. 1965. "The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: XIXth Century". Spring Books. p. 305.
^ Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Consistory of February 1, 1836 (VIII)".
^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 151.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 133.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 145.
^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 143.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 155.
^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 93.
^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 121.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 150.
^ a b Trollope, 1876, p. 138.
^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of September 28, 1500 (IX)". Florida International University.
^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of June 7, 1555 (I)". Florida International University.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 141.
^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 152.
^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 301.
^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 302.
^ Hsia, 2005, p. 103.
^ Ambrosini, Maria Luisa, and Willis, Mary. 1996. The Secret Archives of the Vatican. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 0-7607-0125-3. p. 138.
^ Burkle-Young, Francis. 1998. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)."
^ Setton, 1984, p. 912.
^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 166.
Bibliography
Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8.
Brixius, J. M. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181, Berlin 1912. (in German)
Carocci, Sandro (1999). Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili (in Italian). Roma: Viella. ISBN 978-88-85669-82-6.
Chadwick, Owen. 1981. The Popes and European Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826919-6.
Cowan, H. Lee. Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice. Denton, Texas. UNT Digital Library. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/.
Duffy, Eamon. 2006. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11597-0.
Ekelund, Robert B., Jr., Herbert, Robert F., and Tollison, Robert D. 2004, October. "The Economics of the Counter-Reformation: Incumbent-Firm reaction to market entry". Economic Inquiry. 42 (4): 690–705.
Emich, Birgit (2020), "The Cardinal Nephew", chapter 5 of Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 71–87. ISBN 9789004415447
Hill, Michael (1998). "Scipione Borghese and the Office of Cardinal Nephew," chapter 1 of Cardinal Scipione Borghese's Patronage of Ecclesiastical Architecture (1605–33). PhD, University of Sydney, 1998
Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84154-2.
Hüls, R. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen 1977. (in German)
Kraus, Andreas (1958), "Amt und Stellung des Kardinalnepoten zur Zeit Urbans. VIII (1623)", Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, 53 (1958),
Klewitz, H.W. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957. (in German)
Leti, Gregorio (1669). William Aglionby, tr. (ed.). Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A. London: John Starkey.
Maleczek, W. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Vienna 1984. (in German)
Moresco, Mattia (1928). Il nepotismo di Sisto 4. e le capitolazioni elettorali: nota di Mattia Moresco (in Italian). Genoa: Artigianelli.*Philippe Levillain, ed. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.
Setton, Kenneth Meyer. 1984. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571). ISBN 0-87169-114-0.
Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.
Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64146-2.
Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.
Zenker, B. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964. (in German) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Ottoboni_by_Francesco_Trevisani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietro Ottoboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ottoboni_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Francesco Trevisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Trevisani"},{"link_name":"List of cardinal-nephews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"valido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s114-3"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bunson-4"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Avignon Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Romanum decet pontificem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanum_decet_pontificem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Renaissance pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vidmar-7"},{"link_name":"Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"history of the papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy"},{"link_name":"curial office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"temporal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)"},{"link_name":"list of cardinal-nephews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"Alexander IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV"},{"link_name":"Adrian V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_V"},{"link_name":"Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"Boniface IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_IX"},{"link_name":"Innocent VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_VII"},{"link_name":"Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Pius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_III"},{"link_name":"Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_II"},{"link_name":"Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"John XIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_XIX"},{"link_name":"Benedict IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_IX"},{"link_name":"Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Benedict XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XII"},{"link_name":"John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Guarinus of Palestrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarinus_of_Palestrina"},{"link_name":"Anselm of Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Lucca"}],"text":"Nephew or relative of a pope appointed as a cardinal by himPietro Ottoboni, the last holder of the post of cardinal-nephew, painted by Francesco TrevisaniSee also: List of cardinal-nephewsA cardinal-nephew (Latin: cardinalis nepos;[1] Italian: cardinale nipote;[2] Spanish: valido de su tío; Portuguese: cardeal-sobrinho; French: prince de fortune)[3] was a cardinal elevated by a pope who was that cardinal's relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The last cardinal-nephew was named in 1689 and the practice was abolished in 1692.[4] The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669.[5] From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), Romanum decet pontificem (1692), a pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule.[6] Every Renaissance pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice,[7] although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.The institution of the cardinal-nephew evolved over seven centuries, tracking developments in the history of the papacy and the styles of individual popes. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, known as the Cardinal Nephew, and thus the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The curial office of the Cardinal Nephew as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries.The list of cardinal-nephews includes at least fifteen, and possibly as many as nineteen popes[8] (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII; perhaps also John XIX and Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals; as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators); one antipope (John XXIII); and two or three saints (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if he was really a cardinal).","title":"Cardinal-nephew"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avignon Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy"},{"link_name":"unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews#14th_century"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"In nomine Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_nomine_Domini"},{"link_name":"cardinal bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_bishop"},{"link_name":"cardinal deacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_deacon"},{"link_name":"cardinal priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_priest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mxi-10"},{"link_name":"Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XIX"},{"link_name":"Teofilatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mxi-10"},{"link_name":"Anselm of Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Lucca"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mxi-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"common in 13th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews#13th_century"},{"link_name":"Council of Bazill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tizian_068.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titian_-_Ranuccio_Farnese_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranuccio Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranuccio_Farnese_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"capitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclave_capitulation"},{"link_name":"1464 papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1464"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fifth Council of the Lateran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"benefices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Carlo Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carafa"},{"link_name":"Theatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatines"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV"},{"link_name":"secretarius intimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretarius_intimus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"scudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekelund-19"}],"sub_title":"Before 1566","text":"The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) produced an unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews.The creation of cardinal-nephews predates the hierarchical preeminence of cardinals within the Roman Catholic Church, which grew out of the 1059 decree of Pope Nicholas II, In nomine Domini, which established cardinal bishops as the sole electors of the Pope, with the consent of cardinal deacons and cardinal priests.[9] The first known cardinal-nephew is Lottario (Latin: Loctarius), seniore, cousin of Pope Benedict VIII (1012–1024), elected circa 1015.[10] Benedict VIII also elevated his brother Giovanni (the future Pope John XIX) and his cousin Teofilatto (the future Pope Benedict IX) as cardinal-deacons.[10] The first known cardinal-nephew after 1059 is Anselm of Lucca, the nephew or brother of Pope Alexander II (1061–1073),[10] although until the end of 12th the majority of the alleged cases of such appointments are dubious, either because the relationship between the Pope and cardinal is not proven, or because the cardinalate of the papal kinsman is uncertain.[11] However, it is beyond doubt that the promotions of papal relatives to the College of Cardinals were common in 13th century.According to historian John Bargrave, \"by the Council of Bazill, Session 21, the number of cardinals was not to be above 24, and not any nephew of the Pope or of any cardinal was to be of that number. (Session 23.)\"[12]Pope Paul III with his cardinal-nephew Alessandro Farnese (left) and his other grandson, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (right)Ranuccio Farnese was made cardinal by Paul III at the age of 15.Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) created more cardinal-nephews than any other pontiff, including six on September 20, 1342, the greatest number of cardinal-nephews elevated at one time. The capitulation of the 1464 papal conclave limited the Pope it elected (Pope Paul II) to appointing one cardinal-nephew, along with other conditions designed to increase the power of the College of Cardinals and reduce the Pope's ability to dilute that power.[13]The Fifth Council of the Lateran declared in 1514 that the care of relatives was to be commended, and the creation of cardinal-nephews was often recommended or justified based on the need to care for indigent family members.[14] A cardinal-nephew could usually expect profitable appointments; for example, Alessandro Farnese, cardinal-nephew of Pope Paul III (1534–1549) held 64 benefices simultaneously in addition to the vice-chancellorship.[15]Pope Paul IV (1555–1559), in his old age, was said to have \"fallen almost completely under the cardinal-nephew's influence\";[16] Paul IV's cardinal-nephew, Carlo Carafa, was accused in August 1558 by a Theatine of seducing a Roman noble woman, Plautila de' Massimi, who had come into possession of an inordinate amount of money and jewelry, but the accusations were dismissed by the pontiff.[17] Saint Charles Borromeo, cardinal-nephew of Pope Pius IV (1559–1565), had ensured the subordination of the secretarius intimus to the Cardinal Nephew, which came to be sometimes known as the secretarius maior.[18] Pius IV was notorious for nepotism: between 1561 and 1565 he transferred more than 350,000 scudi to his relatives.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Greco_050.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Michele Bonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Bonelli"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portemer-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portemer-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curia-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portemer-20"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curia-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avignon-23"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portemer-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h102-24"},{"link_name":"salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute"},{"link_name":"Castel Sant'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintro-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Avignon Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy"},{"link_name":"Comtat Venaissin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Avignon"},{"link_name":"Giuliano della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_della_Rovere"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avignon-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donna_olimpia_maidalchini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"Olimpia Maidalchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Maidalchini"},{"link_name":"papal brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_brief"},{"link_name":"Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portemer-20"},{"link_name":"papal nuncios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_nuncio"},{"link_name":"gubernatorial legates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Consulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Consulta"},{"link_name":"Congregazione del Buon Governo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregazione_del_Buon_Governo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintro-25"},{"link_name":"rubber stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI"},{"link_name":"Roberto Ubaldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Ubaldini"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s144-27"},{"link_name":"Scipione Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekelund-19"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s144-27"},{"link_name":"Paolo Emilio Sfondrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Sfondrato"},{"link_name":"Fiat ut petitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_ut_petitur"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"motu proprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_proprio"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Pietro Aldobrandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Aldobrandini"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"abbeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Signatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h102-24"},{"link_name":"scudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"facultas testandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultas_testandi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h102-24"},{"link_name":"Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alexander VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII"},{"link_name":"two cardinal-nephews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews#17th_century"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintro-25"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_X"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Olimpia Maidalchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Maidalchini"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"Camillo Pamphili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Francesco_Maria_Pamphili"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maidalchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maidalchini"},{"link_name":"Camillo Astalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Astalli"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boutry801-40"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Peretti di Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Peretti_di_Montalto"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baumgartner,_2003,_p._130-41"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boutry801-40"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bunson-4"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c304-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l468-43"},{"link_name":"Livio Odescalchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livio_Odescalchi"},{"link_name":"Sirmio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmio"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bunson-4"},{"link_name":"Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancery_of_Apostolic_Briefs"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Pietro Ottoboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ottoboni_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curia-22"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standen-46"},{"link_name":"archivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberini"},{"link_name":"Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Farnese"},{"link_name":"Chigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigi-Albani"},{"link_name":"Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borghese"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c299-48"}],"sub_title":"1566–1692","text":"Pope Pius V created the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on March 14, 1566.Following the Council of Trent (1563), Pope Pius V (1566–1572) drew up the terms for the office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, who was to handle the temporal affairs of the Papal States and the foreign relations of the Holy See. After abortively attempting to divide the duties of the Superintendent between four non-familial cardinals, Pius V acceded to the urgings of the College of Cardinals and his Spanish ambassador, and appointed his grandnephew, Michele Bonelli, as Superintendent, demarcating his duties with a papal bull of March 14, 1566.[20] However, Pius V relentlessly avoided delegating any real autonomous power to Bonelli.[21]The Cardinal Nephew (also called cardinale padrone[20] or Secretarius Papae et superintendens status ecclesiasticæ:[22] \"Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State\",[20] Italian: Sopraintendente dello Stato Ecclesiastico[14]) was an official legate of the Roman Curia, approximately equivalent to the Cardinal Secretary of State, which absorbed its functions after the office of Cardinal Nephew was abolished in 1692.[22][23] The office has been likened by historians to a \"prime minister\", \"alter ego\",[20] or \"vice-pope\".[24] The Cardinal Nephew was generally among a Pope's first cardinal creations, and his creature was traditionally accompanied by a salute from the guns of Castel Sant'Angelo.[25][26]Following the Avignon Papacy, the Cardinal Nephew was responsible for the spiritual and temporal governance of the Comtat Venaissin, where the Avignon Popes had resided; in 1475, Pope Sixtus IV raised the Diocese of Avignon to the rank of an archbishopric, to the benefit of his nephew Giuliano della Rovere.[23]Pope Innocent X named the son, nephew, and cousin of his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini to the curial office of the Cardinal NephewThe terms of the office of Cardinal Nephew were established by a papal brief developed and refined by Pius V's successors to Paul V (1605–1621).[20] The Cardinal Nephew was also the correspondence liaison for all papal nuncios and gubernatorial legates, and the prefect for two congregations: the Consulta and the Congregazione del Buon Governo.[14] The Cardinal Nephew was also the captain-general of the papal army and a \"channel through which flowed benefices one way and gold the other\".[25]However, these formal functions only came into force during the pontificates of unusually weak Popes; most Cardinal Nephews were the de facto rubber stamp of the pontiff himself.[14]Although Pope Leo XI (1605) died before he was able to elevate his nephew, Roberto Ubaldini, Ubaldini was elevated by Leo XI's successor, Pope Paul V in 1615.[27]Some historians consider Scipione Borghese, cardinal-nephew to Pope Paul V, to be the \"prototypical representative\" of a cardinal-nephew, unlike those before him, created to \"provide for and oversee the permanent social and economic ascent of the reigning papal family into the ranks of the high Roman aristocracy\".[28] For example, in 1616, 24 of the 30 abbeys belonging to Borghese were rented out, a practice the Council of Trent had attempted to eliminate.[19] A thorough financial analysis of Borghese's cardinalate by Volker Reinhardt (based on a series of extant account books) examines the strategies Borghese used to build up wealth during his uncle's pontificate and non-ecclesiastical assets before his uncle's death, which Volker considers to be exemplary of Baroque papal families.[29] It is estimated that Paul V Borghese had transferred to his family approximately 4% of the total income of the Holy See during his pontificate.[30] Borghese's personal revenues in 1610 were 153,000 scudi compared to the mere 4,900 scudi that constituted his entire family's income in 1592.[31]Pope Gregory XIV (1590–1591) began the practice of creating cardinal-nephews whose formal appointment coincided de facto with their nomination, and was thus separate from the ordinal process for creating cardinals,[27] and, when he fell ill, he authorized his cardinal-nephew, Paolo Emilio Sfondrato, to use the Fiat ut petitur, a power which was later diminished at the urging of the college.[32] Paul V issued a motu proprio on April 30, 1618, formally bestowing on his cardinal-nephew the same authority Pope Clement VIII had given to Pietro Aldobrandini, beginning what historian Laurain-Portemer calls \"l'age classique'\" of nepotism.[33]Pope Gregory XV with his Cardinal Nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padrone.Pope Gregory XV's (1621–1623) cardinal-nephew, Ludovico Ludovisi, the first cardinal-nephew known as il cardinale padrone (\"the Cardinal boss\")[34] accumulated a vast array of benefices: the bishopric of Bologna, 23 abbeys, the directorship of the Apostolic Signatura, as well as the offices of the vice-chancellor and high-chamberlain, and was able to have most of them redistributed among 17 of his kinsmen upon his death.[24] These benefices and offices netted Ludovisi more than 200,000 scudi annually, and he is considered to have exercised \"more unlimited authority\" than any previous cardinal-nephew.[35] Notably, cardinal-nephews were allowed to create facultas testandi to will the rewards of their benefices to secular family members.[24] Gregory XV's successor, Urban VIII (1623–1644) convened two special committees of theologians, both of whom endorsed this practice.[36]As Fabio Chigi, I had a family. As Alexander VII I have none. You won't find my name anywhere in the baptismal registers of Siena.— Pope Alexander VII, 1655, who appointed two cardinal-nephews in 1657[37]Not all Cardinal Nephews were cardinal-nephews in the strictest sense. In fact, papal historian Valérie Pirie considers not having a nephew a \"tremendous asset for a would-be Pope\" as it left the position open for an ally cardinal.[25] For example, Pope Clement X gave the office to Cardinal Paoluzzi-Altieri, whose nephew had recently married Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of Clement X's family.[38] Many historians consider Olimpia Maidalchini, the sister-in-law of Pope Innocent X (1644–1655), to have been a de facto Cardinal Nephew; the position was formally held by her son, Camillo Pamphili, then her nephew, Francesco Maidalchini (after Pamphili renounced his cardinalate in order to wed), and (after Francesco proved incompetent) Camillo Astalli, her cousin.[39][40]Popes often had only a few choices for the creation of a Cardinal Nephew. According to papal historian Frederic Baumgartner, Pope Sixtus V's (1585–1590) reign \"started badly\" because Alessandro Peretti di Montalto was \"his only nephew eligible for the office, but he could hardly serve the Pope as a trustworthy confidant\", causing several cardinals to refuse to attend his investiture.[41] Another papal historian Ludwig von Pastor notes that \"the misfortune of Pope Pamphilj was that the only person in his family who would have had the qualities necessary to fill such a position was a woman\".[40]Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) despised the practice and only accepted his election as Pope after the College of Cardinals consented to his plans for reform, which included a ban on nepotism.[4] However, Innocent XI backed down after thrice failing to achieve the support of the majority of his cardinals for a bull banning nepotism,[42] which had been tediously composed between 1677 and 1686.[43] Innocent XI refused entreaties from within the papal court to bring his only nephew, Livio Odescalchi, the prince of Sirmio, to Rome,[44] although he did elevate Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri, a distant relative, cardinal on September 2, 1686.[45] Innocent XI's successor, Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691), was the last Pope to create a Cardinal Nephew.[4] Alexander VIII also undid another reform of Innocent XI by restoring the revenues of the former Chancery to the Vice-Chancellor, who was, at the time, his cardinal-nephew, Pietro Ottoboni.[22] Edith Standen, a consultant to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, calls Ottoboni the \"last and certainly not least magnificent example\" of the \"splendor of an extinct species, the Cardinal-Nephew\".[46]Until 1692 (and sometimes thereafter), the cardinal-nephew (or a lay nephew) would be the chief archivist of the Pope, usually removing the archives to a family archive upon the death of the pontiff.[47] In particular, the archival collections of the Barberini, Farnese, Chigi, and Borghese families contain important papal documents.[48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Innocent_XII.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Romanum decet pontificem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanum_decet_pontificem"},{"link_name":"sinecures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinecure"},{"link_name":"stipend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipend"},{"link_name":"endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment"},{"link_name":"scudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standen-46"},{"link_name":"Code of Canon Law of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Canon_Law_of_1917"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"venality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venality"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l468-43"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c304-42"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Coscia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Coscia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s142-50"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilcock1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffy1-52"},{"link_name":"Neri Maria Corsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neri_Maria_Corsini"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII"},{"link_name":"blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"Hugh Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Walpole"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilcock1-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Cardinal_Pecci,_SJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pecci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branschi-onesti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romualdo Braschi-Onesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romualdo_Braschi-Onesti"},{"link_name":"Pius VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI"},{"link_name":"Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesena"},{"link_name":"genealogist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1800 papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1800"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Ercole Consalvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Gabriele della Genga Sermattei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_della_Genga_Sermattei"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"pietas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pecci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci"},{"link_name":"Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"temporal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Roman Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Question"},{"link_name":"Lateran Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"}],"sub_title":"Since 1692","text":"Pope Innocent XII abolished the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on June 22, 1692, and strengthened the office of Cardinal Secretary of StatePope Innocent XII (1691–1700) issued a papal bull on June 22, 1692, Romanum decet pontificem, banning the office of Cardinal Nephew, limiting his successors to elevating only one cardinal relative, eliminating various sinecures traditionally reserved for cardinal-nephews, and capping the stipend or endowment the nephew of a Pope could receive to 12,000 scudi.[14][37][46] Romanum decet pontificem was later incorporated into the Code of Canon Law of 1917 in canons 240, 2; 1414, 4; and 1432, 1.[49] In 1694, Innocent XII's series of reforms was concluded with an expensive campaign to eliminate the \"venality\" of offices while reimbursing their current holders.[43] These reforms are viewed by some scholars as a delayed reaction to the financial crisis created by the nepotism of Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).[14]However, even following Romanum decet pontificem, only three of the eight Popes of the 18th century failed to make a nephew or brother cardinal.[42] The College of Cardinals apparently preferred rule by nephews than by favorites, which they perceived as the alternative; for example, the college urged Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) to appoint a cardinal-nephew, who they hoped would replace Benedict XIII's notorious lieutenant Niccolò Coscia.[37] Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585) also had to be urged by key figures in the college to appoint his cardinal-nephew: Filippo Boncompagni.[50]The cardinal-nephews of the 18th century declined in influence as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased.[37] The church of Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) is described by historian Eamon Duffy as \"all the evils of nepotism without the nephew\".[51][52] Neri Maria Corsini, cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement XII (1730–1740) was by far the most powerful cardinal-nephew of the 18th century, on account of his uncle's advanced age and blindness.[37] However, Clement XII's successor, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) was described by Hugh Walpole as \"a priest without indolence or interest, a prince without favorites, a Pope without nephews\".[51]Giuseppe Pecci, the last papal relative elevated to cardinalRomualdo Braschi-Onesti, the penultimate cardinal-nephewRomualdo Braschi-Onesti, cardinal-nephew of Pius VI (1775–1799), was the penultimate cardinal-nephew. Despite Pius VI's lineage to a noble Cesena family, his only sister had married a man from the poor Onesti family. Therefore, he commissioned a genealogist to discover (and inflate) some trace of nobility in the Onesti lineage, an endeavor which yielded only a circuitous connection to Saint Romualdo.[53]After the turbulent 1800 papal conclave, Pope Pius VII (1800–1823) shunned the institution of the cardinal-nephew and instead relied on his Cardinal Secretary of State, Ercole Consalvi.[54] During the 19th century, the only nephew of a Pope created cardinal was Gabriele della Genga Sermattei, nephew of Pope Leo XII, created cardinal by Pope Gregory XVI on February 1, 1836.[55] Although the institutionalization of nepotism disappeared in the 18th century, \"pietas\" (duty to family) remained a theme of papal administration into the 20th century, although rarely with the overt intervention of a papal uncle.[14] Following the example of Pius VI, Popes Leo XIII (who elevated his brother, Giuseppe Pecci, cardinal on May 12, 1879) and Pius XII (1939–1958) weakened the formal curial bureaucracy in favor of a parallel government, in which family members often figured prominently.[14] The loss of temporal power over the Papal States (de facto in 1870 with the \"Roman Question\" and de jure in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty) also eliminated the structural conditions which had figured prominently in the family politics of earlier Popes.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal Albani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Albani"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"power broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_broker_(term)"},{"link_name":"conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave"},{"link_name":"status quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c305-37"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b151-56"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Peretti di Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Peretti_di_Montalto"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baumgartner,_2003,_p._130-41"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins,_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_(by_Raphael).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Giulio de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"papal conclave, 1621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1621"},{"link_name":"Scipione Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Pietro Aldobrandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Aldobrandini"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b143-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b143-59"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"Olimpia Maidalchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Maidalchini"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria de Monserrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monserrato_degli_Spagnoli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s114-3"},{"link_name":"Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s93-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Crown-cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown-cardinal"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"papabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papabile"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b151-56"},{"link_name":"Prospero Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Colonna_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Borja"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trollope,_1876,_p._138-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Carlo Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carafa"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_the_Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"papal conclave, May 1605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_May_1605"},{"link_name":"Antonmaria Sauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonmaria_Sauli"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"A Pope's nephew dies twice; the second time like all men, the first time when his uncle dies.— Cardinal Albani[37]Even into the 18th century, the cardinal-nephew was a natural power broker at the conclave following his uncle's death, as a figure whom cardinals desirous of continuing the status quo could rally around.[37] In particular, the cardinal-nephew often commanded the loyalty of his uncle's creatures, whom he generally had a role in naming.[56] For example, Alessandro Peretti di Montalto led his uncle's creatures in the papal conclave of 1590 despite being only 21.[57] According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, \"the purpose of such appointments was ensuring that the Pope's family would have power and influence for a much longer time than the brief period that a Pope could expect to reign\".[41] A notable exception is Pope Gregory XV (1621–1623) who declined on his death bed the request of Ludovico Ludovisi to name more relatives to the college, saying he had \"enough to account to God for the unworthy ones he had appointed\".[58]Pope Leo X with his cousins Giulio de' Medici (left, the future Pope Clement VII) and Luigi de' Rossi (right), whom he appointed as cardinalsHowever, cardinal-nephews were not guaranteed the leadership of their uncle's creatures; for example, in the papal conclave, 1621, Scipione Borghese could count only twenty-nine votes (a fraction of his uncle's fifty-six cardinals), Pietro Aldobrandini controlled only nine (of his uncle's thirteen remaining cardinals), and Montalto only five of his uncle's remaining cardinals.[59] In fact, international rivalries sometimes overwhelmed family loyalties when cardinal-nephews were relatively \"poorly organized\".[59] As Pope Innocent X (1644–1655) died with the office of Cardinal Nephew vacant his faction proved divided and leaderless in the conclave, although his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini was invited to address the cardinals from within the enclosure, the only woman ever so honored.[60]Instruzione al cardinal Padrone circa il modo come si deve procurare una fazione di cardinali con tutti i requisiti che deve avere per lo stabilimento della sua grandezza (\"Instructions to the chief cardinal on how to create a faction of cardinals with all the requisites for the establishment of his grandeur\"), discovered in the archive of the Santa Maria de Monserrato offers advice to cardinal-nephews for consolidating power within the College of Cardinals.[3] Another text, the Ricordi dati da Gregorio XV al cardinale Lodovisio suo nipote (\"Memoir addressed by Gregory XV to his Nephew Cardinal Lodovisio\") offers advice for how to rise within the Curia.[61]An analysis of the five papal conclaves between 1605 and 1644 shows that cardinal-nephews were generally unsuccessful in electing their chosen candidates, although the victor was usually a cardinal created by the deceased Pope.[62] Crown-cardinals in particular, when they deigned to travel to Rome for the conclave, tended to oppose the election of cardinal-nephews, although they equally opposed the election of crown-cardinals of other monarchs.[63] In general, a cardinal-nephew had to outlive one or more successors of his uncle to become regarded as papabile, both because of their youth and their tendency to be blamed for any unpopular papal policies of their uncles.[56]A papal election could bring a dramatic change of fortune for a cardinal-nephew, often bringing the former favorites into conflict with the new Pope. For example, Prospero Colonna and Francisco de Borja were excommunicated,[64][65] and Carlo Carafa was executed.[66] The papal conclave, May 1605, is one example of a conclave where a candidate (Antonmaria Sauli) was defeated because enough other cardinals were convinced of the need for \"a Pope willing to punish the cardinal-nephews for robbing the papacy\".[67] A cardinal-nephew was also a potential threat to any future pontiff; for example, Ludovisi came to lead the opposition against Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644), even talking about calling a council against the Pope (which never occurred as Ludovisi died in 1632) because \"no one else had the standing to confront Urban's titanic temper\".[68]","title":"Role in conclaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tizian_065.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ippolito de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"nation-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"clerical celibacy within the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"hereditary descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"benefices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"fallible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nepotism-14"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Leti"},{"link_name":"Index Librorum Prohibitorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curia-22"},{"link_name":"crown-cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown-cardinal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Thomas Adolphus Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Adolphus_Trollope"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trollope,_1876,_p._138-64"}],"text":"Ippolito de' Medici, cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement VII and illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' MediciNepotism is a common feature in the history of governance, particularly in cultures where identity and loyalty are determined more at the level of the family than that of the nation-state.[69] The use of nephews, rather than direct descendants, is a product of the tradition of clerical celibacy within the Catholic Church, although hereditary descent from uncles to nephews is also seen in the patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East.[70]The creation of relatives and known-allies as cardinals was only one way in which medieval and Renaissance Popes attempted to dilute the power of the College of Cardinals as an \"ecclesiastical rival\" and perpetuate their influence within the church after their death.[71] The institution of the cardinal-nephew had the effect both of enriching the Pope's family with desirable benefices and of modernizing the administration of the papacy, by allowing the pontiff to rule through a proxy which was more easily deemed fallible when necessary and provided a formal distance between the person of the pontiff and the everydayness of pontifical affairs.[14]Gregorio Leti's Papal Nepotism, or the True Relation of the Reasons Which Impel the Popes to make their Nephews Powerful (1667) is one example of contemporary criticism of the institution of the cardinal-nephew; Leti holds the rare distinction of having all of his publications on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (\"List of Prohibited Books\").[72] The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 defended the institution of the cardinal-nephew as a necessary countermeasure to the intrigue of the old Church.[22] According to Francis A. Burkle-Young, 15th century Popes in particular found it necessary to elevate their relatives to the College of Cardinals due to their distrust of the crown-cardinals, Roman baronial families, and Italian princely families who also populated the college.[73]\nAccording to Thomas Adolphus Trollope, a famed papal historian, \"the evil wrought by them in and to the church has been well nigh fatal to it; and it continued to increase until increasing danger warned the Pontiffs to abstain. The worst cardinals, providing, of course, the material for the worst Popes, have been for the most part cardinal nephews, the temptation to the creation of such having been rendered too great to be resisted by the exorbitant greatness of the power, dignity, and wealth attributed to the members of the Sacred College. The value of these great \"prizes\" was so enormous, that the \"hat\" became an object of ambition to princes, and it was the primary object with a long series of Popes to bestow it on their kinsmen.\"[64]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c299-48"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Michele Bonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Bonelli"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b166-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b166-75"}],"sub_title":"Cardinal Secretary of State","text":"The curial office of Cardinal Secretary of State in many ways evolved from the roles formerly filled by cardinal-nephews. From 1644 to 1692, the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State was essentially inversely proportional to that of the Cardinal Nephew, to whom the Secretariat was subordinate.[48] During some pontificates, for example that of Pope Pius V (1566–1572) and his nephew Michele Bonelli, the cardinal-nephew and secretary of state were one and the same.[74]According to Baumgartner, \"the rise of a centralized administration with professional bureaucrats with careers in the papal service\" proved more effective than nepotism for future Popes and thus \"greatly reduced the need for papal nephews\".[75] The rise of the Cardinal Secretary of State was the \"most obvious element of this new approach\".[75]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s114_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s114_3-1"},{"link_name":"cardinal-neveu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.google.com/scholar?sa=N&hl=en&tab=ns&q=cardinal-neveu"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bunson_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bunson_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bunson_4-2"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.isnet.org/kristen/Ensiklopedia/CardinalNephew.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-88256-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-88256-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Leti"},{"link_name":"Nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00323182?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=nepotism&first=1&max_to_show=10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Innocent XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_XII"},{"link_name":"Pius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_III"},{"link_name":"Marcellus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_II"},{"link_name":"Urban VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_VII"},{"link_name":"Leo XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XI"},{"link_name":"Adrian VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_VI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vidmar_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8091-4234-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V"},{"link_name":"15th Century (1404–1503)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xv.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Consistory of 1127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1127.htm#Suburra"},{"link_name":"Alphonsus Ciacconius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Ciacconius"},{"link_name":"Pope Anastasius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV"},{"link_name":"Honorius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Essay of a General List of Cardinals (112–2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mxi_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mxi_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mxi_10-2"},{"link_name":"General list of Cardinals: 11th Century (999–1099)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xi.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"List of 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(1464)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/election-paulii.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nepotism_14-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekelund_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekelund_19-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-portemer_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-portemer_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-portemer_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-portemer_20-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-portemer_20-4"},{"link_name":"Laurain-Portemer, 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(VIII)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1836.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b151_56-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b151_56-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b143_59-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b143_59-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s93_61-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trollope,_1876,_p._138_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trollope,_1876,_p._138_64-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"Consistory of September 28, 1500 (IX)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1500-ii.htm#Borja"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"Consistory of June 7, 1555 (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555.htm#Carafa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7607-0125-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0125-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/election-eugeniusiv.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b166_75-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b166_75-1"}],"text":"^ Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene. 1976. The Holy See and the International Order. Maclean-Hunter Press. p. 133.\n\n^ Burckhardt, Jacob, and Middlemore, Samuel George Chetwynd. 1892. The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy. Sonnenschein. p. 107.\n\n^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 114. Modern French scholarly literature uses the term \"cardinal-neveu\".\n\n^ a b c Bunson, Matthew. 1995. \"Cardinal Nephew\". The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.\n\n^ Oxford English Dictionary has, as its first citation, Pepys' writing about a family reading of Gregorio Leti's Il Nipotismo di Roma, or, The History of the Popes Nephews: from the time of Sixtus IV, anno 1471, to the death of the late Pope Alexander VII, anno 1667. September 2003. \"Nepotism\"\n\n^ Until Innocent XII, the only other exceptions were popes who did not appoint cardinals: Pius III, Marcellus II, Urban VII, Leo XI) and Adrian VI (who appointed one cardinal).\n\n^ Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1. p. 170. Vidmar gives the exception of Nicholas V, who elevated his half-brother Filippo Calandrini on December 20, 1448 (see: Salvator, 1998, \"15th Century (1404–1503)\").\n\n^ S. Miranda: Consistory of 1127, citing some older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II; however, modern scholars (Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, pp. 46–48) are in agreement that Corrado was created cardinal by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.\n\n^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. \"Essay of a General List of Cardinals (112–2006)\".\n\n^ a b c Miranda, Salvator. 1998. \"General list of Cardinals: 11th Century (999–1099)\".\n\n^ For the discussion concerning dubious cases see List of cardinal-nephews.\n\n^ Bargrave, John, edited by James Craigie Robertson, 1867. Pope Alexander the Seventh and the College of Cardinals. Camden Society. p. 3.\n\n^ Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. \"The election of Pope Paul II (1464)\".\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Reinhard, Wolfgang, Levillain, ed., 2002. \"Nepotism\", p. 1031–1033.\n\n^ Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 703.\n\n^ Setton, 1984, p. 639.\n\n^ Setton, 1984, p. 711.\n\n^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 289.\n\n^ a b Ekelund et al., 2004, p. 702.\n\n^ a b c d e Laurain-Portemer, Madeleine, Levillain, ed., 2002. \"Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State\", p. 1467–1469.\n\n^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 141.\n\n^ a b c d Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Roman Curia\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Avignon\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ a b c Hsia, 2005, p. 102.\n\n^ a b c Pirie, Valérie. 1965. \"The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: Preliminary Chapter\". Spring Books.\n\n^ Emich, Birgit (2019-12-09). \"The Cardinal Nephew\". A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal: 71–87. doi:10.1163/9789004415447_007. ISBN 9789004415447. S2CID 213479369.\n\n^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 144.\n\n^ Bireley, Robert. 2004. Book Review of Bürokratie und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605–1621): Studien zur frühneuzeitlichen Mikropolitik in Rom by Birgit Emich. The Catholic Historical Review. 90, 1: 127–129.\n\n^ Osheim, Duane J. \"Review of Kardinal Scipione Borghese, 1605–1633: Vermögen, Finanzen und sozialer Aufstieg eines Papstnepoten\". The American Historical Review. 90, 4: 971–972.\n\n^ Thomas Munck. Europa XVII wieku. Warszawa 1999, p. 341\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 142.\n\n^ Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile, Levillain, ed., 2002, \"Gregory XIV\", p. 666.\n\n^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 144–145.\n\n^ Williams, 2004, p. 103.\n\n^ von Rankle, Leopold. 1848. The History of the Popes. p. 307.\n\n^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Pope Urban VIII\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Chadwick, 1981, p. 305.\n\n^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Pope Clement X\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 303.\n\n^ a b Boutry, Philippe, Levillain, ed., 2002, \"Innocent X\", p. 801–802.\n\n^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 130.\n\n^ a b Chadwick, 1981, p. 304.\n\n^ a b Rosa, Mario, Levillain, ed., 2002, \"Curia\", p. 468.\n\n^ Fr. Jeffrey Keyes. \"A YOUNG MAN IN THE ROME OF PIUS VII Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\". p. 34.\n\n^ Miranda, Salvador. 1998. \"Consistory of September 2, 1686.\"\n\n^ a b Standen, Edith A. 1981. \"Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's \"Gerusalemme Liberata\". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.\n\n^ Hansman, Silvia. 1999, Spring. \"The Vatican Secret Archives Archived 2007-10-26 at the Wayback Machine\". Seminar on Records and Archives in Society.\n\n^ a b Chadwick, 1981, p. 299.\n\n^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. \"Guide to documents and events (76–2005)\".\n\n^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 142.\n\n^ a b Wilcock, John. \"The Popes, in chronological order: AD 1700–1800\". Popes and Anti-Popes. www.ojaiorange.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-06-25.\n\n^ Duffy, Eamon. 2006. \"Saints & sinners: a history of the Popes\".\n\n^ Pirie, Valérie. 1965. \"The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: XVIIIth Century: PIUS VI (BRASCHI)\". Spring Books.\n\n^ Pirie, Valérie. 1965. \"The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves: XIXth Century\". Spring Books. p. 305.\n\n^ Miranda, Salvador. 1998. \"Consistory of February 1, 1836 (VIII)\".\n\n^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 151.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 133.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 145.\n\n^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 143.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 155.\n\n^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 93.\n\n^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 121.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 150.\n\n^ a b Trollope, 1876, p. 138.\n\n^ Miranda, S. 1998. \"Consistory of September 28, 1500 (IX)\". Florida International University.\n\n^ Miranda, S. 1998. \"Consistory of June 7, 1555 (I)\". Florida International University.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 141.\n\n^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 152.\n\n^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 301.\n\n^ Chadwick, 1981, p. 302.\n\n^ Hsia, 2005, p. 103.\n\n^ Ambrosini, Maria Luisa, and Willis, Mary. 1996. The Secret Archives of the Vatican. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 0-7607-0125-3. p. 138.\n\n^ Burkle-Young, Francis. 1998. \"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431).\"\n\n^ Setton, 1984, p. 912.\n\n^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 166.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-29463-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29463-8"},{"link_name":"Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LyjkAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-85669-82-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-85669-82-6"},{"link_name":"Chadwick, Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-826919-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826919-6"},{"link_name":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/"},{"link_name":"Duffy, Eamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Duffy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-11597-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11597-0"},{"link_name":"The Economics of the Counter-Reformation: Incumbent-Firm reaction to market entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ei/cbh090/abstract"},{"link_name":"The Cardinal Nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1163/9789004415447_007"},{"link_name":"\"Scipione Borghese and the Office of Cardinal Nephew,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/10856803/Scipione_Borghese_and_the_Office_of_Cardinal_Nephew_chapter_1_of_Cardinal_Scipione_Borgheses_Patronage_of_Ecclesiastical_Architecture_1605-33_PhD_University_of_Sydney_1998"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-84154-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84154-2"},{"link_name":"Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian [by Gregorio Leti] in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rwb-MgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Il nepotismo di Sisto 4. e le capitolazioni elettorali: nota di Mattia Moresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cyl1oAEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-92228-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92228-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87169-114-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0"},{"link_name":"Trollope, Thomas Adolphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Adolphus_Trollope"},{"link_name":"The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/papalconclavesa00trolgoog#page/n8/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-64146-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64146-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-2071-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2071-5"}],"text":"Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8.\nBrixius, J. M. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181, Berlin 1912. (in German)\nCarocci, Sandro (1999). Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili (in Italian). Roma: Viella. ISBN 978-88-85669-82-6.\nChadwick, Owen. 1981. The Popes and European Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826919-6.\nCowan, H. Lee. Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice. Denton, Texas. UNT Digital Library. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/. [dissertation: University of North Texas]\nDuffy, Eamon. 2006. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11597-0.\nEkelund, Robert B., Jr., Herbert, Robert F., and Tollison, Robert D. 2004, October. \"The Economics of the Counter-Reformation: Incumbent-Firm reaction to market entry\". Economic Inquiry. 42 (4): 690–705.\nEmich, Birgit (2020), \"The Cardinal Nephew\", chapter 5 of Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 71–87. ISBN 9789004415447\nHill, Michael (1998). \"Scipione Borghese and the Office of Cardinal Nephew,\" chapter 1 of Cardinal Scipione Borghese's Patronage of Ecclesiastical Architecture (1605–33). PhD, University of Sydney, 1998\nHsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84154-2.\nHüls, R. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen 1977. (in German)\nKraus, Andreas (1958), \"Amt und Stellung des Kardinalnepoten zur Zeit Urbans. VIII (1623)\", Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, 53 (1958),\nKlewitz, H.W. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957. (in German)\nLeti, Gregorio (1669). William Aglionby, tr. (ed.). Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian [by Gregorio Leti] in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A. London: John Starkey.\nMaleczek, W. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Vienna 1984. (in German)\nMoresco, Mattia (1928). Il nepotismo di Sisto 4. e le capitolazioni elettorali: nota di Mattia Moresco (in Italian). Genoa: Artigianelli.*Philippe Levillain, ed. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.\nSetton, Kenneth Meyer. 1984. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571). ISBN 0-87169-114-0.\nTrollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.\nSignorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64146-2.\nWilliams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.\nZenker, B. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964. (in German)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Pietro Ottoboni, the last holder of the post of cardinal-nephew, painted by Francesco Trevisani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pietro_Ottoboni_by_Francesco_Trevisani.jpg/220px-Pietro_Ottoboni_by_Francesco_Trevisani.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) produced an unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Pius V created the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on March 14, 1566.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/El_Greco_050.jpg/220px-El_Greco_050.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Innocent X named the son, nephew, and cousin of his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini to the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Donna_olimpia_maidalchini.jpg/220px-Donna_olimpia_maidalchini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Gregory XV with his Cardinal Nephew of unprecedented income and authority, Ludovico Ludovisi, known as il cardinale padrone.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg/220px-Ludovico_Ludovisi_with_Gregory_XV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Innocent XII abolished the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew on June 22, 1692, and strengthened the office of Cardinal Secretary of State","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Pope_Innocent_XII.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Leo X with his cousins Giulio de' Medici (left, the future Pope Clement VII) and Luigi de' Rossi (right), whom he appointed as cardinals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ippolito de' Medici, cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement VII and illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tizian_065.jpg/220px-Tizian_065.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of cardinal-nephews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cardinal-nephews"},{"title":"Favourite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite"},{"title":"Captain General of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church"},{"title":"Lay cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_cardinal"}] | [{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Roman Curia\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Roman_Curia","url_text":"\"Roman Curia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Avignon\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Avignon","url_text":"\"Avignon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Emich, Birgit (2019-12-09). \"The Cardinal Nephew\". A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal: 71–87. doi:10.1163/9789004415447_007. ISBN 9789004415447. S2CID 213479369.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004415447/BP000007.xml","url_text":"\"The Cardinal Nephew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415447_007","url_text":"10.1163/9789004415447_007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004415447","url_text":"9789004415447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213479369","url_text":"213479369"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Pope Urban VIII\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 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Retrieved 2007-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007063124/http://www.ojaiorange.com/popes/ad_1700-1800.php","url_text":"\"The Popes, in chronological order: AD 1700–1800\""},{"url":"http://www.ojaiorange.com/popes/ad_1700-1800.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carocci, Sandro (1999). Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili (in Italian). Roma: Viella. ISBN 978-88-85669-82-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LyjkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-85669-82-6","url_text":"978-88-85669-82-6"}]},{"reference":"Leti, Gregorio (1669). William Aglionby, tr. (ed.). Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian [by Gregorio Leti] in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A. London: John Starkey.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rwb-MgEACAAJ","url_text":"Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian [by Gregorio Leti] in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A."}]},{"reference":"Moresco, Mattia (1928). Il nepotismo di Sisto 4. e le capitolazioni elettorali: nota di Mattia Moresco (in Italian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshivat_Hesder_Petach_Tikva | Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva is a Hesder Yeshiva located in Petah Tikva, Israel. Established in 1998, it currently has approximately 200 students, of whom 25% are actively serving in the IDF.
Evening study session
History
Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva was established by Rabbi Yuval Cherlow, Rabbi David Stav, and Rabbi Shai Piron, founders of the Tzohar Foundation, a moderate Orthodox organization that promotes ties between religious and secular Jews in Israel. The yeshiva, which embraces a modern Orthodox educational philosophy, combines Torah study with military service. The yeshiva also serves as an institute for teacher training under the auspices of the College for Religious Studies in Rehovot, and operates a religious high school.
Petah Tikva is known for its demanding curriculum, and its study hall can be found fully occupied into the latest hours of the night. For this reason, Petah Tikva has instituted rigorous entrance exams in order to ensure that its prospective students can meet its demanding 5-year program. Historically, it has reserved a handful of spots for overseas students, who may be admitted to participate in its program for 1–2 years, with the option of joining their classmates in both IDF service and full program completion.
Its students have served in some of the Israel Defense Forces' most elite units, ranging from intelligence to combat.
References
^ "Yeshivat Petach Tikva". www.ypt.co.il. Archived from the original on 2007-01-19.
External links
Yeshivat Petah Tikva's Official Website
vteOrthodox Yeshivas in Israel and the West BankYeshivot
Aderet Eliyahu
Aish HaTorah
Ateret Yerushalayim
Yeshivas Bais Yisroel
Beit El
Bircas HaTorah
Birkat Moshe (Hesder)
Derech Etz Chaim
Dvar Yerushalayim
Eretz HaTzvi
Etz Chaim
HaRaayon HaYehudi
Har Bracha
Har Etzion
HaKotel (Hesder)
Hamivtar
Har Hamor
Harry Fischel Institute for Talmudic Research
Itri
Kaminetz
Kerem B'Yavneh (Hesder)
Kisse Rahamim
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Kol Torah
Lakewood East
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Maarava Machon Rubin
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Meah Shearim
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Mercaz Hatorah
Midrash Shmuel
Mir
Mir Brachfeld
Netiv Aryeh
Neveh Zion
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Ohr Yerushalayim
Or Vishua (Hesder)
Or Etzion (Hesder)
Otniel (Hesder)
Otzmat Yerushalayim
Pachad Yitzchok
Petah Tikva (Hesder)
Ponevezh
Porat Yosef
Pressburg
Shaar Hashamayim
Sfas Emes
Shavei Hevron
Slabodka
Torah Ore
Torat Emes
Tomchei Tmimim
Torat HaChaim
Toras Moshe
Sderot (Hesder)
Sha'alvim
Shilo (Hesder)
Yerushalayim L’Tzeirim
Yerucham (Hesder)
Midrashot
Beth Jacob Jerusalem
EYAHT
Machon Gold
Mayanot
Midreshet Aviv
Midreshet Binat
Midreshet HaRova
Midreshet Lindenbaum
Midreshet Ma'amakim
Migdal Oz
Neve Yerushalayim
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Jerusalem Michlala
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This yeshiva or kollel article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hesder Yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesder_Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Petah Tikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petah_Tikva"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94.jpg"}],"text":"Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva is a Hesder Yeshiva located in Petah Tikva, Israel. Established in 1998, it currently has approximately 200 students, of whom 25% are actively serving in the IDF.Evening study session","title":"Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuval Cherlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Cherlow"},{"link_name":"David Stav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stav"},{"link_name":"Shai Piron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Piron"},{"link_name":"Tzohar Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzohar_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Rehovot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehovot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva was established by Rabbi Yuval Cherlow, Rabbi David Stav, and Rabbi Shai Piron, founders of the Tzohar Foundation, a moderate Orthodox organization that promotes ties between religious and secular Jews in Israel. The yeshiva, which embraces a modern Orthodox educational philosophy, combines Torah study with military service. The yeshiva also serves as an institute for teacher training under the auspices of the College for Religious Studies in Rehovot, and operates a religious high school.Petah Tikva is known for its demanding curriculum, and its study hall can be found fully occupied into the latest hours of the night. For this reason, Petah Tikva has instituted rigorous entrance exams in order to ensure that its prospective students can meet its demanding 5-year program. Historically, it has reserved a handful of spots for overseas students, who may be admitted to participate in its program for 1–2 years, with the option of joining their classmates in both IDF service and full program completion.Its students have served in some of the Israel Defense Forces' most elite units, ranging from intelligence to combat.[1]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Evening study session","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94.jpg/275px-%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Yeshivat Petach Tikva\". www.ypt.co.il. Archived from the original on 2007-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070119222713/http://www.ypt.co.il/eng/show.asp?id=15296","url_text":"\"Yeshivat Petach Tikva\""},{"url":"http://www.ypt.co.il/eng/show.asp?id=15296","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22","external_links_name":"\"Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yeshivat+Hesder+Petah+Tikva%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070119222713/http://www.ypt.co.il/eng/show.asp?id=15296","external_links_name":"\"Yeshivat Petach Tikva\""},{"Link":"http://www.ypt.co.il/eng/show.asp?id=15296","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ypt.co.il/","external_links_name":"Yeshivat Petah Tikva's Official Website"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007311657905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeshivat_Hesder_Petah_Tikva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeshivat_Hesder_Petah_Tikva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Interim_Governing_Council | Iraqi Governing Council | ["1 General information","2 Presidents of the Iraqi Governing Council","3 Council Members","4 Cabinet","5 References"] | 2003–2004 provisional government of Iraq
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Iraqi Governing Council مجلس الحكم العراقيTypeTypeUnicameral HistoryFounded13 July 2003; 20 years ago (13 July 2003)Disbanded1 June 2004; 20 years ago (1 June 2004)Preceded byRevolutionary Command CouncilSucceeded byCouncil of Representatives of IraqLeadershipPresidentMohammad Bahr al-Uloom (first) Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (last)
Paul Bremer with some members of the Iraqi Governing Council
The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) was the provisional government of Iraq from 13 July 2003 to 1 June 2004. It was established by and served under the United States-led Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). The IGC consisted of various Iraqi political and tribal leaders who were appointed by the CPA to provide advice and leadership of the country until the June 2004 transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government (which was replaced in May 2005 by the Iraqi Transitional Government, which was then replaced the following year by the first permanent government).
The Council consisted of 25 members. Its ethnic and religious breakdown included 13 Shias, five Sunnis, five Kurds (also Sunnis), one Turkmen and an Assyrian. Three of its members were women.
In September 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council gained regional recognition from the Arab League, which agreed to seat its representative in Iraq's chair at its meetings. On 1 June 2004, the Council dissolved after choosing member Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer as the president of the new Iraq interim government. Full sovereignty was transferred to the interim government (and the CPA dissolved) on 28 June.
General information
Though subject to the authority of the CPA administrator Paul Bremer, the council had several key powers of its own. Their duties included appointing representatives to the United Nations, appointing interim ministers to Iraq's vacant cabinet positions, and drafting a temporary constitution, the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL). The TAL spelled out the provisions which were to govern the Iraqi Interim Government, and the timeline for holding elections to a National Assembly, drafting of a permanent constitution to be voted on by the Iraqi people, and elections to a permanent government.
Despite having to answer to the CPA, different factions took on controversial stands. Religious hardliners won a solid victory when Directive 137 was passed on 29 December 2003. Passed by the council in less than 15 minutes, it replaced Iraq's former secular family law code with Shari'a family law. This move met with wide protest among many Iraqi women fearful of how it will affect their freedom to make their own decisions about marriage, alimony, and many other issues where Iraq used to be a leader in the Arab world for women's rights. Other legislation passed by the council included declaring the day that Baghdad fell to be a national holiday, voting to establish a tribunal to try former government leaders, and banning television stations which are deemed to be supportive of the resistance. A new flag chosen by the council for post-Saddam Iraq created much controversy, in part because of the similarity of color and design with the flag of Israel, and the flag was not adopted.
According to the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period, the interim constitution that the Council approved, the Council would cease to function after 30 June 2004, at which point full sovereignty would return to Iraq, and the government will be handed over to a new, sovereign interim government. Instead, the council chose to dissolve itself prematurely.
Presidents of the Iraqi Governing Council
Name
Took office
Left office
Political party
Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum (1st time, acting)
13 July 2003
31 July 2003
Non-party
Ibrahim al-Jaafari
1 August 2003
31 August 2003
Islamic Dawa Party
Ahmed Chalabi
1 September 2003
30 September 2003
Iraqi National Congress
Iyad Allawi
1 October 2003
31 October 2003
Iraqi National Accord
Jalal Talabani
1 November 2003
30 November 2003
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim
1 December 2003
31 December 2003
Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
Adnan Pachachi
1 January 2004
31 January 2004
Assembly of Independent Democrats
Mohsen Abdel Hamid
1 February 2004
29 February 2004
Iraqi Islamic Party
Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum (2nd time)
1 March 2004
31 March 2004
Non-party
Massoud Barzani
1 April 2004
30 April 2004
Kurdistan Democratic Party
Ezzedine Salim
1 May 2004
17 May 2004
Islamic Dawa Party
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
17 May 2004
1 June 2004
Non-party
Council Members
Name
Political Party
Religion & Ethnicity
Samir Shakir Mahmoud Sumaidaie
Independent
Arab
Sondul Chapouk
Independent
Turkmen
Wael Abdul Latif
Independent
Shiite Arab
Mowaffak al-Rubaie
Independent
Shiite Arab
Dara Nur al-Din
Independent
Sunni Kurd
Ahmed al-Barak
Independent
Shiite Arab
Raja Habib al-Khuzaai
Independent
Shiite Arab
Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum (p)
Independent
Shiite Arab
Aquila al-Hashimi(Died following assassination attack on 25 September 2003)Replaced by Salama al-Khufaji on 8 December
Independent(Ba'ath party pre-2003)
Shiite Arab
Ahmed Chalabi (p)
Iraqi National Congress
Shiite Arab
Naseer al-Chaderchi
National Democratic Party
Sunni Arab
Adnan Pachachi (p)
Assembly of Independent Democrats
Sunni Arab
Massoud Barzani (p)
Kurdistan Democratic Party
Sunni Kurd
Jalal Talabani (p) – first President of Iraq
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Sunni Kurd
Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim (p)
SCIRI
Shiite Arab
Yonadam Kanna
Assyrian Democratic Movement
Assyrian Christian
Salaheddine Bahaaeddin
Kurdistan Islamic Union
Sunni Kurd
Mahmoud Othman
KSDP
Sunni Kurd
Hamid Majid Mousa
Iraqi Communist Party
Shiite Arab
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (p)(Final council president, served as interim President of Iraq)
Independent
Sunni Arab
Mohsen Abdel Hamid (p)
Iraqi Islamic Party
Sunni Arab
Iyad Allawi (p)(Served as first interim Prime Minister of Iraq)
Iraqi National Accord
Shiite Arab
Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi
Iraqi Hezbollah
Shiite Arab
Ibrahim al-Jaafari (p)(Served as second interim Prime Minister of Iraq)
Islamic Dawa Party
Shiite Arab
Ezzedine Salim (p)(died in car bomb on 17 May 2004)
Islamic Dawa Party
Shiite Arab
The Presidency of the council rotated monthly among eleven of its members. A (p) marks those members above.
Cabinet
On 1 September 2003, the council named its first cabinet.
Minister of Communications – Haider al-Abadi
Minister of Public Works – Nisrin Barwari
Minister of Construction and Housing – Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi
Minister of the Environment – Abderrahman Sadik Karim
Minister of Trade – Ali Allawi
Minister of Planning – Mahdi al-Hafez
Minister of Education – Alaa Abdessaheb al-Alwan
Minister of Higher Education – Ziad Abderrazzak Mohammad Aswad
Minister of Culture – Mufid Mohammad Jawad al-Jazairi
Minister of Human Rights – Abdel Basset Turki (resigned April 2004)
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Hoshyar Zebari
Minister of Interior – Nuri Badran (resigned April 2004 and replaced by Samir Sumaidaie)
Minister of Agriculture – Abdel Amir Abbud Rahima
Minister of Sport and Youth – Ali Faik al-Ghabban
Minister of Health – Dr. Khodayyir Abbas
Minister of Industry and Minerals – Mohammad Tofiq Rahim
Minister of Justice – Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli
Minister of Science and Technology – Rashad Mandan Omar
Minister of Work and Social Affairs – Sami Azara al-Majun
Minister of Electricity – Aiham Alsammarae
Minister of Finance – Kamel al-Kilani
Minister of Immigration and Refugees – Mohammad Jassem Khodayyir
Minister of Water Resources – Latif Rashid
Minister of Oil – Ibrahim Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum
Minister of Transport – Bahnam Zaya Bulos
The Saddam-era positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Information were dissolved.
References
^ L. Paul Bremer; Malcolm McConnell (2006). My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7432-7389-3.
^ Otterman, Sharon. "IRAQ: Iraq's Governing Council". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ "Who's who in Iraq: Ghazi Yawer". BBC News. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original on 30 June 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ a b c "The Iraqi governing council". Social Education. 68 (1): 40. January 2004.
^ "Iraqi Governing Council members". BBC News. 14 July 2003. Archived from the original on 15 July 2003. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
Preceded byBa'athist Iraq
Government of Iraq 13 July 2003 – 1 June 2004 With: Coalition Provisional Authority
Succeeded byIraqi Interim Government
vteIraq War (2003–2011)Beginning of the Iraqi conflictPreludeBackgroundPre-1990
17 July Revolution
Iranian Revolution
1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
Iran–Iraq War
British / U.S. support for Iraq
Chemical attacks against Iran
Anfal campaign
Iran–Contra affair
1990–2003
Gulf War
Invasion of Kuwait
Nayirah testimony
Sanctions against Iraq
No-fly zones
1991 uprisings
UNSCOM
Arms-to-Iraq affair
Oil-for-Food Programme
Investigations
September 11 attacks
Aftermath
War on terror
2001 anthrax attacks
U.S. War in Afghanistan
Invasion
Rationale
WMD claims
Yellowcake uranium
Aluminum tubes
Biological weapons
Chemical weapons
"Curveball"
Mobile weapon labs
Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
Anthrax claims
Prague
Ricin claims
Oil as a possible rationale
Issues
American imperialism
Bush Doctrine
Wolfowitz Doctrine
Colin Powell's UN presentation
Disarmament crisis
UNMOVIC
Failed peace initiatives
Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Legality
Legitimacy of the invasion
Media coverage
Military analyst program
Rapid response operation
Saddam's alleged shredder
Preemptive war
Saddam Hussein and human rights
Dossiersand memos
Habbush letter
Downing Street memo
September Dossier
Vilnius letter
Letter of the eight
Bush–Blair 2003 memo
February Dossier
Bush–Aznar memo
OverviewKey events
Invasion (2003)
Occupation (2003–2011)
Insurgency
2003–06 period
Anbar campaign
Fallujah
Capture of Saddam Hussein
Interrogation
Trial
Execution / Reactions
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
Civil war (2006–08)
2007 U.S. troop surge
timeline
U.S. withdrawal
Status of forces agreement
Invasion(2003)
Timeline
Preparations for invasion
Multi-National Force
Battle of Nasiriyah
Fall of Baghdad
Battle of Debecka Pass
Firdos Square statue
Mission Accomplished speech
US public opinion
Occupation(2003–2011)
Occupation of Ramadi
De-Ba'athification
100 Orders
CPA Order 2
CPA Order 17
U.S. military bases
Blackwater
Reconstruction
Development Fund
Economic reform
UNAMI
Al Qa'qaa high explosives
U.S. kill or capture strategy
Replacementgovernments
Coalition Provisional Authority
Iraqi Governing Council
Interim Government
2005 parliamentary elections
Transitional Government
Constitution
Ratification
ParticipantsCountries
Australia
Ba'athist Iraq
Denmark
Georgia
Iran
Italy
Japan
Poland
South Korea
Thailand
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
InsurgentgroupsSunnigroups
Islamic Army in Iraq
1920 Revolution Brigades
Jaish al-Rashideen
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
Hamas of Iraq
Jeish Muhammad
Mujahideen Shura Council
Islamic State of Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
Black Banner Organization
Wakefulness and Holy War
Abu Theeb's group
Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
Mujahideen Army
Shiagroups
Mahdi Army
Abu Deraa's militia
Badr Organization
Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
Sheibani Network
Soldiers of Heaven
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Promised Day Brigade
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Ba'athloyalists
Fedayeen Saddam
Al-Awda
Popular Army
Al-Abud Network
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
Battles and operationsOperations2003
Ancient Babylon
Bayonet Lightning
Bulldog Mammoth
Catalyst
Desert Scorpion
Desert Thrust
Falconer
Iron Hammer
Iron Justice
Ivy Blizzard
Northern Delay
Airborne Dragon
Panther Squeeze
Peninsula Strike
Planet X
Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)
Telic
2004
Baton Rouge
Bulldog Mammoth
Iron Saber
New Dawn (Al Fajr)
Phantom Fury
Phantom Linebacker
Plymouth Rock
Vigilant Resolve
Warrior's Rage
2005
Able Rising Force
Able Warrior
Badlands
Cyclone
Dagger
Iron Hammer
Matador
New Market
Spear (Romhe)
Squeeze Play
Steel Curtain
2006
Al Majid
Gaugamela
Guardian Tiger
Iron Triangle
River Falcon
Scorpion
Sinbad
Swarmer
Together Forward
2007
Alljah
Arbead II
Ardennes
Black Eagle
Commando Eagle
Forsythe Park
Imposing Law
Leyte Gulf
Marne Avalanche
Marne Torch
Mawtini
Phantom Strike
Phantom Thunder
Polar Tempest
Purple Haze
Saber Guardian
Sledgehammer
Stampede 3
Tiger Hammer
Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)
2008
Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
Augurs of Prosperity
Phantom Phoenix
2009–2011
New Dawn
Battles2003Invasion
Umm Qasr
Al Faw
Basra I
Nasiriyah
Karbala I
Haditha Dam
Najaf I
Samawah I
Karbala II
Al Kut
Hillah
Karbala Gap
Debecka Pass
Baghdad I
Majar al-Kabir
Ramadan Offensive2004
Spring fighting
Karbala City Hall
Fallujah I
Siege of Sadr City
Ramadi I
Good Friday ambush
Baghdad International Airport
Husaybah
Danny Boy
Najaf II
CIMIC House
Samarra
Fallujah II
Mosul
2005
Lake Tharthar
Abu Ghraib
Al-Qa'im
Hit convoy
Haditha
Tal Afar
2006
Baghdad II
Ramadi II
Diwaniya
Al Rumaythah
Amarah
Turki
2007
Haifa Street
Karbala provincial HQ
Najaf III
Shurta Nasir
Basra II
Baqubah
Route Bismarck
Donkey Island
Karbala III
2008
Spring fighting
Iraqi Day of Ashura
Nineveh
Basra III
Al-Qaeda offensive
2009–2011
Palm Grove (2010)
Related events
Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
2007
2008
Abu Kamal raid
War crimesOccupation forcesKillings andmassacres
During the 2003 invasion
U.S. killings of journalists
Fallujah killings
Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003)
Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir
Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005)
Tal Afar shootings (2005)
Basra prison incident (2005)
Haditha massacre (2005)
Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
Ishaqi massacre (2006)
Baghdad detainee killings (2006)
Hamdania incident (2006)
Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006)
Iron Triangle Murders (2006)
Baghdad airstrike (2007)
Nisour Square massacre (2007)
Iraq War Logs (2010)
Chemicalweapons
Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05)
Tortureand abuse
Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06)
Camp Bucca (2003–09)
Camp Nama (2003–04)
Balad Air Base (2003–2011)
Death of Nagem Hatab (2003)
Killing of Baha Mousa (2003)
Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003)
Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003)
Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004)
§ Other killingsand bombings2003
Jordanian embassy
Canal Hotel
Imam Ali mosque bombing
Baghdad October 2003
2004
Erbil 2004
Ashura massacre
Basra 2004
Mosul 2004
2004 church bombings
Baghdad bombings
14 September
30 September
Karbala and Najaf bombings
Baqubah 2004
Kufa mosque bombing
2005
Al Hillah 2005
Erbil 2005
Musayyib bombing
Baghdad bombings
August
September
Balad 2005
Khanaqin bombings
2006
Karbala and Ramadi
Al-Askari mosque 2006
Buratha mosque bombing
Sadr City bombings
July
November
Hayy Al-Jihad massacre
2007
Mustansiriya University
Baghdad bombings
22 January
3 February
12 February
18 February
29 March
18 April
26 July
1 August
Al Hillah 2007
Tal Afar 2007
Iraqi Parliament
2007 Karbala mosque bombings
Massacres of Yazidis
April massacre
Qahtaniyah bombings
Makhmour
Abu Sayda
Al-Askari mosque 2007
Al-Khilani mosque bombing
Amirli bombing
Kirkuk 2007
Al Amarah bombings
2008
Bagdad bombings
February
March
June
Balad 2008
Karbala 2008
Al-Karmah
Dujail bombing
Balad Ruz bombing
Attacks on Christians in Mosul
2009
Bagdad bombings
March
6 April
June
August
October
December
Baghdad–Miqdadiyah
Taza bombing
Kirkuk 2009
Tal Afar 2009
2010
Nationwide attacks
10 May
25 August
Bagdad bombings
January
February
April
August
September
November
Baqubah 2010
Baghdad church massacre
2011
Nationwide attacks
January
August
Bagdad bombings
January
August
October
Arba'een bombings
Tikrit assault
Al Hillah 2011
Samarra bombing
Al Diwaniyah bombing
Taji bombings
Karbala 2011
Basra 2011
Other war crimes
Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)
Archaeological looting
Chlorine bombings
Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011)
Prosecution
United States and the International Criminal Court
Hague Invasion Act
Prosecution for the 2003 invasion
Abtan v. Blackwater
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Saleh v. Bush
Taguba Report
§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetratorsImpactGeneral
Casualties
Iraq Body Count
Iraq Family Health Survey
Lancet surveys
ORB survey
Damage to Baghdad
Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
Human rights
Humanitarian crisis
2007 cholera outbreak
Financial cost
Refugees
Iraqi Christians
Mandaeans
Violence against Iraqi academics
Politicalcontroversies
Post-invasion WMD conjecture
Iraq scandal in Finland
Dixie Chicks comments
Plame affair
Hood event
Death of David Kelly
Hutton Inquiry
Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
2004 document leak
Al Jazeera bombing memo
Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy
MoveOn.org ad controversy
Six Days in Fallujah
Role of Canada
War resisters
Investigations
Senate Report on WMD Intelligence
Duelfer Report
Chilcot Inquiry
ReactionsPre-war
Pre-war international reactions
Khuy Voyne!
Saddam Hussein interview
Views on the invasion
U.S. public opinion
Opposition
Criticism
United Nations
Oprah's Anti-war series
Iraqi map pendant
Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
Photo Op
A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
Bush shoeing incidentProtests
Halloween 2002
February 15, 2003
March 20, 2003
Bring Them Home Now Tour
January 20, 2005
September 24, 2005
January 27, 2007
March 17, 2007
2007 Port of Tacoma
September 15, 2007
March 19, 2008
Aftermath in Iraq
The rise of ISIL
Insurgency (2011–13)
War in Iraq (2013–17)
War against ISIL (2014–present)
U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
Insurgency (2017–present)
MiscellaneousTerminology
Axis of evil
Outposts of tyranny
"Baghdad Bob"
"Chemical Ali"
Coalition of the willing
Dead checking
Embedded journalism
Freedom fries
Friedman Unit
"Mother of All Bombs"
"Mrs. Anthrax"
Old Europe and New Europe
Regime change
Shock and awe
"Sixteen Words"
"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"
Star Spangled Ice Cream
Strategic reset
"There are unknown unknowns"
Triangle of Death
"Yo, Blair"
Critical
Global arrogance
Inverted totalitarianism
"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"
Memorials
Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)
Al-Shaheed Monument
Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)
Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
Old North Memorial Garden
Saving Iraqi Culture
Lists
Assassinations
Aviation shootdowns and accidents
Bombings
Coalition military operations
Documentaries
Iraqi security forces fatality reports
Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
Private contractor deaths
Timeline
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Related
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Chelsea Manning
CIA black sites
Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
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Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bremer_iraqi_council.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bremer"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Coalition Provisional Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Interim Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Transitional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BremerMcConnell2006-1"},{"link_name":"Shias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_Mashal_Ajil_al-Yawer"},{"link_name":"Iraq interim government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_interim_government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Paul Bremer with some members of the Iraqi Governing CouncilThe Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) was the provisional government of Iraq from 13 July 2003 to 1 June 2004. It was established by and served under the United States-led Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). The IGC consisted of various Iraqi political and tribal leaders who were appointed by the CPA to provide advice and leadership of the country until the June 2004 transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government (which was replaced in May 2005 by the Iraqi Transitional Government, which was then replaced the following year by the first permanent government).The Council consisted of 25 members.[1] Its ethnic and religious breakdown included 13 Shias, five Sunnis, five Kurds (also Sunnis), one Turkmen and an Assyrian. Three of its members were women.[2]In September 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council gained regional recognition from the Arab League, which agreed to seat its representative in Iraq's chair at its meetings. On 1 June 2004, the Council dissolved after choosing member Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer as the president of the new Iraq interim government.[3] Full sovereignty was transferred to the interim government (and the CPA dissolved) on 28 June.","title":"Iraqi Governing Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bremer"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_minister"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Transitional Administrative Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Interim Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government"},{"link_name":"Shari'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"A new flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq#2004_flag_proposal_and_controversy"},{"link_name":"flag of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Administration_for_the_State_of_Iraq_for_the_Transitional_Period"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"}],"text":"Though subject to the authority of the CPA administrator Paul Bremer, the council had several key powers of its own. Their duties included appointing representatives to the United Nations, appointing interim ministers to Iraq's vacant cabinet positions, and drafting a temporary constitution, the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL). The TAL spelled out the provisions which were to govern the Iraqi Interim Government, and the timeline for holding elections to a National Assembly, drafting of a permanent constitution to be voted on by the Iraqi people, and elections to a permanent government.Despite having to answer to the CPA, different factions took on controversial stands. Religious hardliners won a solid victory when Directive 137 was passed on 29 December 2003. Passed by the council in less than 15 minutes, it replaced Iraq's former secular family law code with Shari'a family law. This move met with wide protest among many Iraqi women fearful of how it will affect their freedom to make their own decisions about marriage, alimony, and many other issues where Iraq used to be a leader in the Arab world for women's rights. Other legislation passed by the council included declaring the day that Baghdad fell to be a national holiday, voting to establish a tribunal to try former government leaders, and banning television stations which are deemed to be supportive of the resistance. A new flag chosen by the council for post-Saddam Iraq created much controversy, in part because of the similarity of color and design with the flag of Israel, and the flag was not adopted.According to the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period, the interim constitution that the Council approved, the Council would cease to function after 30 June 2004, at which point full sovereignty would return to Iraq, and the government will be handed over to a new, sovereign interim government. Instead, the council chose to dissolve itself prematurely.","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents of the Iraqi Governing Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Presidency of the council rotated monthly among eleven of its members. A (p) marks those members above.","title":"Council Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Haider al-Abadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi"},{"link_name":"Nisrin Barwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisrin_Barwari"},{"link_name":"Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqir_Jabr_al-Zubeidi"},{"link_name":"Abderrahman Sadik Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahman_Sadik_Karim"},{"link_name":"Ali Allawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Allawi"},{"link_name":"Mahdi al-Hafez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_al-Hafez"},{"link_name":"Alaa Abdessaheb al-Alwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Abdessaheb_al-Alwan"},{"link_name":"Ziad Abderrazzak Mohammad Aswad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziad_Abderrazzak_Mohammad_Aswad"},{"link_name":"Mufid Mohammad Jawad al-Jazairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufid_Mohammad_Jawad_al-Jazairi"},{"link_name":"Abdel Basset Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Basset_Turki"},{"link_name":"Hoshyar Zebari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshyar_Zebari"},{"link_name":"Nuri Badran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Badran"},{"link_name":"Samir Sumaidaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Sumaidaie"},{"link_name":"Abdel Amir Abbud Rahima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Amir_Abbud_Rahima"},{"link_name":"Ali Faik al-Ghabban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Faik_al-Ghabban"},{"link_name":"Khodayyir Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodayyir_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Tofiq Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Tofiq_Rahim"},{"link_name":"Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_Abderrahman_al-Shibli"},{"link_name":"Rashad Mandan Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Mandan_Omar"},{"link_name":"Sami Azara al-Majun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Azara_al-Majun"},{"link_name":"Aiham Alsammarae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiham_Alsammarae"},{"link_name":"Kamel al-Kilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel_al-Kilani"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Jassem Khodayyir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Jassem_Khodayyir"},{"link_name":"Latif Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latif_Rashid"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Mohammad_Bahr_al-Ulloum"},{"link_name":"Bahnam Zaya Bulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnam_Zaya_Bulos"}],"text":"On 1 September 2003, the council named its first cabinet.[5]Minister of Communications – Haider al-Abadi\nMinister of Public Works – Nisrin Barwari\nMinister of Construction and Housing – Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi\nMinister of the Environment – Abderrahman Sadik Karim\nMinister of Trade – Ali Allawi\nMinister of Planning – Mahdi al-Hafez\nMinister of Education – Alaa Abdessaheb al-Alwan\nMinister of Higher Education – Ziad Abderrazzak Mohammad Aswad\nMinister of Culture – Mufid Mohammad Jawad al-Jazairi\nMinister of Human Rights – Abdel Basset Turki (resigned April 2004)\nMinister of Foreign Affairs – Hoshyar Zebari\nMinister of Interior – Nuri Badran (resigned April 2004 and replaced by Samir Sumaidaie)\nMinister of Agriculture – Abdel Amir Abbud Rahima\nMinister of Sport and Youth – Ali Faik al-Ghabban\nMinister of Health – Dr. Khodayyir Abbas\nMinister of Industry and Minerals – Mohammad Tofiq Rahim\nMinister of Justice – Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli\nMinister of Science and Technology – Rashad Mandan Omar\nMinister of Work and Social Affairs – Sami Azara al-Majun\nMinister of Electricity – Aiham Alsammarae\nMinister of Finance – Kamel al-Kilani\nMinister of Immigration and Refugees – Mohammad Jassem Khodayyir\nMinister of Water Resources – Latif Rashid\nMinister of Oil – Ibrahim Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum\nMinister of Transport – Bahnam Zaya BulosThe Saddam-era positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Information were dissolved.","title":"Cabinet"}] | [{"image_text":"Paul Bremer with some members of the Iraqi Governing Council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bremer_iraqi_council.jpg/300px-Bremer_iraqi_council.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"L. Paul Bremer; Malcolm McConnell (2006). My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7432-7389-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem","url_text":"My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem/page/98","url_text":"98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7389-3","url_text":"978-0-7432-7389-3"}]},{"reference":"Otterman, Sharon. \"IRAQ: Iraq's Governing Council\". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171229061128/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-governing-council","url_text":"\"IRAQ: Iraq's Governing Council\""},{"url":"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-governing-council","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's who in Iraq: Ghazi Yawer\". BBC News. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original on 30 June 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040630014050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3765835.stm","url_text":"\"Who's who in Iraq: Ghazi Yawer\""},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3765835.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Iraqi governing council\". Social Education. 68 (1): 40. January 2004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Iraqi Governing Council members\". BBC News. 14 July 2003. Archived from the original on 15 July 2003. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030715021621/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3062897.stm","url_text":"\"Iraqi Governing Council members\""},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3062897.stm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi Governing Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iraqi+Governing+Council%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem","external_links_name":"My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/myyeariniraqstru00brem/page/98","external_links_name":"98"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171229061128/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-governing-council","external_links_name":"\"IRAQ: Iraq's Governing Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-governing-council","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040630014050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3765835.stm","external_links_name":"\"Who's who in Iraq: Ghazi Yawer\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3765835.stm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030715021621/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3062897.stm","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi Governing Council members\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3062897.stm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20130531002&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River_Railroad | Connecticut River Railroad | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Connecticut River RailroadOverviewDates of operation1845–1893SuccessorBoston and Maine RailroadTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
The Connecticut River Railroad was a railroad located along the Connecticut River in western Massachusetts, formed in 1845 from the merger of two unfinished railroads. Its main line from Springfield to East Northfield, Massachusetts, opened in stages between 1845 and 1849. It built several branches and over the years acquired additional lines in Vermont. The railroad was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1893.
History
The former Connecticut River Railroad depot in Northampton, Massachusetts, ca. 1880s
The Connecticut River Railroad (CRRR) was formed in 1845 by the merger of the Northampton and Springfield Railroad (chartered in 1842) with the Greenfield and Northampton Railroad.
The CRRR first line opened between Springfield and Northampton in 1845 and by the following summer was extended to Deerfield, Massachusetts, and then to Greenfield in November 1846. In 1849, the line was extended further north to the Massachusetts-Vermont state line, where it met the Brattleboro line of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad (which later became part of the Fitchburg Railroad). This allowed the CRRR to provide rail service between Springfield, Massachusetts and Brattleboro, Vermont.
For over 40 years, the CRRR operated on its own and acquired a vast network of rail lines north of Brattleboro to Canada. These included New Hampshire's Ashuelot Railroad, which had been acquired in 1877, and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad in northern Vermont, acquired in 1887. The days of independence came to an end when the Boston and Maine Railroad leased the CRRR in 1893. With a main line from Springfield, Massachusetts, north along the Connecticut River to the village of White River Junction, Vermont, the B&M became a major route between Montreal and New York City. The line was host to a mix of local and long-distance passenger and freight service. It became part of the route for crack New York–Montreal trains as early as the 1860s, and was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1893.
Three branch lines were built off the CRRR, all of them in Massachusetts. The Chicopee Falls (1845), Easthampton (1872), and Deerfield (1906) branches were built and served the railroad until two of the three were abandoned by the Guilford Rail System (now Pan Am Railways). The Chicopee Falls line was abandoned in 1983, and the Easthampton line was abandoned in 1984. The Deerfield Branch is still in service, connecting the Connecticut River Line to large switching yards on the old Fitchburg line.
See also
Connecticut River Line
References
^ a b Karr, Ronald Dale (1995). The Rail Lines of Southern New England. Branch Line Press. pp. 173–175. ISBN 0942147022.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Connecticut River RailroadKML is not from Wikidata
Media related to Connecticut River Railroad at Wikimedia Commons
Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad Company Records at Dartmouth College Library
vteBoston and Maine Railroad subsidiaries
Eastern (1883)
Worcester, Nashua and Portland (1886)
Boston and Lowell (1887)
Passumpsic (1887)
Northern (1890)
Connecticut River (1893)
Concord and Montreal (1895)
Fitchburg (1900)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"East Northfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Boston and Maine Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sne-1"}],"text":"The Connecticut River Railroad was a railroad located along the Connecticut River in western Massachusetts, formed in 1845 from the merger of two unfinished railroads. Its main line from Springfield to East Northfield, Massachusetts, opened in stages between 1845 and 1849. It built several branches and over the years acquired additional lines in Vermont. The railroad was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1893.[1]","title":"Connecticut River Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connecticut_River_Railroad_Depot_in_Northampton,_Massachusetts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northampton and Springfield Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northampton_and_Springfield_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenfield and Northampton Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenfield_and_Northampton_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deerfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Brattleboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_and_Massachusetts_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Fitchburg Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Ashuelot Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashuelot_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_and_Passumpsic_Rivers_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"White River Junction, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sne-1"},{"link_name":"Chicopee Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicopee_Falls,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Easthampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Guilford Rail System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways"},{"link_name":"abandoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned_railway"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River_Line"},{"link_name":"Fitchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_Railroad"}],"text":"The former Connecticut River Railroad depot in Northampton, Massachusetts, ca. 1880sThe Connecticut River Railroad (CRRR) was formed in 1845 by the merger of the Northampton and Springfield Railroad (chartered in 1842) with the Greenfield and Northampton Railroad.The CRRR first line opened between Springfield and Northampton in 1845 and by the following summer was extended to Deerfield, Massachusetts, and then to Greenfield in November 1846. In 1849, the line was extended further north to the Massachusetts-Vermont state line, where it met the Brattleboro line of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad (which later became part of the Fitchburg Railroad). This allowed the CRRR to provide rail service between Springfield, Massachusetts and Brattleboro, Vermont.For over 40 years, the CRRR operated on its own and acquired a vast network of rail lines north of Brattleboro to Canada. These included New Hampshire's Ashuelot Railroad, which had been acquired in 1877, and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad in northern Vermont, acquired in 1887. The days of independence came to an end when the Boston and Maine Railroad leased the CRRR in 1893. With a main line from Springfield, Massachusetts, north along the Connecticut River to the village of White River Junction, Vermont, the B&M became a major route between Montreal and New York City. The line was host to a mix of local and long-distance passenger and freight service. It became part of the route for crack New York–Montreal trains as early as the 1860s, and was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1893.[1]Three branch lines were built off the CRRR, all of them in Massachusetts. The Chicopee Falls (1845), Easthampton (1872), and Deerfield (1906) branches were built and served the railroad until two of the three were abandoned by the Guilford Rail System (now Pan Am Railways). The Chicopee Falls line was abandoned in 1983, and the Easthampton line was abandoned in 1984. The Deerfield Branch is still in service, connecting the Connecticut River Line to large switching yards on the old Fitchburg line.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The former Connecticut River Railroad depot in Northampton, Massachusetts, ca. 1880s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Connecticut_River_Railroad_Depot_in_Northampton%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/220px-Connecticut_River_Railroad_Depot_in_Northampton%2C_Massachusetts.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Connecticut River Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River_Line"}] | [{"reference":"Karr, Ronald Dale (1995). The Rail Lines of Southern New England. Branch Line Press. pp. 173–175. ISBN 0942147022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0942147022","url_text":"0942147022"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Connecticut_River_Railroad&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Connecticut_River_Railroad&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1741","external_links_name":"Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad Company Records"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136480822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93000883","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_Army_Airfield | Webb Air Force Base | ["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Cold War","1.3 Closure","2 Hangar 25 Air Museum","2.1 Events","2.2 Collection","2.2.1 Aircraft","2.2.2 Ground vehicles","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°13′05″N 101°31′17″W / 32.21806°N 101.52139°W / 32.21806; -101.52139Near Big Spring, Texas
For the civil use of this facility after 1977, see Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport.
Webb Air Force BaseBig Spring Army Airfield Part of Air Training Command (ATC)Big Spring, Texas, USA 2006 USGS photoWebb AFBCoordinates32°13′05″N 101°31′17″W / 32.21806°N 101.52139°W / 32.21806; -101.52139TypeAir Force BaseSite informationControlled byUnited States Air ForceSite historyBuilt1942In useOpen 1942 – closed 1977
Webb Air Force Base (IATA: BGS), previously named Big Spring Air Force Base, was a United States Air Force facility of the Air Training Command that operated from 1951 to 1977 in West Texas within the current city limits of Big Spring. Webb AFB was a major undergraduate pilot training (UPT) facility for the Air Force, and by 1969, almost 9,000 pilots had been trained at Webb. The last operational wing at Webb AFB was the 78th Flying Training Wing.
History
World War II
Big Spring Army Airfield - Army Flight School Headquarters Staff 1942
USAAF Bombardier School Big Spring AAF emblem
The facility first was used by the United States Army Air Forces as Big Spring Army Air Field, opening on 28 April 1942 as part of the Central Flying Training Command.
Activated on 26 June 1942, the mission of Big Spring AAF was to train aviation cadets in high-altitude precision bombing as bombardiers. It was one of the "West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle" schools of the Army Air Forces Training Command. The other bases in the quad were Midland Army Airfield, San Angelo Army Airfield, and Childress Army Airfield.
Construction of the Army Air Forces Bombardier School began on 15 May 1942, and the airfield received its first class of cadets (118 men) on 16 September 1942. The 79th Bombardier Training Group was the USAAF instructional unit at Big Spring AAF; the 365th Base Hq and Air Base Squadron maintained the station and commanded the ground support units. Operational squadrons under the 78th BTG were:
812nd Bombardier Training Squadron
815th Bombardier Training Squadron
816th Bombardier Training Squadron
817th Bombardier Training Squadron
The base was declared surplus and was turned over to the War Assets Administration after being closed. It eventually reverted to city control, and it served as the Big Spring Municipal Airport for six years.
Cold War
The airfield was reactivated as Big Spring Air Force Base on 1 October 1951 by the United States Air Force for the Air Training Command (ATC) which established the 3560th Pilot Training Wing (Advanced Single-Engine). However, the command was not formally able to operationally activate the base until 1 January 1952 because the City of Big Spring had difficulty acquiring clear title to some of the property it intended to transfer to ATC
Main Gate at Webb AFB
Postcard from Webb showing Lockheed T-33A-1-LO, AF Ser. No. 53-5725, and North American F-86D-60-NA Sabre, AF Ser. No. 53-4062
The facility was brought back into service as a primary training installation because of the Korean War and the need for additional pilots. Four months later, on 18 May 1952, ATC changed the name of Big Spring to Webb Air Force Base to memorialize 1st Lieutenant James L. Webb, a Big Spring native and World War II combat pilot in Europe, who was killed in a mishap off the Japanese coast flying a P-51 Mustang in 1949 during a training mission.
Instruction of the first class began in April 1952. The initial mission of the 3560th PTW was basic, single-engine flight training. The wing was equipped with 37 T-28 Trojan propeller and 28 T-33 Shooting Star jet trainers. The base population soon passed 2,000. With the end of the Korean War, in 1954 ATC reduced its basic single-engine pilot schools from seven to five, this saw the number of students at Webb remain basically the same as the number of new pilots needed was reduced. The propeller-driven T-28 was phased out in 1956 and converted all training to the jet-powered T-33.
In 1956, the Air Defense Command's 331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was transferred to Webb AFB from Stewart AFB, New York to defend the southern United States border on air intercept missions as part of the Central Air Defense Force. Originally flying the F-86D Sabre, the squadron upgraded to the F-102 Delta Dagger in 1960, then transitioned to the F-104 Starfighter in 1963. In March 1967, the 331st was redesignated the 4760th Combat Crew Training Squadron and charged with training Royal Jordanian Air Force students on F-104s. It was inactivated on 1 October 1967 when the Jordanians were recalled because of the war with Israel in the summer of 1967.
Closure
Air Traffic Control Tower at Webb Air Force Base post closure of the base, February 2002
By the mid-1970s, the end of the Vietnam War, the associated financial costs of that conflict and related cuts in USAF force structure and future defense budgets meant a marked decrease in the need for Air Force pilots. One of the major issues facing the ATC commander and his staff during 1976 was the prospect of closing two UPT bases. Rather than reduce training production at all seven locations, ATC officials believed it to be more economical to close two bases. So it was on 11 March 1976 that the Secretary of the Air Force proposed closing several military installations, to include UPT bases Craig AFB, Alabama, and Webb AFB, Texas.
At Webb AFB, the last two pilot training classes completed course work on 30 August 1977, and fixed wing qualification training ended on 1 September 1977. Air Training Command inactivated the 78th Flying Training Wing at Webb AFB on 30 September 1977, although the 78 FTW was subsequently reactivated as the 78th Air Base Wing (78 ABW) at Robins AFB, Georgia, a role it continues in today. The two installations, Webb and Craig were placed in caretaker status the following day. The training previously provided by Webb AFB was moved to Sheppard AFB, Texas, where the first class began on 30 June in what would eventually become Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT).
Webb AFB was turned over to the General Services Administration for disposal on 1 January 1978 and the property later turned over to the Big Spring Industrial Park.
The airfield and flight line was converted to an uncontrolled/UNICOM-only general aviation airport renamed Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport, serving the City of Big Spring. In addition, three units of the Big Spring Correctional Center (a federal prison privately operated by Cornell Companies) are located on the base grounds (as well as FCI Big Spring, which is a separate facility and operated directly by the Federal Bureau of Prisons).
Emblem of the AAF Bombardier School Big Spring AAF
3560th Pilot Training Wing
331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
78th Flying Training Wing
Hangar 25 Air Museum
Museum hangar
The Hangar 25 Air Museum is an aviation museum located focused on the history of Webb Air Force Base, and located on the site (now the Big Spring McMahon–Wrinkle Airport). Following the retirement of an assistant city manager in May 1995, Bobby McDonald, a member of the Big Spring Air Park Development Board, proposed preserving one of the World War II-era hangars at the airport. Just over one year later, due to the work of Nelda Reagan, another city official, the newly established Hangar 25 Restoration Committee received a grant from the Texas Department of Transportation to restore Hangar 25. However, shortly thereafter, a storm damaged the roof of the hangar and repairs were deemed too costly. Restoration efforts were refocused on Hangar 44, but the original name of the project was retained.
The 24,000 sq ft (2,200 m2) museum was dedicated on 31 May 1999. Two months before, it received its first two aircraft, a T-33A and a T-37B. It acquired the nose of a B-52 in August and a Harrier the following January.
Solar panels were installed on the west hangar door and the concrete floor was restored in July 2014.
Exhibits include a piece of sidewalk with a drawing of Snoopy and a stained glass window that was originally located in the base chapel.
Events
The museum holds an annual Silver Wings Ball.
Collection
Aircraft
Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan
Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan
Boeing B-52G Stratofortress – cockpit
Cessna T-37B Tweet
Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier
Lockheed T-33A
Lockheed T-33A
North American F-100F Super Sabre
North American T-28A Trojan
Northrop T-38A Talon
Ground vehicles
Kaiser M725
See also
Texas World War II Army Airfields
34th Flying Training Wing (World War II)
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
^ "Big Spring-Webb AFB, TX profile - Aviation Safety Network". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00169712". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00147684". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00169727". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ a b "USAFHRA Document 00487755". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00461834". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "Squadron Service of the F-102". home.att.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00434488". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "USAFHRA Document 00487794". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "Restoration of Hangar 25 Air Museum". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ Billingsley, Sandra R. (30 May 1999). "Big Spring Hangar Gets Another Day in Spotlight". San Angelo Standard-Times. pp. 1B–2B. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ Long, China (19 February 1999). "Air Museum to Receive Pair of Training Aircraft". Abilene Reporter-News. p. 4A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "B-52 Arrives at Big Spring Museum". Abilene Reporter-News. 19 August 1999. p. 4A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "What's Going On". Odessa American. 28 January 2000. p. 2E. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Air Museum to Show Off Improvements". Standard-Times. 20 July 2014. p. 8B. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Class 67C Snoopy Memorial". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Webb Air Force Base Chapel Stained Glass Window". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Permian Basin Calendar". Odessa American. 13 February 2023. p. 9A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Beech AT-11 "Kansan"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Airframe Dossier - Boeing B-52G-105-BW Stratofortress, s/n 58-0232 USAF, c/n 464300". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Cessna T-37B "Tweet"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "McDonnell Douglas AV-8 "Harrier"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Airframe Dossier - Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier, s/n 159238 USN". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Lockheed T-33A "Shooting Star" ("T-Bird")". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Lockheed T-33A "Shooting Star" ("T-Bird")". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "North American F-100F "Super Sabre"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "North American T-28 "Trojan"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Northrop T-38A "Talon"". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
^ "Kaiser M-725". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Webb Air Force Base.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Spring Army Airfield.
Big Spring Flying School Class 43-06, Big Spring Flying School Yearbook
Through the Crosshairs Class 43-11, Advanced Bombardier School, Big Spring, Texas Yearbook
Gyro, The Class 43-18, Big Spring Army Air Field Yearbook
Webb Air Force Base from the Handbook of Texas Online
Photos of pilot training at Webb AFB in 1953, History of the 45th Fighter Squadron.
Hangar 25 Air Museum official website
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_McMahon-Wrinkle_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aviation-safety-1"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"West Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"78th Flying Training Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Air_Base_Wing"}],"text":"Near Big Spring, TexasFor the civil use of this facility after 1977, see Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport.Webb Air Force Base (IATA: BGS[1]), previously named Big Spring Air Force Base, was a United States Air Force facility of the Air Training Command that operated from 1951 to 1977 in West Texas within the current city limits of Big Spring. Webb AFB was a major undergraduate pilot training (UPT) facility for the Air Force, and by 1969, almost 9,000 pilots had been trained at Webb. The last operational wing at Webb AFB was the 78th Flying Training Wing.","title":"Webb Air Force Base"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Spring_Army_Airfield_-_HQ_and_Staff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAAF_Bombardier_School_Big_Spring_AAF_TX.png"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Midland Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"San Angelo Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Childress Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex3-4"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Big Spring Army Airfield - Army Flight School Headquarters Staff 1942USAAF Bombardier School Big Spring AAF emblemThe facility first was used by the United States Army Air Forces as Big Spring Army Air Field, opening on 28 April 1942 as part of the Central Flying Training Command.Activated on 26 June 1942, the mission of Big Spring AAF was to train aviation cadets in high-altitude precision bombing as bombardiers. It was one of the \"West Texas Bombardier Quadrangle\" schools of the Army Air Forces Training Command. The other bases in the quad were Midland Army Airfield, San Angelo Army Airfield, and Childress Army Airfield.[2]Construction of the Army Air Forces Bombardier School began on 15 May 1942, and the airfield received its first class of cadets (118 men) on 16 September 1942. The 79th Bombardier Training Group[3] was the USAAF instructional unit at Big Spring AAF; the 365th Base Hq and Air Base Squadron maintained the station and commanded the ground support units. Operational squadrons under the 78th BTG were:812nd Bombardier Training Squadron\n815th Bombardier Training Squadron\n816th Bombardier Training Squadron\n817th Bombardier Training SquadronThe base was declared surplus and was turned over to the War Assets Administration after being closed. It eventually reverted to city control,[4] and it served as the Big Spring Municipal Airport for six years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Training_Command"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webb_AFB_Postcard_-_Main_Gate.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webb_AFB_Postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul2-5"},{"link_name":"T-28 Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-28_Trojan"},{"link_name":"T-33 Shooting Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-33_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mul2-5"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/331st_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Stewart AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Central Air Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Air_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"F-86D Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86"},{"link_name":"F-102 Delta Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger"},{"link_name":"F-104 Starfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-104_Starfighter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-att-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex5-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcehistoryindex6-9"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"The airfield was reactivated as Big Spring Air Force Base on 1 October 1951 by the United States Air Force for the Air Training Command (ATC) which established the 3560th Pilot Training Wing (Advanced Single-Engine). However, the command was not formally able to operationally activate the base until 1 January 1952 because the City of Big Spring had difficulty acquiring clear title to some of the property it intended to transfer to ATCMain Gate at Webb AFBPostcard from Webb showing Lockheed T-33A-1-LO, AF Ser. No. 53-5725, and North American F-86D-60-NA Sabre, AF Ser. No. 53-4062The facility was brought back into service as a primary training installation because of the Korean War and the need for additional pilots. Four months later, on 18 May 1952, ATC changed the name of Big Spring to Webb Air Force Base to memorialize 1st Lieutenant James L. Webb, a Big Spring native and World War II combat pilot in Europe, who was killed in a mishap off the Japanese coast flying a P-51 Mustang in 1949 during a training mission.[5]Instruction of the first class began in April 1952. The initial mission of the 3560th PTW was basic, single-engine flight training. The wing was equipped with 37 T-28 Trojan propeller and 28 T-33 Shooting Star jet trainers.[5] The base population soon passed 2,000. With the end of the Korean War, in 1954 ATC reduced its basic single-engine pilot schools from seven to five, this saw the number of students at Webb remain basically the same as the number of new pilots needed was reduced. The propeller-driven T-28 was phased out in 1956 and converted all training to the jet-powered T-33.In 1956, the Air Defense Command's 331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was transferred to Webb AFB from Stewart AFB, New York to defend the southern United States border on air intercept missions as part of the Central Air Defense Force. Originally flying the F-86D Sabre, the squadron upgraded to the F-102 Delta Dagger in 1960, then transitioned to the F-104 Starfighter in 1963.[6][7] In March 1967, the 331st was redesignated the 4760th Combat Crew Training Squadron and charged with training Royal Jordanian Air Force students on F-104s.[8] It was inactivated on 1 October 1967 when the Jordanians were recalled because of the war with Israel in the summer of 1967.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webb_Air_Force_Base_Tower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Craig AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_AFB"},{"link_name":"78th Flying Training Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Flying_Training_Wing"},{"link_name":"78th Air Base Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Air_Base_Wing"},{"link_name":"Robins AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robins_AFB"},{"link_name":"Sheppard AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_AFB"},{"link_name":"UNICOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICOM"},{"link_name":"Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_McMahon-Wrinkle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Big Spring Correctional Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_Correctional_Center"},{"link_name":"federal prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_prison"},{"link_name":"Cornell Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Companies"},{"link_name":"FCI Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Big_Spring"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Prisons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAF_Bombardier_School_Big_Spring_AAF_TX.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3560th_Pilot_Training_Wing_-_Emblem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:331st_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:78th_Flying_Training_Wing_-_Emblem.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Closure","text":"Air Traffic Control Tower at Webb Air Force Base post closure of the base, February 2002By the mid-1970s, the end of the Vietnam War, the associated financial costs of that conflict and related cuts in USAF force structure and future defense budgets meant a marked decrease in the need for Air Force pilots. One of the major issues facing the ATC commander and his staff during 1976 was the prospect of closing two UPT bases. Rather than reduce training production at all seven locations, ATC officials believed it to be more economical to close two bases. So it was on 11 March 1976 that the Secretary of the Air Force proposed closing several military installations, to include UPT bases Craig AFB, Alabama, and Webb AFB, Texas.At Webb AFB, the last two pilot training classes completed course work on 30 August 1977, and fixed wing qualification training ended on 1 September 1977. Air Training Command inactivated the 78th Flying Training Wing at Webb AFB on 30 September 1977, although the 78 FTW was subsequently reactivated as the 78th Air Base Wing (78 ABW) at Robins AFB, Georgia, a role it continues in today. The two installations, Webb and Craig were placed in caretaker status the following day. The training previously provided by Webb AFB was moved to Sheppard AFB, Texas, where the first class began on 30 June in what would eventually become Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT).Webb AFB was turned over to the General Services Administration for disposal on 1 January 1978 and the property later turned over to the Big Spring Industrial Park.The airfield and flight line was converted to an uncontrolled/UNICOM-only general aviation airport renamed Big Spring McMahon-Wrinkle Airport, serving the City of Big Spring. In addition, three units of the Big Spring Correctional Center (a federal prison privately operated by Cornell Companies) are located on the base grounds (as well as FCI Big Spring, which is a separate facility and operated directly by the Federal Bureau of Prisons).Emblem of the AAF Bombardier School Big Spring AAF\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3560th Pilot Training Wing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t78th Flying Training Wing","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_-_Hangar_25_Air_Museum,_Big_Spring,_Texas_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Spring McMahon–Wrinkle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_McMahon%E2%80%93Wrinkle_Airport"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Museum hangarThe Hangar 25 Air Museum is an aviation museum located focused on the history of Webb Air Force Base, and located on the site (now the Big Spring McMahon–Wrinkle Airport). Following the retirement of an assistant city manager in May 1995, Bobby McDonald, a member of the Big Spring Air Park Development Board, proposed preserving one of the World War II-era hangars at the airport. Just over one year later, due to the work of Nelda Reagan, another city official, the newly established Hangar 25 Restoration Committee received a grant from the Texas Department of Transportation to restore Hangar 25. However, shortly thereafter, a storm damaged the roof of the hangar and repairs were deemed too costly. Restoration efforts were refocused on Hangar 44, but the original name of the project was retained.[10]The 24,000 sq ft (2,200 m2) museum was dedicated on 31 May 1999.[11] Two months before, it received its first two aircraft, a T-33A and a T-37B.[12] It acquired the nose of a B-52 in August and a Harrier the following January.[13][14]Solar panels were installed on the west hangar door and the concrete floor was restored in July 2014.[15]Exhibits include a piece of sidewalk with a drawing of Snoopy and a stained glass window that was originally located in the base chapel.[16][17]","title":"Hangar 25 Air Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"The museum holds an annual Silver Wings Ball.[18]","title":"Hangar 25 Air Museum"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collection","title":"Hangar 25 Air Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beech_AT-11_bomber_with_pinup_nose_art_-_Texas_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_AT-11_Kansan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52G Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52G_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cessna T-37B Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_T-37B_Tweet"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_AV-8C_Harrier"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lockheed T-33A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33A"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"North American F-100F Super Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100F_Super_Sabre"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"North American T-28A Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-28A_Trojan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Northrop T-38A Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38A_Talon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Collection - Aircraft","text":"Beechcraft AT-11 KansanBeechcraft AT-11 Kansan[19]\nBoeing B-52G Stratofortress – cockpit[20]\nCessna T-37B Tweet[21]\nHawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier[22][23]\nLockheed T-33A[24]\nLockheed T-33A[25]\nNorth American F-100F Super Sabre[26]\nNorth American T-28A Trojan[27]\nNorthrop T-38A Talon[28]","title":"Hangar 25 Air Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser M725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Collection - Ground vehicles","text":"Kaiser M725[29]","title":"Hangar 25 Air Museum"}] | [{"image_text":"Big Spring Army Airfield - Army Flight School Headquarters Staff 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Big_Spring_Army_Airfield_-_HQ_and_Staff.jpg/220px-Big_Spring_Army_Airfield_-_HQ_and_Staff.jpg"},{"image_text":"USAAF Bombardier School Big Spring AAF emblem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/USAAF_Bombardier_School_Big_Spring_AAF_TX.png/175px-USAAF_Bombardier_School_Big_Spring_AAF_TX.png"},{"image_text":"Main Gate at Webb AFB","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Webb_AFB_Postcard_-_Main_Gate.jpg/220px-Webb_AFB_Postcard_-_Main_Gate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard from Webb showing Lockheed T-33A-1-LO, AF Ser. No. 53-5725, and North American F-86D-60-NA Sabre, AF Ser. 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Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=BGS","url_text":"\"Big Spring-Webb AFB, TX profile - Aviation Safety Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169712\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/169/712.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169712\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00147684\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/147/684.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00147684\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169727\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/169/727.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169727\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487755\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/487/755.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487755\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00461834\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/461/834.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00461834\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squadron Service of the F-102\". home.att.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210164435/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f102_2.html","url_text":"\"Squadron Service of the F-102\""},{"url":"http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f102_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00434488\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/434/488.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00434488\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487794\". airforcehistoryindex.org. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/487/794.xml","url_text":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487794\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restoration of Hangar 25 Air Museum\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/history2.html","url_text":"\"Restoration of Hangar 25 Air Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Billingsley, Sandra R. (30 May 1999). \"Big Spring Hangar Gets Another Day in Spotlight\". San Angelo Standard-Times. pp. 1B–2B. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/790954648","url_text":"\"Big Spring Hangar Gets Another Day in Spotlight\""}]},{"reference":"Long, China (19 February 1999). \"Air Museum to Receive Pair of Training Aircraft\". Abilene Reporter-News. p. 4A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/766102277","url_text":"\"Air Museum to Receive Pair of Training Aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"B-52 Arrives at Big Spring Museum\". Abilene Reporter-News. 19 August 1999. p. 4A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/765852014","url_text":"\"B-52 Arrives at Big Spring Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's Going On\". Odessa American. 28 January 2000. p. 2E. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/301502528","url_text":"\"What's Going On\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Museum to Show Off Improvements\". Standard-Times. 20 July 2014. p. 8B. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/791998056","url_text":"\"Air Museum to Show Off Improvements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class 67C Snoopy Memorial\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/snoopy.html","url_text":"\"Class 67C Snoopy Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webb Air Force Base Chapel Stained Glass Window\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/chapel.html","url_text":"\"Webb Air Force Base Chapel Stained Glass Window\""}]},{"reference":"\"Permian Basin Calendar\". Odessa American. 13 February 2023. p. 9A. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/933877314","url_text":"\"Permian Basin Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beech AT-11 \"Kansan\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/at_11.html","url_text":"\"Beech AT-11 \"Kansan\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airframe Dossier - Boeing B-52G-105-BW Stratofortress, s/n 58-0232 USAF, c/n 464300\". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=52725","url_text":"\"Airframe Dossier - Boeing B-52G-105-BW Stratofortress, s/n 58-0232 USAF, c/n 464300\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cessna T-37B \"Tweet\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/t_37.html","url_text":"\"Cessna T-37B \"Tweet\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"McDonnell Douglas AV-8 \"Harrier\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/harrier.html","url_text":"\"McDonnell Douglas AV-8 \"Harrier\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airframe Dossier - Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier, s/n 159238 USN\". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=49357","url_text":"\"Airframe Dossier - Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier, s/n 159238 USN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lockheed T-33A \"Shooting Star\" (\"T-Bird\")\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/t_33.html","url_text":"\"Lockheed T-33A \"Shooting Star\" (\"T-Bird\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lockheed T-33A \"Shooting Star\" (\"T-Bird\")\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/t_33out.html","url_text":"\"Lockheed T-33A \"Shooting Star\" (\"T-Bird\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"North American F-100F \"Super Sabre\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/f_100.html","url_text":"\"North American F-100F \"Super Sabre\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"North American T-28 \"Trojan\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/t_28.html","url_text":"\"North American T-28 \"Trojan\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northrop T-38A \"Talon\"\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/t_38.html","url_text":"\"Northrop T-38A \"Talon\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaiser M-725\". Hangar 25 Air Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/ambulance.html","url_text":"\"Kaiser M-725\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Webb_Air_Force_Base¶ms=32_13_05_N_101_31_17_W_type:airport","external_links_name":"32°13′05″N 101°31′17″W / 32.21806°N 101.52139°W / 32.21806; -101.52139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Webb_Air_Force_Base¶ms=32_13_05_N_101_31_17_W_type:airport","external_links_name":"32°13′05″N 101°31′17″W / 32.21806°N 101.52139°W / 32.21806; -101.52139"},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=BGS","external_links_name":"\"Big Spring-Webb AFB, TX profile - Aviation Safety Network\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/169/712.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169712\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/147/684.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00147684\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/169/727.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00169727\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/487/755.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487755\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/461/834.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00461834\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210164435/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f102_2.html","external_links_name":"\"Squadron Service of the F-102\""},{"Link":"http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f102_2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/434/488.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00434488\""},{"Link":"http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/487/794.xml","external_links_name":"\"USAFHRA Document 00487794\""},{"Link":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/history2.html","external_links_name":"\"Restoration of Hangar 25 Air Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/790954648","external_links_name":"\"Big Spring Hangar Gets Another Day in Spotlight\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/766102277","external_links_name":"\"Air Museum to Receive Pair of Training Aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/765852014","external_links_name":"\"B-52 Arrives at Big Spring Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/301502528","external_links_name":"\"What's Going On\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/791998056","external_links_name":"\"Air Museum to Show Off Improvements\""},{"Link":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/snoopy.html","external_links_name":"\"Class 67C Snoopy Memorial\""},{"Link":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/chapel.html","external_links_name":"\"Webb Air Force Base Chapel Stained Glass Window\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/933877314","external_links_name":"\"Permian Basin Calendar\""},{"Link":"http://www.hangar25airmuseum.org/main/at_11.html","external_links_name":"\"Beech AT-11 \"Kansan\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=52725","external_links_name":"\"Airframe Dossier - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Albemarle | Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle | ["1 Development","1.1 Background","1.2 Into production","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 Variants","5 Operators","6 Specifications (ST Mk I)","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"] | 1940 airlifter by Armstrong Whitworth
Albemarle
Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle Mark I series 2 (P1475) of 511 Squadron c. 1943
Role
Transport, glider tugType of aircraft
National origin
United Kingdom
Manufacturer
Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft
Built by
A W Hawksley Ltd
First flight
20 March 1940
Introduction
January 1943
Retired
February 1946
Primary users
Royal Air Force (RAF)Soviet Air Force
Produced
1941–1944
Number built
602
The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.41 Albemarle was a twin-engine transport aircraft developed by the British aircraft manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth and primarily produced by A.W. Hawksley Ltd, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company. It was one of many aircraft which entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.
The Albemarle had been originally designed as a medium bomber to fulfil Specification B.9/38 for an aircraft that could be built of wood and metal without using any light alloys; however, military planners decided to deemphasise the bomber role in favour of aerial reconnaissance and transport missions, leading to the aircraft being extensively redesigned mid-development. Performing its maiden flight on 20 March 1940, its entry to service was delayed by the redesign effort, thus the first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle, No. 295 at RAF Harwell, did not receive the type in quantity until January 1943. As superior bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, were already in use in quantity, all plans for using the Albemarle as a bomber were abandoned.
Instead, the Albemarle was used by RAF squadrons primarily for general and special transport duties, paratroop transport and glider towing, in addition to other secondary duties. Albemarle squadrons participated in Normandy landings and the assault on Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. While the Albemarle remained in service throughout the conflict, the final examples in RAF service were withdrawn less than a year after the war's end. During October 1942, the Soviet Air Force also opted to order 200 aircraft; of these, only a handful of Albemarles were delivered to the Soviets prior to the Soviet government deciding to suspend deliveries in May 1943, and later cancelling the order in favour of procuring the American Douglas C-47 Skytrain instead.
Development
Background
The origins of the Albemarle can be traced back to the mid-1930s and the issuing of Specification B.9/38 by the British Air Ministry. This sought a twin-engine medium bomber of wood and metal construction, without the use of any light alloys, in order that the aircraft could be readily built by less experienced manufacturers from outside the aircraft industry. Furthermore, the envisioned aircraft had to be engineered in a manner that would allow it to be divided into relatively compact subsections, all of which had to fit on to a standard Queen Mary trailer to facilitate the adoption of a dispersed manufacturing strategy. At the time, the Air Ministry was particularly concerned that, in the event of a major conflict arising, there would be restrictions on the supply of critical materials that could undermine mass production efforts.
Several aircraft manufacturing firms, including Armstrong Whitworth, Bristol and de Havilland, were approached to produce designs to meet the specification. Bristol proposed two designs – a conventional undercarriage and an 80 ft (24 m) wingspan capable of 300 mph and a tricycle undercarriage design with 70 ft (21 m) span with a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h). Both designs, known as the Type 155, used two Bristol Hercules engines. The rival Armstrong Whitworth AW.41 design used a tricycle undercarriage and was built up of sub-sections to ease manufacture by firms without aircraft construction experience. The AW.41 was designed with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in mind, but also with provisions for the use of Bristol Hercules as an alternative powerplant.
In June 1938, mock-ups of both the AW.41 and Bristol 155 were examined, while revised specifications B.17/38 and B.18/38 were drawn up for the respective designs; de Havilland opted against submitting a design. The specification stipulated 250 mph (400 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) economical cruise while carrying 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of bombs. Bristol was already busy with other aircraft production and development and stopped work on the 155. Changes in policy made the Air Staff reconsider the Albemarle as principally a reconnaissance aircraft capable of carrying out bombing. Among other effects, this meant more fuel to give a 4,000 mi (6,400 km) range. An upper dorsal turret and a (retractable) ventral turret for downward firing were added.
Into production
In October 1938, 200 aircraft were ordered "off the drawing board" (i.e. without producing a prototype). The aircraft had a positive reputation and there were initially high hopes for its performance, however it never quite lived up to expectations. Furthermore, according to aviation author Oliver Tapper, the brief was a relatively difficult one for any company to fulfil. Initially, physical work centred around the construction of a pair of lead aircraft, which were to be test flown prior to the commencement of full-rate manufacture of the type. The first Albemarle, serial number P1360, was assembled at Hamble Aerodrome by Air Service Training; the aircraft performed its maiden flight on 20 March 1940.
This first flight had actually been unintended, the test pilot having picked up too much speed during a ground taxi run, and had only taken off with the barest margin after traversing the entire runway. Months later, P1360 was damaged after a forced landing during the test flight programme, but was promptly repaired. Early flights of the type by test pilots typically described it as being relatively average and being free of flaws. A number of modifications were made to the design during this late stage of development, including the extensive redesign of the aircraft's structure by Lloyd at Coventry. Further measures were made to improve the Albemarle's take-off performance, such as the adoption of a wider span 77 ft (23 m) wing, and the thickening of the rudder's trailing edge to correct a tendency to over-balance. Occurrences of the engines overheating were never fully resolved, the main change in this area being the raising of the maximum permissible operational temperature from 280C to 300C.
The Albemarle's production run was principally undertaken by A.W. Hawksley Ltd of Gloucester, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company, which was specifically formed to construct the Albemarle. Originally, Gloster was to have undertaken this work itself at its Brockwood facility. Both Gloster and Armstrong Whitworth were member companies of the Hawker Siddeley group, one of the largest aircraft manufacturing interests in Britain. Individual parts and sub-assemblies for the Albemarle were produced by in excess of 1,000 subcontractors. Amongst the companies that were subcontracted were MG Motor, to produce the forward fuselage, Rover, which constructed the wing centre section, and Harris Lebus, which built the tailplane units. Production of the Albemarle was terminated during December 1944, by which point 602 aircraft had been completed.
Design
The Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle was a mid-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three primary sections; the structure being composed of unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame, including four circular steel longerons; most elements were bolted together via gusset plates. The structure was intentionally divided in order that it might readily permit individual sections to be removed and replaced in the event of battle damage being sustained. The centre section of the wing was a single piece that ran through the fuselage, being built around a steel tube girder; it formed the attachment points for the central and nose fuselage sections, as well as the engines, main undercarriage legs, and extension wings. Aside from a portion of the leading edge that used light alloys, the majority of the wing was covered in plywood. The extension wings were almost entirely made of wood, save for the bracing of the two spars by steel tubing; the Frise-type ailerons and tailplane were also composed of wood. The structure of the forward section used stainless steel tubing as to reduce interference with magnetic compasses.
The Albemarle featured a Lockheed-designed hydraulically-operated, retractable tricycle undercarriage, the main wheels retracting back into the engine nacelles, and the nose wheel retracting backwards into the front fuselage, while the tail wheel was fixed in position, albeit semi-concealed by a "bumper" configuration. It was one of the particularly notable design features of the Albemarle, according to Tapper, it was the first British-built aircraft with a retractable nose-wheel to be built in quantity for the Royal Air Force. Power was provided by a pair of Bristol Hercules XI air-cooled radial engines, each capable of 1,590 hp and driving a three-blade de Havilland Hydromatic propeller unit. Fuel was typically stored in four tanks, two in the center fuselage and two within the wings centre section; in circumstances where extended range would be required, a maximum of additional auxiliary tanks could be installed within the aircraft's bomb bay. This sizable bomb bay was equipped with hydraulically-operated doors and spanned from just aft of the cockpit to roughly halfway between the wings and the tail.
The two pilots sat side by side in the forward portion of the cockpit, while the radio operator was seated behind the pilots. The navigator's position was in the aircraft's nose, and thus was forward of the cockpit. The bomb aimer's sighting panel was incorporated into the crew hatch in the underside of the nose. In the rear fuselage, several glazed panels were present so that a "fire controller" could help coordinate the aircraft's defensive turrets against attackers. The dorsal turret was a Boulton-Paul design, which was electrically operated and originally armed with four Browning machine guns. A fairing forward of the turret automatically retracted as the turret rotated to fire forwards. The original bomber configuration of the Albemarle required a crew of six including two gunners; one in the four-gun dorsal turret and one in a manually operated twin-gun ventral turret but only the first 32 aircraft, the Mk I Series I, were produced in such a configuration.
As a bomber, the Albemarle was commonly considered to be inferior to several other aircraft already in RAF service, such as the Vickers Wellington; according to aviation author Ray Williams, the type was only used ever used as a bomber on two occasions. Accordingly, later built aircraft were configured as transports, called either "General Transport" (GT) or "Special Transport" (ST). Amongst the modifications made was the elimination of the ventral turret, while the dorsal unit was downgraded to a manually-operated twin gun arrangement; the internal space was heavily altered by the elimination of bomb-aiming apparatus and the rear fuselage tank. Additions also included a quick-release hook, installed at the rearmost part of the fuselage for the towing of gliders. When used as a paratroop transport, a maximum of ten fully armed troops could be carried; these paratroopers were provided with a dropping hatch in the rear fuselage along with a single large loading door in the starboard side of the fuselage.
Operational history
Ambitions to use Albemarle in the bomber role were dropped almost immediately upon the type reaching service; this was due to it not representing an improvement over current medium bombers (such as the Vickers Wellington) and possessing inferior performance to the new generation four-engined heavy bombers that were also about to enter service with the RAF. However, the aircraft was considered to be suitable for general reconnaissance and transport duties, and thus was re-orientated towards such missions.
The Soviet Air Force placed a contract for delivery of 200 Albemarles in October 1942. An RAF unit – No. 305 FTU, at RAF Errol near Dundee – was set up to train Soviet ferry crews. During training, one aircraft was lost with no survivors. The first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle was No. 295 at RAF Harwell in January 1943. Other squadrons to be equipped with the Albemarle included No. 296, No. 297 and No. 570. The first operational flight was on 9 February 1943, in which a 296 Squadron Albemarle dropped leaflets over Lisieux in Normandy.
A Soviet-crewed Albemarle flew from Scotland to Vnukovo airfield, near Moscow, on 3 March 1943, and was followed soon afterwards by eleven more aircraft. Two Albemarles were lost over the North Sea, one to German fighters and the other to unknown causes. Tests of the surviving Albemarles revealed their weaknesses as transports (notably the cramped interior) and numerous technical flaws; in May 1943, the Soviet government suspended deliveries and eventually cancelled them in favour of abundant American Douglas C-47 Skytrains. The Soviet camp at Errol Field continued until April 1944: apparently the Soviet government had hoped to secure de Havilland Mosquitos. Tapper speculated that a major reason for the Soviet's interest in the Albemarle had been its Bristol Hercules engines, which were reverse engineered and subsequently copied by Soviet industries.
Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle of No. 296 or 297 Squadron RAF, taking off from Brize Norton, Oxfordshire, with an Airspeed Horsa Mark I in tow.
From mid-1943, RAF Albemarles took part in many British airborne operations, beginning with the invasion of Sicily. The pinnacle of the aircraft's career was a series of operations for D-Day, on the night of 5/6 June 1944. 295 and 296 Squadrons sent aircraft to Normandy with the pathfinder force, and 295 Squadron claimed to be the first squadron to drop Allied airborne troops over Normandy. On 6 June 1944, four Albemarle squadrons and the operational training unit sent aircraft during Operation Tonga; 296 Squadron used 19 aircraft to tow Airspeed Horsas; 295 Squadron towed 21 Horsas, although it lost six in transit; 570 Squadron sent 22 aircraft with ten towing gliders; and 42 OTU used four aircraft. For Operation Mallard on 7 June 1944, the squadrons towed 220 Horsas and 30 Hamilcars to Normandy. On 17 September 1944, during Operation Market Garden at Arnhem, 54 Horsas and two Waco Hadrian gliders were towed to the Netherlands by 28 Albemarles of 296 and 297 squadrons; 45 aircraft were sent the following day towing gliders. Of the 602 aircraft delivered, 17 were lost on operations and 81 lost in accidents.
The final RAF unit to operate the Albemarle was the Heavy Glider Conversion Unit, which replaced its examples with Handley Page Halifaxes during February 1946, at which point the type was formally retired from all operational units.
Variants
Over the course of its production life, a number of variants of the Albemarle were built:
ST Mk I – 99 aircraft
GT Mk I – 69
ST Mk II – 99
Mk III – One prototype only.
Mk IV – One prototype only.
ST Mk V – 49
ST Mk VI – 133
GT Mk VI – 117
Most Marks were divided into "Series" to distinguish differences in equipment. The ST Mk I Series 1 (eight aircraft) had the four gun turret replaced with hand-operated twin-guns under a sliding hood. As a special transport, a loading door was fitted on the starboard side and the rear fuel tank was removed. The 14 ST Mk I Series 2 aircraft were equipped with gear for towing gliders. The Mk II could carry ten paratroops and the Mk V was the same but for a fuel jettison system. All production Albemarles were powered by a pair of 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) Bristol Hercules XI radial engines. The Mk III and Mk IV Albemarles were development projects for testing different powerplants; the former used the Rolls-Royce Merlin III and the latter used the 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) Wright Double Cyclone.
Operators
Soviet Union
Twelve aircraft were exported to the Soviet Union (two more lost in transit).
Transport arm of 1st Air Division, later 10th Guards Air division (to 1944); naval air units until retirement in 1945.
United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
No. 161 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from October 1942 to April 1943 at RAF Tempsford.
No. 271 Squadron RAF operated one aircraft at Doncaster between October 1942 and April 1943.
No. 295 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from October 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from April 1944 to July 1944 at RAF Harwell.
No. 296 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from January 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn, RAF Stoney Cross including operations in North Africa. Albemarle II from November 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from August 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.
No. 297 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from July 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Thruxton, RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle II from February 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from July 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.
No. 511 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1942 to March 1944 at RAF Lyneham.
No. 570 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from May 1944 to August 1944 at RAF Harwell.
No. 1404 Flight RAF used three aircraft at RAF St Eval from September 1942 to March 1943
No. 1406 Flight RAF used two aircraft at RAF Wick from September to October 1942.
No. 13 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Finmere (two aircraft between October 1942 and April 1943)
No. 42 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Ashbourne from September 1943 to February 1945.
Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton and RAF North Luffenham from January to April 1943 and August 1944 to October 1944 when it became No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit.
No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton from 1944, moved to RAF Elsham Wolds in December 1945 and withdrew the last operational Albemarles in February 1946.
No. 22 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Keevil and RAF Blakehill from October 1944 to November 1945.
No. 23 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Peplow from October to December 1944.
No. 3 Glider Training School operated eight Albemarles at RAF Exeter between January and August 1945.
No. 301 Ferry Training Unit operated four Albemarles at RAF Lyneham from November 1942 to April 1943.
No. 305 Ferry Training Unit bases at RAF Errol from January 1943 to train Soviet Air Force crews, disbanded in April 1944.
Torpedo Development Unit at Gosport used one aircraft between April and September 1942
Telecommunications Flying Unit at RAF Defford used one aircraft during May 1943,
Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at RAF Ringway and RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet between May 1942 and October 1944.
Coastal Command Development Unit used two aircraft at RAF Tain between September and December 1942.
Central Gunnery School at RAF Sutton Bridge used one aircraft between September and November 1942.
Bomber Development Unit used three aircraft at RAF Gransden Lodge between August and November 1942.
Operation Refresher Training Unit at RAF Hampstead Norris from May 1944 to February 1945
Aircraft were also operated for tests and trials by aircraft companies, the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment. One was operated by De Havilland Propellers for research into reversing propellers.
Specifications (ST Mk I)
Orthographic projection of the Albemarle.
Data from The Unloved Albemarle, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913General characteristics
Crew:
Four (two pilots, navigator and radio operator) in Transport configuration
Six (two pilots, navigator/bomb-aimer, radio operator and two gunners) in Bomber configuration
Capacity: ten troops
Length: 59 ft 11 in (18.26 m)
Wingspan: 77 ft 0 in (23.47 m)
Height: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m)
Wing area: 803.5 sq ft (74.65 m2)
Empty weight: 25,347 lb (11,497 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 36,500 lb (16,556 kg)
Fuel capacity: 769 imp gal (924 US gal; 3,500 L) normal, 1,399 imp gal (1,680 US gal; 6,360 L) with auxiliary tanks
Powerplant: 2 × Bristol Hercules XI 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) each
Propellers: 3-bladed de Havilland Hydromatic
Performance
Maximum speed: 265 mph (426 km/h, 230 kn) at 10,500 ft (3,200 m)
Cruise speed: 170 mph (270 km/h, 150 kn)
Stall speed: 70 mph (110 km/h, 61 kn) (flaps and undercarriage down)
Range: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)
Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m)
Rate of climb: 980 ft/min (5.0 m/s)
Armament
Guns:
Four × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in dorsal turret.
Two × .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in ventral turret (first prototype only)
Bombs: Internal bomb bay for 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) of bombs
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
CANT Z.1007
Heinkel He 111
Ilyushin Il-4
Nakajima Ki-49
Martin B-26 Marauder
Mitsubishi G4M
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
Related lists
List of aircraft of World War II
List of aircraft of the RAF
References
Citations
^ a b Tapper 1988, pp. 285.
^ a b c Buttler 2004, p. 75.
^ a b c d e Tapper 1988, p. 276.
^ a b c Tapper 1988, pp. 276–277.
^ a b c d e f g Tapper 1988, p. 277.
^ a b Tapper 1988, pp. 278–279.
^ Tapper, Oliver (1973). Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Since 1913. Putnam. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-370-10004-3.
^ Mason 1994, pp. 335–337.
^ a b Tapper 1988, pp. 279–280.
^ Tapper 1988, pp. 280–281.
^ "British Aircraft of WWII." jaapteeuwen.com. Retrieved: 15 March 2007.
^ Flight 27 January 1944, p. 89.
^ Tapper 1988, pp. 277–278.
^ a b c d e Tapper 1988, p. 278.
^ Flight 27 January 1944, p. 90.
^ a b Flight 27 January 1944, p. 88.
^ a b Williams 1989, p. 37.
^ Tapper 1988, p. 279.
^ Williams 1989, p. 36.
^ Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. New York: Crescent Books, 1988. ISBN 0-517-67964-7.
^ a b Williams 1989, p. 41.
^ a b c Tapper 1988, p. 283.
^ Mark Felton video on Soviet use of Albemarles
^ Tapper 1988, pp. 283–284.
^ Tapper 1988, pp. 284–285.
^ Tapper 1988, pp. 281, 286.
^ Tapper 1988, p. 281.
^ Williams 1989, p. 40.
^ Tapper 1988, p. 286.
^ "Albemarle", Air Transport Auxiliary Ferry Pilots Notes.
Bibliography
Air Transport Auxiliary Ferry Pilots Notes. Elvington, Yorkshire, UK: Yorkshire Air Museum, Reproduction ed. 1996. ISBN 0-9512379-8-5.
Bowyer, Michael J.F. Aircraft for the Royal Air Force: The "Griffon" Spitfire, The Albemarle Bomber and the Shetland Flying-Boat. London: Faber & Faber, 1980. ISBN 0-571-11515-2.
Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-179-2.
Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
Morgan, Eric B. "Albemarle". Twentyfirst Profile, Volume 1, No. 11. New Milton, Hants, UK: 21st Profile Ltd. ISSN 0961-8120.
Tapper, Oliver. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-826-7.
Williams, Ray. "The Unloved Albemarle". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-nine, May–August 1989, pp. 29–42. ISSN 0143-5450.
"Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle", Flight. 27 January 1944. pp. 87–91.
Neil, Tom. "The Silver Spitfire" 2013. Wing Cmdr Neil includes his impressions of the Albemarle and his hair raising attempts to fly one without any instruction or manual.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle.
"Whitley and Albemarle", Flight 4 April 1946
vteArmstrong Whitworth AircraftManufacturernumericaldesignationsFirst World War
F.K.1
F.K.2
F.K.3
F.K.4
F.K.5
F.K.6
F.K.7
F.K.8
F.K.9
F.K.10
F.K.12
F.K.13
F.M.4
Post-First World War
A.W.14
A.W.15
A.W.16
A.W.17
A.W.18
A.W.19
A.W.20
A.W.21
A.W.22
A.W.23
A.W.24
A.W.25
A.W.26
A.W.27
A.W.28
A.W.29
A.W.30
A.W.31
A.W.32
A.W.33
A.W.34
A.W.35
A.W.36
A.W.37
A.W.38
A.W.39
A.W.40
A.W.41
A.W.43
A.W.44
A.W.45
A.W.48
A.W.49
A.W.50
A.W.51
A.W.52
A.W.53
A.W.54
A.W.55
A.W.56
A.W.57
A.W.58
A.W.59
A.W.168
A.W.169
A.W.171
A.W.650
A.W.660
A.W.670
A.W.680
A.W.681
A.W.690
By name
Ajax
Albemarle
Apollo
Ara
Argosy (1)
Argosy (2)
Aries
Armadillo
Atalanta
Atlas
Awana
Ensign
Meteor
Sea Hawk
Scimitar
Siskin
Sinaia
Sissit
Starling
Tadpole
Whitley
Wolf
By roleAirliners
Argosy (1920s)
Atalanta
Ensign
Apollo
Airships
25r
R29
R33
Army co-operation
Atlas/Ajax/Aries
Bombers
A.W.19
A.W.23
A.W.29
Sinaia
Whitley
Experimental
Ape
A.W.52
A.W.171
Fighters
F.K.9/F.K.10
A.W.16
Ara
Armadillo
Scimitar
Siskin
Starling
General purpose
F.K.3
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Reconnaissance
Tadpole
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Transports
Albemarle
Argosy (AW.660)
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Hawksley Ltd, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company. It was one of many aircraft which entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.The Albemarle had been originally designed as a medium bomber to fulfil Specification B.9/38 for an aircraft that could be built of wood and metal without using any light alloys; however, military planners decided to deemphasise the bomber role in favour of aerial reconnaissance and transport missions, leading to the aircraft being extensively redesigned mid-development. Performing its maiden flight on 20 March 1940, its entry to service was delayed by the redesign effort, thus the first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle, No. 295 at RAF Harwell, did not receive the type in quantity until January 1943. As superior bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, were already in use in quantity, all plans for using the Albemarle as a bomber were abandoned.Instead, the Albemarle was used by RAF squadrons primarily for general and special transport duties, paratroop transport and glider towing, in addition to other secondary duties. Albemarle squadrons participated in Normandy landings and the assault on Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. While the Albemarle remained in service throughout the conflict, the final examples in RAF service were withdrawn less than a year after the war's end. During October 1942, the Soviet Air Force also opted to order 200 aircraft; of these, only a handful of Albemarles were delivered to the Soviets prior to the Soviet government deciding to suspend deliveries in May 1943, and later cancelling the order in favour of procuring the American Douglas C-47 Skytrain instead.","title":"Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specification B.9/38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications#1930%E2%80%931939"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p276-3"},{"link_name":"medium bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_bomber"},{"link_name":"alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_trailer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2767-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2767-4"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company"},{"link_name":"de Havilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland"},{"link_name":"conventional undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"tricycle undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Hercules"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2767-4"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._75-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p276-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2789-6"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The origins of the Albemarle can be traced back to the mid-1930s and the issuing of Specification B.9/38 by the British Air Ministry.[3] This sought a twin-engine medium bomber of wood and metal construction, without the use of any light alloys, in order that the aircraft could be readily built by less experienced manufacturers from outside the aircraft industry. Furthermore, the envisioned aircraft had to be engineered in a manner that would allow it to be divided into relatively compact subsections, all of which had to fit on to a standard Queen Mary trailer to facilitate the adoption of a dispersed manufacturing strategy.[4] At the time, the Air Ministry was particularly concerned that, in the event of a major conflict arising, there would be restrictions on the supply of critical materials that could undermine mass production efforts.[4]Several aircraft manufacturing firms, including Armstrong Whitworth, Bristol and de Havilland, were approached to produce designs to meet the specification. Bristol proposed two designs – a conventional undercarriage and an 80 ft (24 m) wingspan capable of 300 mph and a tricycle undercarriage design with 70 ft (21 m) span with a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h). Both designs, known as the Type 155, used two Bristol Hercules engines. The rival Armstrong Whitworth AW.41 design used a tricycle undercarriage and was built up of sub-sections to ease manufacture by firms without aircraft construction experience.[4] The AW.41 was designed with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in mind, but also with provisions for the use of Bristol Hercules as an alternative powerplant.[5]In June 1938, mock-ups of both the AW.41 and Bristol 155 were examined, while revised specifications B.17/38 and B.18/38 were drawn up for the respective designs; de Havilland opted against submitting a design. The specification stipulated 250 mph (400 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) economical cruise while carrying 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of bombs. Bristol was already busy with other aircraft production and development and stopped work on the 155.[2][3] Changes in policy made the Air Staff reconsider the Albemarle as principally a reconnaissance aircraft capable of carrying out bombing. Among other effects, this meant more fuel to give a 4,000 mi (6,400 km) range. An upper dorsal turret and a (retractable) ventral turret for downward firing were added.[6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p276-3"},{"link_name":"serial number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_serials"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason_bomber-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p276-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p279%E2%80%93280-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p279%E2%80%93280-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p276-3"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2801-10"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Gloster Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"Brockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockwood"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"subcontractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcontractor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"MG Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Motor"},{"link_name":"Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Company"},{"link_name":"Harris Lebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Lebus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p285-1"}],"sub_title":"Into production","text":"In October 1938, 200 aircraft were ordered \"off the drawing board\" (i.e. without producing a prototype). The aircraft had a positive reputation and there were initially high hopes for its performance, however it never quite lived up to expectations.[7] Furthermore, according to aviation author Oliver Tapper, the brief was a relatively difficult one for any company to fulfil.[3] Initially, physical work centred around the construction of a pair of lead aircraft, which were to be test flown prior to the commencement of full-rate manufacture of the type. The first Albemarle, serial number P1360, was assembled at Hamble Aerodrome by Air Service Training; the aircraft performed its maiden flight on 20 March 1940.[8][3]This first flight had actually been unintended, the test pilot having picked up too much speed during a ground taxi run, and had only taken off with the barest margin after traversing the entire runway.[9] Months later, P1360 was damaged after a forced landing during the test flight programme, but was promptly repaired. Early flights of the type by test pilots typically described it as being relatively average and being free of flaws.[9] A number of modifications were made to the design during this late stage of development, including the extensive redesign of the aircraft's structure by Lloyd at Coventry.[3] Further measures were made to improve the Albemarle's take-off performance, such as the adoption of a wider span 77 ft (23 m) wing, and the thickening of the rudder's trailing edge to correct a tendency to over-balance. Occurrences of the engines overheating were never fully resolved, the main change in this area being the raising of the maximum permissible operational temperature from 280C to 300C.[10]The Albemarle's production run was principally undertaken by A.W. Hawksley Ltd of Gloucester, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company, which was specifically formed to construct the Albemarle.[5] Originally, Gloster was to have undertaken this work itself at its Brockwood facility. Both Gloster and Armstrong Whitworth were member companies of the Hawker Siddeley group, one of the largest aircraft manufacturing interests in Britain.[5] Individual parts and sub-assemblies for the Albemarle were produced by in excess of 1,000 subcontractors.[5][11] Amongst the companies that were subcontracted were MG Motor, to produce the forward fuselage, Rover, which constructed the wing centre section, and Harris Lebus, which built the tailplane units.[5] Production of the Albemarle was terminated during December 1944, by which point 602 aircraft had been completed.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"rudders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"longerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longeron"},{"link_name":"gusset plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusset_plate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2778-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p278-14"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p278-14"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"magnetic compasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_compass"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight44_p90-15"},{"link_name":"Lockheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"hydraulically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulically"},{"link_name":"tricycle undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hercules XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Hercules"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Hydromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Hydromatic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p277-5"},{"link_name":"bomb bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_bay"},{"link_name":"hydraulically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p278-14"},{"link_name":"Boulton-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton-Paul"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2789-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_1944_p88-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_p37-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p279-18"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_p36-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_p37-17"},{"link_name":"gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p278-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p278-14"}],"text":"The Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle was a mid-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three primary sections; the structure being composed of unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame, including four circular steel longerons; most elements were bolted together via gusset plates.[12][13] The structure was intentionally divided in order that it might readily permit individual sections to be removed and replaced in the event of battle damage being sustained. The centre section of the wing was a single piece that ran through the fuselage, being built around a steel tube girder; it formed the attachment points for the central and nose fuselage sections, as well as the engines, main undercarriage legs, and extension wings.[14] Aside from a portion of the leading edge that used light alloys, the majority of the wing was covered in plywood. The extension wings were almost entirely made of wood, save for the bracing of the two spars by steel tubing; the Frise-type ailerons and tailplane were also composed of wood.[14] The structure of the forward section used stainless steel tubing as to reduce interference with magnetic compasses.[15]The Albemarle featured a Lockheed-designed hydraulically-operated, retractable tricycle undercarriage, the main wheels retracting back into the engine nacelles, and the nose wheel retracting backwards into the front fuselage, while the tail wheel was fixed in position, albeit semi-concealed by a \"bumper\" configuration. It was one of the particularly notable design features of the Albemarle, according to Tapper, it was the first British-built aircraft with a retractable nose-wheel to be built in quantity for the Royal Air Force.[5] Power was provided by a pair of Bristol Hercules XI air-cooled radial engines, each capable of 1,590 hp and driving a three-blade de Havilland Hydromatic propeller unit.[5] Fuel was typically stored in four tanks, two in the center fuselage and two within the wings centre section; in circumstances where extended range would be required, a maximum of additional auxiliary tanks could be installed within the aircraft's bomb bay. This sizable bomb bay was equipped with hydraulically-operated doors and spanned from just aft of the cockpit to roughly halfway between the wings and the tail.[14]The two pilots sat side by side in the forward portion of the cockpit, while the radio operator was seated behind the pilots. The navigator's position was in the aircraft's nose, and thus was forward of the cockpit. The bomb aimer's sighting panel was incorporated into the crew hatch in the underside of the nose. In the rear fuselage, several glazed panels were present so that a \"fire controller\" could help coordinate the aircraft's defensive turrets against attackers. The dorsal turret was a Boulton-Paul design, which was electrically operated and originally armed with four Browning machine guns.[6] A fairing forward of the turret automatically retracted as the turret rotated to fire forwards.[16] The original bomber configuration of the Albemarle required a crew of six including two gunners; one in the four-gun dorsal turret and one in a manually operated twin-gun ventral turret but only the first 32 aircraft, the Mk I Series I, were produced in such a configuration.[17][18]As a bomber, the Albemarle was commonly considered to be inferior to several other aircraft already in RAF service, such as the Vickers Wellington;[19] according to aviation author Ray Williams, the type was only used ever used as a bomber on two occasions.[17] Accordingly, later built aircraft were configured as transports, called either \"General Transport\" (GT) or \"Special Transport\" (ST). Amongst the modifications made was the elimination of the ventral turret, while the dorsal unit was downgraded to a manually-operated twin gun arrangement; the internal space was heavily altered by the elimination of bomb-aiming apparatus and the rear fuselage tank. Additions also included a quick-release hook, installed at the rearmost part of the fuselage for the towing of gliders.[14] When used as a paratroop transport, a maximum of ten fully armed troops could be carried; these paratroopers were provided with a dropping hatch in the rear fuselage along with a single large loading door in the starboard side of the fuselage.[20][14]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._75-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 305 FTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._305_Ferry_Training_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Errol"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_p41-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p283-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"No. 295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._295_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Harwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Harwell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p283-22"},{"link_name":"No. 296","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._296_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._297_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._570_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Lisieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisieux"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vnukovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnukovo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams_p41-21"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"reverse engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p283-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-CH12962_Albemarle_205210548.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brize Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"invasion of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2834-24"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Operation Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Horsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa"},{"link_name":"Operation Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mallard"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Waco Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_CG-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2845-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Halifaxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ambitions to use Albemarle in the bomber role were dropped almost immediately upon the type reaching service; this was due to it not representing an improvement over current medium bombers (such as the Vickers Wellington) and possessing inferior performance to the new generation four-engined heavy bombers that were also about to enter service with the RAF. However, the aircraft was considered to be suitable for general reconnaissance and transport duties, and thus was re-orientated towards such missions.[2]The Soviet Air Force placed a contract for delivery of 200 Albemarles in October 1942. An RAF unit – No. 305 FTU, at RAF Errol near Dundee – was set up to train Soviet ferry crews.[21][22][23] During training, one aircraft was lost with no survivors. The first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle was No. 295 at RAF Harwell in January 1943.[22] Other squadrons to be equipped with the Albemarle included No. 296, No. 297 and No. 570. The first operational flight was on 9 February 1943, in which a 296 Squadron Albemarle dropped leaflets over Lisieux in Normandy.[citation needed]A Soviet-crewed Albemarle flew from Scotland to Vnukovo airfield, near Moscow, on 3 March 1943, and was followed soon afterwards by eleven more aircraft.[21] Two Albemarles were lost over the North Sea, one to German fighters and the other to unknown causes. Tests of the surviving Albemarles revealed their weaknesses as transports (notably the cramped interior) and numerous technical flaws; in May 1943, the Soviet government suspended deliveries and eventually cancelled them in favour of abundant American Douglas C-47 Skytrains. The Soviet camp at Errol Field continued until April 1944: apparently the Soviet government had hoped to secure de Havilland Mosquitos.[citation needed] Tapper speculated that a major reason for the Soviet's interest in the Albemarle had been its Bristol Hercules engines, which were reverse engineered and subsequently copied by Soviet industries.[22]Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle of No. 296 or 297 Squadron RAF, taking off from Brize Norton, Oxfordshire, with an Airspeed Horsa Mark I in tow.From mid-1943, RAF Albemarles took part in many British airborne operations, beginning with the invasion of Sicily.[24] The pinnacle of the aircraft's career was a series of operations for D-Day, on the night of 5/6 June 1944. 295 and 296 Squadrons sent aircraft to Normandy with the pathfinder force, and 295 Squadron claimed to be the first squadron to drop Allied airborne troops over Normandy. On 6 June 1944, four Albemarle squadrons and the operational training unit sent aircraft during Operation Tonga; 296 Squadron used 19 aircraft to tow Airspeed Horsas; 295 Squadron towed 21 Horsas, although it lost six in transit; 570 Squadron sent 22 aircraft with ten towing gliders; and 42 OTU used four aircraft. For Operation Mallard on 7 June 1944, the squadrons towed 220 Horsas and 30 Hamilcars to Normandy. On 17 September 1944, during Operation Market Garden at Arnhem, 54 Horsas and two Waco Hadrian gliders were towed to the Netherlands by 28 Albemarles of 296 and 297 squadrons; 45 aircraft were sent the following day towing gliders.[25] Of the 602 aircraft delivered, 17 were lost on operations and 81 lost in accidents.[citation needed]The final RAF unit to operate the Albemarle was the Heavy Glider Conversion Unit, which replaced its examples with Handley Page Halifaxes during February 1946, at which point the type was formally retired from all operational units.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p2816-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_1944_p88-16"},{"link_name":"paratroops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroop"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Hercules"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"Wright Double Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p281-27"}],"text":"Over the course of its production life, a number of variants of the Albemarle were built:[26]ST Mk I – 99 aircraft\nGT Mk I – 69\nST Mk II – 99\nMk III – One prototype only.\nMk IV – One prototype only.\nST Mk V – 49\nST Mk VI – 133\nGT Mk VI – 117Most Marks were divided into \"Series\" to distinguish differences in equipment. The ST Mk I Series 1 (eight aircraft) had the four gun turret replaced with hand-operated twin-guns under a sliding hood. As a special transport, a loading door was fitted on the starboard side and the rear fuel tank was removed.[16] The 14 ST Mk I Series 2 aircraft were equipped with gear for towing gliders. The Mk II could carry ten paratroops and the Mk V was the same but for a fuel jettison system. All production Albemarles were powered by a pair of 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) Bristol Hercules XI radial engines. The Mk III and Mk IV Albemarles were development projects for testing different powerplants; the former used the Rolls-Royce Merlin III and the latter used the 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) Wright Double Cyclone.[27]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 161 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._161_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Tempsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tempsford"},{"link_name":"No. 271 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._271_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 295 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._295_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Hurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Hurn"},{"link_name":"RAF Harwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Harwell"},{"link_name":"No. 296 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._296_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Stoney Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Stoney_Cross"},{"link_name":"RAF Brize Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton"},{"link_name":"No. 297 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._297_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Thruxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Thruxton"},{"link_name":"No. 511 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._511_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Lyneham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Lyneham"},{"link_name":"No. 570 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._570_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 1404 Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._1404_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAF St Eval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_St_Eval"},{"link_name":"No. 1406 Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1406_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wick"},{"link_name":"No. 13 Operational Training Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._13_Operational_Training_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 42 Operational Training Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._42_Operational_Training_Unit_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAF North Luffenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_North_Luffenham"},{"link_name":"RAF Elsham Wolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Elsham_Wolds"},{"link_name":"RAF Keevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Keevil"},{"link_name":"RAF Blakehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAF_Blakehill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAF Peplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Peplow"},{"link_name":"RAF Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Exeter"},{"link_name":"RAF Defford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Defford"},{"link_name":"Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Forces_Experimental_Establishment"},{"link_name":"RAF Ringway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ringway"},{"link_name":"RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sherburn-in-Elmet"},{"link_name":"RAF Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tain"},{"link_name":"RAF Sutton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sutton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"RAF Gransden Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Gransden_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplane_and_Armament_Experimental_Establishment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Soviet UnionTwelve aircraft were exported to the Soviet Union (two more lost in transit).\nTransport arm of 1st Air Division, later 10th Guards Air division (to 1944); naval air units until retirement in 1945.[citation needed]United KingdomRoyal Air ForceNo. 161 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from October 1942 to April 1943 at RAF Tempsford.\nNo. 271 Squadron RAF operated one aircraft at Doncaster between October 1942 and April 1943.\nNo. 295 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from October 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from April 1944 to July 1944 at RAF Harwell.\nNo. 296 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from January 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn, RAF Stoney Cross including operations in North Africa. Albemarle II from November 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from August 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.\nNo. 297 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from July 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Thruxton, RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle II from February 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from July 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.\nNo. 511 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1942 to March 1944 at RAF Lyneham.\nNo. 570 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from May 1944 to August 1944 at RAF Harwell.\nNo. 1404 Flight RAF used three aircraft at RAF St Eval from September 1942 to March 1943\nNo. 1406 Flight RAF used two aircraft at RAF Wick from September to October 1942.\nNo. 13 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Finmere (two aircraft between October 1942 and April 1943)\nNo. 42 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Ashbourne from September 1943 to February 1945.\nHeavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton and RAF North Luffenham from January to April 1943 and August 1944 to October 1944 when it became No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit.\nNo. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton from 1944, moved to RAF Elsham Wolds in December 1945 and withdrew the last operational Albemarles in February 1946.\nNo. 22 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Keevil and RAF Blakehill from October 1944 to November 1945.\nNo. 23 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Peplow from October to December 1944.\nNo. 3 Glider Training School operated eight Albemarles at RAF Exeter between January and August 1945.\nNo. 301 Ferry Training Unit operated four Albemarles at RAF Lyneham from November 1942 to April 1943.\nNo. 305 Ferry Training Unit bases at RAF Errol from January 1943 to train Soviet Air Force crews, disbanded in April 1944.\nTorpedo Development Unit at Gosport used one aircraft between April and September 1942\nTelecommunications Flying Unit at RAF Defford used one aircraft during May 1943,\nAirborne Forces Experimental Establishment at RAF Ringway and RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet between May 1942 and October 1944.\nCoastal Command Development Unit used two aircraft at RAF Tain between September and December 1942.\nCentral Gunnery School at RAF Sutton Bridge used one aircraft between September and November 1942.\nBomber Development Unit used three aircraft at RAF Gransden Lodge between August and November 1942.\nOperation Refresher Training Unit at RAF Hampstead Norris from May 1944 to February 1945Aircraft were also operated for tests and trials by aircraft companies, the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment. One was operated by De Havilland Propellers for research into reversing propellers.[citation needed]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_Whitworth_Albemarle_ExCC.svg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p40-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapper_p286-29"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Hercules"},{"link_name":"radial engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":".303 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"}],"text":"Orthographic projection of the Albemarle.Data from The Unloved Albemarle,[28] Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913[29]General characteristicsCrew: \nFour (two pilots, navigator and radio operator) in Transport configuration\nSix (two pilots, navigator/bomb-aimer, radio operator and two gunners) in Bomber configuration\nCapacity: ten troops\nLength: 59 ft 11 in (18.26 m)\nWingspan: 77 ft 0 in (23.47 m)\nHeight: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m)\nWing area: 803.5 sq ft (74.65 m2)\nEmpty weight: 25,347 lb (11,497 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 36,500 lb (16,556 kg)\nFuel capacity: 769 imp gal (924 US gal; 3,500 L) normal, 1,399 imp gal (1,680 US gal; 6,360 L) with auxiliary tanks\nPowerplant: 2 × Bristol Hercules XI 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) each\nPropellers: 3-bladed de Havilland HydromaticPerformanceMaximum speed: 265 mph (426 km/h, 230 kn) at 10,500 ft (3,200 m)\nCruise speed: 170 mph (270 km/h, 150 kn)\nStall speed: 70 mph (110 km/h, 61 kn) (flaps and undercarriage down)[30]\nRange: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)\nService ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m)\nRate of climb: 980 ft/min (5.0 m/s)ArmamentGuns: \nFour × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in dorsal turret.\nTwo × .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in ventral turret (first prototype only)\nBombs: Internal bomb bay for 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) of bombs","title":"Specifications (ST Mk I)"}] | [{"image_text":"Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle of No. 296 or 297 Squadron RAF, taking off from Brize Norton, Oxfordshire, with an Airspeed Horsa Mark I in tow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IWM-CH12962_Albemarle_205210548.jpg/220px-IWM-CH12962_Albemarle_205210548.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orthographic projection of the Albemarle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Armstrong_Whitworth_Albemarle_ExCC.svg/220px-Armstrong_Whitworth_Albemarle_ExCC.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"CANT Z.1007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANT_Z.1007"},{"title":"Heinkel He 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111"},{"title":"Ilyushin Il-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4"},{"title":"Nakajima Ki-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49"},{"title":"Martin B-26 Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder"},{"title":"Mitsubishi G4M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M"},{"title":"Savoia-Marchetti SM.79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79"},{"title":"Savoia-Marchetti SM.81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_RAF"}] | [{"reference":"Tapper, Oliver (1973). Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Since 1913. Putnam. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-370-10004-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x3NTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Since 1913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-10004-3","url_text":"978-0-370-10004-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x3NTAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Since 1913"},{"Link":"http://www.jaapteeuwen.com/ww2aircraft/html%20pages/armstrong%20whitworth%20albemarle.htm","external_links_name":"\"British Aircraft of WWII.\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=850Mc1U6xnk","external_links_name":"Mark Felton video on Soviet use of Albemarles"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1944/1944%20-%200177.html","external_links_name":"\"Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200664.html","external_links_name":"\"Whitley and Albemarle\", Flight 4 April 1946"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghannouch | Ghannouch | ["1 See also","2 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2010) Click for important translation instructions.
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Commune and town in Gabès Governorate, TunisiaGhannouchCommune and townGhannouchCoordinates: 33°56′N 10°04′E / 33.93°N 10.07°E / 33.93; 10.07Country TunisiaGovernorateGabès GovernoratePopulation (2014) • Total28,051Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Ghannouch (Arabic: غنوش Ġannūš) is a town and commune in the Gabès Governorate on the Gulf of Gabès, occasionally named after this town instead, in Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 22,681.
See also
List of cities in Tunisia
References
^ Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique)
vte Communes of TunisiaAriana Governorate
Ariana (seat)
Ettadhamen
Mnihla
Kalâat el-Andalous
Raoued
Sidi Thabet
La Soukra
Béja Governorate
Béja (seat)
El Maâgoula
Goubellat
Medjez el-Bab
Nefza
Téboursouk
Testour
Amdoun
Ouchtata
Slouguia
Sidi Ismail
Thibar
Ben Arous Governorate
Ben Arous (seat)
Bou Mhel el-Bassatine
El Mourouj
Ezzahra
Hammam Chott
Fouchana
Hammam Lif
Khalidia
Mégrine
Mohamedia
Mornag
Rades
Bizerte Governorate
Bizerte (seat)
Aousja
El Alia
Ghar El Melh
Mateur
Menzel Bourguiba
Menzel Jemil
Menzel Abderrahmane
Metline
Raf Raf
Ras Jebel
Sejenane
Tinja
Ghezala
Joumine
Utique
Gabès Governorate
Gabès (seat)
Chenini Nahal
El Hamma
Ghannouch
Mareth
Matmata
Métouia
Nouvelle Matmata
Oudhref
Zarat
Bouchemma
Menzel El Habib
Teboulbou
Gafsa Governorate
Gafsa (seat)
El Guettar
El Ksar
Mdhila
Métlaoui
Moulares
Redeyef
Sened
Belkhir
Lela
Sidi Aïch
Jendouba Governorate
Jendouba (seat)
Ain Draham
Beni M'Tir
Bou Salem
Fernana
Ghardimaou
Oued Melliz
Tabarka
Kairouan Governorate
Kairouan (seat)
Ain Djeloula
Alaâ
Bou Hajla
Chebika
Echrarda
Oueslatia
Haffouz
Hajeb El Ayoun
Menzel Mehiri
Nasrallah
Sbikha
Kasserine Governorate
Kasserine (seat)
Fériana
Foussana
Haidra
Jedelienne
Magel Bel Abbes
Sbeitla
Sbiba
Thala
Thélepte
Hassi El Ferid
El Ayoun
Ezzouhour
Kébili Governorate
Kébili (seat)
Douz
El Golâa
Djemna
Faouar
Rjim Maatoug
Souk Lahad
Kef Governorate
Le Kef (seat)
Dahmani
Jérissa
El Ksour
Kalaat Senan
Kalâat Khasba
Menzel Salem
Nebeur
Sakiet Sidi Youssef
Sers
Tajerouine
Touiref
Mahdia Governorate
Mahdia (seat)
Bou Merdes
Chebba
Chorbane
El Bradâa
El Jem
Essouassi
Hebira
Hiboun
Kerker
Ksour Essef
Mellouleche
Ouled Chamekh
Rejiche
Sidi Alouane
Hkaima
Sidi Zid
Tlelsa
Zelba
Manouba Governorate
La Manouba (seat)
Borj El Amri
Den Den
Douar Hicher
Djedeida
El Battan
Oued Ellil
Mornaguia
Tebourba
Médenine Governorate
Médenine (seat)
Ajim
Ben Gardane
Beni Khedache
Boughrara
Houmt Souk
Midoun
Zarzis
Sidi Makhlouf
Monastir Governorate
Monastir (seat)
Amiret El Fhoul
Amiret El Hojjaj
Amiret Touazra
Bekalta
Bembla-Mnara
Beni Hassen
Bennane-Bodher
Bouhjar
Cherahil
El Masdour
Ghenada
Jemmal
Khniss
Ksar Hellal
Ksibet el-Médiouni
Lamta
Menzel Ennour
Menzel Farsi
Menzel Hayet
Menzel Kamel
Moknine
Ouerdanin
Sayada
Teboulba
Nabeul Governorate
Nabeul (seat)
Azmour
Béni Khalled
Béni Khiar
Bou Argoub
Dar Allouch
Dar Chaabane
El Haouaria
El Maâmoura
El Mida
Grombalia
Hammam Ghezeze
Hammamet
Kélibia
Kerkouane
Korba
Korbous
Menzel Bouzelfa
Menzel Horr
Menzel Temime
Soliman
Somâa
Takelsa
Tazerka
Zaouiet Djedidi
Sfax Governorate
Sfax (seat)
Agareb
Bir Ali Ben Khélifa
Bir Salah
Chihia
El Ain
Graiba
Gremda
Jebiniana
Kerkennah
El Hencha
Mahres
Menzel Chaker
Sakiet Eddaier
Sakiet Ezzit
Skhira
Thyna
El Amra
Sidi Bouzid Governorate
Sidi Bouzid (seat)
Bir El Hafey
Cebbala Ouled Asker
Jilma
Menzel Bouzaiane
Meknassy
Mezzouna
Ouled Haffouz
Regueb
Sidi Ali Ben Aoun
Al Ahouaz-El Assouda
Baten Ghzal
Bennour
Essaïda
Mansoura
Rahal
Souk Jedid
Siliana Governorate
Siliana (seat)
Bargou
Bou Arada
El Aroussa
El Krib
Gaâfour
Kesra
Makthar
Rouhia
Sidi Bou Rouis
Sousse Governorate
Sousse (seat)
Akouda
Bouficha
Enfida
Ezzouhour
Hammam Sousse
Hergla
Kalâa Kebira
Kalâa Seghira
Kondar
Ksibet Thrayet
Messaadine
M'saken
Sidi Bou Ali
Sidi El Hani
Zaouiet Sousse
Chott Meriem
Tataouine Governorate
Tataouine (seat)
Bir Lahmar
Dehiba
Ghomrassen
Remada
Smâr
Tozeur Governorate
Tozeur (seat)
Degache
El Hamma du Jérid
Nefta
Tamerza
Hazoua
Tunis Governorate
Tunis (seat)
Carthage
La Goulette
La Marsa
Le Bardo
Le Kram
Sidi Bou Said
Sidi Hassine
Zaghouan Governorate
Zaghouan (seat)
El Fahs
Djebel Oust
Bir Mcherga
Nadhour
Zriba
Saouaf
This Tunisia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Gabès Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Gabès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ins-1"}],"text":"Commune and town in Gabès Governorate, TunisiaGhannouch (Arabic: غنوش Ġannūš) is a town and commune in the Gabès Governorate on the Gulf of Gabès, occasionally named after this town instead, in Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 22,681.[1]","title":"Ghannouch"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of cities in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGhannouch&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghannouch¶ms=33.93_N_10.07_E_type:city(28051)_region:TN-81","external_links_name":"33°56′N 10°04′E / 33.93°N 10.07°E / 33.93; 10.07"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112064622/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24451&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer","external_links_name":"Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghannouch&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borras_Park | Borras Park | ["1 Religion","2 Schools","3 Sport","4 Notes","5 References"] | Coordinates: 53°03′43″N 2°58′23″W / 53.062°N 2.973°W / 53.062; -2.973Suburb and electoral ward in Wrexham, Wales
Jeffreys Road, Borras Park
Borras Park Church, Jeffreys Road, Wrexham, Wales
Location of the Borras Park electoral ward in Wrexham County Borough, Wales
Borras Park (Welsh: Parc Borras) is a suburb and electoral ward in the community of Acton, Wrexham, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The name is derived from the nearby hamlet of Borras.
At the time of the 2001 Census, the population was 2,517 in 1,065 household, reducing to a population of 2,359 at the 2011 Census.
Religion
At the time of the 2011 Census, it was reported as being the ward with the highest proportion in Wales of people describing themselves as Christian (76.1%). The ward itself contains one church, namely Borras Park Evangelical Church, with two others, namely St. John's Church of Wales and Rhosnesni Methodist church, within a few hundred yards of the ward boundary.
Schools
Barker's Lane Primary School
Borras Park Primary School
Ysgol Llan-y-pwll
Sport
There are two football teams based in Borras Park, Borras Park Albion F.C., founded in 1980, who play in the Wrexham and District Youth League and the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), and Borras Park Rangers, founded in 2002, who play in the Wrexham and District Youth League.
Notes
^ The schools are not actually in Borras Park, but serve the area.
References
^ Office of National Statistics Archived 11 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 2011)
^ "Ward population 2011". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ BBC Wales News retrieved January 2016
^ Church website retrieved 2 January 2016
^ Borras Park Albion website (Retrieved January 2011)
^ a b The Wrexham & District Youth Football League website "Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting & Domain Names from Heart Internet". Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.(Retrieved January 2011)
^ Borras Park Rangers website "Borras Park Rangers". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011. (Retrieved January 2011)
vteWrexham County BoroughWrexham County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements
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53°03′43″N 2°58′23″W / 53.062°N 2.973°W / 53.062; -2.973
This article about a location in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeffreys_Road,_Borras_Park,_Wrecsam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160905.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borras_Park_Church,_Wrexham.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Wales_Wrexham_Ward_Borras_Park_map.svg"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Wrexham County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Acton, Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Borras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Suburb and electoral ward in Wrexham, WalesJeffreys Road, Borras ParkBorras Park Church, Jeffreys Road, Wrexham, WalesLocation of the Borras Park electoral ward in Wrexham County Borough, WalesBorras Park (Welsh: Parc Borras) is a suburb and electoral ward in the community of Acton, Wrexham, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The name is derived from the nearby hamlet of Borras.At the time of the 2001 Census, the population was 2,517 in 1,065 household,[1] reducing to a population of 2,359 at the 2011 Census.[2]","title":"Borras Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"At the time of the 2011 Census, it was reported as being the ward with the highest proportion in Wales of people describing themselves as Christian (76.1%).[3] The ward itself contains one church, namely Borras Park Evangelical Church,[4] with two others, namely St. John's Church of Wales and Rhosnesni Methodist church, within a few hundred yards of the ward boundary.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n1-5"}],"text":"Barker's Lane Primary School\nBorras Park Primary School [Note 1]\nYsgol Llan-y-pwll","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borras Park Albion F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borras_Park_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Welsh National League (Wrexham Area)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_National_League_(Wrexham_Area)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdyfl-7"},{"link_name":"Borras Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borras_Park_Rangers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdyfl-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"There are two football teams based in Borras Park, Borras Park Albion F.C., founded in 1980, who play in the Wrexham and District Youth League and the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area),[5][6] and Borras Park Rangers, founded in 2002, who play in the Wrexham and District Youth League.[6][7]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-n1_5-0"}],"text":"^ The schools are not actually in Borras Park, but serve the area.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Jeffreys Road, Borras Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jeffreys_Road%2C_Borras_Park%2C_Wrecsam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160905.jpg/220px-Jeffreys_Road%2C_Borras_Park%2C_Wrecsam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160905.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borras Park Church, Jeffreys Road, Wrexham, Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Borras_Park_Church%2C_Wrexham.JPG/220px-Borras_Park_Church%2C_Wrexham.JPG"},{"image_text":"Location of the Borras Park electoral ward in Wrexham County Borough, Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2022_Wales_Wrexham_Ward_Borras_Park_map.svg/220px-2022_Wales_Wrexham_Ward_Borras_Park_map.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinning_points | Pinning points | ["1 Types of pinning points","1.1 Point defects","1.2 Alloying elements","1.3 Second phase precipitates","1.4 Grain boundaries"] | Locations in a crystalline material where lattice slippage is halted
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pinning points" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In a crystalline material, a dislocation is capable of traveling throughout the lattice when relatively small stresses are applied. This movement of dislocations results in the material plastically deforming. Pinning points in the material act to halt a dislocation's movement, requiring a greater amount of force to be applied to overcome the barrier. This results in an overall strengthening of materials.
Types of pinning points
Point defects
Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field.
Alloying elements
The introduction of atom1 into a crystal of atom2 creates a pinning point for multiple reasons. An alloying atom is by nature a point defect, thus it must create a stress field when placed into a foreign crystallographic position, which could block the passage of a dislocation. However, it is possible that the alloying material is approximately the same size as the atom that is replaced, and thus its presence would not stress the lattice (as occurs in cobalt alloyed nickel). The different atom would, though, have a different elastic modulus, which would create a different terrain for the moving dislocation. A higher modulus would look like an energy barrier, and a lower like an energy trough – both of which would stop its movement.
Second phase precipitates
Main article: Precipitation hardening
The precipitation of a second phase within the lattice of a material creates physical blockades through which a dislocation cannot pass. The result is that the dislocation must bend (which requires greater energy, or a greater stress to be applied) around the precipitates, which inevitably leaves residual dislocation loops encircling the second phase material and shortens the original dislocation.
This schematic shows how a dislocation interacts with solid phase precipitates. The dislocation moves from left to right in each frame.
Grain boundaries
Dislocations require proper lattice ordering to move through a material. At grain boundaries, there is a lattice mismatch, and every atom that lies on the boundary is uncoordinated. This stops dislocations that encounter the boundary from moving. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline"},{"link_name":"dislocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice"},{"link_name":"stresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"plastically deforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"strengthening of materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials"}],"text":"In a crystalline material, a dislocation is capable of traveling throughout the lattice when relatively small stresses are applied. This movement of dislocations results in the material plastically deforming. Pinning points in the material act to halt a dislocation's movement, requiring a greater amount of force to be applied to overcome the barrier. This results in an overall strengthening of materials.","title":"Pinning points"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of pinning points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_defect#Point_defects"},{"link_name":"stress fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_field"}],"sub_title":"Point defects","text":"Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field.","title":"Types of pinning points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alloying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"elastic modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulus"}],"sub_title":"Alloying elements","text":"The introduction of atom1 into a crystal of atom2 creates a pinning point for multiple reasons. An alloying atom is by nature a point defect, thus it must create a stress field when placed into a foreign crystallographic position, which could block the passage of a dislocation. However, it is possible that the alloying material is approximately the same size as the atom that is replaced, and thus its presence would not stress the lattice (as occurs in cobalt alloyed nickel). The different atom would, though, have a different elastic modulus, which would create a different terrain for the moving dislocation. A higher modulus would look like an energy barrier, and a lower like an energy trough – both of which would stop its movement.","title":"Types of pinning points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solute_copy.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Second phase precipitates","text":"The precipitation of a second phase within the lattice of a material creates physical blockades through which a dislocation cannot pass. The result is that the dislocation must bend (which requires greater energy, or a greater stress to be applied) around the precipitates, which inevitably leaves residual dislocation loops encircling the second phase material and shortens the original dislocation.This schematic shows how a dislocation interacts with solid phase precipitates. The dislocation moves from left to right in each frame.","title":"Types of pinning points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grain boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundary"},{"link_name":"uncoordinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_number"}],"sub_title":"Grain boundaries","text":"Dislocations require proper lattice ordering to move through a material. At grain boundaries, there is a lattice mismatch, and every atom that lies on the boundary is uncoordinated. This stops dislocations that encounter the boundary from moving.","title":"Types of pinning points"}] | [{"image_text":"This schematic shows how a dislocation interacts with solid phase precipitates. The dislocation moves from left to right in each frame.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Solute_copy.jpg/900px-Solute_copy.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pinning+points%22","external_links_name":"\"Pinning points\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pinning+points%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pinning+points%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pinning+points%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pinning+points%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pinning+points%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kudryavtsev | Nikolai Kudryavtsev | ["1 Kudryavtsev's Rule","2 Abiogenic theory","3 Selected publications","4 See also"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nikolai Kudryavtsev" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Prof. Nikolai A. Kudryavtsev (1893-1971)
Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev (Russian: Николай Александрович Кудрявцев; Opochka, October 21, 1893 – Leningrad, December 12, 1971) was a Soviet Russian petroleum geologist. He is the founding father of modern abiogenic theory for origin of petroleum, which states that some petroleum is formed from non-biological sources of hydrocarbons located deep in the Earth's crust and mantle.
He graduated from Leningrad Mining Institute in 1922, obtained a Dr.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy in 1936, and become professor in 1941. Kudryavtsev started his geological career in 1920 at the USSR Geological Committee. In 1929-1971 he worked for All-Union Geological Research Institute (VNIGRI). His only son died defending the Brest Fortress in the beginning of Nazi aggression against USSR.
Kudryavtsev conducted regional geological studies that resulted in discoveries of commercial oil and gas in the Grozny district (Chechnya Autonomy), Central Asia, Timan-Pechora, and other regions of the Soviet Union. He led reconnaissance exploration research in Georgia, and compiled the program of key exploration wells in the West Siberia in 1947 that paved the way to the new era of oil and gas production in Russia that started with first gas gusher near Berezovo in 1953.
Kudryavtsev's Rule
In support of his abiotic theory, Kudryavtsev stated in 1973 (Genesis of Gas and Oil) that any region in which hydrocarbons are found at one level will also have hydrocarbons in large or small quantities at all levels down to and into the basement rock. Thus, where oil and gas deposits are found, there will often be coal seams above them. Gas is usually the deepest in the pattern, and can alternate with oil. All petroleum deposits have a capstone, which is generally impermeable to the upward migration of hydrocarbons. This capstone leads to the accumulation of the hydrocarbon.
Abiogenic theory
Nikolai Kudryavtsev was also a prominent and forceful advocate of the abiogenic theory. He argued that no petroleum resembling the chemical composition of natural crudes has ever been made from plant material in the laboratory under conditions resembling those in nature.
He gave many examples of substantial and sometimes commercial quantities of petroleum being found in crystalline or metamorphic basements, or in sediments directly overlying those. He cited cases in Kansas, California, western Venezuela, and Morocco. He also pointed out that oil pools in sedimentary strata are often related to fractures in the basement directly below. This is evidenced by the Ghawar supergiant oil field (Saudi Arabia); the Panhandle Field in Kansas (United States), which also produces helium; the Tengiz Field (Kazakhstan); the White Tiger Field (Vietnam); and innumerable others. The Lost Soldier Field in Wyoming has oil pools, he stated, at every horizon of the geological section, from the Cambrian sandstone overlying the basement to the upper Cretaceous deposits. A flow of oil was also obtained from the basement itself. Hydrocarbon gases, he noted, are not rare in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. Petroleum in Precambrian gneiss is encountered in wells on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal. Kudryavtsev concluded that commercial accumulations are simply found where permeable zones are overlaid by impermeable ones. The impermeable layers are layers of quartz cemented with calcium carbonate.
Kudryavtsev introduced a number of other relevant observations into the argument about the theory of abiogenic petroleum origin.
Columns of flames have been seen during the eruptions of some volcanoes, sometimes reaching 500 meters in height, such as during the eruption of Mount Marapi in Sumatra in 1932. (There have been several other instances subsequently.)
The eruptions of mud-volcanoes have liberated such large quantities of methane that even the most prolific gasfield underneath should have been exhausted long ago.
The quantities of mud deposited in some cases would have required eruptions of much more gas than is known in any gasfield anywhere.
The water in mud volcanoes in some instances carries such substances as iodine, bromine and boron that could not have been derived from local sediments, and that exceed the concentrations in seawater one hundredfold.
Mud volcanoes are often associated with lava volcanoes, and the typical relationship is that where they are close, the mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases, while the ones further away emit methane.
He knew of the occurrence of oil in basement rocks of the Kola Peninsula, and of the surface seeps of oil in the Siljan Ring formation of central Sweden. He noted as mentioned above that the enormous quantities of hydrocarbons in the Athabasca tar sands in Canada would have required vast amounts of source rocks for their generation in the conventional discussion, when in fact no source rocks have been found.
Selected publications
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Geological proof of the deep origin of Petroleum. Trudy Vsesoyuz. Neftyan. Nauch. Issledovatel Geologoraz Vedoch. Inst. No.132, pp. 242–262 (In Russian)
Outlook of the West Siberian petroleum potential. Kudryavtsev N.A., Ed. - Moscow and Leningrad, GosGeolIzdat. - 307 p. (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1951. Against the organic hypothesis of oil origin. Oil Economy Jour. , no. 9. - pp. 17–29 (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1955. Recent state of the origin of petroleum problem. In: Discussion on the problem of oil origin and migration. - Kiev, Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci. Publ. - p. 38-89 (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Oil, gas, and solid bitumens in the igneous and metamorphic rocks. VNIGRI Proc. no. 142. - Leningrad, GosTopTechIzdat Publ. - 278 p. (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1963. Deep Faults and Oil Deposits. - Leningrad, GosTopTekhIzdat. – 220 p. (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1964. Factors governing distribution of oil and gas fields in the Earth's crust. In: Petroleum Geology . Papers of XXII Geological Congress presented by Soviet geologists. - Nedra Press (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1966. On haloid metasomatism. In: Problems of oil origin. Porfiriev V.B., Ed. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. - pp. 144–173 (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1967. Closing speech. In: Proc. Conference on Distribution regularities and formation conditions for oil and gas fields in the West Siberia Plain. - Moscow, Nedra Press. - pp. 246–249. (in Russian)
Kudryavtsev N.A., 1973. Genesis of oil and gas. - Leningrad, Nedra Press. - 216 p. (in Russian)
See also
Abiogenic petroleum origin
Mud volcano
Tony Clarke (activist)
Mitch Daniels
Thomas Homer-Dixon
Mike Hudema
Emily Hunter
Andrew Nikiforuk
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kudryavtsev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Opochka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opochka"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"abiogenic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Earth's crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Brest Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"gas gusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_gusher"},{"link_name":"Berezovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezovo"}],"text":"Prof. Nikolai A. Kudryavtsev (1893-1971)Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev (Russian: Николай Александрович Кудрявцев; Opochka, October 21, 1893 – Leningrad, December 12, 1971) was a Soviet Russian petroleum geologist. He is the founding father of modern abiogenic theory for origin of petroleum, which states that some petroleum is formed from non-biological sources of hydrocarbons located deep in the Earth's crust and mantle.He graduated from Leningrad Mining Institute in 1922, obtained a Dr.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy in 1936, and become professor in 1941. Kudryavtsev started his geological career in 1920 at the USSR Geological Committee. In 1929-1971 he worked for All-Union Geological Research Institute (VNIGRI). His only son died defending the Brest Fortress in the beginning of Nazi aggression against USSR.Kudryavtsev conducted regional geological studies that resulted in discoveries of commercial oil and gas in the Grozny district (Chechnya Autonomy), Central Asia, Timan-Pechora, and other regions of the Soviet Union. He led reconnaissance exploration research in Georgia, and compiled the program of key exploration wells in the West Siberia in 1947 that paved the way to the new era of oil and gas production in Russia that started with first gas gusher near Berezovo in 1953.","title":"Nikolai Kudryavtsev"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In support of his abiotic theory, Kudryavtsev stated in 1973 (Genesis of Gas and Oil) that any region in which hydrocarbons are found at one level will also have hydrocarbons in large or small quantities at all levels down to and into the basement rock. Thus, where oil and gas deposits are found, there will often be coal seams above them. Gas is usually the deepest in the pattern, and can alternate with oil. All petroleum deposits have a capstone, which is generally impermeable to the upward migration of hydrocarbons. This capstone leads to the accumulation of the hydrocarbon.","title":"Kudryavtsev's Rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Ghawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghawar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"abiogenic petroleum origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin"},{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Mount Marapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marapi"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"mud-volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud-volcano"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"bromine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"link_name":"boron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron"},{"link_name":"Siljan Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siljan_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"tar sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_sands"}],"text":"Nikolai Kudryavtsev was also a prominent and forceful advocate of the abiogenic theory. He argued that no petroleum resembling the chemical composition of natural crudes has ever been made from plant material in the laboratory under conditions resembling those in nature.He gave many examples of substantial and sometimes commercial quantities of petroleum being found in crystalline or metamorphic basements, or in sediments directly overlying those. He cited cases in Kansas, California, western Venezuela, and Morocco. He also pointed out that oil pools in sedimentary strata are often related to fractures in the basement directly below. This is evidenced by the Ghawar supergiant oil field (Saudi Arabia); the Panhandle Field in Kansas (United States), which also produces helium; the Tengiz Field (Kazakhstan); the White Tiger Field (Vietnam); and innumerable others. The Lost Soldier Field in Wyoming has oil pools, he stated, at every horizon of the geological section, from the Cambrian sandstone overlying the basement to the upper Cretaceous deposits. A flow of oil was also obtained from the basement itself. Hydrocarbon gases, he noted, are not rare in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. Petroleum in Precambrian gneiss is encountered in wells on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal. Kudryavtsev concluded that commercial accumulations are simply found where permeable zones are overlaid by impermeable ones. The impermeable layers are layers of quartz cemented with calcium carbonate.Kudryavtsev introduced a number of other relevant observations into the argument about the theory of abiogenic petroleum origin.Columns of flames have been seen during the eruptions of some volcanoes, sometimes reaching 500 meters in height, such as during the eruption of Mount Marapi in Sumatra in 1932. (There have been several other instances subsequently.)\nThe eruptions of mud-volcanoes have liberated such large quantities of methane that even the most prolific gasfield underneath should have been exhausted long ago.\nThe quantities of mud deposited in some cases would have required eruptions of much more gas than is known in any gasfield anywhere.\nThe water in mud volcanoes in some instances carries such substances as iodine, bromine and boron that could not have been derived from local sediments, and that exceed the concentrations in seawater one hundredfold.\nMud volcanoes are often associated with lava volcanoes, and the typical relationship is that where they are close, the mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases, while the ones further away emit methane.\nHe knew of the occurrence of oil in basement rocks of the Kola Peninsula, and of the surface seeps of oil in the Siljan Ring formation of central Sweden. He noted as mentioned above that the enormous quantities of hydrocarbons in the Athabasca tar sands in Canada would have required vast amounts of source rocks for their generation in the conventional discussion, when in fact no source rocks have been found.","title":"Abiogenic theory"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Geological proof of the deep origin of Petroleum. Trudy Vsesoyuz. Neftyan. Nauch. Issledovatel Geologoraz Vedoch. Inst. No.132, pp. 242–262 (In Russian)\nOutlook of the West Siberian petroleum potential. Kudryavtsev N.A., Ed. - Moscow and Leningrad, GosGeolIzdat. - 307 p. (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1951. Against the organic hypothesis of oil origin. Oil Economy Jour. [Neftyanoe khoziaystvo], no. 9. - pp. 17–29 (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1955. Recent state of the origin of petroleum problem. In: Discussion on the problem of oil origin and migration. - Kiev, Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci. Publ. - p. 38-89 (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Oil, gas, and solid bitumens in the igneous and metamorphic rocks. VNIGRI Proc. no. 142. - Leningrad, GosTopTechIzdat Publ. - 278 p. (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1963. Deep Faults and Oil Deposits. - Leningrad, GosTopTekhIzdat. – 220 p. (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1964. Factors governing distribution of oil and gas fields in the Earth's crust. In: Petroleum Geology [Geologiya nefti]. Papers of XXII Geological Congress presented by Soviet geologists. - Nedra Press (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1966. On haloid metasomatism. In: Problems of oil origin. Porfiriev V.B., Ed. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. - pp. 144–173 (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1967. Closing speech. In: Proc. Conference on Distribution regularities and formation conditions for oil and gas fields in the West Siberia Plain. - Moscow, Nedra Press. - pp. 246–249. (in Russian)\nKudryavtsev N.A., 1973. Genesis of oil and gas. - Leningrad, Nedra Press. - 216 p. (in Russian)","title":"Selected publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Prof. Nikolai A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gardyne | Clan Gardyne | ["1 History","1.1 Origins of the clan","1.2 16th century clan conflicts","1.3 17th century and Thirty Years' War","2 Castles","3 See also","4 References"] | Lowland Scottish clan
Clan GardyneMottoCruciata Cruce Junguntur (Troubles are connected with the cross)Clan Gardyne no longer has a chief, and is an armigerous clanHistoric seatGardyne Castle
Clan branches
Gardyne of that Ilk (historic chiefs)Gardyne of BanchoryGardyne of Troup
Rival clans
Clan Guthrie
Clan Gardyne is a lowland Scottish clan from Angus
History
Origins of the clan
The surname is frequently spelt Gardyne and according to the historian George Fraser Black, a family long of that Ilk hailed from the barony of Gardyne in the parish of Kirkden in the county of Angus. They built a strong tower, Gardyne Castle, which was extended in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
16th century clan conflicts
The Clan Gardyne feuded with the nearby Clan Guthrie in the 16th century. The Guthries' Guthrie Castle was only a few miles away. In 1578 Patrick Gardyne of that Ilk was killed by William Guthrie and in the feud that followed both clans appear to have suffered heavy casualties. There are two accounts of how the feud started: According to the Gardynes, Patrick Gardyne and his kinsman Robert were killed on Carbundow Moor in 1578 and their deaths were avenged by Thomas Gairden who killed Alexander Guthrie in Inverpeffer in 1587. However, according to the Guthries, Alexander Guthrie was murdered by his cousin, Thomas Gairden, and his death was avenged by his nephew, William Guthrie who killed Patrick Gardyne. The result of the feud was ultimately a victory for the more powerful Clan Guthrie. David Gardyne, the tenth Laird then sold the castle and much of the lands, acquiring the estate of Lawton.
17th century and Thirty Years' War
David Gardyne, the tenth Laird married Janet Lindsay, daughter of Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell in 1602. The male line of this family died out and is now represented by Bruce-Gardyne of Middleton.
The arms of a black boar's head on a silver shield are borne by the Gardyne of Troup branch of the clan, who are descended from the Gardynes of Banchory. The first Laird of Troup was sent by Charles I of England to assist Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War where he saw distinguished service and remained in the Swedish court until 1654. When he returned to Scotland he purchased the lands of Troup in Banffshire which remain with this family today.
Castles
Gardyne Castle in Angus mostly dates from the fifteenth century but with older work. It was originally held by the Gardynes until it passed to the Lyles of Dysart in 1682.
Banchory in Aberdeenshire is the site of a castle that was replaced by a mansion and was held by the Gardynes of Banchory.
Castle of Troup, near Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire was originally held by the Clan Comyn, then by the Troups and probably the clan Keith, but passed to the Gardynes in 1654.
Delgatie Castle which is near Turriff, Aberdeenshire passed to the Gardynes of Troup in 1762 and is now open to the public all year.
Pitsligo Castle, near Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire is a large castle that was briefly held by the Gardynes.
See also
Scottish clan
Gardyne, notable people with Gardyne surname
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). p. 392. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "GARDYNE CASTLE. (Category A Listed Building) (LB11914)".
^ a b c d e f Coventry, Martin (2008). Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans. Musselburgh: Goblinshead. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.
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Scotland portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"}],"text":"Clan Gardyne is a lowland Scottish clan from Angus","title":"Clan Gardyne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardyne"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"},{"link_name":"Gardyne Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardyne_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"}],"sub_title":"Origins of the clan","text":"The surname is frequently spelt Gardyne and according to the historian George Fraser Black, a family long of that Ilk hailed from the barony of Gardyne in the parish of Kirkden in the county of Angus.[1] They built a strong tower, Gardyne Castle, which was extended in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clan Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"},{"link_name":"Guthrie Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"},{"link_name":"Inverpeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverpeffer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"}],"sub_title":"16th century clan conflicts","text":"The Clan Gardyne feuded with the nearby Clan Guthrie in the 16th century.[1] The Guthries' Guthrie Castle was only a few miles away. In 1578 Patrick Gardyne of that Ilk was killed by William Guthrie and in the feud that followed both clans appear to have suffered heavy casualties.[1] There are two accounts of how the feud started: According to the Gardynes, Patrick Gardyne and his kinsman Robert were killed on Carbundow Moor in 1578 and their deaths were avenged by Thomas Gairden who killed Alexander Guthrie in Inverpeffer in 1587. However, according to the Guthries, Alexander Guthrie was murdered by his cousin, Thomas Gairden, and his death was avenged by his nephew, William Guthrie who killed Patrick Gardyne. The result of the feud was ultimately a victory for the more powerful Clan Guthrie. David Gardyne, the tenth Laird then sold the castle and much of the lands, acquiring the estate of Lawton.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan_Gardyne-1"}],"sub_title":"17th century and Thirty Years' War","text":"David Gardyne, the tenth Laird married Janet Lindsay, daughter of Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell in 1602. The male line of this family died out and is now represented by Bruce-Gardyne of Middleton.[1]The arms of a black boar's head on a silver shield are borne by the Gardyne of Troup branch of the clan, who are descended from the Gardynes of Banchory.[1] The first Laird of Troup was sent by Charles I of England to assist Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War where he saw distinguished service and remained in the Swedish court until 1654. When he returned to Scotland he purchased the lands of Troup in Banffshire which remain with this family today.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardyne Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardyne_Castle"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"Banchory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"Rosehearty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosehearty"},{"link_name":"Clan Comyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cumming"},{"link_name":"clan Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Keith"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"Delgatie Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delgatie_Castle"},{"link_name":"Turriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"Pitsligo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsligo_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"}],"text":"Gardyne Castle in Angus mostly dates from the fifteenth century but with older work.[3] It was originally held by the Gardynes until it passed to the Lyles of Dysart in 1682.[3]\nBanchory in Aberdeenshire is the site of a castle that was replaced by a mansion and was held by the Gardynes of Banchory.[3]\nCastle of Troup, near Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire was originally held by the Clan Comyn, then by the Troups and probably the clan Keith, but passed to the Gardynes in 1654.[3]\nDelgatie Castle which is near Turriff, Aberdeenshire passed to the Gardynes of Troup in 1762 and is now open to the public all year.[3]\nPitsligo Castle, near Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire is a large castle that was briefly held by the Gardynes.[3]","title":"Castles"}] | [] | [{"title":"Scottish clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"title":"Gardyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardyne"}] | [{"reference":"Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). p. 392. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Way_of_Plean","url_text":"Way, George of Plean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romilly_Squire_of_Rubislaw","url_text":"Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow","url_text":"Glasgow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Council_of_Scottish_Chiefs","url_text":"Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-470547-5","url_text":"0-00-470547-5"}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"GARDYNE CASTLE. (Category A Listed Building) (LB11914)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11914","url_text":"\"GARDYNE CASTLE. (Category A Listed Building) (LB11914)\""}]},{"reference":"Coventry, Martin (2008). Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans. Musselburgh: Goblinshead. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh","url_text":"Musselburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899874-36-1","url_text":"978-1-899874-36-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11914","external_links_name":"\"GARDYNE CASTLE. (Category A Listed Building) (LB11914)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinbach_Black_Wings_Linz | Steinbach Black Wings Linz | ["1 History","2 Honours","3 Players and personnel","3.1 Current roster","3.2 Head coaches","4 Franchise records and leaders","4.1 Single season","4.2 Career","5 Arena data","5.1 Average of attendances","6 Fanclubs","7 References","8 External links"] | Ice hockey team in Linz, AustriaSteinbach Black Wings LinzCityLinz, AustriaLeagueAustrian National League1997–2000ICE Hockey League2000–presentFounded1992Home arenaLinz AG Eisarena(Capacity: 4,865)ColorsBlack, cerulean, orange Owner(s)Dr Peter NaderHead coachPhilipp LukasCaptainBrian LeblerWebsitewww.blackwings.atFranchise history1992–2005EHC Black Wings Linz2005–2020EHC Liwest Black Wings Linz2020–2021Steinbach Black Wings 19922021–Steinbach Black Wings LinzChampionshipsAustrian Champions2 (2003, 2012)
The Steinbach Black Wings Linz are a member of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL). They play their home games in Linz, Austria at the Linz AG Eisarena.
History
The EHC Black Wings Linz was founded in 1992. After several years in the Austrian minor leagues 2000 the Black Wings started in the highest league Erste Bank Eishockey Liga. In their inaugural season in 2000–01 the Black Wings reached third place in the regular season before suffering elimination in the playoffs. The season 2001–02 they just lost the finals and finished the season as vice champion. In only their third season, in 2002–03, the Black Wings won the Austrian championship, their first.
After the EHC Black Wings Linz went bankrupt in 2005 they were re-established as EHC LIWEST Black Wings Linz through sponse LIWEST. Since under the new ownership the Black Wings have had their best result to date in the championship in season 2006–07 as they became vice champion once more. One year later the Black Wings unexpectedly won the regular season but failed in the playoffs.
In 2012 the Black Wings defeated EC KAC in five games to claim their second EBEL championship in franchise history.
Honours
ICE Hockey League:
Winners (2): 2002–03, 2011–12
Runners-up (2): 2001–02, 2009–10
Players and personnel
See also: Category:EHC Black Wings Linz players
Current roster
Updated on 23 January 2023
No.
Nat
Player
Pos
S/G
Age
Acquired
Birthplace
–
Matthew MacKenzie
D
R
32
2023
New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
9
Niklas Bretschneider
RW
L
24
2020
Wien, Austria
89
Marco Brucker
C
R
33
2018
Linz, Austria
44
Marc-André Dorion
D
R
37
2022
Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada
66
Stefan Gaffal
F
R
27
2011
Linz, Austria
85
Michael Haga
C
L
32
2022
Asker, Norway
33
Thomas Höneckl
G
L
34
2021
Schwarzach, Austria
91
Geoff Kitt
C
L
27
2022
Sioux Lookout, Ontario, Canada
49
Graham Knott
LW
L
27
2022
Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
13
Gerd Kragl (A)
D
L
26
2014
Linz, Austria
37
Andreas Kristler (A)
LW
L
33
2017
Lienz, Austria
6
Alexander Lahoda
RW
R
27
2020
Zell am See, Austria
7
Brian Lebler (C)
RW
L
35
2016
Klagenfurt, Austria
98
Laurin Liesch
D
L
22
2020
Chur, Switzerland
86
Jakob Mitsch
F
L
25
2020
Graz, Austria
18
Benjamin Mosaad
F
L
21
2022
Wien, Austria
80
Julian Pusnik
C
L
24
2019
Villach, Austria
20
Kilian Rappold
F
R
22
2022
Graz, Austria
47
Logan Roe
D
L
32
2022
Cape Coral, Florida, United States
9
Emilio Romig
LW
L
31
2021
Wien, Austria
27
Shawn St-Amant
RW
R
27
2022
Le Gardeur, Quebec, Canada
81
Ramon Schnetzer
D
L
27
2021
Feldkirch, Austria
28
Martin Schumnig (A)
D
R
34
2022
Klagenfurt, Austria
23
Patrick Söllinger
D
L
19
2021
Linz, Austria
43
Dennis Sticha
C
R
25
2022
Feldkirch, Austria
11
Brodi Stuart
LW
L
24
2022
Langley, British Columbia, Canada
32
Rasmus Tirronen
G
L
33
2022
Espoo, Finland
4
Daine Todd
D
R
37
2022
Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
64
Sebastian Wilding
F
L
20
2022
Leoben, Austria
5
Raphael Wolf
D
L
28
2019
Salzburg, Austria
Head coaches
Stanislav Barda, 2001–04
Kurt Harand, 2004–06
Mike Zettel, 2006
Bill Stewart, 2006
Jim Boni, 2007–09
Kim Collins, 2009–11
Rob Daum, 2011–17
Troy Ward, 2017–19
Tom Rowe, 2019–20
Pierre Beaulieu, 2020–21
Dan Ceman, 2021–22
Philipp Lukas, 2022–present
Franchise records and leaders
Single season
Goals: 38 Brian Lebler (2017–18)
Assists: 47 Corey Locke (2017–18)
Points: 72 Rob Shearer (2006–07)
Penalty Minutes: 151 Reid Simonton (2003–04)
Career
Career Goals: 198 Brian Lebler
Career Assists: 300 Philipp Lukas
Career Points: 457 Philipp Lukas
Career Penalty Minutes: 885 Philipp Lukas
Career Games: 790 Philipp Lukas
Arena data
The home arena of the Black Wings is the Linz AG Eisarena. It was built in 1986 and was renovated at least two times since that. In 2014 a new stand has been added, increasing its capacity to 4,865 people.
Keine Sorgen Ice Arena Linz
Average of attendances
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2003–04: 3,712 visitors per home game
2004–05: 3,068 visitors per home game
2005–06: 3,125 visitors per home game
2006–07: 2,707 visitors per home game
2007–08: 2,615 visitors per home game
2008–09: 2,584 visitors per home game
2009–10: 2,676 visitors per home game
...
2015–16: 4,642 visitors per home game
2016–17: 4,679 visitors per home game
2017–18: 4,709 visitors per home game
Fanclubs
The club have three official fanclubs: Overtime, Powerplay Enns and bully:absolut. In 2007 they consolidated and founded the head club Wings United what makes it easier to organize trips to away games and several events.
References
^ "Linz beat KAC, secure title". Erste Bank Eishockey Liga. 1 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
^ "Steinbach Black Wings Linz – Team Roster". Steinbach Black Wings Linz. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
^ "Steinbach Black Wings 1992". ICE Hockey League. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
External links
Official website
Website of fanclub Overtime
Steinbach Black Wings Linz Results Current results of the Steinbach Black Wings Linz
vteICE Hockey League2022–23 teams
Asiago
Bolzano
EC KAC
Fehérvár AV19
Graz 99ers
Olimpija
Panaceo VSV
Pioneers Vorarlberg
Pustertal Wölfe
Red Bull Salzburg
Steinbach Black Wings Linz
TWK Innsbruck
Vienna Capitals
Former teams
Acroni Jesenice
Bratislava Capitals
Dornbirn Bulldogs
Feldkirch
Medveščak Zagreb
Olimpija Ljubljana
Orli Znojmo
Related articles: Austrian champions
Austrian National League
IIHF
IIHF Continental Cup
IIHF European Champions Cup
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICE Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Linz AG Eisarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauparkhalle_Linz"}],"text":"Ice hockey team in Linz, AustriaThe Steinbach Black Wings Linz are a member of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL). They play their home games in Linz, Austria at the Linz AG Eisarena.","title":"Steinbach Black Wings Linz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erste Bank Eishockey Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erste_Bank_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"EC KAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_KAC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The EHC Black Wings Linz was founded in 1992. After several years in the Austrian minor leagues 2000 the Black Wings started in the highest league Erste Bank Eishockey Liga. In their inaugural season in 2000–01 the Black Wings reached third place in the regular season before suffering elimination in the playoffs. The season 2001–02 they just lost the finals and finished the season as vice champion. In only their third season, in 2002–03, the Black Wings won the Austrian championship, their first.After the EHC Black Wings Linz went bankrupt in 2005 they were re-established as EHC LIWEST Black Wings Linz through sponse LIWEST. Since under the new ownership the Black Wings have had their best result to date in the championship in season 2006–07 as they became vice champion once more. One year later the Black Wings unexpectedly won the regular season but failed in the playoffs.In 2012 the Black Wings defeated EC KAC in five games to claim their second EBEL championship in franchise history.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICE Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Austrian_Hockey_League_season"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Austrian_Hockey_League_season"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Austrian_Hockey_League_season"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Austrian_Hockey_League_season"}],"text":"ICE Hockey League:Winners (2): 2002–03, 2011–12\nRunners-up (2): 2001–02, 2009–10","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:EHC Black Wings Linz players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:EHC_Black_Wings_Linz_players"}],"text":"See also: Category:EHC Black Wings Linz players","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Current roster","text":"Updated on 23 January 2023[2]","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanislav Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Barda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurt Harand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Harand"},{"link_name":"Mike Zettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Zettel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Stewart_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Jim Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boni"},{"link_name":"Kim Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Collins_(Icehockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rob Daum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Daum"},{"link_name":"Troy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Ward"},{"link_name":"Tom Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rowe_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Beaulieu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Ceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ceman"},{"link_name":"Philipp Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Lukas"}],"sub_title":"Head coaches","text":"Stanislav Barda, 2001–04\nKurt Harand, 2004–06\nMike Zettel, 2006\nBill Stewart, 2006\nJim Boni, 2007–09\nKim Collins, 2009–11\nRob Daum, 2011–17\nTroy Ward, 2017–19\nTom Rowe, 2019–20\nPierre Beaulieu, 2020–21\nDan Ceman, 2021–22\nPhilipp Lukas, 2022–present","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Franchise records and leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Lebler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lebler"},{"link_name":"Corey Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Locke"},{"link_name":"Rob Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Reid Simonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reid_Simonton&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Single season","text":"Goals: 38 Brian Lebler (2017–18)\nAssists: 47 Corey Locke (2017–18)\nPoints: 72 Rob Shearer (2006–07)\nPenalty Minutes: 151 Reid Simonton (2003–04)","title":"Franchise records and leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Lebler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lebler"},{"link_name":"Philipp Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Lukas"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"Career Goals: 198 Brian Lebler\nCareer Assists: 300 Philipp Lukas\nCareer Points: 457 Philipp Lukas\nCareer Penalty Minutes: 885 Philipp Lukas\nCareer Games: 790 Philipp Lukas","title":"Franchise records and leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linz AG Eisarena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauparkhalle_Linz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linzer_Eissporthalle.jpg"}],"text":"The home arena of the Black Wings is the Linz AG Eisarena. It was built in 1986 and was renovated at least two times since that. In 2014 a new stand has been added, increasing its capacity to 4,865 people.[3]Keine Sorgen Ice Arena Linz","title":"Arena data"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Average of attendances","text":"2003–04: 3,712 visitors per home game\n2004–05: 3,068 visitors per home game\n2005–06: 3,125 visitors per home game\n2006–07: 2,707 visitors per home game\n2007–08: 2,615 visitors per home game\n2008–09: 2,584 visitors per home game\n2009–10: 2,676 visitors per home game\n...\n2015–16: 4,642 visitors per home game\n2016–17: 4,679 visitors per home game\n2017–18: 4,709 visitors per home game","title":"Arena data"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The club have three official fanclubs: Overtime, Powerplay Enns and bully:absolut. In 2007 they consolidated and founded the head club Wings United what makes it easier to organize trips to away games and several events.[citation needed]","title":"Fanclubs"}] | [{"image_text":"Keine Sorgen Ice Arena Linz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Linzer_Eissporthalle.jpg/250px-Linzer_Eissporthalle.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Linz beat KAC, secure title\". Erste Bank Eishockey Liga. 1 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140818141734/http://www.erstebankliga.at/en/news/detail/2012/04/01/linz_beat_kac,_secure_title_","url_text":"\"Linz beat KAC, secure title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erste_Bank_Eishockey_Liga","url_text":"Erste Bank Eishockey Liga"},{"url":"http://www.erstebankliga.at/en/news/detail/2012/04/01/linz_beat_kac,_secure_title_","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steinbach Black Wings Linz – Team Roster\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia_NRFL_Division_2 | NRFL Conference | ["1 Current Northern League structure","2 Current clubs","2.1 Northern Conference","2.2 Southern Conference","3 Past champions","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Football leagueNRFL ConferenceFounded1965Country New ZealandConfederationOFC (Oceania)Number of teams17Level on pyramid4Promotion toNRFL ChampionshipRelegation toNRF League OneWaiBOP League OneCurrent championsNorthern: Franklin United (1st title)Southern: Waikato Unicol (1st title) (2023)Most championshipsTauranga City, Western Springs (3 titles)WebsiteNorthern Region FootballCurrent: 2024 NRFL Conference
The Northern Regional Football League Conference, currently known as Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Conference for sponsorship reasons, is a New Zealand Semi-Professional football league. The league is run by the Auckland Football Federation and includes football clubs located in the northern part of the North Island, New Zealand. It is open to clubs from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty provinces. Up until 2022, the competition was known as NRFL Division 2, and was not split into Northern and Southern competitions.
The fixtures are generally played from April to September. Clubs are able to win promotion to NRFL Championship.
The current champions are Franklin United (Northern) and Waikato Unicol (Southern). Franklin United were promoted to the 2024 NRFL Championship season.
Current Northern League structure
Northern League
NRFL Championship
NRFL Conference (this page)
NRF League One, WaiBOP League One
Current clubs
Northern Conference
AucklandCAMCLRNGONorthlandOTHOTUPAPTPOWKUclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in New Zealand for the 2023 NRFL Conference season NRFL Northern Conference NRFL Southern Conference
ALBBLMBUCORATATWTMWHUclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in Auckland Region for the 2023 NRFL Northern Conference season
As of the 2024 season.
Team
Location
Stadium
2023 season
Albany United
Albany, Auckland
Rosedale Park
6th
Beachlands Maraetai
Beachlands, Auckland
Te Puru Park
5th
Bucklands Beach
Bucklands Beach
Lloyd Elsmore Park
2nd
Northland
Morningside, Whangarei
Morningside Park
7th
Oratia United
Oratia, Auckland
Parrs Park
3rd
Te Atatu
Te Atatū Peninsula, Auckland
Te Atatū Peninsula Park
1st in NRF League One (promoted)
Waiheke United
Waiheke Island, Auckland
Onetangi Sports Park
12th in Championship (relegated)
Waitemata
Te Atatū South, Auckland
McLeod Park
4th
^ Second and third titles under the name Tauranga City United
Southern Conference
As of the 2024 season.
Team
Location
Stadium
2023 season
Cambridge
Cambridge
John Kerkhof Park
2nd
Claudelands Rovers
Claudelands, Hamilton
Galloway Park
4th
Ngongotahā Lakes
Ngongotahā, Rotorua
Tamarahi Reserve
7th
Otumoetai
Matua, Tauranga
Fergusson Park
6th
Papamoa
Papamoa Beach, Papamoa
Gordon Spratt Reserve
5th
Taupo
Tauhara, Taupō
Crown Park
3rd
Te Awamutu
Te Awamutu
The Stadium
8th
Waikato Unicol
Silverdale, Hamilton
Jansen Park
1st
^ Ngongotaha AFC signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Lakes FC at the end of the 2022 season to have a combined team for the 2023 season onwards.
Past champions
Source:
1965 – Lynndale
1966 – Kahukura
1967 – Ellerslie
1968 – Huntly Thistle
1969 – Takapuna City
1970 – Massey Rovers
1971 – Metro College
1972 – Papakura City
1973 – Manurewa
1974 – Whangarei City
1975 – Lynndale
1976 – Glenfield Rovers
1977 – Ellerslie
1978 – East Coast Bays
1979 – Waitemata City
1980 – Birkenhead United
1981 – Eden
1982 – University
1983 – Otara Rangers
1984 – Mount Manganui
1985 – Claudelands Rovers
1986 – Rotorua Suburbs
1987 – Glenfield Rovers
1988 – Onehunga Sports
1989 – Kawerau Town
1990 – Eden
1991 – Hamilton Wanderers
1992 – Onehunga Sports
1993 – Cambridge
1994 – Western Springs
1995 – Mount Roskill
1996 – Otahuhu United
1997 – Tauranga City
1998 – Western Springs
1999 – Taupo
2000 – Mount Albert-Ponsonby
2001 – Tauranga City United
2002 – Mangere United
2003 – Eastern Suburbs
2004 – North Force
2005 – South Auckland Rangers
2006 – Papatoetoe
2007 – Fencibles United
2008–2009 – no competition
2010 – Mangere United
2011 – Mount Albert-Ponsonby
2012 – Hibiscus Coast
2013 – Western Springs
2014 – Tauranga City United
2015 – Papakura City
2016 – Manukau City
2017 – Fencibles United
2018 – Takapuna
2019 – Albany United
2020 – Abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand
2021 – Onehunga-Mangere United
2022 – Hibiscus Coast
Northern Conference
2023 – Franklin United
Southern Conference
2023 – Waikato Unicol
Notes
References
^ "New look for LOTTO NRFL 2023". Northern Region Football. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Promoted sides drawn away in season openers for Lotto NRFL Men's Championship". friendsoffootballnz.com. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Lotto NRFL Review 2021". Northern Region Football. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Clubs form partnership to compete in new Lotto NRFL Southern Conference". friendsoffootballnz.com. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ "Honours Board". ultimatenzsoccer.com. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
External links
Lotto NZRFL website
Auckland Football Federation
Northern League Second Division 2018 Board
Sports Web Soccer
vteNRFL ConferenceSeasons
1965→2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
ClubsNorthern Conference
Albany United
Beachlands Maraetai
Bucklands Beach
Northland
Oratia United
Te Atatu
Waiheke United
Waitemata
West Auckland
Southern Conference
Cambridge
Claudelands Rovers
Ngongotahā Lakes
Otumoetai
Papamoa
Taupo
Te Awamutu
Waikato Unicol
vte Association football in New ZealandNew Zealand FootballNational teamsMen
National team (All Whites)
B
Olympic (U-23)
U-20
U-17
Women
National team (Football Ferns)
U-20
U-17
League systemMen (level 1)
New Zealand National League
New Zealand Football Championship (defunct)
National Soccer League (defunct)
Men (level 2)
Central League
Northern League
Southern League
Men (level 3)
Capital Premier
Central Federation League
FootballSouth Premier League
Mainland Premier League
NRFL Championship
Men (level 4)
Canterbury Championship
Capital Division 1
Donald Gray Memorial Cup
Fletcher Cup
Horizons Premiership
Nelson Bays Premiership Division 1
NRFL Conference
Northern
Southern
Pacific Premiership
South Canterbury Division 1
Taranaki Premiership
Marlborough Division 1
Eastern League 1
Men (level 5)
Capital Division 2
NRF League One
Southland Division 1
WaiBOP League One
Taranaki Championship
Manawatu Championship
Whanganui Roly Taylor Championship
Hawkes Bay Division 2
Nelson Bays Division 2
Marlborough Division 2
Mainland Division 1
South Canterbury Division 2
Otago Division 2
Men (level 6)
Northland Division 1
NRF Championship Division 1
WaiBop Championship
Manawatu Division 1
Eastern League 2
Taranaki Division 1
Hawkes Bay Division 3
Capital 3
Mainland Division 2
Otago Division 3
Southland Division 2
Unaffiliated West Coast Senior Football
Women
National Women's League
Capital Football W-League
NRFL Women's Premiership
Women's South Island League
NRFL Women's Championship
Youth
National Youth League
Domestic cupsMen
Chatham Cup
Charity Cup
White Ribbon Cup
Women
Kate Sheppard Cup
Awards
Jack Batty Memorial Cup
Maia Jackman Trophy
New Zealand Footballer of the Year
New Zealand Football Golden Boot (2007–2021) New Zealand Football Golden Boot (2021–)
Lists
All-time Table
Champions
Clubs
International footballers
Foreign players
Venues
Women's association football in New Zealand
League system
Men's clubs
Women's clubs
Men's players
Women's players
Expatriate players
Managers
Referees
Venues
Seasons
Records | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotto Sport Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Auckland Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Region"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region"},{"link_name":"Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato"},{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NRFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Franklin United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_United"},{"link_name":"Waikato Unicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Unicol"},{"link_name":"NRFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Championship"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Northern Regional Football League Conference, currently known as Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Conference for sponsorship reasons, is a New Zealand Semi-Professional football league. The league is run by the Auckland Football Federation and includes football clubs located in the northern part of the North Island, New Zealand. It is open to clubs from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty provinces. Up until 2022, the competition was known as NRFL Division 2, and was not split into Northern and Southern competitions.[1][2][3]The fixtures are generally played from April to September. Clubs are able to win promotion to NRFL Championship.The current champions are Franklin United (Northern) and Waikato Unicol (Southern). Franklin United were promoted to the 2024 NRFL Championship season.","title":"NRFL Conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"NRFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"NRF League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRF_League_One"},{"link_name":"WaiBOP League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WaiBOP_League_One&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Northern League\nNRFL Championship\nNRFL Conference (this page)\nNRF League One, WaiBOP League One","title":"Current Northern League structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_(location_map).svg"},{"link_name":"CAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_FC"},{"link_name":"CLR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudelands_Rovers"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngongotaha_AFC"},{"link_name":"Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_FC"},{"link_name":"OTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otorohanga_AFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"OTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otumoetai_FC"},{"link_name":"PAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papamoa_FC"},{"link_name":"TPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupo_AFC"},{"link_name":"WKU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Unicol"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_(location_map).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Council_2019_Wards_Outlined_Blank.png"},{"link_name":"ALB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_United"},{"link_name":"BLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachlands_Maraetai_AFC"},{"link_name":"BUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklands_Beach_AFC"},{"link_name":"ORA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratia_United"},{"link_name":"TAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Atatu_AFC"},{"link_name":"WTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemata_AFC"},{"link_name":"WHU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiheke_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Council_2019_Wards_Outlined_Blank.png"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"sub_title":"Northern Conference","text":"AucklandCAMCLRNGONorthlandOTHOTUPAPTPOWKUclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in New Zealand for the 2023 NRFL Conference season NRFL Northern Conference NRFL Southern ConferenceALBBLMBUCORATATWTMWHUclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in Auckland Region for the 2023 NRFL Northern Conference seasonAs of the 2024 season.^ Second and third titles under the name Tauranga City United","title":"Current clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ngongotaha AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngongotaha_AFC"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding"},{"link_name":"Lakes FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakes_FC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Southern Conference","text":"As of the 2024 season.^ Ngongotaha AFC signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Lakes FC at the end of the 2022 season to have a combined team for the 2023 season onwards.[4]","title":"Current clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lynndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn-Avon_United_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Ellerslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie_AFC"},{"link_name":"Huntly Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly_Thistle"},{"link_name":"Takapuna City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_AFC"},{"link_name":"Metro College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_FC_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Papakura City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakura_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Manurewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurewa_AFC"},{"link_name":"Whangarei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Whangarei"},{"link_name":"Lynndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn-Avon_United_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Glenfield Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Ellerslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie_AFC"},{"link_name":"East Coast Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_AFC"},{"link_name":"Waitemata City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemata_City"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_United_AFC"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings_United"},{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni-Mount_Bohemian_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Otara Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Auckland_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Mount Manganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_AFC"},{"link_name":"Claudelands Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudelands_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Glenfield Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Onehunga Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehunga_Sports"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings_United"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers_AFC"},{"link_name":"Onehunga Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehunga_Sports"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_FC"},{"link_name":"Western Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Mount Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings_United"},{"link_name":"Otahuhu United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otahuhu_United"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_AFC"},{"link_name":"Western Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Taupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupo_AFC"},{"link_name":"Mount Albert-Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert-Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_AFC"},{"link_name":"Mangere United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangere_United"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC"},{"link_name":"North Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Force"},{"link_name":"South Auckland Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Auckland_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Papatoetoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papatoetoe_AFC"},{"link_name":"Fencibles United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencibles_United"},{"link_name":"Mangere United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangere_United"},{"link_name":"Mount Albert-Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert-Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_AFC"},{"link_name":"Western Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC"},{"link_name":"Tauranga City United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_City_AFC"},{"link_name":"Papakura City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakura_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Manukau City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manukau_United"},{"link_name":"Fencibles United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencibles_United"},{"link_name":"Takapuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapuna_AFC"},{"link_name":"Albany United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_United"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Onehunga-Mangere United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onehunga-Mangere_United"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_Coast_AFC"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NRFL_Leagues#Northern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Franklin United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_United"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NRFL_Leagues#Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Waikato Unicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Unicol"}],"text":"Source:[5]1965 – Lynndale\n1966 – Kahukura\n1967 – Ellerslie\n1968 – Huntly Thistle\n1969 – Takapuna City\n1970 – Massey Rovers\n1971 – Metro College\n1972 – Papakura City\n1973 – Manurewa\n1974 – Whangarei City\n1975 – Lynndale\n1976 – Glenfield Rovers\n1977 – Ellerslie\n1978 – East Coast Bays\n1979 – Waitemata City\n1980 – Birkenhead United\n1981 – Eden\n1982 – University\n1983 – Otara Rangers\n1984 – Mount Manganui\n1985 – Claudelands Rovers\n1986 – Rotorua Suburbs\n1987 – Glenfield Rovers\n1988 – Onehunga Sports\n1989 – Kawerau Town\n1990 – Eden\n1991 – Hamilton Wanderers\n1992 – Onehunga Sports\n1993 – Cambridge\n1994 – Western Springs\n1995 – Mount Roskill\n1996 – Otahuhu United\n1997 – Tauranga City\n1998 – Western Springs\n1999 – Taupo\n2000 – Mount Albert-Ponsonby\n2001 – Tauranga City United\n2002 – Mangere United\n2003 – Eastern Suburbs\n2004 – North Force\n2005 – South Auckland Rangers\n2006 – Papatoetoe\n2007 – Fencibles United\n2008–2009 – no competition\n2010 – Mangere United\n2011 – Mount Albert-Ponsonby\n2012 – Hibiscus Coast\n2013 – Western Springs\n2014 – Tauranga City United\n2015 – Papakura City\n2016 – Manukau City\n2017 – Fencibles United\n2018 – Takapuna\n2019 – Albany United\n2020 – Abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\n2021 – Onehunga-Mangere United\n2022 – Hibiscus CoastNorthern Conference2023 – Franklin UnitedSouthern Conference2023 – Waikato Unicol","title":"Past champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New look for LOTTO NRFL 2023\". 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Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZClubSoccer/id363.htm","url_text":"\"Honours Board\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nrf.org.nz/","external_links_name":"Northern Region Football"},{"Link":"https://www.nrf.org.nz/newsarticle/125404","external_links_name":"\"New look for LOTTO NRFL 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2023/03/02/promoted-sides-drawn-away-in-season-openers-for-lotto-nrfl-mens-championship/","external_links_name":"\"Promoted sides drawn away in season openers for Lotto NRFL Men's Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.sporty.co.nz/asset/downloadasset?id=dd8c99f3-671e-4244-adc4-08545278022f","external_links_name":"\"Lotto NRFL Review 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2022/12/12/clubs-form-partnership-to-compete-in-new-lotto-nrfl-southern-conference/","external_links_name":"\"Clubs form partnership to compete in new Lotto NRFL Southern Conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZClubSoccer/id363.htm","external_links_name":"\"Honours Board\""},{"Link":"http://nrfl.co.nz/","external_links_name":"Lotto NZRFL website"},{"Link":"http://www.aucklandfootball.org.nz/","external_links_name":"Auckland Football Federation"},{"Link":"http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/Scoreboard/northern_league_second_divis.htm","external_links_name":"Northern League Second Division 2018 Board"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108042530/http://www.sportswebsoccer.com/cgi-bin/control.pl","external_links_name":"Sports Web Soccer"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1903 | June 1903 | ["1 June 1, 1903 (Monday)","2 June 2, 1903 (Tuesday)","3 June 3, 1903 (Wednesday)","4 June 4, 1903 (Thursday)","5 June 5, 1903 (Friday)","6 June 6, 1903 (Saturday)","7 June 7, 1903 (Sunday)","8 June 8, 1903 (Monday)","9 June 9, 1903 (Tuesday)","10 June 10, 1903 (Wednesday)","11 June 11, 1903 (Thursday)","12 June 12, 1903 (Friday)","13 June 13, 1903 (Saturday)","14 June 14, 1903 (Sunday)","15 June 15, 1903 (Monday)","16 June 16, 1903 (Tuesday)","17 June 17, 1903 (Wednesday)","18 June 18, 1903 (Thursday)","19 June 19, 1903 (Friday)","20 June 20, 1903 (Saturday)","21 June 21, 1903 (Sunday)","22 June 22, 1903 (Monday)","23 June 23, 1903 (Tuesday)","24 June 24, 1903 (Wednesday)","25 June 25, 1903 (Thursday)","26 June 26, 1903 (Friday)","27 June 27, 1903 (Saturday)","28 June 28, 1903 (Sunday)","29 June 29, 1903 (Monday)","30 June 30, 1903 (Tuesday)","31 References"] | List of events that occurred in June 1903
1903
January
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June 1903
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The following events occurred in June 1903:
June 1, 1903 (Monday)
Born: Vasyl Velychkovsky, Ukrainian bishop and martyr, in Stanislav (died 1973)
June 2, 1903 (Tuesday)
An earthquake of 6.9 magnitude struck the Alaska Peninsula, part of the territory of the United States.
June 3, 1903 (Wednesday)
English artist Laura Johnson married painter Harold Knight.
June 4, 1903 (Thursday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022)
June 5, 1903 (Friday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
June 6, 1903 (Saturday)
Sir Edward Elgar conducted his oratorio, The Dream of Gerontius, at Westminster Cathedral, the first time it had been performed in London.
Born: Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer, in Tiflis, Russian Empire (died 1978)
June 7, 1903 (Sunday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022)
June 8, 1903 (Monday)
Born: Marguerite Yourcenar, Belgian-French author, in Brussels (died 1987)
June 9, 1903 (Tuesday)
Trinity College, Dublin, announced its intention to accept women as full members in the following year. "Steamboat ladies" from Oxford and Cambridge would be among the first recipients.
Died: Gaspar Núñez de Arce, 68, Spanish poet
June 10, 1903 (Wednesday)
Born: Theo Lingen, German actor (d. 1978)
June 11, 1903 (Thursday)
Harry Vardon of Jersey won the 1903 Open Championship golf tournament at Prestwick in Scotland.
Died:
King Alexander I of Serbia, 26, and his wife Queen Draga, 38, both shot dead in a coup d'état in Belgrade by conspirators from the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) society.
Nikolai Bugaev, 65, Russian mathematician
June 12, 1903 (Friday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2019)
June 13, 1903 (Saturday)
Italy's Prime Minister, Giuseppe Zanardelli, resigned after losing a vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies; he reconsidered, and would remain in the post until November.
June 14, 1903 (Sunday)
June 14, 1903: Downtown Heppner, Oregon, during the flood
Heppner flood of 1903: The town of Heppner, Oregon, was nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that killed an estimated 247 people.
June 15, 1903 (Monday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022)
June 16, 1903 (Tuesday)
In Germany's federal election, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) won the popular vote, but the Centre Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag.
In the Danish Folketing election, the Venstre Reform Party, under incumbent Council President Johan Henrik Deuntzer, won 73 of the 114 seats.
Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen set off from Oslo in an attempt at the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage.
The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in Detroit by Henry Ford.
June 17, 1903 (Wednesday)
The British ironclad turret ship HMS Scorpion foundered in the Atlantic Ocean while being towed from the United Kingdom to the United States to be scrapped, and was lost. The Royal Navy ship had already been decommissioned, sunk as a target, and raised for its scrap value.
June 18, 1903 (Thursday)
Born:
Jeanette MacDonald, US singer and actress, in Philadelphia (died 1965)
Raymond Radiguet, French author, in Saint-Maur (died 1923)
June 19, 1903 (Friday)
The United States military officially adopted the M1903 Springfield rifle.
A minor earthquake (4.9 magnitude) struck an area of North Wales, UK, centred on the town of Caernarfon.
Born:
Lou Gehrig, American baseball player, in New York City (died 1941)
Wally Hammond, English cricketer, in Dover (died 1965)
Died: Herbert Vaughan, 71, English Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster
June 20, 1903 (Saturday)
US magazine The Saturday Evening Post began its serialization of Jack London's third novel, The Call of the Wild.
June 21, 1903 (Sunday)
Born:
Al Hirschfeld, US caricaturist, in St Louis (died 2003)
Alf Sjöberg, Swedish theatre and film director, in Stockholm (died 1980)
June 22, 1903 (Monday)
Born:
John Dillinger, US gangster, in Indianapolis (died 1934)
Jiro Horikoshi, Japanese aircraft designer, in Fujioka (died 1982)
Ben Pollack, US jazz drummer and bandleader, in Chicago (died 1971)
June 23, 1903 (Tuesday)
Nadir of American race relations: George White, an African-American suspected of murdering Helen Bishop, a minister's daughter, was lynched in New Castle County, Delaware, United States.
Born: Anthony Veiller, US screenwriter and film producer, son of screenwriter Bayard Veiller and actress Margaret Wycherly, in New York City (died 1965)
June 24, 1903 (Wednesday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
June 25, 1903 (Thursday)
Born:
Pierre Brossolette, French journalist and resistance fighter, in Paris (died 1944)
George Orwell, English author, in Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India, under the name Eric Arthur Blair (died 1950)
June 26, 1903 (Friday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
June 27, 1903 (Saturday)
19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta became the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she piloted Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, "No. 9", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.
Elisabeth Moore (US) won the Women's Singles competition at the 1903 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament.
June 28, 1903 (Sunday)
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
June 29, 1903 (Monday)
A meteorite fall, classification H5, was observed in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Willie Anderson of Scotland won the U.S. Open golf tournament.
Born: Alan Blumlein, British electronics engineer, in London (died 1942)
June 30, 1903 (Tuesday)
A meteorite fall, classification L6, was observed in Rich Mountain (Watauga County, North Carolina), United States.
References
^ "Penlee Gallery biography". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
^ "A Timeline of the History of Women in Trinity". A Century of Women in Trinity College. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Brenner, Morgan G. (2009). The Majors of Golf: Complete Results of the Open, the U.S. Open, the PGA Championship and the Masters, 1860–2008. Vol. 1. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3360-5.
^ Dorich, William (October 1992). Kosovo. ISBN 0-317-05074-5.
^ "Work On Italian Cabinet; Premier Zanardelli Tries in Vain to Get Strengthening Material" (PDF). The New York Times. June 21, 1903.
^ "Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p762 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p524 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Roald Amundsen and the Exploration of the Northwest Passage. Oslo, Norway: Fram Museum. 2008. pp. 63, 65. ISBN 9788282350013.
^ James Martin Miller; Henry Ford (1922), The amazing story of Henry Ford, M. A. Donohue & co., p. 72
^ "HMS Scorpion". Navy Historical Center (United States Navy). Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
^ "Notes on individual earthquakes". British Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ "Lou Gehrig Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
^ Themal, Harry (January 9, 2017). "New Castle County's gruesome 1903 lynching by fire". Delaware Online. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ "Women in Transportation – Changing America's History: Reference Materials" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. March 1998. p. 10. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
^ Spalding's Lawn Tennis Annual for 1904. New York: American Sports Publishing Company. 1904. p. 119.
^ "1903 U.S. Open". Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
vteEvents by month1907
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following events occurred in June 1903:","title":"June 1903"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasyl Velychkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl_Velychkovsky"}],"text":"Born: Vasyl Velychkovsky, Ukrainian bishop and martyr, in Stanislav (died 1973)","title":"June 1, 1903 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula"}],"text":"An earthquake of 6.9 magnitude struck the Alaska Peninsula, part of the territory of the United States.","title":"June 2, 1903 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Knight"},{"link_name":"Harold Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Knight_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"English artist Laura Johnson married painter Harold Knight.[1]","title":"June 3, 1903 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 4, 1903 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 5, 1903 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"The Dream of Gerontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius"},{"link_name":"Westminster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Aram Khachaturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian"},{"link_name":"Tiflis, Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"}],"text":"Sir Edward Elgar conducted his oratorio, The Dream of Gerontius, at Westminster Cathedral, the first time it had been performed in London.\nBorn: Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer, in Tiflis, Russian Empire (died 1978)","title":"June 6, 1903 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 7, 1903 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marguerite Yourcenar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar"}],"text":"Born: Marguerite Yourcenar, Belgian-French author, in Brussels (died 1987)","title":"June 8, 1903 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Steamboat ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_ladies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Núñez de Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce"}],"text":"Trinity College, Dublin, announced its intention to accept women as full members in the following year. \"Steamboat ladies\" from Oxford and Cambridge would be among the first recipients.[2]\nDied: Gaspar Núñez de Arce, 68, Spanish poet","title":"June 9, 1903 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theo Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Lingen"}],"text":"Born: Theo Lingen, German actor (d. 1978)","title":"June 10, 1903 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Vardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Vardon"},{"link_name":"1903 Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Queen Draga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in"},{"link_name":"shot dead in a coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Black Hand (Crna Ruka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Bugaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Bugaev"}],"text":"Harry Vardon of Jersey won the 1903 Open Championship golf tournament at Prestwick in Scotland.[3]\nDied:\nKing Alexander I of Serbia, 26, and his wife Queen Draga, 38, both shot dead in a coup d'état in Belgrade by conspirators from the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) society.[4]\nNikolai Bugaev, 65, Russian mathematician","title":"June 11, 1903 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 12, 1903 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Zanardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli"},{"link_name":"Italian Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Italy's Prime Minister, Giuseppe Zanardelli, resigned after losing a vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies; he reconsidered, and would remain in the post until November.[5]","title":"June 13, 1903 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heppner_Flood.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heppner flood of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heppner_flood_of_1903"},{"link_name":"Heppner, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heppner,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"June 14, 1903: Downtown Heppner, Oregon, during the floodHeppner flood of 1903: The town of Heppner, Oregon, was nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that killed an estimated 247 people.[6]","title":"June 14, 1903 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 15, 1903 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Danish Folketing election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Danish_Folketing_election"},{"link_name":"Venstre Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Council President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Johan Henrik Deuntzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Henrik_Deuntzer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In Germany's federal election, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) won the popular vote, but the Centre Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag.[7]\nIn the Danish Folketing election, the Venstre Reform Party, under incumbent Council President Johan Henrik Deuntzer, won 73 of the 114 seats.[8]\nNorwegian explorer Roald Amundsen set off from Oslo in an attempt at the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage.[9]\nThe Ford Motor Company was incorporated in Detroit by Henry Ford.[10]","title":"June 16, 1903 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Scorpion_(1863)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The British ironclad turret ship HMS Scorpion foundered in the Atlantic Ocean while being towed from the United Kingdom to the United States to be scrapped, and was lost.[11] The Royal Navy ship had already been decommissioned, sunk as a target, and raised for its scrap value.","title":"June 17, 1903 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeanette MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Raymond Radiguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Radiguet"}],"text":"Born:\nJeanette MacDonald, US singer and actress, in Philadelphia (died 1965)\nRaymond Radiguet, French author, in Saint-Maur (died 1923)","title":"June 18, 1903 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1903 Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1903_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lou Gehrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wally Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Herbert Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Vaughan"}],"text":"The United States military officially adopted the M1903 Springfield rifle.\nA minor earthquake (4.9 magnitude) struck an area of North Wales, UK, centred on the town of Caernarfon.[12]\nBorn:\nLou Gehrig, American baseball player, in New York City (died 1941)[13]\nWally Hammond, English cricketer, in Dover (died 1965)\nDied: Herbert Vaughan, 71, English Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster","title":"June 19, 1903 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild"}],"text":"US magazine The Saturday Evening Post began its serialization of Jack London's third novel, The Call of the Wild.","title":"June 20, 1903 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Hirschfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld"},{"link_name":"Alf Sjöberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Sj%C3%B6berg"}],"text":"Born:\nAl Hirschfeld, US caricaturist, in St Louis (died 2003)\nAlf Sjöberg, Swedish theatre and film director, in Stockholm (died 1980)","title":"June 21, 1903 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"Jiro Horikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiro_Horikoshi"},{"link_name":"Ben Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Pollack"}],"text":"Born:\nJohn Dillinger, US gangster, in Indianapolis (died 1934)\nJiro Horikoshi, Japanese aircraft designer, in Fujioka (died 1982)\nBen Pollack, US jazz drummer and bandleader, in Chicago (died 1971)","title":"June 22, 1903 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"link_name":"New Castle County, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Anthony Veiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Veiller"},{"link_name":"Bayard Veiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Veiller"},{"link_name":"Margaret Wycherly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wycherly"}],"text":"Nadir of American race relations: George White, an African-American suspected of murdering Helen Bishop, a minister's daughter, was lynched in New Castle County, Delaware, United States.[14]\nBorn: Anthony Veiller, US screenwriter and film producer, son of screenwriter Bayard Veiller and actress Margaret Wycherly, in New York City (died 1965)","title":"June 23, 1903 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 24, 1903 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Brossolette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"}],"text":"Born:\nPierre Brossolette, French journalist and resistance fighter, in Paris (died 1944)\nGeorge Orwell, English author, in Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India, under the name Eric Arthur Blair (died 1950)","title":"June 25, 1903 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 26, 1903 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aida de Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_de_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Santos-Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont"},{"link_name":"dirigible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigible"},{"link_name":"Château de Bagatelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Moore"},{"link_name":"1903 U.S. National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta became the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she piloted Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, \"No. 9\", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.[15]\nElisabeth Moore (US) won the Women's Singles competition at the 1903 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament.[16]","title":"June 27, 1903 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June 28, 1903 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meteorite fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall"},{"link_name":"Uberaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uberaba"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Willie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Anderson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open golf tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Alan Blumlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blumlein"}],"text":"A meteorite fall, classification H5, was observed in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.\nWillie Anderson of Scotland won the U.S. Open golf tournament.[17]\nBorn: Alan Blumlein, British electronics engineer, in London (died 1942)","title":"June 29, 1903 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meteorite fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall"},{"link_name":"Rich Mountain (Watauga County, North Carolina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mountain_(Watauga_County,_North_Carolina)"}],"text":"A meteorite fall, classification L6, was observed in Rich Mountain (Watauga County, North Carolina), United States.","title":"June 30, 1903 (Tuesday)"}] | [{"image_text":"June 14, 1903: Downtown Heppner, Oregon, during the flood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heppner_Flood.jpg/220px-Heppner_Flood.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Penlee Gallery biography\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190250/http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/harold-knight.html","url_text":"\"Penlee Gallery biography\""},{"url":"http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/harold-knight.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Timeline of the History of Women in Trinity\". A Century of Women in Trinity College. Retrieved 8 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/about/trinity/events/Womens_Centenary/timeline.php","url_text":"\"A Timeline of the History of Women in Trinity\""}]},{"reference":"Brenner, Morgan G. (2009). The Majors of Golf: Complete Results of the Open, the U.S. Open, the PGA Championship and the Masters, 1860–2008. Vol. 1. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3360-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3360-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-3360-5"}]},{"reference":"Dorich, William (October 1992). Kosovo. ISBN 0-317-05074-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-317-05074-5","url_text":"0-317-05074-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Work On Italian Cabinet; Premier Zanardelli Tries in Vain to Get Strengthening Material\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 21, 1903.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/06/21/118493306.pdf","url_text":"\"Work On Italian Cabinet; Premier Zanardelli Tries in Vain to Get Strengthening Material\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAAO | South African Astronomical Observatory | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Telescopes","3.1 0.50m telescope","3.2 0.75m telescope","3.3 1.0m Telescope","3.4 1.9m Telescope","3.5 Alan Cousins Telescope (ACT)","3.6 BiSON","3.7 Infrared Survey Facility (IRSF)","3.8 Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network","3.9 MASTER","3.10 MONET","3.11 PRIME","3.12 Project Solaris","3.13 Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)","3.14 SuperWASP-South","3.15 KELT-South","3.16 MeerLICHT","3.17 Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR)","4 Geophysical","4.1 South African Geodynamic Observatory Sutherland (SAGOS)","4.2 SUR Station","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°56′05″S 18°28′39″E / 33.9347°S 18.4776°E / -33.9347; 18.4776
ObservatorySouth African Astronomical ObservatoryThe Sutherland site of the South African Astronomical Observatory. With the Southern African Large TelescopeAlternative namesSAAO OrganizationNational Research Foundation of South AfricaObservatory code51, B31, A60, L66LocationHeadquarters in Observatory, Cape Town Major telescopes in Sutherland, Northern CapeCoordinatesHeadquarters: 33°56′05″S 18°28′39″E / 33.9347°S 18.4776°E / -33.9347; 18.4776Sutherland: 32°22′42″S 20°48′38″E / 32.3783°S 20.8105°E / -32.3783; 20.8105Established20 October 1820; 203 years ago (1820-10-20) - As the Royal Observatory Cape of Good Hope1972; 52 years ago (1972) - As the South African Astronomical Observatory
Websitesaao.ac.zaTelescopesSALT11m reflector1.9m1.9m reflectorInfrared Survey Facility1.4m reflectorMONET1.2m reflector1.0m1m reflectorSuperWASP-South8x Canon 200mm f/1.8ACT75 cm reflectorSolaris-10.5m f/15 Ritchey–ChrétienSolaris-10.5m f/15 Ritchey–ChrétienMeerLICHT0.6m f/5.5 modified Dall-Kirkham telescopeLocation of South African Astronomical Observatory Related media on Commons
South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is the national centre for optical and infrared astronomy in South Africa. It was established in 1972. The observatory is run by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. The facility's function is to conduct research in astronomy and astrophysics. The primary telescopes are located in Sutherland, which is 370 kilometres (230 mi) from Observatory, Cape Town, where the headquarters is located.
The SAAO has links worldwide for scientific and technological collaboration. Instrumental contributions from the South African Astronomical Observatory include the development of a spherical aberration corrector and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).
The Noon Gun on Cape Town's Signal Hill is fired remotely by a time signal from the Observatory.
History
The buildings of the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town.
The history of the SAAO began when the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope was founded in 1820, the first scientific institution in Africa. Construction of the main buildings was completed in 1829 at a cost of £30,000 (equivalent to £3.3 million in 2024).
The post of His/Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope was awarded the Royal Medal on two occasions; the first to Thomas Maclear in 1869 for measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope and the second to David Gill in 1903 for researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope.
The Republic Observatory, Johannesburg, was merged with the much older Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope in January 1972 to form the South African Astronomical Observatory. In 1974 the Radcliffe Observatory telescope was purchased by the CSIR and moved to Sutherland, where it recommenced work in 1976.
SAAO was established in January 1972, as a result of a joint agreement by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of South Africa and Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) of United Kingdom. The headquarters are located on the grounds of the old Royal Observatory where the main building, offices, national library for astronomy and computer facilities are housed. Historic telescopes are also found at the headquarters in a number of domes and a small museum that displays scientific instruments. The South African Astronomical Observatory is administered at present as a National Facility under management of the National Research Foundation (NRF), formerly the Foundation for Research Development (FRD). In 1974, when the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria closed, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) purchased the 1.9-m Radcliffe Telescope and transported it to Sutherland.
Facilities
Sign at the entrance to Sutherland Observatory near Sutherland, Northern Cape
The observatory operates from the campus of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope that was established in 1820 in the suburb of Observatory, Cape Town.
The major observing facilities are, however, located near the town of Sutherland some 370 kilometres (230 mi) from Cape Town. Sutherland was chosen because of its reliably clear and dark nights, but to ensure long term viability of the Karoo site astronomy instruments, the South African Parliament passed the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act in 2007. The act gives the Minister of Science and Technology the authority to protect areas, through regulations, that are of strategic national importance for astronomy and related scientific endeavours.
Telescopes
MASTER telescope domes at the South African Astronomical Observatory
0.50m telescope
This 0.5 metres (20 in) reflector was originally built for the Republic Observatory in 1967, but was moved to the Sutherland site in 1972. No longer in use.
The 20" telescope was replaced with the Meerlicht telescope. The 20" telescope was relocated to the University of Freestate Boyden observatory and commissioned in ~2019
0.75m telescope
A 0.75 metres (30 in) Grubb Parsons reflector.
1.0m Telescope
One of the six Probing Lensing Anomalies Network telescopes.
See also: Probing Lensing Anomalies Network
This 40 inches (1.0 m) telescope was originally located at SAAO Head office in Observatory, Cape Town, but has since moved to the Sutherland site. This telescope participates in the PLANET network.
1.9m Telescope
The 74" Reflector
Main article: Radcliffe Telescope
Not to be confused with the Radcliffe 18/24-inch Double Refractor at the University of London Observatory.
The 1.9-m (74-inch) Radcliffe Telescope was commissioned for the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria where it was in use between 1948 and 1974. Following the closure of the Radcliffe Observatory it was moved to Sutherland where it became operational again in January 1976. Between 1951 and 2004 it was the largest telescope in South Africa. The telescope was manufactured by Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Co.
Alan Cousins Telescope (ACT)
This 29.5 inches (75 cm) telescope was originally called the Automatic Photometric Telescope, but has been renamed the Alan Cousins Telescope in honour of Alan William James Cousins.
BiSON
Main article: Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network
One of six telescopes in the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network
Infrared Survey Facility (IRSF)
The IRSF is a 140 centimetres (55 in) reflector fitted with a 3 colour Infrared Imager. Originally built as part of the Magellanic Clouds – A Thorough Study grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2000.
Other studies the telescope participated in include:
The Indian Department of Space used this telescope for the Near Infrared Survey of the Nuclear Regions of the Milky Way to improve on data from the DENIS and 2MASS Astronomical surveys.
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Main article: Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Three 1 metre (39 in) telescopes to form part of the LCOGT network were installed in early 2013.
MASTER
The MASTER-SAAO Telescope (obs. code: K95) is part of the Russian Mobile Astronomical System of Telescope-Robots. It saw first light on 21 December 2014. It consists of two paired 0.4-m telescopes. In April 2015 it discovered the first comet from South Africa in 35 years, C/2015 G2 (MASTER).
MONET
One of the two 1.20 metres (47 in) telescopes of the MOnitoring NEtwork of Telescopes Project is located at Sutherland. Its twin can be found at the McDonald Observatory in Texas. The MONET telescopes are Robotic telescope controllable via the Internet and was constructed by the University of Göttingen. Remote Telescope Markup Language is used to control the telescopes remotely.
PRIME
PRIME observatory located in Sutherland.
PRime-focus Infrared Microlensing Experiments is a 1.8 metres (71 in) telescope located in Sutherland. PRIME achieved first light on October 8, 2022. Currently PRIME has a near-infrared camera located in its prime focus with a 1.29 square degree field of view. The telescope is a collaboration between Osaka University, University of Maryland, South African Astronomical Observatory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Astro-Biology Center. The project's primary science objective is the study of exoplanets using gravitational microlensing.
Project Solaris
Solaris-1 and Solaris-2
Two telescopes forming part of Project Solaris is located at the Sutherland site. Solaris-1 and Solaris-2 are both 0.5m f/15 Ritchey–Chrétien telescope. The aims of Project Solaris is to detect circumbinary planets around eclipsing binary stars and to characterise these binaries to improve stellar models.
SALT
Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)
Main article: Southern African Large Telescope
Observatory Code: B31
Observations: (Near Earth Objects)
SALT was inaugurated in November 2005. It is the largest single optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a hexagonal mirror array 11 meters across. SALT shares similarities with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) in Texas. The Southern African Large Telescope gathers twenty-five times as much light as any other existing African Telescope. With this larger mirror array, SALT can record distant stars, galaxies and quasars.
SuperWASP-South
SuperWASP-South
Main article: SuperWASP
See also: List of extrasolar planets
The Wide Angle Search for Planets consists of two robotic telescopes, the one located at SAAO Sutherland and the other at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma in the Canaries. WASP-17b, the first exoplanet known to have a retrograde orbit was discovered in 2009 using this array.
KELT-South
KELT-South (Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope – South) is a small robotic telescope that is designed to detect transiting extrasolar planets. The telescope is owned and operated by Vanderbilt University and was based on the design of KELT-North, which was conceived and designed at the Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy. The KELT-South telescope will serve as a counterpart to its northern twin, surveying the southern sky for transiting planets over the next few years.
MeerLICHT
Observatory Code: List of observatory codes § L66
Optical wide-field telescope, installed in 2017. It has a 60 cm (24 in) effective aperture, and a 1.65 x 1.65 degree field-of-view, sampled at 0.56"/pix. It was designed and manufactured in the Netherlands (Radboud University & NOVA) and is run by a consortium of Radboud University, University of Cape Town, the NRF/SAAO, the University of Oxford, the University of Manchester and the University of Amsterdam. It is the optical eye of MeerKAT, and has as its main-purpose to twin with the MeerKAT radio array to achieve a simultaneous optical-radio coverage of the Southern Skies. It is the prototype of the BlackGEM array, installed at ESO La Silla in Chile.
MeerLICHT telescope
Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR)
Observatory Code: List of observatory codes § A60
The Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR), decommissioned in 2012, was used for the monitoring of variable stars and other transient events. YSTAR was a joint project between SAAO and the Yonsei University, Korea.
Geophysical
South African Geodynamic Observatory Sutherland (SAGOS)
The GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam in co-operation with the National Research Foundation of South Africa constructed the SAGOS between 1998 and 2000.
SAGOS consist of a 1 Hz permanent GPS station, a superconducting gravimeter, meteorological sensors, and a tri-axial magnetometer. The GPS station is also used in support of the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) space missions.
SUR Station
The SUR station forms part of the International Deployment of Accelerometers Project and the Global Seismographic Network of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
See also
National Research Foundation of South Africa
Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
SEDS SEDS South Africa
Other optical observatories and telescopes in South Africa
Boyden Observatory
Union Observatory
Natal Observatory
Radio observatories and telescopes in South Africa
Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
MeerKAT
Magnetic observatories in South Africa
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory
References
^ "SAAO Annual Review 2020-2021" (PDF).
^ a b "Additional information about SAAO Sutherland". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
^ Laney, Dave. "The South African Astronomical Obsrvatory: Africa's Eye in the Sky". South African Department of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ "The Transit of Venus – The Expedition at the Cape of Good Hope". The New York Times. 6 December 1874. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ "Royal archive winners before 1900". The Royal Society. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^ "Royal Medal Winners:1949 – 1900". The Royal Society. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
^ Heck, Andre (2002). Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy III. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4020-0812-2.
^ Holden, Edward Singleton (1888). "The Principal Observatories of the World". Hand-book of the Lick Observatory of the University of California. p. 112. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
^ "Astrophysics Research Facilities".
^ "The 40-inch Elizabeth telescope". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
^ "It's Far, It's Small, It's Cool: It's an Icy Exoplanet! Distant Planet Brings Astronomers Closer To Home" (PDF). Retrieved 15 May 2009.
^ "Radcliffe 74-inch (1.9-m)". South African Astronomical Observatory. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Astronomical Instruments. Grubb Parsons. 1956.
^ "The Alan Cousins Telescope – Automatic Photometric Telescope". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "Automatic Photometric Telescope (APT)". Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ "IRSF telescope". South African Astronomical Observatory. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ Nagata, Tetsuya (2005). "IRSF 1.4-m telescope continues providing wonderful images at SAAO". The Astronomical Herald. 98 (3): 137–138. Bibcode:2005AstHe..98..137N. ISSN 0374-2466.
^ Baliyan, K. S.; Ganesh, S.; Joshi, U. C.; Glass, I. S. (2003). "Near Infrared Survey of the Galactic Nuclear Bulge Region" (PDF). Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 31: 403. Bibcode:2003BASI...31..403B.
^ Brown, T. M.; Baliber, N.; Bianco, F. B.; Bowman, M.; Burleson, B.; Conway, P.; Crellin, M.; Depagne, É.; De Vera, J.; Dilday, B.; Dragomir, D.; Dubberley, M.; Eastman, J. D.; Elphick, M.; Falarski, M.; Foale, S.; Ford, M.; Fulton, B. J.; Garza, J.; Gomez, E. L.; Graham, M.; Greene, R.; Haldeman, B.; Hawkins, E.; Haworth, B.; Haynes, R.; Hidas, M.; Hjelstrom, A. E.; Howell, D. A.; Hygelund, J.; Lister, T. A.; Lobdill, R.; Martinez, J.; Mullins, D. S.; Norbury, M.; Parrent, J.; Paulson, R.; Petry, D. L.; Pickles, A.; Posner, V.; Rosing, W. E.; Ross, R.; Sand, D. J.; Saunders, E. S.; Shobbrook, J.; Shporer, A.; Street, R. A.; Thomas, D.; Tsapras, Y.; Tufts, J. R.; Valenti, S.; Vander Horst, K.; Walker, Z.; White, G.; Willis, M. (2013). "Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 125 (931): 1031–1055. arXiv:1305.2437. Bibcode:2013PASP..125.1031B. doi:10.1086/673168. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 118585975.
^ "First Light with MASTER-SAAO". SAAO – South African Astronomical Observatory. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ MASTER-SAAO
^ "C/2015 G2 (MASTER) is first South African Comet discovery in 35 years". Africa2Moon. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
^ "Research Facilities". McDonald Observatory. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
^ a b "Telescopes". South African Astronomical Observatory. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ Hessman, F. V.; Romero, E. (May 2003). "Running MONET and SALT with Remote Telescope Markup Language 3.0". American Astronomical Society Meeting 202, #38.09; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 202: 753. Bibcode:2003AAS...202.3809H.
^ "SAAO | Astronomers". Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "UMD Astronomy: 2022 News". Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "NASA's Roman Mission Delivers Detectors to Japan's PRIME Telescope". Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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^ P. Sybilski & S.K. Kozłowsk (August 2011). "Project Solaris – a Southern Hemisphere robotic telescope networ" (PDF). Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. 70 (7&8): 131–135. Bibcode:2011MNSSA..70..131S. ISSN 0024-8266.
^ "First Light". South African Large Telescope. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
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Further reading
Wiehahn, Michelle (February 2002). Using the SAAO Automatic Photometric Telescope to Study the Long-Term Lightcurves of Cataclysmic Variables (PDF) (BSc (Hons) thesis). University of Cape Town – Department of Astronomy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Astronomical Observatory.
External image Photos of the dome of the Victoria telescope from the University of Cambridge
Official Website
SALT Homepage
SALT milestones, first-light
SALT milestones, inauguration
BiSON Homepage
SuperWASP Homepage
KELT-South Homepage
SuperWASP-South live status
MeerLICHT homepage
SUR listing at Project IDA
South Africa's Giant New Observatory. Construction of the 1.9m Radcliffe Telescope, AP Archive.
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CiNii
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Observatory, Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saao-sutherland-additional-2"},{"link_name":"Southern African Large Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Noon Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon_Gun"},{"link_name":"Signal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Cape_Town)"}],"text":"ObservatorySouth African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is the national centre for optical and infrared astronomy in South Africa. It was established in 1972. The observatory is run by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. The facility's function is to conduct research in astronomy and astrophysics. The primary telescopes are located in Sutherland, which is 370 kilometres (230 mi) from Observatory, Cape Town, where the headquarters is located.[2]The SAAO has links worldwide for scientific and technological collaboration. Instrumental contributions from the South African Astronomical Observatory include the development of a spherical aberration corrector and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).The Noon Gun on Cape Town's Signal Hill is fired remotely by a time signal from the Observatory.","title":"South African Astronomical Observatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saao_buildings_in_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dst-3-2-3"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBP"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Medal"},{"link_name":"Thomas Maclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maclear"},{"link_name":"arc of the meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_of_the_meridian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"David Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gill_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Republic Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Science and Engineering Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"national library for astronomy and computer facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAAO_Library"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The buildings of the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town.The history of the SAAO began when the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope was founded in 1820, the first scientific institution in Africa.[3] Construction of the main buildings was completed in 1829 at a cost of £30,000[4] (equivalent to £3.3 million in 2024[5]).\nThe post of His/Her Majesty's astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope was awarded the Royal Medal on two occasions; the first to Thomas Maclear in 1869 for measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope[6] and the second to David Gill in 1903 for researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope.[7]The Republic Observatory, Johannesburg, was merged with the much older Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope in January 1972 to form the South African Astronomical Observatory. In 1974 the Radcliffe Observatory telescope was purchased by the CSIR and moved to Sutherland, where it recommenced work in 1976.SAAO was established in January 1972, as a result of a joint agreement by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of South Africa and Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) of United Kingdom. The headquarters are located on the grounds of the old Royal Observatory where the main building, offices, national library for astronomy and computer facilities are housed. Historic telescopes are also found at the headquarters in a number of domes and a small museum that displays scientific instruments. The South African Astronomical Observatory is administered at present as a National Facility under management of the National Research Foundation (NRF), formerly the Foundation for Research Development (FRD). In 1974, when the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria closed, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) purchased the 1.9-m Radcliffe Telescope and transported it to Sutherland.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutherland_Observatory_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sutherland, Northern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Observatory, Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saao-sutherland-additional-2"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"}],"text":"Sign at the entrance to Sutherland Observatory near Sutherland, Northern CapeThe observatory operates from the campus of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope that was established in 1820[9] in the suburb of Observatory, Cape Town.The major observing facilities are, however, located near the town of Sutherland some 370 kilometres (230 mi)[2] from Cape Town. Sutherland was chosen because of its reliably clear and dark nights, but to ensure long term viability of the Karoo site astronomy instruments, the South African Parliament passed the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act in 2007. The act gives the Minister of Science and Technology the authority to protect areas, through regulations, that are of strategic national importance for astronomy and related scientific endeavours.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telescope_domes_in_Sutherland.jpg"}],"text":"MASTER telescope domes at the South African Astronomical Observatory","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"0.50m telescope","text":"This 0.5 metres (20 in) reflector was originally built for the Republic Observatory in 1967, but was moved to the Sutherland site in 1972. No longer in use.The 20\" telescope was replaced with the Meerlicht telescope. The 20\" telescope was relocated to the University of Freestate Boyden observatory and commissioned in ~2019[10]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grubb Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Howard_Grubb,_Parsons_and_Co._Ltd."}],"sub_title":"0.75m telescope","text":"A 0.75 metres (30 in) Grubb Parsons reflector.","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Elizabeth_Telescope.jpg"},{"link_name":"Probing Lensing Anomalies Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probing_Lensing_Anomalies_Network"},{"link_name":"Observatory, Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"PLANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probing_Lensing_Anomalies_Network"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1.0m Telescope","text":"One of the six Probing Lensing Anomalies Network telescopes.See also: Probing Lensing Anomalies NetworkThis 40 inches (1.0 m) telescope was originally located at SAAO Head office in Observatory, Cape Town, but has since moved to the Sutherland site.[11] This telescope participates in the PLANET network.[12]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pretoria_74%22_Reflector_(9293222380).jpg"},{"link_name":"University of London Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory#Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saao-radcliffe-13"},{"link_name":"Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Howard_Grubb,_Parsons_and_Co"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"1.9m Telescope","text":"The 74\" ReflectorNot to be confused with the Radcliffe 18/24-inch Double Refractor at the University of London Observatory.The 1.9-m (74-inch) Radcliffe Telescope was commissioned for the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria where it was in use between 1948 and 1974. Following the closure of the Radcliffe Observatory it was moved to Sutherland where it became operational again in January 1976. Between 1951 and 2004 it was the largest telescope in South Africa.[13] The telescope was manufactured by Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Co.[14]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan William James Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_William_James_Cousins"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASSA-ACT-16"}],"sub_title":"Alan Cousins Telescope (ACT)","text":"This 29.5 inches (75 cm) telescope was originally called the Automatic Photometric Telescope, but has been renamed the Alan Cousins Telescope in honour of Alan William James Cousins.[15][16]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Solar_Oscillations_Network"}],"sub_title":"BiSON","text":"One of six telescopes in the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEXT"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Department of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Space"},{"link_name":"DENIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Near_Infrared_Survey"},{"link_name":"2MASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS"},{"link_name":"Astronomical surveys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Infrared Survey Facility (IRSF)","text":"The IRSF is a 140 centimetres (55 in) reflector fitted with a 3 colour Infrared Imager.[17] Originally built as part of the Magellanic Clouds – A Thorough Study grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2000.[18]\nOther studies the telescope participated in include:The Indian Department of Space used this telescope for the Near Infrared Survey of the Nuclear Regions of the Milky Way to improve on data from the DENIS and 2MASS Astronomical surveys.[19]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownBaliber2013-20"}],"sub_title":"Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network","text":"Three 1 metre (39 in) telescopes to form part of the LCOGT network were installed in early 2013.[20]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_codes#K95"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MASTER-SAAO-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"C/2015 G2 (MASTER)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa2Moon-23"}],"sub_title":"MASTER","text":"The MASTER-SAAO Telescope (obs. code: K95) is part of the Russian Mobile Astronomical System of Telescope-Robots. It saw first light on 21 December 2014.[21] It consists of two paired 0.4-m telescopes.[22] In April 2015 it discovered the first comet from South Africa in 35 years, C/2015 G2 (MASTER).[23]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOnitoring NEtwork of Telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOnitoring_NEtwork_of_Telescopes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"McDonald Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Robotic telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_telescope"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAAO-Telescopes-25"},{"link_name":"Remote Telescope Markup Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Telescope_Markup_Language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"MONET","text":"One of the two 1.20 metres (47 in) telescopes of the MOnitoring NEtwork of Telescopes Project is located at Sutherland. Its twin can be found at the McDonald Observatory in Texas.[24] The MONET telescopes are Robotic telescope controllable via the Internet and was constructed by the University of Göttingen.[25] Remote Telescope Markup Language is used to control the telescopes remotely.[26]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRIME-telescope.jpg"},{"link_name":"PRime-focus Infrared Microlensing Experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRime-focus_Infrared_Microlensing_Experiments&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"near-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared"},{"link_name":"Osaka University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_University"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Astro-Biology Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astro-Biology_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"PRIME","text":"PRIME observatory located in Sutherland.PRime-focus Infrared Microlensing Experiments is a 1.8 metres (71 in) telescope located in Sutherland.[27] PRIME achieved first light on October 8, 2022. Currently PRIME has a near-infrared camera located in its prime focus with a 1.29 square degree field of view. The telescope is a collaboration between Osaka University, University of Maryland,[28] South African Astronomical Observatory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center[29] and Astro-Biology Center. The project's primary science objective is the study of exoplanets using gravitational microlensing.[30]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solaris-1_i_Solaris-2_podczas_nocnych_obserwacji_w_SAAO..jpg"},{"link_name":"Project Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Solaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solaris-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solaris-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solaris-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solaris-2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ritchey–Chrétien telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope"},{"link_name":"circumbinary planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumbinary_planet"},{"link_name":"eclipsing binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipsing_binary"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SA_large_telescope.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Project Solaris","text":"Solaris-1 and Solaris-2Two telescopes forming part of Project Solaris is located at the Sutherland site. Solaris-1 and Solaris-2 are both 0.5m f/15 Ritchey–Chrétien telescope. The aims of Project Solaris is to detect circumbinary planets around eclipsing binary stars and to characterise these binaries to improve stellar models.[31]SALT","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes"},{"link_name":"(Near Earth Objects)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newton.spacedys.com/index.php?pc=2.1.2&o=B31&ab=0"},{"link_name":"Hobby-Eberly Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby-Eberly_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxies"},{"link_name":"quasars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sw8cams.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)","text":"Observatory Code: B31\nObservations: (Near Earth Objects)SALT was inaugurated in November 2005. It is the largest single optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a hexagonal mirror array 11 meters across. SALT shares similarities with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) in Texas. The Southern African Large Telescope gathers twenty-five times as much light as any other existing African Telescope.[32] With this larger mirror array, SALT can record distant stars, galaxies and quasars.SuperWASP-South","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of extrasolar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_planets"},{"link_name":"robotic telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_telescope"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Roque de los Muchachos Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory"},{"link_name":"La Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Palma"},{"link_name":"Canaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"WASP-17b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-17b"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"retrograde orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_orbit"}],"sub_title":"SuperWASP-South","text":"See also: List of extrasolar planetsThe Wide Angle Search for Planets consists of two robotic telescopes, the one located at SAAO Sutherland and the other at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma in the Canaries.[33] WASP-17b, the first exoplanet known to have a retrograde orbit was discovered in 2009 using this array.","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"}],"sub_title":"KELT-South","text":"KELT-South (Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope – South) is a small robotic telescope that is designed to detect transiting extrasolar planets. The telescope is owned and operated by Vanderbilt University and was based on the design of KELT-North, which was conceived and designed at the Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy. The KELT-South telescope will serve as a counterpart to its northern twin, surveying the southern sky for transiting planets over the next few years.","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of observatory codes § L66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes#L66"},{"link_name":"Radboud University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radboud_University"},{"link_name":"BlackGEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.blackgem.org"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeerLICHT_Fisheye.jpg"}],"sub_title":"MeerLICHT","text":"Observatory Code: List of observatory codes § L66Optical wide-field telescope, installed in 2017. It has a 60 cm (24 in) effective aperture, and a 1.65 x 1.65 degree field-of-view, sampled at 0.56\"/pix. It was designed and manufactured in the Netherlands (Radboud University & NOVA) and is run by a consortium of Radboud University, University of Cape Town, the NRF/SAAO, the University of Oxford, the University of Manchester and the University of Amsterdam. It is the optical eye of MeerKAT, and has as its main-purpose to twin with the MeerKAT radio array to achieve a simultaneous optical-radio coverage of the Southern Skies. It is the prototype of the BlackGEM array, installed at ESO La Silla in Chile.MeerLICHT telescope","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of observatory codes § A60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes#A60"},{"link_name":"Yonsei University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonsei_University"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAAO-Telescopes-25"}],"sub_title":"Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR)","text":"Observatory Code: List of observatory codes § A60The Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR), decommissioned in 2012, was used for the monitoring of variable stars and other transient events. YSTAR was a joint project between SAAO and the Yonsei University, Korea.[25]","title":"Telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geophysical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAMP_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"South African Geodynamic Observatory Sutherland (SAGOS)","text":"The GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam in co-operation with the National Research Foundation of South Africa constructed the SAGOS between 1998 and 2000.SAGOS consist of a 1 Hz permanent GPS station, a superconducting gravimeter, meteorological sensors, and a tri-axial magnetometer. The GPS station is also used in support of the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) space missions.[34]","title":"Geophysical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Deployment of Accelerometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Deployment_of_Accelerometers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Global Seismographic Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Seismographic_Network"},{"link_name":"Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIS_Consortium"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"SUR Station","text":"The SUR station forms part of the International Deployment of Accelerometers Project and the Global Seismographic Network of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology[35][36]","title":"Geophysical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Using the SAAO Automatic Photometric Telescope to Study the Long-Term Lightcurves of Cataclysmic Variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110821191036/http://mensa.ast.uct.ac.za/~pwoudt/Students/MichelleWiehahnBScHons2002.pdf"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mensa.ast.uct.ac.za/~pwoudt/Students/MichelleWiehahnBScHons2002.pdf"}],"text":"Wiehahn, Michelle (February 2002). Using the SAAO Automatic Photometric Telescope to Study the Long-Term Lightcurves of Cataclysmic Variables (PDF) (BSc (Hons) thesis). University of Cape Town – Department of Astronomy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2011.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The buildings of the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saao_buildings_in_Cape_Town.jpg/220px-Saao_buildings_in_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign at the entrance to Sutherland Observatory near Sutherland, Northern Cape","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sutherland_Observatory_sign.jpg/220px-Sutherland_Observatory_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"MASTER telescope domes at the South African Astronomical Observatory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Telescope_domes_in_Sutherland.jpg/220px-Telescope_domes_in_Sutherland.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the six Probing Lensing Anomalies Network telescopes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Elizabeth_Telescope.jpg/220px-The_Elizabeth_Telescope.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 74\" Reflector","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pretoria_74%22_Reflector_%289293222380%29.jpg/150px-Pretoria_74%22_Reflector_%289293222380%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"PRIME observatory located in Sutherland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PRIME-telescope.jpg/220px-PRIME-telescope.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solaris-1 and Solaris-2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Solaris-1_i_Solaris-2_podczas_nocnych_obserwacji_w_SAAO..jpg/150px-Solaris-1_i_Solaris-2_podczas_nocnych_obserwacji_w_SAAO..jpg"},{"image_text":"SALT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/SA_large_telescope.jpg/150px-SA_large_telescope.jpg"},{"image_text":"SuperWASP-South","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sw8cams.jpg/150px-Sw8cams.jpg"},{"image_text":"MeerLICHT telescope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/MeerLICHT_Fisheye.jpg/150px-MeerLICHT_Fisheye.jpg"}] | [{"title":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Astronomical Society of Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_Southern_Africa"},{"title":"SEDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEDS"},{"title":"Boyden Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyden_Observatory"},{"title":"Union Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Observatory"},{"title":"Natal Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Observatory"},{"title":"Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartebeesthoek_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory"},{"title":"MeerKAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeerKAT"},{"title":"Hermanus Magnetic Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanus_Magnetic_Observatory"}] | [{"reference":"\"SAAO Annual Review 2020-2021\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saao.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SAAO-Annual-Review-2020-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"SAAO Annual Review 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Additional information about SAAO Sutherland\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Faces_of_Chico | The Three Faces of Chico | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1959 studio album by Chico Hamilton QuintetThe Three Faces of ChicoStudio album by Chico Hamilton QuintetReleased1959RecordedFebruary 25, 1959Los AngelesGenreJazzLabelWarner Bros. WS 1344Chico Hamilton chronology
Gongs East!(1958)
The Three Faces of Chico(1959)
That Hamilton Man(1959)
The Three Faces of Chico is an album by the drummer and bandleader Chico Hamilton, recorded in 1959 and released on the Warner Bros. label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz (compilation)The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz
The editors of AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, and reviewer Bruce Eder called it "one of the most diversely textured and wide-ranging of all Chico Hamilton albums," as well as "a fine showcase" for Hamilton "as a triple-threat artist: drummer extraordinaire..., vocalist..., and, of course, leader."
A writer for Billboard called the recording "a versatile album with jockey appeal," and wrote: "In addition to his flashy virtuosity as a drummer on this LP, Hamilton displays an interesting vocal talent... his quintet... swings effectively."
Track listing
All compositions by Chico Hamilton except as indicated
"Miss Movement" (Eric Dolphy) – 2:16
"She's Funny That Way" (Richard A. Whiting, Neil Moret) – 2:49
"Trinkets" – 4:27
"More Than You Know" (Vincent Youmans, Billy Rose, Edward Eliscu) – 5:53
"The Best Things in Life Are Free" (Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, Ray Henderson) – 2:37
"Where or When" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:25
"Happy Little Dance" – 2:14
"Newport News" (Kenny Dorham) – 4:37
"I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 2:56
"No Speak No English, Man" – 0:26
Personnel
Chico Hamilton – drums, vocals
Eric Dolphy – alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute
Paul Horn – alto saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)
Buddy Collette – tenor saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)
Bill Green – baritone saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)
Nathan Gershman – cello
Dennis Budimir – guitar
Wyatt Ruther – double bass
References
^ Popoff, Martin (September 8, 2009). Goldmine Record Album Price Guide. Penguin. ISBN 9781440229169 – via Google Books.
^ Eric Dolphy Catalog. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Reviews and Ratings of New Albums". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. November 23, 1959. p. 41 – via Google Books.
^ a b Eder, Bruce. The Three Faces of Chico – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2006). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. Penguin Books. p. 574.
^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (2004). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz. Virgin Books. p. 373.
^ "The Billboard's Music Popularity Charts". Billboard. November 23, 1959. p. 41.
vteChico HamiltonStudio albums
Chico Hamilton Quintet featuring Buddy Collette (1955)
Chico Hamilton Quintet in Hi Fi (1956)
Chico Hamilton Trio (1956)
Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
South Pacific in Hi-Fi (1958)
Chico Hamilton Trio Introducing Freddie Gambrell (1958)
The Original Ellington Suite (1958)
The Chico Hamilton Quintet with Strings Attached (1958)
Gongs East! (1958)
Ellington Suite (1959)
The Three Faces of Chico (1959)
That Hamilton Man (1959)
Bye Bye Birdie-Irma La Douce (1960)
The Chico Hamilton Special (1960)
Drumfusion (1962)
Passin' Thru (1962)
A Different Journey (1963)
Man from Two Worlds (1963)
Chic Chic Chico (1965)
El Chico (1966)
The Further Adventures of El Chico (1966)
The Dealer (1966)
The Gamut (1968)
The Head Hunters (1969)
El Exigente: The Demanding One (1970)
Peregrinations (1975)
Dreams Come True (1993)
Live albums
Chico Hamilton Quintet (1957)
The Original Chico Hamilton Quintet (1960)
Montreux Festival (1974)
This 1950s jazz album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chico Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_Dolphy_discography-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1959 studio album by Chico Hamilton QuintetThe Three Faces of Chico is an album by the drummer and bandleader Chico Hamilton, recorded in 1959 and released on the Warner Bros. label.[2][3]","title":"The Three Faces of Chico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The editors of AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, and reviewer Bruce Eder called it \"one of the most diversely textured and wide-ranging of all Chico Hamilton albums,\" as well as \"a fine showcase\" for Hamilton \"as a triple-threat artist: drummer extraordinaire..., vocalist..., and, of course, leader.\"[4]A writer for Billboard called the recording \"a versatile album with jockey appeal,\" and wrote: \"In addition to his flashy virtuosity as a drummer on this LP, Hamilton displays an interesting vocal talent... his quintet... swings effectively.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard A. 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Ahlert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_E._Ahlert"},{"link_name":"Roy Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Turk"}],"text":"All compositions by Chico Hamilton except as indicated\"Miss Movement\" (Eric Dolphy) – 2:16\n\"She's Funny That Way\" (Richard A. Whiting, Neil Moret) – 2:49\n\"Trinkets\" – 4:27\n\"More Than You Know\" (Vincent Youmans, Billy Rose, Edward Eliscu) – 5:53\n\"The Best Things in Life Are Free\" (Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, Ray Henderson) – 2:37\n\"Where or When\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 2:25\n\"Happy Little Dance\" – 2:14\n\"Newport News\" (Kenny Dorham) – 4:37\n\"I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)\" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 2:56\n\"No Speak No English, Man\" – 0:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chico Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Eric Dolphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dolphy"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"Paul Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Horn_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Collette"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Nathan Gershman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Gershman"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Ruther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Ruther"}],"text":"Chico Hamilton – drums, vocals\nEric Dolphy – alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute\nPaul Horn – alto saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)\nBuddy Collette – tenor saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)\nBill Green – baritone saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 6 & 9)\nNathan Gershman – cello\nDennis Budimir – guitar\nWyatt Ruther – double bass","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Popoff, Martin (September 8, 2009). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Vincent | Rachel Vincent | ["1 References","2 External links"] | West Indian cricketer
Rachel VincentInternational information
National sideWest Indies
Domestic team information
YearsTeam2016–presentTrinidad and Tobago2022Guyana Amazon Warriors
Source: Cricinfo, 25 June 2021
Rachel Vincent is a Trinidadian cricketer who plays for the Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team in the Women's Super50 Cup and the Twenty20 Blaze tournaments. In April 2021, Vincent was named in Cricket West Indies' high-performance training camp in Antigua. In June 2021, Vincent was named in the West Indies A Team for their series against Pakistan.
References
^ "Jodhan, Ramdeen earn call-up for Regional tourney". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
^ "Rachael Vincent". Cricket West Indies. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
^ "Vincent strokes hundred in women's trial match". Loop News. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
^ "30 West Indies players to undergo month-long training camp starting from May 2". Women's CricZone. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^ "Rashada Williams among 4 Jamaicans in Windies women's training squad". Loop Jamaica. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
^ "Twin sisters Kycia Knight and Kyshona Knight return to West Indies side for Pakistan T20Is". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
^ "Stafanie Taylor, Reniece Boyce to lead strong WI, WI-A units against PAK, PAK-A". Women's CricZone. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
External links
Rachel Vincent at ESPNcricinfo
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Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/west-indies-senior-and-a-teams-to-be-led-by-taylor-boyce","url_text":"\"Stafanie Taylor, Reniece Boyce to lead strong WI, WI-A units against PAK, PAK-A\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1268279.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/jodhan-ramdeen-earn-callup-for-regional-tourney-6.2.790558.420a68d2a6","external_links_name":"\"Jodhan, Ramdeen earn call-up for Regional tourney\""},{"Link":"https://www.windiescricket.com/players/rachael-vincent-5955/","external_links_name":"\"Rachael Vincent\""},{"Link":"https://tt.loopnews.com/content/vincent-strokes-hundred-womens-trial-match","external_links_name":"\"Vincent strokes hundred in women's trial match\""},{"Link":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/30-west-indies-players-to-undergo-month-long-training-camp-starting-from-may-2","external_links_name":"\"30 West Indies players to undergo month-long training camp starting from May 2\""},{"Link":"https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/rashada-williams-among-4-jamaicans-windies-womens-training-squad","external_links_name":"\"Rashada Williams among 4 Jamaicans in Windies women's training squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/twin-sisters-kycia-knight-and-kyshona-knight-return-to-west-indies-side-for-pakistan-t20is-1267895","external_links_name":"\"Twin sisters Kycia Knight and Kyshona Knight return to West Indies side for Pakistan T20Is\""},{"Link":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/west-indies-senior-and-a-teams-to-be-led-by-taylor-boyce","external_links_name":"\"Stafanie Taylor, Reniece Boyce to lead strong WI, WI-A units against PAK, PAK-A\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1268279.html","external_links_name":"Rachel Vincent"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Vincent&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrate_(bone) | Quadrate bone | ["1 Function in reptiles","2 Function in mammals","2.1 Development","3 References","4 External links"] | Skull bone
For other uses, see Quadrate (disambiguation).
See also: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
A schematic of an anapsid skull showing the location of major dermal bones of the upper skull, including the quadrate bone (q).The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids.
In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the articular bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals.
Evolutionarily, it is derived from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw.
Function in reptiles
An exploded python skull with disarticulated upper and lower jaws. The quadrate bone (c) is particularly elongated in snakes, to facilitate cranial kinesis. Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale University.In certain extinct reptiles, the variation and stability of the morphology of the quadrate bone has helped paleontologists in the species-level taxonomy and identification of mosasaur squamates and spinosaurine dinosaurs.
In some lizards and dinosaurs, the quadrate is articulated at both ends and movable. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items.
Function in mammals
In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. Along with the stapes, which is homologous to some reptilian and amphibian columellae, these are known as the ossicles and are a defining characteristic of mammals.
Development
In pig embryos, the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel's cartilage, while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified into the incus. In later development, this portion detaches from the rest of the cartilage and migrates into the middle ear.
References
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 1894-1973. (1978). The vertebrate body : shorter version. Parsons, Thomas S. (Thomas Sturges), 1930- (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7682-0. OCLC 3345587.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ DeBraga, M. and Carroll, R.L., 1993. The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. In Evolutionary biology (pp. 245-322). Springer US.
^ Hendrickx, C., Mateus O., & Buffetaut E. (2016). Morphofunctional Analysis of the Quadrate of Spinosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the Presence of Spinosaurus and a Second Spinosaurine Taxon in the Cenomanian of North Africa.. PLoS ONE. 11, e0144695., 01, Number 1: Public Library of Science
^ Lee, Michael S. Y.; Bell, Gorden L.; Caldwell, Michael W. (August 1999). "The origin of snake feeding". Nature. 400 (6745): 655–659. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..655L. doi:10.1038/23236. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4425886.
^ Homberger, Dominique G. (2004). Vertebrate dissection. Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin), Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin). (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-022522-1. OCLC 53074665.
^ Luo, Zhexi; Crompton, Alfred W. (1994-09-07). "Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (3): 341–374. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011564. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ Scott 2000, Paragraph starting with "The original jaw bones changed also. "
External links
"Dorsal View Snapping Turtle Skull (Photo)". Murray State University. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
vteBones in the tetrapod skeletonSkullCraniumSkull roof
Frontal
Internasal
Intertemporal
Jugal (Zygomatic)
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Nasal
Parietal
Postfrontal
Postorbital
Postparietal
Prefrontal
Premaxilla
Quadratojugal
Rostral
Septomaxilla
Squamosal
Supratemporal
Tabular
Composite bones
Interparietal (Postparietal+Tabular)
Braincase
Basioccipital
Basisphenoid
Ethmoid
Exoccipital
Laterosphenoid
Opisthotic
Orbitosphenoid
Parasphenoid
Prootic
Sphenethmoid
Supraoccipital
Composite bones
Occipital (Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
Otoccipital (Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
Parabasisphenoid (Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
Petrosal (Prootic+Opisthotic)
Temporal (Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
Palate
Ectopterygoid
Epipterygoid (Alisphenoid)
Palatine
Prevomer
Pterygoid
Quadrate (Incus)
Vomer
Columella (Stapes)
Sclerotic ring
Mandible
Angular (Ectotympanic)
Articular (Malleus)
Coronoid
Dentary
Prearticular
Predentary
Splenial
Surangular
Hyoid
Basihyoid
Ceratohyoid
Epihyoid
Stylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Tympanohyoid
Postcranial skeletonAxialVertebrae
Atlas
Axis
Cervical vertebrae
Dorsal vertebrae
Sacrum
Caudal vertebrae CoccyxPygostyle
Haemal arches
Ribs
Cervical ribs
Dorsal ribs
Caudal ribs
AppendicularPectoral girdle
Clavicle (Furcula)
Cleithrum
Coracoid
Interclavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Forelimb
Humerus
Radius (bone)
Ulna
ManusCarpus
Radiale (Scaphoid)
Ulnare (Triquetral)
Intermedium
Lateral centrale (Lunate)
Medial centrale
Pisiform
Pteroid
Distal carpals
Distal carpal 1 (Trapezium)
Distal carpal 2 (Trapezoid)
Distal carpal 3 (Capitate)
Distal carpal 4 (Hamate)
Distal carpal 5
Metacarpal
Phalanges
Ungual
Pelvic girdle
Ischium
Ilium
Pubis
Epipubic bone
Hindlimb
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
PesTarsusProximal tarsals
Tibiale
Intermedium
Fibulare (Calcaneum)
Centralia
Centrale 1
Centrale 2
Centrale 3
Centrale 4
Distal tarsals
Distal tarsal 1 (Medial cuneiform)
Distal tarsal 2 (Intermediate cuneiform)
Distal tarsal 3 (Lateral cuneiform)
Distal tarsal 4
Distal tarsal 5
Composite tarsals
Astragalus (Talus) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
Navicular (Centrale 1+2)
Cuboid (Distal tarsal 4+5)
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Ungual
Miscellaneous
Baculum/Baubellum
Gastralia
Ossified tendon
Osteoderms
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
This vertebrate anatomy–related article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launa_Q._Newman | Launa Q. Newman | ["1 Personal life","2 Journalist career","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References"] | American journalist
Launa Q. NewmanBornLauna QuincyDecember 30, 1920Topeka, Kansas, USDiedFebruary 3, 2009Minneapolis, Minnesota, USMonumentsLauna Q. Newman WayNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)JournalistCivic ActivistKnown forMinnesota Spokesman-RecorderSpouseCecil Newman
Launa Q. Newman (December 30, 1920 – February 3, 2009) was an American journalist and social activist based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She is known for her social contributions in the South Minneapolis area for the African-American community. She was also the publisher of The Minneapolis Spokesman and St. Paul Recorder (later merged to Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder), along with her husband Cecil Newman.
Personal life
Launa Newman was born in Topeka, Kansas to Gilber Quincy and Ethel Quincy. At the age of two, her family relocated to Des Moines, Iowa. At Des Moines, Gilber started a tailoring and cleaning business. She married her first husband Wallace O’Neal Jackman in Des Moines. She had two children with Jackman. She moved to the Twin Cities in 1958. After nine years, she married her second husband, Cecil Earl Newman in 1967.
Journalist career
Cecil and Launa were fierce advocates for "non-racist Minneapolis and St. Paul". Cecil started the two newspapers, the Minneapolis Spokesman and the St. Paul Recorder, in 1934. The office space of the two newspapers was moved to 3744 Fourth Avenue South in 1958. When Cecil was heading the publication, Launa started to help her husband by working in the circulation area and carrying out the public relation works. Gradually she started to cater the managerial responsibilities of the community run media house and as the confidant to Cecil.
After her husband's death in 1978, Launa took the charge of the newspaper and modernized the printing system and operational aspects. The two separate newspaper were merged in Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder in 2000. Launa relinquished the charge of the business to her children Oscar Newman (son of Cecil), Norma Jean Williams and Wallace Jackman (children of Wallace O’Neal Jackman) and devoted her times to community service. She served on the board of Minneapolis Boy's Club and was the member of Minneapolis Women's Club. In 2007, she officially sold the newspaper business to her granddaughter Tracey Williams and retired from her journalistic career after serving for the newspaper for 32 years.
Legacy
In November 2019, the Mayor and the City Council of Minneapolis announced a commemorative honor to Launa Newman along with activist Clarissa Walker by renaming the 38th Street corridor to their names respectively. The announcement says "Launa Q. Newman Way will run from East 36th Street to East 42nd Street along 4th Avenue South in Minneapolis".
See also
38th Street (Minneapolis)
References
^ "Former Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder publisher Launa Q. Newman dies at 87". Twin Cities. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ "St. Paul Recorder (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ a b c Freeman, Jerry. "Launa Newman, MSR publisher and standard-bearer, passes". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ a b c Online, MSR News (2019-11-14). "Launa Q. Newman and Clarissa Walker honored with their own streets". spokesman-recorder.com. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ "Southside African American Community, Minneapolis | MNopedia". www.mnopedia.org. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ "Twin Cities Daily Planet: Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder turns 75". MinnPost. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ November 8, 2019 Minneapolis City Council, retrieved 2021-06-05
^ Online, MSR News (2019-10-16). "Black women pioneers to be honored with commemorative street names in S. Mpls". spokesman-recorder.com. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ "38th Street dreams". Southwest Journal. 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
^ "Six-block stretches of two Minneapolis streets renamed for pioneering black women". By Katy Read Star Tribune. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"African-American community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Spokesman-Recorder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cecil Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Newman"}],"text":"Launa Q. Newman (December 30, 1920 – February 3, 2009)[1] was an American journalist and social activist based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She is known for her social contributions in the South Minneapolis area for the African-American community. She was also the publisher of The Minneapolis Spokesman and St. Paul Recorder (later merged to Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder),[2] along with her husband Cecil Newman.","title":"Launa Q. Newman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online-4"},{"link_name":"Cecil Earl Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Newman"}],"text":"Launa Newman was born in Topeka, Kansas to Gilber Quincy and Ethel Quincy. At the age of two, her family relocated to Des Moines, Iowa. At Des Moines, Gilber started a tailoring and cleaning business. She married her first husband Wallace O’Neal Jackman in Des Moines. She had two children with Jackman.[3] She moved to the Twin Cities in 1958.[4] After nine years, she married her second husband, Cecil Earl Newman in 1967.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Spokesman-Recorder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Cecil and Launa were fierce advocates for \"non-racist Minneapolis and St. Paul\". Cecil started the two newspapers, the Minneapolis Spokesman and the St. Paul Recorder, in 1934. The office space of the two newspapers was moved to 3744 Fourth Avenue South in 1958.[5] When Cecil was heading the publication, Launa started to help her husband by working in the circulation area and carrying out the public relation works. Gradually she started to cater the managerial responsibilities of the community run media house and as the confidant to Cecil.[3]After her husband's death in 1978, Launa took the charge of the newspaper and modernized the printing system and operational aspects. The two separate newspaper were merged in Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder in 2000.[6] Launa relinquished the charge of the business to her children Oscar Newman (son of Cecil), Norma Jean Williams and Wallace Jackman (children of Wallace O’Neal Jackman) and devoted her times to community service. She served on the board of Minneapolis Boy's Club and was the member of Minneapolis Women's Club. In 2007, she officially sold the newspaper business to her granddaughter Tracey Williams and retired from her journalistic career after serving for the newspaper for 32 years.[3]","title":"Journalist career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Clarissa Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Walker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In November 2019, the Mayor and the City Council of Minneapolis announced[7] a commemorative honor to Launa Newman along with activist Clarissa Walker by renaming the 38th Street corridor to their names respectively.[4][8] The announcement says \"Launa Q. Newman Way will run from East 36th Street to East 42nd Street along 4th Avenue South in Minneapolis\".[4][9][10]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"38th Street (Minneapolis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Street_(Minneapolis)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Former Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder publisher Launa Q. Newman dies at 87\". Twin Cities. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twincities.com/2009/02/04/former-minnesota-spokesman-recorder-publisher-launa-q-newman-dies-at-87/","url_text":"\"Former Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder publisher Launa Q. Newman dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Paul Recorder (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83016804/","url_text":"\"St. Paul Recorder (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jerry. \"Launa Newman, MSR publisher and standard-bearer, passes\". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/launa-newman-msr-publisher-and-standard-bearer-passes/","url_text":"\"Launa Newman, MSR publisher and standard-bearer, passes\""}]},{"reference":"Online, MSR News (2019-11-14). \"Launa Q. Newman and Clarissa Walker honored with their own streets\". spokesman-recorder.com. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://spokesman-recorder.com/2019/11/14/launa-q-newman-and-clarissa-walker-honored-with-their-own-streets/","url_text":"\"Launa Q. Newman and Clarissa Walker honored with their own streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southside African American Community, Minneapolis | MNopedia\". www.mnopedia.org. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mnopedia.org/place/southside-african-american-community-minneapolis","url_text":"\"Southside African American Community, Minneapolis | MNopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twin Cities Daily Planet: Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder turns 75\". MinnPost. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/perspectives/2008/07/twin-cities-daily-planet-minnesota-spokesman-recorder-turns-75/","url_text":"\"Twin Cities Daily Planet: Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder turns 75\""}]},{"reference":"November 8, 2019 Minneapolis City Council, retrieved 2021-06-05","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vaerLrsRBg","url_text":"November 8, 2019 Minneapolis City Council"}]},{"reference":"Online, MSR News (2019-10-16). \"Black women pioneers to be honored with commemorative street names in S. Mpls\". spokesman-recorder.com. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://spokesman-recorder.com/2019/10/16/black-women-pioneers-to-be-honored-with-commemorative-street-names-in-s-mpls/","url_text":"\"Black women pioneers to be honored with commemorative street names in S. Mpls\""}]},{"reference":"\"38th Street dreams\". Southwest Journal. 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2021-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2020/07/38th-street-dreams/","url_text":"\"38th Street dreams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six-block stretches of two Minneapolis streets renamed for pioneering black women\". By Katy Read Star Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/six-block-stretches-of-two-minneapolis-streets-renamed-for-pioneering-black-women/564711441/","url_text":"\"Six-block stretches of two Minneapolis streets renamed for pioneering black women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.twincities.com/2009/02/04/former-minnesota-spokesman-recorder-publisher-launa-q-newman-dies-at-87/","external_links_name":"\"Former Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder publisher Launa Q. Newman dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83016804/","external_links_name":"\"St. Paul Recorder (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/launa-newman-msr-publisher-and-standard-bearer-passes/","external_links_name":"\"Launa Newman, MSR publisher and standard-bearer, passes\""},{"Link":"https://spokesman-recorder.com/2019/11/14/launa-q-newman-and-clarissa-walker-honored-with-their-own-streets/","external_links_name":"\"Launa Q. Newman and Clarissa Walker honored with their own streets\""},{"Link":"https://www.mnopedia.org/place/southside-african-american-community-minneapolis","external_links_name":"\"Southside African American Community, Minneapolis | MNopedia\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/perspectives/2008/07/twin-cities-daily-planet-minnesota-spokesman-recorder-turns-75/","external_links_name":"\"Twin Cities Daily Planet: Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder turns 75\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vaerLrsRBg","external_links_name":"November 8, 2019 Minneapolis City Council"},{"Link":"https://spokesman-recorder.com/2019/10/16/black-women-pioneers-to-be-honored-with-commemorative-street-names-in-s-mpls/","external_links_name":"\"Black women pioneers to be honored with commemorative street names in S. Mpls\""},{"Link":"https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2020/07/38th-street-dreams/","external_links_name":"\"38th Street dreams\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/six-block-stretches-of-two-minneapolis-streets-renamed-for-pioneering-black-women/564711441/","external_links_name":"\"Six-block stretches of two Minneapolis streets renamed for pioneering black women\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_players_with_20_or_more_assists_in_a_game | List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 20 or more assists in a game | ["1 Key","2 Dates of 20+ assists","3 See also","4 References"] | In basketball, an assist is a pass to a teammate that directly leads to a score by field goal. All of the players on this list have recorded at least 20 assists in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I game. Assists were first recognized in the 1950–51 season, but only lasted through 1951–52 before the NCAA stopped recording them until the 1983–84 season. All players on this list have accumulated at least 20 assists in a game while playing for a Division I university. Through the most recent 2019–20 season, this has occurred only 22 times.
The single game record is 24 assists, set by Cameron Parker of Sacred Heart on December 1, 2019. The previous record of 22 had been accomplished by four players. Four 21-assist performances have been recorded, while the 15 remaining instances have been 20 assists.
No school has had more than one player reach the 20-assist mark. Southern University is on this list four times via Avery Johnson's four 20-assist games during his career. Johnson, who spent his first two college seasons at New Mexico Junior College and then Cameron University, only played NCAA Division I basketball for two seasons (1987, 1988). He led Division I in assists per game both years and set the still-standing record of 13.30 assists per game in 1987–88. Cameron Parker joins him as the only two players in Division I history to reach 20 assists more than once.
Key
Pos.
G
F
C
Ref.
Position
Guard
Forward
Center
Reference(s)
Class (Cl.) key
Fr
Freshman
So
Sophomore
Jr
Junior
Sr
Senior
*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player appears on the list
Dates of 20+ assists
Avery Johnson of Southern University is one of only two players on this list with multiple 20+ assist games, and he has four of them.
Assists
Player
Pos.
Cl.
Team
Opponent
Date
Ref.
24
Cameron Parker
G
So
Sacred Heart
Pine Manor
December 1, 2019
22
Sherman Douglas
G
Sr
Syracuse
Providence
January 28, 1989
22
Tony Fairley
G
Sr
Charleston Southern
Armstrong Atlantic
February 9, 1987
22
Avery Johnson
G
Sr
Southern
Texas Southern
January 25, 1988
22
Trae Young
G
Fr
Oklahoma
Northwestern State
December 19, 2017
21
Avery Johnson (2)
G
Sr
Southern
Alabama State
January 16, 1988
21
Anthony Manuel
G
Jr
Bradley
UC Irvine
December 19, 1987
21
Kelvin Scarborough
G
Sr
New Mexico
Hawaiʻi
February 13, 1987
21
Mark Wade
G
Sr
UNLV
Navy
December 29, 1986
20
Brandon Brooks
G
Jr
Alabama State
Jackson State
March 8, 2008
20
Mateen Cleaves
G
Sr
Michigan State
Michigan
March 4, 2000
20
Yuri Collins
G
Jr
Saint Louis
Tennessee State
November 30, 2022
20
Chris Corchiani
G
Sr
NC State
Maryland
February 27, 1991
20
Sam Crawford
G
Jr
New Mexico State
Sam Houston State
December 21, 1992
20
Howard Evans
G
Sr
Temple
Villanova
February 10, 1988
20
Dana Harris
G
Sr
UMBC
St. Mary's (MD)
December 12, 1992
20
Drew Henderson
G
Jr
Fairfield
Loyola (MD)
January 25, 1992
20
Avery Johnson (3)
G
Jr
Southern
Texas Southern
March 6, 1987
20
Avery Johnson (4)
G
Sr
Southern
Mississippi Valley State
February 8, 1988
20
James Johnson
G
Sr
Middle Tennessee
Freed–Hardeman
January 2, 1986
20
Grayson Marshall
G
So
Clemson
Maryland Eastern Shore
November 25, 1985
20
Cameron Parker (2)
G
Sr
Montana
SAGU AIC
December 13, 2021
20
Jasper Walker
G
So
Saint Peter's
Holy Cross
February 11, 1989
20
Ray Washington
G
Sr
Nicholls
McNeese
January 28, 1995
See also
List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game
References
General
"2022–23 NCAA Men's Basketball Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
Specific
^ "Basketball glossary". FIBA.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g "2009–10 NCAA Men's Basketball Records" (PDF). 2009–10 NCAA Men's Basketball Media Guide. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ a b c "Sacred Heart's Cameron Parker has 24 assists in win, most by D-I player". ESPN.com. December 1, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "NCAA Men's Basketball: Single Game Records". HickokSports. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "#20 Sherman Douglas". orangehoops.com. RLYoung. 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Avery Johnson". hoopshype.com. Ballers Media SL. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Oklahoma freshman phenom Trae Young ties NCAA record with 22 assists". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
^ "Bradley's Best: Anthony Manuel". pjstar.com. GateHouse Media, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Texas El Paso Defeats San Diego State, 79-73". pjstar.com. Los Angeles Times. February 14, 1987. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Player Bio: Mark Wade". fausports.com. Florida Atlantic University. February 14, 1987. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "2007–08 Game stats for Brandon Brooks". ESPN.com. ESPN. 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Mateen Cleaves – All America Candidate". msuspartans.com. Michigan State University. 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Collins has school-record 20 assists in Saint Louis' win". ABCnews.com. November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
^ "NC State Men's Basketball History of Success (February 27, 1991)". gopack.com. North Carolina State University. August 7, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "Evans' 20 Assists Lead Temple, 98–86". The New York Times. February 11, 1988. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ Scherr, Rick (December 13, 1992). "UMBC takes 96–68 victory over St. Mary's". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "2009 Clemson Hall of Fame Inductees". clemsontigers.cstv.com. Clemson University. April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ Hartzler, Lance (December 13, 2021). "Cameron Parker nearly breaks own NCAA record; sets new program, Big Sky mark in blowout of SAGU American Indian College". 406MTsports.com. 406 Montana Sports. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
vteNCAA Division I men's basketball statistical leadersCareer
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Three-point field goals
Free throws
Triple-doubles
Games
2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds
Season
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Three-point field goals
Game
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Three-point field goals | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"field goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goal_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA-2"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker-3"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HICKOK-4"},{"link_name":"Avery Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Johnson"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Cameron University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Aggies"},{"link_name":"led Division I in assists per game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season_assists_leaders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA-2"}],"text":"In basketball, an assist is a pass to a teammate that directly leads to a score by field goal.[1] All of the players on this list have recorded at least 20 assists in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I game. Assists were first recognized in the 1950–51 season, but only lasted through 1951–52 before the NCAA stopped recording them until the 1983–84 season.[2] All players on this list have accumulated at least 20 assists in a game while playing for a Division I university. Through the most recent 2019–20 season, this has occurred only 22 times.[2][3]The single game record is 24 assists, set by Cameron Parker of Sacred Heart on December 1, 2019. The previous record of 22 had been accomplished by four players.[3] Four 21-assist performances have been recorded, while the 15 remaining instances have been 20 assists.[2][4]No school has had more than one player reach the 20-assist mark. Southern University is on this list four times via Avery Johnson's four 20-assist games during his career. Johnson, who spent his first two college seasons at New Mexico Junior College and then Cameron University, only played NCAA Division I basketball for two seasons (1987, 1988). He led Division I in assists per game both years and set the still-standing record of 13.30 assists per game in 1987–88.[2] Cameron Parker joins him as the only two players in Division I history to reach 20 assists more than once.","title":"List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 20 or more assists in a game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_position"},{"link_name":"Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_position#Backcourt_(guards)"},{"link_name":"Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_position#Frontcourt_(forwards_and_center)"},{"link_name":"Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_position#Center"},{"link_name":"Freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshman"},{"link_name":"Sophomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophomore_year"},{"link_name":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_(education_year)"},{"link_name":"Senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_(education)"},{"link_name":"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Pos.\nG\nF\nC\nRef.\n\n\nPosition\nGuard\nForward\nCenter\nReference(s)\n\n\n\n\n\nClass (Cl.) key\n\n\nFr\nFreshman\n\nSo\nSophomore\n\nJr\nJunior\n\nSr\nSenior\n\n\n\n\n\n\n*\n\nElected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\n\n\nPlayer (X)\n\nDenotes the number of times the player appears on the list","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avery_Johnson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avery Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Southern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University"}],"text":"Avery Johnson of Southern University is one of only two players on this list with multiple 20+ assist games, and he has four of them.","title":"Dates of 20+ assists"}] | [{"image_text":"Avery Johnson of Southern University is one of only two players on this list with multiple 20+ assist games, and he has four of them.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Avery_Johnson.jpg/200px-Avery_Johnson.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_players_with_most_assists_in_a_game"}] | [{"reference":"\"2022–23 NCAA Men's Basketball Records\" (PDF). 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Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/m_basketball_RB/2010/D1.pdf","url_text":"\"2009–10 NCAA Men's Basketball Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association","url_text":"National Collegiate Athletic Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacred Heart's Cameron Parker has 24 assists in win, most by D-I player\". ESPN.com. December 1, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28205447/sacred-heart-cameron-parker-24-assists-win-most-d-player","url_text":"\"Sacred Heart's Cameron Parker has 24 assists in win, most by D-I player\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Men's Basketball: Single Game Records\". HickokSports. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121206010951/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/ncbaskmgleaders.shtml","url_text":"\"NCAA Men's Basketball: Single Game Records\""},{"url":"http://www.hickoksports.com/history/ncbaskmgleaders.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"#20 Sherman Douglas\". orangehoops.com. RLYoung. 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orangehoops.org/SDouglas.htm","url_text":"\"#20 Sherman Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avery Johnson\". hoopshype.com. Ballers Media SL. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://hoopshype.com/players/avery_johnson.htm","url_text":"\"Avery Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma freshman phenom Trae Young ties NCAA record with 22 assists\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/oklahoma-freshman-phenom-trae-young-ties-ncaa-record-with-22-assists/","url_text":"\"Oklahoma freshman phenom Trae Young ties NCAA record with 22 assists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bradley's Best: Anthony Manuel\". pjstar.com. GateHouse Media, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715090956/http://www2.pjstar.com/index.php?%2Fbradleysbest%2Farticle%2Fanthony_manuel","url_text":"\"Bradley's Best: Anthony Manuel\""},{"url":"http://www2.pjstar.com/index.php?/bradleysbest/article/anthony_manuel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas El Paso Defeats San Diego State, 79-73\". pjstar.com. Los Angeles Times. February 14, 1987. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-02-14/sports/sp-3040_1_san-diego-state","url_text":"\"Texas El Paso Defeats San Diego State, 79-73\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Player Bio: Mark Wade\". fausports.com. Florida Atlantic University. February 14, 1987. Retrieved June 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fausports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/wade_mark00.html","url_text":"\"Player Bio: Mark Wade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University","url_text":"Florida Atlantic University"}]},{"reference":"\"2007–08 Game stats for Brandon Brooks\". ESPN.com. ESPN. 2008. 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Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://406mtsports.com/college/big-sky-conference/university-of-montana/cameron-parker-nearly-breaks-own-ncaa-record-sets-new-program-big-sky-mark-in-blowout/article_0a593d41-c306-503e-9544-63ccf2cb4bdd.html","url_text":"\"Cameron Parker nearly breaks own NCAA record; sets new program, Big Sky mark in blowout of SAGU American Indian College\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2023/D1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2022–23 NCAA Men's Basketball Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100516175956/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/baskBasi/glos.asp","external_links_name":"\"Basketball glossary\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/baskBasi/glos.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/m_basketball_RB/2010/D1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2009–10 NCAA Men's Basketball Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28205447/sacred-heart-cameron-parker-24-assists-win-most-d-player","external_links_name":"\"Sacred Heart's Cameron Parker has 24 assists in win, most by D-I player\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121206010951/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/ncbaskmgleaders.shtml","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Men's Basketball: Single Game Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.hickoksports.com/history/ncbaskmgleaders.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.orangehoops.org/SDouglas.htm","external_links_name":"\"#20 Sherman Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://hoopshype.com/players/avery_johnson.htm","external_links_name":"\"Avery Johnson\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/oklahoma-freshman-phenom-trae-young-ties-ncaa-record-with-22-assists/","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma freshman phenom Trae Young ties NCAA record with 22 assists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715090956/http://www2.pjstar.com/index.php?%2Fbradleysbest%2Farticle%2Fanthony_manuel","external_links_name":"\"Bradley's Best: Anthony Manuel\""},{"Link":"http://www2.pjstar.com/index.php?/bradleysbest/article/anthony_manuel","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-02-14/sports/sp-3040_1_san-diego-state","external_links_name":"\"Texas El Paso Defeats San Diego State, 79-73\""},{"Link":"http://www.fausports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/wade_mark00.html","external_links_name":"\"Player Bio: Mark Wade\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/player/gamelog?playerId=37618&year=2008","external_links_name":"\"2007–08 Game stats for Brandon Brooks\""},{"Link":"http://www.msuspartans.com/mateencleaves/","external_links_name":"\"Mateen Cleaves – All America Candidate\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/collins-school-record-20-assists-saint-louis-win-94257409","external_links_name":"\"Collins has school-record 20 assists in Saint Louis' win\""},{"Link":"http://www.gopack.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=9200&ATCLID=1550884","external_links_name":"\"NC State Men's Basketball History of Success (February 27, 1991)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/11/sports/college-basketball-evans-s-20-assists-lead-temple-98-86.html","external_links_name":"\"Evans' 20 Assists Lead Temple, 98–86\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-13/sports/1992348167_1_umbc-retrievers-mary","external_links_name":"\"UMBC takes 96–68 victory over St. Mary's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819233139/http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/genrel/042709aab.html","external_links_name":"\"2009 Clemson Hall of Fame Inductees\""},{"Link":"http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/genrel/042709aab.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://406mtsports.com/college/big-sky-conference/university-of-montana/cameron-parker-nearly-breaks-own-ncaa-record-sets-new-program-big-sky-mark-in-blowout/article_0a593d41-c306-503e-9544-63ccf2cb4bdd.html","external_links_name":"\"Cameron Parker nearly breaks own NCAA record; sets new program, Big Sky mark in blowout of SAGU American Indian College\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor_(community_development_block) | Nanoor (community development block) | ["1 Overview","2 Geography","3 History","3.1 Chandidas","3.2 Nanoor massacre","4 Demographics","4.1 Population","4.2 Literacy","4.3 Language and religion","5 Rural poverty","6 Economy","6.1 Livelihood","6.2 Infrastructure","6.3 Agriculture","6.4 Banking","6.5 Other sectors","6.6 Backward Regions Grant Fund","7 Transport","8 Culture","9 Education","10 Healthcare","11 External links","12 References"] | Community Development Block in West Bengal, IndiaNanoorCommunity Development BlockTerracotta carvings on a Nanoor temple wallLocation in West BengalCoordinates: 23°43′N 87°52′E / 23.717°N 87.867°E / 23.717; 87.867Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictBirbhumParliamentary constituencyBolpurAssembly constituencyNanoorArea • Total311.83 km2 (120.40 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total218,654 • Density700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+5.30 (IST)PIN731301Area code03463Literacy Rate69.45 per centWebsitehttp://103.249.37.130//
Nanoor is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Overview
Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient Rarh region. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The area has mostly loose reddish lateritic low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the Ajay, Bakreshwar, Mayurakshi and Brahmani, have soft alluvial soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture. From 1977 onwards majorland reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre. The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal. Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as Jaydev Kenduli and Chandidas Nanoor, is home to Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan, having close association with two Nobel laureates – Rabindranath Tagore and Amartya Sen.
Geography
Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.
Nanoor is located at 23°43′N 87°52′E / 23.71°N 87.86°E / 23.71; 87.86.
Nanoor CD Block is part of the Suri-Bolpur Plain, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions of Birbhum district. It covers the interfluves of the Mayurakshi and Ajay rivers, in the south-eastern part of the district. This area exhibits somewhat upland topography sloping from north-west to south-east.
Nanoor CD Block is bounded by Labpur CD Block on the north, Ketugram I and Mongalkote CD Block, in Purba Bardhaman district, on the east and south, and Bolpur Sriniketan CD Block on the west. On the south Mangalkote CD Block is across the Ajay.
Nanoor CD Block has an area of 311.83 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 11 gram panchayats, 120 gram sansads (village councils), 137 mouzas and 131 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook Birbhum 2008.Nanoor police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Nanoor.
Gram panchayats of Nanoor block/panchayat Samiti are: Bara-Saota, Chandidas-Nanoor, Charkalgram, Daskalgram-Kareya I, Daskalgram-Kareya II, Jalundi, Kirnahar I, Kirnahar II, Nowanagar Kodda, Thupsar and Uchkaran.
History
Chandidas
Nanoor is the birthplace of 14th century lyric poet Chandidas of Vaishnava Padavali fame.
Nanoor massacre
In the Nanoor massacre, 11 farmers owing allegiance to Trinamool Congress were killed at Suchpur, Nanoor, on 27 July 2000. In 2010, a Suri court sentenced 44 people to life imprisonment in the case. It included 4 CPI (M) members (including a Zonal Committee member) and 40 party supporters. According to press reports, it was the first time that so many people were given punishment in a single case in West Bengal. Press reports further said that the clash was over the right to cultivate a 4-bigha plot. The hacking to death of 11 farmers, also happen to be the biggest toll in a political clash in West Bengal in recent memory.
The Hindu wrote, “On a long term, the killings, symbolising the birth of a new theatre of violence after Keshpur in district Midnapore - where deaths and maiming in political clashes have become a bizarre routine - constitute an extremely disturbing augury for the society in Bengal.
Demographics
Population
As per the 2011 Census of India, Nanoor CD Block had a total population of 218,654, of which 213,387 were rural and 5,267 were urban. There were 112,185 (51%) males and 106,469 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 26,040. Scheduled Castes numbered 71,153 (32.54%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 5,221 (2.39%).
As per 2011 census, Nanoor block had a total population of 218,543, out of which 111,974 were males and 106,569 were females. Nanoor Block registered a population growth of 11.30 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.
Census Town in Nanoor CD Block is (2011 census figures in brackets): Parota (5,267).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Nanoor CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Daskalgram (4,377), Kirnahar (7,103), Papuri (5,148), Charkalgram (5,344), Chandidas Nanoor (8,399), Baliguni (4,039), Sajnor (4,274) and Brahmankhanda (5,842).
Other villages in Nanoor CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Pakurhans (3,999), Thupsara (3,419), Nawanagar (1,438), Uchkaran (3,486), Bara (2,448), Saota (3,704), Karea (2,349), Jalandi (2,433), Kadda (704).
Literacy
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Nanoor CD Block was 133,769 (69.45% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,095 (74.87% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 59,674 (63.72% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.56%.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
Literacy in CD blocks ofBirbhum district
Rampurhat subdivision
Murarai I – 55.67%
Murarai II – 58.28%
Nalhati I – 69.83%
Nalhati II – 71.68%
Rampurhat I – 73.29%
Rampurhat II – 70.77%
Mayureswar I – 71.52%
Mayureswar II – 70.89%
Suri Sadar subdivision
Mohammad Bazar – 65.18%
Rajnagar – 68.10%
Suri I – 72.75%
Suri II – 72.75%
Sainthia – 72.33%
Dubrajpur – 68.26%
Khoyrasol – 68.75%
Bolpur subdivision
Bolpur Sriniketan – 70.67%
Ilambazar – 74.27%
Labpur – 71.20%
Nanoor – 69.45%
Source: 2011 Census: CD Block Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data
Language and religion
Religion in Nanoor CD block (2011)
Hinduism
64.71%
Islam
34.97%
Other or not stated
0.32%
In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 141,490 and formed 64.71% of the population in Nanoor CD Block. Muslims numbered 76,457 and formed 34.97% of the population. Christians numbered 443 and formed 0.20% of the population. Others numbered 264 and formed 0.12% of the population.
The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.
Languages in Nanoor CD block (2011)
Bengali (98.15%) Santali (1.77%) Others (0.08%)
At the time of the 2011 census, 98.15% of the population spoke Bengali and 1.77% Santali as their first language.
Rural poverty
As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of BPL households in Nanoor CD Block was 34.7%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)
Economy
Livelihood
Livelihoodin Nanoor CD Block
Cultivators (24.74%) Agricultural labourers (48.61%) Household industries (3.36%) Other Workers (23.30%)
In Nanoor CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 20,157 and formed 24.74%, agricultural labourers numbered 39,608 and formed 48.61%, household industry workers numbered 2,738 and formed 3.36% and other workers numbered 18,958 and formed 23.30%. Total workers numbered 81,488 and formed 37.27% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 137,166 and formed 62.73% of the population.
Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teacher
s, entertainment artistes and so on.
Infrastructure
There are 130 inhabited villages in Nanoor CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 129 villages (99.23%) have drinking water supply. 31 villages (23.85%) have post offices. 121 villages (93.08%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 51 villages (39.23%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 55 villages (42.31%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 9 villages (6.92%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (6.15%) have banks.
Agriculture
Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004–05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Nanoor CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 9,255 (15.53%), patta (document) holders 9.776 (16.41%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3,550 (5.96%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 8,360 (14.03%) and agricultural labourers 28,639 (48.07%).
Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009–10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.
In 2013–14, there were 45 fertiliser depots, 6 seed stores and 25 fair price shops in Nanoor CD block.
In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block produced 75,113 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 24,949 hectares, 2,182 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 978 hectares, 24,377 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 7,134 hectares, 3,721 tonnes of wheat from 1,448 hectares, 14,403 tonnes of potatoes from 832 hectares and 3,275 tonnes of sugar cane from 49 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Nanoor CD block was 6,000 hectares, out of which 2,500 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 2,000 hectares by tank water, 100 hectares by river lift irrigation and 1,400 hectares by shallow tube wells.
Banking
In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks.
Other sectors
According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.
The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”
Backward Regions Grant Fund
Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.
Transport
Nanoor CD block has 8 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 10 km from the CD block headquarters.
SH 6, running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district), passes through Nanoor CD Block.
Culture
A fair is organized annually, on the occasion of dol purnima (full moon), on the bank of the Dontapukur at Nanoor in memory of Dwija Chandidas and Rajakini (washerwoman) Tami. It is called Chandidas Mela.
Education
In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block had 159 primary schools with 12,606 students, 21 middle schools with 2,144 students, 16 high schools with 8,968 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 12,684 students. Nanoor CD Block had 1 general degree college with 2,345 students, 3 technical/ professional institutions with 249 students and 337 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,900 students.
As per the 2011 census, in Nanoor CD Block, amongst the 130 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have a school, 39 villages had more than 1 primary school, 45 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 28 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 11 villages had senior secondary schools. There was 1 degree college for arts, science and commerce in Nanoor CD Block.
Chandidas Mahavidyalaya was established at Khujutipara in 1972.
Healthcare
In 2014, Nanoor CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 48 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 34 family welfare subcentres. 3,008 patients were treated indoor and 56,528 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.
As per 2011 census, in Nanoor CD Block, 6 villages had community health centres, 9 villages had primary health centres, 35 villages had primary health subcentres, 9 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 8 villages had veterinary hospitals, 18 villages had medicine shops and out of the 130 inhabited villages 62 villages had no medical facilities.
Nanoor Rural Hospital at Nanoor has 30 beds. There are primary health centres at Banagram (PO Nanoor) (6 beds), Khujutipara (10 beds) and Kirnahar (10 beds).
External links
Nanoor travel guide from Wikivoyage
References
^ a b "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B" (PDF). Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 15: Physiography. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Tehsil Map of Birbhum". CD Block/ Tehsil. Maps of India. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum" (PDF). Tables 2.1, 2.2. Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B" (PDF). Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ "Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal". Birbhum - Revised in March 2008. Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ "Nanoor". Birbhum district administration. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
^ "Nanoor". india9.com. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
^ "CPM 44 given life term in Nanoor killing". The Telegraph. ABP Pvt. Limited. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
^ "Landless in W. Bengal tilting towards Trinamool Congress". The Hindu, 30 July 2000. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 2007-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e "C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)". 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8)". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
^ "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 47: Religion. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ "District Human Development Report: Birbhum" (PDF). Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood" (PDF). Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood" (PDF). Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ a b c d e f g "District Statistical Handbook 2014 Birbhum". 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ "District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood" (PDF). Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood" (PDF). Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines" (PDF). Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Backward Regions Grant Fund". Press Release, 14 June 2012. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Google maps
^ Mukhopadhyay Aditya, Birbhumer Mela, Paschim Banga , Birbhum Special Issue, February 2006, (in Bengali), pp. 203-214, Information & Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.
^ "District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Chandidas Mahavidyalaya". College Admission. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ "District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
vteMunicipalities and CD blocks of West BengalMunicipalcorporations
Asansol
Bidhannagar
Chandannagar
Durgapur
Howrah
Kolkata
Siliguri
Municipalities
Alipurduar
Arambagh
Ashoknagar Kalyangarh
Baduria
Baidyabati
Balurghat
Bangaon
Bankura
Bansberia
Baranagar
Barasat
Bardhaman
Barrackpore
Baruipur
Basirhat
Beldanga
Berhampore
Bhadreswar
Bhatpara
Birnagar
Bishnupur
Bolpur
Budge Budge
Buniadpur
Chakdaha
Champdani
Chandrakona
Contai
Cooch Behar
Dainhat
Dalkhola
Darjeeling
Dhuliyan
Dhupguri
Diamond Harbour
Dinhata
Dubrajpur
Dum Dum
Egra
English Bazar
Gangarampur
Garulia
Gayespur
Ghatal
Gobardanga
Guskara
Habra
Haldia
Haldibari
Halisahar
Haringhata
Hugli-Chuchura
Islampur
Jalpaiguri
Jangipur
Jaynagar Majilpur
Jhalda
Jhargram
Jiaganj Azimganj
Kaliaganj
Kalimpong
Kalna
Kalyani
Kamarhati
Kanchrapara
Kandi
Katwa
Kharagpur
Kharar
Khardaha
Khirpai
Konnagar
Krishnanagar
Kurseong
Madhyamgram
Maheshtala
Mainaguri
Malbazar
Mathabhanga
Mekhliganj
Memari
Murshidabad
Nabadwip
Naihati
Nalhati
New Barrackpore
North Barrackpur
North Dum Dum
Old Malda
Panihati
Panskura
Pujali
Purulia
Raghunathpur
Raiganj
Rajarhat
Rajpur Sonarpur
Ramjibanpur
Rampurhat
Ranaghat
Rishra
Sainthia
Shantipur
Sonamukhi
South Dum Dum
Suri
Taki
Tamluk
Tarakeswar
Titagarh
Tufanganj
Uluberia
Uttarpara
Community developmentblocks1
A
Alipurduar I
Alipurduar II
Amdanga
Amta I
Amta II
Andal
Arambagh
Arsha
Ausgram I
Ausgram II
B
Baduria
Bagdah
Baghmundi
Bagnan I
Bagnan II
Balagarh
Balarampur
Balurghat
Bally Jagachha
Bamangola
Bandwan
Bangaon
Bankura I
Bankura II
Barjora
Bansihari
Barabani
Barabazar
Barrackpore I
Barrackpore II
Barasat I
Barasat II
Baruipur
Basanti
Basirhat I
Basirhat II
Beldanga I
Beldanga II
Berhampore
Bhagawangola I
Bhagawangola II
Bhagabanpur I
Bhagabanpur II
Bhangar I
Bhangar II
Bharatpur I
Bharatpur II
Bhatar
Binpur I
Binpur II
Bishnupur, Bankura
Bishnupur I, South 24 Parganas
Bishnupur II, South 24 Parganas
Bolpur Sriniketan
Budge Budge I
Budge Budge II
Burdwan I
Burdwan II
Burwan
C
Canning I
Canning II
Chakdaha
Chanchal I
Chanchal II
Chandipur
Chanditala I
Chanditala II
Chapra
Chandrakona I
Chandrakona II
Chhatna
Chinsurah Mogra
Chopra
Contai I
Contai II
Contai III
Cooch Behar I
Cooch Behar II
D
Darjeeling Pulbazar
Dantan I
Dantan II
Daspur I
Daspur II
Debra
Deganga
Diamond Harbour I
Diamond Harbour II
Deshapran
Dhaniakhali
Dhupguri
Dinhata I
Dinhata II
Domjur
Domkal
Dubrajpur
E
Egra I
Egra II
English Bazar
F
Falakata
Falta
Farakka
Faridpur Durgapur
G
Gaighata
Galsi I
Galsi II
Gangajalghati
Gangarampur
Garhbeta I
Garhbeta II
Garhbeta III
Gazole
Ghatal
Goalpokhar I
Goalpokhar II
Goghat I
Goghat II
Gopiballavpur I
Gopiballavpur II
Gorubathan
Gosaba
H
Habibpur
Habra I
Habra II
Haldia
Haldibari
Hanskhali
Hariharpara
Haringhata
Haripal
Harirampur
Harishchandrapur I
Harishchandrapur II
Haroa
Hasnabad
Hemtabad
Hili
Hingalganj
Hirbandh
Hura
I
Ilambazar
Indas
Indpur
Islampur
Itahar
J
Jagatballavpur
Jalangi
Jalpaiguri
Jamalpur
Jamboni
Jamuria
Jangipara
Jaynagar I
Jaynagar II
Jhalda I
Jhalda II
Jhargram
Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri
Joypur, Bankura
Joypur, Purulia
K
Kakdwip
Kalchini
Kaliachak I
Kaliachak II
Kaliachak III
Kaliaganj
Kaliganj
Kalimpong I
Kalimpong II
Kalna I
Kalna II
Kandi
Kanksa
Karandighi
Karimpur I
Karimpur II
Kashipur
Katwa I
Katwa II
Keshiari
Keshpur
Ketugram I
Ketugram II
Khanakul I
Khanakul II
Khandaghosh
Kharagpur I
Kharagpur II
Khargram
Kharibari
Khatra
Khejuri I
Khejuri II
Khoyrasole
Kolaghat
Kotulpur
Krishnaganj
Krishnanagar I
Krishnanagar II
Kulpi
Kultali
Kumarganj
Kumargram
Kurseong
Kushmandi
L
Labpur
Lalgola
M
Madarihat-Birpara
Magrahat I
Magrahat II
Mahisadal
Mal
Manbazar I
Manbazar II
Mandirbazar
Manikchak
Manteswar
Mathabhanga I
Mathabhanga II
Mathurapur I
Mathurapur II
Matiali
Matigara
Maynaguri
Mayureswar I
Mayureswar II
Mejia
Mekhliganj
Memari I
Memari II
Midnapore Sadar
Minakhan
Mirik
Mohammad Bazar
Mohanpur
Mongalkote
Moyna
Murarai I
Murarai II
Murshidabad-Jiaganj
N
Nabadwip
Nabagram
Nagrakata
Nakashipara
Nalhati I
Nalhati II
Namkhana
Nandakumar
Nandigram I
Nandigram II
Nanoor
Naoda
Narayangarh
Naxalbari
Nayagram
Neturia
O
Old Malda
Onda
P
Panchla
Pandabeswar
Pandua
Panskura
Para
Patashpur I
Patashpur II
Patharpratima
Patrasayer
Phansidewa
Pingla
Polba Dadpur
Puncha
Purbasthali I
Purbasthali II
Pursurah
Purulia I
Purulia II
R
Raghunathganj I
Raghunathganj II
Raghunathpur I
Raghunathpur II
Raiganj
Raina I
Raina II
Raipur
Rajarhat
Rajganj
Rajnagar
Ramnagar I
Ramnagar II
Rampurhat I
Rampurhat II
Ranaghat I
Ranaghat II
Rangli Rangliot
Ranibandh
Raniganj
Raninagar I
Raninagar II
Ratua I
Ratua II
S
Sabang
Sagar
Sagardighi
Sahid Matangini
Sainthia
Salanpur
Salboni
Saltora
Samserganj
Sandeshkhali I
Sandeshkhali II
Sankrail, Howrah
Sankrail, Jhargram
Santipur
Santuri
Sarenga
Shyampur I
Shyampur II
Simlapal
Singur
Sitai
Sitalkuchi
Sonamukhi
Sonarpur
Sreerampur Uttarpara
Suri I
Suri II
Sutahata
Suti I
Suti II
Swarupnagar
T
Taldangra
Tamluk
Tapan
Tarakeswar
Tehatta I
Tehatta II
Thakurpukur Maheshtala
Tufanganj I
Tufanganj II
U
Udaynarayanpur
Uluberia I
Uluberia II
See also
List of cities in West Bengal by population
Similar to tehsils in many states of India
vteBirbhum district topicsGeneral
Alkap
Amar Kutir
Abhedananda Mahavidyalaya
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station
Ballabhpur Wildlife Sanctuary
Banalakshmi
Baul
Culture of Birbhum
Dharmathakur
Gajan
Fairs in Birbhum
Kajangala
Mama Bhagne
Muluk murder case
Nandikeshwari Temple
Nanoor massacre
Poush Mela
Sainthia train collision
Santhal rebellion
Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism
People
Bauri
Bagdi
Bengalis
Dom
Hari
Santal people
Subdivisions
Bolpur
Rampurhat
Suri Sadar
Territories
Gauda
Kajangala
Kankagrambhukti
Rarh region
Subbhabhumi
Vajjabhumi
Municipalities
Bolpur
Dubrajpur
Nalhati
Rampurhat
Sainthia
Suri
Community developmentblocksSuri Sadar subdivision
Suri I
Suri II
Sainthia
Dubrajpur
Khoyrasol
Rajnagar
Mohammad Bazar
Bolpur subdivision
Bolpur Sriniketan
Ilambazar
Labpur
Nanoor
Rampurhat subdivision
Mayureswar I
Mayureswar II
Rampurhat I
Rampurhat II
Murarai I
Murarai II
Nalhati I
Nalhati II
Higher EducationUniversities
Visva-Bharati University
Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay
Medical Colleges
Birbhum Vivekananda Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital
Engineering Colleges
Birbhum Institute of Engineering & Technology
Rivers
Ajay
Bakreshwar
Bansloi
Brahmani
Dwarka
Hinglo
Kopai
Mayurakshi
Transport
Panagarh–Morgram Highway
Eastern Railway zone
Sahibganj loop
Andal–Sainthia branch line
Ahmedpur–Katwa Railway
Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line
Railway stations
Banshlai Bridge
Chatra
Muararai
Rajgram
Rampurhat
Sainthia
Lok Sabha constituencies
Birbhum
Bolpur
Vidhan Sabha constituencies
Dubrajpur
Suri
Bolpur
Nanoor
Labpur
Sainthia
Mayureswar
Rampurhat
Hansan
Nalhati
Murarai
Former Vidhan Sabhaconstituencies
Mahammad Bazar
Rajnagar
See also
Cities, towns and locations in Birbhum district
People from Birbhum district
People associated with Santiniketan
Villages in Birbhum district | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community development block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_block_in_India"},{"link_name":"Bolpur subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolpur_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Birbhum district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbhum_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"}],"text":"Nanoor is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.","title":"Nanoor (community development block)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rarh region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarh_region"},{"link_name":"Chota Nagpur Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"lateritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite"},{"link_name":"Ajay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River"},{"link_name":"Bakreshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakreshwar_River"},{"link_name":"Mayurakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurakshi_River"},{"link_name":"Brahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmani_River_(Birbhum)"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakreshwar_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-land-1"},{"link_name":"land reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-land-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jaydev Kenduli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaydev_Kenduli"},{"link_name":"Chandidas Nanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor"},{"link_name":"Visva-Bharati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University"},{"link_name":"Santiniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient Rarh region. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The area has mostly loose reddish lateritic low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the Ajay, Bakreshwar, Mayurakshi and Brahmani, have soft alluvial soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.[1] From 1977 onwards majorland reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.[2] In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.[1] The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.[3] Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as Jaydev Kenduli and Chandidas Nanoor, is home to Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan, having close association with two Nobel laureates – Rabindranath Tagore and Amartya Sen.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birbhum_district_map.svg"},{"link_name":"23°43′N 87°52′E / 23.71°N 87.86°E / 23.71; 87.86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nanoor_(community_development_block)¶ms=23.71_N_87.86_E_"},{"link_name":"interfluves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfluve"},{"link_name":"Mayurakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurakshi_River"},{"link_name":"Ajay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Labpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labpur_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Ketugram I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketugram_I_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Mongalkote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongalkote_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"Bolpur Sriniketan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolpur_Sriniketan"},{"link_name":"Ajay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"panchayat samity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)"},{"link_name":"gram panchayats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_panchayat"},{"link_name":"mouzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouza"},{"link_name":"Nanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor#Police_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gram panchayats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_panchayat"},{"link_name":"panchayat Samiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.Nanoor is located at 23°43′N 87°52′E / 23.71°N 87.86°E / 23.71; 87.86.Nanoor CD Block is part of the Suri-Bolpur Plain, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions of Birbhum district. It covers the interfluves of the Mayurakshi and Ajay rivers, in the south-eastern part of the district. This area exhibits somewhat upland topography sloping from north-west to south-east.[5]Nanoor CD Block is bounded by Labpur CD Block on the north, Ketugram I and Mongalkote CD Block, in Purba Bardhaman district, on the east and south, and Bolpur Sriniketan CD Block on the west. On the south Mangalkote CD Block is across the Ajay.[6]Nanoor CD Block has an area of 311.83 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 11 gram panchayats, 120 gram sansads (village councils), 137 mouzas and 131 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook Birbhum 2008.Nanoor police station serves this block.[7] Headquarters of this CD Block is at Nanoor.[8]Gram panchayats of Nanoor block/panchayat Samiti are: Bara-Saota, Chandidas-Nanoor, Charkalgram, Daskalgram-Kareya I, Daskalgram-Kareya II, Jalundi, Kirnahar I, Kirnahar II, Nowanagar Kodda, Thupsar and Uchkaran.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor"},{"link_name":"Chandidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandidas"},{"link_name":"Vaishnava Padavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India9-11"}],"sub_title":"Chandidas","text":"Nanoor is the birthplace of 14th century lyric poet Chandidas of Vaishnava Padavali fame.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanoor massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor_massacre"},{"link_name":"Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress"},{"link_name":"CPI (M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetelegraph20101111-12"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-13"}],"sub_title":"Nanoor massacre","text":"In the Nanoor massacre, 11 farmers owing allegiance to Trinamool Congress were killed at Suchpur, Nanoor, on 27 July 2000. In 2010, a Suri court sentenced 44 people to life imprisonment in the case. It included 4 CPI (M) members (including a Zonal Committee member) and 40 party supporters. According to press reports, it was the first time that so many people were given punishment in a single case in West Bengal. Press reports further said that the clash was over the right to cultivate a 4-bigha plot. The hacking to death of 11 farmers, also happen to be the biggest toll in a political clash in West Bengal in recent memory.[12]The Hindu wrote, “On a long term, the killings, symbolising the birth of a new theatre of violence after Keshpur in district Midnapore - where deaths and maiming in political clashes have become a bizarre routine - constitute an extremely disturbing augury for the society in Bengal.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Census Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_Town"},{"link_name":"Parota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parota,_Birbhum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-14"},{"link_name":"Kirnahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirnahar"},{"link_name":"Chandidas Nanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-14"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"As per the 2011 Census of India, Nanoor CD Block had a total population of 218,654, of which 213,387 were rural and 5,267 were urban. There were 112,185 (51%) males and 106,469 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 26,040. Scheduled Castes numbered 71,153 (32.54%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 5,221 (2.39%).[14]As per 2011 census, Nanoor block had a total population of 218,543, out of which 111,974 were males and 106,569 were females. Nanoor Block registered a population growth of 11.30 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.[15] Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.[16]Census Town in Nanoor CD Block is (2011 census figures in brackets): Parota (5,267).[14]Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Nanoor CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Daskalgram (4,377), Kirnahar (7,103), Papuri (5,148), Charkalgram (5,344), Chandidas Nanoor (8,399), Baliguni (4,039), Sajnor (4,274) and Brahmankhanda (5,842).[14]Other villages in Nanoor CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Pakurhans (3,999), Thupsara (3,419), Nawanagar (1,438), Uchkaran (3,486), Bara (2,448), Saota (3,704), Karea (2,349), Jalandi (2,433), Kadda (704).[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gender disparity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy#Gender_disparities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-14"},{"link_name":"List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate"}],"sub_title":"Literacy","text":"As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Nanoor CD Block was 133,769 (69.45% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,095 (74.87% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 59,674 (63.72% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.56%.[14]See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-17"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Santali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-19"}],"sub_title":"Language and religion","text":"Religion in Nanoor CD block (2011)[17]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHinduism\n \n64.71%\n\n\nIslam\n \n34.97%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.32%In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 141,490 and formed 64.71% of the population in Nanoor CD Block. Muslims numbered 76,457 and formed 34.97% of the population. Christians numbered 443 and formed 0.20% of the population. Others numbered 264 and formed 0.12% of the population.[17]The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.[18]Languages in Nanoor CD block (2011)[19]\n\n Bengali (98.15%) Santali (1.77%) Others (0.08%)At the time of the 2011 census, 98.15% of the population spoke Bengali and 1.77% Santali as their first language.[19]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of BPL households in Nanoor CD Block was 34.7%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)[20]","title":"Rural poverty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Factories Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factories_Act,1948,_India"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Livelihood","text":"Livelihoodin Nanoor CD Block\n\n Cultivators (24.74%) Agricultural labourers (48.61%) Household industries (3.36%) Other Workers (23.30%)In Nanoor CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 20,157 and formed 24.74%, agricultural labourers numbered 39,608 and formed 48.61%, household industry workers numbered 2,738 and formed 3.36% and other workers numbered 18,958 and formed 23.30%.[21] Total workers numbered 81,488 and formed 37.27% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 137,166 and formed 62.73% of the population.[22]Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teacher\ns, entertainment artistes and so on.[23]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Infrastructure","text":"There are 130 inhabited villages in Nanoor CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 129 villages (99.23%) have drinking water supply. 31 villages (23.85%) have post offices. 121 villages (93.08%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 51 villages (39.23%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 55 villages (42.31%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 9 villages (6.92%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (6.15%) have banks.[24]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"land reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_India"},{"link_name":"bargadars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargadar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"fair price shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_distribution_system"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"},{"link_name":"Aman paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Ecotypes_and_cultivars"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004–05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Nanoor CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 9,255 (15.53%), patta (document) holders 9.776 (16.41%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3,550 (5.96%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 8,360 (14.03%) and agricultural labourers 28,639 (48.07%).[25]Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009–10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.[26][27]In 2013–14, there were 45 fertiliser depots, 6 seed stores and 25 fair price shops in Nanoor CD block.[28]In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block produced 75,113 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 24,949 hectares, 2,182 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 978 hectares, 24,377 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 7,134 hectares, 3,721 tonnes of wheat from 1,448 hectares, 14,403 tonnes of potatoes from 832 hectares and 3,275 tonnes of sugar cane from 49 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.[28]In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Nanoor CD block was 6,000 hectares, out of which 2,500 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 2,000 hectares by tank water, 100 hectares by river lift irrigation and 1,400 hectares by shallow tube wells.[28]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gramin banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Rural_Bank"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"}],"sub_title":"Banking","text":"In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks.[28]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakreshwar_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Other sectors","text":"According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.[29]The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”[30]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backward Regions Grant Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_Regions_Grant_Fund"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Backward Regions Grant Fund","text":"Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.[31][32]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_6_(West_Bengal)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Nanoor CD block has 8 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 10 km from the CD block headquarters.[28]SH 6, running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district), passes through Nanoor CD Block.[33]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dwija Chandidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwija_Chandidas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"A fair is organized annually, on the occasion of dol purnima (full moon), on the bank of the Dontapukur at Nanoor in memory of Dwija Chandidas and Rajakini (washerwoman) Tami. It is called Chandidas Mela.[34]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chandidas Mahavidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandidas_Mahavidyalaya"},{"link_name":"Khujutipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khujutipara"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In 2013–14, Nanoor CD block had 159 primary schools with 12,606 students, 21 middle schools with 2,144 students, 16 high schools with 8,968 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 12,684 students. Nanoor CD Block had 1 general degree college with 2,345 students, 3 technical/ professional institutions with 249 students and 337 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,900 students.[28]As per the 2011 census, in Nanoor CD Block, amongst the 130 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have a school, 39 villages had more than 1 primary school, 45 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 28 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 11 villages had senior secondary schools. There was 1 degree college for arts, science and commerce in Nanoor CD Block.[35]Chandidas Mahavidyalaya was established at Khujutipara in 1972.[36]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2014-28"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoor"},{"link_name":"primary health centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Health_Centre_(India)"},{"link_name":"Khujutipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khujutipara"},{"link_name":"Kirnahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirnahar"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"In 2014, Nanoor CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 48 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 34 family welfare subcentres. 3,008 patients were treated indoor and 56,528 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.[28]As per 2011 census, in Nanoor CD Block, 6 villages had community health centres, 9 villages had primary health centres, 35 villages had primary health subcentres, 9 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 8 villages had veterinary hospitals, 18 villages had medicine shops and out of the 130 inhabited villages 62 villages had no medical facilities.[37]Nanoor Rural Hospital at Nanoor has 30 beds. There are primary health centres at Banagram (PO Nanoor) (6 beds), Khujutipara (10 beds) and Kirnahar (10 beds).[38][39][40]","title":"Healthcare"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Birbhum_district_map.svg/400px-Birbhum_district_map.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas\". (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm","url_text":"\"District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas\""},{"url":"http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B\" (PDF). Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page 15: Physiography. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tehsil Map of Birbhum\". CD Block/ Tehsil. Maps of India. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html","url_text":"\"Tehsil Map of Birbhum\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum\" (PDF). Tables 2.1, 2.2. Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B\" (PDF). Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal\". Birbhum - Revised in March 2008. Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx","url_text":"\"Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nanoor\". Birbhum district administration. Retrieved 2007-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://birbhum.gov.in/birtour2.htm","url_text":"\"Nanoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nanoor\". india9.com. Retrieved 2007-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nonoor-29557.htm","url_text":"\"Nanoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"CPM 44 given life term in Nanoor killing\". The Telegraph. ABP Pvt. Limited. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095904/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101112/jsp/bengal/story_13166803.jsp","url_text":"\"CPM 44 given life term in Nanoor killing\""},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101112/jsp/bengal/story_13166803.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Landless in W. Bengal tilting towards Trinamool Congress\". The Hindu, 30 July 2000. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 2007-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101114022821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/30/stories/0230000l.htm","url_text":"\"Landless in W. Bengal tilting towards Trinamool Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)\". 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html","url_text":"\"C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8)\". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm","url_text":"\"Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8)\""},{"url":"http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4\". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. 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Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood\" (PDF). Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haylie_McCleney | Haylie McCleney | ["1 Career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Statistics","5 References","6 External links"] | American softball player
Baseball player
Haylie McCleneyOutfielderBorn: (1994-07-11)July 11, 1994Morris, AlabamaBats: LeftThrows: Left
Teams
Alabama (2013–2016)
USSSA Pride (2016)
Texas Charge (2017)
Scrap Yard Fast Pitch (2018–2020)
Team USA (2016–present)
Career highlights and awards
2× World Champion (2016, 2018)
Alabama career batter average leader (.447)
3× First Team All-American (2014-2016)
Second Team All-American (2013)
Medals
Women's softball
Representing United States
Olympic Games
2020 Tokyo
Team
World Games
2022 Birmingham
Team
Pan American Games
2019 Lima
Team
2023 Santiago
Team
2015 Toronto
Team
Haylie McCleney (born July 11, 1994) is an American professional softball outfielder. She played college softball for Alabama. She represented the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal. She most recently played in the Athletes Unlimited Softball league.
Career
McCleney played college softball for Alabama from 2013 to 2016, earning Second Team and three First Team All-SEC honors. She was also named a Second Team and three First Team All-American from the National Fastpitch Coaches Association. McCleney would end her career with the Alabama Crimson Tide batting crown and a member of the elite .400 average, 300 hits, 200 runs, 100 stolen bases club.
She played in the inaugural season of Athletes Unlimited Softball league.
International career
McCleney has been a member of the United States women's national softball team since 2013. She represented Team USA at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal. She led Team USA in batting average, batting .529 throughout the 2020 Olympics with nine hits and four runs in six games, her hits leading the tournament. Team USA was defeated by Team Japan in the gold medal game 2–0, where she was shutout at the plate. Following the tournament, she was named to the WBSC All-Olympic softball team.
On August 31, 2023, McCleney was named to the U.S. women's national team for the 2023 Pan American Games.
Personal life
McCleney is engaged to former Florida State softball pitcher Kylee Hanson. They were engaged in February 2019.
Statistics
Alabama Crimson Tide
YEAR
G
AB
R
H
BA
RBI
HR
3B
2B
TB
SLG
BB
SO
SB
SBA
2013
60
185
68
86
.465
41
4
4
14
120
.648%
32
10
30
31
2014
65
198
70
88
.444
42
10
4
12
138
.697%
50
12
34
37
2015
63
165
69
72
.436
47
8
3
14
116
.703%
61
9
32
34
2016
60
152
72
67
.441
32
5
5
17
109
.717%
56
14
22
23
TOTALS
248
700
279
313
.447
162
27
16
57
483
.690%
199
45
118
125
Team USA
YEAR
G
AB
R
H
BA
RBI
HR
3B
2B
TB
SLG
BB
SO
SB
2020
11
32
14
16
.500
7
0
3
3
25
.781%
7
1
5
2021
31
101
31
40
.396
22
9
5
4
81
.802%
16
9
9
Olympics
6
17
3
9
.529
0
0
1
0
11
.647%
4
1
2
TOTAL
48
150
48
65
.433
29
9
9
7
117
.780%
27
11
16
Athletes Unlimited Softball
YEAR
G
AB
R
H
BA
RBI
HR
3B
2B
TB
SLG
BB
SO
SB
2020
15
53
6
21
.396
13
6
0
3
42
.792%
5
6
1
References
^ "2016 Softball Roster Haylie McCleney". Rolltide.com. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "2013 NFCA Division I All-Americans". NFCA.org. 29 May 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "2014 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS". NFCA.org. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "2015 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS". NFCA.org. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "2016 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS". NFCA.org. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
^ "Alabama Softball 2019 Media Guide" (PDF). rolltide.com. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "Athletes Unlimited final act of strange 2020 for Team USA". ESPN.com. 2020-08-28. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
^ "JPN 2, USA 0". olympicssoftball.wbsc.org. 2021-07-27. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
^ "McCleney". olympicssoftball.wbsc.org. 2021-07-27. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "2020 U.S. Olympic Softball Team". Teamusa.org. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "United States".
^ "Japan's Yamato Fujita named Tokyo 2020 softball MVP as All-Olympic team revealed".
^ "USA Softball announces 16-player Women's National Team roster set to represent Team USA at 2023 Pan American Games". usasoftball.com. August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
^ Reimer, Alex (2020-07-07). "Team USA softball star Haylie McCleney comes out as gay". Retrieved July 8, 2020.
^ "Player Stats". ausports.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
External links
Official website
Haylie McCleney on X
vte United States roster – 2020 Summer Olympics silver medalists
1 Aubree Munro
2 Ali Aguilar
3 Ally Carda
4 Amanda Chidester
7 Kelsey Stewart
8 Haylie McCleney
9 Janie Reed
14 Monica Abbott
16 Michelle Moultrie
20 Valerie Arioto
21 Rachel Garcia
34 Dejah Mulipola
38 Cat Osterman
48 Bubba Nickles
99 Delaney Spaulding
Manager: 0 Ken Eriksen
Coaches: Laura Berg
Howard Dobson
Tairia Flowers
Heather Tarr
vteNCAA Division I Softball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year
1988: Sippel
1989: Harvey
1990: Whitton
1991: Venorsky
1992: Ruth O'Dell
1993: Williams
1994: Graziano
1995: Brundage
1996: Knotts
1997: O'Brien
1998: Evans
1999: Polonius
2000: Moran
2001: Carlson
2002: Myers
2003: Cross
2004: Jaspers
2005: Meyer
2006: Schutzler
2007: Schutzler
2008: Tincher
2009: Nelson
2010: Bramlett
2011: Brignac
2012: Brignac
2013: Chavanne
2014: Renfroe
2015: McCleney
2016: McCleney
2017: Cooper
2018: Barnhill
2019: Hemphill
2020: Lindaman
2021: Hemphill
2022: Corrick
2023: Rogers
2024: Brito | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"college softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_softball"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_softball_team"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athletes Unlimited Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletes_Unlimited_Softball"}],"text":"Baseball playerHaylie McCleney (born July 11, 1994) is an American professional softball outfielder. She played college softball for Alabama. She represented the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal. 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They were engaged in February 2019.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"[15]","title":"Statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 Softball Roster Haylie McCleney\". Rolltide.com. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rolltide.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1316","url_text":"\"2016 Softball Roster Haylie McCleney\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 NFCA Division I All-Americans\". NFCA.org. 29 May 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nfca.org/awards/nfca-all-americans/2013-d1-all-americans-5484","url_text":"\"2013 NFCA Division I All-Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS\". NFCA.org. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nfca.org/category/ncaa-i?awarddivision=ncaa-i&awardtype=all-american&awardyear=2014","url_text":"\"2014 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS\". NFCA.org. 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Retrieved September 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usasoftball.com/news/2023/08/31/usa-softball-announces-16-player-womens-national-team-roster-set-to-represent-team-usa-at-2023-pan-american-games/","url_text":"\"USA Softball announces 16-player Women's National Team roster set to represent Team USA at 2023 Pan American Games\""}]},{"reference":"Reimer, Alex (2020-07-07). \"Team USA softball star Haylie McCleney comes out as gay\". Retrieved July 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outsports.com/2020/7/7/21315947/hayley-mccleney-softball-coming-out","url_text":"\"Team USA softball star Haylie McCleney comes out as gay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Stats\". ausports.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850s_in_association_football | 1850s in association football | ["1 Events","1.1 1857","1.2 1858","1.3 1859","2 Births","2.1 Unknown","2.2 1850","2.3 1851","2.4 1852","2.5 1853","2.6 1854","2.7 1855","2.8 1856","2.9 1857","2.10 1858","2.11 1859","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | Events of the 1850s in association football
Overview of the events of the 1850s in association football
List of years in association football
… 1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
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1860 …
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The following are events in the 1850s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.
Events
1857
Charles W. Alcock
24 October – Foundation of Sheffield FC. The club is officially regarded by the FA and FIFA governing bodies as the world's oldest association football club. It is the oldest documented non-university club in any code of football.
1858
28 October – Final approval of the Laws of Sheffield Football Club which became known via several revisions as the Sheffield Rules. Originally created and maintained by Sheffield FC, responsibility for the rules passed to Sheffield & Hallamshire County Football Association upon its creation in 1867. They co-existed with the Football Association (FA) rules from 1863 until 1877 when the two codes were unified. The first version applied strict limits to handling of the ball but did allow the fair catch (earning a free kick). A goal could only be scored by kicking the ball, but not from a free kick. There was no offside rule but there were rules about the throw-in and the goal kick. There was no definition of goal size or structure, and no mention of team numbers. Besides carrying the ball by hand, certain other Rugby School practices were forbidden including hacking and holding opponents.
1859
Foundation of Wanderers FC by a group of Old Harrovians including Charles W. Alcock. The club was originally called Forest Football Club and changed its name to Wanderers in 1864.
Births
Unknown
c.1850 – William Gibb (d. unknown), Scotland international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.
c.1850 – John Hunter (d. 1891), Scotland international in four matches (1874–1877).
c.1850 – Sandy Kennedy (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches (1875–1884).
c.1855 – David Davidson (d. unknown), Scotland international in five matches (1878–1881).
c.1855 – John Kay (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches, scoring five goals (1880–1884).
c.1855 – George Ker (d. unknown), Scotland international in five matches, scoring ten goals including a hat-trick against England in March 1880 (1880–1882).
1850
1 January – Charles Chenery (d. 1928), England international 1872–1874 who played in the first three official international matches; also a county cricketer.
13 March – Alfred Goodwyn (d. 1874), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match; the first international footballer to die.
14 March – Francis Birley (d. 1910), England international in 1874 and 1875; a three-time winner of the FA Cup.
23 April – Arnold Kirke Smith (d. 1927), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.
27 May – Charles Morice (d. 1932), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.
15 June – Charlie Clegg (d. 1937), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match; later both chairman and president of The Football Association (The FA).
19 July – Cuthbert Ottaway (d. 1878), England international in 1872 and 1874 as team captain in the first and third official international matches; also a county cricketer.
16 December – Joseph Taylor (d. 1888), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match and, until 1876, made six international appearances.
1851
March – Jimmy Lang (d. unknown), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1876–1878).
28 April – P. G. von Donop (d. 1921), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and in 1875, made two appearances.
30 April – John Blackburn (d. 1927), Scotland international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.
7 October – Alexander Bonsor (d. 1907), England international 1873–1875 made two appearances; twice an FA Cup winner with The Wanderers.
17 October – Reginald Courtenay Welch (d. 1939), England international in 1872 and 1874 who played in the first and third official international matches; twice an FA Cup winner with The Wanderers.
23 November – Jerry Weir (d. 1887), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match; made four international appearances.
25 December – James J. Thomson (d. 1915), Scotland international 1872–1874 who played in the first three official international matches.
unknown date – John McGregor (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches (1877–1880).
1852
18 January – Billy MacKinnon (d. 1942), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match and, until 1879, made nine appearances.
30 January – Hubert Heron (d. 1914), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and, until 1878, made five appearances.
21 April – William Clegg (d. 1932), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and in 1879 against Wales; brother of Charlie Clegg.
unknown date – William Ker (d. 1925), Scotland international in 1872–73 who played in the first two official international matches.
unknown date – Jack Hunter (d. 1903), England international in seven matches from 1878 to 1882; an early professional who was player-coach with Blackburn Olympic when they won the FA Cup in 1883.
1853
14 March – Arthur Cursham (d. 1884), England international forward in six matches (1876–1883), scoring two goals.
18 March – William Maynard (d. 1921), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.
3 September – Walpole Vidal (d. 1914), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.
unknown date – Harry McNeil (d. 1924), Scotland international in ten matches, scoring six goals (1874–1881).
unknown date – Thomas Highet (d. 1907), Scotland international in four matches (1875–1878).
unknown date – Alex McLintock (d. 1931), Scotland international in three matches (1875–1880).
unknown date – Robert Neill (d. 1928), Scotland international in five matches (1876–1880).
unknown date – John McDougall (d. 1925), Scotland international in five matches, scoring four goals (1877–1879).
1854
25 January – Segar Bastard (d. 1921), England international in 1880 (one match); also a noted referee.
10 March – Alex McGeoch (d. 1922), Scotland international in four matches (1876–1877).
unknown date – Charles Campbell (d. 1927), Scotland international in 13 matches, as captain in nine (1874–1886).
1855
1 June – Walter Buchanan (d. 1926), England international in 1876 (one match); played for Clapham Rovers.
4 July – Francis Sparks (d. 1934), England international forward in three matches (1879–1880), scoring three goals.
12 August – John Smith (d. 1934), Scotland international in ten matches, scoring ten goals (1877–1884).
7 December – Stuart Macrae (d. 1927), England international half-back in six matches (1883–1884).
unknown date – William Davies (d. 1916), Wales international in four matches (1876–1880) who scored the first-ever goal for Wales.
unknown date – John McPherson (d. 1934), Scotland international in eight matches (1879–1885).
1856
6 March – Horace Barnet (d. 1941), England international in 1882 (one match); played for Royal Engineers.
24 May – Andrew Watson (d. 1921), Scotland international in three matches (1881–1882), believed to have been the first black player at international level.
27 May – Tom Vallance (d. 1935), Scotland international in seven matches (1877–1881) and an early captain of Rangers.
27 July – John Baird (d. 1902), Scotland international in three matches (1876–1880).
12 November – Joe Beverley (d. 1897), England international in 1884 (three matches); an early professional player for both Blackburn Olympic and Blackburn Rovers.
1857
9 July – Norman Bailey (d. 1923), England international in 19 matches from 1878 to 1887.
23 July – Lindsay Bury (d. 1935), England international in two matches from 1877 to 1879.
1858
22 March – James Richmond (d. 1898), Scotland international in three matches (1877–1882).
30 July – Charles Bambridge (d. 1935), England international in 18 matches (scoring eleven goals) from 1879 to 1887.
13 November – Joseph Lindsay (d. 1933), Scotland international in eight matches, scoring six goals (1880–1886).
27 November – William Beveridge (d. 1941), Scotland international in three matches (1879–1880).
unknown date – Alfred Dobson (d. 1932), England international full-back in four matches (1882–1884).
unknown date – Peter Miller (d. 1914), Scotland international in three matches (1882–1883).
1859
2 January – Billy Mosforth (d. 1929), England international in nine matches from 1877 to 1882.
14 January – Albemarle Swepstone (d. 1907), England international goalkeeper in six matches (1880–1883).
15 March – Arthur Brown (d. 1909), England international in three matches (scoring four goals), all in 1882.
9 April – Bob Roberts (d. 1929), England international goalkeeper in three matches (1887–1890).
29 April – Rupert Anderson (d. 1944), England international goalkeeper for one match in 1879.
6 June – William McKinnon (d. 1899), Scotland international in four matches (1883–1884).
22 June – George Gillespie (d. 1900), Scotland international goalkeeper in seven matches (1880–1891).
6 October – George Holden (d. 1925), England international forward in four matches (1881–1884).
4 November – Andrew Holm (d. unknown), Scotland international in three matches (1882–1883).
27 November – Harry Cursham (d. 1941), England international forward in eight matches (1880–1884), scoring five goals.
References
^ "A slice of Sheffield". FIFA News. FIFA. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
^ Young, pp. 15–17.
^ Farnsworth, pp. 21–22.
^ Hutton, Steven; Curry, Graham; Goodman, Peter (2007). Sheffield FC. At Heart Limited. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84-547174-3.
^ Tims, Richard (2011). "The Birth of Modern Football: The Earliest Rules and Historic Archive of the World's First Football Club". Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ "Meeting of the Sheffield Football Association". Sheffield and Rotherham Independent. lxi (5722): 7. 24 April 1877.
^ Curry, Graham; Dunning, Eric (2015). Association Football: A Study in Figurational Sociology. London: Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-13-882851-3.
^ Murphy, pp. 41–47.
^ Sanders, p. 42.
Bibliography
Farnsworth, Keith (1995). Sheffield Football: A History. Volume 1, 1857–1961. Sheffield: Hallamshire Press. ISBN 978-1-87-471813-0.
Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. ISBN 978-1-89-980756-7.
Sanders, Richard (2009). Beastly Fury – The Strange Birth of British Football. London: Transworld. ISBN 978-0-55-381935-9.
Young, Percy M. (1964). Football in Sheffield. San Francisco: Dark Peak. ISBN 978-0-95-062724-3.
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2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Rules"},{"link_name":"English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_England"}],"text":"Overview of the events of the 1850s in association footballThe following are events in the 1850s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.","title":"1850s in association football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ranji_1897_page_364-2_Charles_W._Alcock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Alcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Alcock"},{"link_name":"Sheffield FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"any code of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1857","text":"Charles W. Alcock24 October – Foundation of Sheffield FC. The club is officially regarded by the FA and FIFA governing bodies as the world's oldest association football club. It is the oldest documented non-university club in any code of football.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Rules"},{"link_name":"Sheffield & Hallamshire County Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_%26_Hallamshire_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fair catch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_catch"},{"link_name":"free kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"offside rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"throw-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throw-in"},{"link_name":"goal kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_kick"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1858","text":"28 October – Final approval of the Laws of Sheffield Football Club which became known via several revisions as the Sheffield Rules. Originally created and maintained by Sheffield FC, responsibility for the rules passed to Sheffield & Hallamshire County Football Association upon its creation in 1867. They co-existed with the Football Association (FA) rules from 1863 until 1877 when the two codes were unified.[5][6] The first version applied strict limits to handling of the ball but did allow the fair catch (earning a free kick). A goal could only be scored by kicking the ball, but not from a free kick. There was no offside rule but there were rules about the throw-in and the goal kick. There was no definition of goal size or structure, and no mention of team numbers. Besides carrying the ball by hand, certain other Rugby School practices were forbidden including hacking and holding opponents.[7][8]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanderers FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Harrovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Alcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Alcock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"1859","text":"Foundation of Wanderers FC by a group of Old Harrovians including Charles W. Alcock. The club was originally called Forest Football Club and changed its name to Wanderers in 1864.[9]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibb_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"John Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(Third_Lanark_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"David Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davidson_(Queen%27s_Park_footballer)"},{"link_name":"John Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kay_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"George Ker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ker"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"}],"sub_title":"Unknown","text":"c.1850 – William Gibb (d. unknown), Scotland international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.\nc.1850 – John Hunter (d. 1891), Scotland international in four matches (1874–1877).\nc.1850 – Sandy Kennedy (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches (1875–1884).\nc.1855 – David Davidson (d. unknown), Scotland international in five matches (1878–1881).\nc.1855 – John Kay (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches, scoring five goals (1880–1884).\nc.1855 – George Ker (d. unknown), Scotland international in five matches, scoring ten goals including a hat-trick against England in March 1880 (1880–1882).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Chenery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chenery"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Alfred Goodwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodwyn"},{"link_name":"Francis Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birley"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Arnold Kirke Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Kirke_Smith"},{"link_name":"first official international match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Scotland_v_England_football_match"},{"link_name":"Charles Morice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morice"},{"link_name":"Charlie Clegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clegg_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Ottaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Ottaway"},{"link_name":"Joseph Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1850)"}],"sub_title":"1850","text":"1 January – Charles Chenery (d. 1928), England international 1872–1874 who played in the first three official international matches; also a county cricketer.\n13 March – Alfred Goodwyn (d. 1874), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match; the first international footballer to die.\n14 March – Francis Birley (d. 1910), England international in 1874 and 1875; a three-time winner of the FA Cup.\n23 April – Arnold Kirke Smith (d. 1927), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.\n27 May – Charles Morice (d. 1932), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.\n15 June – Charlie Clegg (d. 1937), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match; later both chairman and president of The Football Association (The FA).\n19 July – Cuthbert Ottaway (d. 1878), England international in 1872 and 1874 as team captain in the first and third official international matches; also a county cricketer.\n16 December – Joseph Taylor (d. 1888), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match and, until 1876, made six international appearances.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lang"},{"link_name":"P. G. von Donop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._von_Donop"},{"link_name":"John Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blackburn_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bonsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bonsor"},{"link_name":"The Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reginald Courtenay Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Courtenay_Welch"},{"link_name":"Jerry Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Weir"},{"link_name":"James J. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Thomson"},{"link_name":"John McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGregor_(footballer,_born_1851)"}],"sub_title":"1851","text":"March – Jimmy Lang (d. unknown), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1876–1878).\n28 April – P. G. von Donop (d. 1921), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and in 1875, made two appearances.\n30 April – John Blackburn (d. 1927), Scotland international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.\n7 October – Alexander Bonsor (d. 1907), England international 1873–1875 made two appearances; twice an FA Cup winner with The Wanderers.\n17 October – Reginald Courtenay Welch (d. 1939), England international in 1872 and 1874 who played in the first and third official international matches; twice an FA Cup winner with The Wanderers.\n23 November – Jerry Weir (d. 1887), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match; made four international appearances.\n25 December – James J. Thomson (d. 1915), Scotland international 1872–1874 who played in the first three official international matches.\nunknown date – John McGregor (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches (1877–1880).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Hubert Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Heron"},{"link_name":"William Clegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clegg_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"William Ker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hunter_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Olympic_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"}],"sub_title":"1852","text":"18 January – Billy MacKinnon (d. 1942), Scotland international in 1872 who played in the first official international match and, until 1879, made nine appearances.\n30 January – Hubert Heron (d. 1914), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and, until 1878, made five appearances.\n21 April – William Clegg (d. 1932), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match and in 1879 against Wales; brother of Charlie Clegg.\nunknown date – William Ker (d. 1925), Scotland international in 1872–73 who played in the first two official international matches.\nunknown date – Jack Hunter (d. 1903), England international in seven matches from 1878 to 1882; an early professional who was player-coach with Blackburn Olympic when they won the FA Cup in 1883.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Cursham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cursham"},{"link_name":"William Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maynard_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Walpole Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Harry McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Thomas Highet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Highet"},{"link_name":"Alex McLintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McLintock"},{"link_name":"Robert Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Neill"},{"link_name":"John McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDougall_(footballer,_born_1853)"}],"sub_title":"1853","text":"14 March – Arthur Cursham (d. 1884), England international forward in six matches (1876–1883), scoring two goals.\n18 March – William Maynard (d. 1921), England international in 1872 who played in the first official international match.\n3 September – Walpole Vidal (d. 1914), England international in 1873 who played in the second official international match.\nunknown date – Harry McNeil (d. 1924), Scotland international in ten matches, scoring six goals (1874–1881).\nunknown date – Thomas Highet (d. 1907), Scotland international in four matches (1875–1878).\nunknown date – Alex McLintock (d. 1931), Scotland international in three matches (1875–1880).\nunknown date – Robert Neill (d. 1928), Scotland international in five matches (1876–1880).\nunknown date – John McDougall (d. 1925), Scotland international in five matches, scoring four goals (1877–1879).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segar Bastard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segar_Bastard"},{"link_name":"Alex McGeoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McGeoch"},{"link_name":"Charles Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Campbell_(footballer)"}],"sub_title":"1854","text":"25 January – Segar Bastard (d. 1921), England international in 1880 (one match); also a noted referee.\n10 March – Alex McGeoch (d. 1922), Scotland international in four matches (1876–1877).\nunknown date – Charles Campbell (d. 1927), Scotland international in 13 matches, as captain in nine (1874–1886).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buchanan_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Clapham Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Francis Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Sparks"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(footballer,_born_1855)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Macrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macrae_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"William Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davies_(footballer,_born_1855)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"John McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPherson_(footballer,_born_1855)"}],"sub_title":"1855","text":"1 June – Walter Buchanan (d. 1926), England international in 1876 (one match); played for Clapham Rovers.\n4 July – Francis Sparks (d. 1934), England international forward in three matches (1879–1880), scoring three goals.\n12 August – John Smith (d. 1934), Scotland international in ten matches, scoring ten goals (1877–1884).\n7 December – Stuart Macrae (d. 1927), England international half-back in six matches (1883–1884).\nunknown date – William Davies (d. 1916), Wales international in four matches (1876–1880) who scored the first-ever goal for Wales.\nunknown date – John McPherson (d. 1934), Scotland international in eight matches (1879–1885).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Andrew Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Watson_(footballer,_born_1856)"},{"link_name":"black player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"Tom Vallance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Vallance"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_Baird"},{"link_name":"Joe Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Beverley"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Olympic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."}],"sub_title":"1856","text":"6 March – Horace Barnet (d. 1941), England international in 1882 (one match); played for Royal Engineers.\n24 May – Andrew Watson (d. 1921), Scotland international in three matches (1881–1882), believed to have been the first black player at international level.\n27 May – Tom Vallance (d. 1935), Scotland international in seven matches (1877–1881) and an early captain of Rangers.\n27 July – John Baird (d. 1902), Scotland international in three matches (1876–1880).\n12 November – Joe Beverley (d. 1897), England international in 1884 (three matches); an early professional player for both Blackburn Olympic and Blackburn Rovers.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bailey_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Bury"}],"sub_title":"1857","text":"9 July – Norman Bailey (d. 1923), England international in 19 matches from 1878 to 1887.\n23 July – Lindsay Bury (d. 1935), England international in two matches from 1877 to 1879.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Richmond_(footballer,_born_1858)"},{"link_name":"Charles Bambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bambridge"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"William Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dobson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Miller_(footballer,_born_1858)"}],"sub_title":"1858","text":"22 March – James Richmond (d. 1898), Scotland international in three matches (1877–1882).\n30 July – Charles Bambridge (d. 1935), England international in 18 matches (scoring eleven goals) from 1879 to 1887.\n13 November – Joseph Lindsay (d. 1933), Scotland international in eight matches, scoring six goals (1880–1886).\n27 November – William Beveridge (d. 1941), Scotland international in three matches (1879–1880).\nunknown date – Alfred Dobson (d. 1932), England international full-back in four matches (1882–1884).\nunknown date – Peter Miller (d. 1914), Scotland international in three matches (1882–1883).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Mosforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mosforth"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Swepstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Swepstone"},{"link_name":"Arthur Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(footballer,_born_1858)"},{"link_name":"Bob Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Roberts_(footballer,_born_1859)"},{"link_name":"Rupert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Anderson"},{"link_name":"William McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinnon_(footballer,_born_1859)"},{"link_name":"George Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gillespie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"George Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Holden_(footballer,_born_1859)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Holm"},{"link_name":"Harry Cursham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cursham"}],"sub_title":"1859","text":"2 January – Billy Mosforth (d. 1929), England international in nine matches from 1877 to 1882.\n14 January – Albemarle Swepstone (d. 1907), England international goalkeeper in six matches (1880–1883).\n15 March – Arthur Brown (d. 1909), England international in three matches (scoring four goals), all in 1882.\n9 April – Bob Roberts (d. 1929), England international goalkeeper in three matches (1887–1890).\n29 April – Rupert Anderson (d. 1944), England international goalkeeper for one match in 1879.\n6 June – William McKinnon (d. 1899), Scotland international in four matches (1883–1884).\n22 June – George Gillespie (d. 1900), Scotland international goalkeeper in seven matches (1880–1891).\n6 October – George Holden (d. 1925), England international forward in four matches (1881–1884).\n4 November – Andrew Holm (d. unknown), Scotland international in three matches (1882–1883).\n27 November – Harry Cursham (d. 1941), England international forward in eight matches (1880–1884), scoring five goals.","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-87-471813-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-87-471813-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-89-980756-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-89-980756-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-55-381935-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-55-381935-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-95-062724-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-062724-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Association_football_chronology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Association_football_chronology"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_football_chronology"},{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Professionalism in association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionalism_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"Geography of men's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_association_football"},{"link_name":"Geography of women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_association_football"},{"link_name":"Capeverdean football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cape_Verdean_football"},{"link_name":"English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_English_football"},{"link_name":"Malian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Malian_football"},{"link_name":"Senegalese football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Senegalese_football"},{"link_name":"Scottish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"USA soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Prehistory of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_association_football"},{"link_name":"History of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_association_football"},{"link_name":"History of 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Keith (1995). Sheffield Football: A History. Volume 1, 1857–1961. Sheffield: Hallamshire Press. ISBN 978-1-87-471813-0.\nMurphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. ISBN 978-1-89-980756-7.\nSanders, Richard (2009). Beastly Fury – The Strange Birth of British Football. London: Transworld. ISBN 978-0-55-381935-9.\nYoung, Percy M. (1964). Football in Sheffield. San Francisco: Dark Peak. ISBN 978-0-95-062724-3.vteAssociation football chronologyOverviews\nProfessionalism in association football\nGeography of men's football\nGeography of women's football\nTimelines\nFootball\nCapeverdean football\nEnglish football\nMalian football\nSenegalese football\nScottish football\nUSA soccer\nHistory\nPrehistory of football\nHistory of football\nHistory of FIFA\nBy decade\n1820s\n1830s\n1840s\n1850s\n1860s\nBy year\n1870\n1871\n1872\n1873\n1874\n1875\n1876\n1877\n1878\n1879\n1880\n1881\n1882\n1883\n1884\n1885\n1886\n1887\n1888\n1889\n1890\n1891\n1892\n1893\n1894\n1895\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Charles W. Alcock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ranji_1897_page_364-2_Charles_W._Alcock.jpg/200px-Ranji_1897_page_364-2_Charles_W._Alcock.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"A slice of Sheffield\". FIFA News. FIFA. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200402202804/https://www.fifa.com/news/a-slice-of-sheffield-2423159","url_text":"\"A slice of Sheffield\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/news/a-slice-of-sheffield-2423159","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hutton, Steven; Curry, Graham; Goodman, Peter (2007). Sheffield FC. At Heart Limited. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84-547174-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-547174-3","url_text":"978-1-84-547174-3"}]},{"reference":"Tims, Richard (2011). \"The Birth of Modern Football: The Earliest Rules and Historic Archive of the World's First Football Club\". Retrieved 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/english-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l11404/lot.10.html","url_text":"\"The Birth of Modern Football: The Earliest Rules and Historic Archive of the World's First Football Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meeting of the Sheffield Football Association\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Panama_relations | Israel–Panama relations | ["1 Bilateral relations","2 Security","3 References","4 External links"] | Bilateral relationsIsrael–Panama relations
Israel
Panama
Reuven Rivlin and Juan Carlos Varela, May 2018, Israel.
Elio V. Ortiz arriving at Beit HaNassi to present is credential to Zalman Shazar, 1967.
The State of Israel and the Republic of Panama have a cordial and friendly relationship. As of 2024, Panama is the only country in Latin America that does not recognize the State of Palestine.
Panama has an embassy in Tel Aviv, and Israel has an embassy in Panama City.
Bilateral relations
Panama had voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, and was one of the first countries to recognize Israel after it declared Independence on 14 May 1948. Panama supported Israel when it asked to join the United Nations. A ship from Panama provided arms to Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
Israel and Panama signed a cooperation agreement in the fields of culture and tourism in 1963. Until 1974 there were good relations between the countries, but after that year Panama has decided to support anti-Israeli resolutions. This change in the bilateral relations happened because Panama had disagreements with the USA about the Panama Canal, and the will of Panama to gain the support of the Third World countries, including the Arab world. During those years the relations between Israel and Panama were non-official, but they were still important to Israeli security.
In the neighborhood of Kiriat Menahem in Jerusalem, there is a street named after Panama and in Panama City, there is a street named after Israel.
In July 2002 Israel closed its embassy in Panama, and re-opened it in September 2004.
On 29 November 2012, Panama was one of 9 countries to oppose the United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 about the acceptance of the Palestinian Authority to the United Nations as a non-member observer country.
In April 2016, a delegation of doctors and paramedics from Israel visited Panama to train the local doctors. In 2018, the President of Panama, Juan Carlos Varela visited Israel.
Security
On 19 July 1994, Alas Chiricanas Flight 901 exploded in Panama, 12 of the dead passengers were Jews.
In January 2017 two alleged Hezbollah activists were arrested in Panama, because of the suspicion that they planning to attack the Israeli embassy in Panama.
References
^ פנמה קוסטריקה הכירו בישראל, HaBoker, 20 June 1948
^ הסכם תרבות ישראל-פנמה, Davar, 4 October 1963
^ Municipality of Jerusalem, רחוב פנמה
^ Google maps, Via Israel, Panama City
^ Diana Behor, משרד החוץ יסגור 8 נציגויות, Ynet, 22 July 2002
^ Diana Behor-Nir, ישראל פותחת מחדש שגרירויות בקרואטיה ובפנמה
^ United Hatzalah of Israel, Israel EMS team heads to Panama to help train paramedics for Mass Casualty Incident, 21 April 2016
^ Bomb caused plane crash, Panama official says, The New York Times, 21 July 1994
^ פעילי חזבאללה נעצרו בחשד שתכננו לפגוע בשגרירות ישראל בפנמה, Maariv Online, 8 June 2017
External links
Embassy of Israel in Panama (Spanish)
Embassy of Panama in Israel – (Spanish), (English) Archived 22 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, הרפובליקה של פנמה
vte Foreign relations of IsraelAfrica
Algeria
Angola
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Minister of Foreign Affairs | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reuven_Rivlin_host_Juan_Carlos_Varela,_May_2018_(7308).jpg"},{"link_name":"Reuven Rivlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elio_V._Ortiz_arriving_at_Beit_HaNassi_to_present_his_credential_to_Zalman_Shazar_D759-028.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zalman Shazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalman_Shazar"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Republic of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"does not recognize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-recognition"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsReuven Rivlin and Juan Carlos Varela, May 2018, Israel.Elio V. Ortiz arriving at Beit HaNassi to present is credential to Zalman Shazar, 1967.The State of Israel and the Republic of Panama have a cordial and friendly relationship. 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A ship from Panama provided arms to Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.Israel and Panama signed a cooperation agreement in the fields of culture and tourism in 1963.[2] Until 1974 there were good relations between the countries, but after that year Panama has decided to support anti-Israeli resolutions. This change in the bilateral relations happened because Panama had disagreements with the USA about the Panama Canal, and the will of Panama to gain the support of the Third World countries, including the Arab world. During those years the relations between Israel and Panama were non-official, but they were still important to Israeli security.In the neighborhood of Kiriat Menahem in Jerusalem, there is a street named after Panama[3] and in Panama City, there is a street named after Israel.[4]In July 2002 Israel closed its embassy in Panama,[5] and re-opened it in September 2004.[6]On 29 November 2012, Panama was one of 9 countries to oppose the United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 about the acceptance of the Palestinian Authority to the United Nations as a non-member observer country.In April 2016, a delegation of doctors and paramedics from Israel visited Panama to train the local doctors.[7] In 2018, the President of Panama, Juan Carlos Varela visited Israel.","title":"Bilateral relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alas Chiricanas Flight 901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_Chiricanas_Flight_901"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 19 July 1994, Alas Chiricanas Flight 901 exploded in Panama, 12 of the dead passengers were Jews.[8]In January 2017 two alleged Hezbollah activists were arrested in Panama, because of the suspicion that they planning to attack the Israeli embassy in Panama.[9]","title":"Security"}] | [{"image_text":"Reuven Rivlin and Juan Carlos Varela, May 2018, Israel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Reuven_Rivlin_host_Juan_Carlos_Varela%2C_May_2018_%287308%29.jpg/250px-Reuven_Rivlin_host_Juan_Carlos_Varela%2C_May_2018_%287308%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elio V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Romney | Lenore Romney | ["1 Early life and education","2 Acting career","3 Marriage and family","4 First Lady of Michigan","5 1970 U.S. Senate campaign","6 Later years","7 Awards and honors","8 Notes","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"] | American actress and political figure (1908–1998)
Lenore RomneyRomney in a Senate campaign ad, c. 1970First Lady of MichiganIn roleJanuary 1, 1963 – January 22, 1969GovernorGeorge RomneyPreceded byAlice SwainsonSucceeded byHelen Milliken
Personal detailsBornLenore Lafount(1908-11-09)November 9, 1908Logan, Utah, U.S.DiedJuly 7, 1998(1998-07-07) (aged 89)Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse
George Romney
(m. 1931; died 1995)Children4, including MittParentHarold A. Lafount (father)RelativesRomney familyEducationUniversity of UtahGeorge Washington University (AB)
Lenore LaFount Romney (née Lafount; November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American actress and political figure. The wife of businessman and politician George W. Romney, she was First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969. She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1970 from Michigan. Her younger son, Mitt Romney, is a U.S. senator from Utah, a former governor of Massachusetts, and was the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.
Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School, where she developed an interest in drama and first met George Romney. She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood, where she became a bit player who appeared in a number of films with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together; she was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics.
Lenore Romney was a popular first lady of Michigan, and was a frequent speaker at events and before civic groups. She was involved with many charitable, volunteer, and cultural organizations, including high positions with the Muscular Dystrophy Association, YWCA, and American Field Services, and also was active in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, of which she was a life-long member. She was an asset to her husband's 1968 presidential campaign. Although a traditionalist, she was an advocate for the greater involvement of women in business and politics.
In 1970, she was urged by her husband and state Republican Party officials to run against popular, two-term Democratic incumbent Senator Philip Hart. However, she struggled to establish herself as a serious candidate, apart from her husband, and failed to capture the support of conservatives within the party, only narrowly defeating State Senator Robert J. Huber in the party primary. Her difficulties continued in the general election, and she lost to Hart by a two-to-one margin. She returned to volunteer activities during the 1970s, including stints on the boards of the National Center for Voluntary Action and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and gave speeches to various organizations.
Early life and education
Harold Arundel Lafount(1880–1952)Alma Luella Robison(1882–1938)
Lenore LaFount was born on November 9, 1908, in Logan, Utah, the second of four daughters of Alma Luella (née Robison; 1882–1938) and Harold Arundel Lafount (1880–1952). Her father was born in Birmingham in England, and her mother, born in Montpelier, Idaho, was of colonial English ancestry (with more distant French roots). She had three sisters, one older and two younger. The family belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; her father had converted to it in England and then came to the U.S., while her maternal grandmother, Rosetta Berry, had been one of the Mormon handcart pioneers. Her father worked as a headphone manufacturer while her mother was prominent in local charities.
Lenore was raised in Salt Lake City, in a house located at Fifteenth South and Ninth East. She played the ukulele and was a member of the LDS girls club The Seagulls. She attended Latter-day Saints High School, where she had a strong interest in drama. In 1924, during her junior year, she and senior George W. Romney became high-school sweethearts. She was from a more assimilated Mormon family than his, which had struggled with financial failure and debt. Although she was a "reach" for him in terms of social standing, he pursued her relentlessly from that point on, studying at a nearby junior college while she was a senior.
She graduated from high school in 1926 after only three years and attended the University of Utah for two years, while George went to England and Scotland to serve as a Mormon missionary (making her "promise never to kiss anybody" while he was away). At the university, she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority. In 1927, she was one of six attractive young women chosen to welcome Charles Lindbergh to Salt Lake City following his historic Spirit of St. Louis flight, and she was featured on the front page of the Salt Lake Telegram as a result. Later that year, on the strength of his friendship with U.S. Senator Reed Smoot, Harold Lafount was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to serve on the new Federal Radio Commission. The family moved to Washington, D.C., and Lenore transferred to George Washington University, where she graduated with an A.B. degree in English literature in June 1929 after spending only three years total in college. George returned from his missionary stint and soon followed her to Washington.
Acting career
LaFount's mother wanted her to explore a theatrical career before marrying, and an aunt offered her further encouragement and assistance. LaFount thus moved to New York and enrolled in the American Laboratory Theatre to study acting, where she was taught Stanislavski's system under school co-founder Maria Ouspenskaya. She found the experience inspiring. In student productions there, she starred in the Shakespearean roles of Ophelia and Portia and also appeared in roles from Ibsen and Chekhov plays. She received a performance award there in 1930. Talent scouts attending the productions were impressed, and she received an offer from the National Broadcasting Company to perform in a series of Shakespeare radio programs and from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to go to Hollywood under an apprentice actress contract. She decided on the latter, despite strenuous arguments against doing so from a threatened George, who had been visiting her on weekends. By then, he had a job with Alcoa, and arranged to be transferred to Los Angeles to be with her. In September 1930, the couple became engaged.
A 5-foot-6-inch (1.68 m) slender woman with porcelain skin and naturally curly chesnut colored hair, LaFount earned bit parts in Hollywood. These included appearing as a fashionable young French woman in a Greta Garbo film and as an ingenue in the William Haines film A Tailor Made Man. She also appeared in films that starred Jean Harlow and Ramon Navarro and was a stand-in for Lili Damita. Her trained voice made her valuable during this dawn of the talking pictures era, and she worked as a voice actor in animated cartoons, sometimes doing the parts of speaking cats and dogs. She appeared in a promotional film clip with Buster, MGM's star dog. George's long-time jealousy about her being in contact with other men became even worse as she met stars like Clark Gable, and in reaction to his attempts to control her, she threatened to break off their engagement.
After a few months in Hollywood, she had the opportunity to sign a three-year contract with MGM that was worth $50,000 if all the options were picked up. However, she was dismayed by some of the seamier aspects of Hollywood, including the studio's request that she pose for cheesecake photos and the constant gambling among the extras. She also found the long waits between shots unsatisfying as a thespian, and read Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky novels on the set to pass the time. Romney finally convinced her to go ahead with marriage and return to Washington, where he worked for Alcoa as a lobbyist, earning $125 a month.
Although Lenore had been more independent than many women of the time, she later stated that she "never had any regrets about giving up movies." Another time she said that she had never had a choice of both marriage and an acting career: "In an acting career, I would have been upstaging him, and he couldn't stand that. It was never either and; it was always either or." George would later consider his successful seven-year courtship of her to be his greatest sales achievement.
Marriage and family
Lenore LaFount married George Romney on July 2, 1931, at the Salt Lake Temple. Their wedding reception in the Chi Omega house at the University of Utah was attended by about four hundred guests.
In Washington, Lenore's cultural refinement and hosting skills, along with her father's social and political connections, helped George in his business career, and the couple met the Hoovers, the Roosevelts, and other prominent Washington figures. George often called upon her to host short-notice parties. During 1933–1934, Lenore hosted a 15-minute weekly program, Poetical Hitchhiking, on Washington's famed radio station WRC where she selected and read the poems. (The staff announcer who introduced her was Arthur Godfrey.) She also directed student plays at George Washington University.
The couple's first child, Margo Lynn (known as Lynn) was born in 1935 after a difficult childbirth, and Lenore became a stay-at-home mother. A second daughter, Jane, followed in 1938. In 1939, the family moved to the Detroit, Michigan, area when George took a job with the Automobile Manufacturers Association. They rented a house in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, for two years, then bought one in the Palmer Woods section of Detroit. The couple's first son, George Scott (known as G. Scott), was born in 1941. The couple longed for another child, but doctors told them that Lenore probably could not become pregnant again and might not survive if she did. By 1946, they had begun the process of adopting a war orphan living in Switzerland. However, Lenore became pregnant, and after a difficult pregnancy – lying still on her back for a month in a hospital during one stretch – and delivery, Willard Mitt (known as Mitt) was born in 1947. After the birth she required a hysterectomy. Lenore would subsequently refer to Mitt as her miracle baby.
The family moved to affluent Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, around 1953. In 1953, Lenore suffered another health crisis when a blood transfusion of the wrong type put her life in danger, but she recovered. In 1954, George was named president and chairman of American Motors Corporation. During this time a bad attack of bursitis left her with no movement in her left arm for five years, and the rest of the family took up her chores. The couple spent summers at a cottage on the Canadian shore of Lake Huron. A slipped disk suffered there gave her further trouble, and that and the bursitis caused her to switch from golf to swimming as her main exercise.
The couple's marriage reflected aspects of their personalities and courtship. George was devoted to Lenore, and tried to bring her a flower every day, often a single rose with a love note. George was also a strong, blunt personality used to winning arguments by force of will, but the more self-controlled Lenore was unintimidated and willing to push back against him. The couple quarreled often, so much that their grandchildren would later nickname them "the Bickersons" (there being a classic radio show of that name). In the end, their closeness would allow them to settle arguments amicably, often by her finally accepting what he wanted. She still had a restive nature; Mitt later recalled that, "It always seemed that she wanted something a little more for herself." (Mitt himself would later show a more reserved, private, and controlled nature than George's, traits he got from Lenore.)
First Lady of Michigan
When her husband decided to enter electoral politics by running for Governor of Michigan in 1962, Lenore Romney said she and the family supported him: "I know it will be difficult – not easy. But we're all dedicated with him for better government." She played a productive role in the 1962 campaign, making speeches before groups of Republican women at a time when it was unusual for women to campaign separately from their husbands. She was given the task of campaigning in the rural and small urban, Republican-leaning outstate areas while he focused on the Democratic-leaning Detroit area.
Following George's victory in November 1962, Lenore became the state's First Lady. About her new role, she said her goal was to make "a real breakthrough in human relations by bringing people together as people – just like George has enunciated. Women have a very interesting role in this, and I don't expect to be a society leader holding a series of meaningless teas."
Lenore with her husband George (far left) and West Germany's Gerhard Stoltenberg (center) in 1967
She proved popular as a First Lady. She was a frequent speaker at events and before civic groups and became known for her eloquence. She was thus useful to his political career, just as she had been to his business one. Like her husband, she did not make public appearances on Sundays. He was re-elected in 1964 and 1966, and she campaigned frequently with him. Moreover, she played more of an active and partisan role within her party than any other Michigan first lady in the 20th century. She knew his policy positions at least as well as any of his official aides, went with him on almost all of his out-of-state trips, and gave his speeches for him if sudden events made him unable to attend. Over time an impression grew among some in the public that she was smarter than he was. George Romney biographer T. George Harris concluded in 1967 that "she has been considerably more than a first lady."
Lenore was a traditionalist who decried the women's liberation movement as being one of "strident voices" and "burning bras and railing against male-chauvinistic pigs." She decried relaxed sexual mores and talk of a "New Morality", saying "the morality they discuss is the barnyard morality and it is as old as the hills." However, she was also an advocate for the involvement of women in business and politics. By 1966, she was telling audiences around the state, "Why should women have any less say than men about the great decisions facing our nation?" She added that women "represent a reservoir of public service which has hardly been tapped."
She explicitly criticized the counterculture phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out", saying "What kind of a philosophy is that?" Instead she urged young people to "Think of something outside of yourselves. Have something in yourself that is greater than self." She told one high school audience, "You have the right to rebel, but make sure what you're rebelling for is greater than what you're rebelling against."
She was a devout and faithful member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who taught Sunday School lessons at her church for many years, including a stint during the early 1960s teaching 14-year-olds. Her views on many social issues were more liberal than most of the Republican Party, and she appeared on stage with Martin Luther King Jr. at Michigan State University on March 9, 1966, when King gave his "Chicago Wall" speech. On the issue of the LDS Church policy of the time that did not allow black people in its lay clergy, she defended the church, saying, "If my church taught me anything other than that the Negro is equal to any other person, I could not accept it." She was a member of the Women's City Club in Detroit, but in 1967, said she would resign unless the club dropped a policy barring black guests from eating in its dining room.
During her husband's 1968 presidential campaign, Lenore continued to exert a calming influence on him and helped keep his sometimes problematic temper in check. She was adept at campaigning, appearing at ease and speaking in a lively, fluent manner without notes before audiences of various types. The Associated Press wrote that she was probably "the most indefatigable campaigner on the New Hampshire primary circuit, including the candidates". The New York Times wrote, "To see Mrs. George Romney in action is to watch an authentic, stand-up evangelist weave a spell. ... in the view of seasoned politicians, Lenore Romney is a far more effective speaker than the wife of any national candidate in recent memory. She may even be among the select group of political wives who win votes for their husbands through their own speeches and contacts." As the campaign went on, George fell far behind Republican rival Richard Nixon in polls and withdrew in February 1968 before the first primaries took place.
Lenore continued to have health difficulties, visiting medical centers around the country but unable to get a clear diagnosis. One specialist attributed her problems to a failure to absorb sufficient calcium, for which she was given once-a-week shots. She was found to have several food allergies and spent time at Chicago's Swedish Covenant Hospital in 1967. She suffered an injury outside her house around 1967 and another the next year when she fell and suffered a shoulder dislocation that turned into bursitis. During October 1968 she was hospitalized at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, seeing a bone and mineral specialist.
Lenore Romney worked on behalf of many volunteer organizations over a number of years. In 1963, she was co-chair of the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Starting in 1965, she was a member of a special committee of the American Mothers Committee. By 1970, she was on the national board of directors of the YWCA and a member of the national advisory board to American Field Services. She had also held high positions with Goodwill Industries, United Community Services, Child Guidance Study, Association for Retarded Children, Michigan Association for Emotionally Disturbed Children, and the Michigan Historical Society. She worked with Project HOPE. She was chair of the Detroit Grand Opera Association and was active with the Women's Association for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Boston Globe later characterized her as a "pillar of Detroit society".
1970 U.S. Senate campaign
Lenore Romney with George Romney and Richard Nixon, January 22, 1969
After the 1968 presidential election, George Romney was named the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the administration of the newly elected President Nixon. Lenore was not enthusiastic about leaving Michigan to return to Washington after three decades away, but said, "Any wife wants to be with her husband wherever he is, whether state or federal government, just so he can develop his creative ideas." By then, the couple had 12 grandchildren.
For the 1970 U.S. Senate election from Michigan, state Republicans were looking for someone to run against Democrat Philip Hart, a two-term incumbent. Hart was heavily favored to win re-election, but Republicans thought he might be vulnerable on ideological grounds (for being too liberal) and owing to an anti-war protest arrest involving his wife. George Romney's name was mentioned as a possible candidate. Indeed, Nixon, who never had good relations with Romney either personally or on policy grounds, had by then decided he wanted Romney out of his administration but did not want to fire him, and hatched a plot to get Romney to run in the Senate race. However, George came up with the idea of Lenore running, and sprung it on Lenore and the children at the end of 1969. Lenore's name began being mentioned by other Republicans, even though she professed not to want to run unless no other candidate could be found. U.S. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford from Michigan thought she could unite the state party's different factions, but Governor William Milliken, who had succeeded George and was not eager to see more Romneys in power, opposed the notion. And while Lenore had achieved a good reputation for campaigning on her husband's behalf, there were some who suspected that her Senate candidacy was just a stalking horse for keeping George's options open. Such sentiments were exacerbated when George did not completely rule himself out of a possible race.
The state party had a system wherein there would be a series of meetings of its 355 leaders in order to declare a "consensus" candidate that the party would support in any primary election.
During the initial February 21, 1970, meeting, Lenore Romney faced opposition from liberal U.S. Representative Donald W. Riegle, Jr. and conservative State Senator Robert J. Huber. The meeting became contentious, and with Milliken helping to block her, in three ballots she was unable to reach the three-fourths majority needed for the consensus nod.
On February 23, she formally entered the contest for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat. George successfully pressured Milliken to endorse her, but gained bad publicity when The Detroit News exposed his actions. At the next party meeting, on March 7, she won 92 percent of the leaders and gained the consensus candidate position, and talk of George running ended.
Riegle did not continue his run, but Huber did. In the ensuing primary contest, Romney's effort emphasized her sex, saying as a campaign theme, "Never before has the voice and understanding of a concerned woman been more needed." Billboards featuring her face were everywhere, captioned only as "Lenore" and omitting any reference to political party. She was still photogenic, but so thin that she was sometimes described as "frail" or "waiflike", and her husband sometimes worried about her weight. She issued a half-hour campaign film that featured endorsements from many national and state party leaders as well as from celebrities Bob Hope and Art Linkletter, and showcased her family role and her concern for disadvantaged people. Huber, in contrast, emphasized his edge in political experience, derided her "motherly concern", and criticized the "bossism" that he said was trying to force another Romney into statewide office.
Regarding the Vietnam War, Romney called for the withdrawal of all American troops by the end of 1971, and characterized the war as "disastrous". She was troubled by the ongoing Cambodian Incursion and said that if elected she would vote to cut off its funds if Nixon did not abide by his pledge to withdraw from there by the end of the month. On other issues, she sometimes took overly broad stances that appeared to come down on multiple sides. The conservative wing of the party, which had never trusted her husband, had the same reaction to her. The largely male press corps tended to deal with her in a paternalistic way, and she was often identified as "Mrs. George Romney" in stories and photo captions. Initially heavily favored over Huber, her campaign failed to gain momentum and polls showed a close race; in response, she shifted her ads to focus more on her stands on issues. In the August 4, 1970, primary, Lenore Romney won a narrow victory, with 52 percent of the vote compared to Huber's 48 percent.
In the general election, with lost prestige, a divided party, and with her campaign resources partly drained by the primary fight, Romney was behind incumbent Democrat Hart from the beginning. Romney issued position papers and emphasized the themes of dealing with crime and social permissiveness; she also advocated a national healthcare plan and increased attention to environmental damage caused by industry. She never made any personal attacks against Hart. The only woman running for the U.S. Senate that year, she was a tireless campaigner, traveling around the state in a chartered Cessna and making as many as twelve stops a day. Nevertheless, the perception grew that she did not have any vision for what she would do as a senator and was only in the race because she was George Romney's wife. In response, she said at one point, "I'm not a stand-in or a substitute for anyone". Her campaign material continued to just refer to "Lenore". She also was negatively impacted, in both the primary and general election, by fallout from her husband's effort as HUD Secretary to enforce housing integration in Warren, Michigan. Consistently far ahead in polls, Hart staged a low-key campaign with few public appearances; he mostly ignored her and sometimes acted condescendingly towards her in private.
The Romney children campaigned for her, including Mitt, who took student leave to work as a driver and advance man at schools and county fairs during the summer. Together, Lenore and Mitt visited all 83 Michigan counties. George was in Washington most of the time and did not publicly campaign for her until the campaign's final day.
In the November 3, 1970, general election, Hart handily won a third term with 67 percent of the vote to her 33 percent. Romney made an unusual election-night visit to congratulate Hart in person, and in saying "I hope all good things will be his," gave what the victor termed "the most graceful and really moving concession speech I've ever heard."
The campaign and loss left Lenore in emotional pain. In her election night remarks she had said, "I thought would be an asset. It was disappointing to find that many people closed their minds just because I was a woman." She expounded on this in an article she published the following year in Look magazine, describing the openly dismissive reaction she had gotten from both men and women. She wrote that, "In factories, I encountered men in small groups, laughing, shouting, 'Get in the kitchen. George needs you there. What do you know about politics?'" To a friend she wrote, " how open and bare and wide my own vulnerability would be ... the body wounds are deep." She told one of her children that she wished she had not run, and concluded that "It's the most humiliating thing I know of to run for office."
Later years
George and Lenore Romney in the Cabinet Room at the White House in July 1969, along with son Mitt and daughter-in-law Ann Romney
Following the campaign, Lenore Romney returned to Washington and to being a cabinet wife. George, who had also long been interested in volunteerism, had helped found the National Center for Voluntary Action in 1970, and Lenore was made a member of its executive committee. By late 1971, she assumed some of First Lady Pat Nixon's role as a public advocate for volunteerism, visiting regional volunteer centers with other cabinet and administration wives. She was on the board of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, serving as brotherhood chair during 1970–1971 and as vice chair in 1972. She was also a main force behind the Urban Service Corps, which sought to apply volunteer efforts to the problems of large cities. She worked with the National Women's Political Caucus to promote the electoral candidacies of women, and gave some speeches at colleges. She came out as explicitly anti-abortion. (Abortion was illegal in Michigan in this pre-Roe v. Wade era, and she had previously been ambivalent about expanding legal access to it; in any case, it had not been an issue in the 1970 Senate campaign.)
In the 1972 U.S. presidential election, Lenore Romney worked in the women's surrogate program for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President. Nevertheless, her husband's relationship with Nixon and the administration became even worse and, in August 1972, she wrote a fruitless letter to presidential aide John Ehrlichman urging a change in the "low regard" and poor treatment that the administration showed him.
After George Romney left the administration and politics in January 1973, Lenore continued with volunteerism, as vice president of the National Center for Voluntary Action. In 1974, she became a commentator on the WJR radio show Point of View. Subsequently, she receded from the public political eye, but still remained active. She gave speeches to various local religious and civic organizations in the Midwest, focusing on her faith, the potential of "people power", and the role of women. Regarding the prospective, much-discussed Equal Rights Amendment, she said in 1979 that she supported equal opportunity and equal pay for women, but she opposed the amendment because it was about "destroying love ... I object to the 'me' emphasis and not the family."
At age 85, Lenore Romney emerged to give interviews during her son Mitt's 1994 campaign for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts. She contrasted Mitt to his opponent, long-time incumbent Senator Ted Kennedy; while Kennedy had been much in the news for his drinking and sexual escapades, Lenore noted that Mitt and wife Ann Romney had waited until marriage to have sex. Mitt lost the race to Kennedy.
On July 26, 1995, George Romney died of a heart attack at the age of 88 while he was exercising on his treadmill at the couple's home in Bloomfield Hills; he was discovered by Lenore (after she went looking for him, not having found her rose for the day), but it was too late to save him. They had been married for 64 years, and the press noted the strength of that marriage.
Lenore's health declined during her final years. But she was still doing fairly well when, at the age of 89, she suffered a stroke at her Bloomfield Hills home. She died several days later at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan, on July 7, 1998. Besides her four children, she was survived by 24 grandchildren and 41 great-grandchildren. She is interred in Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan, in the same family plot as her husband.
Following her death, many state political figures paid tribute to her, including Governor John Engler and his wife Michelle, who called her "Michigan's rose", and Lieutenant Governor Connie Binsfeld, who characterized her as a "beloved role model for our state".
Awards and honors
In 1969, Lenore Romney received the Woman of the Year Award from Brigham Young University. She was named one of the National Top Ten Women News Makers for 1970. She was given the Salvation Army's Humanitarian Award, Michigan State University's Distinguished Citizen Award, and also received recognition from Hadassah and the International Platform Association.
For many years beginning in 1987, the successor organizations to the National Center for Voluntary Action (VOLUNTEER: The National Center, National Volunteer Center, Points of Light Foundation, and Points of Light Foundation & the National Network of Volunteer Centers) have given out an annual Lenore and George W. Romney Citizen Volunteer Award (later retitled the George and Lenore Romney Citizen Volunteer Award).
Lenore Romney was awarded six honorary degrees. She received an L.H.D. from Hillsdale College in 1964, from Hope College in 1967, and from Gwynedd–Mercy College in 1971. She received an LL.D. from Central Michigan University in 1966. She received a Doctor of Humanities degree from Eastern Michigan University in 1968 and from Detroit College of Business in 1970.
Notes
^ a b During his lifetime, Lenore's father Harold Arundel Lafount's name was almost always spelled as such, as was his father's. Lenore used LaFount, however (possibly as part of her acting aspirations), and subsequent biographers of George Romney sometimes referred to Harold with her spelling.
References
^ Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, p. 477.
^ a b Reitwiesner, William Addams; Robert Battle; John Bradley Arthaud; John Lisle; Gary Boyd Roberts. "The Ancestors of Mitt Romney". Wargs.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Who's Who of American Women, p. 761.
^ a b c Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, p. 70.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Lenore Romney's Still In Limelight". The Morning News. Meriden, Connecticut. Associated Press. November 6, 1963. p. last.
^ a b c d Swidey, Neil; Paulson, Michael (June 24, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on September 18, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 23, 2012). "Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run". The New York Times. p. 1.
^ a b Harris, Romney's Way, p. 57.
^ Harris, Romney's Way, p. 54.
^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 68, 71.
^ a b Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. p. 1.
^ Harris, Romney's Way, p. 53.
^ Harris, Romney's Way, pp. 53–55.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Gellman, Barton (June 4, 2012). "Dreams from His Mother". Time. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022.
^ a b "The Dinosaur Hunter". Time. April 6, 1959. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007.
^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, p. 74.
^ a b c d "Lenore Romney, mom of Senate candidate, at 89". Boston Herald. July 9, 1998. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 97–98.
^ a b c Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 81–82.
^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 90, 103.
^ a b c d e f Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 94–96.
^ a b c d "Back at the Mansion ..." Time. January 11, 1963. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
^ a b Current Biography Yearbook 1958, p. 367.
^ a b c d Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 12–13.
^ a b c d e Robertson, Nan (February 7, 1968). "Lenore Romney: Spellbinder" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 49.
^ a b c Harris, Romney's Way, p. 67.
^ a b c Raskin, A.H. (February 28, 1960). "A Maverick Starts a New 'Crusade'". The New York Times Magazine.
^ Harris, Romney's Way, p. 68.
^ a b c d e Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 102–105.
^ a b c d Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 104, 113.
^ a b c d e f Harris, Romney's Way, pp. 187–189.
^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, p. 109.
^ a b c d Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 11–12, 14.
^ "Harold A. Lafount, U.S. Radio Ex-Aide" (PDF). The New York Times. October 22, 1952.
^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 166–167.
^ a b c d Harris, Romney's Way, pp. 191–193.
^ a b c "Lenore Romney, widow of former governor, dies". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. July 8, 1998. p. 2.
^ a b c d Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 18–19.
^ Scott, Mitt Romney, p.10.
^ Stetson, Damon (February 11, 1962). "Romney Enters Race for Governorship of Michigan" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1.
^ Harris, Romney's Way, p. 234.
^ a b c d "Deaths Elsewhere: Lenore Romney". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. July 8, 1998. p. 17.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Dennis, Brady (February 24, 2012). "For Mitt Romney, mother's failed run offers cautionary tale". The Washington Post.
^ a b "Enigmatic Candidate: George Wilchen Romney" (PDF). The New York Times. November 20, 1967.
^ a b c Harris, Romney's Way, pp. 52–53.
^ a b c d e Miller, Joy (February 26, 1968). "Candidates' Wives Hard at Work in New Hampshire". The Owosso Argus-Press. Associated Press. p. 9.
^ a b c d e f g "Lenore 'Gracious in Defeat'". The Owosso Argus-Press. Associated Press. November 4, 1970. p. 7.
^ a b "Mormons Defended By Romney's Wife on Negroes' Status" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1967.
^ Flint, Jerry M. (May 14, 1967). "Women Consider Detroit Club Bias" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 64.
^ a b c d e "Voter's Guide: U.S. Congress" (PDF). South Lyon Herald. October 28–29, 1970. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ a b "Mrs George Romney to speak at volunteer conference". Oelwein Daily Register. October 23, 1971. p. 5.
^ a b c "Civics Club's special luncheon guests named". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. January 14, 1975. p. 11.
^ Swidey, Neil; Ebbert, Stephanie (June 27, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010.
^ a b Rosenbaum, David E. (December 13, 1968). "The Nixon Cabinet's Wives: A Ringside Seat at First Meeting" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 53.
^ a b c Flint, Jerry M. (January 31, 1970). "A Romney May Enliven Michigan Election Year" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 25.
^ a b c d Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 93–95.
^ Kotlowski, Nixon's Civil Rights, p. 53.
^ a b c Janson, Donald (February 22, 1970). "Mrs. Romney Fails to Get Senate Nod" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 52.
^ a b "Romney Refuses To Indicate His Plans for 1970". Ludington Daily News. United Press International. January 26, 1970. p. 1.
^ Flint, Jerry M. (February 1, 1970). "Michigan G. O. P. Lists 2 Romneys Among 25 Potential Candidates" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 30.
^ Flint, Jerry M. (February 24, 1970). "Mrs. Romney Enters Contest for Senate" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1.
^ Flint, Jerry M. (March 8, 1970). "Michigan G.O.P Leaders Back Mrs. Romney for Senate Contest" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 36.
^ a b c d e f g "Michigan To Vote On Two G.O.P. Rivals" (PDF). The New York Times. August 2, 1970.
^ a b "Mrs. Romney Urges U.S. Pullout By '71" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1970. p. 6.
^ a b c "Mrs. Romney Scores Narrow Victory" (PDF). The New York Times. August 6, 1970.
^ "'Mrs. George Romney' Google Search". Retrieved April 20, 2012.
^ "Lenore comes out a winner". The Windsor Star. United Press International. August 5, 1970. p. 1.
^ a b c Flint, Jerry M. (November 4, 1970). "Senator Hart Defeats Mrs. Romney in Michigan" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 23.
^ LeBlanc, Steve (December 16, 2007). "Fortunate Son: Mitt Romney's life is his father's legacy". Deseret Morning News. Salt Lake City. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008.
^ a b La Hay, Wauhillau (November 11, 1971). "Mrs. Romney Assumes Pat's Volunteer Role". The Pittsburgh Press. Scripps-Howard. p. 20.
^ a b c Cimons, Marlene (September 20, 1972). "She Always Talks Issues". The Tuscaloosa News. The Los Angeles Times. p. 13.
^ Thomas, Helen (October 21, 1971). "Many Cabinet Members' Wives Deeply Involved in Pet Causes". The Middlesboro Daily News. United Press International. p. 14.
^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 183–184.
^ Kantor, Jodi (December 25, 2011). "At Harvard, a Master's in Problem Solving". The New York Times. p. A1.
^ Moore, Christine (January 17, 1973). "Lenore Romney Dedicates VAC Building". The Palm Beach Post. p. C3. Correction filed: "Sorry, Our Error" January 18, 1973, p. C3.
^ "George Romney Mormon Worker Now". St. Joseph News-Press. Associated Press. December 5, 1979. p. 7C.
^ "Program For Youth Leaders". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. April 16, 1981. p. 32.
^ "'Moral Perverts' Created ERA". The Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. United Press International. December 17, 1979. p. 4.
^ a b Rimer, Sara (October 25, 1994). "'Perfect Anti-Kennedy' Opposes the Senator". The New York Times.
^ Rosenbaum, David E. (July 27, 1995). "George Romney Dies at 88; A Leading G.O.P. Figure". The New York Times. p. A1.
^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 197–198.
^ a b c "Lenore Romney critical after stroke". Deseret News. Associated Press. July 7, 1998.
^ "Lenore Romney, wife of former governor, dies". Deseret News. Associated Press. July 8, 1998.
^ a b "Pres. Lee, Lenore Romney To Address Dixie Grads". Deseret News. May 15, 1971. pp. B1, B3.
^ "Raymond Chambers Honored for Lifetime Achievement in Volunteer Service" (Press release). Business Wire. June 4, 2003.
^ "Honorary Degrees". Hope College. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
^ "Mrs. Romney To Get Degree". The Owosso Argus-Press. May 31, 1968. p. 11.
Bibliography
Candee, Marjorie Dent, ed. (1958). Current Biography Yearbook 1958. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. OCLC 145427784.
Harris, T. George (1967). Romney's Way: A Man and an Idea. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. OCLC 437793.
Jenson, Andrew (1920). Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Volume III. Salt Lake City: Arrow Press.
Kotlowski, Dean J. (2001). Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00623-2.
Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.
Mahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 236830.
Scott, Ronald B. (2011). Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-7927-7.
Who's Who of American Women (9th ed.). Marquis Who's Who. 1976. ISBN 0-8379-0409-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lenore Romney.
"Lenore", the half-hour film from the 1970 U.S. Senate campaign
Finding Aid for Lenore LaFount Romney Papers, 1960–1974 at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Lynn Romney Keenan collection of George W. and Lenore Romney papers, MSS 8486 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Honorary titles
Preceded byAlice Swainson
First Lady of Michigan 1963–1969
Succeeded byHelen Milliken
Party political offices
Preceded byElly Peterson
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Michigan(Class 1) 1970
Succeeded byMarvin Esch
vteFamily tree of Mitt Romney
Parley P. Pratt(1807–1857)Charles Wilcken(1830–1915)Miles Romney(1806–1877)
Emeline Billingsley(1852–1910)Helaman Pratt(1846–1909)Anna Wilcken(1854–1929)Hannah Hill(1842–1928)Miles Park Romney(1843–1904)Catharine Cottam(1855–1918)
Harold A. Lafount(1880–1952)Rey Pratt(1878–1931)Anna Amelia Pratt(1876–1926)Gaskell Romney(1871–1955)George S. Romney(1873–1935)Vernon Romney(1896–1976)Caroline Cottam Romney(1874–1954)
Edward Roderick Davies(1915–1992)Lenore LaFount(1908–1998)George W. Romney(1907–1995)Marion G. Romney(1897–1988)Vernon B. Romney(1924–2013)Spencer Woolley Kimball(1895–1985)Camilla Eyring(1894–1987)Henry Eyring(1901–1981)
Ann Davies(born 1949)Willard Mitt Romney(born 1947)G. Scott Romney(born 1941)Ronna Romney(born 1943)Henry B. Eyring(born 1933)
Tagg Romney(born 1970)Matt Romney(born 1971)Josh Romney(born 1975)Ben Romney(born 1978)Craig Romney(born 1981)Ronna McDaniel(born 1973)Henry J. Eyring(born 1963)
References:
Bennett, Archibald Fowler (1951), A Guide for Genealogical Research, Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Givens, Terryl L.; Grow, Matthew J. (2011). Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism. Oxford University Press. p. 401. ISBN 9780195375732.
Hebblethwaite, Cordelia (June 13, 2012), Mitt Romney's Mormon roots in northern England, Preston, England: BBC News
Romney, Catharine Cottam (1992). Hansen, Jennifer Moulton (ed.). Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, plural wife. University of Illinois Press. p. 283. ISBN 9780252018688.
Special Collections: Inventory of the Henry Eyring papers, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, retrieved March 14, 2012
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nb-name-2"},{"link_name":"George W. 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Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Huber"},{"link_name":"National Center for Voluntary Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Voluntary_Action"},{"link_name":"National Conference of Christians and Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Christians_and_Jews"}],"text":"American actress and political figure (1908–1998)Lenore LaFount Romney (née Lafount;[nb 1] November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American actress and political figure. The wife of businessman and politician George W. Romney, she was First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969. She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1970 from Michigan. Her younger son, Mitt Romney, is a U.S. senator from Utah, a former governor of Massachusetts, and was the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School, where she developed an interest in drama and first met George Romney. She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood, where she became a bit player who appeared in a number of films with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together; she was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics.Lenore Romney was a popular first lady of Michigan, and was a frequent speaker at events and before civic groups. She was involved with many charitable, volunteer, and cultural organizations, including high positions with the Muscular Dystrophy Association, YWCA, and American Field Services, and also was active in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, of which she was a life-long member. She was an asset to her husband's 1968 presidential campaign. Although a traditionalist, she was an advocate for the greater involvement of women in business and politics.In 1970, she was urged by her husband and state Republican Party officials to run against popular, two-term Democratic incumbent Senator Philip Hart. However, she struggled to establish herself as a serious candidate, apart from her husband, and failed to capture the support of conservatives within the party, only narrowly defeating State Senator Robert J. Huber in the party primary. Her difficulties continued in the general election, and she lost to Hart by a two-to-one margin. She returned to volunteer activities during the 1970s, including stints on the boards of the National Center for Voluntary Action and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and gave speeches to various organizations.","title":"Lenore Romney"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold_A._Lafount_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Harold Arundel Lafount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_A._Lafount"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Luella_Robison_LaFount.jpg"},{"link_name":"Logan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Harold Arundel Lafount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_A._Lafount"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wargs-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Montpelier, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wargs-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-70-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-1-7"},{"link_name":"Mormon handcart pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-70-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-57-9"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-70-5"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saints High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_High_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-course-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-cover-16"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Mormon missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_missionary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-obit-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"Chi Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Omega"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Telegram"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-82-20"},{"link_name":"Reed Smoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Federal Radio Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-82-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-82-20"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-course-12"}],"text":"Harold Arundel Lafount(1880–1952)Alma Luella Robison(1882–1938)Lenore LaFount was born on November 9, 1908, in Logan, Utah, the second of four daughters of Alma Luella (née Robison; 1882–1938) and Harold Arundel Lafount (1880–1952).[2][3] Her father was born in Birmingham in England, and her mother, born in Montpelier, Idaho, was of colonial English ancestry (with more distant French roots).[2] She had three sisters, one older and two younger.[4][5] The family belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints;[6] her father had converted to it in England and then came to the U.S., while her maternal grandmother, Rosetta Berry, had been one of the Mormon handcart pioneers.[4] Her father worked as a headphone manufacturer[7] while her mother was prominent in local charities.[8]Lenore was raised in Salt Lake City, in a house located at Fifteenth South and Ninth East.[4] She played the ukulele and was a member of the LDS girls club The Seagulls.[9] She attended Latter-day Saints High School, where she had a strong interest in drama.[10] In 1924, during her junior year, she and senior George W. Romney became high-school sweethearts.[11][12] She was from a more assimilated Mormon family than his, which had struggled with financial failure and debt.[6][7][13] Although she was a \"reach\" for him in terms of social standing, he pursued her relentlessly from that point on,[7][14] studying at a nearby junior college while she was a senior.[15]She graduated from high school in 1926 after only three years and attended the University of Utah for two years, while George went to England and Scotland to serve as a Mormon missionary[5][16][17] (making her \"promise never to kiss anybody\" while he was away).[7] At the university, she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority.[18] In 1927, she was one of six attractive young women chosen to welcome Charles Lindbergh to Salt Lake City following his historic Spirit of St. Louis flight, and she was featured on the front page of the Salt Lake Telegram as a result.[19] Later that year, on the strength of his friendship with U.S. Senator Reed Smoot, Harold Lafount was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to serve on the new Federal Radio Commission.[19] The family moved to Washington, D.C.,[19] and Lenore transferred to George Washington University, where she graduated with an A.B. degree in English literature in June 1929 after spending only three years total in college.[3][5][7][20] George returned from his missionary stint and soon followed her to Washington.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-57-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"American Laboratory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Laboratory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Stanislavski's system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system"},{"link_name":"Maria Ouspenskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ouspenskaya"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia"},{"link_name":"Portia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portia_(Merchant_of_Venice)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"National Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1963-23"},{"link_name":"Alcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cby-367-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-95-22"},{"link_name":"chesnut colored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(color)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-llf-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt020768-26"},{"link_name":"bit parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_part"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1963-23"},{"link_name":"Greta Garbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Garbo"},{"link_name":"ingenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenue_(stock_character)"},{"link_name":"William Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines"},{"link_name":"A Tailor Made Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tailor_Made_Man"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-67-27"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-1963-23"},{"link_name":"Ramon Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Navarro"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"stand-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-in"},{"link_name":"Lili Damita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Damita"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"talking pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_picture"},{"link_name":"voice actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-llf-25"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-llf-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"cheesecake photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecake_(pin-up)"},{"link_name":"extras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-67-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-67-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytm-mav-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cby-367-24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-llf-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-cover-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytm-mav-28"}],"text":"LaFount's mother wanted her to explore a theatrical career before marrying,[8] and an aunt offered her further encouragement and assistance.[5] LaFount thus moved to New York and enrolled in the American Laboratory Theatre to study acting, where she was taught Stanislavski's system under school co-founder Maria Ouspenskaya.[21] She found the experience inspiring.[21] In student productions there, she starred in the Shakespearean roles of Ophelia and Portia and also appeared in roles from Ibsen and Chekhov plays.[21] She received a performance award there in 1930.[3] Talent scouts attending the productions were impressed, and she received an offer from the National Broadcasting Company to perform in a series of Shakespeare radio programs and from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to go to Hollywood under an apprentice actress contract.[5][21] She decided on the latter, despite strenuous arguments against doing so from a threatened George,[21] who had been visiting her on weekends.[22] By then, he had a job with Alcoa, and arranged to be transferred to Los Angeles to be with her.[23] In September 1930, the couple became engaged.[21]A 5-foot-6-inch (1.68 m) slender woman with porcelain skin and naturally curly chesnut colored hair,[5][24][25] LaFount earned bit parts in Hollywood.[18][22] These included appearing as a fashionable young French woman in a Greta Garbo film and as an ingenue in the William Haines film A Tailor Made Man.[26] She also appeared in films that starred Jean Harlow[22] and Ramon Navarro[18] and was a stand-in for Lili Damita.[18] Her trained voice made her valuable during this dawn of the talking pictures era, and she worked as a voice actor in animated cartoons, sometimes doing the parts of speaking cats and dogs.[18] She appeared in a promotional film clip with Buster, MGM's star dog.[24] George's long-time jealousy about her being in contact with other men became even worse as she met stars like Clark Gable, and in reaction to his attempts to control her, she threatened to break off their engagement.[18][24]After a few months in Hollywood, she had the opportunity to sign a three-year contract with MGM that was worth $50,000 if all the options were picked up.[18] However, she was dismayed by some of the seamier aspects of Hollywood,[18] including the studio's request that she pose for cheesecake photos and the constant gambling among the extras.[26] She also found the long waits between shots unsatisfying as a thespian, and read Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky novels on the set to pass the time.[26] Romney finally convinced her to go ahead with marriage and return to Washington,[27] where he worked for Alcoa as a lobbyist,[23] earning $125 a month.[5]Although Lenore had been more independent than many women of the time, she later stated that she \"never had any regrets about giving up movies.\"[24] Another time she said that she had never had a choice of both marriage and an acting career: \"In an acting career, I would have been upstaging him, and he couldn't stand that. It was never either and; it was always either or.\"[28] George would later consider his successful seven-year courtship of her to be his greatest sales achievement.[15][27]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-97-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-1-7"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-103-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-103-30"},{"link_name":"WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTEM#WRC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-103-30"},{"link_name":"Arthur 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Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Manufacturers_Association"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Grosse Pointe, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_Pointe,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Palmer Woods section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Woods_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-187-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-children-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-187-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-11-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-187-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-11-34"},{"link_name":"Willard Mitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahoney-children-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-187-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-11-34"},{"link_name":"hysterectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterectomy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-187-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-11-34"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Hills, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-1-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"American Motors Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytm-mav-28"},{"link_name":"bursitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursitis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-191-37"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"slipped disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_disk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-limelight-6"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-191-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-obit-b-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-18-39"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-18-39"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-18-39"},{"link_name":"classic radio show of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bickersons"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-18-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"}],"text":"Lenore LaFount married George Romney on July 2, 1931, at the Salt Lake Temple.[18] Their wedding reception in the Chi Omega house at the University of Utah was attended by about four hundred guests.[18]In Washington, Lenore's cultural refinement and hosting skills, along with her father's social and political connections, helped George in his business career, and the couple met the Hoovers, the Roosevelts, and other prominent Washington figures.[6][29] George often called upon her to host short-notice parties.[29] During 1933–1934, Lenore hosted a 15-minute weekly program, Poetical Hitchhiking, on Washington's famed radio station WRC where she selected and read the poems.[3][5][29] (The staff announcer who introduced her was Arthur Godfrey.[29]) She also directed student plays at George Washington University.[5][29]The couple's first child, Margo Lynn (known as Lynn) was born in 1935 after a difficult childbirth,[30][31] and Lenore became a stay-at-home mother.[7] A second daughter, Jane, followed in 1938.[30] In 1939, the family moved to the Detroit, Michigan, area when George took a job with the Automobile Manufacturers Association.[32] They rented a house in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, for two years, then bought one in the Palmer Woods section of Detroit.[31] The couple's first son, George Scott (known as G. Scott), was born in 1941.[30] The couple longed for another child, but doctors told them that Lenore probably could not become pregnant again and might not survive if she did.[31][33] By 1946, they had begun the process of adopting a war orphan living in Switzerland.[31][33] However, Lenore became pregnant, and after a difficult pregnancy – lying still on her back for a month in a hospital during one stretch – and delivery, Willard Mitt (known as Mitt) was born in 1947.[30][31][33] After the birth she required a hysterectomy.[31] Lenore would subsequently refer to Mitt as her miracle baby.[33]The family moved to affluent Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, around 1953.[6][34] In 1953, Lenore suffered another health crisis when a blood transfusion of the wrong type put her life in danger, but she recovered.[35] In 1954, George was named president and chairman of American Motors Corporation.[27] During this time a bad attack of bursitis left her with no movement in her left arm for five years, and the rest of the family took up her chores.[36] The couple spent summers at a cottage on the Canadian shore of Lake Huron.[5] A slipped disk suffered there gave her further trouble, and that and the bursitis caused her to switch from golf to swimming as her main exercise.[5][36]The couple's marriage reflected aspects of their personalities and courtship. George was devoted to Lenore, and tried to bring her a flower every day, often a single rose with a love note.[37][38] George was also a strong, blunt personality used to winning arguments by force of will, but the more self-controlled Lenore was unintimidated and willing to push back against him.[7][38] The couple quarreled often,[14] so much that their grandchildren would later nickname them \"the Bickersons\"[38] (there being a classic radio show of that name). In the end, their closeness would allow them to settle arguments amicably, often by her finally accepting what he wanted.[14][38] She still had a restive nature; Mitt later recalled that, \"It always seemed that she wanted something a little more for herself.\"[39] (Mitt himself would later show a more reserved, private, and controlled nature than George's, traits he got from Lenore.[7][14])","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt021162-41"},{"link_name":"the 1962 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"First 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time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people_and_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt012467-49"},{"link_name":"Women's City Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Women%27s_City_Club"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"her husband's 1968 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Romney_presidential_campaign,_1968"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt112067-45"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt020768-26"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-nh-47"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-nh-47"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt020768-26"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-191-37"},{"link_name":"food allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergies"},{"link_name":"Swedish Covenant Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Covenant_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-191-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_Dystrophy_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA_USA"},{"link_name":"American Field Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Field_Services"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slh-guide-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odr71-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap75-53"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Industries"},{"link_name":"Association for Retarded Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Retarded_Children"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slh-guide-51"},{"link_name":"Project HOPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_HOPE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-obit-18"},{"link_name":"Detroit Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-series-4-54"}],"text":"When her husband decided to enter electoral politics by running for Governor of Michigan in 1962, Lenore Romney said she and the family supported him: \"I know it will be difficult – not easy. But we're all dedicated with him for better government.\"[40] She played a productive role in the 1962 campaign, making speeches before groups of Republican women[7] at a time when it was unusual for women to campaign separately from their husbands.[14] She was given the task of campaigning in the rural and small urban, Republican-leaning outstate areas while he focused on the Democratic-leaning Detroit area.[41]Following George's victory in November 1962, Lenore became the state's First Lady. About her new role, she said her goal was to make \"a real breakthrough in human relations by bringing people together as people – just like George has enunciated. Women have a very interesting role in this, and I don't expect to be a society leader holding a series of meaningless teas.\"[22]Lenore with her husband George (far left) and West Germany's Gerhard Stoltenberg (center) in 1967She proved popular as a First Lady.[7][42] She was a frequent speaker at events and before civic groups and became known for her eloquence.[43] She was thus useful to his political career, just as she had been to his business one.[44] Like her husband, she did not make public appearances on Sundays.[14] He was re-elected in 1964 and 1966, and she campaigned frequently with him.[43] Moreover, she played more of an active and partisan role within her party than any other Michigan first lady in the 20th century.[42] She knew his policy positions at least as well as any of his official aides, went with him on almost all of his out-of-state trips, and gave his speeches for him if sudden events made him unable to attend.[45] Over time an impression grew among some in the public that she was smarter than he was.[45] George Romney biographer T. George Harris concluded in 1967 that \"she has been considerably more than a first lady.\"[45]Lenore was a traditionalist who decried the women's liberation movement as being one of \"strident voices\"[7] and \"burning bras and railing against male-chauvinistic pigs.\"[14] She decried relaxed sexual mores and talk of a \"New Morality\", saying \"the morality they discuss is the barnyard morality and it is as old as the hills.\"[14] However, she was also an advocate for the involvement of women in business and politics.[7] By 1966, she was telling audiences around the state, \"Why should women have any less say than men about the great decisions facing our nation?\"[7] She added that women \"represent a reservoir of public service which has hardly been tapped.\"[43]She explicitly criticized the counterculture phrase \"Turn on, tune in, drop out\", saying \"What kind of a philosophy is that?\"[25] Instead she urged young people to \"Think of something outside of yourselves. Have something in yourself that is greater than self.\"[25] She told one high school audience, \"You have the right to rebel, but make sure what you're rebelling for is greater than what you're rebelling against.\"[46]She was a devout and faithful member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who taught Sunday School lessons at her church for many years,[7][46][47][48] including a stint during the early 1960s teaching 14-year-olds.[5] Her views on many social issues were more liberal than most of the Republican Party, and she appeared on stage with Martin Luther King Jr. at Michigan State University on March 9, 1966,[14] when King gave his \"Chicago Wall\" speech. On the issue of the LDS Church policy of the time that did not allow black people in its lay clergy, she defended the church, saying, \"If my church taught me anything other than that the Negro is equal to any other person, I could not accept it.\"[48] She was a member of the Women's City Club in Detroit, but in 1967, said she would resign unless the club dropped a policy barring black guests from eating in its dining room.[49]During her husband's 1968 presidential campaign, Lenore continued to exert a calming influence on him and helped keep his sometimes problematic temper in check.[44] She was adept at campaigning, appearing at ease and speaking in a lively, fluent manner without notes before audiences of various types.[25][46] The Associated Press wrote that she was probably \"the most indefatigable campaigner on the New Hampshire primary circuit, including the candidates\".[46] The New York Times wrote, \"To see Mrs. George Romney in action is to watch an authentic, stand-up evangelist weave a spell. ... in the view of seasoned politicians, Lenore Romney is a far more effective speaker than the wife of any national candidate in recent memory. She may even be among the select group of political wives who win votes for their husbands through their own speeches and contacts.\"[25] As the campaign went on, George fell far behind Republican rival Richard Nixon in polls and withdrew in February 1968 before the first primaries took place.Lenore continued to have health difficulties, visiting medical centers around the country but unable to get a clear diagnosis.[14] One specialist attributed her problems to a failure to absorb sufficient calcium, for which she was given once-a-week shots.[36] She was found to have several food allergies and spent time at Chicago's Swedish Covenant Hospital in 1967.[36] She suffered an injury outside her house around 1967 and another the next year when she fell and suffered a shoulder dislocation that turned into bursitis.[14] During October 1968 she was hospitalized at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, seeing a bone and mineral specialist.[14]Lenore Romney worked on behalf of many volunteer organizations over a number of years.[47] In 1963, she was co-chair of the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Starting in 1965, she was a member of a special committee of the American Mothers Committee.[3] By 1970, she was on the national board of directors of the YWCA and a member of the national advisory board to American Field Services.[3][50][51][52] She had also held high positions with Goodwill Industries, United Community Services, Child Guidance Study, Association for Retarded Children, Michigan Association for Emotionally Disturbed Children, and the Michigan Historical Society.[50] She worked with Project HOPE.[3] She was chair of the Detroit Grand Opera Association[17] and was active with the Women's Association for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.[3] The Boston Globe later characterized her as a \"pillar of Detroit society\".[53]","title":"First Lady of Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomneySwornInSecHUD.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt121368-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt121368-55"},{"link_name":"1970 U.S. Senate election from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Philip Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hart"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt013170-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt013170-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-93-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotlowski-53-58"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt013170-56"},{"link_name":"U.S. House Minority Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"William Milliken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Milliken"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"stalking horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking_horse"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt022270-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi012670-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi012670-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Donald W. Riegle, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_W._Riegle,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert J. Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Huber"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt022270-59"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt022270-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt022470-62"},{"link_name":"The Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080270-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080270-64"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-nh-47"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080270-64"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope"},{"link_name":"Art 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Incursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Incursion"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt060270-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080670-66"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080270-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080670-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080670-66"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slh-guide-51"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"Warren, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-93-57"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt080270-64"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt110470-69"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt110470-69"},{"link_name":"advance man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_man"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-2007-prof-70"},{"link_name":"all 83 Michigan counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt110470-69"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-el-night-48"},{"link_name":"Look magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-dreams-15"}],"text":"Lenore Romney with George Romney and Richard Nixon, January 22, 1969After the 1968 presidential election, George Romney was named the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the administration of the newly elected President Nixon. Lenore was not enthusiastic about leaving Michigan to return to Washington after three decades away, but said, \"Any wife wants to be with her husband wherever he is, whether state or federal government, just so he can develop his creative ideas.\"[54] By then, the couple had 12 grandchildren.[54]For the 1970 U.S. Senate election from Michigan, state Republicans were looking for someone to run against Democrat Philip Hart, a two-term incumbent. Hart was heavily favored to win re-election, but Republicans thought he might be vulnerable on ideological grounds (for being too liberal) and owing to an anti-war protest arrest involving his wife.[55] George Romney's name was mentioned as a possible candidate.[55] Indeed, Nixon, who never had good relations with Romney either personally or on policy grounds, had by then decided he wanted Romney out of his administration but did not want to fire him, and hatched a plot to get Romney to run in the Senate race.[56][57] However, George came up with the idea of Lenore running, and sprung it on Lenore and the children at the end of 1969.[14] Lenore's name began being mentioned by other Republicans, even though she professed not to want to run unless no other candidate could be found.[43][55] U.S. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford from Michigan thought she could unite the state party's different factions,[43] but Governor William Milliken, who had succeeded George and was not eager to see more Romneys in power, opposed the notion.[14] And while Lenore had achieved a good reputation for campaigning on her husband's behalf, there were some who suspected that her Senate candidacy was just a stalking horse for keeping George's options open.[58] Such sentiments were exacerbated when George did not completely rule himself out of a possible race.[59]The state party had a system wherein there would be a series of meetings of its 355 leaders in order to declare a \"consensus\" candidate that the party would support in any primary election.[59][60]\nDuring the initial February 21, 1970, meeting, Lenore Romney faced opposition from liberal U.S. Representative Donald W. Riegle, Jr. and conservative State Senator Robert J. Huber.[58] The meeting became contentious, and with Milliken helping to block her, in three ballots she was unable to reach the three-fourths majority needed for the consensus nod.[14][43][58]\nOn February 23, she formally entered the contest for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat.[61] George successfully pressured Milliken to endorse her, but gained bad publicity when The Detroit News exposed his actions.[14] At the next party meeting, on March 7, she won 92 percent of the leaders and gained the consensus candidate position, and talk of George running ended.[62]Riegle did not continue his run, but Huber did. In the ensuing primary contest, Romney's effort emphasized her sex, saying as a campaign theme, \"Never before has the voice and understanding of a concerned woman been more needed.\"[63] Billboards featuring her face were everywhere, captioned only as \"Lenore\" and omitting any reference to political party.[63] She was still photogenic, but so thin that she was sometimes described as \"frail\" or \"waiflike\",[43][46][63] and her husband sometimes worried about her weight. She issued a half-hour campaign film that featured endorsements from many national and state party leaders as well as from celebrities Bob Hope and Art Linkletter, and showcased her family role and her concern for disadvantaged people.[43][63] Huber, in contrast, emphasized his edge in political experience, derided her \"motherly concern\", and criticized the \"bossism\" that he said was trying to force another Romney into statewide office.[63]Regarding the Vietnam War, Romney called for the withdrawal of all American troops by the end of 1971, and characterized the war as \"disastrous\".[64] She was troubled by the ongoing Cambodian Incursion and said that if elected she would vote to cut off its funds if Nixon did not abide by his pledge to withdraw from there by the end of the month.[64] On other issues, she sometimes took overly broad stances that appeared to come down on multiple sides.[65] The conservative wing of the party, which had never trusted her husband, had the same reaction to her.[7] The largely male press corps tended to deal with her in a paternalistic way, and she was often identified as \"Mrs. George Romney\" in stories and photo captions.[43][66] Initially heavily favored over Huber, her campaign failed to gain momentum and polls showed a close race; in response, she shifted her ads to focus more on her stands on issues.[63] In the August 4, 1970, primary, Lenore Romney won a narrow victory, with 52 percent of the vote compared to Huber's 48 percent.[65][67]In the general election, with lost prestige, a divided party, and with her campaign resources partly drained by the primary fight, Romney was behind incumbent Democrat Hart from the beginning.[43][47][65] Romney issued position papers and emphasized the themes of dealing with crime and social permissiveness;[47] she also advocated a national healthcare plan and increased attention to environmental damage caused by industry.[14] She never made any personal attacks against Hart.[47] The only woman running for the U.S. Senate that year,[50] she was a tireless campaigner, traveling around the state in a chartered Cessna and making as many as twelve stops a day.[43] Nevertheless, the perception grew that she did not have any vision for what she would do as a senator and was only in the race because she was George Romney's wife.[43] In response, she said at one point, \"I'm not a stand-in or a substitute for anyone\".[7][43] Her campaign material continued to just refer to \"Lenore\".[43] She also was negatively impacted, in both the primary and general election, by fallout from her husband's effort as HUD Secretary to enforce housing integration in Warren, Michigan.[56][63][68] Consistently far ahead in polls, Hart staged a low-key campaign with few public appearances; he mostly ignored her and sometimes acted condescendingly towards her in private.[14][43][68]The Romney children campaigned for her, including Mitt, who took student leave to work as a driver and advance man at schools and county fairs during the summer.[43][69] Together, Lenore and Mitt visited all 83 Michigan counties.[14] George was in Washington most of the time and did not publicly campaign for her until the campaign's final day.[43][68]In the November 3, 1970, general election, Hart handily won a third term with 67 percent of the vote to her 33 percent.[43] Romney made an unusual election-night visit to congratulate Hart in person, and in saying \"I hope all good things will be his,\" gave what the victor termed \"the most graceful and really moving concession speech I've ever heard.\"[47]The campaign and loss left Lenore in emotional pain.[7] In her election night remarks she had said, \"I thought [running as a woman] would be an asset. It was disappointing to find that many people closed their minds just because I was a woman.\"[47] She expounded on this in an article she published the following year in Look magazine, describing the openly dismissive reaction she had gotten from both men and women.[7][43] She wrote that, \"In factories, I encountered men in small groups, laughing, shouting, 'Get in the kitchen. George needs you there. What do you know about politics?'\"[7] To a friend she wrote, \"[I had no idea] how open and bare and wide my own vulnerability would be ... the body wounds are deep.\"[7] She told one of her children that she wished she had not run, and concluded that \"It's the most humiliating thing I know of to run for office.\"[14]","title":"1970 U.S. Senate campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_(cropped1).jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-tale-44"},{"link_name":"National Center for Voluntary Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Voluntary_Action"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp-ncva-71"},{"link_name":"Pat Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp-ncva-71"},{"link_name":"National Conference of Christians and Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Christians_and_Jews"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odr71-52"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat72-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"National Women's Political Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat72-72"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"anti-abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-lessons-8"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"1972 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Committee for the Re-Election of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat72-72"},{"link_name":"John Ehrlichman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ehrlichman"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-93-57"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-93-57"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"WJR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJR"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap75-53"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb-81-78"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"1994 campaign for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1994"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt102594-80"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ann Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Romney"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt102594-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-gwr-obit-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real-197-82"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-obit-43"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-stroke-83"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-obit-b-38"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-stroke-83"},{"link_name":"William Beaumont Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beaumont_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Royal Oak, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-obit-43"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-stroke-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-obit-18"},{"link_name":"Brighton, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"John Engler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Engler"},{"link_name":"Connie Binsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Binsfeld"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-obit-b-38"}],"text":"George and Lenore Romney in the Cabinet Room at the White House in July 1969, along with son Mitt and daughter-in-law Ann RomneyFollowing the campaign, Lenore Romney returned to Washington and to being a cabinet wife.[43] George, who had also long been interested in volunteerism, had helped found the National Center for Voluntary Action in 1970, and Lenore was made a member of its executive committee.[70] By late 1971, she assumed some of First Lady Pat Nixon's role as a public advocate for volunteerism, visiting regional volunteer centers with other cabinet and administration wives.[70] She was on the board of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, serving as brotherhood chair during 1970–1971[51] and as vice chair in 1972.[71] She was also a main force behind the Urban Service Corps, which sought to apply volunteer efforts to the problems of large cities.[72] She worked with the National Women's Political Caucus to promote the electoral candidacies of women,[71] and gave some speeches at colleges.[7] She came out as explicitly anti-abortion.[7] (Abortion was illegal in Michigan in this pre-Roe v. Wade era, and she had previously been ambivalent about expanding legal access to it; in any case, it had not been an issue in the 1970 Senate campaign.[7][73])In the 1972 U.S. presidential election, Lenore Romney worked in the women's surrogate program for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President.[71] Nevertheless, her husband's relationship with Nixon and the administration became even worse and, in August 1972, she wrote a fruitless letter to presidential aide John Ehrlichman urging a change in the \"low regard\" and poor treatment that the administration showed him.[56][74]After George Romney left the administration and politics in January 1973,[56] Lenore continued with volunteerism, as vice president of the National Center for Voluntary Action.[75] In 1974, she became a commentator on the WJR radio show Point of View.[3] Subsequently, she receded from the public political eye,[76] but still remained active. She gave speeches to various local religious and civic organizations in the Midwest, focusing on her faith, the potential of \"people power\", and the role of women.[52][77] Regarding the prospective, much-discussed Equal Rights Amendment, she said in 1979 that she supported equal opportunity and equal pay for women, but she opposed the amendment because it was about \"destroying love ... I object to the 'me' emphasis [of it] and not the family.\"[78]At age 85, Lenore Romney emerged to give interviews during her son Mitt's 1994 campaign for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts.[79] She contrasted Mitt to his opponent, long-time incumbent Senator Ted Kennedy; while Kennedy had been much in the news for his drinking and sexual escapades, Lenore noted that Mitt and wife Ann Romney had waited until marriage to have sex.[79] Mitt lost the race to Kennedy.On July 26, 1995, George Romney died of a heart attack at the age of 88 while he was exercising on his treadmill at the couple's home in Bloomfield Hills; he was discovered by Lenore (after she went looking for him, not having found her rose for the day), but it was too late to save him.[80][81] They had been married for 64 years, and the press noted the strength of that marriage.[42]Lenore's health declined during her final years.[82] But she was still doing fairly well when, at the age of 89, she suffered a stroke at her Bloomfield Hills home.[37][82] She died several days later at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan, on July 7, 1998.[42][82][83] Besides her four children, she was survived by 24 grandchildren and 41 great-grandchildren.[17] She is interred in Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan, in the same family plot as her husband.Following her death, many state political figures paid tribute to her, including Governor John Engler and his wife Michelle, who called her \"Michigan's rose\", and Lieutenant Governor Connie Binsfeld, who characterized her as a \"beloved role model for our state\".[37]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slh-guide-51"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn051571-85"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Hadassah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-obit-18"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn051571-85"},{"link_name":"VOLUNTEER: The National Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOLUNTEER:_The_National_Center"},{"link_name":"National Volunteer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Volunteer_Center"},{"link_name":"Points of Light Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_Light_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Points of Light Foundation & the National Network of Volunteer Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_Light_Foundation_%26_the_National_Network_of_Volunteer_Centers"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-2003-86"},{"link_name":"honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slh-guide-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap75-53"},{"link_name":"L.H.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"Hope College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_College"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd–Mercy College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd%E2%80%93Mercy_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"LL.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Central Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"},{"link_name":"Eastern Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Detroit College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whowho-4"}],"text":"In 1969, Lenore Romney received the Woman of the Year Award from Brigham Young University.[50] She was named one of the National Top Ten Women News Makers for 1970.[84] She was given the Salvation Army's Humanitarian Award, Michigan State University's Distinguished Citizen Award, and also received recognition from Hadassah and the International Platform Association.[17][84]For many years beginning in 1987, the successor organizations to the National Center for Voluntary Action (VOLUNTEER: The National Center, National Volunteer Center, Points of Light Foundation, and Points of Light Foundation & the National Network of Volunteer Centers) have given out an annual Lenore and George W. Romney Citizen Volunteer Award[85] (later retitled the George and Lenore Romney Citizen Volunteer Award).Lenore Romney was awarded six honorary degrees.[50][52] She received an L.H.D. from Hillsdale College in 1964,[3] from Hope College in 1967,[86] and from Gwynedd–Mercy College in 1971.[3] She received an LL.D. from Central Michigan University in 1966.[3] She received a Doctor of Humanities degree from Eastern Michigan University in 1968[87] and from Detroit College of Business in 1970.[3]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nb-name_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nb-name_2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ a b During his lifetime, Lenore's father Harold Arundel Lafount's name was almost always spelled as such, as was his father's.[1] Lenore used LaFount, however (possibly as part of her acting aspirations), and subsequent biographers of George Romney sometimes referred to Harold with her spelling.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Current Biography Yearbook 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Biography_Yearbook"},{"link_name":"H. W. Wilson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145427784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/145427784"},{"link_name":"Prentice-Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice-Hall"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"437793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/437793"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Volume III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saint_Biographical_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nixonscivilright00kotl"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-00623-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00623-2"},{"link_name":"Kranish, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kranish"},{"link_name":"The Real Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/realromney00kran"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-212327-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212327-5"},{"link_name":"Harper & Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"236830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/236830"},{"link_name":"Scott, Ronald B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_B._Scott"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mittromneyinside0000scot"},{"link_name":"Lyons Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7627-7927-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-7927-7"},{"link_name":"Who's Who of American Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_of_American_Women"},{"link_name":"Marquis Who's Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8379-0409-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8379-0409-9"}],"text":"Candee, Marjorie Dent, ed. (1958). Current Biography Yearbook 1958. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. OCLC 145427784.\nHarris, T. George (1967). Romney's Way: A Man and an Idea. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. OCLC 437793.\nJenson, Andrew (1920). Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Volume III. Salt Lake City: Arrow Press.\nKotlowski, Dean J. (2001). Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00623-2.\nKranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.\nMahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 236830.\nScott, Ronald B. (2011). Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-7927-7.\nWho's Who of American Women (9th ed.). Marquis Who's Who. 1976. ISBN 0-8379-0409-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Lenore with her husband George (far left) and West Germany's Gerhard Stoltenberg (center) in 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F026119-0002%2C_Bonn%2C_Stoltenberg_mit_Gouverneur_Romney%2C_USA_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F026119-0002%2C_Bonn%2C_Stoltenberg_mit_Gouverneur_Romney%2C_USA_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lenore Romney with George Romney and Richard Nixon, January 22, 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RomneySwornInSecHUD.jpg/220px-RomneySwornInSecHUD.jpg"},{"image_text":"George and Lenore Romney in the Cabinet Room at the White House in July 1969, along with son Mitt and daughter-in-law Ann Romney","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-1542_%28cropped1%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg/100px-Mitt_Romney_official_US_Senate_portrait.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Reitwiesner, William Addams; Robert Battle; John Bradley Arthaud; John Lisle; Gary Boyd Roberts. \"The Ancestors of Mitt Romney\". Wargs.com. Retrieved November 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Addams_Reitwiesner","url_text":"Reitwiesner, William Addams"},{"url":"http://www.wargs.com/political/romney.html","url_text":"\"The Ancestors of Mitt Romney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lenore Romney's Still In Limelight\". The Morning News. Meriden, Connecticut. Associated Press. November 6, 1963. p. last.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=86VIAAAAIBAJ&pg=957,687901","url_text":"\"Lenore Romney's Still In Limelight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record-Journal","url_text":"The Morning News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Swidey, Neil; Paulson, Michael (June 24, 2007). \"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on September 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Paulson","url_text":"Paulson, Michael"},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/24/privilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader/","url_text":"\"The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070918153844/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_main/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 23, 2012). \"Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run\". The New York Times. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/us/politics/political-lessons-from-a-mothers-losing-run.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). \"For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago\". The New York Times. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html","url_text":"\"For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gellman, Barton (June 4, 2012). \"Dreams from His Mother\". Time. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Gellman","url_text":"Gellman, Barton"},{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2115636,00.html","url_text":"\"Dreams from His Mother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111307/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,2115636,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dinosaur Hunter\". Time. April 6, 1959. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070518064337/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810925,00.html","url_text":"\"The Dinosaur Hunter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810925,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lenore Romney, mom of Senate candidate, at 89\". 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OCLC 437793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice-Hall","url_text":"Prentice-Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437793","url_text":"437793"}]},{"reference":"Jenson, Andrew (1920). Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Volume III. Salt Lake City: Arrow Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saint_Biographical_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: Volume III"}]},{"reference":"Kotlowski, Dean J. (2001). Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00623-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nixonscivilright00kotl","url_text":"Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00623-2","url_text":"0-674-00623-2"}]},{"reference":"Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparda-Bank-Hessen-Stadion | Stadion am Bieberer Berg (2012) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 50°05′40″N 8°47′55″E / 50.09444°N 8.79861°E / 50.09444; 8.79861Football stadium in Offenbach, Germany that opened in 2012
This article is about the stadium opened in 2012. For the original stadium it replaced, see Stadion am Bieberer Berg (1921).
Stadion am Bieberer BergBieberer BergFormer namesSparda-Bank-Hessen-Stadion (2012–2020) Kommt-Gesund-Wieder-Stadion (2020–2021)LocationOffenbach am Main, Hesse, GermanyOwnerStadiongesellschaft Bieberer Berg mbHCapacity20,500SurfaceGrassConstructionBroke ground7 February 2011Opened18 June 2012Construction cost€25 millionArchitectBremer AGTenantsKickers Offenbach (2012–present)
Stadion am Bieberer Berg is a stadium in Offenbach am Main, Germany. It became the new home of Kickers Offenbach, when it replaced the "old" Stadion am Bieberer Berg. The first game played on the ground was a pre-season friendly between Kickers and Bayer 04 Leverkusen on 18 July 2012, with more than 15,000 fans attending.
The stadium is also a regular host to the Germany national rugby union team's games.
See also
List of football stadiums in Germany
Lists of stadiums
References
^ "Wir. Der Berg. Unser neues Stadion". Offenbach.de. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
vteKickers OffenbachInformation
Club
Players
Managers
Reserve team
Related
Stadia
Stadion am Bieberer Berg (1921–2011)
Stadion am Bieberer Berg (2012–)
Matches
1950 German football championship final
1959 German football championship final
1970 DFB-Pokal final
Authority control databases: Geographic
StadiumDB
50°05′40″N 8°47′55″E / 50.09444°N 8.79861°E / 50.09444; 8.79861
This article about a German sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stadion am Bieberer Berg (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_am_Bieberer_Berg_(1921)"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Offenbach am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kickers Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickers_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"\"old\" Stadion am Bieberer Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_am_Bieberer_Berg_(1921)"},{"link_name":"pre-season friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game#Club_football"},{"link_name":"Bayer 04 Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Germany national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_rugby_union_team"}],"text":"Football stadium in Offenbach, Germany that opened in 2012This article is about the stadium opened in 2012. For the original stadium it replaced, see Stadion am Bieberer Berg (1921).Stadion am Bieberer Berg is a stadium in Offenbach am Main, Germany. It became the new home of Kickers Offenbach,[1] when it replaced the \"old\" Stadion am Bieberer Berg. The first game played on the ground was a pre-season friendly between Kickers and Bayer 04 Leverkusen on 18 July 2012, with more than 15,000 fans attending.The stadium is also a regular host to the Germany national rugby union team's games.","title":"Stadion am Bieberer Berg (2012)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of football stadiums in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Germany"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"}] | [{"reference":"\"Wir. Der Berg. Unser neues Stadion\". Offenbach.de. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offenbach.de/landingpages/stadion/","url_text":"\"Wir. Der Berg. Unser neues Stadion\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stadion_am_Bieberer_Berg_(2012)¶ms=50_05_40_N_8_47_55_E_dim:5000_region:DE-HE_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°05′40″N 8°47′55″E / 50.09444°N 8.79861°E / 50.09444; 8.79861"},{"Link":"http://www.offenbach.de/landingpages/stadion/","external_links_name":"\"Wir. Der Berg. Unser neues Stadion\""},{"Link":"http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/ger/sparda_bank_hessen_stadion","external_links_name":"StadiumDB"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stadion_am_Bieberer_Berg_(2012)¶ms=50_05_40_N_8_47_55_E_dim:5000_region:DE-HE_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"50°05′40″N 8°47′55″E / 50.09444°N 8.79861°E / 50.09444; 8.79861"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadion_am_Bieberer_Berg_(2012)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S_ribosomal_protein_L39 | 60S ribosomal protein L39 | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Protein found in humans
RPL39Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4UG0, 4V6X, 5AJ0, 3J92, 4UJC, 3J7P, 4UJE, 3J7Q, 3J7R, 4D67, 4UJD, 4V5Z, 4D5Y, 3J7OIdentifiersAliasesRPL39, L39, RPL39P42, RPL39_23_1806, ribosomal protein L39External IDsOMIM: 300899; MGI: 1914498; HomoloGene: 133571; GeneCards: RPL39; OMA:RPL39 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.X chromosome (human)BandXq24Start119,786,504 bpEnd119,791,630 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.X chromosome (mouse)BandX|X A3.3Start36,346,173 bpEnd36,349,055 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inganglionic eminenceventricular zoneendometriumgranulocyteleft ovaryskin of abdomenskin of leglactiferous glandsubcutaneous adipose tissueright ovaryTop expressed inyolk sacventricular zoneembryoembryoganglionic eminencelipesophagusuterusduodenumurinary bladderMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
RNA binding
structural constituent of ribosome
Cellular component
ribosome
cytosol
intracellular anatomical structure
extracellular space
cytosolic large ribosomal subunit
polysomal ribosome
Biological process
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
innate immune response in mucosa
viral transcription
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
translational initiation
protein biosynthesis
rRNA processing
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
cytoplasmic translation
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez617067248EnsemblENSG00000198918ENSMUSG00000079641UniProtP62891P62892RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001000NM_026055RefSeq (protein)NP_000991NP_080331Location (UCSC)Chr X: 119.79 – 119.79 MbChr X: 36.35 – 36.35 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
60S ribosomal protein L39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL39 gene.
Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the S39E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. In rat, the protein is the smallest, and one of the most basic, proteins of the ribosome. This gene is co-transcribed with the U69 small nucleolar RNA gene, which is located in its second intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198918 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079641 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Otsuka S, Tanaka M, Saito S, Yoshimoto K, Itakura M (Sep 1996). "Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human ribosomal protein L39". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1308 (2): 119–21. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(96)00106-6. PMID 8764829.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: RPL39 ribosomal protein L39".
Further reading
Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). "Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Yoshihama M, Uechi T, Asakawa S, et al. (2002). "The Human Ribosomal Protein Genes: Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of 73 Genes". Genome Res. 12 (3): 379–90. doi:10.1101/gr.214202. PMC 155282. PMID 11875025.
Uechi T, Tanaka T, Kenmochi N (2001). "A complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders". Genomics. 72 (3): 223–30. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6470. PMID 11401437.
Tsui SK, Lee SM, Fung KP, et al. (1997). "Primary structures and sequence analysis of human ribosomal proteins L39 and S27". Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 40 (3): 611–6. doi:10.1080/15216549600201203. PMID 8908372. S2CID 7909023.
Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, et al. (1995). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene. 150 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial
IF1
IF2
IF3
Mitochondrial
MTIF1
MTIF2
MTIF3
Archaeal
aIF1
aIF2
aIF5
aIF6
EukaryoticeIF1
eIF1
B
SUI1 family
eIF1A
Y
eIF2
α
kinase
β
γ
eIF2A
eIF2B
1
2
3
4
5
eIF2D
eIF3
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
eIF4
A
1
2
3
E1
2
3
G
1
2
3
B
H
eIF5
EIF5
EIF5A
2
5B
eIF6
EIF6
Elongation factorBacterial/Mitochondrial
EF-Tu
EF-Ts
EF-G
EF-4
EF-P
TSFM
GFM1
GFM2
Archaeal/Eukaryotic
a/eEF-1
A1
2
3
B
P1
P2
P3
D
E
G
a/eEF-2
Release factor
Class 1
eRF1
Class 2/RF3
GSPT1
GSPT2
Ribosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit
RPL3
RPL4
RPL5
RPL6
RPL7
RPL7A
RPL8
RPL9
RPL10
RPL10A
RPL10-like
RPL11
RPL12
RPL13
RPL13A
RPL14
RPL15
RPL17
RPL18
RPL18A
RPL19
RPL21
RPL22
RPL23
RPL23A
RPL24
RPL26
RPL27
RPL27A
RPL28
RPL29
RPL30
RPL31
RPL32
RPL34
RPL35
RPL35A
RPL36
RPL36A
RPL37
RPL37A
RPL38
RPL39
RPL40
RPL41
RPLP0
RPLP1
RPLP2
RRP15-like
RSL24D1
40S subunit
RPSA
RPS2
RPS3
RPS3A
RPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2)
RPS5
RPS6
RPS7
RPS8
RPS9
RPS10
RPS11
RPS12
RPS13
RPS14
RPS15
RPS15A
RPS16
RPS17
RPS18
RPS19
RPS20
RPS21
RPS23
RPS24
RPS25
RPS26
RPS27
RPS27A
RPS28
RPS29
RPS30
RACK1
Mitochondrial39S subunit
MRPL1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
28S subunit
MRPS1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Other concepts
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Reading frame
Start codon
Stop codon
Shine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequence
vteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S):
5S5.8S28SSmall (40S):
18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S):
MT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S):
MT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S):
5S4.5S23SSmall (30S):
16SRibosomal proteins(See article table)
This article on a gene on the human X chromosome and/or its associated protein is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8764829-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"Ribosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"protein synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis"},{"link_name":"40S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40S"},{"link_name":"60S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"ribosomal protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"small nucleolar RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA"},{"link_name":"intron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron"},{"link_name":"pseudogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"60S ribosomal protein L39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL39 gene.[5][6]Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. 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hp?title=MRPS29&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRPS30"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MRPS31&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MRPS32&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRPS33"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MRPS34&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRPS35"},{"link_name":"Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Reading frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_frame"},{"link_name":"Start codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon"},{"link_name":"Stop codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon"},{"link_name":"Shine-Dalgarno sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence"},{"link_name":"Kozak consensus sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozak_consensus_sequence"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"Ribosomal RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"ribosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"Archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50S#Archaea"},{"link_name":"5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_ribosomal_RNA#Archaea"},{"link_name":"23S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA#Archaea"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S#Archaea"},{"link_name":"16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA#Archaea"},{"link_name":"Bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50S"},{"link_name":"5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"23S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S"},{"link_name":"16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"Eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"Cytoplasmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_ribosome"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"60S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S"},{"link_name":"5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"5.8S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.8S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"28S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"40S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40S"},{"link_name":"18S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18S_ribosomal_RNA"},{"link_name":"Mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosome"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"MT-RNR2, 16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR2"},{"link_name":"MT-tRNAVal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"MT-RNR1, 12S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR1"},{"link_name":"Chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast#Chloroplast_ribosomes"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50S#Plastid"},{"link_name":"5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"4.5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"23S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S#Plastid"},{"link_name":"16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"Ribosomal proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"X chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=60S_ribosomal_protein_L39&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-X-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-X-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-X-stub"}],"text":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nYoshihama M, Uechi T, Asakawa S, et al. (2002). \"The Human Ribosomal Protein Genes: Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of 73 Genes\". Genome Res. 12 (3): 379–90. doi:10.1101/gr.214202. PMC 155282. PMID 11875025.\nUechi T, Tanaka T, Kenmochi N (2001). \"A complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders\". Genomics. 72 (3): 223–30. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6470. PMID 11401437.\nTsui SK, Lee SM, Fung KP, et al. (1997). \"Primary structures and sequence analysis of human ribosomal proteins L39 and S27\". Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 40 (3): 611–6. doi:10.1080/15216549600201203. PMID 8908372. S2CID 7909023.\nKato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, et al. (1995). \"Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank\". Gene. 150 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial\nIF1\nIF2\nIF3\nMitochondrial\nMTIF1\nMTIF2\nMTIF3\nArchaeal\naIF1\naIF2\naIF5\naIF6\nEukaryoticeIF1\neIF1\nB\nSUI1 family\neIF1A\nY\neIF2\nα\nkinase\nβ\nγ\neIF2A\neIF2B\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\neIF2D\neIF3\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\neIF4\nA\n1\n2\n3\nE1\n2\n3\nG\n1\n2\n3\nB\nH\neIF5\nEIF5\nEIF5A\n2\n5B\neIF6\nEIF6\nElongation factorBacterial/Mitochondrial\nEF-Tu\nEF-Ts\nEF-G\nEF-4\nEF-P\nTSFM\nGFM1\nGFM2\nArchaeal/Eukaryotic\na/eEF-1\nA1\n2\n3\nB\nP1\nP2\nP3\nD\nE\nG\na/eEF-2\nRelease factor\nClass 1\neRF1\nClass 2/RF3\nGSPT1\nGSPT2\nRibosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit\nRPL3\nRPL4\nRPL5\nRPL6\nRPL7\nRPL7A\nRPL8\nRPL9\nRPL10\nRPL10A\nRPL10-like\nRPL11\nRPL12\nRPL13\nRPL13A\nRPL14\nRPL15\nRPL17\nRPL18\nRPL18A\nRPL19\nRPL21\nRPL22\nRPL23\nRPL23A\nRPL24\nRPL26\nRPL27\nRPL27A\nRPL28\nRPL29\nRPL30\nRPL31\nRPL32\nRPL34\nRPL35\nRPL35A\nRPL36\nRPL36A\nRPL37\nRPL37A\nRPL38\nRPL39\nRPL40\nRPL41\nRPLP0\nRPLP1\nRPLP2\nRRP15-like\nRSL24D1\n40S subunit\nRPSA\nRPS2\nRPS3\nRPS3A\nRPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2)\nRPS5\nRPS6\nRPS7\nRPS8\nRPS9\nRPS10\nRPS11\nRPS12\nRPS13\nRPS14\nRPS15\nRPS15A\nRPS16\nRPS17\nRPS18\nRPS19\nRPS20\nRPS21\nRPS23\nRPS24\nRPS25\nRPS26\nRPS27\nRPS27A\nRPS28\nRPS29\nRPS30\nRACK1\nMitochondrial39S subunit\nMRPL1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n28S subunit\nMRPS1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\nOther concepts\nAminoacyl tRNA synthetase\nReading frame\nStart codon\nStop codon\nShine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequencevteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S):\n5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S):\n5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S): \n5S5.8S28SSmall (40S):\n18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S):\nMT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S):\nMT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S):\n5S4.5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SRibosomal proteins(See article table)This article on a gene on the human X chromosome and/or its associated protein is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6170","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=67248","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Otsuka S, Tanaka M, Saito S, Yoshimoto K, Itakura M (Sep 1996). \"Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human ribosomal protein L39\". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1308 (2): 119–21. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(96)00106-6. PMID 8764829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2896%2900106-6","url_text":"10.1016/0167-4781(96)00106-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764829","url_text":"8764829"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RPL39 ribosomal protein L39\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6170","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RPL39 ribosomal protein L39\""}]},{"reference":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fo95-101","url_text":"10.1139/o95-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722009","url_text":"8722009"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Yoshihama M, Uechi T, Asakawa S, et al. (2002). \"The Human Ribosomal Protein Genes: Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of 73 Genes\". Genome Res. 12 (3): 379–90. doi:10.1101/gr.214202. PMC 155282. PMID 11875025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155282","url_text":"\"The Human Ribosomal Protein Genes: Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of 73 Genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.214202","url_text":"10.1101/gr.214202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155282","url_text":"155282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11875025","url_text":"11875025"}]},{"reference":"Uechi T, Tanaka T, Kenmochi N (2001). \"A complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: assignment of 80 genes to the cytogenetic map and implications for human disorders\". Genomics. 72 (3): 223–30. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6470. PMID 11401437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2000.6470","url_text":"10.1006/geno.2000.6470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11401437","url_text":"11401437"}]},{"reference":"Tsui SK, Lee SM, Fung KP, et al. (1997). \"Primary structures and sequence analysis of human ribosomal proteins L39 and S27\". Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 40 (3): 611–6. doi:10.1080/15216549600201203. PMID 8908372. S2CID 7909023.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216549600201203","url_text":"\"Primary structures and sequence analysis of human ribosomal proteins L39 and S27\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216549600201203","url_text":"10.1080/15216549600201203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8908372","url_text":"8908372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7909023","url_text":"7909023"}]},{"reference":"Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, et al. (1995). \"Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank\". Gene. 150 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. 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