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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteen_Hungarian_Peasant_Songs
Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs
["1 Structure","2 Orchestral version","2.1 Instrumentation","2.1.1 Woodwinds","2.1.2 Brass","2.1.3 Percussion","2.1.4 Strings","3 Notable recordings","4 References","5 External links"]
Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs, Sz. 71, BB 79 is a collection of short folk melodies arranged for piano by Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It was composed between 1914 and 1918. In 1933, Bartók adapted and orchestrated parts of the piece as Hungarian Peasant Songs, Sz. 100, BB 107, commonly known by its Hungarian name, Magyar parasztdalok (). Structure The collection consists of fifteen movements, some of which are grouped together. A typical performance lasts 13–15 minutes. The movement list is as follows: Four Old Tunes RubatoAndante – Poco sostenuto – Più andante (Tempo I) – Poco sostenuto – Più andantePoco rubato – SostenutoAndante Scherzo. Andante – Sostenuto, poco rubato – Tempo IBallad (Theme with variations). Andante – Più andante – Poco adagio – Più andante – Maestoso Old Dance Tunes AllegroAllegrettoAllegrettoL'istesso tempoAssai moderatoAllegrettoPoco più vivo – AllegrettoAllegroAllegro – Più vivo – Poco più meno vivo Some critics claim Bartók intended the work to be split into two parts: the first one would include the first six movements, and the second one would include the following nine movements. However, such division is not present in the original score. Orchestral version In 1933, Bartók adapted and orchestrated movements 6-15 of the piano version of the piece as Hungarian Peasant Songs, Sz. 100, BB 107. While this version cuts the first five movements of the original and parts of the thirteenth, it also adds material, such as additional variations in movement 12. This version of the piece is commonly known by its Hungarian name, Magyar parasztdalok (). Instrumentation The work is scored for the following orchestra: Woodwinds 2 Flutes (2nd doubling piccolo) 2 Oboes (2nd doubling English horn) 2 Clarinets (2nd doubling bass clarinet) 2 Bassoons Brass 2 Horns 2 Trumpets 2 Trombones 1 Tuba Percussion Timpani (doubling bass drum) Strings Harp String section Notable recordings Notable recordings of Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs include: Pianist Record Company Year of Recording Format András Schiff Denon Records / Brilliant Classics 1980 CD Sviatoslav Richter Parnassus Records 1956 CD References ^ Cummings, Robert. "Hungarian Peasant Songs (15) for piano, Sz. 71, BB 79: Description". Rovi Corporation Ltd. Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ a b "Bartók: Hungarian Peasant Songs for orchestra". Universal Edition. Retrieved October 19, 2020. ^ "Bartók: Hungarian Peasant Songs for orchestra, BB 107, Sz. 100 (page 1 of 1)". Presto Classical. Retrieved October 19, 2020. ^ Cummings, Robert. "Hungarian Peasant Songs (Magyar parasztdalok), for orchestra, Sz. 100, BB 107: Description". AllMusic. Retrieved October 19, 2020. ^ "Information about the CD 9714 from Denon Records". Santa Clara: Rovi Corporation. 1980. Retrieved July 27, 2011. ^ "Sviatoslav Richter Live in the 1950s: Volume Four". Woodstock, CA: Parnassus Classical CDs and Records. Retrieved February 17, 2014. External links Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs, Sz. 71, BB 79: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project vteBéla Bartók List of compositions Opera Bluebeard's Castle Ballets The Miraculous Mandarin The Wooden Prince Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 Piano Concerto No. 2 Piano Concerto No. 3 Viola Concerto Violin Concerto No. 1 Violin Concerto No. 2 Rhapsody No. 1 Rhapsody No. 2 Orchestral Concerto for Orchestra Dance Suite Divertimento for String Orchestra Hungarian Pictures Kossuth Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta Chamber 44 Duos for Two Violins Contrasts Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion Sonata for Solo Violin String quartets (No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6) Choral Cantata Profana Piano Allegro barbaro Eight Improvisations on Hungarian Peasant Songs Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs For Children Four Dirges Fourteen Bagatelles Mikrokosmos Nine Little Piano Pieces Out of Doors Petite Suite Piano Sonata Rhapsody, Op. 1 Romanian Christmas Carols Romanian Folk Dances Slovakian Dance Sonatina Suite, Op. 14 Ten Easy Pieces Three Burlesques Three Hungarian Folktunes Three Rondos on Slovak Folk Tunes Two Romanian Dances Songs Eight Hungarian Folksongs Five Hungarian Folksongs Twenty Hungarian Folksongs Five Songs, Op. 15 Village Scenes Collaborations Homage to Paderewski Namesakes Bartók (crater) Béla Bartók Music High School Related Hungarian folk music Magyar Rádió Musical cryptogram Neoclassicism Night music Polymodal chromaticism Suite paysanne hongroise Triptych Category Audio Authority control databases National Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_Channels
Improper Channels
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
1981 Canadian filmImproper ChannelsTheatrical release posterDirected byEric TillWritten byAdam ArkinMorrie RuvinskyIan SutherlandProduced byAlfred PariserMorrie RuvinskyJon SlanStarringAlan ArkinMariette HartleyMonica ParkerHarry DitsonSarah StevensCinematographyAnthony B. RichmondEdited byThom NobleMusic byMicky ErbeMaribeth SolomonDistributed byCrown International PicturesSaguenay FilmsRelease date April 17, 1981 (1981-04-17) Running time92 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageEnglishBox office$1,250,000 Improper Channels is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Eric Till and released in 1981. The film stars Alan Arkin as an architect named Jeff Martley, and Mariette Hartley as his estranged wife Diana. After their daughter Nancy is mildly injured in a car accident, an overzealous social worker (Monica Parker) wrongly accuses him of child abuse, and takes custody of the child away. The film received four Genie Award nominations at the 3rd Genie Awards in 1982, for Best Foreign Actor (Arkin), Best Foreign Actress (Hartley), Best Original Screenplay (Adam Arkin, Morrie Ruvinsky and Ian Sutherland) and Best Art Direction/Production Design (Ninkey Dalton and Charles Dunlop). Arkin won the award for Best Foreign Actor. Cast Alan Arkin as Jeffrey Martley Mariette Hartley as Diana Martley Monica Parker as Gloria Washburn Harry Ditson as Harold Clevish Sarah Stevens as Nancy Martley Danny Higham as Jack Leslie Yeo as Fred Richard W. Farrell as Fraser Ruth Springford as Mrs. Wharton Martin Yan as Hu Tony Rosato as Dr. Arpenthaler Philip Akin as Cop Harvey Atkin as Sergeant Richard Blackburn as Fraser's Assistant Eugene Clark as Security Guard #1 References ^ Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780835717762. Please note figures are for rentals in US and Canada ^ "Laughs wrapped in red tape". The Globe and Mail, April 17, 1981. ^ "Improper Channels". The New York Times, May 22, 1981. ^ "Les Plouffe, Ticket to Heaven lead the pack Academy lists Genie nominees". The Globe and Mail, February 4, 1982. ^ "Ticket To Heaven top movie". The Globe and Mail, March 5, 1982. External links Improper Channels at IMDb vteFilms directed by Eric Till A Great Big Thing (1968) Hot Millions (1968) The Walking Stick (1970) A Fan's Notes (1972) It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1977) An American Christmas Carol (1979) Wild Horse Hank (1979) Improper Channels (1981) If You Could See What I Hear (1982) Shocktrauma (1982) Bridge to Terabithia (1985) The Christmas Toy (1986) Turning to Stone (1986) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) Glory Enough for All (1988) The Challengers (1989) Getting Married in Buffalo Jump (1990) Clarence (1990) To Catch a Killer (1992) Oh, What a Night (1992) Pit Pony (1997) Win, Again! (1999) Duct Tape Forever (2002) Luther (2003) This article related to a Canadian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1980s comedy-drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_Monitors_in_Syria
Arab League monitors in Syria
["1 Timeline","1.1 26 December 2011","1.2 22 January 2012","1.3 24 January 2012","1.4 28 January 2012","2 Mission","3 Suspension","4 Reaction","5 Countries participating in the mission","6 See also","7 References"]
Part of a series onthe Syrian civil warSyrian peace process HistoryArab League initiative I2011Arab League initiative II2011–12Churkin peace plan2012Kofi Annan peace plan (Geneva I)2012Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan2012U.S.–Russia peace proposal (2013)2013Geneva II Mideast peace conference2014Staffan de Mistura peace plan2015Zabadani agreement2015Vienna talks2015Geneva III2016US-Russia ceasefire proposal (2016)2016Geneva IV2017Idlib demilitarization2018Northern Syria Buffer Zone2019Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone2019Syrian Constitutional Committee2019Syrian-Turkish normalization2022–24 Primary concerns Bashar Assad presidentship Ba'athist government Opposition government Secularism in Syria Human rights Refugees Humanitarian aid Sectarianism Secondary concerns Electricity supply Water supply Control of oil Situation in Aleppo Siege of Madaya International brokers Peace envoy for Syria (United Nations) UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian affairs Arab League Proposals Federalization of Syria Destruction of Chemical Weapons Constitution amendment: Constitution of SyriaConstitution of Syrian OppositionConstitution of Rojava Safe Zones Projects Friends of Syria Group Free Syrian University Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently vte On December 19, 2011, the Syrian government agreed to allow foreign observers from the Arab League to monitor Syria's progress in removing troops from protest areas, free political prisoners, and negotiate with dissidents. The mission was in accordance with the Arab League peace plan aimed to resolve the Syrian crisis. The monitors were dispatched and supported by the Arab League. Timeline 26 December 2011 67 Arab League monitors arrive in Syria. 22 January 2012 Saudi Arabia withdraws from the Syrian observers mission. 24 January 2012 The Arab States of the Persian Gulf announce that they are withdrawing from the Arab League's observer mission in Syria. 28 January 2012 The Arab League suspends the monitoring mission due to "the critical deterioration of the situation". Mission Their mission was to ensure the government of Syria complies with the terms of the agreement. The Arab League's mission is non-interventionist, their only duty is to observe and report back to the secretary general. Suspension The Arab Foreign Ministers met in Cairo and agreed to form a unity government to lead Syria to parliamentary and presidential elections. President Bashar al-Assad would have had the duty to appoint a deputy president. On January 28, the Arab League announced an indefinite suspension of its mission, citing "a harsh new government crackdown made it too dangerous to proceed and was resulting in the deaths of innocent people across the country". Nabil al-Arabi, head of the Arab League, said that following discussions with Arab foreign ministers the league decided to suspend all monitoring activity in Syria. Reaction Syrian opposition movements condemned the monitors and described the mission as a "farce", pointing to the continuation of violence against protesters in spite of the monitor's presence.  Syria questioned the credibility of the mission, challenging the leadership of Sudanese general Mohamed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi. After the massacre of Homs, Syria has argued that al-Dabi is unfit to lead the mission as he held key positions in Omar al-Bashi's regime.  Saudi Arabia  decided to pull out its monitors from Syria on January 22. "My country will withdraw its monitors because the Syrian government did not execute any of the elements of the Arab resolution plan", Prince Saud al-Faisal told Arab foreign ministers meeting in Cairo.  Arab League A mission official, on condition of anonymity, has said the operation would be extended and the number of observers almost doubled to 300. Arab League chief Nabil al-Arabi was at the Cairo talks and due to chair a broader meeting of foreign ministers from the 22-member bloc to decide the future of the mission launched a month ago.  Qatar  has proposed that Arab troops be deployed in Syria, but Damascus ruled out the idea. Countries participating in the mission A total of 165 Arab League monitors have participated in the mission. The following countries have been named as participants at some point or another: Saudi Arabia (until January 22) Qatar (until January 24) Egypt Sudan Bahrain (until January 24) UAE (until January 24) See also Asia portal References ^ Syria agrees to let Arab League monitors in, but sanctions remain ^ Black, Ian (January 7, 2012). "Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'". The Guardian. London. ^ "Gulf Arab states to pull observers from Syria". BBC News. January 24, 2012. ^ Solomon, Erika and Lyon, Alistair. Arab League suspends Syria mission as violence rages. Reuters. January 28, 2012. Accessed January 28, 2012. ^ Lin Noueihed (January 22, 2012). "Arabs agree new Syria plan, urge U.N. support". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved July 18, 2021. ^ Thomas Plofchan (Spring 2014). "Syrian Civil War - A Timeline of Syrian Civil War". Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ http://www.bendbulletin.com/article/20120129/NEWS0107/201290416/ Arab League monitors suspend Syria mission ^ "Syria wants general overseeing Arab League mission out". USA Today. January 29, 2012. ^ "Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'". The Guardian. January 7, 2012. some places looked a bit of a mess but there was nothing frightening ^ a b c d "Saudi Arabia withdraws its monitors from Syria; Arab League calls for power transfer". Al Arabiya. January 22, 2012. vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) Effects and ongoing concerns Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Phases and processes Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process World reaction International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Specific groups and countries Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria American intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force Agreements and dialogues Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria TimelineBackground 1963 coup 1966 coup Corrective Movement Islamist uprising Latakia protests Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history 2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Syrian Revolution Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas May Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh June Jisr ash-Shughur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec January al-Midan bombing Battle of Rastan First Battle of Idlib Battle of al-Qusayr Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) Battle of Taftanaz May Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Numan First siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013Jan–AprMay–Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) Battle of Raqqa (Mar) Daraa offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 2014Jan–JulAug–Dec First Inter-rebel conflict Battle of Markada Deir ez-Zor offensive Battle of Morek Daraa offensive (Feb–May) Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush Idlib offensive Battle of Hosn Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second siege of Wadi Deif Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria offensive Battle of Tabqa Airbase Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) Hama Offensive Quneitra offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) Siege of Kobanî Homs school bombing Daraa offensive (Oct) Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 2015Jan–JulAug–Dec Air Force An-26 crash Daraa Offensive (Jan) Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Battle of Bosra Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May) Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive (Jun) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive Tishrin Dam offensive Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi offensive February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Numan Battle of Qamishli (Apr) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) Palmyra offensive (Mar) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) Northern Raqqa offensive (May) May Jableh & Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) Manbij offensive Tokhar massacre Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (Aug) Operation Euphrates Shield Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 5 September bombings September Deir ez-Zor air raid September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) Raqqa campaign Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) Palmyra offensive (Dec) 2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) January Azaz bombing Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) Qaboun offensive Palmyra offensive East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) March Damascus bombings Al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) Battle of Tabqa Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Shayrat missile strike Aleppo bombing April Turkish airstrikes East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Desert campaign (May–Jul) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa Daraa offensive (Jun) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) Quneitra offensive (Jun) Idlib clashes (Jul) Central campaign Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) Hama offensive (Sep) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) Euphrates Crossing offensive Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Operation Olive Branch Battle of Khasham Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) Douma chemical attack Missile strikes (Apr) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) Southern offensive As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) Qamishli clashes (Sep) Missile strikes (Sep) Northern border clashes 2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Idlib inter-rebel conflict Manbij bombing Battle of Baghuz Fawqani ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor Dêrik prison escape attempt Tell Rifaat clashes Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) June bombings Hass refugee camp bombing Missile strikes (Aug) Turkish offensive into northeast Barisha raid November bombings Israeli missile strikes (Nov) Qah missile strike Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) US airstrikes 2020Jan–Dec COVID-19 pandemic Afrin bombing Idlib Governorate clashes Kafr-Takharim airstrike Ayn Issa clashes Deir ez-Zor ambush 2021Jan–Dec Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah Missile strikes (Jan) US airstrike (Feb) Battle of Qamishli (Apr) US airstrike (Jun) Daraa clashes Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 2022Jan–Dec Battle of al-Hasakah Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes Jabal al-Bishrī clashes Jarqli airstrikes Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) Operation Claw-Sword Northwest clashes (Dec) 2023Jan-Dec Al-Sukhnah attack Damascus airstrike Hama attack Northern border clashes SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights: March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents Iraq: Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike Jordanian border incidents April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike Lebanon: Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) Turkey: December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield Elsewhere: Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran) BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces OppositionInterim government National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units IslamistsIslamic State Military activity of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Souleimane Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Fadlallah al-Haji RelatedElections 2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election Issues Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee War crimes trials Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany Related topics Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Arab League peace plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On December 19, 2011, the Syrian government agreed to allow foreign observers from the Arab League to monitor Syria's progress in removing troops from protest areas, free political prisoners, and negotiate with dissidents. The mission was in accordance with the Arab League peace plan aimed to resolve the Syrian crisis. The monitors were dispatched and supported by the Arab League.[1]","title":"Arab League monitors in Syria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"26 December 2011","text":"67 Arab League monitors arrive in Syria.[2]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"22 January 2012","text":"Saudi Arabia withdraws from the Syrian observers mission.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab States of the Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"24 January 2012","text":"The Arab States of the Persian Gulf announce that they are withdrawing from the Arab League's observer mission in Syria.[3]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"28 January 2012","text":"The Arab League suspends the monitoring mission due to \"the critical deterioration of the situation\".[4]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Their mission was to ensure the government of Syria complies with the terms of the agreement. The Arab League's mission is non-interventionist, their only duty is to observe and report back to the secretary general.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nabil al-Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_al-Arabi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Arab Foreign Ministers met in Cairo and agreed to form a unity government to lead Syria to parliamentary and presidential elections. President Bashar al-Assad would have had the duty to appoint a deputy president.[5][6]On January 28, the Arab League announced an indefinite suspension of its mission, citing \"a harsh new government crackdown made it too dangerous to proceed and was resulting in the deaths of innocent people across the country\". Nabil al-Arabi, head of the Arab League, said that following discussions with Arab foreign ministers the league decided to suspend all monitoring activity in Syria.[7]","title":"Suspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ahmed_Mustafa_al-Dabi"},{"link_name":"massacre of Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive#Deaths"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashi"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alarabiya2201-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alarabiya2201-10"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alarabiya2201-10"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alarabiya2201-10"}],"text":"Syrian opposition movements condemned the monitors and described the mission as a \"farce\", pointing to the continuation of violence against protesters in spite of the monitor's presence.[8]\n Syria questioned the credibility of the mission, challenging the leadership of Sudanese general Mohamed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi. After the massacre of Homs,[9] Syria has argued that al-Dabi is unfit to lead the mission as he held key positions in Omar al-Bashi's regime.\n Saudi Arabia  decided to pull out its monitors from Syria on January 22.[10] \"My country will withdraw its monitors because the Syrian government did not execute any of the elements of the Arab resolution plan\", Prince Saud al-Faisal told Arab foreign ministers meeting in Cairo.[10]\n Arab League A mission official, on condition of anonymity, has said the operation would be extended and the number of observers almost doubled to 300.[10] Arab League chief Nabil al-Arabi was at the Cairo talks and due to chair a broader meeting of foreign ministers from the 22-member bloc to decide the future of the mission launched a month ago.\n Qatar  has proposed that Arab troops be deployed in Syria, but Damascus ruled out the idea.[10]","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A total of 165 Arab League monitors have participated in the mission. The following countries have been named as participants at some point or another:Saudi Arabia (until January 22)\nQatar (until January 24)\nEgypt\nSudan\nBahrain (until January 24)\nUAE (until January 24)","title":"Countries participating in the mission"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"}]
[{"reference":"Black, Ian (January 7, 2012). \"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/07/arab-league-syria-just-started?newsfeed=true","url_text":"\"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gulf Arab states to pull observers from Syria\". BBC News. January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16698754","url_text":"\"Gulf Arab states to pull observers from Syria\""}]},{"reference":"Lin Noueihed (January 22, 2012). \"Arabs agree new Syria plan, urge U.N. support\". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-initiative/arabs-agree-new-syria-plan-urge-u-n-support-idUSTRE80L0WL20120122","url_text":"\"Arabs agree new Syria plan, urge U.N. support\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Plofchan (Spring 2014). \"Syrian Civil War - A Timeline of Syrian Civil War\". Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecairoreview.com/timelines/syrian-civil-war/","url_text":"\"Syrian Civil War - A Timeline of Syrian Civil War\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20160322175130/https://www.thecairoreview.com/timelines/syrian-civil-war/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria wants general overseeing Arab League mission out\". USA Today. January 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-29/syria-arab-league-monitors/52272616/1","url_text":"\"Syria wants general overseeing Arab League mission out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\". The Guardian. January 7, 2012. some places looked a bit of a mess but there was nothing frightening","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/07/arab-league-syria-just-started","url_text":"\"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia withdraws its monitors from Syria; Arab League calls for power transfer\". Al Arabiya. January 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/22/189842.html","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia withdraws its monitors from Syria; Arab League calls for power transfer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya","url_text":"Al Arabiya"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/12/19/syria-agrees-to-let-arab-league-monitors-in-but-sanctions-remain/","external_links_name":"Syria agrees to let Arab League monitors in, but sanctions remain"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/07/arab-league-syria-just-started?newsfeed=true","external_links_name":"\"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16698754","external_links_name":"\"Gulf Arab states to pull observers from Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSTRE8041A820120128","external_links_name":"Arab League suspends Syria mission as violence rages."},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-initiative/arabs-agree-new-syria-plan-urge-u-n-support-idUSTRE80L0WL20120122","external_links_name":"\"Arabs agree new Syria plan, urge U.N. support\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecairoreview.com/timelines/syrian-civil-war/","external_links_name":"\"Syrian Civil War - A Timeline of Syrian Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160322175130/https://www.thecairoreview.com/timelines/syrian-civil-war/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bendbulletin.com/article/20120129/NEWS0107/201290416/","external_links_name":"http://www.bendbulletin.com/article/20120129/NEWS0107/201290416/"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-29/syria-arab-league-monitors/52272616/1","external_links_name":"\"Syria wants general overseeing Arab League mission out\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/07/arab-league-syria-just-started","external_links_name":"\"Arab League mission in Syria 'has only just started'\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/22/189842.html","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia withdraws its monitors from Syria; Arab League calls for power transfer\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(A_Flock_of_Seagulls_album)
Ascension (A Flock of Seagulls album)
["1 History","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]
2018 studio album by A Flock of Seagulls AscensionStudio album by A Flock of Seagulls with the Prague Philharmonic OrchestraReleased6 July 2018Recorded2017–2018Studio Smecky (Prague) OD Hunte Parr Street (Liverpool) Evenform Genre New wave orchestral Length51:50LabelAugust DayProducer John Bryan Sare Havlicek A Flock of Seagulls chronology The Light at the End of the World(1995) Ascension(2018) String Theory(2021) Singles from Ascension "Space Age Love Song"Released: June 2018 "I Ran (So Far Away)"Released: December 2018 "Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)"Released: June 2019 Ascension is the sixth studio album by English New wave band A Flock of Seagulls, released on 6 July 2018 by August Day Recordings. It is the band's first album since 1984's The Story of a Young Heart that features all four original members. It contains 12 songs (11 from the first three albums and one new song) re-recorded with the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra. The album debuted and peaked at No. 8 on Billboard's Top Classical Albums chart for the week of 21 July 2018 and at No. 29 on the UK Independent Albums Chart for the week of 13 July 2018. History In 2017, Mike Score was approached by John Bryan of August Day Recordings regarding the creation of an orchestral album. Intrigued, Mike agreed to the possibility. Upon hearing the offer, the rest of the original band–consisting of Frank Maudsley, Paul Reynolds, and Ali Score–jumped on board as well. On 3 May 2018, Ascension was officially announced. In making the album, Mike preferred to not change the songs too much owing partly to his penchant for not enjoying live performances where bands alter their music. He also felt that this was the easiest and quickest way to work due to time constraints. He stated, "We wanted to make it easy for ourselves and let the record company do the work, because it was really their idea." As the band was not familiar with orchestras, an orchestral arranger was brought in to handle the arrangements. Although the album was recorded in separate studios, Mike, Maudsley, and Reynolds reunited in Liverpool for a day to record the music video for the orchestral version of "Space Age Love Song". Video involving Ali was added into the finished version, which premiered on YouTube 6 June. A five-track EP was digitally released 8 June 2018, that features five versions of "Space Age Love Song". On 6 July, the album was released digitally and in select stores, although physical copies were available for purchase online prior to the release date. A limited edition special set was also available, which contained five CD's, four signed postcards, and two stickers. The five CD's are: Ascension, Ascension (Instrumental), Ascension (Orcapella), Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits, and an 8-track single of "Space Age Love Song". Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits does not contain the orchestra, but instead includes re-recordings of the original tracks from the main album (excluding "Ascension"). On 7 December, "I Ran (So Far Away)" was also released as a single. It includes eight alternate versions of the song along with the orchestral and re-recorded version. On 11 June 2019, the Inflight album was announced. It contains extended and instrumental versions of the tracks featured on Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits with the exception of "Telecommunication". "Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)" was made as a single to be included with the set. The Inflight Tour spanned the UK from 11–19 July; it did not feature the original lineup featured on the album. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingCryptic RockLouder Than WarfavourableThe Spill Magazine The website Cryptic Rock gave Ascension a perfect five-star rating, saying: "It is a grand production that is wonderfully recorded, produced, and mastered" and "retains the magic of the original tunes, but while interjecting new dynamics thanks to The Prague Philharmonic Orchestra." Paul Scott-Bates of Louder Than War stated it is "a good solid album" and had an affinity for "I Ran (So Far Away)", writing that the Prague Philharmonic "adds an air of grandiose...and makes the song a dramatic spectacle. As an opener to the album, it really couldn't be much better." Aaron Badgley of The Spill Magazine wrote that the band still "play extremely well together and the core unit is as tight as they have ever been" and "the orchestra provides a whole new aspect to these songs." John Earls of Classic Pop reviewed the Inflight release and gave it a five out of ten. He stated: "Inflight's premise is intriguing...ut that's twice now the band have remained in the comfort zone." He would have preferred to hear new songs from the band, as opposed to 12″ remixes. Track listing All tracks are written by Mike Score, Ali Score, Frank Maudsley and Paul ReynoldsNo.TitleLength1."I Ran" (orchestral version)6:222."Modern Love Is Automatic" (orchestral version)3:393."Telecommunication" (orchestral version)2:314."Space Age Love Song" (orchestral version)5:095."Ascension"1:126."Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)" (orchestral version)5:327."Nightmares" (orchestral version)4:388."DNA" (orchestral version)2:399."Electrics" (orchestral version)4:2210."Transfer Affection" (orchestral version)5:4211."The More You Live, the More You Love" (orchestral version)4:2812."Man Made" (orchestral version)5:35Total length:51:50 Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ascension. A Flock of Seagulls Mike Score – keyboards, vocals Ali Score – drums Frank Maudsley – bass Paul Reynolds – guitar Additional personnel John Bryan, Sare Havlicek – production Sare Havlicek, Jan Holzner, OD Hunte, Robin Lee, Jesse Clark, Damian Hasbun – engineering Sare Havlicek – programming James Fitzpatrick – Prague Philharmonic Orchestra supervisor Pete Whitfield, Mike Score, John Bryan, Sare Havlicek – orchestral arrangements Sare Havlicek – mixing Yuri Dent – mastering Peter Reynolds – artwork Charts Chart performance for Ascension Chart (2018) Peakposition UK Independent Albums (OCC) 29 US Top Classical Albums (Billboard) 8 References ^ Zupko, Sarah (13 June 2018). "Legendary Synthpoppers A Flock of Seagulls Tell Their History in New Video Interview (premiere)". PopMatters. Retrieved 14 June 2018. ^ "A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 June 2018. ^ a b "A Flock of Seagulls Chart History (Classical Albums)". Billboard. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019. ^ a b "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 April 2019. ^ a b c d Lynch, Joe (23 May 2018). "A Flock of Seagulls Talk Reunion, Orchestral Album & the Day They Wrote 'I Ran'". Billboard. Retrieved 8 June 2018. ^ Cummings-Grady, Mackenzie (3 May 2018). "A Flock of Seagulls Announces New Album 'Ascension'". Billboard. Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ "MAGNET Exclusive: Premiere Of A Flock Of Seagulls' "Space Age Love Song" Video". Magnet. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ Gray, Julia (7 June 2018). "A Flock Of Seagulls' Original Lineup Remade Their Best Song For First Recording in 34 Years". Stereogum. Retrieved 8 June 2018. ^ a b "A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension (Album Review)". Cryptic Rock. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018. ^ a b Scott-Bates, Paul (6 July 2018). "A Flock Of Seagulls: Ascension – album review". Louder Than War. Retrieved 20 December 2018. ^ a b Badgley, Aaron (29 June 2018). "Spill Album Review: A Flock of Seagulls With the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra – Ascension". The Spill Magazine. Retrieved 20 December 2018. ^ Earls, John (November 2019). "Review: A Flock Of Seagulls – Inflight – The Extended Essentials". Classic Pop. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Ascension (liner notes). A Flock of Seagulls. Zomba Music Publishers. 2018. ADAY035.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) vteA Flock of Seagulls Mike Score Pando Kevin Rankin Gord Deppe Frank Maudsley Ali Score Willie Woo Mark Edmondson Paul Reynolds Chris Chryssaphis Gary Steadnin Ed Berner Dave Maerz Kaya Pryor Mike Radcliffe Mike Railton Jonte Wilkins Mike Marquart A.J. Mazzetti Dean Pichette Joe Rodriguez Darryl Sons Rob Wright Michael Brahm Studio albums A Flock of Seagulls (1982) Listen (1983) The Story of a Young Heart (1984) Dream Come True (1986) The Light at the End of the World (1995) Ascension (2018) Compilation albums The Best of A Flock of Seagulls (1987) I Ran: The Best of A Flock of Seagulls (2004) Extended plays Modern Love Is Automatic Singles "Talking" "Telecommunication" "I Ran (So Far Away)" "Space Age Love Song" "Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)" "The More You Live, the More You Love" "Who's That Girl (She's Got It)" "Heartbeat Like a Drum" Other songs "D.N.A." "Modern Love Is Automatic" Related Discography Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"A Flock of Seagulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matters-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"The Story of a Young Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Young_Heart"},{"link_name":"Prague Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top Classical Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Classical_Albums"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchart-3"},{"link_name":"UK Independent Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independent_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-4"}],"text":"Ascension is the sixth studio album by English New wave band A Flock of Seagulls, released on 6 July 2018 by August Day Recordings.[1][2] It is the band's first album since 1984's The Story of a Young Heart that features all four original members. It contains 12 songs (11 from the first three albums and one new song) re-recorded with the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra. The album debuted and peaked at No. 8 on Billboard's Top Classical Albums chart for the week of 21 July 2018[3] and at No. 29 on the UK Independent Albums Chart for the week of 13 July 2018.[4]","title":"Ascension (A Flock of Seagulls album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Score"},{"link_name":"Paul Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynolds_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard2-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-5"},{"link_name":"Space Age Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magnet-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stereo-8"},{"link_name":"I Ran (So Far Away)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ran_(So_Far_Away)"},{"link_name":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishing_(If_I_Had_a_Photograph_of_You)"}],"text":"In 2017, Mike Score was approached by John Bryan of August Day Recordings regarding the creation of an orchestral album. Intrigued, Mike agreed to the possibility. Upon hearing the offer, the rest of the original band–consisting of Frank Maudsley, Paul Reynolds, and Ali Score–jumped on board as well.[5] On 3 May 2018, Ascension was officially announced.[6]In making the album, Mike preferred to not change the songs too much owing partly to his penchant for not enjoying live performances where bands alter their music. He also felt that this was the easiest and quickest way to work due to time constraints. He stated, \"We wanted to make it easy for ourselves and let the record company do the work, because it was really their idea.\"[5] As the band was not familiar with orchestras, an orchestral arranger was brought in to handle the arrangements.[5]Although the album was recorded in separate studios, Mike, Maudsley, and Reynolds reunited in Liverpool for a day to record the music video for the orchestral version of \"Space Age Love Song\".[5] Video involving Ali was added into the finished version, which premiered on YouTube 6 June.[7]A five-track EP was digitally released 8 June 2018, that features five versions of \"Space Age Love Song\".[8] On 6 July, the album was released digitally and in select stores, although physical copies were available for purchase online prior to the release date. A limited edition special set was also available, which contained five CD's, four signed postcards, and two stickers. The five CD's are: Ascension, Ascension (Instrumental), Ascension (Orcapella), Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits, and an 8-track single of \"Space Age Love Song\". Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits does not contain the orchestra, but instead includes re-recordings of the original tracks from the main album (excluding \"Ascension\").On 7 December, \"I Ran (So Far Away)\" was also released as a single. It includes eight alternate versions of the song along with the orchestral and re-recorded version. On 11 June 2019, the Inflight album was announced. It contains extended and instrumental versions of the tracks featured on Aurora Borealis – The Greatest Hits with the exception of \"Telecommunication\". \"Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)\" was made as a single to be included with the set. The Inflight Tour spanned the UK from 11–19 July; it did not feature the original lineup featured on the album.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrypticRock1-9"},{"link_name":"Louder Than War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louder_Than_War_(website)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louderthanwar1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spillmagazine1-11"},{"link_name":"Classic Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Pop_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The website Cryptic Rock gave Ascension a perfect five-star rating, saying: \"It is a grand production that is wonderfully recorded, produced, and mastered\" and \"retains the magic of the original tunes, but while interjecting new dynamics thanks to The Prague Philharmonic Orchestra.\"[9] Paul Scott-Bates of Louder Than War stated it is \"a good solid album\" and had an affinity for \"I Ran (So Far Away)\", writing that the Prague Philharmonic \"adds an air of grandiose...and makes the song a dramatic spectacle. As an opener to the album, it really couldn't be much better.\"[10]Aaron Badgley of The Spill Magazine wrote that the band still \"play extremely well together and the core unit is as tight as they have ever been\" and \"the orchestra provides a whole new aspect to these songs.\"[11]John Earls of Classic Pop reviewed the Inflight release and gave it a five out of ten. He stated: \"Inflight's premise is intriguing...[b]ut that's twice now the band have remained in the comfort zone.\" He would have preferred to hear new songs from the band, as opposed to 12″ remixes.[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Score"},{"link_name":"Paul Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynolds_(musician)"},{"link_name":"I Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ran_(So_Far_Away)"},{"link_name":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_(song)"},{"link_name":"Space Age Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishing_(If_I_Had_a_Photograph_of_You)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.N.A._(A_Flock_of_Seagulls_song)"},{"link_name":"The More You Live, the More You Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_More_You_Live,_the_More_You_Love"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Mike Score, Ali Score, Frank Maudsley and Paul ReynoldsNo.TitleLength1.\"I Ran\" (orchestral version)6:222.\"Modern Love Is Automatic\" (orchestral version)3:393.\"Telecommunication\" (orchestral version)2:314.\"Space Age Love Song\" (orchestral version)5:095.\"Ascension\"1:126.\"Wishing (If I Had a Photograph of You)\" (orchestral version)5:327.\"Nightmares\" (orchestral version)4:388.\"DNA\" (orchestral version)2:399.\"Electrics\" (orchestral version)4:2210.\"Transfer Affection\" (orchestral version)5:4211.\"The More You Live, the More You Love\" (orchestral version)4:2812.\"Man Made\" (orchestral version)5:35Total length:51:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mike Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Score"},{"link_name":"Paul Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynolds_(musician)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ascension.[13]A Flock of Seagulls\n\nMike Score – keyboards, vocals\nAli Score – drums\nFrank Maudsley – bass\nPaul Reynolds – guitar\n\n\n\n\nAdditional personnel\n\nJohn Bryan, Sare Havlicek – production\nSare Havlicek, Jan Holzner, OD Hunte, Robin Lee, Jesse Clark, Damian Hasbun – engineering\nSare Havlicek – programming\nJames Fitzpatrick – Prague Philharmonic Orchestra supervisor\nPete Whitfield, Mike Score, John Bryan, Sare Havlicek – orchestral arrangements\nSare Havlicek – mixing\nYuri Dent – mastering\nPeter Reynolds – artwork","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Zupko, Sarah (13 June 2018). \"Legendary Synthpoppers A Flock of Seagulls Tell Their History in New Video Interview (premiere)\". PopMatters. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/flock-of-seagulls-interview-video-2577482876.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1","url_text":"\"Legendary Synthpoppers A Flock of Seagulls Tell Their History in New Video Interview (premiere)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"\"A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension\". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/ascension-mw0003184896","url_text":"\"A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"A Flock of Seagulls Chart History (Classical Albums)\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524084755/https://www.billboard.com/music/a-flock-of-seagulls/chart-history/classical-albums","url_text":"\"A Flock of Seagulls Chart History (Classical Albums)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/a-flock-of-seagulls/chart-history/classical-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Joe (23 May 2018). \"A Flock of Seagulls Talk Reunion, Orchestral Album & the Day They Wrote 'I Ran'\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8457384/a-flock-of-seagulls-reunion-new-album-interview","url_text":"\"A Flock of Seagulls Talk Reunion, Orchestral Album & the Day They Wrote 'I Ran'\""}]},{"reference":"Cummings-Grady, Mackenzie (3 May 2018). \"A Flock of Seagulls Announces New Album 'Ascension'\". Billboard. Retrieved 9 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8453567/a-flock-of-seagulls-announces-new-album-reunion","url_text":"\"A Flock of Seagulls Announces New Album 'Ascension'\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAGNET Exclusive: Premiere Of A Flock Of Seagulls' \"Space Age Love Song\" Video\". Magnet. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://magnetmagazine.com/2018/06/06/magnet-exclusive-premiere-flock-seagulls-space-age-love-song-video/","url_text":"\"MAGNET Exclusive: Premiere Of A Flock Of Seagulls' \"Space Age Love Song\" Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_(magazine)","url_text":"Magnet"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Julia (7 June 2018). \"A Flock Of Seagulls' Original Lineup Remade Their Best Song For First Recording in 34 Years\". Stereogum. Retrieved 8 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2000470/a-flock-of-seagulls-original-lineup-remade-their-best-song-for-first-recording-in-34-years/video/","url_text":"\"A Flock Of Seagulls' Original Lineup Remade Their Best Song For First Recording in 34 Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension (Album Review)\". Cryptic Rock. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://crypticrock.com/a-flock-of-seagulls-ascension-album-review/","url_text":"\"A Flock of Seagulls – Ascension (Album Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Scott-Bates, Paul (6 July 2018). \"A Flock Of Seagulls: Ascension – album review\". Louder Than War. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://louderthanwar.com/flock-seagulls-ascension-album-review/","url_text":"\"A Flock Of Seagulls: Ascension – album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louder_Than_War_(website)","url_text":"Louder Than War"}]},{"reference":"Badgley, Aaron (29 June 2018). \"Spill Album Review: A Flock of Seagulls With the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra – Ascension\". The Spill Magazine. Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://spillmagazine.com/spill-album-review-a-flock-of-seagulls-with-the-prague-philharmonic-orchestra-ascension/","url_text":"\"Spill Album Review: A Flock of Seagulls With the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra – Ascension\""}]},{"reference":"Earls, John (November 2019). \"Review: A Flock Of Seagulls – Inflight – The Extended Essentials\". Classic Pop. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicpopmag.com/2019/11/review-a-flock-of-seagulls-inflight-the-extended-essentials/","url_text":"\"Review: A Flock Of Seagulls – Inflight – The Extended Essentials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Pop_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Pop"}]},{"reference":"Ascension (liner notes). A Flock of Seagulls. Zomba Music Publishers. 2018. ADAY035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls","url_text":"A Flock of Seagulls"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rage_in_Harlem_(film)
A Rage in Harlem
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Movie compared to novel","4 Development","5 Production","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"]
1991 film by Bill Duke A Rage in HarlemHome video release posterDirected byBill DukeWritten byJohn Toles-Bey Bobby CrawfordBased onA Rage in Harlem by Chester HimesProduced byKerry Rock Stephen WoolleyStarring Forest Whitaker Gregory Hines Robin Givens Zakes Mokae Danny Glover CinematographyToyomichi KuritaEdited byCurtiss ClaytonMusic byElmer BernsteinJeff VincentProductioncompanyPalace ProductionsDistributed byMiramax FilmsRelease date May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03) Running time115 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$8 millionBox office$10.4 million (USA) A Rage in Harlem is a 1991 American crime film directed by Bill Duke and loosely based on Chester Himes' novel A Rage in Harlem. The film stars Forest Whitaker, Danny Glover, Badja Djola, Robin Givens and Gregory Hines. Producer Stephen Woolley intended it to be a comedy film, and several reviewers have described it as such, but this categorization has been disputed by director Bill Duke. The film premiered in competition at the 44th Cannes Film Festival in its Grand Palais, receiving a "five-minute standing ovation." It was also shown at the 2nd Stockholm International Film Festival. Plot It is 1956, in Natchez, Mississippi. Slim and his crew, Hank and Jodie, are negotiating with Lester, a fence; they are trying to sell the gold they stole in a mining robbery. The deal goes south, and under duress Lester discloses that the only other person capable of fencing the gold is Easy Money in Harlem, New York. The Sheriff shows up, and in the confusion Imabelle, Slim's gun moll, drives off with the gold in a trunk, and travels to New York City. In Harlem, Jackson is a devout and naive young man, working as a bookkeeper for H. Exodus Clay at his funeral parlor. His estranged step brother, Goldy, is a small-time hoodlum and also impersonates a priest in order sell fake "tickets to heaven." Jackson has skimped to save $1,500. Imabelle arrives with her trunk, but has no money. She attends the Undertaker's Ball, looking for a source of support, and meets Jackson. She seduces him, and moves into his apartment. Slim and crew travel to Harlem, and enlist Imabelle to help them take Jackson's money, using "The Blow," a scam whereby money is seemingly changed to a higher denomination by baking it in an oven. They claim they can turn Jackson's $1,500 into $15,000, but he is reluctant at first. During the scam, the oven explodes and Slim bursts into the room, impersonating a United States Marshall. Jackson bribes Slim with $200, but must steal the money from Mr. Clay since his money is now gone. Jackson learns that Slim has "arrested" Imabelle and taken her away, so he approaches Goldy to help find her, due to his knowledge of Harlem's criminal underworld. Goldy agrees, but insists that he retains the gold. Goldy learns the crew is using the gold to run a fake gold mine scam, and gives Jackson a fake bank roll in order to lure Gus, the crew's contact man. Gus and Jackson travel to the crew's headquarters, with Goldy and Big Kathy following. Goldy overpowers Gus, then he and Big Kathy enter the apartment posing as the police. Jackson runs up to the apartment, followed closely by uniformed police and the two detectives. In the ensuing melee, Gus is shot and a police officer has acid thrown in his face. The crew escapes with Imabelle in tow, and retreat to Slim's office. Jackson, Goldy and Big Kathy acquire the hearse from Mr. Clay's funeral parlor, in order to transport the gold. The crew departs again, leaving Imabelle with the gold. They drive by as Imabelle goes down stairs, and abduct her. They stop when they see the gold, which has been transferred to the hearse, and Slim kills Big Kathy when he intervenes. Goldy leaves with Imabelle, intending to avenge his death. Slim and crew meet with Easy Money the enact the sale of the gold, but Slim calls off the deal out of annoyance with him. There is a shoot out where Hank and Josie are killed. When Goldy bursts in, he is shot and Easy Money is mortally wounded. Slim escapes with Imabelle, and Jackson arrives to confront him. They tussle, but as Slim prepares to slit Jackson's throat it is Imabelle who shoots Slim dead. While Grave Digger and Coffin Ed apprehend Jackson for his initial theft of Mr. Clay's money, Imabelle leaves with the money from the deal, heading back to Mississippi. Mr. Clay makes bail for Jackson because he appreciates the business Jackson has drummed up for him; the money found on Slim's thugs will go towards their funerals, to be performed by Mr. Clay. Jackson hurries to the train station, where Imabelle has left $50,000 for Goldy and a similar sum for Jackson, along with a note telling him that he is too good for her. Jackson and Goldy briefly reconcile, then Jackson boards the train while leaving his money behind. Jackson and Imabelle reunite, and depart for Mississippi together. Cast Forest Whitaker as Jackson Gregory Hines as Goldy/Sherman Robin Givens as Imabelle Zakes Mokae as Big Kathy Danny Glover as Easy Money Badja Djola as Slim John Toles-Bey as Jodie Tyler Collins as Teena Ron Taylor as Hank Samm-Art Williams as Gus Parsons Stack Pierce as Detective Ed "Coffin Ed" Johnson Willard E. Pugh as Claude X Helen Martin as Mrs. Canfield Wendell Pierce as Louis T. K. Carter as Smitty Jalacy Hawkins as Jay "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins Beatrice Winde as Clerk George Wallace as Detective "Gravedigger" Jones Movie compared to novel The novel and the movie differ significantly in several ways. In the book, Harlem is shown as gritty and seedy, while in the movie it is relatively vibrant. Imabelle and Slim are married in the book, but this in not mentioned in the movie. Gold ore, which is actually fool's gold, is central to the novel, while in the movie it is real gold. In the novel, Goldy is Jackson's overweight twin brother who begs for alms and sells bogus "tickets to heaven" while cross dressing as a nun. He is an informer to the police, and a drug addict who regularly shoots up morphine and cocaine speedballs. In the movie, Goldy is Jackson's step-brother, a trim and dapper numbers runner and occasional bogus priest who does sell "tickets to heaven," but does not solicit donations, cross-dress, or take drugs. Grave Digger and Coffin Ed are feared for their ability to dish out sudden death in the novel, while the movie shows them to be buffoons. In the movie, the brothel keeper, Big Kathy, is an androgynous woman. while in the book Big Kathy is a cross dressing man. Also, Goldie is much closer to Big Kathy in the movie; Goldy calls him "real family" as says "he's the only person I cared about." In the novel, Goldy is murdered when Slim slits his throat, while in the movie he survives and is able to reconnect with his brother in the end. Both the film and novel have Jackson and Imabelle happily reunited in the end, but in the film they move to Mississippi, while in the book they stay in Harlem. Development William Horberg, eventually credited as an executive producer, got the project started when he optioned the rights to Himes' novel. Hornberg, a first-time producer approached John Toles-Bey, a Chicago-based actor with no screenwriting credits, to draft the film's first script; the development effort gained steam after Hornberg met Kerry Boyle of Palace Productions, and through the efforts of Boyle and Stephen Woolley, the film was sold to Miramax Films and given the green-light. According to publicity leading up to the start of principal photography, Forest Whitaker was the first of the two lead actors to commit to the film, described as an action-comedy with "very dark" comedy. Whitaker among others, was consulted as Boyle and Woolley sought an African American to direct the film, doing so because they believed "maintaining the cultural integrity of the novel demanded a black director"; they also wanted "someone who was older and secure enough to collaborate and make a picture that we could distribute widely, but who still had a passion for the material." They chose Duke in part for his experience directing Hill Street Blues, experience that was key "because of the way that series mixed humor and violence." Duke later cast Robin Givens to play the female lead after considering 300 women for the part. Production The film was shot in the Cincinnati, Ohio, neighborhood of Over-the-Rhine, whose "un-gentrified area of the old downtown lower depths stood in quite nicely for ... 1950s Harlem." About midway during production, it turned out that Duke and Woolley had undiscussed differences about the tone the film was going to take: About halfway through we were looking at a scene, and I turned to Bill and said 'You know, that wasn't quite as funny as it was in the script. And I don't know why. And he said to me, 'We're not making no god-damn comedy.' I'd raised the entire money for this film on the basis that it was a comedy. It was Chester Himes, it was supposed to be funny. And a shiver went down my spine...I hoped that Bill was joking. But I realized he thought we were making Porgy and Bess. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of 37 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's consensus reads: "If it can't quite live up to its source material, A Rage in Harlem still proves a stylishly effective period thriller." Vincent Canby, reviewing the film for The New York Times, called it "painless, occasionally funny" but with a "heedlessly incomprehensible plot"; according to Canby, "Because the screenplay is so thin, the characters are revealed entirely by the actors who play them. Miss Givens does particularly well as a doxy with a heart of gold as well as a trunk full of it. She looks great and shows a real flair for absurd comedy. Mr. Hines, Mr. Whitaker and Mr. Glover also are in good form, as are Badja Djola, who plays Imabelle's intimidatingly large former lover, the guy she's stolen the gold from, and Mr. Toles-Bey, who, in addition to working on the screenplay, appears as one of the bad guys." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 and wrote: "What's best in the movie is the chemistry between Whitaker and Givens, who is surprisingly effective in her first feature role." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly was positive about the atmosphere, comedy, and raw acting talent, but critical of the plot which he called "a complete shambles". Gleiberman gave it "C−" grade. The film grossed $10.4 million in the United States. References ^ a b c d Pat H. Broeske (February 18, 1990). "Fabulous '50s". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ a b "A Rage in Harlem". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved October 10, 2010. ^ a b c Stephen Woolley (17 September 2010). "Francine Stock talks to Stephen Woolley ..." The Film programme (Interview). Interviewed by Francine Stock. BBC Radio 4. Event occurs at 10:22 – 11:14. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010. ^ a b Vincent Canby (May 3, 1991). "Panning for Gold in 1950's Harlem, via Himes Novel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ "A Rage in Harlem | Jonathan Rosenbaum". ^ a b Owen Gleiberman (May 17, 1991). "A Rage in Harlem". Entertainment Weekly. ^ "Festival de Cannes: A Rage in Harlem". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved August 9, 2009. ^ a b c d William Horberg (November 7, 2008). "The Last Chester Himes Movie? pt 2". Typepad. Retrieved November 5, 2010. ^ "A Rage in Harlem av Bill Duke". Stockholm International Film Festival. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010. ^ Diawara, Manthia (1993). "Noirs by Noirs: Towards a New Reality in Black Cinema". Internet Archive. Verso. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ a b c "Bill Duke". Gale Group's Contemporary Black Biography. Answers.com. Retrieved November 6, 2010. ^ "A Rage in Harlem". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved September 2, 2023. ^ Ebert, Roger (May 3, 1991). "A Rage In Harlem". Chicago Sun-Times. ^ "A Rage in Harlem (1991) - Financial Information". The Numbers. External links A Rage in Harlem at IMDb vteFilms directed by Bill Duke The Killing Floor (1984) A Rage in Harlem (1991) Deep Cover (1992) The Cemetery Club (1993) Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993) America's Dream (1996) Hoodlum (1997) The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2000) Deacons for Defense (2003) Cover (2007) Not Easily Broken (2009) Dark Girls (2011) Created Equal (2017)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Bill Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Duke"},{"link_name":"Chester Himes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Himes"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Danny Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Glover"},{"link_name":"Badja Djola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badja_Djola"},{"link_name":"Robin Givens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Givens"},{"link_name":"Gregory Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hines"},{"link_name":"Stephen Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Woolley"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmprog-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canby-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gleiberman-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmprog-3"},{"link_name":"44th Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-7"},{"link_name":"standing ovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_ovation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horberg-8"},{"link_name":"Stockholm International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A Rage in Harlem is a 1991 American crime film directed by Bill Duke and loosely based on Chester Himes' novel A Rage in Harlem. The film stars Forest Whitaker, Danny Glover, Badja Djola, Robin Givens and Gregory Hines. Producer Stephen Woolley intended it to be a comedy film,[3] and several reviewers have described it as such,[4][5][6] but this categorization has been disputed by director Bill Duke.[3]The film premiered in competition at the 44th Cannes Film Festival[7] in its Grand Palais, receiving a \"five-minute standing ovation.\"[8] It was also shown at the 2nd Stockholm International Film Festival.[9]","title":"A Rage in Harlem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gun moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_moll"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"funeral parlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_parlor"},{"link_name":"seduces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduces"},{"link_name":"denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denomination_(currency)"},{"link_name":"United States Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshall"}],"text":"It is 1956, in Natchez, Mississippi. Slim and his crew, Hank and Jodie, are negotiating with Lester, a fence; they are trying to sell the gold they stole in a mining robbery. The deal goes south, and under duress Lester discloses that the only other person capable of fencing the gold is Easy Money in Harlem, New York. The Sheriff shows up, and in the confusion Imabelle, Slim's gun moll, drives off with the gold in a trunk, and travels to New York City.In Harlem, Jackson is a devout and naive young man, working as a bookkeeper for H. Exodus Clay at his funeral parlor. His estranged step brother, Goldy, is a small-time hoodlum and also impersonates a priest in order sell fake \"tickets to heaven.\" Jackson has skimped to save $1,500.Imabelle arrives with her trunk, but has no money. She attends the Undertaker's Ball, looking for a source of support, and meets Jackson. She seduces him, and moves into his apartment.\nSlim and crew travel to Harlem, and enlist Imabelle to help them take Jackson's money, using \"The Blow,\" a scam whereby money is seemingly changed to a higher denomination by baking it in an oven. They claim they can turn Jackson's $1,500 into $15,000, but he is reluctant at first. During the scam, the oven explodes and Slim bursts into the room, impersonating a United States Marshall.Jackson bribes Slim with $200, but must steal the money from Mr. Clay since his money is now gone. Jackson learns that Slim has \"arrested\" Imabelle and taken her away, so he approaches Goldy to help find her, due to his knowledge of Harlem's criminal underworld. Goldy agrees, but insists that he retains the gold. Goldy learns the crew is using the gold to run a fake gold mine scam, and gives Jackson a fake bank roll in order to lure Gus, the crew's contact man. Gus and Jackson travel to the crew's headquarters, with Goldy and Big Kathy following. Goldy overpowers Gus, then he and Big Kathy enter the apartment posing as the police. Jackson runs up to the apartment, followed closely by uniformed police and the two detectives. In the ensuing melee, Gus is shot and a police officer has acid thrown in his face. The crew escapes with Imabelle in tow, and retreat to Slim's office. Jackson, Goldy and Big Kathy acquire the hearse from Mr. Clay's funeral parlor, in order to transport the gold. The crew departs again, leaving Imabelle with the gold. They drive by as Imabelle goes down stairs, and abduct her. They stop when they see the gold, which has been transferred to the hearse, and Slim kills Big Kathy when he intervenes. Goldy leaves with Imabelle, intending to avenge his death.Slim and crew meet with Easy Money the enact the sale of the gold, but Slim calls off the deal out of annoyance with him. There is a shoot out where Hank and Josie are killed. When Goldy bursts in, he is shot and Easy Money is mortally wounded. Slim escapes with Imabelle, and Jackson arrives to confront him. They tussle, but as Slim prepares to slit Jackson's throat it is Imabelle who shoots Slim dead. While Grave Digger and Coffin Ed apprehend Jackson for his initial theft of Mr. Clay's money, Imabelle leaves with the money from the deal, heading back to Mississippi. Mr. Clay makes bail for Jackson because he appreciates the business Jackson has drummed up for him; the money found on Slim's thugs will go towards their funerals, to be performed by Mr. Clay. Jackson hurries to the train station, where Imabelle has left $50,000 for Goldy and a similar sum for Jackson, along with a note telling him that he is too good for her. Jackson and Goldy briefly reconcile, then Jackson boards the train while leaving his money behind. Jackson and Imabelle reunite, and depart for Mississippi together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Gregory Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hines"},{"link_name":"Robin Givens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Givens"},{"link_name":"Zakes Mokae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakes_Mokae"},{"link_name":"Danny Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Glover"},{"link_name":"Badja Djola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badja_Djola"},{"link_name":"Tyler Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Collins_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ron Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Samm-Art Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samm-Art_Williams"},{"link_name":"Stack Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Ed \"Coffin Ed\" Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Detective"},{"link_name":"Willard E. Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_E._Pugh"},{"link_name":"Helen Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Martin"},{"link_name":"Wendell Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Pierce"},{"link_name":"T. K. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._K._Carter"},{"link_name":"Jalacy Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamin%27_Jay_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Winde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Winde"},{"link_name":"George Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_(American_comedian)"},{"link_name":"\"Gravedigger\" Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Detective"}],"text":"Forest Whitaker as Jackson\nGregory Hines as Goldy/Sherman\nRobin Givens as Imabelle\nZakes Mokae as Big Kathy\nDanny Glover as Easy Money\nBadja Djola as Slim\nJohn Toles-Bey as Jodie\nTyler Collins as Teena\nRon Taylor as Hank\nSamm-Art Williams as Gus Parsons\nStack Pierce as Detective Ed \"Coffin Ed\" Johnson\nWillard E. Pugh as Claude X\nHelen Martin as Mrs. Canfield\nWendell Pierce as Louis\nT. K. Carter as Smitty\nJalacy Hawkins as Jay \"Screamin' Jay\" Hawkins\nBeatrice Winde as Clerk\nGeorge Wallace as Detective \"Gravedigger\" Jones","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms"},{"link_name":"cross dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_dressing"},{"link_name":"speedballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedballs"},{"link_name":"step-brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-brother"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgynous"}],"text":"The novel and the movie differ significantly in several ways. In the book, Harlem is shown as gritty and seedy, while in the movie it is relatively vibrant. Imabelle and Slim are married in the book, but this in not mentioned in the movie. Gold ore, which is actually fool's gold, is central to the novel, while in the movie it is real gold. In the novel, Goldy is Jackson's \noverweight twin brother who begs for alms and sells bogus \"tickets to heaven\" while cross dressing as a nun. He is an informer to the police, and a drug addict who regularly shoots up morphine and cocaine speedballs. In the movie, Goldy is Jackson's step-brother, a trim and dapper numbers runner and occasional bogus priest who does sell \"tickets to heaven,\" but does not solicit donations, cross-dress, or take drugs. Grave Digger and Coffin Ed are feared for their ability to dish out sudden death in the novel, while the movie shows them to be buffoons.[10] In the movie, the brothel keeper, Big Kathy, is an androgynous woman. while in the book Big Kathy is a cross dressing man. Also, Goldie is much closer to Big Kathy in the movie; Goldy calls him \"real family\" as says \"he's the only person I cared about.\" In the novel, Goldy is murdered when Slim slits his throat, while in the movie he survives and is able to reconnect with his brother in the end. Both the film and novel have Jackson and Imabelle happily reunited in the end, but in the film they move to Mississippi, while in the book they stay in Harlem.","title":"Movie compared to novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Horberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horberg-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Woolley"},{"link_name":"Miramax Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Films"},{"link_name":"green-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-light"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horberg-8"},{"link_name":"principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes90-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galecbb-11"},{"link_name":"Hill Street Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galecbb-11"},{"link_name":"Robin Givens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Givens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galecbb-11"}],"text":"William Horberg, eventually credited as an executive producer, got the project started when he optioned the rights to Himes' novel.[8] Hornberg, a first-time producer approached John Toles-Bey, a Chicago-based actor with no screenwriting credits, to draft the film's first script; the development effort gained steam after Hornberg met Kerry Boyle of Palace Productions, and through the efforts of Boyle and Stephen Woolley, the film was sold to Miramax Films and given the green-light.[8]According to publicity leading up to the start of principal photography, Forest Whitaker was the first of the two lead actors to commit to the film, described as an action-comedy with \"very dark\" comedy.[1] Whitaker among others, was consulted as Boyle and Woolley sought an African American to direct the film, doing so because they believed \"maintaining the cultural integrity of the novel demanded a black director\"; they also wanted \"someone who was older and secure enough to collaborate and make a picture that we could distribute widely, but who still had a passion for the material.\"[11] They chose Duke in part for his experience directing Hill Street Blues, experience that was key \"because of the way that series mixed humor and violence.\"[11] Duke later cast Robin Givens to play the female lead after considering 300 women for the part.[11]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Over-the-Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-Rhine"},{"link_name":"gentrified area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horberg-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmprog-3"},{"link_name":"Porgy and Bess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess"}],"text":"The film was shot in the Cincinnati, Ohio, neighborhood of Over-the-Rhine, whose \"un-gentrified area of the old downtown lower depths stood in quite nicely for ... 1950s Harlem.\"[8] About midway during production, it turned out that Duke and Woolley had undiscussed differences about the tone the film was going to take:[3]About halfway through we [Woolley and Duke] were looking at a scene, and I turned to Bill [Duke] and said 'You know, that wasn't quite as funny as it was in the script. And I don't know why. And he said to me, 'We're not making no god-damn comedy.' I'd raised the entire money for this film on the basis that it was a comedy. It was Chester Himes, it was supposed to be funny. And a shiver went down my spine...I hoped that Bill was joking. But I realized he thought we were making Porgy and Bess.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-12"},{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canby-4"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-13"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gleiberman-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-14"}],"text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of 37 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's consensus reads: \"If it can't quite live up to its source material, A Rage in Harlem still proves a stylishly effective period thriller.\"[12]Vincent Canby, reviewing the film for The New York Times, called it \"painless, occasionally funny\" but with a \"heedlessly incomprehensible plot\"; according to Canby, \"Because the screenplay is so thin, the characters are revealed entirely by the actors who play them. Miss Givens does particularly well as a doxy with a heart of gold as well as a trunk full of it. She looks great and shows a real flair for absurd comedy. Mr. Hines, Mr. Whitaker and Mr. Glover also are in good form, as are Badja Djola, who plays Imabelle's intimidatingly large former lover, the guy she's stolen the gold from, and Mr. Toles-Bey, who, in addition to working on the screenplay, appears as one of the bad guys.\"[4] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 and wrote: \"What's best in the movie is the chemistry between Whitaker and Givens, who is surprisingly effective in her first feature role.\"[13] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly was positive about the atmosphere, comedy, and raw acting talent, but critical of the plot which he called \"a complete shambles\".\nGleiberman gave it \"C−\" grade.[6]The film grossed $10.4 million in the United States.[2][14]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pat H. Broeske (February 18, 1990). \"Fabulous '50s\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-18-ca-1677-story.html","url_text":"\"Fabulous '50s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A Rage in Harlem\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved October 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/ttrageinharlem/","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Woolley (17 September 2010). \"Francine Stock talks to Stephen Woolley ...\" The Film programme (Interview). Interviewed by Francine Stock. BBC Radio 4. Event occurs at 10:22 – 11:14. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Woolley","url_text":"Stephen Woolley"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq1vt","url_text":"\"Francine Stock talks to Stephen Woolley ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Stock","url_text":"Francine Stock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4","url_text":"BBC Radio 4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026121254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq1vt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vincent Canby (May 3, 1991). \"Panning for Gold in 1950's Harlem, via Himes Novel\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Vincent Canby"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525222819/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/03/movies/review-film-panning-for-gold-in-1950-s-harlem-via-himes-novel.html","url_text":"\"Panning for Gold in 1950's Harlem, via Himes Novel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/03/movies/review-film-panning-for-gold-in-1950-s-harlem-via-himes-novel.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Rage in Harlem | Jonathan Rosenbaum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1991/04/a-rage-in-harlem/","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem | Jonathan Rosenbaum\""}]},{"reference":"Owen Gleiberman (May 17, 1991). \"A Rage in Harlem\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman","url_text":"Owen Gleiberman"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1991/05/17/rage-harlem/","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Rage in Harlem\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved August 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/80/year/1991.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Rage in Harlem\""}]},{"reference":"William Horberg (November 7, 2008). \"The Last Chester Himes Movie? pt 2\". Typepad. Retrieved November 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horberg","url_text":"William Horberg"},{"url":"http://williamhorberg.typepad.com/william_horberg/2008/11/the-last-chester-himes-movie-pt-2.html","url_text":"\"The Last Chester Himes Movie? pt 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typepad","url_text":"Typepad"}]},{"reference":"\"A Rage in Harlem av Bill Duke\". Stockholm International Film Festival. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825190525/http://www.stockholmfilmfestival.se/film/a_rage_in_harlem","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem av Bill Duke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Stockholm International Film Festival"},{"url":"http://www.stockholmfilmfestival.se/film/a_rage_in_harlem","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diawara, Manthia (1993). \"Noirs by Noirs: Towards a New Reality in Black Cinema\". Internet Archive. Verso. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shadesofnoirread0000unse/page/274/mode/2up?","url_text":"\"Noirs by Noirs: Towards a New Reality in Black Cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Duke\". Gale Group's Contemporary Black Biography. Answers.com. Retrieved November 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/bill-duke","url_text":"\"Bill Duke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answers.com","url_text":"Answers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"A Rage in Harlem\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved September 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rage_in_harlem","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (May 3, 1991). \"A Rage In Harlem\". Chicago Sun-Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-rage-in-harlem-1991","url_text":"\"A Rage In Harlem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A Rage in Harlem (1991) - Financial Information\". The Numbers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rage-in-Harlem-A#tab=summary","url_text":"\"A Rage in Harlem (1991) - Financial Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-18-ca-1677-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Fabulous '50s\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/ttrageinharlem/","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq1vt","external_links_name":"\"Francine Stock talks to Stephen Woolley ...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026121254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq1vt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525222819/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/03/movies/review-film-panning-for-gold-in-1950-s-harlem-via-himes-novel.html","external_links_name":"\"Panning for Gold in 1950's Harlem, via Himes Novel\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/03/movies/review-film-panning-for-gold-in-1950-s-harlem-via-himes-novel.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1991/04/a-rage-in-harlem/","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem | Jonathan Rosenbaum\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1991/05/17/rage-harlem/","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/80/year/1991.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: A Rage in Harlem\""},{"Link":"http://williamhorberg.typepad.com/william_horberg/2008/11/the-last-chester-himes-movie-pt-2.html","external_links_name":"\"The Last Chester Himes Movie? pt 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825190525/http://www.stockholmfilmfestival.se/film/a_rage_in_harlem","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem av Bill Duke\""},{"Link":"http://www.stockholmfilmfestival.se/film/a_rage_in_harlem","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shadesofnoirread0000unse/page/274/mode/2up?","external_links_name":"\"Noirs by Noirs: Towards a New Reality in Black Cinema\""},{"Link":"http://www.answers.com/topic/bill-duke","external_links_name":"\"Bill Duke\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rage_in_harlem","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-rage-in-harlem-1991","external_links_name":"\"A Rage In Harlem\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rage-in-Harlem-A#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"A Rage in Harlem (1991) - Financial Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102749/","external_links_name":"A Rage in Harlem"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCC_Marching_Tigers
RCC Marching Tigers
["1 History","2 Around the World","3 On Screen","4 RCC Indoor Percussion","5 References","6 External links"]
RCC Marching TigersRiverside City College Marching BandSchoolRiverside City CollegeLocationRiverside, CaliforniaConferenceOrange Empire ConferenceFounded1984DirectorJames RocilloMembers200+Marching Band of Riverside City College The RCC Marching Tigers or "Hollywood's Band" is the marching band of Riverside City College. The band has appeared in parades such as the Tournament of Roses Parade, Fiesta Bowl Parade, the Hollywood Christmas Parade, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, various athletic events, Bands of America Grand Nationals in exhibition, as well as appearances in television shows, commercials, music videos, and movies. They are also well known internationally and have toured around the world. History The RCC Marching Tigers started in 1984 by director Gary Locke. They have since grown into one of the most prominent and talented college marching bands in the world. The Tigers were formerly a competitive marching band, but eventually moved on to bigger projects after placing first in every competition they competed in for eleven years in a row. They are now a well known exhibition band, performing at many WBA and Bands of America Grand National competitions and appearing in many motion pictures, television shows, television commercials, and other events. Around the World Year Location 1985 Fete de Geneve 1986 Victoria Day Parade, Vancouver, Canada 1987 Sendai Sister City Exchange Concert & All Japan Marching Band & Baton Twirling Association Contest 1990 Rose Parade 1993 All Japan Marching Band & Baton Twirling Association Contest 1992 Moomba Festivale Parade, Melbourne, Australia 1994 Nice, France & Euro Disneyland 1996 St. Patrick’s Day Parade, Dublin, Ireland 1997 Rose Parade 2000 London Millennium Parade Festival, England 2001 Paris New Year's Parade, France 2003 Edinburgh Easter Festival 2004 Rose Parade 2004 Madrid Christmas Festival 2005 London New Year's Day Parade 2006 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade 2007 Comune di Frascati 2008 New Year’s Day performance at the Coliseum, Rome, Italy 2009 Rose Parade 2013 Rose Parade 2015 Rose Parade 2016 La Grande Parade de Paris, Champs-Élysées 2018 Rose Parade 2018 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade On Screen The RCC Marching Tigers have appeared in many major motion pictures, television shows, and television commercials, as well as music videos. They got their start in the entertainment industry in 1990 with their first television appearance in the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade. Shortly after, the Riverside Auto Center wanted to advertise their local business and hired the Marching Tigers and the RCC Pep Squad to be part of a huge television media campaign. The television commercials appeared on local Public-access television cable TV and then on ESPN. It is this exposure on ESPN that helped the Tigers gain media prominence and push them into the entertainment industry. Since then, the RCC Marching Tigers' entertainment repertoire has been steadily growing. The Silver Screen Film Starring Studio My Blue Heaven Steve Martin Warner Brothers Hero Dustin Hoffman, Andy Garcia, Geena Davis Columbia Dear God Greg Kinnear, Laurie Metcalf Rysher Entertainment Good Burger Kenan Thompson, Kel Michell, Sinbad Nickelodeon Movies Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Mike Myers, Elizabeth Hurley New Line Cinema Wag the Dog Robert De Niro, Dustin Hoffman New Line Cinema The Truman Show Jim Carey, Laura Linney, Ed Harris Paramount The Other Sister Juliette Lewis, Giovanni Ribisi, Tom Skerritt, Diane Keaton Touchstone Ready to Rumble Oliver Platt, David Arquette, Scott Caan Warner Brothers American Pie 2 Jason Biggs, Shannon Elizabeth Universal The First 20 Million is Always the Hardest Adam Garcia, Jake Busey, Ethan Suplee, Rosario Dawson, Anjul Nigam, Francis Benoit, Gregory Jbara 20th Century Fox Princess Diaries 2 Anne Hathaway, Heather Matarazzo, Julie Andrews, John Rhys-Davies Walt Disney Pictures American Pie: Band Camp Eugene Levy, Tad Hilgenbrink, Arielle Kebbel Universal Coach Carter Samuel L. Jackson Warner Brothers Even Money Kim Basinger, Nick Cannon, Danny DeVito, Kelsey Grammer Yari Film Group Gridiron Gang The Rock Sony Pictures Bring It On: In It to Win It” Universal Bratz Lionsgate The Eye Jessica Alba Lionsgate FAME Naturi Naughton, Kelsey Grammer MGM Television Productions Show Starring Network Monk Tony Shalhoub USA Network Boston Public Anthony Heald, Chi BcBride 20th Century Fox Big Deal Big Bad VooDoo Daddy 20th Century Fox Charmed Holly Marie Combs, Alyssa Milano, Rose McGowan Warner Brothers Gilmore Girls Lauren Graham, Alexis Bledel Warner Brothers Once and Again Sela Ward ABC Monday Night Live Todd Donahoe ABC America’s Funniest Home Videos Bob Saget ABC That Championship Season Paul Sorvino, Gary Sinese Show Time Inherit the Wind George C. Scott Show Time The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom Holly Hunter, Beau Bridges HBO For Their Own Good Elizabeth Perkins The Avenet/Kerner Company American Dreams Gail O’Grady, Tom Verica, Brittany Snow NBC The Bachelor Chris Harrison ABC Good Morning America Diane Sawyer, Sam Champion ABC The Game Tia Mowry, Wendy Raquel Robinson, Brittany Daniel The CW I Want To Look Like A High School Cheerleader Again Jay Johnson CMT Veronica Mars Kristen Bell CMT Hell’s Kitchen Gordon Ramsay Fox Parks and Recreation Amy Poehler, Nick Offerman NBC The Office Steve Carell, Jenna Fischer, John Krasinski, Rainn Wilson NBC Television Commercials The Riverside Auto Center Aloha Airlines Peugeot Automobiles Wendy’s Hamburgers Jeep Cherokee Outpost.com McDonald’s Restaurants Kentucky Fried Chicken American Eagle Outfitters JCPenney PepsiCola Six Flags Magic Mountain Mead Five Star Anheuser-Busch Verizon Wireless Music Videos Song Artist Label The Animal Song Savage Garden Sony I Won't Lie Shannon Brown BMG/Arista Records Blowin' Me Up (With Her Love) JC Chasez Jive Records B.Y.O.B. System of a Down Sony Underclass Hero Sum 41 Island Records That's Not My Name The Ting Tings Sony Sports Song "Weird Al" Yankovic RCA Records RCC Indoor Percussion In addition to a full marching band, Riverside City College fields an indoor drumline. RCC Indoor Percussion competes in world class for Winter Guard International (WGI) and is a program of BD Performing arts, the entity who manages the Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps. RCC Indoor Percussion has been a WGI World Class finalist every year since 2002, winning titles in 2002, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2015, and 2018. References ^ "Indoor Percussion". RCC BAND. Retrieved 2024-03-15. ^ "About RCC Indoor Percussion :: RCC Indoor Percussion". bluedevils.org. Retrieved 2024-03-15. External links RCC Marching Tigers RCC Indoor Percussion
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villafranca_de_los_Barros
Villafranca de los Barros
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°34′0″N 6°20′0″W / 38.56667°N 6.33333°W / 38.56667; -6.33333Municipality in Extremadura, SpainVillafranca de los BarrosMunicipalityAerial view (March 2021)Villafranca de los BarrosShow map of SpainVillafranca de los BarrosShow map of ExtremaduraCoordinates: 38°33′41″N 6°20′21″W / 38.56139°N 6.33917°W / 38.56139; -6.33917Country SpainAutonomous Community ExtremaduraProvinceBadajozComarcaTierra de BarrosGovernment • MayorRamón Ropero Mancera (PSOE)Area • Total104 km2 (40 sq mi)Elevation(AMSL)410 m (1,350 ft)Population (2018) • Total12,926 • Density120/km2 (320/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST (GMT +2))Postal code06220Area code+34 (Spain) + 924 (Badajoz)Websitewebsite Villafranca de los Barros is a municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It has a population of 13,329 and an area of 104 km2. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. 38°34′0″N 6°20′0″W / 38.56667°N 6.33333°W / 38.56667; -6.33333 vteMunicipalities in the province of Badajoz Acedera Aceuchal Ahillones Alange Alburquerque Alconchel Alconera Aljucén Almendral Almendralejo Arroyo de San Serván Atalaya Azuaga Badajoz Barcarrota Baterno Benquerencia de la Serena Berlanga Bienvenida Bodonal de la Sierra Burguillos del Cerro Cabeza del Buey Cabeza la Vaca Calamonte Calera de León Calzadilla de los Barros Campanario Campillo de Llerena Capilla Carmonita Casas de Don Pedro Casas de Reina Castilblanco Castuera Cheles Cordobilla de Lácara Corte de Peleas Cristina Don Álvaro Don Benito El Carrascalejo Entrín Bajo Esparragalejo Esparragosa de Lares Esparragosa de la Serena Feria Fregenal de la Sierra Fuenlabrada de los Montes Fuente de Cantos Fuente del Arco Fuente del Maestre Fuentes de León Garbayuela Garlitos Granja de Torrehermosa Guadiana Guareña Helechosa de los Montes Herrera del Duque Higuera de Llerena Higuera de Vargas Higuera de la Serena Higuera la Real Hinojosa del Valle Hornachos Jerez de los Caballeros La Albuera La Codosera La Coronada La Garrovilla La Haba La Lapa La Morera La Nava de Santiago La Parra La Roca de la Sierra La Zarza Llera Llerena Lobón Los Santos de Maimona Magacela Maguilla Malcocinado Malpartida de la Serena Manchita Medellín Medina de las Torres Mengabril Mérida Mirandilla Monesterio Montemolín Monterrubio de la Serena Montijo Navalvillar de Pela Nogales Oliva de Mérida Oliva de la Frontera Olivenza Orellana de la Sierra Orellana la Vieja Palomas Peñalsordo Peraleda del Zaucejo Puebla de Alcocer Puebla de Obando Puebla de Sancho Pérez Puebla de la Calzada Puebla de la Reina Puebla del Maestre Puebla del Prior Pueblonuevo del Guadiana Quintana de la Serena Reina Rena Retamal de Llerena Ribera del Fresno Risco Salvaleón Salvatierra de los Barros San Pedro de Mérida San Vicente de Alcántara Sancti-Spíritus Santa Amalia Santa Marta Segura de León Siruela Solana de los Barros Talarrubias Talavera la Real Táliga Tamurejo Torre de Miguel Sesmero Torremayor Torremejía Trasierra Trujillanos Usagre Valdecaballeros Valdelacalzada Valdetorres Valencia de las Torres Valencia del Mombuey Valencia del Ventoso Valle de Matamoros Valle de Santa Ana Valle de la Serena Valverde de Burguillos Valverde de Leganés Valverde de Llerena Valverde de Mérida Villafranca de los Barros Villagarcía de la Torre Villagonzalo Villalba de los Barros Villanueva de la Serena Villanueva del Fresno Villar de Rena Villar del Rey Villarta de los Montes Zafra Zahínos Zalamea de la Serena Zarza-Capilla Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This article about a place in the Province of Badajoz is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Can_Stop_Us_(song)
Nothing Can Stop Us (song)
["1 Critical reception","2 Music video","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 References"]
1991 single by Saint Etienne"Nothing Can Stop Us"Single by Saint Etiennefrom the album Foxbase Alpha A-side"Speedwell"B-side"3D Tiger"ReleasedMay 1991, 14 October 1991 (reissue)GenreNorthern soulLabelHeavenly Records - HVN9Songwriter(s)Bob Stanley; Pete WiggsSaint Etienne singles chronology "Kiss and Make Up" (1990) "Nothing Can Stop Us" (1991) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart (reissue)" (1991) Music video"Nothing Can Stop Us" on YouTube "Nothing Can Stop Us" is a song by English band Saint Etienne, released in May 1991 by Heavenly Records as the third single from their debut album, Foxbase Alpha (1991). It is the first release to feature Sarah Cracknell, who would continue to front the band from this release on. The single reached the number one spot on the American dance charts for one week. The song is based on a looped sample from Dusty Springfield's recording of "I Can't Wait Until I See My Baby's Face". "Nothing Can Stop Us" was released as a double A side with "Speedwell". As such, "Speedwell" takes lead track duty on the remix 12" single with the Flying Mix and Project Mix. The American remixes were done by the Masters At Work team of Kenny "Dope" Gonzales and Little Louie Vega. The lyric was partly re-written for these mixes, and the changes were retained in subsequent live performances. In 1994, Saint Etienne produced a new version of the song for Kylie Minogue, which was released as a b-side on her single "Confide in Me". Critical reception In an 2016 retrospective review, Justin Chadwick from Albumism remarked the "buoyant throwback soul" of the song, naming it an "indisputable highlight" from the Foxbase Alpha allbum. Upon the release, Larry Flick from Billboard felt that the band returns with a similar-sounding jam to "Only Love Can Break Your Heart". He wrote, "In its original form, the tune is an endearing modern-pop gem. With a little (make that a lot) of help from remixers Louie Vega and Kenny Gonzalez, the track is now a hip deep-houser that should thrill club jocks upon impact." Everett True from Melody Maker praised it as "magnificent!" Davydd Chong from Music Week's RM Dance Update said it "sounds so familiar, so classic, that you first thought is that it's another cover version. The breathy vocals of Sarah Cracknell, the joyous strings, the impish guitar licks and the loving kiss of romantic optimism belong to the Northern Soul era, but, no, it's a St Etienne original." Mandi James from NME wrote, "Music to swoon to. Pure sexy vibes, breathless vocals and brilliant drum rolls. Haunted by the spectre of Northern Soul, wrapped in perfect pop melodies and probably the best record this year." Another NME editor, Jim Wirth, noted that "it's funky, it's got flutes, and it's a totally awesome pop song. There's nothing even remotely ironic about that." Mark Frith from Smash Hits commented, "Their music is light and ambient but dancey with it. Vocals are breathy and euphoric." Music video There were produced two different music videos for "Nothing Can Stop Us". The original features the band driving and walking around central London with a late 60s movie style. The second version only featured the group utilizing the remixes done in a sixties-esque background setting. Track listing All tracks are written by Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs7": Heavenly / HVN9 and 12" (HVN9 12)No.TitleLength1."Nothing Can Stop Us"3:582."Speedwell"6:31 12": Heavenly / HVN9 12RNo.TitleLength1."Speedwell (Flying Mix)"3:582."Speedwell (Project Mix)"6:313."Nothing Can Stop Us (Instrumental)"4:144."3D Tiger"4:01 12": Warner Bros. / 9 40395-0No.TitleLength1."Nothing Can Stop Us (twelve inch remix)"4:552."Nothing Can Stop Us (kenlou dub)"5:523."Nothing Can Stop Us (bonus beats)"4:114."Nothing Can Stop Us (house mix)"4:505."Nothing Can Stop Us (masters at work dub)"5:156."Speedwell"6:32 CD: Heavenly / HVN9CDNo.TitleLength1."Nothing Can Stop Us"3:582."Speedwell"6:313."Nothing Can Stop Us (Instrumental)"4:16 CD: Warner Bros. / 9 40395-2No.TitleLength1."Nothing Can Stop Us (single remix)"3:582."Nothing Can Stop Us (twelve inch remix)"4:553."Nothing Can Stop Us (house mix)"4:504."Speedwell"6:325."Nothing Can Stop Us (kenlou dub)"5:526."Nothing Can Stop Us (masters at work dub)"5:15 Charts Chart (1991) Peakposition UK Singles (OCC) 54 UK Dance (Music Week) 16 US Dance/Electronic Singles Sales (Billboard) 15 US Hot Dance Club Play (Billboard) 1 References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 225. ^ Chadwick, Justin (14 October 2016). "Saint Etienne's Debut Album 'Foxbase Alpha' Turns 25: Anniversary Retrospective". Albumism. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Flick, Larry (25 April 1992). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. p. 74. Retrieved 24 October 2020. ^ True, Everett (4 May 1991). "Singles". Melody Maker. p. 33. Retrieved 29 April 2023. ^ Chong, Davydd (18 May 1991). "DJ Directory: St Etienne" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 4. Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ James, Mandi (16 March 1991). "Groove Check". NME. p. 22. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ Wirth, Jim. "St Etienne – London Kentish Town Forum". NME. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ Frith, Mark (15 May 1991). "Review: Singles". Smash Hits. p. 44. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ "Top 60 Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 18 May 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 27 September 2020. vteSaint Etienne Sarah Cracknell Bob Stanley Pete Wiggs Gerard Johnson Ian Catt Studio albums Foxbase Alpha So Tough Tiger Bay Good Humor Sound of Water Finisterre Tales from Turnpike House Words and Music by Saint Etienne Home Counties I've Been Trying to Tell You Soundtrack albums The Misadventures of Saint Etienne What Have You Done Today Mervyn Day? Compilation albums You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone Fairy Tales from Saint Etienne Too Young to Die: Singles 1990–1995 Casino Classics Continental Interlude Smash the System: Singles and More Travel Edition 1990–2005 London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne Extended plays Reserection Places to Visit Singles "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" "Kiss and Make Up" "Nothing Can Stop Us" "Join Our Club" "Avenue" "You're in a Bad Way" "Hobart Paving" "Who Do You Think You Are" "Xmas 93" "Pale Movie" "Like a Motorway" "Hug My Soul" "He's on the Phone" "Sylvie" "The Bad Photographer" "Tell Me Why (The Riddle)" "Shower Scene" "A Good Thing" "Stars Above Us" "Burnt Out Car" "Method of Modern Love" Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Saint Etienne Debsey Wykes Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Etienne_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heavenly Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Records"},{"link_name":"Foxbase Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxbase_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Sarah Cracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Cracknell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"},{"link_name":"I Can't Wait Until I See My Baby's Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Am_I_Going%3F"},{"link_name":"Masters At Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_At_Work"},{"link_name":"Kenny \"Dope\" Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_%22Dope%22_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Little Louie Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Louie_Vega"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Confide in Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confide_in_Me"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1991 single by Saint Etienne\"Nothing Can Stop Us\" is a song by English band Saint Etienne, released in May 1991 by Heavenly Records as the third single from their debut album, Foxbase Alpha (1991). It is the first release to feature Sarah Cracknell, who would continue to front the band from this release on. The single reached the number one spot on the American dance charts for one week.[1] The song is based on a looped sample from Dusty Springfield's recording of \"I Can't Wait Until I See My Baby's Face\".\"Nothing Can Stop Us\" was released as a double A side with \"Speedwell\". As such, \"Speedwell\" takes lead track duty on the remix 12\" single with the Flying Mix and Project Mix. The American remixes were done by the Masters At Work team of Kenny \"Dope\" Gonzales and Little Louie Vega. The lyric was partly re-written for these mixes, and the changes were retained in subsequent live performances. In 1994, Saint Etienne produced a new version of the song for Kylie Minogue, which was released as a b-side on her single \"Confide in Me\".[citation needed]","title":"Nothing Can Stop Us (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foxbase Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxbase_Alpha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Only Love Can Break Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Love_Can_Break_Your_Heart#Saint_Etienne_version"},{"link_name":"Louie Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Vega"},{"link_name":"Kenny Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"deep-houser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Everett True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_True"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"Sarah Cracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Cracknell"},{"link_name":"Northern Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Soul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mark Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Frith"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In an 2016 retrospective review, Justin Chadwick from Albumism remarked the \"buoyant throwback soul\" of the song, naming it an \"indisputable highlight\" from the Foxbase Alpha allbum.[2] Upon the release, Larry Flick from Billboard felt that the band returns with a similar-sounding jam to \"Only Love Can Break Your Heart\". He wrote, \"In its original form, the tune is an endearing modern-pop gem. With a little (make that a lot) of help from remixers Louie Vega and Kenny Gonzalez, the track is now a hip deep-houser that should thrill club jocks upon impact.\"[3] Everett True from Melody Maker praised it as \"magnificent!\"[4] Davydd Chong from Music Week's RM Dance Update said it \"sounds so familiar, so classic, that you first thought is that it's another cover version. The breathy vocals of Sarah Cracknell, the joyous strings, the impish guitar licks and the loving kiss of romantic optimism belong to the Northern Soul era, but, no, it's a St Etienne original.\"[5]Mandi James from NME wrote, \"Music to swoon to. Pure sexy vibes, breathless vocals and brilliant drum rolls. Haunted by the spectre of Northern Soul, wrapped in perfect pop melodies and probably the best record this year.\"[6] Another NME editor, Jim Wirth, noted that \"it's funky, it's got flutes, and it's a totally awesome pop song. There's nothing even remotely ironic about that.\"[7] Mark Frith from Smash Hits commented, \"Their music is light and ambient but dancey with it. Vocals are breathy and euphoric.\"[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There were produced two different music videos for \"Nothing Can Stop Us\". The original features the band driving and walking around central London with a late 60s movie style. The second version only featured the group utilizing the remixes done in a sixties-esque background setting.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stanley_(Saint_Etienne)"},{"link_name":"Pete Wiggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wiggs"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs7\": Heavenly / HVN9 and 12\" (HVN9 12)No.TitleLength1.\"Nothing Can Stop Us\"3:582.\"Speedwell\"6:3112\": Heavenly / HVN9 12RNo.TitleLength1.\"Speedwell (Flying Mix)\"3:582.\"Speedwell (Project Mix)\"6:313.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (Instrumental)\"4:144.\"3D Tiger\"4:0112\": Warner Bros. / 9 40395-0No.TitleLength1.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (twelve inch remix)\"4:552.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (kenlou dub)\"5:523.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (bonus beats)\"4:114.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (house mix)\"4:505.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (masters at work dub)\"5:156.\"Speedwell\"6:32CD: Heavenly / HVN9CDNo.TitleLength1.\"Nothing Can Stop Us\"3:582.\"Speedwell\"6:313.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (Instrumental)\"4:16CD: Warner Bros. / 9 40395-2No.TitleLength1.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (single remix)\"3:582.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (twelve inch remix)\"4:553.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (house mix)\"4:504.\"Speedwell\"6:325.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (kenlou dub)\"5:526.\"Nothing Can Stop Us (masters at work dub)\"5:15","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 225.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Chadwick, Justin (14 October 2016). \"Saint Etienne's Debut Album 'Foxbase Alpha' Turns 25: Anniversary Retrospective\". Albumism. Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albumism.com/features/tribute-celebrating-25-years-of-saint-etienne-foxbase-alpha","url_text":"\"Saint Etienne's Debut Album 'Foxbase Alpha' Turns 25: Anniversary Retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (25 April 1992). \"Single Reviews\" (PDF). Billboard. p. 74. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick","url_text":"Flick, Larry"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-04-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"True, Everett (4 May 1991). \"Singles\". Melody Maker. p. 33. Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_True","url_text":"True, Everett"},{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52348659080/","url_text":"\"Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"Chong, Davydd (18 May 1991). \"DJ Directory: St Etienne\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 4. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-05-18.pdf","url_text":"\"DJ Directory: St Etienne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"James, Mandi (16 March 1991). \"Groove Check\". NME. p. 22. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52312067120/","url_text":"\"Groove Check\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Wirth, Jim. \"St Etienne – London Kentish Town Forum\". NME. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000817175611/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19990005105525reviews.html","url_text":"\"St Etienne – London Kentish Town Forum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19990005105525reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frith, Mark (15 May 1991). \"Review: Singles\". Smash Hits. p. 44. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Frith","url_text":"Frith, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/smashhits90s/44475785031/in/album-72157699378363171/","url_text":"\"Review: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 60 Dance Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 18 May 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-05-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 60 Dance Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomodachi_Collection
Tomodachi Collection
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Sequel","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
2009 life simulation video game This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Remove unreferenced sections. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tomodachi Collection" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2009 video gameTomodachi CollectionCover artDeveloper(s)Nintendo SPDPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Ryutaro TakahashiProducer(s)Yoshio SakamotoDesigner(s)Masanori NakagawaComposer(s)Daisuke ShiibaAsuka ItoPlatform(s)Nintendo DSReleaseJP: June 18, 2009Genre(s)Social simulationMode(s)Single-player Tomodachi Collection, (Japanese: トモダチコレクション, romanized: Tomodachi Korekushon), is a social simulation video game for the Nintendo DS, released exclusively in Japan on June 18, 2009. A sequel, Tomodachi Life, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on April 18, 2013, and in North America and Europe on June 6, 2014. Gameplay This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The cast consists entirely of user created Miis. Players can either transfer Miis directly from their Wii console to their Nintendo DS or create new ones using the in-game Mii Maker. The player chooses their Miis looks and personality, then helps them with their problems, such as making friends and performing other everyday tasks. Additionally, the player can give their Miis clothes, food, and special items to help them gain experience. The Miis can interact with each other and form relationships, such as friendships. When a Mii gains enough experience, they level up and collect rewards. As the game progresses, meeting certain criteria will unlock new areas and shops on the island. One such area is the Question Hall, where the player can ask their Miis questions and have them vote on a certain answer. Development Miis had not been featured in early games for the Nintendo DS, originally being developed for the Wii and released on November 19, 2006. Miis first appeared on the DS two years later in 2008, in Personal Trainer: Walking. Tomodachi Collection was released one year later, only in Japan, on June 18, 2009. Although it was only released in Japan, a fan-translation was created and released on November 9, 2013, in American English by jjjewel. Tomodachi Collection was developed by a small team at Nintendo SPD Group No.1 with Yoshio Sakamoto as a producer. According to a Japanese Iwata Asks interview, it was conceived as a “version that adult women can play” of the 2000 Japan-only fortune-telling Hamtaro video game "Tottoko Hamtaro: Tomodachi Daisakusen Dechu", and was originally titled Otona no Onna no Uranai Techō (大人のオンナの占い手帳, lit."The Adult Woman's Fortune-Telling Notebook"). In the same interview, it was revealed that the fukuwarai-inspired character creation originally developed for Tomodachi Collection became the foundation for Miis. According to an interview with Yoshio Sakamoto (incorrectly cited as "Yoshi Sakamoto"), the developers were "really interested" in a western release, but they could not localize the vocal synthesizer software to handle English words. There is a function only found in the Japanese version of Tomodachi Life that allows players to ‘call’ a Mii from a Tomodachi Collection save file and transfer the Mii onto the 3DS. The newly created Miis are added in the Mii Studio. It is not possible to send a Mii to Tomodachi Collection from the Mii Maker. Sequel Main article: Tomodachi Life A sequel for the game on the Nintendo 3DS titled Tomodachi Collection: New Life, was released in Japan on April 18, 2013, and on June 6, 2014 in North America and Europe as Tomodachi Life. The game was the best-selling game in Japan during the week of its release, selling about 404,858 units. Reception Famitsu gave Tomodachi Collection a rating of 29 out of 40. It was a best-selling game in Japan during the week of its release, selling about 102,000 units. By September 28, 2009, it sold 1.15 million copies in total, making it the fourth-best selling game in Japan in the first half of the 2009 fiscal year. At the end of the 2009–2010 fiscal year on March 31, 2010, Nintendo reported that the game had sold 3.2 million units. References ^ a b c d "Official Japanese Iwata Asks with Tomodachi Collection staff". Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-10-08. ^ jjjewel (2020-10-04). "Tomodachi Collection English Translation". GameBrew. Archived from the original on 2023-10-21. Retrieved November 22, 2023. ^ "社長が訊く「トモダチコレクション」" (in Japanese). Nintendo. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "E3 2010: No Plans for Tomodachi Collection in America". 2016-07-01. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2024-01-01. ^ Otero, Jose (2014-04-10). "Tomodachi Life Could Be Nintendo's Next Animal Crossing?". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. ^ "What will happen in your Tomodachi Life?". Retrieved 2024-03-16. ^ Sahdev, Ishaan (April 24, 2013). "This Week in Sales: Tomodachi Collection Sees Big Launch Sales". Siliconera. Siliconera. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Revue de presse internationale" (in French). Gamekult. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-10-12. ^ John Tanaka (2009-06-26). "Virtual Miis Rule in Japan". IGN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-12. ^ 2009年度上半期のゲーム市場規模は前年度同期比10.5パーセント減 (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2009-10-01. Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-10-12. ^ "Nintendo Fiscal year report". GameSpot. 2010-03-31. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2010-05-06. External links Official Site (in Japanese) vteTomodachiTomodachi series Tomodachi Collection Tomodachi Life Spin-offs Miitomo Miitopia Portals: Video games 2000s Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Tomodachi Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomodachi_Life"}],"text":"2009 video gameTomodachi Collection, (Japanese: トモダチコレクション, romanized: Tomodachi Korekushon), is a social simulation video game for the Nintendo DS, released exclusively in Japan on June 18, 2009. A sequel, Tomodachi Life, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on April 18, 2013, and in North America and Europe on June 6, 2014.","title":"Tomodachi Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mii"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"}],"text":"The cast consists entirely of user created Miis. Players can either transfer Miis directly from their Wii console to their Nintendo DS or create new ones using the in-game Mii Maker. The player chooses their Miis looks and personality, then helps them with their problems, such as making friends and performing other everyday tasks. Additionally, the player can give their Miis clothes, food, and special items to help them gain experience. The Miis can interact with each other and form relationships, such as friendships. When a Mii gains enough experience, they level up and collect rewards. As the game progresses, meeting certain criteria will unlock new areas and shops on the island. One such area is the Question Hall, where the player can ask their Miis questions and have them vote on a certain answer.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personal Trainer: Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Trainer:_Walking"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fan-translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nintendo SPD Group No.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_SPD"},{"link_name":"Yoshio Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Hamtaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamtaro"},{"link_name":"Tottoko Hamtaro: Tomodachi Daisakusen Dechu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottoko_Hamtaro:_Tomodachi_Daisakusen_Dechu"},{"link_name":"fukuwarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuwarai"},{"link_name":"Miis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yoshio Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Miis had not been featured in early games for the Nintendo DS, originally being developed for the Wii and released on November 19, 2006. Miis first appeared on the DS two years later in 2008, in Personal Trainer: Walking. Tomodachi Collection was released one year later, only in Japan, on June 18, 2009.[citation needed] Although it was only released in Japan, a fan-translation was created and released on November 9, 2013, in American English by jjjewel.[2]Tomodachi Collection was developed by a small team at Nintendo SPD Group No.1 with Yoshio Sakamoto as a producer. According to a Japanese Iwata Asks interview, it was conceived as a “version that adult women can play” of the 2000 Japan-only fortune-telling Hamtaro video game \"Tottoko Hamtaro: Tomodachi Daisakusen Dechu\", and was originally titled Otona no Onna no Uranai Techō (大人のオンナの占い手帳, lit.\"The Adult Woman's Fortune-Telling Notebook\"). In the same interview, it was revealed that the fukuwarai-inspired character creation originally developed for Tomodachi Collection became the foundation for Miis.[3]According to an interview with Yoshio Sakamoto (incorrectly cited as \"Yoshi Sakamoto\"), the developers were \"really interested\" in a western release, but they could not localize the vocal synthesizer software to handle English words.[4]There is a function only found in the Japanese version of Tomodachi Life that allows players to ‘call’ a Mii from a Tomodachi Collection save file and transfer the Mii onto the 3DS. The newly created Miis are added in the Mii Studio. It is not possible to send a Mii to Tomodachi Collection from the Mii Maker.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A sequel for the game on the Nintendo 3DS titled Tomodachi Collection: New Life, was released in Japan on April 18, 2013, and on June 6, 2014 in North America and Europe as Tomodachi Life.[5][6] The game was the best-selling game in Japan during the week of its release, selling about 404,858 units.[7]","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_fiscal_year_report-11"}],"text":"Famitsu gave Tomodachi Collection a rating of 29 out of 40.[8] It was a best-selling game in Japan during the week of its release, selling about 102,000 units.[9] By September 28, 2009, it sold 1.15 million copies in total, making it the fourth-best selling game in Japan in the first half of the 2009 fiscal year.[10] At the end of the 2009–2010 fiscal year on March 31, 2010, Nintendo reported that the game had sold 3.2 million units.[11]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Official Japanese Iwata Asks with Tomodachi Collection staff\". Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100405/http://touch-ds.jp/mfs/st107/interview1.html","url_text":"\"Official Japanese Iwata Asks with Tomodachi Collection staff\""},{"url":"http://touch-ds.jp/mfs/st107/interview1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"jjjewel (2020-10-04). \"Tomodachi Collection English Translation\". GameBrew. Archived from the original on 2023-10-21. Retrieved November 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamebrew.org/wiki/Tomodachi_Collection_English_Translation","url_text":"\"Tomodachi Collection English Translation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021232332/https://www.gamebrew.org/wiki/Tomodachi_Collection_English_Translation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"社長が訊く「トモダチコレクション」\" [Iwata Asks: Tomodachi Collection] (in Japanese). Nintendo. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/interview/ccuj/vol1/index.html","url_text":"\"社長が訊く「トモダチコレクション」\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190626112027/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/interview/ccuj/vol1/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"E3 2010: No Plans for Tomodachi Collection in America\". 2016-07-01. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2024-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701113230/http://www.1up.com/news/e3-2010-plans-tomodachi-collection","url_text":"\"E3 2010: No Plans for Tomodachi Collection in America\""},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/news/e3-2010-plans-tomodachi-collection","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Otero, Jose (2014-04-10). \"Tomodachi Life Could Be Nintendo's Next Animal Crossing?\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130316/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/10/tomodachi-life-could-be-nintendoas-next-animal-crossing?abthid=534687ec7eb0922a6f000012","url_text":"\"Tomodachi Life Could Be Nintendo's Next Animal Crossing?\""},{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/10/tomodachi-life-could-be-nintendoas-next-animal-crossing?abthid=534687ec7eb0922a6f000012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What will happen in your Tomodachi Life?\". Retrieved 2024-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-3DS/Tomodachi-Life-871968.html","url_text":"\"What will happen in your Tomodachi Life?\""}]},{"reference":"Sahdev, Ishaan (April 24, 2013). \"This Week in Sales: Tomodachi Collection Sees Big Launch Sales\". Siliconera. Siliconera. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siliconera.com/2013/04/24/this-week-in-sales-tomodachi-collection-sees-big-launch-sales/","url_text":"\"This Week in Sales: Tomodachi Collection Sees Big Launch Sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconera","url_text":"Siliconera"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190827161929/https://www.siliconera.com/2013/04/24/this-week-in-sales-tomodachi-collection-sees-big-launch-sales/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Revue de presse internationale\" [International press coverage] (in French). Gamekult. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090918113257/http://www.gamekult.com/tout/jeux/fiches/J000093167_presse.html","url_text":"\"Revue de presse internationale\""},{"url":"http://www.gamekult.com/tout/jeux/fiches/J000093167_presse.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Tanaka (2009-06-26). \"Virtual Miis Rule in Japan\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628142509/http://wii.ign.com/articles/998/998682p1.html","url_text":"\"Virtual Miis Rule in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://wii.ign.com/articles/998/998682p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"2009年度上半期のゲーム市場規模は前年度同期比10.5パーセント減 [Gaming market decreased 10.5 percent in the first half of the 2009 fiscal year] (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2009-10-01. Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1228077_1124.html","url_text":"2009年度上半期のゲーム市場規模は前年度同期比10.5パーセント減"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015235206/http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1228077_1124.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo Fiscal year report\". GameSpot. 2010-03-31. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2010-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6261400.html?tag=recent_news;title;1","url_text":"\"Nintendo Fiscal year report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120123052814/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6261400.html?tag=recent_news;title;1","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Myers
Chip Myers
["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","4 References","5 See also"]
American football player (1945–1999) American football player Chip MyersNo. 25Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn:July 9, 1945Panama City, Florida, U.S.Died:February 23, 1999(1999-02-23) (aged 53)Long Lake, Minnesota, U.S.Career informationHigh school:C.E. Donart (OK)College:Northwestern Oklahoma StateNFL draft:1967 / Round: 10 / Pick: 248Career history As a player: San Francisco 49ers (1967) Cincinnati Bengals (1969–1976) As a coach: Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1983–1984)Wide receivers coach Indianapolis Colts (1985–1988)Wide receivers coach New York Jets (1990–1993)Wide receivers coach New Orleans Saints (1994)Offensive assistant Minnesota Vikings (1995–1997)Wide receivers coach Minnesota Vikings (1998)Quarterbacks coach Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl (1972) Career NFL statisticsReceptions:220Receiving yards:3,092Receiving touchdowns:12Player stats at PFR Phillip Leon "Chip" Myers (July 9, 1945 – February 23, 1999) was an American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers. Early life Myers attended Northwestern Oklahoma State University in Alva, Oklahoma. Playing career Myers was selected in the 10th round (248th overall) of the 1967 NFL Draft. The wide receiver saw little action in 12 games, with two receptions for 13 yards. During the 1968 season, he played minor league football with the (Huntsville) Alabama Hawks of the Continental Football League, where he averaged almost 22 yards per catch. In 1969, he signed with the American Football League Cincinnati Bengals. In his first year with the team, he played in all 14 games, starting five at wide receiver. He had 10 receptions for 205 yards (a 20.5 average) and two touchdowns. In 1970, he became an integral part of the now-NFL's Bengals offense and quarterback Virgil Carter. In 14 games, he started eight and totaled a team-leading 32 receptions for 542 yards (a 16.9 average) and two touchdowns. The following year, 1971, he was hampered by injuries and played 10 games, starting seven, and had 27 receptions for 286 yards (a 10.6 average) and one touchdown. He bounced back in 1972 with his best-ever season. With Ken Anderson now the Bengals starting quarterback, Myers started all 14 games with a team-leading 57 receptions for 792 yards (a 13.9 average) and three touchdowns. He ranked third in the NFL in total receptions and seventh in receiving yards. His performance earned him a spot on the 1972 Pro Bowl squad. However, in 1973 he was again beset by injuries, playing only five games and starting four. He had seven receptions for 77 yards (an 11.0 average). In 1974, he bounced back again and fellow wide receivers Isaac Curtis and Charlie Joiner, tight end Bob Trumpy, Myers and quarterback Anderson gave the Bengals one of the best passing attacks in the NFL. Playing all 14 games and starting three, he had a team-leading 32 receptions for 383 yards (a 12.0 average) and one touchdown. In 1975, Myers played in 13 games, starting two, with 36 receptions for 527 yards (a 14.6 average) and three touchdowns. The 1976 season would be his last. He played in 12 games, starting four, with 17 receptions for 267 yards (a 15.7 average) and one touchdown. During that final season he caught the longest pass of his career, a 63-yarder from Anderson Coaching career Myers served as an assistant coach with the Minnesota Vikings for four seasons coaching receivers 1995-97 and quarterbacks in 1998. In January 1999 he was promoted to the team's offensive coordinator when Brian Billick left to become head coach of the Baltimore Ravens. In February, Myers had spent a week in Hawaii with the rest of the Vikings coaches for the Pro Bowl, and had been with the staff in Indianapolis on the weekend of February 20 for the NFL scouting combine. However, he died suddenly at age 53 of a heart attack February 23, 1999 at his home in Long Lake, Minnesota. He was survived by his wife, Susie, and five adult children. Myers received much credit for the development of quarterback Randall Cunningham, who said, ""He was a big part of my success, and I'll carry the teachings and things I've learned from him onto the field each game." "I don't think there was anybody in this building who was loved more than he was," said defensive coordinator Foge Fazio, who worked with Myers seven of the last eight season with the New York Jets and Vikings. References ^ "Chip Myers Stats | Pro-Football-Reference.com". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ "Chip Myers Stats | Pro-Football-Reference.com". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2014-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2014-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Chip Myers Stats | Pro-Football-Reference.com". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ "Vikings Coach Myers Dies Of Heart Attack - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. ^ bengals.enquirer.com : Vikings valued Myers as friend and coach Archived 2004-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2017-06-02. ^ "CNN/SI - NFL Football - Vikings offensive coordinator Myers dies of heart attack - Tuesday February 23, 1999 10:46 PM". Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2014-01-27. ^ "CNN/SI - NFL Football - Vikings offensive coordinator Myers dies of heart attack - Tuesday February 23, 1999 10:46 PM". Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2014-01-27. See also Other American Football League players vteSan Francisco 49ers 1967 NFL/AFL draft selections Steve Spurrier Cas Banaszek Tom Holzer Frank Nunley Bill Tucker Wayne Trimble Doug Cunningham Milt Jackson Walter Johnson Bob Briggs Phil "Chip" Myers Ken Carmann James Hall Rich Gibbs Dalton Leblanc Clarence Spencer Bart Templeman Danny Talbott
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"}],"text":"American football playerPhillip Leon \"Chip\" Myers (July 9, 1945 – February 23, 1999) was an American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers.","title":"Chip Myers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwestern Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Alva, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Myers attended Northwestern Oklahoma State University in Alva, Oklahoma.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1967 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"(Huntsville) Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Virgil Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Carter"},{"link_name":"Ken Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Anderson_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Isaac Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Charlie Joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Joiner"},{"link_name":"Bob Trumpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Trumpy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Myers was selected in the 10th round (248th overall) of the 1967 NFL Draft. The wide receiver saw little action in 12 games, with two receptions for 13 yards.[2]During the 1968 season, he played minor league football with the (Huntsville) Alabama Hawks of the Continental Football League, where he averaged almost 22 yards per catch.In 1969, he signed with the American Football League Cincinnati Bengals. In his first year with the team, he played in all 14 games, starting five at wide receiver. He had 10 receptions for 205 yards (a 20.5 average) and two touchdowns.In 1970, he became an integral part of the now-NFL's Bengals offense and quarterback Virgil Carter. In 14 games, he started eight and totaled a team-leading 32 receptions for 542 yards (a 16.9 average) and two touchdowns.The following year, 1971, he was hampered by injuries and played 10 games, starting seven, and had 27 receptions for 286 yards (a 10.6 average) and one touchdown.He bounced back in 1972 with his best-ever season. With Ken Anderson now the Bengals starting quarterback,[3] Myers started all 14 games with a team-leading 57 receptions for 792 yards (a 13.9 average) and three touchdowns. He ranked third in the NFL in total receptions and seventh in receiving yards. His performance earned him a spot on the 1972 Pro Bowl squad.[4]However, in 1973 he was again beset by injuries, playing only five games and starting four. He had seven receptions for 77 yards (an 11.0 average).In 1974, he bounced back again and fellow wide receivers Isaac Curtis and Charlie Joiner, tight end Bob Trumpy, Myers and quarterback Anderson gave the Bengals one of the best passing attacks in the NFL. Playing all 14 games and starting three, he had a team-leading 32 receptions for 383 yards (a 12.0 average) and one touchdown.In 1975, Myers played in 13 games, starting two, with 36 receptions for 527 yards (a 14.6 average) and three touchdowns.The 1976 season would be his last. He played in 12 games, starting four, with 17 receptions for 267 yards (a 15.7 average) and one touchdown. During that final season he caught the longest pass of his career, a 63-yarder from Anderson[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Brian Billick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Billick"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Long Lake, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Lake,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Randall Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Foge Fazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foge_Fazio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Myers served as an assistant coach with the Minnesota Vikings for four seasons coaching receivers 1995-97 and quarterbacks in 1998. In January 1999 he was promoted to the team's offensive coordinator when Brian Billick left to become head coach of the Baltimore Ravens.[6] In February, Myers had spent a week in Hawaii with the rest of the Vikings coaches for the Pro Bowl, and had been with the staff in Indianapolis on the weekend of February 20 for the NFL scouting combine.However, he died suddenly at age 53 of a heart attack February 23, 1999 at his home in Long Lake, Minnesota.[7] He was survived by his wife, Susie, and five adult children.[8]Myers received much credit for the development of quarterback Randall Cunningham, who said, \"\"He was a big part of my success, and I'll carry the teachings and things I've learned from him onto the field each game.\" \"I don't think there was anybody in this building who was loved more than he was,\" said defensive coordinator Foge Fazio, who worked with Myers seven of the last eight season with the New York Jets and Vikings.[9]","title":"Coaching career"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgowlah_(ferry)
SS Balgowlah
["1 Background","2 Design and construction","3 Operational history","4 Demise","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Balgowlah on Sydney Harbour History NameBalgowlah NamesakeBalgowlah OwnerPort Jackson & Manly Steamship Company OperatorPort Jackson & Manly Steamship Company Port of registrySydney RouteManly BuilderMort's Dock, Balmain Cost£26,000 Yard number38 Laid down1911 Launched18 June 1912 In service28 November 1912 Out of service27 February 1951 IdentificationOfficial number 131538 FateScuttled General characteristics Class and typeBinngarra class ferry Tonnage499 GRT Length64.00 m (210 ft 0 in) Beam10.00 m (33 ft) Draught3.75 m (12 ft 4 in) Decks2 Speed15 kn (27.78 km/h) maximum speed Capacity1,517 SS Balgowlah was a ferry on Sydney Harbour operated by the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company on the Manly service from 1912 until 1951. Background Kuring-gai (1901) was the forerunner to the "Binngarra-type" vessels including Balgowlah. Note the wheel houses located midships compared to Balgowlah's at the ends of the sun deck. The Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company's fleet transitioned comparatively late to screw propelled vessels and the fleet comprised mostly paddle steamers until the early years of the twentieth century. The difficulty of turning in the narrow bays of Sydney Harbour - particularly in the busy Circular Quay terminus in Sydney Cove - required the use of double-ended vessels. However, a double-ended screw configuration was particularly difficult for the fine bows that Manly ferries required for both speed and heavy seas. Further, a propeller at the leading forward end of a vessel reduced speed considerably. In the prosperous early twentieth century, this speed drawback was overcome by increasing engine size and power. The first screw ferries on the Manly run were two innovative Walter Reeks–designed vessels; the SS Manly (1896), and SS Kuring-gai (1901), which were to become the fore-runners of the "Binngarra-class" ferries. They both had high forecastles at either to help her run through the deep-sea conditions across the Sydney Heads. The steel-hulled Kuring-gai was larger and she further refined the basic design to be similar to the subsequent and larger "Binngarra-class" vessels. Manly and Kuring-gai had both, however, followed paddle steamer design with their bridges around the midships funnels. Whereas the "Binngarra-class" vessels would have their wheelhouses at either end of their promenade decks. The "Binngarra-class" ferries, Binngarra (1905), Burra-Bra (1908), Bellubera (1910), Balgowlah (1912), Barrenjoey (1913), and Baragoola (1922), were designed by Mort's Dock and Engineering, initially under the guidance of former chief draughtsman Andrew Christie. The first five were built at Mort's Woolwich yard and Baragoola was built at the Balmain yard. They were among the largest ships built in Australian yards at the time and, on the admission of Mort's executives, were built by the dock more for prestige than profit. Build costs were higher in Australia than in the United Kingdom, but this was offset by the cost of sailing them out to Australia. Design and construction Balgowlah was built by Mort's Dock at their Woolwich yard for the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company for a cost of £29,000. Launched on 18 June 1912 and commissioned on 28 November 1912. Balgowlah was nearly identical to the Bellubera and Barrenjoey and ultimately was the last coal burner in the fleet. It was capable of carrying 1,517 passengers in the summer and 982 in the winter (the highest capacity of this class) and made over 110,000 return trips to Manly covering about 715,000 nautical miles. Provided with a triple expansion steam engine generating 122 hp, it was capable of 16 knots, one of the fastest ferries on the run and able to make the run in 25 minutes compared to the 30 mins of other vessels. Under construction at Mort's Dock, Woolwich, May 1912 Balgowlah in close to her as-built form Operational history Unlike some of its sister ships, it had a relatively uneventful life - shortly after going into service in 1912, it tangled with the collier Five Islands and caught itself in that ship's anchor chain. No damage was done. In 1927, it collided with Sydney Ferries Limited's Kanimbla at Bennelong Point. Steel-hulled Balgowlah received minor damage, while timber-hulled Kanimbla had a large gash torn in one side and came close to sinking. In 1929, it collided with the collier Birchrove Park, only minimal damage was done to both ships. It scraped into the Sydney Ferries Limited's Kangaroo in 1913. Also in 1927, it collided with the Union Steamship Company's Manuka, losing around 10 feet (3.0 m) of its sponson. In 1939, it overshot the wharf at Circular Quay and went aground in soft mud. Although it ripped through the buffer stop, no damage was done. It took two tugs to pull it free. The exorbitant cost and difficulty in replacing the large expensive steel-hulled Binngarra-type vessels saw the Balgowlah, along with the Bellubera, Barrenjoey, and Baragoola retained and significantly modified. In the 1920s, all four had officers' cabins attached to their wheelhouses. Beginning with Barrenjoey in 1930, and then in 1931-32 Balgowlah, Baragoola, and Bellubera over 1931-32, had their open upper passenger decks enclosed. In 1946, it was decided that Balgowlah and Barrenjoey would be converted to diesel power. Barrenjoey was first, and re-emerged in 1951 as North Head. However, Balgowlah was never converted, the cost of converting North Head had left the company in grave financial circumstances and it could not afford the cost of reconditioning the hull. The engines purchased for the conversion were later placed in the Baragoola. Balgowlah was instead used as the company's relief vessel in the postwar years until North Head returned to service following her conversion to diesel. It made its last trip on the 08:05 to Manly on 27 February 1951 and was then laid up. With extended wheelhouses and original open upper decks, ca 1930 1930s or 1940s after her upper decks were enclosed. In World War II wartime grey, 1940s Balgowlah circa 1950 in her final configuration showing enclosed upper decks and fully extended wheelhouses. Demise Being broken up in Strides yard, Rozelle Bay, 1954 After being laid up since 1951, it was sold to Sylvester Stride, Leichhardt in 1953 for breaking up. The hull was cut down and converted to a lighter, and used in the demolition of the old Iron Cove Bridge after which it was allegedly scuttled nearby. See also List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries References ^ crewlist.org.uk ^ New Manly Steamer Sydney Morning Herald 19 June 1912 page 21 ^ a b c d e SS Balgowlah Ferries of Sydney ^ a b c Manly Ferries Balgowlah, Barrenjoey & Baragoola History Works December 2007 ^ Prescott, Anthony (1984). Sydney Ferry Fleets. Ronald H Parsons. ISBN 978-0-909418-30-4. ^ a b Mead, Tom (1988). Manly Ferries of Sydney Harbour. Brookvale: Child & Associates. p. 164. ISBN 0 86777 091 0. ^ a b Andrews, Graeme (1975). The Ferries of Sydney. A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 0589071726. ^ Prescott, AM (1984). Sydney Ferry Fleet. Magill South Australia: Ronald H Parsons. p. 58. ISBN 0909418306. ^ Collision in Harbour Sydney Morning Herald 26 April 1921 page 6 ^ City of Sydney archives ^ City of Sydney archives External links Media related to Balgowlah (ferry, 1912) at Wikimedia Commons vteFerries of Sydney HarbourIndividual ferries Balgowlah Baragoola Barrenjoey Bellubera Binngarra Brightside Brighton Brothers Burra Bra Collaroy Curl Curl Dee Why Emu (II) Experiment Fairlight (1878) Freshwater Herald Kaikai Kalang Kaludah Kameruka Kamiri Kanangra Kanimbla Kara Kara Kareela Karingal Karrabee Kiandra Kirawa Kirrule Kookooburra Kooleen Koompartoo Kooroongaba Koree Kosciusko Kirribilli Kubu Kulgoa Kummulla Kuramia Kuranda Kurraba Kurrab-Ba Kuring-gai Kuttabul Lady Cutler Lady Denman Lady Edeline Lady Ferguson Lady Scott Manly (II) Manly (III) Narrabeen (I) Narrabeen (III) North Head Phantom Queenscliff Rodney Rose Hill Packet Sophia Jane South Steyne Sydney 2000 Surprise Vaucluse Wallaby Ferry classes Dee Why class Emerald First Fleet Freshwater class hydrofoil JetCat K class Lady Parramatta River River RiverCat SuperCat Ferry operators Kelsian Group Captain Cook Cruises Matilda Cruises Manly Fast Ferry Rosman Ferries Transdev Sydney Ferries Former ferry operators Australian National Line Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company Public Transport Commission State Transit Authority Sydney Ferries Corporation Sydney Ferries Limited Sydney Harbour Transport Board Transit Systems Urban Transit Authority Miscellaneous List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries Greycliffe disaster Rodney disaster vteShipwrecks and scuttled vessels of New South WalesShipwrecks by regionRichmond–Tweed Adventure Agnes Enterprize SS Friendship Tassie III HMAS Waree SS Wollongbar Mid North Coast Abbey Ability Absalom Acielle Acme Ada and Ethel Admiral Gifford Adonis Advance (wr.1933) Agnes Irving SS Catterthun Edwin MV Fairwind SS Fingal Fitzroy Governor Hunter Jane HMAS K9 Kalang Kooroongaba Titan Trial Wanganui SS Wollongbar Hunter Ability Active (1850) Active (1877) Ada Adelaide Adolphe Advance (1884) Agnes Alhambra Bee The Bluebell Collision SS Cawarra SS Colonist Contest Dundee Eleanor Lancaster Elizabeth Henrietta Estramina Excalibur Fido Francis Gertrude Governor King Grecian Hope SS Lindus Merksworth TSS Maianbar Norfolk SS Oakland Recovery MV Sygna Wendouree USS WST-1 Central Coast Adelaide Advance HMAS Allenwood SS Bonnie Dundee Hazard Henri PSS Maitland MV Nimbin HMAS Paterson Northern Beaches Adelaide Aenid Argument Charlotte M24 Japanese Midget Submarine SS Myola Narara Queen Bee HMAS Swan Tuncurry Whale Windsor Sydney Eastern Suburbs Agnes Colonist Dunbar Edward Lombe HMAS Goolgwai Greycliffe PS Herald Hereward Iron Chieftain Iserbrook Itata HMAS Karangi SS Kate HMAS Kuttabul Martha Three Bees William Cossar HMAS Woomera Southern Sydney Adelphoi Advance (1872) Advance (1874) Koonya Illawarra Adele Adolphus Agnes SS Bombo Comboyne Hawkesbury Packet Queen of Nations Shockwave Shoalhaven Advance Aeolus Agnes Hive Koraaga Nancy HMAS Voyager Wandra Far South Coast Dureenbee George Iron Knight Ly-ee-Moon Olive Cam Scuttled vessels HMAS Adelaide HMAS Anzac HMAS Australia SS Balgowlah SS Bantam SS Barcoo Bellubera Brighton HMAS Colac Curl Curl Dee Why HMAS Doomba HMAS Encounter HMAS Geranium HMAS Huon HMAS Kara Kara HMAS Kianga HMAS Kuramia HMAS Kookaburra HMS Lewes HMAS Marguerite HMAS Mallow HMAS Medea HMAS Mercedes USS Osborne HMAS Pioneer HMAS Stalwart HMAS Swordsman HMAS Tingira HMAS Torrens HMAS Vendetta HMAS Vigilant HMAS Yarra
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson_%26_Manly_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"Manly service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_ferry_services"}],"text":"SS Balgowlah was a ferry on Sydney Harbour operated by the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company on the Manly service from 1912 until 1951.","title":"SS Balgowlah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuringgai_Flickr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuring-gai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Kuring-gai"},{"link_name":"Sydney Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cove"},{"link_name":"Walter Reeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reeks"},{"link_name":"SS Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Manly"},{"link_name":"SS Kuring-gai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Kuring-gai"},{"link_name":"forecastles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"Sydney Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Heads"},{"link_name":"Binngarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binngarra"},{"link_name":"Burra-Bra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burra-Bra"},{"link_name":"Bellubera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellubera"},{"link_name":"Barrenjoey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_North_Head"},{"link_name":"Baragoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baragoola"},{"link_name":"Mort's Dock and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%27s_Dock_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Kuring-gai (1901) was the forerunner to the \"Binngarra-type\" vessels including Balgowlah. Note the wheel houses located midships compared to Balgowlah's at the ends of the sun deck.The Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company's fleet transitioned comparatively late to screw propelled vessels and the fleet comprised mostly paddle steamers until the early years of the twentieth century. The difficulty of turning in the narrow bays of Sydney Harbour - particularly in the busy Circular Quay terminus in Sydney Cove - required the use of double-ended vessels. However, a double-ended screw configuration was particularly difficult for the fine bows that Manly ferries required for both speed and heavy seas. Further, a propeller at the leading forward end of a vessel reduced speed considerably. In the prosperous early twentieth century, this speed drawback was overcome by increasing engine size and power.The first screw ferries on the Manly run were two innovative Walter Reeks–designed vessels; the SS Manly (1896), and SS Kuring-gai (1901), which were to become the fore-runners of the \"Binngarra-class\" ferries. They both had high forecastles at either to help her run through the deep-sea conditions across the Sydney Heads. The steel-hulled Kuring-gai was larger and she further refined the basic design to be similar to the subsequent and larger \"Binngarra-class\" vessels. Manly and Kuring-gai had both, however, followed paddle steamer design with their bridges around the midships funnels. Whereas the \"Binngarra-class\" vessels would have their wheelhouses at either end of their promenade decks.The \"Binngarra-class\" ferries, Binngarra (1905), Burra-Bra (1908), Bellubera (1910), Balgowlah (1912), Barrenjoey (1913), and Baragoola (1922), were designed by Mort's Dock and Engineering, initially under the guidance of former chief draughtsman Andrew Christie. The first five were built at Mort's Woolwich yard and Baragoola was built at the Balmain yard. They were among the largest ships built in Australian yards at the time and, on the admission of Mort's executives, were built by the dock more for prestige than profit. Build costs were higher in Australia than in the United Kingdom, but this was offset by the cost of sailing them out to Australia.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mort's Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%27s_Dock"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson_%26_Manly_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FerriesofSydney-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryWorks-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_ferry_wharf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryWorks-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMead-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews47-7"},{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews47-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_under_construction_at_Morts_Dock_May_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mort's Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%27s_Dock"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich,_New_South_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balgowlah-01.jpg"}],"text":"Balgowlah was built by Mort's Dock at their Woolwich yard for the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company for a cost of £29,000. Launched on 18 June 1912 and commissioned on 28 November 1912.[2][3][4]Balgowlah was nearly identical to the Bellubera and Barrenjoey and ultimately was the last coal burner in the fleet. It was capable of carrying 1,517 passengers in the summer and 982 in the winter (the highest capacity of this class)[5] and made over 110,000 return trips to Manly covering about 715,000 nautical miles.[4][6][7]Provided with a triple expansion steam engine generating 122 hp, it was capable of 16 knots, one of the fastest ferries on the run and able to make the run in 25 minutes compared to the 30 mins of other vessels.[7][8]Under construction at Mort's Dock, Woolwich, May 1912\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBalgowlah in close to her as-built form","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Ferries Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Ferries_Limited"},{"link_name":"Kanimbla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanimbla_(ferry)"},{"link_name":"Bennelong Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennelong_Point"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FerriesofSydney-3"},{"link_name":"Union Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Circular Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Quay_ferry_wharf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FerriesofSydney-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FerriesofSydney-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_circa_1930.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_ferry_BALGOWLAH.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_at_Manly_in_naval_grey_1940s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balgowlah.jpg"}],"text":"Unlike some of its sister ships, it had a relatively uneventful life - shortly after going into service in 1912, it tangled with the collier Five Islands and caught itself in that ship's anchor chain. No damage was done. In 1927, it collided with Sydney Ferries Limited's Kanimbla at Bennelong Point. Steel-hulled Balgowlah received minor damage, while timber-hulled Kanimbla had a large gash torn in one side and came close to sinking. In 1929, it collided with the collier Birchrove Park, only minimal damage was done to both ships.[3]It scraped into the Sydney Ferries Limited's Kangaroo in 1913. Also in 1927, it collided with the Union Steamship Company's Manuka, losing around 10 feet (3.0 m) of its sponson.[9] In 1939, it overshot the wharf at Circular Quay and went aground in soft mud. Although it ripped through the buffer stop, no damage was done. It took two tugs to pull it free.[3]The exorbitant cost and difficulty in replacing the large expensive steel-hulled Binngarra-type vessels saw the Balgowlah, along with the Bellubera, Barrenjoey, and Baragoola retained and significantly modified. In the 1920s, all four had officers' cabins attached to their wheelhouses. Beginning with Barrenjoey in 1930, and then in 1931-32 Balgowlah, Baragoola, and Bellubera over 1931-32, had their open upper passenger decks enclosed.In 1946, it was decided that Balgowlah and Barrenjoey would be converted to diesel power. Barrenjoey was first, and re-emerged in 1951 as North Head. However, Balgowlah was never converted, the cost of converting North Head had left the company in grave financial circumstances and it could not afford the cost of reconditioning the hull. The engines purchased for the conversion were later placed in the Baragoola. Balgowlah was instead used as the company's relief vessel in the postwar years until North Head returned to service following her conversion to diesel.[10][11] It made its last trip on the 08:05 to Manly on 27 February 1951 and was then laid up.[3]With extended wheelhouses and original open upper decks, ca 1930\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1930s or 1940s after her upper decks were enclosed.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn World War II wartime grey, 1940s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBalgowlah circa 1950 in her final configuration showing enclosed upper decks and fully extended wheelhouses.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_1954.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leichhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichhardt,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Iron Cove Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cove_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FerriesofSydney-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryWorks-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMead-6"}],"text":"Being broken up in Strides yard, Rozelle Bay, 1954After being laid up since 1951, it was sold to Sylvester Stride, Leichhardt in 1953 for breaking up. The hull was cut down and converted to a lighter, and used in the demolition of the old Iron Cove Bridge after which it was allegedly scuttled nearby.[3][4][6]","title":"Demise"}]
[{"image_text":"Kuring-gai (1901) was the forerunner to the \"Binngarra-type\" vessels including Balgowlah. Note the wheel houses located midships compared to Balgowlah's at the ends of the sun deck.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kuringgai_Flickr.jpg/220px-Kuringgai_Flickr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Being broken up in Strides yard, Rozelle Bay, 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_1954.jpg/220px-Sydney_Ferry_BALGOWLAH_1954.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Sydney Harbour ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sydney_Harbour_ferries"},{"title":"Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Sydney_Harbour_ferries"}]
[{"reference":"Prescott, Anthony (1984). Sydney Ferry Fleets. Ronald H Parsons. ISBN 978-0-909418-30-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909418-30-4","url_text":"978-0-909418-30-4"}]},{"reference":"Mead, Tom (1988). Manly Ferries of Sydney Harbour. Brookvale: Child & Associates. p. 164. ISBN 0 86777 091 0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86777_091_0","url_text":"0 86777 091 0"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Graeme (1975). The Ferries of Sydney. A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 0589071726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0589071726","url_text":"0589071726"}]},{"reference":"Prescott, AM (1984). Sydney Ferry Fleet. Magill South Australia: Ronald H Parsons. p. 58. ISBN 0909418306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0909418306","url_text":"0909418306"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/appropriation/131538","external_links_name":"crewlist.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15343787","external_links_name":"New Manly Steamer"},{"Link":"http://www.ferriesofsydney.com/balgowlah.html","external_links_name":"SS Balgowlah"},{"Link":"http://www.historyworks.com.au/B%20Boats.pdf","external_links_name":"Manly Ferries Balgowlah, Barrenjoey & Baragoola"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15939555","external_links_name":"Collision in Harbour"},{"Link":"https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/697456","external_links_name":"City of Sydney archives"},{"Link":"https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/697455","external_links_name":"City of Sydney archives"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Valtierra
Rubén Valtierra
["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 With \"Weird Al\" Yankovic","3 References"]
American keyboardist (born 1954) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rubén Valtierra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rubén ValtierraBorn (1954-12-26) 26 December 1954 (age 69)San Rafael, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Keyboardist, producer, composer Rubén Valtierra (born December 26, 1954) is a keyboardist best known for recording and touring with "Weird Al" Yankovic. The two met at the Dr. Demento 20th Anniversary special in October 1991, and shortly after Valtierra joined his band. Biography Valtierra began classical studies at the age of ten. After playing in his high school orchestra, he attended the University of California at Santa Cruz, and later was a member of the award-winning Cabrillo College Big Band. Upon graduation from UCSC in 1978, Valtierra led the popular Santa Cruz jazz/funk fusion group, Rush Hour, until moving to Los Angeles where he began playing and touring with groups such as Santana, Aretha Franklin, Tom Jones, Natalie Cole, Tower of Power, Chick Corea, Elton John, and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Valtierra also toured with Glenn Hughes/Deep Purple in 1995 and Charlie Musselwhite in 1997. Valtierra also writes and produces, and leads his band Valtierra Latin Orchestra (VLO). Discography With "Weird Al" Yankovic Off the Deep End Alapalooza Bad Hair Day Running with Scissors Poodle Hat Straight Outta Lynwood Alpocalypse Mandatory Fun References ^ "Weird Al Goes Gaga with Help From UCSC and Cabrillo Alum Rubén Valtierra". Santa Cruz Patch. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012. ^ "Valtierra Latin Orchestra: Vlo". Tower Records. Retrieved 2024-02-23. vte"Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz Steve Jay Jim West Rubén Valtierra Rick Derringer Studio albums "Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D Dare to Be Stupid Polka Party! Even Worse UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff Off the Deep End Alapalooza Bad Hair Day Running with Scissors Poodle Hat Straight Outta Lynwood Alpocalypse Mandatory Fun Soundtrack albums Weird: The Al Yankovic Story EPs Another One Rides the Bus Internet Leaks Compilations Greatest Hits The Best of Yankovic The Food Album Permanent Record: Al in the Box Greatest Hits Vol. II The TV Album The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of "Weird Al" Yankovic Songs "My Bologna" "Another One Rides the Bus" "Ricky" "I Love Rocky Road" "Eat It" "I Lost on Jeopardy" "Like a Surgeon" "Yoda" "Hooked on Polkas" "Dare to Be Stupid" "I Want a New Duck "Living with a Hernia" "Christmas at Ground Zero" "Fat" "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies" "Chicken Pot Pie" "Smells Like Nirvana" "You Don't Love Me Anymore" "Jurassic Park" "Bedrock Anthem" "Achy Breaky Song" "Headline News" "Amish Paradise" "Spy Hard" "The Night Santa Went Crazy" "The Saga Begins" "It's All About the Pentiums" "Polka Power!" "Pretty Fly for a Rabbi" "Albuquerque" "Bob" "Couch Potato" "eBay" "You're Pitiful" "Don't Download This Song" "White & Nerdy" "Pancreas" "Canadian Idiot" "Trapped in the Drive-Thru" "Whatever You Like" "Craigslist" "Perform This Way" "Tacky" "Word Crimes" "Foil" "Handy" Videography Al TV The Compleat Al UHF The "Weird Al" Yankovic Video Library Alapalooza: The Videos Bad Hair Day: The Videos The Weird Al Show "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection "Weird Al" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour Tours An Evening of Dementia with Dr. Demento in Person Plus "Weird Al" Yankovic Mandatory World Tour Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour Strings Attached Tour The Unfortunate Return of the Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour Related articles Discography Videography Polka medleys Peter & the Wolf/Carnival of the Animals – Part II Weird: The Al Yankovic Story Category This article about a United States keyboardist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keyboardist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboardist"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Dr. Demento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Demento"}],"text":"Rubén Valtierra (born December 26, 1954) is a keyboardist best known for recording and touring with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. The two met at the Dr. Demento 20th Anniversary special in October 1991, and shortly after Valtierra joined his band.","title":"Rubén Valtierra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California at Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santa_Cruz_Patch-1"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Natalie Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Cole"},{"link_name":"Tower of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Chick Corea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Corea"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Glenn Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Hughes_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Charlie Musselwhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Musselwhite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Valtierra began classical studies at the age of ten. After playing in his high school orchestra, he attended the University of California at Santa Cruz,[1] and later was a member of the award-winning Cabrillo College Big Band. Upon graduation from UCSC in 1978, Valtierra led the popular Santa Cruz jazz/funk fusion group, Rush Hour, until moving to Los Angeles where he began playing and touring with groups such as Santana, Aretha Franklin, Tom Jones, Natalie Cole, Tower of Power, Chick Corea, Elton John, and Red Hot Chili Peppers.[citation needed] Valtierra also toured with Glenn Hughes/Deep Purple in 1995 and Charlie Musselwhite in 1997.[citation needed] Valtierra also writes and produces, and leads his band Valtierra Latin Orchestra (VLO).[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Off the Deep End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Deep_End"},{"link_name":"Alapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapalooza"},{"link_name":"Bad Hair Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Hair_Day"},{"link_name":"Running with Scissors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_with_Scissors_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_album)"},{"link_name":"Poodle Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poodle_Hat"},{"link_name":"Straight Outta Lynwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Outta_Lynwood"},{"link_name":"Alpocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpocalypse"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Fun"}],"sub_title":"With \"Weird Al\" Yankovic","text":"Off the Deep End\nAlapalooza\nBad Hair Day\nRunning with Scissors\nPoodle Hat\nStraight Outta Lynwood\nAlpocalypse\nMandatory Fun","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Weird Al Goes Gaga with Help From UCSC and Cabrillo Alum Rubén Valtierra\". Santa Cruz Patch. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110829101033/http://capitola.patch.com/articles/weird-al-goes-goes-gaga-with-help-from-cabrillo-alum-rubn-valtierra","url_text":"\"Weird Al Goes Gaga with Help From UCSC and Cabrillo Alum Rubén Valtierra\""},{"url":"http://capitola.patch.com/articles/weird-al-goes-goes-gaga-with-help-from-cabrillo-alum-rubn-valtierra","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valtierra Latin Orchestra: Vlo\". Tower Records. Retrieved 2024-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://towerrecords.com/products/valtierra-latin-orchestra-vlo","url_text":"\"Valtierra Latin Orchestra: Vlo\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64_Expansion_Pak
Nintendo 64 accessories
["1 First-party","1.1 Controller","1.2 Controller Pak","1.3 Jumper Pak","1.4 Expansion Pak","1.5 Rumble Pak","1.6 Transfer Pak","1.7 Wide-Boy64","1.8 S-Video Cable","1.9 64DD","1.10 Mouse","1.11 VRU","1.12 Cleaning Kit","1.13 RF Switch and RF Modulator","1.14 Euro Connector Plug","1.15 Video capture cassette","1.16 Modem","1.17 Power supply","1.18 Keyboard","1.19 SmartMedia","2 Licensed","2.1 ASCIIWHEEL 64","2.2 Bio Sensor","2.3 Tsuricon 64","2.4 Densha de Go! 64 controller","2.5 System Organizer","2.6 Traveling accessories","2.7 Camera","3 Development and backup","4 Unlicensed","5 Notes","6 References"]
Accessories for the Nintendo 64 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nintendo 64 accessories" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nintendo 64 accessories are first-party Nintendo hardware—and third-party hardware, licensed and unlicensed. Nintendo's first-party accessories are mainly transformative system expansions: the 64DD Internet multimedia platform, with a floppy drive, video capture and editor, game building setup, web browser, and online service; the controller plus its own expansions for storage and rumble feedback; and the RAM-boosting Expansion Pak for big improvements in graphics and gameplay. Third-party accessories include the essential game developer tools built by SGI and SN Systems on Nintendo's behalf, an unlicensed SharkWire online service, and unlicensed cheaper counterparts to first-party items. In the fifth generation of video game consoles, the Nintendo 64 had a market lifespan from 1996 to 2002. First-party First-party Nintendo 64 accessories have a product code prefixed with NUS, short for "Nintendo Ultra Sixty-four". Controller Main article: Nintendo 64 controller Nintendo 64 controller The Nintendo 64 controller (NUS-005) is an "m"-shaped controller with 10 buttons (A, B, C-Up, C-Down, C-Left, C-Right, L, R, Z, and Start), one analog stick in the center, a digital directional pad on the left side, and an extension port on the back for many of the system's accessories. Initially available in the seven colors of gray, yellow, green, red, blue, purple, and black, and it was later released in translucent versions of those colors except gray. Controller Pak Controller Pak The Controller Pak (NUS-004) is the console's memory card, comparable to those of the PlayStation and GameCube. Compatible games can save player data to the Controller Pak, which plugs into the back of the Nintendo 64 controller (as do the Rumble and Transfer Paks). The Controller Pak was marketed for exchanging data between Nintendo 64 owners, because data on the game cartridge can not be transferred. The original models from Nintendo have 256 kilobit (32 KB) of battery backed SRAM, split into 123 pages with a limitation of 16 save files, but third-party models have much more, often in the form of 4 selectable memory banks of 256 kbits. Games occupy varying numbers of pages, sometimes using the entire card. It is powered by a common CR2032 battery. Upon launch, the Controller Pak was initially useful, and even necessary for early games. Over time, the Controller Pak lost popularity to the convenience of a battery backed SRAM or EEPROM in some cartridges. Because the Nintendo 64 Game Pak format also allows saving data on supported cartridges, few first-party and second-party games use the Controller Pak. The vast majority are from third-party developers. This is most likely due to the increased production and retail costs which would have been caused by including self-contained data on the cartridge. Some games use it to save optional data that is too large for the cartridge, such as Mario Kart 64, which uses 121 of the total 123 pages for storing ghost data, or International Superstar Soccer 64, which uses the entire cartridge's space for its save data. Tony Hawk's Pro Skater uses 11 pages. Quest 64 and Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon use the Controller Pak exclusively for saved data. The Japan-only game Animal Forest uses the Controller Pak to travel to other towns. Following the 1996 Christmas shopping season, Next Generation reported "impressive sales of the memory pack cartridges despite the lack of available games to take advantage of the $19.99 units". Jumper Pak Jumper Pak The Jumper Pak (NUS-008) is a filler that plugs into the console's memory expansion port. It serves no functional purpose other than to terminate the Rambus bus in the absence of the Expansion Pak. This is functionally equivalent to a continuity RIMM in a Rambus motherboard filling the unused RIMM sockets until the user upgrades. Most Nintendo 64 consoles were shipped with the Jumper Pak installed. Replacement Jumper Paks were not sold individually in stores and could only be ordered through Nintendo's online store. The system will not boot without a Jumper Pak or Expansion Pak installed. Expansion Pak The 4 MB memory Expansion Pak The Expansion Pak (NUS-007) consists of 4 MB (megabytes) of random access memory (RAM)—which is RDRAM, the same on the console motherboard—increasing the console's RAM from 4 MB to 8 MB of contiguous main memory. It is installed in a port on top of the console and replaces the pre-installed Jumper Pak, which is simply a Rambus terminator. Originally designed for the 64DD disk drive's larger multimedia workstation applications, the Expansion Pak was launched separately in Q4 1998 and then bundled with the 64DD's delayed December 1999 launch package in Japan. The Expansion Pak was bundled with Donkey Kong 64, and in Japan, the Expansion Pak additionally was bundled with The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask and Perfect Dark. It was bundled with an "ejector tool" (NUS-012) meant for removing the original Jumper Pak. Game developers found ways to use the increased memory, including greater visual appeal. The Expansion Pak is required in order to run both Donkey Kong 64 and Majora's Mask. Perfect Dark blocks access to content, including the single-player campaign, when no Expansion Pak is present, and the game's packaging states that "approximately 35%" of the game is available in that case. It is required for all 64DD software. In StarCraft 64, it is needed to unlock levels from the Brood War add-on from the PC version. Quake II features higher color depth and better performance, but not a higher resolution, with the Expansion Pak. In the vast majority of games with support, such as Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, the Expansion Pak is merely used as additional frame buffer memory to enable various high-resolution (usually interlaced) mode options at a performance cost, in some cases dramatically so. This use of the Expansion Pak can be attributed to ease of implementation and games that mainly target the stock console; additional RDRAM cannot be easily used to circumvent other bottlenecks of the console, such as the small texture cache. The original NTSC release of Space Station Silicon Valley may crash in certain places if the Expansion Pak is present. IGN celebrated the Nintendo 64 industry's methods in launching and supporting the Expansion Pak for making a high-impact accessory with "immediate and noticeable", though mostly optional, effects. Games that support the Expansion Pak Title Pak required Notes 40 Winks No Adds high-res letterbox (480×232i) and high-res (480×360i) modes. Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage No Enables a "high resolution" setting, changes certain music tracks, and adds foliage to maps. Its absence enables behind-the-scenes memory management features. All-Star Baseball 2000 No Enables longer replays in the replay feature. All-Star Baseball 2001 No Armorines: Project S.W.A.R.M. No Adds high-res letterbox (480×232i) and high-res (480×360i) modes, accessible from pause menu. Army Men: Air Combat No Army Men: Sarge's Heroes No Army Men: Sarge's Heroes 2 No Battlezone: Rise of the Black Dogs No Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness No Enables the option to turn on "Hi-Res" mode (490×355i). Command & Conquer No Makes the "high" battlefield resolution option in in-game options menu available, which engages a high-res interlaced mode. Daikatana No Adds a "hi-res" interlaced letterbox mode, accessible from main menu. Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers No Enables high resolution mode. Donkey Kong 64 Yes Marketed as improving the frame rate and object rendering at a distance. According to Rare programmer Chris Marlow, the company could not resolve a bug that occurred without the Expansion Pak and thus was forced, at great expense, to bundle the game with it. However, lead artist Mark Stevenson called Marlow's story a "myth" and said that the Expansion Pak was committed to early in development. Though such a bug did exist towards the end of development, according to Stevenson, "the Expansion Pak wasn't introduced to deal with this and wasn't the solution to the problem." Nintendo said that the bundle would avoid consumer confusion. Duke Nukem: Zero Hour No Adds interlaced medium and high-res modes, accessible from main menu options. Excitebike 64 No Enables high-res mode. Only the PAL version signifies its Expansion Pak compatibility on the box. F-1 World Grand Prix II No Enables a full race replay. FIFA 99 No Enables an unadvertised "Super High" resolution mode of 640×480i. Gauntlet Legends No Required for 4-player multiplayer. Hybrid Heaven No Enables high-res letterbox and high-res (640×474i) modes, accessible from main menu options. Hydro Thunder No Required for 3 and 4 player multiplayer. Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine No Enables high-res mode of 400×440i and unlocks level 13, "King Sol's Mines". International Superstar Soccer 2000 No Enables high-resolution textures but at reduced performance. International Track & Field 2000 No Jeremy McGrath Supercross 2000 No Ken Griffey, Jr.'s Slugfest No Enables high-res mode. The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask Yes One of the two released non-64DD game completely designed for the Expansion Pak, to increase texture detail, remove fog that is prevalent in Ocarina of Time, increase number of on-screen models, and add effects such as motion blur. Madden NFL 2000 No Madden NFL 2001 No Madden NFL 2002 No NBA Jam 2000 No Only the PAL version signifies its Expansion Pak compatibility on the box. NFL Quarterback Club '99 No NFL Quarterback Club 2000 No Nuclear Strike 64 No Adds a progressive "medium" resolution mode, accessible from main menu options. Perfect Dark Required for story mode The Expansion Pak is required for the single player, co-operative, and counter-operative campaigns, and most multiplayer features. It also adds an optional high-res mode accessible via pause menu, increasing the resolution to 640×222p (from 320×222p) in NTSC, and 448×268p (from 320×268p) in PAL. However, the Japanese version fully requires the Expansion Pak. Pokémon Stadium 2 No States "Expansion Pak Detected" on the Start screen, increases render resolution to 640×480i, and improves resolution of some textures. Quake II No Increases framebuffer color depth, removes dithering, turns off screen blur, and slightly increases framerate. Rayman 2: The Great Escape No Adds a progressive high-res mode, accessible from pause menu. Re-Volt No Adds an interlaced "medium resolution" mode, accessible from pause menu. Resident Evil 2 No Increased resolution and texture detail, switching between various progressive and interlaced resolutions on a per-screen basis. Road Rash 64 No Adds letterboxed, widescreen, and high-res progressive modes, accessible from main menu. Roadsters No San Francisco Rush 2049 Required for some content Required for track 6, the Advanced Circuit, changeable rims, some cars and music during Arcade races. Shadow Man No Adds an interlaced high-res mode, accessible from main menu. Spider-Man No South Park No Enables interlaced high-res letterbox and high-res mode options; increases frame rate in low-res mode. StarCraft 64 Required for some modes Required for the Brood War missions and the two player split-screen mode. Star Wars: Episode I: Battle for Naboo No Enables high-res mode, which increases resolution to 400×440i. Star Wars: Episode 1 Racer No Enables high-res mode at 640×480i with higher-resolution textures, and increases the framerate in low-res mode. Star Wars: Rogue Squadron No Enables high-res mode at 400×440i. The World Is Not Enough No Adds a "hi-color" mode, accessible from pause menu, which switches to a higher progressive resolution and turns off the screen noise effect. Tony Hawk's Pro Skater No Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 No Increases framerate, especially noticeable during multiplayer games. Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 No Top Gear Hyper Bike No Top Gear Overdrive No Adds "half" and "full" high-res (640×240p) options to main menu setup. Top Gear Rally 2 No Turok 2: Seeds of Evil No Adds high-res letterbox (480×232i) and high-res (480×360i) modes, accessible from pause menu. Turok 3: Shadow of Oblivion No Adds high-res letterbox (480×232i) and high-res (480×360i) modes, accessible from pause menu. Turok: Rage Wars No Adds high-res letterbox (480×232i) and high-res (480×360i) modes, accessible from pause menu. Vigilante 8 No Adds a high resolution mode (480×360i), accessible from pause menu. A hidden "ultra" mode (640×480i) is added by entering "MAX_RESOLUTION" in the password screen. Vigilante 8: 2nd Offense No Adds a high resolution mode (480×360i), accessible from pause menu. A hidden "ultra" mode (640×480i) is added by entering "GO_MAX_REZ" in the password screen, which is accessed by selecting "Game Status", pressing A twice, then pressing L+R. Xena: Warrior Princess: The Talisman of Fate No Rumble Pak Main article: Rumble Pak Rumble Pak The Rumble Pak (NUS-013) provides haptic feedback by vibration. It is powered by two AAA batteries and connects to the controller's expansion port. It was released in 1997 for the new game Star Fox 64, with which it was originally bundled. Transfer Pak Main article: Transfer Pak The Transfer Pak (NUS-019) plugs into the controller to transfer data between supported Nintendo 64 games and Game Boy or Game Boy Color games. It was released in Japan in August 1998, bundled with the game Pocket Monsters' Stadium, and in North America and Europe in February and April 2000 respectively, where it was similarly bundled with Pokémon Stadium. Wide-Boy64 The Wide-Boy64 AGB, the last version of the Wide-Boy64 that can play Game Boy Advance games Developed by Intelligent Systems, the Wide-Boy64 is a series of adapters similar to the Super Game Boy that plays Game Boy games. The device was never sold in retail to general consumers and was only provided to developers and the gaming press. Developers and magazines could purchase one directly from Nintendo at a cost of $1,400 (equivalent to about $2,561 in 2023). The cartridge contains internal Game Boy hardware, allowing the system to run games natively rather than via an emulator. Two major versions of Wide-Boy64 were released: the CGB for Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, and the updated AGB for those and Game Boy Advance Game Paks. The gaming press used it to capture screen shots more easily. Like the Super Game Boy and Game Boy Player, the game screen is surrounded by a template mimicking the appearance of the portable system. It was used for final matches at the Pokémon League Summer Training Tour '99. The Canadian children's game show Video & Arcade Top 10 used Wide-Boy64 adapters so contestants could play Game Boy games on some later episodes. S-Video Cable The S-Video cable provides a better quality picture than composite RCA cables via the MultiAV port. The NTSC cable is identical to and compatible with earlier SNES (NTSC/PAL) and later GameCube (NTSC-only) S-Video cables. The first-party NTSC Nintendo 64 S-Video cable sold by Nintendo, however, was not produced in PAL regions. The PAL Nintendo 64 does natively output S-Video (Luma/Chroma), but require a different cable to NTSC Nintendo 64 due to a design difference in most or all PAL motherboard revisions. Nintendo never released an official S-Video cable for the PAL console. Using an NTSC S-Video cable on a PAL console will usually produce over-bright, garish colors; or it may not produce any video image at all. Third-party S-Video cables for NTSC and PAL consoles were produced, though many cheaper S-Video cables do not deliver a true S-Video signal, merely passing the composite video signal (the yellow plug of the standard red/white/yellow AV cables) through the S-Video plug. 64DD Main article: 64DD 64DD, unattached The 64DD (NUS-010) is a 64 MB floppy drive with real-time clock, font and audio library in ROM, and a bundle of other accessories and custom games. The peripheral was initially announced in 1995, planned for release in 1997, and repeatedly delayed until its release in December 1999. It was launched alongside a now defunct online service called Randnet. With nine games released, it was a commercial failure and so was never released outside Japan. Mouse Nintendo 64 mouse The mouse (NUS-017) was developed for the 64DD's GUI-based games and applications, such as the Mario Artist suite, SimCity 64, and the web browser for Nintendo's defunct online service Randnet. It was manufactured by Mitsumi and was released only as a bundle with the 64DD's launch game, Mario Artist: Paint Studio. It works with Mario no Photopi, which was switched from the 64DD to Game Pak. VRU VRU (Voice Recognition Unit) The VRU or Voice Recognition Unit (NUS-020, NUS-021, NUS-022, and NUS-025) is compatible with only two games: Hey You, Pikachu! and Densha de Go! 64. Hey You, Pikachu! is packaged with the VRU and requires it, while the VRU is not required for gameplay in Densha de Go! 64 but does include it in the box. The VRU consists of a ballast (NUS-020) connected to controller port 4, a microphone (NUS-021), a yellow foam cover for the microphone, and a clip for clipping the microphone to the controller (NUS-025, bundled with Hey You, Pikachu!) or a plastic neck holder for hands-free usage (NUS-022, bundled with Densha de Go! 64). The VRU is calibrated for best recognition of a high-pitched voice, such as a small child's, and other voices are less likely be recognized properly by the VRU. VRUs are region dependent, and foreign region VRUs are not detected by the games. No VRU compatible game was launched in the EUR region (PAL, Europe), so there is no EUR-region VRU. A similar device for the Wii is Wii Speak. Cleaning Kit The cleaning kit (NUS-014, NUS-015, and NUS-016) contains materials to clean the connectors of the Control Deck, controllers, Game Paks, Rumble Paks, and Controller Paks. RF Switch and RF Modulator RF adapter for Nintendo 64 and GameCube The RF Switch and RF Modulator (NUS-009 and NUS-003) connect the Nintendo 64 and model 2 SNES (redesigned after the launch of the Nintendo 64) to the television through RF. It is primarily intended for older televisions that lack AV cable support. The RF switch itself is identical in every way to the RF switches released for Nintendo's prior systems (the NES and the SNES) and can be interchanged if needed. This set was later re-released for the GameCube to give it RF capability. The cables intended for the GameCube will also work with the Nintendo 64 and SNES. Euro Connector Plug The Euro Connector Plug is an adaptor packaged with European releases of the console, which converts RCA composite and stereo cable inputs to Composite SCART. Video capture cassette The video capture cassette (NUS-028), or cartridge, is for the Mario Artist 64DD game series. The back of the cartridge has audio, video, and microphone input jacks. It was bundled with the 64DD game Mario Artist: Talent Studio. Modem The modem cartridge (NUS-029) connects at up to 28.8 kbit/s, for the defunct Randnet service and compatible 64DD games and web browser. Power supply The power supply (NUS-002, UKV-EUR-AUS-JPN-USA) provides electricity to the Control Deck. Keyboard The compact keyboard is for the Randnet service and compatible 64DD games. SmartMedia SmartMedia cards for Mario no Photopi SmartMedia memory cards for Mario no Photopi contain images, backgrounds, borders, and other media assets for editing the user's photos. There are at least 10 different cards: Illustrations - Postal cards 1 Illustrations - Funny accessories 1 Characters collection - Yoshi's Story Characters collection - Sylvanian Families Characters collection - Bomberman Characters collection - The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Characters collection - Himitsu no Akko-chan Characters collection - Hello Kitty Characters collection - Card Captor Sakura Characters collection - Medarot The cards are all 3.3 V 2 MB SmartMedia memory cards manufactured by Hagiwara Sys-Com. Mario no Photopi was bundled with an empty memory SmartMedia card for storing the user creations. Licensed ASCIIWHEEL 64 The ASCIIWHEEL 64 is an alternate controller shaped as a steering wheel for driving games, with an accessory port. Bio Sensor Bio Sensor The Bio Sensor (NUS-A-BIO-JPN) is an ear clip that plugs into the Controller Pak slot of the controller to measure the user's heart rate. It was manufactured by Seta and released only in Japan. It is compatible only with Tetris 64, which slows down or speeds up depending on how fast the player's heart is beating. This device is similar to the unreleased Wii Vitality Sensor. Tsuricon 64 The Tsuricon 64 (ASC-0905) is a fishing controller manufactured by ASCII Corporation and compatible with a few fishing games released in Japan, like Bass Rush - ECOGEAR Power Worm Championship, Nushi Tsuri 64: Shiokaze Ninotte, or Itoi Shigesato no Bass Tsuri No.1 Definitive Edition! Densha de Go! 64 controller A train controller compatible with just one game: Densha de Go! 64. It is similar to other controllers for the same game series on different platforms such as Dreamcast and PlayStation. The game optionally supports the VRU. System Organizer Nintendo licensed A.L.S. Industries to make two types of black wooden system organizers. Both feature a plastic drawer, bearing a Nintendo 64 sticker, with slots designed to hold Nintendo 64 game cartridges, controllers, and Controller Paks. Traveling accessories The Messenger Bag is a black bag to be carried on the left side of the body. It comes with zippered compartments on the outside and inside and with mesh pockets, for a few games and a controller. Nintendo licensed a Traveling Case—a black bag, with the Nintendo 64 name stitched on the front. Two plastic buckles on the front keep the bag closed. It carries the Nintendo 64 console, controllers, games, and accessories. They also made a standard black backpack with the Nintendo 64 logo on the top and a zippered compartment on the front. Camera A basic 35 mm camera, complete with a timer and flash. Official cameras have a Nintendo 64 logo on the front. They come in different colors such as blue and orange. Development and backup Further information: Nintendo 64 § Development Doctor V64 Nintendo's original development environment for Nintendo 64 software is a card made by SGI containing most of a Nintendo 64 console, plus a software development kit (SDK) for self-hosted installation in an SGI Indy workstation. The second generation moved to a much cheaper partner model between a normal Nintendo 64 console and a PC by providing a cartridge form factor holding flash storage with a cable connection to a PC. Nintendo officially licensed SN Systems to make the SN Systems dev kit and SN Maestro 64, the second generation of Nintendo 64 SDK in PC partner form to replace the Indy-hosted hardware solution. Unofficial kits include IS-VIEWER 64 and Partner 64. The Monegi Smart Pack is a collection of third-party hardware and software which facilitates real-time development while the game is running on the console. Through the decades, many unlicensed third-party peripheral devices have provided many consumer-friendly alternative storage mediums for retail Nintendo 64 consoles. They bypass console security for the purpose of development or for users making backups of game cartridges and save data. The Doctor V64 is a CD-ROM peripheral designed by Bung Enterprises and released in 1996. It plugs into the Nintendo 64's underside expansion slot, and uses a lockout-bypass adaptor that fits into the cartridge port, into which any retail cartridge is inserted for use of its lockout chip by proxy. The Doctor V64 Jr. is a cheaper, condensed version that fits into the cartridge port and provides a parallel port connection to a PC. Bung made the DX 256 Super Game Saver which stores 256 battery EEPROM save states, and the DS1 Super Doctor Save Card. The CD 64 is a CD-ROM drive developed by UFO/Success Company. Mr. Backup Z64 designed by Harrison Electronics, Inc. is a ZIP drive peripheral for creating writable backups and performing playback of any Nintendo 64 cartridge. The modern Everdrive 64, ED64 Plus, N64 Neo Myth, and 64Drive use SD cards for mass storage of ROM image files or USB cables to connect to a PC for transfer. DexDrive is a retail consumer product, an adaptor to connect a Nintendo 64 #Controller Pak into a PC serial port, for sharing saved games. Unlicensed The GameShark Pro The SharkPad Pro The Glove Controller is a wearable glove-like controller similar to the Power Glove with buttons like a normal controller. It is usable in any game. The Tilt Pak is a rumble feedback and motion sensor made by Pelican. The GameShark, or Action Replay in Europe, is an unlicensed cheat device, similar to the Game Genie, made by InterAct in two versions. The first version has an LED display and a slot on the back of the unit for an expansion card that was never made. The second version (known as the "Pro" series, versions 3.2 and up) has a parallel port on the back for connecting to a computer for game downloads. SharkWire Online is a GameShark with modem and PC-style serial port for keyboards. It allowed emailing and Game Shark updates through the now discontinued sharkwire.com dial-in service. The GB Hunter is a Game Boy player, similar to the first-party Super Game Boy for the SNES. The High-Rez Pack is Mad Catz's less expensive version of the Expansion Pak. There were reports of overheating due to inadequate cooling/venting, and the unit suffered from poor build quality. The N64 Passport is an adaptor and cheat device that bypasses games' region lock, with a few exceptions. The Memory Card Comfort by Speed-Link is a controller expansion with four separate memory areas and 123 pages each, selectable via a small switch. The SharkPad Pro is a third-party controller from InterAct, with slow motion and autofire capabilities. The Tremor Pak is a third-party rumble expansion with its own expansion port, allowing for the use of another accessory simultaneously. The Nyko Hyper Pak Plus contains internal memory and a rumble feature. The Advanced Controller is a Mad Catz gamepad with the same form and controls as the standard Nintendo 64 controller, plus a turbo button. The Mad Catz Steering Wheel is a set consisting of an analog steering wheel that turns 270 degrees, two foot pedals, and a stick shift. The Power Wheel is a steering wheel with foot pedal module, produced by Game Source. The V3 Racing Wheel is a steering wheel with foot pedals produced by InterAct. It includes an expansion port which does not support the Rumble Pak due to the risk that it would grate on the player's crotch. The Flight Force Pro 64 is a flight stick from InterAct. The Arcade Shark is an arcade-style joystick controller from InterAct with slow motion and autofire buttons. The Tristar 64 is a third-party adaptor enabling NES and SNES games on Nintendo 64. The device expands the cartridge slot into three total slots for each cartridge type. InterAct reportedly had two Nintendo 64 light guns "packed and ready to ship", one of them with built-in force feedback, but never released them due to the complete lack of light gun shooters for the console. The Forever Pak 64 is a memory card developed by 4Layer Technologies. It offers 256 kilobits of storage, but unlike the official Controller Pak, it uses non-volatile memory to hold data indefinitely. Notes ^ Japanese: コントローラパック, Hepburn: Kontorōra Pakku ^ Known in Japan as Terminator Pack (Japanese: ターミネータ パック, Hepburn: Tāminēta Pakku) ^ Japanese: 拡張パック, Hepburn: Kakuchō Pakku ^ Japanese: 振動パック, Hepburn: Shindō Pakku ^ Known in Japan as 64 GB Pack (Japanese: 64GBパック, Hepburn: Rokujūyon Jī Bī Pakku) ^ Japanese: マリオのふぉとぴ ^ Japanese: マリオアーティスト ^ Japanese: マリオアーティスト タレントスタジオ ^ Japanese: マリオのふぉとぴ ^ Japanese: イラスト集 ポストカード 1 ^ Japanese: イラスト集 おもしろアクセサリー 1 ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ヨッシーストーリー ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 シルバニアファミリー ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ボンバーマン ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ゼルダの伝説 - 時のオカリナ ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ひみつのアッコちゃん ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 Hello Kitty ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 カードキャプターさくら ^ Japanese: キャラクター集 メダロット ^ バスラッシュ - ECOGEAR Power Worm Championship ^ ぬし釣り64～潮風にのって～, lit. "Master of Fishing 64, Ride the Salt Sea Wind" ^ 糸井重里のバス釣り No.1 決定版! ^ 電車 で GO! 64, lit. "Let's Go by Train! 64" References ^ Lane, Gavin (May 6, 2020). "Nintendo Console Codenames And Product Codes". Nintendo Life. 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Portal: 1990s vteNintendo 64AccessoriesNintendo Controller Rumble Pak 64DD Transfer Pak Third-Party CD64 DexDrive Doctor V64 GameShark Tristar 64 Games Best-selling Cancelled Emulators Mupen64Plus Project64 Project Unreality UltraHLE Virtual Console Nintendo Switch Online Related Game Pak iQue Player SharkWire Online N64 Magazine Predecessor: Super Nintendo Successor: Nintendo GameCube vteNintendo video game hardwareConsolesHome NES official models Super NES Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Wii Wii U Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance SP Micro Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS Switch Lite Portable Virtual Boy Switch DedicatedHome Color TV-Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu PeripheralsLists NES Super NES N64 Game Boy GCN DS Wii Remote Add-ons Famicom Data Recorder Famicom Disk System Famicom 3D System Super NES CD-ROM (unreleased) Super Game Boy Rumble Pak Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer Transfer Pak 64DD e-Reader Game Boy Player Wii MotionPlus Connectivity NES Satellite NES Four Score Game Link Cable GCN – GBA Link Cable GBA Wireless Adapter Controllers NES Zapper Family BASIC R.O.B. NES Advantage Super NES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 GameCube WaveBird Wireless Wii Remote Classic Controller Wii Zapper Wii Balance Board Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Joy-Con Nintendo Switch Pro Poké Ball Plus Networking Family Computer Network System Satellaview Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Wii Speak Amiibo Arcade VS. System PlayChoice-10 Integrated circuits 2A03 5A22 CIC Super NES enhancement chips Super FX GameCube technical specifications Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Tegra X1 Media Game Pak NES Super NES Game Boy N64 Game Boy Advance Video Play-Yan Nintendo optical discs Nintendo Game Card
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"64DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64DD"},{"link_name":"controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64_controller"},{"link_name":"fifth generation of video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"}],"text":"Accessories for the Nintendo 64Nintendo 64 accessories are first-party Nintendo hardware—and third-party hardware, licensed and unlicensed. Nintendo's first-party accessories are mainly transformative system expansions: the 64DD Internet multimedia platform, with a floppy drive, video capture and editor, game building setup, web browser, and online service; the controller plus its own expansions for storage and rumble feedback; and the RAM-boosting Expansion Pak for big improvements in graphics and gameplay. Third-party accessories include the essential game developer tools built by SGI and SN Systems on Nintendo's behalf, an unlicensed SharkWire online service, and unlicensed cheaper counterparts to first-party items. In the fifth generation of video game consoles, the Nintendo 64 had a market lifespan from 1996 to 2002.","title":"Nintendo 64 accessories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"First-party Nintendo 64 accessories have a product code prefixed with NUS, short for \"Nintendo Ultra Sixty-four\".[1][2]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N64-Controller-Gray.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Controller","text":"Nintendo 64 controllerThe Nintendo 64 controller (NUS-005) is an \"m\"-shaped controller with 10 buttons (A, B, C-Up, C-Down, C-Left, C-Right, L, R, Z, and Start), one analog stick in the center, a digital directional pad on the left side, and an extension port on the back for many of the system's accessories. Initially available in the seven colors of gray, yellow, green, red, blue, purple, and black, and it was later released in translucent versions of those colors except gray.[citation needed]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Controller-Pak.jpg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64 controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64_controller"},{"link_name":"Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_Pak"},{"link_name":"Transfer Paks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Transfer_Pak"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"third-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development_party#Third-party_developers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CR2032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR2032_battery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"EEPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64 Game Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64_Game_Pak"},{"link_name":"first-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development_party#First-party_developer"},{"link_name":"second-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development_party#Second-party_developer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"third-party developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development_party#Third-party_developers"},{"link_name":"Mario Kart 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart_64"},{"link_name":"ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"International Superstar Soccer 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_64"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Pro_Skater"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Quest 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_64"},{"link_name":"Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystical_Ninja_Starring_Goemon"},{"link_name":"Animal Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Christmas shopping season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_shopping_season"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Controller Pak","text":"Controller PakThe Controller Pak[a] (NUS-004) is the console's memory card, comparable to those of the PlayStation and GameCube. Compatible games can save player data to the Controller Pak, which plugs into the back of the Nintendo 64 controller (as do the Rumble and Transfer Paks). The Controller Pak was marketed for exchanging data between Nintendo 64 owners, because data on the game cartridge can not be transferred.The original models from Nintendo have 256 kilobit (32 KB) of battery backed SRAM, split into 123 pages with a limitation of 16 save files, but third-party models have much more, often in the form of 4 selectable memory banks of 256 kbits.[3] Games occupy varying numbers of pages, sometimes using the entire card. It is powered by a common CR2032 battery.[4]Upon launch, the Controller Pak was initially useful, and even necessary for early games. Over time, the Controller Pak lost popularity to the convenience of a battery backed SRAM or EEPROM in some cartridges. Because the Nintendo 64 Game Pak format also allows saving data on supported cartridges, few first-party and second-party games use the Controller Pak.[5] The vast majority are from third-party developers. This is most likely due to the increased production and retail costs which would have been caused by including self-contained data on the cartridge. Some games use it to save optional data that is too large for the cartridge, such as Mario Kart 64, which uses 121 of the total 123 pages for storing ghost data,[6] or International Superstar Soccer 64, which uses the entire cartridge's space for its save data. Tony Hawk's Pro Skater uses 11 pages.[7] Quest 64 and Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon use the Controller Pak exclusively for saved data. The Japan-only game Animal Forest uses the Controller Pak to travel to other towns.Following the 1996 Christmas shopping season, Next Generation reported \"impressive sales of the memory pack cartridges despite the lack of available games to take advantage of the $19.99 units\".[8]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Jumper-Pak.jpg"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Jumper_Pak_Instructions-11"},{"link_name":"terminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_termination"},{"link_name":"Rambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icequake_N64-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Jumper Pak","text":"Jumper PakThe Jumper Pak[b] (NUS-008) is a filler that plugs into the console's memory expansion port.[9] It serves no functional purpose other than to terminate the Rambus bus in the absence of the Expansion Pak.[10] This is functionally equivalent to a continuity RIMM in a Rambus motherboard filling the unused RIMM sockets until the user upgrades. Most Nintendo 64 consoles were shipped with the Jumper Pak installed.[11] Replacement Jumper Paks were not sold individually in stores and could only be ordered through Nintendo's online store. The system will not boot without a Jumper Pak or Expansion Pak installed.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Memory-Expansion-Pak.jpg"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"RDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDRAM"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icequake_N64-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icequake_N64-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Jumper_Pak_Instructions-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icequake_N64-12"},{"link_name":"64DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64DD"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_64"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot_rev-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expansion_Pak_Games-16"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora%27s_Mask"},{"link_name":"Perfect Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Dark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expansion_Pak_Games-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_EU_N64_Accessories-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N64_Expansion_Pak,_IGN-18"},{"link_name":"64DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64DD"},{"link_name":"StarCraft 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarCraft_64"},{"link_name":"Brood War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarCraft:_Brood_War"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Quake II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_II"},{"link_name":"Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlevania:_Legacy_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Infernal_Machine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Space Station Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N64_Expansion_Pak,_IGN-18"}],"sub_title":"Expansion Pak","text":"The 4 MB memory Expansion PakThe Expansion Pak[c] (NUS-007) consists of 4 MB (megabytes) of random access memory (RAM)—which is RDRAM, the same on the console motherboard[10]—increasing the console's RAM from 4 MB to 8 MB of contiguous main memory.[10] It is installed in a port on top of the console and replaces the pre-installed Jumper Pak, which is simply a Rambus terminator.[9][10] Originally designed for the 64DD disk drive's larger multimedia workstation applications, the Expansion Pak was launched separately in Q4 1998 and then bundled with the 64DD's delayed December 1999 launch package in Japan.[citation needed] The Expansion Pak was bundled with Donkey Kong 64,[12][13] and in Japan, the Expansion Pak additionally was bundled with The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask and Perfect Dark.[citation needed]It was bundled with an \"ejector tool\" (NUS-012) meant for removing the original Jumper Pak.[citation needed]Game developers found ways to use the increased memory, including greater visual appeal. The Expansion Pak is required in order to run both Donkey Kong 64 and Majora's Mask.[13][14] Perfect Dark blocks access to content, including the single-player campaign, when no Expansion Pak is present, and the game's packaging states that \"approximately 35%\" of the game is available in that case.[15] It is required for all 64DD software. In StarCraft 64, it is needed to unlock levels from the Brood War add-on from the PC version. Quake II features higher color depth and better performance, but not a higher resolution, with the Expansion Pak. In the vast majority of games with support, such as Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, the Expansion Pak is merely used as additional frame buffer memory to enable various high-resolution (usually interlaced) mode options at a performance cost, in some cases dramatically so. This use of the Expansion Pak can be attributed to ease of implementation and games that mainly target the stock console; additional RDRAM cannot be easily used to circumvent other bottlenecks of the console, such as the small texture cache.[citation needed] The original NTSC release[citation needed] of Space Station Silicon Valley may crash in certain places if the Expansion Pak is present.[16]IGN celebrated the Nintendo 64 industry's methods in launching and supporting the Expansion Pak for making a high-impact accessory with \"immediate and noticeable\", though mostly optional, effects.[15]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Rumble-Pak.jpg"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"haptic feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"Star Fox 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fox_64"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N64RP-27"}],"sub_title":"Rumble Pak","text":"Rumble PakThe Rumble Pak[d] (NUS-013) provides haptic feedback by vibration. It is powered by two AAA batteries and connects to the controller's expansion port. It was released in 1997 for the new game Star Fox 64, with which it was originally bundled.[23]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_EU_N64_Accessories-17"},{"link_name":"Pocket Monsters' Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Stadium#Pocket_Monsters'_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Transfer Pak","text":"The Transfer Pak[e] (NUS-019) plugs into the controller to transfer data between supported Nintendo 64 games and Game Boy or Game Boy Color games.[14] It was released in Japan in August 1998, bundled with the game Pocket Monsters' Stadium, and in North America and Europe in February and April 2000 respectively, where it was similarly bundled with Pokémon Stadium.[24]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-Intelligent-Systems-WideBoy64-AGB-04x.jpg"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Systems"},{"link_name":"Super Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Player"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Video & Arcade Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_%26_Arcade_Top_10"}],"sub_title":"Wide-Boy64","text":"The Wide-Boy64 AGB, the last version of the Wide-Boy64 that can play Game Boy Advance gamesDeveloped by Intelligent Systems, the Wide-Boy64 is a series of adapters similar to the Super Game Boy that plays Game Boy games. The device was never sold in retail to general consumers and was only provided to developers and the gaming press. Developers and magazines could purchase one directly from Nintendo at a cost of $1,400 (equivalent to about $2,561 in 2023).[25] The cartridge contains internal Game Boy hardware, allowing the system to run games natively rather than via an emulator. Two major versions of Wide-Boy64 were released: the CGB for Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, and the updated AGB for those and Game Boy Advance Game Paks.[26] The gaming press used it to capture screen shots more easily. Like the Super Game Boy and Game Boy Player, the game screen is surrounded by a template mimicking the appearance of the portable system.[27] It was used for final matches at the Pokémon League Summer Training Tour '99. The Canadian children's game show Video & Arcade Top 10 used Wide-Boy64 adapters so contestants could play Game Boy games on some later episodes.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"composite video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"S-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"S-Video Cable","text":"The S-Video cable provides a better quality picture than composite RCA cables via the MultiAV port. The NTSC cable is identical to and compatible with earlier SNES (NTSC/PAL) and later GameCube (NTSC-only) S-Video cables. The first-party NTSC Nintendo 64 S-Video cable sold by Nintendo, however, was not produced in PAL regions. The PAL Nintendo 64 does natively output S-Video (Luma/Chroma),[28] but require a different cable to NTSC Nintendo 64 due to a design difference in most or all PAL motherboard revisions. Nintendo never released an official S-Video cable for the PAL console. Using an NTSC S-Video cable on a PAL console will usually produce over-bright, garish colors; or it may not produce any video image at all.[29]Third-party S-Video cables for NTSC and PAL consoles were produced, though many cheaper S-Video cables do not deliver a true S-Video signal, merely passing the composite video signal (the yellow plug of the standard red/white/yellow AV cables) through the S-Video plug.[30]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:64DD-Bare.jpg"},{"link_name":"floppy drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive"}],"sub_title":"64DD","text":"64DD, unattachedThe 64DD (NUS-010) is a 64 MB floppy drive with real-time clock, font and audio library in ROM, and a bundle of other accessories and custom games. The peripheral was initially announced in 1995, planned for release in 1997, and repeatedly delayed until its release in December 1999. It was launched alongside a now defunct online service called Randnet. With nine games released, it was a commercial failure and so was never released outside Japan.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Mouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mario Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Artist"},{"link_name":"SimCity 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity_64"},{"link_name":"Randnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randnet"},{"link_name":"Mario Artist: Paint Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Artist:_Paint_Studio"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Nintendo-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Mouse-38"},{"link_name":"Mario no Photopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_no_Photopi"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Mouse","text":"Nintendo 64 mouseThe mouse (NUS-017) was developed for the 64DD's GUI-based games and applications, such as the Mario Artist suite, SimCity 64, and the web browser for Nintendo's defunct online service Randnet. It was manufactured by Mitsumi and was released only as a bundle with the 64DD's launch game, Mario Artist: Paint Studio.[31][32][33] It works with Mario no Photopi[f], which was switched from the 64DD to Game Pak.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N64_VRU.png"},{"link_name":"Hey You, Pikachu!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_You,_Pikachu!"},{"link_name":"Densha de Go! 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densha_de_Go!_64"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"microphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Wii Speak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Speak"}],"sub_title":"VRU","text":"VRU (Voice Recognition Unit)The VRU or Voice Recognition Unit (NUS-020, NUS-021, NUS-022, and NUS-025) is compatible with only two games: Hey You, Pikachu! and Densha de Go! 64. Hey You, Pikachu! is packaged with the VRU and requires it, while the VRU is not required for gameplay in Densha de Go! 64 but does include it in the box.[34] The VRU consists of a ballast (NUS-020) connected to controller port 4, a microphone (NUS-021), a yellow foam cover for the microphone, and a clip for clipping the microphone to the controller (NUS-025, bundled with Hey You, Pikachu!) or a plastic neck holder for hands-free usage (NUS-022, bundled with Densha de Go! 64). The VRU is calibrated for best recognition of a high-pitched voice, such as a small child's, and other voices are less likely be recognized properly by the VRU.VRUs are region dependent, and foreign region VRUs are not detected by the games. No VRU compatible game was launched in the EUR region (PAL, Europe), so there is no EUR-region VRU. A similar device for the Wii is Wii Speak.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cleaning Kit","text":"The cleaning kit (NUS-014, NUS-015, and NUS-016) contains materials to clean the connectors of the Control Deck, controllers, Game Paks, Rumble Paks, and Controller Paks.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-RF-Adapter.jpg"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"SNES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"}],"sub_title":"RF Switch and RF Modulator","text":"RF adapter for Nintendo 64 and GameCubeThe RF Switch and RF Modulator (NUS-009 and NUS-003) connect the Nintendo 64 and model 2 SNES (redesigned after the launch of the Nintendo 64) to the television through RF. It is primarily intended for older televisions that lack AV cable support. The RF switch itself is identical in every way to the RF switches released for Nintendo's prior systems (the NES and the SNES) and can be interchanged if needed. This set was later re-released for the GameCube to give it RF capability. The cables intended for the GameCube will also work with the Nintendo 64 and SNES.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCART"}],"sub_title":"Euro Connector Plug","text":"The Euro Connector Plug is an adaptor packaged with European releases of the console, which converts RCA composite and stereo cable inputs to Composite SCART.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM103-42"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Video capture cassette","text":"The video capture cassette (NUS-028), or cartridge, is for the Mario Artist[g] 64DD game series. The back of the cartridge has audio, video, and microphone input jacks.[35] It was bundled with the 64DD game Mario Artist: Talent Studio.[h]","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Modem","text":"The modem cartridge (NUS-029) connects at up to 28.8 kbit/s, for the defunct Randnet service and compatible 64DD games and web browser.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Power supply","text":"The power supply (NUS-002, UKV-EUR-AUS-JPN-USA) provides electricity to the Control Deck.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Keyboard","text":"The compact keyboard is for the Randnet service and compatible 64DD games.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N64-SMC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mario no Photopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_no_Photopi"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Yoshi's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshi%27s_Story"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sylvanian Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanian_Families"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Bomberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Himitsu no Akko-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himitsu_no_Akko-chan"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Hello Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Kitty"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Card Captor Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_Captor_Sakura"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Medarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medarot"},{"link_name":"[s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"SmartMedia","text":"SmartMedia cards for Mario no PhotopiSmartMedia memory cards for Mario no Photopi[i] contain images, backgrounds, borders, and other media assets for editing the user's photos.\nThere are at least 10 different cards:Illustrations - Postal cards 1[j]\nIllustrations - Funny accessories 1[k]\nCharacters collection - Yoshi's Story[l]\nCharacters collection - Sylvanian Families[m]\nCharacters collection - Bomberman[n]\nCharacters collection - The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time[o]\nCharacters collection - Himitsu no Akko-chan[p]\nCharacters collection - Hello Kitty[q]\nCharacters collection - Card Captor Sakura[r]\nCharacters collection - Medarot[s]The cards are all 3.3 V 2 MB SmartMedia memory cards manufactured by Hagiwara Sys-Com. Mario no Photopi was bundled with an empty memory SmartMedia card for storing the user creations.","title":"First-party"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASCIIWHEEL_64-55"}],"sub_title":"ASCIIWHEEL 64","text":"The ASCIIWHEEL 64 is an alternate controller shaped as a steering wheel for driving games, with an accessory port.[36]","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-Bio-Sensor.jpg"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM103-42"},{"link_name":"Tetris 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris_64"},{"link_name":"Wii Vitality Sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Vitality_Sensor"}],"sub_title":"Bio Sensor","text":"Bio SensorThe Bio Sensor (NUS-A-BIO-JPN) is an ear clip that plugs into the Controller Pak slot of the controller to measure the user's heart rate.[35] It was manufactured by Seta and released only in Japan. It is compatible only with Tetris 64, which slows down or speeds up depending on how fast the player's heart is beating. This device is similar to the unreleased Wii Vitality Sensor.","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Nushi Tsuri 64: Shiokaze Ninotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushi_Tsuri_64:_Shiokaze_Ninotte"},{"link_name":"[u]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[v]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Tsuricon 64","text":"The Tsuricon 64[37] (ASC-0905) is a fishing controller manufactured by ASCII Corporation and compatible with a few fishing games released in Japan, like Bass Rush - ECOGEAR Power Worm Championship[t], Nushi Tsuri 64: Shiokaze Ninotte[u], or Itoi Shigesato no Bass Tsuri No.1 Definitive Edition![v]","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Densha de Go! 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densha_de_Go!_2_K%C5%8Dsoku-hen"},{"link_name":"[w]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Densha de Go! 64 controller","text":"A train controller compatible with just one game: Densha de Go! 64.[w] It is similar to other controllers for the same game series on different platforms such as Dreamcast and PlayStation. The game optionally supports the VRU.","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"System Organizer","text":"Nintendo licensed A.L.S. Industries to make two types of black wooden system organizers. Both feature a plastic drawer, bearing a Nintendo 64 sticker, with slots designed to hold Nintendo 64 game cartridges, controllers, and Controller Paks.","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Traveling accessories","text":"The Messenger Bag is a black bag to be carried on the left side of the body. It comes with zippered compartments on the outside and inside and with mesh pockets, for a few games and a controller.Nintendo licensed a Traveling Case—a black bag, with the Nintendo 64 name stitched on the front. Two plastic buckles on the front keep the bag closed. It carries the Nintendo 64 console, controllers, games, and accessories. They also made a standard black backpack with the Nintendo 64 logo on the top and a zippered compartment on the front.","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Camera","text":"A basic 35 mm camera, complete with a timer and flash. Official cameras have a Nintendo 64 logo on the front. They come in different colors such as blue and orange.","title":"Licensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo 64 § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64#Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doctor-V64-Nintendo-64-Attached-FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doctor V64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_V64"},{"link_name":"SGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"software development kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kit"},{"link_name":"SGI Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI_Indy"},{"link_name":"SN Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_Systems"},{"link_name":"Doctor V64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_V64"},{"link_name":"Bung Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bung_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DX_256-61"},{"link_name":"CD 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD64_(Nintendo)"},{"link_name":"DexDrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DexDrive"},{"link_name":"#Controller Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Controller_Pak"},{"link_name":"saved games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMDexDrive-62"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Further information: Nintendo 64 § DevelopmentDoctor V64Nintendo's original development environment for Nintendo 64 software is a card made by SGI containing most of a Nintendo 64 console, plus a software development kit (SDK) for self-hosted installation in an SGI Indy workstation.The second generation moved to a much cheaper partner model between a normal Nintendo 64 console and a PC by providing a cartridge form factor holding flash storage with a cable connection to a PC. Nintendo officially licensed SN Systems to make the SN Systems dev kit and SN Maestro 64, the second generation of Nintendo 64 SDK in PC partner form to replace the Indy-hosted hardware solution. Unofficial kits include IS-VIEWER 64 and Partner 64. The Monegi Smart Pack is a collection of third-party hardware and software which facilitates real-time development while the game is running on the console.Through the decades, many unlicensed third-party peripheral devices have provided many consumer-friendly alternative storage mediums for retail Nintendo 64 consoles. They bypass console security for the purpose of development or for users making backups of game cartridges and save data. The Doctor V64 is a CD-ROM peripheral designed by Bung Enterprises and released in 1996. It plugs into the Nintendo 64's underside expansion slot, and uses a lockout-bypass adaptor that fits into the cartridge port, into which any retail cartridge is inserted for use of its lockout chip by proxy. The Doctor V64 Jr. is a cheaper, condensed version that fits into the cartridge port and provides a parallel port connection to a PC. Bung made the DX 256 Super Game Saver[38] which stores 256 battery EEPROM save states, and the DS1 Super Doctor Save Card. The CD 64 is a CD-ROM drive developed by UFO/Success Company. Mr. Backup Z64 designed by Harrison Electronics, Inc. is a ZIP drive peripheral for creating writable backups and performing playback of any Nintendo 64 cartridge. The modern Everdrive 64, ED64 Plus, N64 Neo Myth, and 64Drive use SD cards for mass storage of ROM image files or USB cables to connect to a PC for transfer.DexDrive is a retail consumer product, an adaptor to connect a Nintendo 64 #Controller Pak into a PC serial port, for sharing saved games.[39][40]","title":"Development and backup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GameShark-Pro-N64.jpg"},{"link_name":"GameShark Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameShark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-InterAct-SharkPad-Pro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Power Glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Glove"},{"link_name":"GameShark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameShark"},{"link_name":"Action Replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Replay"},{"link_name":"Game Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Genie"},{"link_name":"SharkWire Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharkWire_Online"},{"link_name":"serial port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard"},{"link_name":"emailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Super Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Mad Catz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Catz"},{"link_name":"Expansion Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Expansion_Pak"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"region lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Nyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyko"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM86-67"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro96-68"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM86-67"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro96-68"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"flight stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_stick"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"joystick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro96-68"},{"link_name":"Tristar 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristar_64"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"SNES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"light guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_gun"},{"link_name":"force feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"light gun shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_gun_shooter"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"The GameShark ProThe SharkPad ProThe Glove Controller is a wearable glove-like controller similar to the Power Glove with buttons like a normal controller. It is usable in any game.\nThe Tilt Pak is a rumble feedback and motion sensor made by Pelican.\nThe GameShark, or Action Replay in Europe, is an unlicensed cheat device, similar to the Game Genie, made by InterAct in two versions. The first version has an LED display and a slot on the back of the unit for an expansion card that was never made. The second version (known as the \"Pro\" series, versions 3.2 and up) has a parallel port on the back for connecting to a computer for game downloads.\nSharkWire Online is a GameShark with modem and PC-style serial port for keyboards. It allowed emailing and Game Shark updates through the now discontinued sharkwire.com dial-in service.\nThe GB Hunter is a Game Boy player, similar to the first-party Super Game Boy for the SNES.\nThe High-Rez Pack is Mad Catz's less expensive version of the Expansion Pak.[41] There were reports of overheating due to inadequate cooling/venting, and the unit suffered from poor build quality.[citation needed]\nThe N64 Passport is an adaptor and cheat device that bypasses games' region lock, with a few exceptions.\nThe Memory Card Comfort by Speed-Link is a controller expansion with four separate memory areas and 123 pages each, selectable via a small switch.\nThe SharkPad Pro is a third-party controller from InterAct, with slow motion and autofire capabilities.\nThe Tremor Pak is a third-party rumble expansion with its own expansion port, allowing for the use of another accessory simultaneously.[42]\nThe Nyko Hyper Pak Plus contains internal memory and a rumble feature.[43]\nThe Advanced Controller is a Mad Catz gamepad with the same form and controls as the standard Nintendo 64 controller, plus a turbo button.[44][45]\nThe Mad Catz Steering Wheel is a set consisting of an analog steering wheel that turns 270 degrees, two foot pedals, and a stick shift.[44][45]\nThe Power Wheel is a steering wheel with foot pedal module, produced by Game Source.[46]\nThe V3 Racing Wheel is a steering wheel with foot pedals produced by InterAct. It includes an expansion port which does not support the Rumble Pak due to the risk that it would grate on the player's crotch.[47]\nThe Flight Force Pro 64 is a flight stick from InterAct.[48]\nThe Arcade Shark is an arcade-style joystick controller from InterAct with slow motion and autofire buttons.[45]\nThe Tristar 64 is a third-party adaptor enabling NES and SNES games on Nintendo 64. The device expands the cartridge slot into three total slots for each cartridge type.\nInterAct reportedly had two Nintendo 64 light guns \"packed and ready to ship\", one of them with built-in force feedback, but never released them due to the complete lack of light gun shooters for the console.[49]\nThe Forever Pak 64 is a memory card developed by 4Layer Technologies. It offers 256 kilobits of storage, but unlike the official Controller Pak, it uses non-volatile memory to hold data indefinitely.[50]","title":"Unlicensed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"}],"text":"^ Japanese: コントローラパック, Hepburn: Kontorōra Pakku\n\n^ Known in Japan as Terminator Pack (Japanese: ターミネータ パック, Hepburn: Tāminēta Pakku)\n\n^ Japanese: 拡張パック, Hepburn: Kakuchō Pakku\n\n^ Japanese: 振動パック, Hepburn: Shindō Pakku\n\n^ Known in Japan as 64 GB Pack (Japanese: 64GBパック, Hepburn: Rokujūyon Jī Bī Pakku)\n\n^ Japanese: マリオのふぉとぴ\n\n^ Japanese: マリオアーティスト\n\n^ Japanese: マリオアーティスト タレントスタジオ\n\n^ Japanese: マリオのふぉとぴ\n\n^ Japanese: イラスト集 ポストカード 1\n\n^ Japanese: イラスト集 おもしろアクセサリー 1\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ヨッシーストーリー\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 シルバニアファミリー\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ボンバーマン\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ゼルダの伝説 - 時のオカリナ\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 ひみつのアッコちゃん\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 Hello Kitty\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 カードキャプターさくら\n\n^ Japanese: キャラクター集 メダロット\n\n^ バスラッシュ - ECOGEAR Power Worm Championship\n\n^ ぬし釣り64～潮風にのって～, lit. \"Master of Fishing 64, Ride the Salt Sea Wind\"\n\n^ 糸井重里のバス釣り No.1 決定版!\n\n^ 電車 で GO! 64, lit. \"Let's Go by Train! 64\"","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Nintendo 64 controller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/N64-Controller-Gray.jpg/220px-N64-Controller-Gray.jpg"},{"image_text":"Controller Pak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nintendo-64-Controller-Pak.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Controller-Pak.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jumper Pak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nintendo-64-Jumper-Pak.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Jumper-Pak.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 4 MB memory Expansion Pak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nintendo-64-Memory-Expansion-Pak.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Memory-Expansion-Pak.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumble Pak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nintendo-64-Rumble-Pak.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Rumble-Pak.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Wide-Boy64 AGB, the last version of the Wide-Boy64 that can play Game Boy Advance games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nintendo-Intelligent-Systems-WideBoy64-AGB-04x.jpg/220px-Nintendo-Intelligent-Systems-WideBoy64-AGB-04x.jpg"},{"image_text":"64DD, unattached","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/64DD-Bare.jpg/220px-64DD-Bare.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nintendo 64 mouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nintendo-64-Mouse.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Mouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"VRU (Voice Recognition Unit)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/N64_VRU.png/220px-N64_VRU.png"},{"image_text":"RF adapter for Nintendo 64 and GameCube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nintendo-64-RF-Adapter.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-RF-Adapter.jpg"},{"image_text":"SmartMedia cards for Mario no Photopi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/N64-SMC.jpg/220px-N64-SMC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bio Sensor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nintendo-64-Bio-Sensor.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-Bio-Sensor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doctor V64","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Doctor-V64-Nintendo-64-Attached-FL.jpg/220px-Doctor-V64-Nintendo-64-Attached-FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"The GameShark Pro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/GameShark-Pro-N64.jpg/220px-GameShark-Pro-N64.jpg"},{"image_text":"The SharkPad Pro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nintendo-64-InterAct-SharkPad-Pro.jpg/220px-Nintendo-64-InterAct-SharkPad-Pro.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lane, Gavin (May 6, 2020). \"Nintendo Console Codenames And Product Codes\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917061039/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/05/feature_nintendo_console_codenames_and_product_codes","url_text":"\"Nintendo Console Codenames And Product Codes\""},{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/05/feature_nintendo_console_codenames_and_product_codes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Mark. \"Nintendo 64 Hardware and Accessories\". nindb.net. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191201225734/https://nindb.net/n64/hardware.html","url_text":"\"Nintendo 64 Hardware and Accessories\""},{"url":"https://nindb.net/n64/hardware.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Casamassina, Matt (February 23, 1999). \"Nintendo 64 Mailbag\". IGN. Archived from the original on July 19, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Casamassina","url_text":"Casamassina, Matt"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070719050209/http://ign64.ign.com/mail/1999-02-23.html","url_text":"\"Nintendo 64 Mailbag\""},{"url":"http://ign64.ign.com/mail/1999-02-23.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GB HUNTER Related Articles This is a list of accessories for t\". Amazines.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankipur_Jail
Bankipur Central Jail
["1 See also","2 References"]
The Bankipur Central Jail was a colonial prison located in Patna in the state of Bihar, India. Many notable dissidents such as Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad, Srikrishna Sinha, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Mulana Mazharul Haque and J. B. Kripalani, among others, were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence. The Central Jail was shifted from Bankipur to Beur in early 1960s by the then chief minister of Bihar, Pandit Binodanand Jha. Later, the prison was demolished and a Buddha Park were constructed in the same area. See also Law portal Beur Central Jail List of prisons in India References ^ "'Patna has lost its charm' - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ Basu, Kanailal (19 January 2010). Netaji: Rediscovered - Kānāilāla Basu - Google Books. ISBN 9781449055691. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ "Prayas" (PDF). IAS OFFICERS' ASSOCIATION, BIHAR BRANCH. 4 December 2010. p. 12. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ "The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Bihar | CM meditates at park stupa with monks". Telegraphindia.com. 18 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_dragon_(manoeuver)
Sleeping dragon (manoeuver)
["1 Removal methods","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Maneuver used by protesters to cause disruption A sleeping dragon protest in February 2018. Protestors have locked arms through a combination of pipes and barrels. A sleeping dragon is a maneuver used by protesters to hinder their removal from a protest site. A series of protesters are handcuffed together through PVC pipe, which prevents police from simply using bolt cutters to break the handcuffs. Advanced variations include covering the PVC pipe with elements which might make it more difficult to break. Examples include chicken wire, tar, and duct tape. Another variation is filling a barrel with concrete and putting the PVC pipe through the barrel such that it cannot be accessed without first destroying all of the concrete. Often the protesters will chain, lock, or otherwise secure themselves to immovable objects, resulting in a difficult-to-remove human obstacle. This is typically accomplished best with carabiners tied to their wrists so that the protestors can easily unlock themselves, though they cannot be unlocked by outsiders. Removal methods Arkansas State Police officers being trained in the removal of a sleeping dragon, using mannequins. It is sometimes impossible for officers to know what is inside the sleeping dragon without cutting into it. Officers may cut into the pipe with such tools as an angle grinder, rotary saw, or whizzer saw, followed by a pry bar and pliers; or in the case of concrete, chipping hammers, hammer drills, and breakers. Abrasive saws, a band saw, and an angle grinder may be used on steel pipes. Officers may put fire retardant hoods and earmuffs on the protesters to protect them from sparks and noise as tools are used to cut through the sleeping dragon. Once an inspection hole has been made, it may be possible to reach in with bolt cutters and cut the handcuff chain. In 2018, Seattle police established an Apparatus Removal Team (ART) in response to sleeping dragon protests, its officers being trained and equipped to cut through plastic and metal without injuring protesters. Their approach involves cutting into tubing and placing a brightly colored piece of plastic against the protester's skin, so that the blade will produce visible plastic shavings before it can cause any injury. See also Lock-on (protest tactic) References ^ Moshtaghian, Artemis (12 October 2017). "There are two sides to the story behind a strange protest photo". CNN. ^ a b "Rescue Tools: Extricating Demonstrators and Protestors". www.fireengineering.com. ^ Steele, Tim (12 October 2017). "'Sleeping Dragon' tactic appears in Portland protest". ^ "Slaying the 'sleeping dragon': Seattle police change tactics to counter traffic-blocking protesters". The Seattle Times. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2019. External links Kersten, Katherine. "Are Twin Cities ready for 'sleeping dragon'? Dream on". Star Tribune. July 22, 2008. Levine, Marty. Breaking Down Defense Mechanisms. Pittsburgh City Newspaper. March 8, 2007. Christopher N. Osher. Denver police propose law to take pipes, chains out of protesters' hands. Denver Post. July 15, 2008. Patrick Young. The Next Page: Hot trends in protest technology as Tools of the Trade. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 18, 2007. Helen & Harry Highwater. Miami considers nullifying First Amendment. Unknown News. Sept. 28, 2003.
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[{"title":"Lock-on (protest tactic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-on_(protest_tactic)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Halstead
Nellie Halstead
["1 Athletics career","2 Personal life","3 References"]
English track and field athlete Nellie Halstead Nellie Halstead (1. on right) Medal record Representing  Great Britain Women's Athletics Women's World Games 1930 Prague 200 metres Olympic Games 1932 Los Angeles 4x100 metre relay Representing  England British Empire Games 1934 London 3×110/220 yd 1934 London 4×110/220 yd 1934 London 220 yd Nellie Halstead (19 September 1910 – 11 November 1991) was an English track and field athlete who competed for Great Britain in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. She was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire and died in Bury. She was a member of Bury Athletic Club and Radcliffe Athletic Club. Athletics career She won gold medals in the 60 metres and 200 metres at the Olympics of Grace in 1931. She competed for Great Britain as one of Britain's first women track Olympians in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, where in the 4×100 metres she won the bronze medal with her team mates Eileen Hiscock, Gwendoline Porter and Violet Webb (replacing the injured Ethel Johnson). At the 1934 Empire Games she was a member of the English relay team which won the gold medal in the 110-220-110 yards relay event and the silver medal in the 220-110-220-110 yards relay competition (with Eileen Hiscock, Halstead, Ethel Johnson and Ivy Walker). In the 220 yards she won the bronze medal. According to historian Jean Williams, Halstead also played as a centre forward for the Dick, Kerr's Ladies football team. She also competed in the 1.9-mile women's race before the International Cross Country Championships, winning the title for England. Personal life At the 1934 Games, her sibling Edwin Halstead (then Edith Halstead) also won a silver medal. References ^ "Olympedia – Nellie Halstead". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ a b Nellie Halstead, Sports Reference LLC, archived from the original on 18 April 2020, retrieved 14 August 2012 ^ "Olympiad of Grace". Gbrathletics. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ Commonwealth Games results Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. CWG. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ Jean Williams (2007). A beautiful game: international perspectives on women's football. Berg. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84520-674-1. Retrieved 28 September 2011. Nellie Halstead, who later played centre forward for Dick, Kerr, won bronze in the 1936 Olympic games. ^ Nellie Halstead, Radcliffe AC, archived from the original on 14 February 2015, retrieved 14 August 2012 ^ International Cross Country Championships. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2015-04-03. vteWomen's champions of the International Cross Country Championships 1931–1932: Gladys Lunn (ENG) 1935: Nellie Halstead (ENG) 1938: Evelyne Forster (ENG) 1954–1955: Diane Leather (ENG) 1956: Roma Ashby (ENG) 1957: Diane Leather (ENG) 1967–1969: Doris Brown (USA) 1970a: Paola Pigni (ITA) 1970b–1971: Doris Brown (USA) 1972: Joyce Smith (ENG) This biographical article related to women's association football in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Olympic medallist in athletics of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to English athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Agafonov
Mikhail Agafonov
["1 Career","2 Repertoire","3 References"]
Russian tenor singer Mikhail Agafonov (Russian: Михаил Агафонов) is a Russian tenor singer who was born in Moscow and was a graduate of Lunatscharsky Academy for Performing Arts. Career In 1993 after graduating from the Academy he joined the Bolshoi Theatre where he sang in such roles as Lensky and Lykov in The Tsar's Bride, Rodolfo in La Boheme as well starring roles of Alfredo, Faust and Pollione. In 1997 he became a recipient of the first prize at the Zimin International Vocal Competition and then became contract singer at the Vienna Volksoper where he played the role of Nemorino in Gaetano Donizetti's The Elixir of Love and other roles. Later on he performed as Italian Singer in Der Rosenkavalier at Vienna State Opera and then played as Pollione at Stockholm, Berlin and Tel Aviv Operas. He also played a role of Astrologer in a play by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov called The Golden Cockerel at the Royal Opera Covent Garden and then appeared as Rodolfo at both Bavarian and Wiesbaden Operas. At Deutsche Oper Berlin he appeared once as Pinkerton and then performed as Manrico at the Aalto Theatre which was followed by his appearance as Dick Johnson at the Florida Grand Opera. Currently he performs at the Canadian Opera where he performs roles of Riccardo, Calaf, and Rodolfo from Giuseppe Verdi's play called Luisa Miller and performs as a concert singer at Alte Oper Frankfurt, Essen Philharmonic and Queen Elizabeth Hall. As of 2001 he is a member of Mannheim National Theatre where he sings as Duca, Radames, and Assad from The Queen of Saba and many others. From 2008 to 2009 he performed as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos's production and the same years appeared as both Erik and Luigi in Il Tabarro and Stewa in a German city called Mannheim. In the first half of 2009 he played as Gabriele Adorno in Toronto and then appeared as Cavaradossi with the Paris Opera. In the last half of 2009 he performed in Andrea Chénier and then appeared as Riccardo at the Swedish capital. In 2010 he performed in cities such as Antwerp and Gent in one of which he appeared as Cavaradossi at Semperoper in Dresden. In 2012 he had two plays to perform in; He played a role of Herman in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades and then the same year played as Calaf in Giacomo Puccini's Turandot. Repertoire The Golden Cockerel — Astrologer The Queen of Saba — Duca/Radames/Assad The Queen of Spades — Herman Turandot — Calaf References ^ a b "Mikhail Agafonov". Retrieved December 18, 2014. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other IdRef This article about a Russian opera singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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In 1997 he became a recipient of the first prize at the Zimin International Vocal Competition and then became contract singer at the Vienna Volksoper where he played the role of Nemorino in Gaetano Donizetti's The Elixir of Love and other roles. Later on he performed as Italian Singer in Der Rosenkavalier at Vienna State Opera and then played as Pollione at Stockholm, Berlin and Tel Aviv Operas. He also played a role of Astrologer in a play by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov called The Golden Cockerel at the Royal Opera Covent Garden and then appeared as Rodolfo at both Bavarian and Wiesbaden Operas. At Deutsche Oper Berlin he appeared once as Pinkerton and then performed as Manrico at the Aalto Theatre which was followed by his appearance as Dick Johnson at the Florida Grand Opera. Currently he performs at the Canadian Opera where he performs roles of Riccardo, Calaf, and Rodolfo from Giuseppe Verdi's play called Luisa Miller and performs as a concert singer at Alte Oper Frankfurt, Essen Philharmonic and Queen Elizabeth Hall. As of 2001 he is a member of Mannheim National Theatre where he sings as Duca, Radames, and Assad from The Queen of Saba and many others.[1]From 2008 to 2009 he performed as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos's production and the same years appeared as both Erik and Luigi in Il Tabarro and Stewa in a German city called Mannheim. In the first half of 2009 he played as Gabriele Adorno in Toronto and then appeared as Cavaradossi with the Paris Opera. In the last half of 2009 he performed in Andrea Chénier and then appeared as Riccardo at the Swedish capital. In 2010 he performed in cities such as Antwerp and Gent in one of which he appeared as Cavaradossi at Semperoper in Dresden. In 2012 he had two plays to perform in; He played a role of Herman in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades and then the same year played as Calaf in Giacomo Puccini's Turandot.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Golden Cockerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Cockerel"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Queen_of_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"}],"text":"The Golden Cockerel — Astrologer\nThe Queen of Saba — Duca/Radames/Assad\nThe Queen of Spades — Herman\nTurandot — Calaf","title":"Repertoire"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Bureau_of_Mines
United States Bureau of Mines
["1 History","2 Evolution of USBM","3 Closure of USBM","4 Proposed re-establishment","5 Directors","6 List of accomplishments","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Government agency for mineral resources "USBM" redirects here. For the music scene based in the United States, see black metal. United States Bureau of MinesAgency overviewFormedMay 16, 1910 (1910-05-16)DissolvedMarch 30, 1996Superseding agencyDepartment of EnergyU.S. Geological SurveyBureau of Land ManagementOffice of Mine Safety and Health ResearchNational Mine Map RepositoryJurisdictionFederal Government of the United StatesHeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S. (former)MottoSafety and EfficiencyParent departmentDepartment of the Interior For most of the 20th century, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States government agency conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The Bureau was abolished in 1996. History Further information: N95 respirator § History The U.S. Bureau of Mines was established in the U.S. States Department of the Interior on May 16, 1910, pursuant to the Organic Act (Public Law 179), to deal with a wave of catastrophic mine disasters. The Bureau's mission was gradually expanded to include: The conduct of research to enhance the safety, health, and environmental impact of mining and processing of minerals and materials. The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about mining and processing of more than 100 mineral commodities across the Nation and in more than 185 countries around the world. Analysis of the impact of proposed mineral-related laws and regulations upon the national interest. Production, conservation, sale, and distribution of helium for essential government activities. Respirator guidelines, and after the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster, respirator regulation and approval. The first director of the USBM was Joseph Austin Holmes, a pioneer in occupational safety and health. He served from 1910 until his death in 1915. From its creation, the USBM was viewed, both nationally and internationally, as the focal point for new and emerging science and technology in the minerals field. Since entering competition in 1978, the Bureau of Mines won 35 R&D 100 Awards, given annually by R&D Magazine for the 100 most important research innovations of the year. This achievement is especially impressive considering the small size of the Bureau's research budget, compared to those of competing organizations, such as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, General Electric Company, Hitachi, the Department of Energy, and NASA. Evolution of USBM USBM originally provided safety and health inspection for mines on a nationwide basis, replacing some, but not all state inspection operations. This division comprised the majority of personnel in USBM. In 1973 the Secretary of the Interior created a separate agency within the department, the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), and the safety and health enforcement responsibilities were transferred to the new agency. In 1977 Congress passed the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, which expanded the federal authority for health and safety regulation, and created a new agency, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). MSHA is located in the Department of Labor, and replaced MESA. Congress created the Office of Surface Mining with the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, and this agency inherited USBM's surface mining activities. The Department of Energy (DOE), also established in 1977, took over the USBM Coal Productivity Research division. However, the work was left unfunded by the newly created DOE as other priorities took the budget. These reorganizations led to a reduction in USBM staff, from approximately 6,000 in 1968 to 2,600 in the late 1970s. At its peak, USBM had 14 centers throughout the nation, but that was eventually reduced to four "mining research centers" in Denver, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, and Spokane. Closure of USBM Building at the Bruceton Research Center near Pittsburgh in 2018, displaying a Bureau of Mines seal long after its closure "We leave knowing that the proud accomplishments of this agency did make a difference in the quality of life we now enjoy, and they will continue to do so well into the 21st century." — USBM Director Rhea Graham In September 1995, Congress voted to close the Bureau of Mines and to transfer certain functions to other federal agencies. With USBM's closure, almost $100 million, or 66%, of its 1995 programs ceased, and approximately 1,000 of its employees were dismissed. Certain specific health, safety, and materials programs were transferred to the Department of Energy, and certain minerals information activities moved to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau's archive of mining maps was transferred to the National Mine Map Repository (NMMR), a part of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM). Closure of the Bureau of Mines, and the accompanying transfers of functions and employee layoffs were essentially complete in March 1996. The Bureau's Minerals Information functions were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in early 1996. The "Mineral Industry Surveys", "Mineral Commodity Summaries", and the "Minerals Yearbook" continued to be published. The Bureau's technical reports are archived by the Technical Report Archive & Image Library. The Health and Safety Research Program at the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Centers was assigned on an interim basis to DOE (Public Law 104-99). In fiscal year 1997, it was permanently transferred to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (Public Law 104-134). NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the Department of Health and Human Services. A total of 413 full-time equivalent employees were transferred to NIOSH on October 11, 1996: 336 in Pittsburgh and 77 in Spokane. A position of Associate Director for Mining in the NIOSH headquarters office was created. Under NIOSH, the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research "Centers" were renamed the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory and Spokane Research Laboratory. Both labs currently reside under NIOSH's Office of Mine Safety and Health Research. Proposed re-establishment On May 28, 2010, Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) released a list of proposed changes to mine safety laws including re-establishing the Bureau of Mines. Directors The Bureau had 19 permanent directors from its inception in 1910 to its abolishment in 1996. No. Image Name Took office Left office Notes 1 Joseph Austin Holmes 1910 1915 2 Van H. Manning 1915 1920 3 Frederick Gardner Cottrell 1920 1920 4 H. Foster Bain 1921 1925 5 Scott Turner 1925 1934 6 John W. Finch 1934 1940 7 Royd R. Sayers 1940 1947 8 James Boyd 1947 1951 9 John J. Forbes 1951 1955 10 Marling J. Ankeny 1956 1964 11 Walter R. Hibbard Jr. 1964 1968 12 John F. O'Leary 1968 1970 13 Elburt F. Osborn 1970 1973 14 Thomas V. Falkie 1974 1977 15 Roger A. Markle 1978 1979 16 Lindsay D. Norman 1980 1981 17 Robert C. Horton 1981 1987 18 T. S. Ary 1988 1993 — Herman Enzer Acting 1993 1994 19 Rhea L. Graham 1994 1996 List of accomplishments United States Bureau of Mines employee conducting a test, c. 1920 Former U.S. Bureau of Mines Building in Pittsburgh. Since its founding, the numerous accomplishments of the Bureau of Mines have included the identification and development of many new processes, including: Technologies that contributed to reduction of fatalities in mine disasters by 97 percent, from 3,000 in 1907 to 98 in 1993. Self-rescue equipment to allow miners to continue to breathe when caught in underground disasters. Low-cost methods to extract radium for cancer treatment. Production processes for titanium, which is critical for aerospace and automobile manufacturing, and zirconium, which is essential to nuclear naval vessels. Techniques to recover strategic and critical minerals, such as cobalt and chromium, to reduce U.S. vulnerability to import blockages in international crises, especially during the Cold War. Construction of manmade wetlands to limit pollution of waterways by acid mine drainage from nearby mining and mineral-processing operations. Methods to minimize damage from subsidence, the sinking of the surface of the earth above underground mines. Improved recycling of metals, plastic and paper from municipal wastes, including a technology, now used around the world, to recycle municipal solid waste. Non-intrusive ways to recover minerals without disturbing the surface of the land. Use of bacteria to remove arsenic and cyanide from waste waters on public and private lands. Uncovering the world's largest deposits of lead and zinc at Alaska's Red Dog Creek, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investments for mine development. Karrick process (See Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program) See also MSHA Critical mineral raw materials Mining in the United States References  This article incorporates public domain material from Department of Interior 1995 Annual Report (PDF). United States Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-09. ^ Howard W., Spencer. "The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER" (PDF). American Society of Safety Professionals. ^ Tuchman, R.; Brinkley (January 1990). "A History of the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Research Center". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-09. ^ a b "History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation". Arlington, VA: U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-24. ^ United States. Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–164, approved November 9, 1977. ^ United States. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–87, approved August 3, 1977. ^ United States. Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–91, approved August 4, 1977. ^ "TRAIL - Bureau of Mines reports". Technical Report Archive & Image Library. ^ Rivard, Ry (May 31, 2010). "Massey CEO urges caution". Charleston Daily Mail. Retrieved May 31, 2010. ^ Breslin, John A. (February 2010). "One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. p. 84. Retrieved 2021-10-29. ^ Breslin, John A. (February 2010). "One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. p. 59. Retrieved 2021-10-29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1995 (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. 1996. pp. 50–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-09. Powell, Fred Wilbur (1922). The Bureau of Mines: Its History, Activities And Organization. New York: D. Appleton And Company. Retrieved 2009-08-06. "Bureau of Mines". Department of Interior 1995 Annual Report. Archived from the original on December 25, 2004. Retrieved April 7, 2005. "Records of the U.S. Bureau of Mines". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved April 7, 2005. "United States Bureau of Mines Collection". National Mine Health and Safety Academy. Retrieved June 10, 2019. "The History of the National Mine Map Repository". Retrieved February 12, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bureau of Mines. NIOSH's Office of Mining and Construction Safety and Health Research Minerals Yearbook full text (University of Wisconsin Digital Collections) Historic technical reports from the Bureau of Mines at the Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"}],"text":"\"USBM\" redirects here. For the music scene based in the United States, see black metal.For most of the 20th century, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States government agency conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The Bureau was abolished in 1996.","title":"United States Bureau of Mines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N95 respirator § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator#History"},{"link_name":"U.S. States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Austin Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Austin_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"R&D Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26D_Magazine"},{"link_name":"E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)"},{"link_name":"General Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"}],"text":"Further information: N95 respirator § HistoryThe U.S. Bureau of Mines was established in the U.S. States Department of the Interior on May 16, 1910, pursuant to the Organic Act (Public Law 179), to deal with a wave of catastrophic mine disasters. The Bureau's mission was gradually expanded to include:The conduct of research to enhance the safety, health, and environmental impact of mining and processing of minerals and materials.\nThe collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about mining and processing of more than 100 mineral commodities across the Nation and in more than 185 countries around the world.\nAnalysis of the impact of proposed mineral-related laws and regulations upon the national interest.\nProduction, conservation, sale, and distribution of helium for essential government activities.\nRespirator guidelines, and after the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster, respirator regulation and approval.[1]The first director of the USBM was Joseph Austin Holmes, a pioneer in occupational safety and health. He served from 1910 until his death in 1915.[2]From its creation, the USBM was viewed, both nationally and internationally, as the focal point for new and emerging science and technology in the minerals field. Since entering competition in 1978, the Bureau of Mines won 35 R&D 100 Awards, given annually by R&D Magazine for the 100 most important research innovations of the year. This achievement is especially impressive considering the small size of the Bureau's research budget, compared to those of competing organizations, such as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, General Electric Company, Hitachi, the Department of Energy, and NASA.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHA_history-3"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Federal Mine Safety and Health Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Mine_Safety_and_Health_Act"},{"link_name":"Mine Safety and Health Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHA_history-3"},{"link_name":"Office of Surface Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining"},{"link_name":"Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"USBM originally provided safety and health inspection for mines on a nationwide basis, replacing some, but not all state inspection operations. This division comprised the majority of personnel in USBM. In 1973 the Secretary of the Interior created a separate agency within the department, the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), and the safety and health enforcement responsibilities were transferred to the new agency.[3] In 1977 Congress passed the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, which expanded the federal authority for health and safety regulation, and created a new agency, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).[4] MSHA is located in the Department of Labor, and replaced MESA.[3]Congress created the Office of Surface Mining with the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, and this agency inherited USBM's surface mining activities.[5] The Department of Energy (DOE), also established in 1977, took over the USBM Coal Productivity Research division.[6] However, the work was left unfunded by the newly created DOE as other priorities took the budget. These reorganizations led to a reduction in USBM staff, from approximately 6,000 in 1968 to 2,600 in the late 1970s. At its peak, USBM had 14 centers throughout the nation, but that was eventually reduced to four \"mining research centers\" in Denver, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, and Spokane.[citation needed]","title":"Evolution of USBM"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruceton_Research_Center_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Rhea Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Lydia_Graham"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"National Mine Map Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mine_Map_Repository"},{"link_name":"Office of Surface Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining"},{"link_name":"Technical Report Archive & Image Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Report_Archive_%26_Image_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Mine,_U.S._Bureau_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"Office of Mine Safety and Health Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Mine_Safety_and_Health_Research"}],"text":"Building at the Bruceton Research Center near Pittsburgh in 2018, displaying a Bureau of Mines seal long after its closure\"We leave knowing that the proud accomplishments of this agency did make a difference in the quality of life we now enjoy, and they will continue to do so well into the 21st century.\" — USBM Director Rhea GrahamIn September 1995, Congress voted to close the Bureau of Mines and to transfer certain functions to other federal agencies. With USBM's closure, almost $100 million, or 66%, of its 1995 programs ceased, and approximately 1,000 of its employees were dismissed. Certain specific health, safety, and materials programs were transferred to the Department of Energy, and certain minerals information activities moved to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau's archive of mining maps was transferred to the National Mine Map Repository (NMMR), a part of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM). Closure of the Bureau of Mines, and the accompanying transfers of functions and employee layoffs were essentially complete in March 1996.The Bureau's Minerals Information functions were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in early 1996. The \"Mineral Industry Surveys\", \"Mineral Commodity Summaries\", and the \"Minerals Yearbook\" continued to be published. The Bureau's technical reports are archived by the Technical Report Archive & Image Library.[7]The Health and Safety Research Program at the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Centers was assigned on an interim basis to DOE (Public Law 104-99). In fiscal year 1997, it was permanently transferred to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (Public Law 104-134). NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the Department of Health and Human Services. A total of 413 full-time equivalent employees were transferred to NIOSH on October 11, 1996: 336 in Pittsburgh and 77 in Spokane. A position of Associate Director for Mining in the NIOSH headquarters office was created. Under NIOSH, the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research \"Centers\" were renamed the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory and Spokane Research Laboratory. Both labs currently reside under NIOSH's Office of Mine Safety and Health Research.","title":"Closure of USBM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Jay Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivard-8"}],"text":"On May 28, 2010, Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) released a list of proposed changes to mine safety laws including re-establishing the Bureau of Mines.[8]","title":"Proposed re-establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Bureau had 19 permanent directors from its inception in 1910 to its abolishment in 1996.[9]","title":"Directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Bureau_of_Mines,_test_-_Washington,_D.C..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Building,_U.S._Bureau_of_Mines.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"mine disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_accident"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"radium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"waterways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterway"},{"link_name":"acid mine drainage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling"},{"link_name":"municipal solid waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Red Dog Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dog_mine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"},{"link_name":"Karrick process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrick_process"},{"link_name":"Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Liquid_Fuels_Program"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interior1995-11"}],"text":"United States Bureau of Mines employee conducting a test, c. 1920Former U.S. Bureau of Mines Building in Pittsburgh.Since its founding, the numerous accomplishments of the Bureau of Mines have included the identification and development of many new processes, including:Technologies that contributed to reduction of fatalities in mine disasters by 97 percent, from 3,000 in 1907 to 98 in 1993.[11]\nSelf-rescue equipment to allow miners to continue to breathe when caught in underground disasters.[11]\nLow-cost methods to extract radium for cancer treatment.[11]\nProduction processes for titanium, which is critical for aerospace and automobile manufacturing, and zirconium, which is essential to nuclear naval vessels.[11]\nTechniques to recover strategic and critical minerals, such as cobalt and chromium, to reduce U.S. vulnerability to import blockages in international crises, especially during the Cold War.[11]\nConstruction of manmade wetlands to limit pollution of waterways by acid mine drainage from nearby mining and mineral-processing operations.[11]\nMethods to minimize damage from subsidence, the sinking of the surface of the earth above underground mines.[11]\nImproved recycling of metals, plastic and paper from municipal wastes, including a technology, now used around the world, to recycle municipal solid waste.[11]\nNon-intrusive ways to recover minerals without disturbing the surface of the land.[11]\nUse of bacteria to remove arsenic and cyanide from waste waters on public and private lands.[11]\nUncovering the world's largest deposits of lead and zinc at Alaska's Red Dog Creek, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investments for mine development.[11]\nKarrick process (See Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program)[11]","title":"List of accomplishments"}]
[{"image_text":"Building at the Bruceton Research Center near Pittsburgh in 2018, displaying a Bureau of Mines seal long after its closure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bruceton_Research_Center_2018.jpg/220px-Bruceton_Research_Center_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Bureau of Mines employee conducting a test, c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines%2C_test_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-United_States_Bureau_of_Mines%2C_test_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg"},{"image_text":"Former U.S. Bureau of Mines Building in Pittsburgh.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Main_Building%2C_U.S._Bureau_of_Mines.jpg/220px-Main_Building%2C_U.S._Bureau_of_Mines.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Howard W., Spencer. \"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER\" (PDF). American Society of Safety Professionals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.assp.org/docs/default-source/psj-articles/vpspencer_0223.pdf?sfvrsn=afa39647_0","url_text":"\"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER\""}]},{"reference":"Tuchman, R.; Brinkley (January 1990). \"A History of the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Research Center\". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/works/coversheet1609.html","url_text":"\"A History of the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Research Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\". Arlington, VA: U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://arlweb.msha.gov/MSHAINFO/MSHAINF2.htm","url_text":"\"History of Mine Safety and Health Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRAIL - Bureau of Mines reports\". Technical Report Archive & Image Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technicalreports.org/trail/search/?q=issuing_agency%3ABureau+issuing_agency%3AMines","url_text":"\"TRAIL - Bureau of Mines reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Report_Archive_%26_Image_Library","url_text":"Technical Report Archive & Image Library"}]},{"reference":"Rivard, Ry (May 31, 2010). \"Massey CEO urges caution\". Charleston Daily Mail. Retrieved May 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailymail.com/Business/201005300623","url_text":"\"Massey CEO urges caution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Daily_Mail","url_text":"Charleston Daily Mail"}]},{"reference":"Breslin, John A. (February 2010). \"One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research\" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. p. 84. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/2010-128.pdf","url_text":"\"One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services","url_text":"United States Department of Health and Human Services"}]},{"reference":"Breslin, John A. (February 2010). \"One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research\" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. p. 59. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/2010-128.pdf","url_text":"\"One Hundred Years of Federal Mining Safety and Health Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services","url_text":"United States Department of Health and Human Services"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1995 (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. 1996. pp. 50–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041109230819/http://www.doi.gov/pfm/ar5entir.pdf","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1995"},{"url":"http://www.doi.gov/pfm/ar5entir.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Fred Wilbur (1922). The Bureau of Mines: Its History, Activities And Organization. New York: D. Appleton And Company. Retrieved 2009-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lA4KAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Bureau of Mines: Its History, Activities And Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"Bureau of Mines\". Department of Interior 1995 Annual Report. Archived from the original on December 25, 2004. Retrieved April 7, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041225194952/http://www.doi.gov/pfm/ar5bom.html","url_text":"\"Bureau of Mines\""},{"url":"http://www.doi.gov/pfm/ar5bom.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Records of the U.S. Bureau of Mines\". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved April 7, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/research_room/federal_records_guide/bureau_of_mines_rg070.html","url_text":"\"Records of the U.S. Bureau of Mines\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Bureau of Mines Collection\". National Mine Health and Safety Academy. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://arlweb.msha.gov/Training/library/BureauofMines.htm","url_text":"\"United States Bureau of Mines Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of the National Mine Map Repository\". Retrieved February 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmr.osmre.gov/MMR_History.aspx","url_text":"\"The History of the National Mine Map Repository\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Miranda
Roderick Miranda
["1 Club career","1.1 Benfica","1.2 Rio Ave","1.3 Wolverhampton Wanderers","1.4 Later career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
Portuguese footballer (born 1991) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Gonçalves and the second or paternal family name is Miranda. Roderick Roderick training with Melbourne Victory in 2022Personal informationFull name Roderick Jefferson Gonçalves MirandaDate of birth (1991-03-30) 30 March 1991 (age 33)Place of birth Odivelas, PortugalHeight 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team Melbourne VictoryNumber 21Youth career1999–2000 Odivelas2000–2010 BenficaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2013 Benfica 7 (0)2011–2012 → Servette (loan) 24 (0)2012 → Deportivo La Coruña (loan) 3 (0)2012–2013 Benfica B 5 (0)2013–2017 Rio Ave 72 (4)2017–2021 Wolverhampton Wanderers 17 (0)2018–2019 → Olympiacos (loan) 8 (0)2019–2020 → Famalicão (loan) 24 (2)2021 Gaziantep 13 (0)2021– Melbourne Victory 72 (3)International career2007 Portugal U17 6 (0)2008 Portugal U18 3 (0)2008–2010 Portugal U19 22 (0)2010–2011 Portugal U20 14 (0) Medal record Men's football Representing  Portugal FIFA U-20 World Cup Runner-up 2011 Colombia *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 May 2024 Roderick Jefferson Gonçalves Miranda CvIH (born 30 March 1991), known as Roderick, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Melbourne Victory in the A-League Men, where he also serves as captain. Having started his professional career at Benfica, he made 103 Primeira Liga appearances mainly for Rio Ave as well as Famalicão. He also played in Switzerland, Spain, England, Greece, Turkey and Australia. Club career Benfica Roderick at his Deportivo presentation Born in Odivelas, Roderick arrived in Benfica's youth academy in 2000 (aged nine), from Lisbon neighbours Odivelas. He was promoted to the first team nine years later after having played in all the youth ranks, and made his debut on 17 December 2009 in a dead rubber game in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League, featuring for the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home win against AEK Athens. His only other appearance was on 13 January, in a 1–1 away draw with Vitória de Guimarães in the Taça da Liga round-robin. Roderick played his first game in the Primeira Liga on 7 November 2010, as a 73rd-minute substitute for Carlos Martins in a 5–0 loss at Porto in O Clássico. For 2011–12, he was loaned to Servette in Switzerland – coached by former Benfica player João Alves – in a season-long move. On 31 July 2012, Roderick joined Deportivo de La Coruña of La Liga, also on loan for a season. He made four appearances, starting with a 1–1 draw at Athletic Bilbao in which he requested his substitution through injury; he returned to the Estádio da Luz in the following transfer window. In one of only two league matches in the 2012–13 campaign, Roderick came on away to Porto in the penultimate round of fixtures, with both teams competing for the title; he was marking Kelvin, who scored the added-time winner. He said years later that manager Jorge Jesus did not blame him for the defeat. Rio Ave Roderick was released by Benfica in August 2013, signing a five-year deal with Rio Ave. In January 2015, he suffered an Achilles tendon injury against Gil Vicente, and was ruled out for the rest of the season. On 18 March 2016, nearing his 25th birthday, Roderick scored his first senior goal, a header that was the only one in a home game with Marítimo. He netted three times in 33 games in the following campaign, helping to a seventh-place finish. Wolverhampton Wanderers On 13 June 2017, Roderick joined English Championship team Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 5 August, playing the whole of a 1–0 home victory over Middlesbrough. Roderick continued in the league team for 14 matches, before falling out of favour with manager Nuno Espírito Santo. He finished the season with 19 appearances in all competitions, as Wolves were promoted as champions. On 11 July 2018, Roderick joined Super League Greece club Olympiacos on a season-long loan. On 1 September 2019, he moved to Famalicão, newly promoted to the Portuguese top division, again on loan. He played regularly as the team finished sixth, scoring two goals, and was sent off in the 34th minute of a 2–2 draw at nearby Braga on 3 November for a foul on Galeno. Later career On 1 February 2021, shortly after agreeing to part ways with Wolverhampton, Roderick moved to Gaziantep of the Turkish Süper Lig on a five-month deal. On 1 October, he agreed to a two-year contract at Melbourne Victory. Roderick was appointed new team captain in October 2023, replacing the departed Joshua Brillante. International career Of Brazilian descent through his parents, Roderick chose to represent Portugal internationally and went on to win 45 caps at youth level. He represented the under-20 team that finished as runners-up at the 2011 FIFA World Cup in Colombia, often partnering Sporting CP's Nuno Reis. Career statistics As of match played 14 September 2020 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Benfica 2009–10 Primeira Liga 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2010–11 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 2011–12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012–13 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 7 0 Total 7 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 15 0 Servette (loan) 2011–12 Swiss Super League 24 0 3 0 — — 27 0 Deportivo La Coruña (loan) 2012–13 La Liga 3 0 1 0 — 0 0 4 0 Benfica B 2012–13 Segunda Liga 5 0 — — — 5 0 Rio Ave 2013–14 Primeira Liga 18 0 4 0 2 0 — 24 0 2014–15 3 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 11 0 2015–16 18 1 3 0 1 0 — 22 1 2016–17 33 3 0 0 2 1 2 0 37 4 Total 72 4 10 0 7 1 5 0 94 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 2017–18 Championship 17 0 1 0 1 0 — 19 0 2018–19 Premier League — — — — — 2019–20 0 0 — — 0 0 0 0 2020–21 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 Total 17 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 Olympiacos (loan) 2018–19 Super League Greece 8 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 20 0 Famalicão (loan) 2019–20 Primeira Liga 24 2 4 0 — — 28 2 Career total 160 6 25 0 12 1 15 0 212 7 ^ Includes Taça de Portugal, Swiss Cup, Copa del Rey, FA Cup and Greek Cup ^ Includes Taça da Liga and EFL Cup ^ a b c d e Appearances in UEFA Europa League Honours Benfica Taça da Liga: 2009–10, 2010–11 UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2012–13 Rio Ave Taça de Portugal runner-up: 2013–14 Taça da Liga runner-up: 2013–14 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 2014 Wolverhampton Wanderers EFL Championship: 2017–18 Portugal U20 FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up: 2011 Individual A-Leagues All Star: 2022 Orders Knight of the Order of Prince Henry References ^ "Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists". Premier League. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "Roderick" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "Roderick Miranda". Melbourne Victory. Retrieved 1 April 2024. ^ "Presidente Cavaco Silva condecorou selecção nacional de futebol sub-20" (in Portuguese). Arquivo Presidência. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ Simões de Abreu, Alexandra (1 June 2019). "Roderick: "Às tantas, o Ola John picou mal a bola por cima do guarda-redes e o Jesus disse: 'Olha, ainda nem arroz come e já quer camarão"" . Expresso (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ "Roderick e Luís Filipe convocados" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Benfica fecha primeira fase com triunfo sobre o AEK" (in Portuguese). TSF. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Coentrão responde a Douglas e evita derrota" . Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Goleada do FC Porto por 5–0 no clássico contra o Benfica" (in Portuguese). TSF. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ Martins, Nuno (12 November 2011). "Roderick: "O início de uma grande carreira"" . Record (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ "El Deportivo recupera un punto ante el Athletic de Bilbao" . La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Roderick deja el Deportivo" . La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 28 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2014. ^ "Roderick só quer esquecer golo de Kelvin" . Record (in Portuguese). 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ Alvarenga, Vítor Hugo (7 January 2014). "Minuto 92 (ou 91): o que mudou na vida de Kelvin e Roderick" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Roderick e o famoso lance com Kelvin: "Jorge Jesus nunca me apontou o dedo"" (in Portuguese). SAPO. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Roderick assinou por 5 épocas" (in Portuguese). Rio Ave F.C. 3 August 2013. Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013. ^ "Roderick sofre lesão grave e tem época em risco" (in Portuguese). SAPO. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ Da Cunha, Pedro Jorge (18 March 2016). "Rio Ave-Marítimo, 1–0 (destaques)" (in Portuguese). TVI 24. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Moreirense-Rio Ave: empate com final de loucos" . O Jogo (in Portuguese). 23 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ^ "Nacional derrotado em Vila do Conde" (in Portuguese). C.D. Nacional. 18 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ "FC Porto 4–2 Rio Ave" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ^ "Roderick Miranda: Wolves sign Rio Ave defender on four-year deal". BBC Sport. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ "Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 Middlesbrough". BBC Sport. 5 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ Owen, Danny (4 April 2018). "Has Nuno indicated that Danny Batth will not be at Wolves next season?". Here Is The City. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. ^ Treadwell, Matthew (12 July 2018). "Prince Oniangue leaves for Caen, Wolves loan out Roderick Miranda". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. ^ Spiers, Tim (11 July 2018). "Roderick Miranda thanks Wolves after sealing loan exit". Express & Star. Wolverhampton. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ "Miranda joins Olympiacos". Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ "Miranda departs Wolves on loan". Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019. ^ "Famalicão empata em Braga no último minuto e depois de uma hora em inferioridade" . Observador (in Portuguese). 3 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ Edwards, Joe (1 February 2021). "Roderick Miranda leaves Wolves by mutual consent". Express & Star. Wolverhampton. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Roderick Miranda reforça Gaziantep de Sá Pinto" . A Bola (in Portuguese). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Melbourne Victory signs Portuguese defender Roderick Miranda". Melbourne Victory. 1 October 2021. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Roderick Miranda named Melbourne Victory Captain". Melbourne Victory. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ Krithinas, Sérgio (29 December 2017). "Pai de Roderick diz que o filho "está tranquilo"" . Record (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ Sousa, Hugo Daniel (22 August 2011). "Mundial vai mudar pouco na vida imediata dos sub-20 portugueses" . Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ Da Cunha, Pedro Jorge (14 January 2021). "Caetano desistiu aos 29 anos. E os outros heróis do Mundial2011 sub20?" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Roderick". Soccerway. DAZN Group. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ For Taça da Liga third round:"15 – Roderick: Época 2009–2010: SL Benfica" (in Portuguese). Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ For Swiss Cup first and second rounds:"Amateure forderten Super-League-Klubs heraus" . Tages-Anzeiger (in German). Zürich. 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018."Football: Coupe de Suisse" (PDF). L'Express (in French). Neuchâtel. 17 October 2011. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ a b For Taça de Portugal third round:"Roderick: Roderick Jefferson Gonçalves Miranda". ForaDeJogo. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ "Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ "Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ Anderson, John, ed. (2018). Football Yearbook 2018–2019. London: Headline. pp. 386–387. ISBN 978-1-4722-6106-9. ^ "Oscar treble wins thrilling final for Brazil". FIFA. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2017. ^ Harrington, Anna (20 May 2022). "ALM young guns get shot against Barcelona". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ "Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas" (in Portuguese). President of Portugal. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021. External links Roderick Miranda at ForaDeJogo (archived) Roderick Miranda at Soccerbase Roderick Miranda national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) Roderick Miranda – FIFA competition record (archived) vteMelbourne Victory FC – current squad 2 Geria 3 Traoré 8 Machach 10 Fornaroli 11 Folami 15 Bozinovski 17 Velupillay 18 Monge 19 Arzani 20 Izzo 21 Miranda (c) 25 Teague 27 Valadon 28 Bonevacia 29 Inserra 37 Bos 40 Siciliano Coach: Vacant
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"CvIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Rio Ave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ave_F.C."},{"link_name":"Famalicão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Famalic%C3%A3o"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Gonçalves and the second or paternal family name is Miranda.Roderick Jefferson Gonçalves Miranda CvIH[4] (born 30 March 1991), known as Roderick, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Melbourne Victory in the A-League Men, where he also serves as captain.Having started his professional career at Benfica, he made 103 Primeira Liga appearances mainly for Rio Ave as well as Famalicão. He also played in Switzerland, Spain, England, Greece, Turkey and Australia.","title":"Roderick Miranda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2787-Presentacion_de_Roderikc_Miranda_para_el_Depor_2012_(7687224816).jpg"},{"link_name":"Deportivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Odivelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odivelas"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Odivelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odivelas_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dead rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_rubber"},{"link_name":"the group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Martins_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"O Clássico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cl%C3%A1ssico"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Servette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servette_FC"},{"link_name":"João Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Alves_(footballer,_born_1952)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Deportivo de La Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz"},{"link_name":"transfer window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_window"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2012–13 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jorge Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Benfica","text":"Roderick at his Deportivo presentationBorn in Odivelas, Roderick arrived in Benfica's youth academy in 2000 (aged nine), from Lisbon neighbours Odivelas.[5] He was promoted to the first team nine years later after having played in all the youth ranks, and made his debut on 17 December 2009 in a dead rubber game in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League, featuring for the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home win against AEK Athens.[6][7] His only other appearance was on 13 January, in a 1–1 away draw with Vitória de Guimarães in the Taça da Liga round-robin.[8]Roderick played his first game in the Primeira Liga on 7 November 2010, as a 73rd-minute substitute for Carlos Martins in a 5–0 loss at Porto in O Clássico.[9] For 2011–12, he was loaned to Servette in Switzerland – coached by former Benfica player João Alves – in a season-long move.[10]On 31 July 2012, Roderick joined Deportivo de La Coruña of La Liga, also on loan for a season. He made four appearances, starting with a 1–1 draw at Athletic Bilbao in which he requested his substitution through injury;[11] he returned to the Estádio da Luz in the following transfer window.[12]In one of only two league matches in the 2012–13 campaign, Roderick came on away to Porto in the penultimate round of fixtures, with both teams competing for the title; he was marking Kelvin, who scored the added-time winner.[13][14] He said years later that manager Jorge Jesus did not blame him for the defeat.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Ave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ave_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"Gil Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Vicente_F.C."},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marítimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Mar%C3%ADtimo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"the following campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Rio Ave","text":"Roderick was released by Benfica in August 2013, signing a five-year deal with Rio Ave.[16] In January 2015, he suffered an Achilles tendon injury against Gil Vicente, and was ruled out for the rest of the season.[17]On 18 March 2016, nearing his 25th birthday, Roderick scored his first senior goal, a header that was the only one in a home game with Marítimo.[18] He netted three times in 33 games in the following campaign,[19][20][21] helping to a seventh-place finish.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nuno Espírito Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Super League Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_F.C."},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Famalicão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Famalic%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"finished sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"sent off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"Galeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeno"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","text":"On 13 June 2017, Roderick joined English Championship team Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee.[22] He made his debut on 5 August, playing the whole of a 1–0 home victory over Middlesbrough.[23]Roderick continued in the league team for 14 matches, before falling out of favour with manager Nuno Espírito Santo.[24] He finished the season with 19 appearances in all competitions,[25] as Wolves were promoted as champions.[26]On 11 July 2018, Roderick joined Super League Greece club Olympiacos on a season-long loan.[27] On 1 September 2019, he moved to Famalicão, newly promoted to the Portuguese top division, again on loan.[28] He played regularly as the team finished sixth, scoring two goals, and was sent off in the 34th minute of a 2–2 draw at nearby Braga on 3 November for a foul on Galeno.[29]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep_F.K."},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Joshua Brillante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Brillante"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"On 1 February 2021, shortly after agreeing to part ways with Wolverhampton,[30] Roderick moved to Gaziantep of the Turkish Süper Lig on a five-month deal.[31] On 1 October, he agreed to a two-year contract at Melbourne Victory.[32]Roderick was appointed new team captain in October 2023, replacing the departed Joshua Brillante.[33]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"under-20 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"2011 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"Nuno Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Reis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Of Brazilian descent through his parents,[34] Roderick chose to represent Portugal internationally and went on to win 45 caps at youth level. He represented the under-20 team that finished as runners-up at the 2011 FIFA World Cup in Colombia, often partnering Sporting CP's Nuno Reis.[35][36]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cup"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_41-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_41-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_41-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_41-4"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"}],"text":"As of match played 14 September 2020^ Includes Taça de Portugal, Swiss Cup, Copa del Rey, FA Cup and Greek Cup\n\n^ Includes Taça da Liga and EFL Cup\n\n^ a b c d e Appearances in UEFA Europa League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-39"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-39"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-39"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-39"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-39"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"A-Leagues All Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Leagues_All_Stars_Game"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_A-Leagues_All_Stars_Game"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Knight_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"BenficaTaça da Liga: 2009–10, 2010–11[37]\nUEFA Europa League runner-up: 2012–13[37]Rio AveTaça de Portugal runner-up: 2013–14[37]\nTaça da Liga runner-up: 2013–14[37]\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira runner-up: 2014[37]Wolverhampton WanderersEFL Championship: 2017–18[45]Portugal U20FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up: 2011[46]IndividualA-Leagues All Star: 2022[47]OrdersKnight of the Order of Prince Henry[48]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Roderick at his Deportivo presentation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2787-Presentacion_de_Roderikc_Miranda_para_el_Depor_2012_%287687224816%29.jpg/220px-2787-Presentacion_de_Roderikc_Miranda_para_el_Depor_2012_%287687224816%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists\". Premier League. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/1697050","url_text":"\"Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League","url_text":"Premier League"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200626051857/https://www.premierleague.com/news/1697050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Roderick\" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/roderick/rio-ave/1579-0-18118","url_text":"\"Roderick\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200714052100/https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/roderick/rio-ave/1579-0-18118","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Roderick Miranda\". Melbourne Victory. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://melbournevictory.com.au/squads/yhkueqgsvvd5fzdffg9nky51?slug=yhkueqgsvvd5fzdffg9nky51&competition=52kxi893484fk75l1h7sndlp0&teams=9xmhnv6im8h7c9e17oqvcx8gl&selected=MEN","url_text":"\"Roderick Miranda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidente Cavaco Silva condecorou selecção nacional de futebol sub-20\" [President Cavaco Silva decorated national under-20 football team] (in Portuguese). Arquivo Presidência. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=56611&action=7","url_text":"\"Presidente Cavaco Silva condecorou selecção nacional de futebol sub-20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116181041/https://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=56611&action=7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Simões de Abreu, Alexandra (1 June 2019). \"Roderick: \"Às tantas, o Ola John picou mal a bola por cima do guarda-redes e o Jesus disse: 'Olha, ainda nem arroz come e já quer camarão\"\" [Roderick: \"At one point, Ola John lobbed the ball over the goalkeeper poorly and Jesus said: 'Check this guy, he's not even eating rice and he already wants shrimp\"]. Expresso (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribuna.expresso.pt/a-casa-as-costas/2019-06-01-Roderick-As-tantas-o-Ola-John-picou-mal-a-bola-por-cima-do-guarda-redes-e-o-Jesus-disse-Olha-ainda-nem-arroz-come-e-ja-quer-camarao","url_text":"\"Roderick: \"Às tantas, o Ola John picou mal a bola por cima do guarda-redes e o Jesus disse: 'Olha, ainda nem arroz come e já quer camarão\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresso_(newspaper)","url_text":"Expresso"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230711140329/https://tribuna.expresso.pt/a-casa-as-costas/2019-06-01-Roderick-As-tantas-o-Ola-John-picou-mal-a-bola-por-cima-do-guarda-redes-e-o-Jesus-disse-Olha-ainda-nem-arroz-come-e-ja-quer-camarao","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Roderick e Luís Filipe convocados\" [Roderick and Luís Filipe called up] (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/benfica/roderick-e-luis-filipe-convocados_d303652","url_text":"\"Roderick e Luís Filipe convocados\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal","url_text":"Rádio e Televisão de Portugal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220203174239/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/benfica/roderick-e-luis-filipe-convocados_d303652","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica fecha primeira fase com triunfo sobre o AEK\" [Benfica finish group stage with triumph over AEK] (in Portuguese). TSF. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsf.pt/desporto/benfica/benfica-fecha-primeira-fase-com-triunfo-sobre-o-aek-1450296.html","url_text":"\"Benfica fecha primeira fase com triunfo sobre o AEK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSF_(radio_station)","url_text":"TSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220204045405/https://www.tsf.pt/desporto/benfica/benfica-fecha-primeira-fase-com-triunfo-sobre-o-aek-1450296.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coentrão responde a Douglas e evita derrota\" [Coentrão responds to Douglas and avoids defeat]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dn.pt/desporto/benfica/coentrao-responde-a-douglas-e-evita-derrota-1469166.html","url_text":"\"Coentrão responde a Douglas e evita derrota\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias","url_text":"Diário de Notícias"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220203151934/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/benfica/coentrao-responde-a-douglas-e-evita-derrota-1469166.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Goleada do FC Porto por 5–0 no clássico contra o Benfica\" [5–0 rout by FC Porto in classic against Benfica] (in Portuguese). TSF. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. 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Retrieved 13 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/deportivo/2012/12/28/roderick-deja-deportivo/00031356713455346285110.htm","url_text":"\"Roderick deja el Deportivo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130907063306/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/deportivo/2012/12/28/roderick-deja-deportivo/00031356713455346285110.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Roderick só quer esquecer golo de Kelvin\" [Roderick only wants to forget Kelvin's goal]. Record (in Portuguese). 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. 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Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://observador.pt/2019/11/03/famalicao-empata-em-braga-no-ultimo-minuto-e-depois-de-uma-hora-em-inferioridade/","url_text":"\"Famalicão empata em Braga no último minuto e depois de uma hora em inferioridade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observador","url_text":"Observador"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220203152819/https://observador.pt/2019/11/03/famalicao-empata-em-braga-no-ultimo-minuto-e-depois-de-uma-hora-em-inferioridade/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Joe (1 February 2021). \"Roderick Miranda leaves Wolves by mutual consent\". Express & Star. Wolverhampton. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. 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Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/roderick-miranda-named-melbourne-victory-captain","url_text":"\"Roderick Miranda named Melbourne Victory Captain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045243/https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/roderick-miranda-named-melbourne-victory-captain","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krithinas, Sérgio (29 December 2017). \"Pai de Roderick diz que o filho \"está tranquilo\"\" [Roderick's father says son \"is calm\"]. Record (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. 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Retrieved 12 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=58459&season_id=150","url_text":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=58459&season_id=151","url_text":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=58459&season_id=152","url_text":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=58459&season_id=153","url_text":"\"Games played by Roderick Miranda in 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, John, ed. (2018). Football Yearbook 2018–2019. London: Headline. pp. 386–387. ISBN 978-1-4722-6106-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4722-6106-9","url_text":"978-1-4722-6106-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar treble wins thrilling final for Brazil\". FIFA. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Reasoning
Verbal reasoning
["1 Verbal reasoning tests","1.1 WAIS-III","1.2 LSAT","1.3 Verbal reasoning in recruitment","2 Concepts","2.1 Vocabulary and grammar","2.2 Propositions","2.3 Premises and conclusions","2.4 Arguments and reason","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Verbal reasoning" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Verbal reasoning is understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words. It aims at evaluating ability to think constructively, rather than at simple fluency or vocabulary recognition. Verbal reasoning tests Verbal reasoning tests of intelligence provide an assessment of an individual's ability to think, reason and solve problems in different ways. For this reason, verbal reasoning tests are often used as entrance examinations by schools, colleges and universities to select the most able applicants. Additionally, such tests are also used by a growing number of employers as part of the selection/recruitment process. WAIS-III The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) divides Verbal IQ (VIQ) into two categories: Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) – vocabulary, similarities, information, and comprehension. Working Memory Index (WMI) – arithmetic, digit span, and letter-number sequencing. LSAT The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is a classic measure that evaluates the verbal reasoning ability of participants who are applying to a graduate law school. The multiple choice sections are broken up into three parts: Reading Comprehension – ability to understand complex language material like paragraphs or passages and able to answer questions regarding them. Analytical reasoning – ability to understand relationships in language material like statements or passages and being able to draw reasonable conclusions from them. Logical reasoning – Using critical thinking to assess and complete an argument given on the test. Verbal reasoning in recruitment Large graduate training schemes are increasingly using verbal reasoning tests (verbals) to distinguish between applicants. The types of verbals candidates face in these assessments are typically looking to assess understanding and comprehension skills. Verbal reasoning tests are often used during recruitment for positions in many industries, such as banking, finance, management consulting, mining and accounting. The tests are used as an efficient way to short list candidates for later stages of the recruitment process, such as interview. When used in recruitment, the tests normally include a series of text passages regarding a random topic. Then there will be a series of statements regarding the passages. The candidate must then determine if the statement is true, false or they can not tell (it is ambiguous). The candidate is not expected to know anything about the topics, and the answer is to be based purely on the information in the passage. Concepts This section of the article briefly elucidates the general elements relating to verbal reasoning in order of increasing complexity. Vocabulary and grammar Vocabulary (the knowledge of words' meanings in a language) and grammar (knowledge of words' proper relation to one another in a language) can function both as prerequisites as well as topics of focus of verbal reasoning. In the former capacity, they are used to form propositions and arguments (see below), while in the latter capacity they are the subject of analysis and evaluation, where verbal reasoning synthesizes linguistic information and analyzes relationships among component parts of sentences, words, and concepts. Propositions The basic element of reasoning (verbal, or otherwise) is the proposition. A proposition is simply the meaning behind a declarative sentence that can be either true or false (note: special care is taken here to mention that the proposition is specifically what is meant by such a sentence, and is not the actual sentence itself). In other words, a proposition is something that one can know, believe, think, assume, or so on. Worth explicitly mentioning here is that only some (and not necessarily all) statements count as propositions. This is because the defining feature of a proposition is that it is necessarily making some assertion which can intelligibly be assigned a truth value. In other words: statements are only propositions if they are Truth-apt. To illustrate this principled distinction, let us consider the following two statements: "The sky is blue." "Tell me your name." The first sentence is a proposition because it purports a fact which is either true or untrue. The second sentence, however, is not a proposition, because it does not appear to make any true/false assertion (that is, there is nothing meant by the sentence that one could say were or weren't "true"). Premises and conclusions A premise is a proposition in an argument which will justify or induce a conclusion. That is, premises are propositions which, if true, allow for the logical inference of an associated proposition which is known as the "conclusion". To give an example: the statement "John is a bachelor" is a premise in the one-sentence argument "John is a bachelor, therefore John is unmarried", and the conclusion is that "John is unmarried". Premises may be treated somewhat differently according to the specific type of argument in which they occur. In a deductive argument, premises are often assumed to be true — regardless of whether or not they really are. This is juxtaposed against inductive arguments, in which there is merely a chance of some premise(s) (and/or conclusion(s)) being true. Arguments and reason An argument is a series of premises together with one or more conclusion(s). Arguments can serve a variety of purposes, ranging from determining the degree of truth of a conclusion, to persuading individuals to accept or reject some belief(s) (as in the case of rhetoric). An additional note on arguments is that they may take a number of different forms, including that of a syllogism, essay, or dialogue (among others). To the extent which argument overlaps with and is reliant upon language, it may be considered one of the central concerns of verbal reasoning (or for that matter any reasoning, at large). At this point a sort of maximal scope has been reached, wherein it is appropriate to point out and address the issue of circularity. Insofar as verbal reasoning is used to create and analyze arguments of language, while at the same time arguments (using language as their vehicle) are used to exercise and analyze reasoning, there will be some inevitable degree of circularity between the two. This point offers a fitting conclusion to the current section, and serves to reiterate the importance of verbal reasoning. See also Verbal intelligence Outline of human intelligence Test (assessment) Theory of multiple intelligences Philosophy of language References ^ Axelrod, Bradely N. (2001). "Administration duration for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Wechsler Memory Scale-III". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 16 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1093/arclin/16.3.293. PMID 14590179. ^ "Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ a b c "About LSAT Preparation – online resource for LSAT practice tests, course schedules & tips". www.examkrackers.com. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "GradTests | Verbal Reasoning Tests". www.gradtests.com.au. Retrieved 2018-05-12. ^ McGrath, Matthew; Frank, Devin (2020). "Propositions". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 10 February 2021. ^ "Introduction to the GRE Verbal Reasoning Measure (For Test Takers)". www.ets.org. Retrieved 10 February 2021. ^ Terrell, Dudley J.; Johnston, J. M. (1989-01-01). "Logic, reasoning, and verbal behavior". The Behavior Analyst. 12 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1007/BF03392475. ISSN 0738-6729. PMC 2742027. PMID 22478015. External links "Verbal Reasoning exam guide". Atom Learning. Retrieved 11 May 2022. Verbal Reasoning exam guide.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding"},{"link_name":"reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning"},{"link_name":"vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary"}],"text":"Verbal reasoning is understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words. It aims at evaluating ability to think constructively, rather than at simple fluency or vocabulary recognition.","title":"Verbal reasoning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"recruitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment"}],"text":"Verbal reasoning tests of intelligence provide an assessment of an individual's ability to think, reason and solve problems in different ways. For this reason, verbal reasoning tests are often used as entrance examinations by schools, colleges and universities to select the most able applicants. Additionally, such tests are also used by a growing number of employers as part of the selection/recruitment process.","title":"Verbal reasoning tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale#WAIS-III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"WAIS-III","text":"The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) divides Verbal IQ (VIQ) into two categories:Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) – vocabulary, similarities, information, and comprehension.\nWorking Memory Index (WMI) – arithmetic, digit span, and letter-number sequencing.[1][2]","title":"Verbal reasoning tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law School Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"sub_title":"LSAT","text":"The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is a classic measure that evaluates the verbal reasoning ability of participants who are applying to a graduate law school. The multiple choice sections are broken up into three parts:Reading Comprehension – ability to understand complex language material like paragraphs or passages and able to answer questions regarding them.[3]\nAnalytical reasoning – ability to understand relationships in language material like statements or passages and being able to draw reasonable conclusions from them.[3]\nLogical reasoning – Using critical thinking to assess and complete an argument given on the test.[3]","title":"Verbal reasoning tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Verbal reasoning in recruitment","text":"Large graduate training schemes are increasingly using verbal reasoning tests (verbals) to distinguish between applicants. The types of verbals candidates face in these assessments are typically looking to assess understanding and comprehension skills. \nVerbal reasoning tests are often used during recruitment for positions in many industries, such as banking, finance, management consulting, mining and accounting. The tests are used as an efficient way to short list candidates for later stages of the recruitment process, such as interview. When used in recruitment, the tests normally include a series of text passages regarding a random topic. Then there will be a series of statements regarding the passages. The candidate must then determine if the statement is true, false or they can not tell (it is ambiguous). The candidate is not expected to know anything about the topics, and the answer is to be based purely on the information in the passage.[4]","title":"Verbal reasoning tests"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This section of the article briefly elucidates the general elements relating to verbal reasoning in order of increasing complexity.","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Vocabulary and grammar","text":"Vocabulary (the knowledge of words' meanings in a language) and grammar (knowledge of words' proper relation to one another in a language) can function both as prerequisites as well as topics of focus of verbal reasoning. In the former capacity, they are used to form propositions and arguments (see below), while in the latter capacity they are the subject of analysis and evaluation, where verbal reasoning synthesizes linguistic information and analyzes relationships among component parts of sentences, words, and concepts.[5][6]","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition"},{"link_name":"declarative sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)#By_purpose"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"truth value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value"}],"sub_title":"Propositions","text":"The basic element of reasoning (verbal, or otherwise) is the proposition. A proposition is simply the meaning behind a declarative sentence that can be either true or false (note: special care is taken here to mention that the proposition is specifically what is meant by such a sentence, and is not the actual sentence itself). In other words, a proposition is something that one can know, believe, think, assume, or so on.[7] Worth explicitly mentioning here is that only some (and not necessarily all) statements count as propositions. This is because the defining feature of a proposition is that it is necessarily making some assertion which can intelligibly be assigned a truth value. In other words: statements are only propositions if they are Truth-apt. To illustrate this principled distinction, let us consider the following two statements:\"The sky is blue.\"\n\"Tell me your name.\"The first sentence is a proposition because it purports a fact which is either true or untrue. The second sentence, however, is not a proposition, because it does not appear to make any true/false assertion (that is, there is nothing meant by the sentence that one could say were or weren't \"true\").","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise"},{"link_name":"argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument"},{"link_name":"true","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth"},{"link_name":"deductive argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"inductive arguments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning"}],"sub_title":"Premises and conclusions","text":"A premise is a proposition in an argument which will justify or induce a conclusion. That is, premises are propositions which, if true, allow for the logical inference of an associated proposition which is known as the \"conclusion\". To give an example: the statement \"John is a bachelor\" is a premise in the one-sentence argument \"John is a bachelor, therefore John is unmarried\", and the conclusion is that \"John is unmarried\". \nPremises may be treated somewhat differently according to the specific type of argument in which they occur. In a deductive argument, premises are often assumed to be true — regardless of whether or not they really are. This is juxtaposed against inductive arguments, in which there is merely a chance of some premise(s) (and/or conclusion(s)) being true.","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"syllogism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism"},{"link_name":"essay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay"},{"link_name":"dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue"},{"link_name":"circularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reasoning"},{"link_name":"reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"}],"sub_title":"Arguments and reason","text":"An argument is a series of premises together with one or more conclusion(s). Arguments can serve a variety of purposes, ranging from determining the degree of truth of a conclusion, to persuading individuals to accept or reject some belief(s) (as in the case of rhetoric). An additional note on arguments is that they may take a number of different forms, including that of a syllogism, essay, or dialogue (among others). To the extent which argument overlaps with and is reliant upon language, it may be considered one of the central concerns of verbal reasoning (or for that matter any reasoning, at large).At this point a sort of maximal scope has been reached, wherein it is appropriate to point out and address the issue of circularity. Insofar as verbal reasoning is used to create and analyze arguments of language, while at the same time arguments (using language as their vehicle) are used to exercise and analyze reasoning, there will be some inevitable degree of circularity between the two. This point offers a fitting conclusion to the current section, and serves to reiterate the importance of verbal reasoning.","title":"Concepts"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIC_Ferries
SIC Ferries
["1 Services","2 Current Fleet","3 Previous Fleet","4 Proposed Future Fleet","4.1 Fair Isle","4.2 Papa Stour","5 References","6 External links"]
Shetland Islands Council Ferries LtdCompany typePublic (Council-owned)IndustryTransportFounded1972HeadquartersSella Ness, Sullom Voe, ShetlandNumber of locations17 portsArea servedInter-island ShetlandServicesFerriesOwnerShetland Islands CouncilWebsitewww.shetland.gov.uk/ferriesFootnotes / referencesPreviously Zetland County Council Ferries (~1972 - 1975) Shetland Islands Council Ferries (often named SIC Ferries) is a company operating inter-island ferry services in Shetland, a subarctic archipelago off the northeast coast of Scotland. The company operates services across 10 of the Shetland islands. Services The Bressay Ferry, MV Leirna, at Lerwick. Services of the SIC Ferries are: Bluemull service linking the North Isles at Gutcher, Yell; Belmont, Unst; and Hamars Ness, Fetlar. This is done in a triangular service, where one ferry mostly operates between Belmont and Gutcher, with a few trips to Fetlar, and other is based in Fetlar and makes a few daytime trips between Gutcher and Belmont. Bressay service to the Isle of Bressay from Lerwick on the Mainland. Fair Isle service to Fair Isle from Grutness or Lerwick on the Mainland. Foula service to the Isle of Foula from Walls on the Mainland. This service is operated by BK Marine, a Shetland-based workboat hire company. Out Skerries service to the Isle of Out Skerries from Symbister (on Whalsay), Vidlin or Lerwick both on the Mainland. Papa Stour service to the Isle of Papa Stour from West Burrafirth on the Mainland. Whalsay service to Symbister on the Isle of Whalsay from Laxo on the Mainland. Yell service to Ulsta on the North Isle of Yell from Toft on the Mainland. Current Fleet The SIC Ferries fleet of 12 ferries consists of: Image Vessel Name Cars Passengers Service Launched Shipbuilders MV Hendra 12 95 Whalsay (1982 - 1988, 2005 - )Yell Sound (1988 - 2004) 1982 McTay Marine, Bromborough, Merseyside MV Snolda, ex Filla (I) 6 12 Out Skerries (1983 - 2003)Papa Stour (2004 - ) 1983 Simek AS, Flekkefjord, Norway MV Fivla (II) 12 95 Bluemull (1985 - 2005)Relief (2005 - ) 1985 Ferguson Ailsa, Troon MV Good Shepherd (IV) 1(Craned on) 12 Fair Isle (1986 - ) 1986 James N Miller & Son Ltd, St Monans, Fife MV Geira (II) 12 96 Whalsay (1988 - 2005)Bluemull (2005 - ) 1988 Dunstons, Hestle & Millers, St Monans, Fife MV Bigga 16 96 Yell Sound (1991 - 2004)Bluemull (2004 - ) 1991 Dunstons, Hestle & Millers, St Monans, Fife MV Leirna 19 124 Bressay (1992 - ) 1992 Ferguson Marine, Port Glasgow MV New Advance(Operated by BK Marine) 1(Craned on) 12 Foula (1996 - ) 1996 Richardson's Boatyard, Stromness, Orkney MV Linga 18 95 Whalsay (2002 - ) 2002 Stocznia Polnocna, Gdańsk MV Filla (II) 9 30 Out Skerries (2003 - ) 2003 Northern Shipbuilders, Gdańsk MV Daggri 31 144 Yell Sound (2004 - ) 2003 Northern Shipbuilders, Gdańsk MV Dagalien 31 144 Yell Sound (2004 - ) 2004 Northern Shipbuilders, Gdańsk Previous Fleet The following vessels used to be part of the SIC ferries fleet, information left blank is unknown: Vessel Name Cars Passengers Service Launched Left Shipbuilders MV Westering Homewards (II) N/A Rejected Build, meant to be Foula 1990 1990 Jones Buckie Slip & Shipyard Ltd, Buckie FV Ivy Leaf N/A Papa Stour (1981 - 1986 (Charter)) 1986 MV Thora 10 93 Yell Sound (1975 - 1980 (summer), 1980 - 1991)Whalsay (1998 - 2002)Relief (2002 - 2015) 1975 2015 Thorshavnor Skipasmidja, Faroe Isles MV Fylga 10 93 Yell Sound (1975 - 1976, 1982 - 1988)Whalsay (1976 - 1982)Bluemull (1988 - 2004) 1975 2005 Thorshavnor Skipasmidja, Faroe Isles MV Grima 10 93 Yell Sound (1974 - 1975 (summer))Lerwick - Whalsay (1975 - 1976 (Charter))Bressay (1976 - 1992)Whalsay (1993)Relief (1993 - 2004) 1974 2004 Bideford, Devon MV Geira (I) 10 93 Yell - Unst (1973 - 1975)Bluemull (1975 - 1985) 1973 1986 Thorshavnor Skipasmidja, Faroe Isles MV Fivla (I) 10 93 Yell Sound (1973 - 1975, 1976 - 1982)Bressay (1975 - 1976) 1973 1982 Thorshavnor Skipasmidja, Faroe Isles MV Koada ex Good Shepherd (III) Fair Isle (1972 - 1984 (local run), 1984 - 1986 (SIC))Papa Stour (1986 - 2004) 1969 2004 Bideford Shipyard, Devon MV Kjella 12 63 Whalsay (1980 - 1998) 1957 1998 Kaarbos MY NS, Norway MV Spes Clara Out Skerries (1975 - 1983)Spare, Cargo to Isles (1983 - 2003) 1947 2003 Herd & McKenzie, Buckie MV Shalder N/A Bressay (1973 - 1974) Shetland Isles MV Tystie N/A Yell - Unst (? - 1973 (local run))Bressay (1973) Shetland Isles MV Westering Homewards (I) N/A Foula (1962 - 1978 (local run), 1978 - 1990 (SIC)) 1962 Shetland Isles MV Brenda N/A Bressay (1933 - 1972? (local run), 1972? - 1973 (SIC)) Shetland Isles Proposed Future Fleet Fair Isle In January 2023, £26.7 million was awarded by the UK Government, as part of the 'levelling up' fund, to the Shetland Islands Council for the purchase of a new ro-ro ferry for Fair Isle and new terminals at both the Grutness and Fair Isle ports, including linkspans. The new ferry is expected to be similar to the MV Snolda, with 25m length and capacity for about 4 cars and a crane. The work is due to be completed by April 2026. Papa Stour There is also a project involving Coastal Workboats and BK Marine to trial a fully electric ro-ro ferry between West Burrafirth and Papa Stour. The cost of project will be roughly £9 million, with £6 million of which funded by the UK Government's Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition. This trial is due to last 4 weeks from March 2025, in hope of it taking full time service. References ^ "Home". Shetland Islands Council. Retrieved 23 May 2011. ^ "Shetland Islands Council - Ferries - A Brief History". 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ "Ferry Status". ^ a b "route map". Shetland Islands Council. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ "Foula Ferry Booking Information | BK Marine". www.bkmarine.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ "official document reviewing status of ferries in scotland, p. 18" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ Sawkins, James. "Docking Schedule". Shetland Islands Council. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ "A Guide to Using Our Ferries". Shetland Island Council Ferries. Retrieved 11 August 2012. ^ "Work on new Fair Isle ferry project underway to meet tight deadlines". Shetland News. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ "Electric boat to be trialled between West Burrafirth and Papa Stour after government funding award". Shetland News. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023. External links SIC Ferries Official Site vteCurrent ferry operators of ScotlandInternational Kintyre Express P&O Ferries Stena Line Domestic Caledonian MacBrayne Clydelink Corran Ferry Cromarty Ferry Company Isle of Skye Ferry Company Jura Ferry NorthLink Ferries Orkney Ferries Pentland Ferries SIC Ferries Steamship Sir Walter Scott Trust Western Ferries
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shetland Islands Council Ferries (often named SIC Ferries) is a company operating inter-island ferry services in Shetland, a subarctic archipelago off the northeast coast of Scotland.[1] The company operates services across 10 of the Shetland islands.[2]","title":"SIC Ferries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bressay_Ferry_at_Lerwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_100945.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutcher"},{"link_name":"Yell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yell,_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Unst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unst"},{"link_name":"Hamars Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamars_Ness"},{"link_name":"Fetlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetlar"},{"link_name":"Bressay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressay"},{"link_name":"Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerwick"},{"link_name":"Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland,_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Fair Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Isle"},{"link_name":"Grutness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutness"},{"link_name":"Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerwick"},{"link_name":"Foula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foula"},{"link_name":"Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls,_Shetland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Out Skerries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Skerries"},{"link_name":"Symbister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbister"},{"link_name":"Whalsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalsay"},{"link_name":"Vidlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidlin"},{"link_name":"Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerwick"},{"link_name":"Papa Stour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Stour"},{"link_name":"West Burrafirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrafirth"},{"link_name":"Symbister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbister"},{"link_name":"Whalsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalsay"},{"link_name":"Laxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxo"},{"link_name":"Ulsta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsta"},{"link_name":"Toft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toft,_Shetland"}],"text":"The Bressay Ferry, MV Leirna, at Lerwick.Services of the SIC Ferries are:[3]Bluemull service linking the North Isles at Gutcher, Yell; Belmont, Unst; and Hamars Ness, Fetlar. This is done in a triangular service, where one ferry mostly operates between Belmont and Gutcher, with a few trips to Fetlar, and other is based in Fetlar and makes a few daytime trips between Gutcher and Belmont.\nBressay service to the Isle of Bressay from Lerwick on the Mainland.\nFair Isle service to Fair Isle from Grutness or Lerwick on the Mainland.\nFoula service to the Isle of Foula from Walls on the Mainland. This service is operated by BK Marine, a Shetland-based workboat hire company.[4][5]\nOut Skerries service to the Isle of Out Skerries from Symbister (on Whalsay), Vidlin or Lerwick both on the Mainland.\nPapa Stour service to the Isle of Papa Stour from West Burrafirth on the Mainland.\nWhalsay service to Symbister on the Isle of Whalsay from Laxo on the Mainland.\nYell service to Ulsta on the North Isle of Yell from Toft on the Mainland.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The SIC Ferries fleet of 12 ferries consists of:[4][6]","title":"Current Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following vessels used to be part of the SIC ferries fleet, information left blank is unknown:","title":"Previous Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proposed Future Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"levelling up' fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling-up_policy_of_the_British_government"},{"link_name":"Fair Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Isle"},{"link_name":"Grutness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutness"},{"link_name":"Fair Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Isle"},{"link_name":"MV Snolda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Snolda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Fair Isle","text":"In January 2023, £26.7 million was awarded by the UK Government, as part of the 'levelling up' fund, to the Shetland Islands Council for the purchase of a new ro-ro ferry for Fair Isle and new terminals at both the Grutness and Fair Isle ports, including linkspans. The new ferry is expected to be similar to the MV Snolda, with 25m length and capacity for about 4 cars and a crane. The work is due to be completed by April 2026.[9]","title":"Proposed Future Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Burrafirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrafirth"},{"link_name":"Papa Stour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Stour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Papa Stour","text":"There is also a project involving Coastal Workboats and BK Marine to trial a fully electric ro-ro ferry between West Burrafirth and Papa Stour. The cost of project will be roughly £9 million, with £6 million of which funded by the UK Government's Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition. This trial is due to last 4 weeks from March 2025, in hope of it taking full time service.[10]","title":"Proposed Future Fleet"}]
[{"image_text":"The Bressay Ferry, MV Leirna, at Lerwick.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Bressay_Ferry_at_Lerwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_100945.jpg/220px-The_Bressay_Ferry_at_Lerwick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_100945.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Home\". Shetland Islands Council. Retrieved 23 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shetland.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shetland Islands Council - Ferries - A Brief History\". 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070528190411/http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/history.asp","url_text":"\"Shetland Islands Council - Ferries - A Brief History\""},{"url":"http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferry Status\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferryinfo/service_status.asp","url_text":"\"Ferry Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"route map\". Shetland Islands Council. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926212842/http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/mapofservices.asp","url_text":"\"route map\""},{"url":"https://www.shetland.gov.uk/homepage/16/route-map","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foula Ferry Booking Information | BK Marine\". www.bkmarine.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bkmarine.co.uk/foula-ferry","url_text":"\"Foula Ferry Booking Information | BK Marine\""}]},{"reference":"\"official document reviewing status of ferries in scotland, p. 18\" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gov.scot/resource/doc/935/0105733.pdf","url_text":"\"official document reviewing status of ferries in scotland, p. 18\""}]},{"reference":"Sawkins, James. \"Docking Schedule\". Shetland Islands Council. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/docking-schedule/1","url_text":"\"Docking Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Guide to Using Our Ferries\". Shetland Island Council Ferries. Retrieved 11 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/GuideandFAQ.asp#General","url_text":"\"A Guide to Using Our Ferries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work on new Fair Isle ferry project underway to meet tight deadlines\". Shetland News. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2023/02/12/work-on-new-fair-isle-ferry-project-underway-to-meet-tight-deadlines/","url_text":"\"Work on new Fair Isle ferry project underway to meet tight deadlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electric boat to be trialled between West Burrafirth and Papa Stour after government funding award\". Shetland News. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2023/02/17/electric-boat-to-be-trialled-on-papa-stour-ferry-route-after-government-funding-award/","url_text":"\"Electric boat to be trialled between West Burrafirth and Papa Stour after government funding award\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kristensen
Niels Kristensen
["1 References","2 External links"]
Danish footballer (born 1988) For the Danish rower, see Niels Kristensen (rower). For other people named Nils Christensen, see Nils Christensen (disambiguation). Niels KristensenPersonal informationFull name Niels Bach KristensenDate of birth (1988-04-24) 24 April 1988 (age 36)Place of birth DenmarkPosition(s) MidfielderYouth career Viby IF AGFSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2009 AGF 9 (0)International career2005 Denmark U-17 2 (0)2006 Denmark U-18 3 (1)2006–2007 Denmark U-19 6 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Niels Bach Kristensen (born 24 April 1988) is a retired Danish professional football midfielder, who used to play for Danish Superliga side AGF Aarhus. He was forced to retire due to a knee injury in January 2010. References ^ "Ung AGF'er indstiller karrieren" . AGF Århus (in Danish). 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. External links Niels Kristensen national team profile at the Danish Football Association (in Danish) Niels Kristensen official Danish Superliga statistics at danskfodbold.com (in Danish) This biographical article related to association football in Denmark, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niels Kristensen (rower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kristensen_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Nils Christensen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Christensen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Danish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"AGF Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Gymnastik_Forening"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Danish rower, see Niels Kristensen (rower).For other people named Nils Christensen, see Nils Christensen (disambiguation).Niels Bach Kristensen (born 24 April 1988) is a retired Danish professional football midfielder, who used to play for Danish Superliga side AGF Aarhus. He was forced to retire due to a knee injury in January 2010.[1]","title":"Niels Kristensen"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ung AGF'er indstiller karrieren\" [Young AGFer ceases career]. AGF Århus (in Danish). 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012722/http://www.agf.co.dk/News.asp?id=7350","url_text":"\"Ung AGF'er indstiller karrieren\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGF_%C3%85rhus","url_text":"AGF Århus"},{"url":"http://www.agf.co.dk/News.asp?id=7350","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012722/http://www.agf.co.dk/News.asp?id=7350","external_links_name":"\"Ung AGF'er indstiller karrieren\""},{"Link":"http://www.agf.co.dk/News.asp?id=7350","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/PlayerInfo/5131/","external_links_name":"Niels Kristensen"},{"Link":"https://www.danskfodbold.com/spiller.php?ligaid=2001&spillerid=11100","external_links_name":"Niels Kristensen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Kristensen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Industry_of_Azerbaijan
Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan
["1 Background","2 Enterprises","3 Cooperation","3.1 Research Production Enterprise Iglim","4 Air Force","5 Navy","6 Current production","7 Potential future projects","8 Modernization","9 References","10 External links"]
Ministry of Defence of AzerbaijanAzərbaycan Respublikasının Müdafiə Sənayesi NazirliyiAgency overviewFormedDecember 16, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-12-16)JurisdictionGovernment of AzerbaijanHeadquarters40, Metbuat Ave. Baku, AZ 1141, Azerbaijan RepublicMinister responsibleVugar MustafayevWebsitewww.mdi.gov.az The Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Müdafiə Sənayesi Nazirliyi) is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of design, manufacturing, regulation and maintenance of products in the fields of defense, radio electronics, instrument engineering. The Ministry was established on December 16, 2005, by presidential decree. The new Ministry, incorporated the State Departments for Military Industry and the Armaments and the Military Science Center, both of which were formerly separate agencies within the Military of Azerbaijan. Yavar Jamalov was the first head of this ministry between March 2006 – 23 June 2018. Lieutenant general Madat Guliyev was appointed as the Minister of Defence Industry by decree of the Azerbaijani President dated 20 June 2019. Background Azerbaijan has a desire to become a major arms exporter to the South Caucasus, Central Asia and Middle East. It was announced in January 2008 that the defence industry of Azerbaijan would begin to manufacture armoured personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, as well as small calibre artillery guns. Whether this has actually taken place is unclear. The new ministry is cooperating with the defence sectors of Ukraine, Belarus and Pakistan. In 2008 several more military factories were created in Azerbaijan. According to Sumarinly, the MDI has been in talks with various Israeli defense firms and two Turkish companies about the production of an armored vehicle based on the Russian T-55 tank’s chassis. MDI will also provide 30 South-African-designed Matador and Marauder armored vehicles to the army. Matador and Marauder mine-protected vehicles at the military parade in BakuAZAD Systems Co production branch of the Defense Industry Ministry presents Zarba UAVs In March 2011, the MDI presented its prototype of an Austrian-designed four-seater known as the Diamond DA-42 military passenger plane. The plane is assembled by AZAD Systems, an Azerbaijani state-owned firm. Overall, Azerbaijani military production more than doubled between 2009 and 2010, and the product line expanded by 17 percent, according to MDI. Enterprises Enterprises of the Ministry include: RPE Iglim, "Avia-Agregat" plant, RPE "Sanayejihaz" ("Prompribor"), RPE "Dalga” and "Alov"plant are the biggest suppliers for aviation and shipbuilding industries. Radiogurashdirma ("Radio engineering"), "Azon", "Peyk" and "Computer" plants are manufacturing products for communication means and radio-electronic industry. RPE Neftgazavtomat, "Telemekhanika" and Baku "Jihazgayirma" (Instrument Engineering) plants are involved in manufacture of devices and automation systems for monitoring technological processes in oil/gas production, refinery and chemical industries. RPE Automatic Lines is manufacturing non-standard equipment and products for application in electrotechnical &machine engineering industries. Avia-Agregat manufactures multi-purpose aviation equipment, various airdrome conditioners, universal container of board conductor, air-to-air radiators, fuel-oil, air-to-air heat exchangers, ventilators. AZAD Systems Co presented Zarba UAVs in 2016. Cooperation The Ministry's enterprises cooperate with partners in many foreign countries in the following areas: Aviation Oil industry Instrument Engineering Navigation Recently, the Turkish firms of ASELSAN and MKEK has signed a deal with Azerbaijan. ASELSAN has been awarded to co-produce monocular night vision sights and thermal scopes (sniper rifles etc.) with Azerbaijan. Makina Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKE) has been awarded a contract worth $1.150.000 to produce weapons, ammunition, chemicals and other materials. Besides the contract, MKEK will also take part in the assistance of modernization of the Azeri defense industries. Azerbaijani-made prototypes of Orbiter 2M Unmanned aerial vehicle are expected to undergo testing for up to two years. Full-scale production won't begin before 2013, under the existing timetable. Production of drones has started at Azad Systems, a joint venture between Azerbaijan's Defence Industry Ministry and Israeli manufacturer Aeronautics. Research Production Enterprise Iglim Multi-purpose Airfield Conditioners: АК-04-9А; АК-1,6-9А Attendant's Container KBU 8-10 Air-to-Air Radiators: VVR 01.7604.5100.00; VVR 5.12.7604.0020.00; VVR 2.11.7604.0400.00; Fuel-Oil Radiators: 5451Т; 5580Т; 5783 Т-1 Fuel-Oil Heat Exchangers: 6212 Т; 6212Т-01; 6107 Т Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger 6246 Т Supercharger 5620 Dehydrator 2394T Fans: 5617 Т; 4523 Air Drier 6011 Moisture separators: 2227; 6368; 5676А; 2788; 6377; 6917; 6678 On September 27, 2016, the 2nd Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition “ADEX-2016” was held at Baku Expo Centre. The “Memorandum of Understanding” was signed between the Minister of Defence Industry Yavar Jamalov and the Minister of Defence Zakir Hasanov during the event. According to the agreement between the parties, the Armed Forces will be supplied with new unmanned aerial vehicles, which were produced at the Ministry's enterprises. The aerial vehicle included reconnaissance and observation drones and a new model of “Zarba". The ministry of Defence Industry also cooperates with the following countries in the field of production and modernization of military equipment. Israel: modernization and production of military equipment Jordan: Cooperation Pakistan: the production of aerial bombs and artillery shells of various calibres Russia: the production of automatic machines. Turkey: production and modernization of military equipment, cooperation with defence industry enterprises - Aselsan, FNSS, Selex, MKEK and Roketsan Ukraine: modernization of military equipment South Africa: modernization and production of military equipment. Germany: cooperation with the defence concern Rheinmetall (Protocol of Intent) Air Force Orbiter-2M The country also manufactures Israeli-designed spy planes. Among the licensed pilotless spy plane is the Orbiter-2M and the Aerostar. Both are manufactured at the government-owned Azad Systems Company plant near Baku. The head of the Defense Industry, Yaver Jamalov, said that by the end of 2011 a total of 60 UAVs would be produced. Navy In May 2011, President of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Rovnag Abdullayev stated that Azerbaijan will start the production of national warships after 2013. Current production Istiglal IST-14.5. In 2008, Azerbaijan revealed the Istiglal IST-14.5. An anti-material rifle, which can be taken down into 2 separate components for easy transportation. The rifle is said to be operable in adverse weather such as rain and dirt, with temperature ranges from 50 to -50 degrees Celsius. The rifle is operated in several countries. In 2011, Azerbaijan began producing AK-74M assault rifles under a license from the Russian armaments manufacturer Izhmash. The assault rifles are being produced for the Azerbaijani Armed Forces under the name Khazri. In addition to production of Istiglal IST-14.5 and AK-74M, Azerbaijan has also been producing the following weapon systems: IST – 12.7 mm calibre sniper rifle UP-7.62 general-purpose machine gun. Inam, Zafar, and Zafar-K pistols (jointly with the Turkish TİSAŞ company) Qaya-1 and Qaya-2 RPG-7V2 hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers 60 mm mortar 82 mm mortar 107 mm reactive volley-fire system (gate mechanism and missiles) Matador and Marauder mine-protected armoured vehicles (jointly with the Paramount Group of South Africa) iLDIRIM mine-resistant ambush protected vehicle Small fire arms, munitions for artillery-type weaponry, mines, Qigilcim mine and bomb clearance system, helmets, ballistic protection, optical devices, collimator, thermal sighting system, multi-spectral covers, dosimeters for submariners and more. Potential future projects Murad Bayar, the undersecretary for Turkish Defense Industries, said that Turkey aimed to manufacture new tanks for the Turkish Armed Forces. "Some of these tanks could be manufactured in Azerbaijan, and some can be produced in Turkey, joint production with Azerbaijan in line with this country`s needs in the future." Bayar told. Azerbaijani-made prototypes of Orbiter 2M Unmanned aerial vehicle are expected to undergo testing for up to two years. Full-scale production won't begin before 2013, under the existing timetable. Production of drones has started at Azad Systems, a joint venture between Azerbaijan's Defence Industry Ministry and Israeli manufacturer Aeronautics. According to the Azerbaijani APA agency in November 2010, "Azerbaijan is in the negotiations with some other countries on helicopter production." - said by the Minister of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan, Yavar Jamalov. He also mentioned that recently the Ukrainian Premier Minister offered Azerbaijan joint production of 100 helicopters and it is possible. According to him, the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan is in the negotiations with some other countries as well as Ukraine. Modernization In 2011, the reconstructed instrument-making plant of the Jihaz Production Association of the Ministry of Defence Industry was opened in Baku. In 2011, production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of the Aerostar and Orbiter-2M brands was continued. In 2016, the industry started its own production of short-range missiles. Approximately 125 types of products are being developed, and projects for creating air-to-ground, air-to-air, and ground-to-ground missiles are being implemented. On February 14, 2017, there was a demonstration of the national armoured vehicle “Tufan”, which is resistant to mines. About six months was spent for the development of this armoured vehicle. On June 23, 2017, the opening ceremony of a plant for the production of various types of MSGL grenade rounds and 40 types grenade launchers of the Sharg Production Association of the Ministry was held in Shirvan. The main goal of this plant is to organize the production of four types of grenade rounds: fragmentation, cumulative fragmentation, lighting and smoke for 40x46 mm revolving grenade launchers capable of meeting the standards of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The improvement of the Gürzə armoured vehicle continues by attaching new combat modules to it. References ^ "Azerbaijani Defense Industry Minister Yavar Jamalov dies. news.az". Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-10-12. ^ "New minister of defense industry appointed in Azerbaijan". Trend.Az. 2019-06-20. Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2019-06-27. ^ BBC Monitoring Service, APA News Agency,, AZERBAIJAN TO START MANUFACTURING ARMS, MILITARY HARDWARE IN 2008 Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, 26 January 2008 ^ Richard Giragosian, Azerbaijan: Baku Signals New Determination For Defense Reform Archived 2007-05-08 at the Wayback Machine, RFE/RL, February 01, 2007 ^ "Azerbaijan: Baku Aims to Become Regional Arms Dealer". Archived from the original on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2011-03-29. ^ Aircraft Repair Plant of Azerbaijan to be reconstructed Archived 2012-02-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ ""AZAD Systems Co" production branch of the Defense Industry Ministry presents "Zarba" UAVs President Ilham Aliyev attended the event VIDEO". azertag.az. 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "ASELSAN, Azerbaycan ve Körfez ülkeleri ile ortaklaşa gece görüş sistemleri üretecek. MKE ise Azerbaycan'la silah üretiminde işbirliğine gidecek". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-05-12. ^ a b Abbasov, Shahin. "Azerbaijan: Baku Aims to Become Regional Arms Dealer". Eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011. ^ a b Smith, Mike (17 March 2011). "Orbiter 2 to be built in Azerbaijan". Suas news. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011. ^ a b "Israel Markets UAVs To Moslems". Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011. ^ "Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the Ministry of Defence Industry and the Ministry of Defence". www.mdi.gov.az. 2016-09-27. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ Известия, Газета Азербайджанские. "Газета Азербайджанские Известия - Успешное балансирование - Известия Азербайджан - Новости". www.azerizv.az. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ AZE (2018-09-13). "Баку могут заинтересовать новинки оборонпрома Турции на SAHA EXPO-2018". AZE.az. Archived from the original on 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Оборонка набирает мощь". www.anl.az. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Official website of German magazine". www.mdi.gov.az. 2018-07-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Azerbaijan's Spying Carpets". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-05-07. ^ "Azad Systems starts UAV production". "Flightglobal". April 8, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011. ^ "Azərbaycan ilin sonuna qədər 60 ədəd pilotsuz təyyarə istehsal edəcək". "ANS Press". May 11, 2011. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011. ^ "До конца года Азербайджан произведет 60 беспилотников". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ "Azerbaijan to produce warships". Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ "Azerbaijan to produce ships". Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ a b "Azerbaijan's "Istiglal" rifle becomes interesting for the world". 2009-04-29. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2009-07-03. ^ a b "AZERBAIJAN'S "ISTIGLAL" RIFLE BECOMES INTERESTING FOR THE WORLD". 2009-04-30. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-07-03. ^ "Azerbaijan begins AK-74M production". United Press International. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ "Azerbaijan starts production of Kalashnikovs". News.az. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ Вадим Зайцев, Юрий Лямин. Силы специальных операций Азербайджана // журнал "Экспорт вооружений", № 4, 2021. ^ "The Emanzipation of Azerbaijan's Defence Industry". Retrieved 2011-10-18. ^ "Azerbaijan May Join Turkey's New Tank Manufacturing Project, Bureaucrat". Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2011-01-13. ^ Azerbaijan and Ukraine plan to produce helicopter Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Azərbaycan helikopter istehsalı ilə bağlı danışıqlar aparır" Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine, Azadliq Radiosu, November 3, 2010 ^ President. "Официальный сайт президента Азербайджанской Республики - НОВОСТИ » Мероприятия Ильхам Алиев принял участие в открытии Бакинского приборостроительного завода Министерства оборонной промышленности". ru.president.az. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Азербайджан приступает к производству беспилотников". ИА REGNUM (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Азербайджан замахнулся на баллистические ракеты". Рамблер/новости (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Presentation of National Armored Vehicle "Tufan" of the Ministry of Defence Industry has been Performed". www.mdi.gov.az. 2017-02-14. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Opening of plant for production of rounds for revolver type grenade launcher of Production Union "Sharg" was held". www.mdi.gov.az. 2017-06-23. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "Азербайджан усовершенствует "Гюрзу" - компания Евраком". компания Евраком (in Russian). 2014-04-14. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-10-30. External links Official site of Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan Republic vte Ministries and state agencies of the Republic of AzerbaijanState ministries Agriculture Culture Defense Defence Industry Ecology and Natural Resources Economy Education Emergency Situations Energy Finance Foreign Affairs Healthcare Internal Affairs Justice Labor and Social Protection of the Population Digital Development and Transportation Youth and Sports State committees Committee for City Building and Architecture Committee for Family, Woman and Children Affairs Committee for Refugees and IDPs Committee for Work with Religious Organizations Committee on Work with Diaspora Customs Committee Statistics Committee State agencies Azerbaijan International Development Agency (AIDA) Advertising Agency on Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources Automobile Roads Compulsory Health Insurance Food Safety Agency Housing Construction Mine Action News Tourism Agency State services Border Service State Security Service State Service for Mobilization and Conscription Migration Service Commissions Central Election Combating Corruption Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Persons Departments National Archive Department Funds Social Protection Fund State Oil Fund vteAzerbaijani Armed ForcesAssets of the Ministry of Defence General Staff Special Forces of Azerbaijan Military Band Service Ministry of Defence Industry Land Forces 1st Army Corps HQ: Barda 2nd Army Corps HQ: Beylagan 3rd Army Corps HQ: Shamkir 4th Army Corps HQ: Baku Nakhchivan Garrison HQ: Nakhchivan 6th Army Corps 777th Special Forces Regiment Peacekeeping forces List of equipment Air Force Air Defence Troops Bases Nasosnaya Kyurdamir Dollyar Baku Kala Sitalchay List of modern equipment Navy 641st Special Warfare Naval Unit Marine Infantry Coast Guard Underwater Offence Paramilitary agencies Internal Troops National Guard State Border Service State Security Service Foreign Intelligence Service YARASA Education National Defense University War College Higher Military Academy Jamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum Heydar Aliyev Military Lyceum Higher Naval Academy Wars and conflicts World War I Battle of Baku (1918) Russian Civil War Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Sovietisation (1920) Invasion of Armenia (1920) World War II First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1991–1994) Four-Day War (2016) Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020) Related articles History Awards National Heroes Heroes of the Patriotic War vteAzerbaijan articlesHistoryEarly Stone Age Bronze and Iron age Kura–Araxes culture Nakhchivan culture Khojaly–Gadabay culture Shulaveri–Shomu culture Mughan culture Jar-Burial Culture Leyla-Tepe culture Achaemenid Empire Caucasian Albania Parthian Empire Arran (Caucasus) Sasanian Empire Shirvan Middle Ages Sajid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Shaddadids Shirvanshahs Eldiguzids Ilkhanate Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavid Iran Afsharid Iran Khanates of the Caucasus Zand dynasty Qajar Iran Russo-Persian War (1804–13) Treaty of Gulistan Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Treaty of Turkmenchay Modern Armenian–Tatar massacres March Days Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Soviet Azerbaijan First Nagorno-Karabakh War Black January Independent Azerbaijan Second Nagorno-Karabakh War By topic History of the name Azerbaijan The Land of Fire Geography Bodies of water Caspian Sea Climate Climate change Earthquakes Environment issues Extreme points Fauna Flora Geology Caves Mountains Lakes National parks Orography Protected areas State reserves Wildlife Subdivisions Administrative divisions Borders Cities World Heritage Sites PoliticsGovernment Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Children's rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties Politics President Prime Minister Migration Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Energy Manat (currency) Metallurgy Mineral industry Natural resources Petroleum industry Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Animation Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine (wine) Dances Dress Folklore Holidays National identity Language Literature Media Music Mythology Novruz (New Year) Public holidays Religion Rug Sport Tea culture Theatre Wedding Demographics Education Ethnic minorities Gender equality Health Healthcare Languages LGBT rights People list Women Symbols Flag National anthem National emblem OutlineIndexBibliography Category Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"governmental agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmental_agency"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"State Departments for Military Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Departments_for_Military_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armaments and the Military Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armaments_and_the_Military_Science_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Military of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Yavar Jamalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavar_Jamalov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"Madat Guliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madat_Guliyev"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Müdafiə Sənayesi Nazirliyi) is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of design, manufacturing, regulation and maintenance of products in the fields of defense, radio electronics, instrument engineering.The Ministry was established on December 16, 2005, by presidential decree. The new Ministry, incorporated the State Departments for Military Industry and the Armaments and the Military Science Center, both of which were formerly separate agencies within the Military of Azerbaijan. Yavar Jamalov was the first head of this ministry between March 2006 – 23 June 2018.[1] Lieutenant general Madat Guliyev was appointed as the Minister of Defence Industry by decree of the Azerbaijani President dated 20 June 2019.[2]","title":"Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"armoured personnel carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"T-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-55"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Azerbaijan_2011_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_parade_in_Baku_on_an_Army_Day7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AZAD_Systems_Co_production_branch_of_the_Defense_Industry_Ministry_presents_Zarba_UAVs_13.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Azerbaijan has a desire to become a major arms exporter to the South Caucasus, Central Asia and Middle East. It was announced in January 2008 that the defence industry of Azerbaijan would begin to manufacture armoured personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, as well as small calibre artillery guns.[3] Whether this has actually taken place is unclear. The new ministry is cooperating with the defence sectors of Ukraine, Belarus and Pakistan.[4] In 2008 several more military factories were created in Azerbaijan.According to Sumarinly, the MDI has been in talks with various Israeli defense firms and two Turkish companies about the production of an armored vehicle based on the Russian T-55 tank’s chassis. MDI will also provide 30 South-African-designed Matador and Marauder armored vehicles to the army.Matador and Marauder mine-protected vehicles at the military parade in BakuAZAD Systems Co production branch of the Defense Industry Ministry presents Zarba UAVsIn March 2011, the MDI presented its prototype of an Austrian-designed four-seater known as the Diamond DA-42 military passenger plane. The plane is assembled by AZAD Systems, an Azerbaijani state-owned firm.[5]Overall, Azerbaijani military production more than doubled between 2009 and 2010, and the product line expanded by 17 percent, according to MDI.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RPE Iglim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RPE_Iglim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radiogurashdirma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiogurashdirma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RPE Neftgazavtomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RPE_Neftgazavtomat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RPE Automatic Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RPE_Automatic_Lines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avia-Agregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avia-Agregat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AZAD Systems Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AZAD_Systems_Co&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Enterprises of the Ministry include:[6]RPE Iglim, \"Avia-Agregat\" plant, RPE \"Sanayejihaz\" (\"Prompribor\"), RPE \"Dalga” and \"Alov\"plant are the biggest suppliers for aviation and shipbuilding industries.\nRadiogurashdirma (\"Radio engineering\"), \"Azon\", \"Peyk\" and \"Computer\" plants are manufacturing products for communication means and radio-electronic industry.\nRPE Neftgazavtomat, \"Telemekhanika\" and Baku \"Jihazgayirma\" (Instrument Engineering) plants are involved in manufacture of devices and automation systems for monitoring technological processes in oil/gas production, refinery and chemical industries.\nRPE Automatic Lines is manufacturing non-standard equipment and products for application in electrotechnical &machine engineering industries.\nAvia-Agregat manufactures multi-purpose aviation equipment, various airdrome conditioners, universal container of board conductor, air-to-air radiators, fuel-oil, air-to-air heat exchangers, ventilators.\nAZAD Systems Co presented Zarba UAVs in 2016.[7]","title":"Enterprises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Orbiter 2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbiter_2M&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbasov-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel_Markets_UAVs_To_Moslems-11"}],"text":"The Ministry's enterprises cooperate with partners in many foreign countries in the following areas:Aviation\nOil industry\nInstrument Engineering\nNavigationRecently, the Turkish firms of ASELSAN and MKEK has signed a deal with Azerbaijan. ASELSAN has been awarded to co-produce monocular night vision sights and thermal scopes (sniper rifles etc.) with Azerbaijan.Makina Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKE) has been awarded a contract worth $1.150.000 to produce weapons, ammunition, chemicals and other materials. Besides the contract, MKEK will also take part in the assistance of modernization of the Azeri defense industries.[8]Azerbaijani-made prototypes of Orbiter 2M Unmanned aerial vehicle are expected to undergo testing for up to two years. Full-scale production won't begin before 2013, under the existing timetable.[9] Production of drones has started at Azad Systems, a joint venture between Azerbaijan's Defence Industry Ministry and Israeli manufacturer Aeronautics.[10][11]","title":"Cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zakir Hasanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hasanov"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Research Production Enterprise Iglim","text":"Multi-purpose Airfield Conditioners: АК-04-9А; АК-1,6-9А\nAttendant's Container KBU 8-10\nAir-to-Air Radiators: VVR 01.7604.5100.00;\nVVR 5.12.7604.0020.00; VVR 2.11.7604.0400.00;\nFuel-Oil Radiators: 5451Т; 5580Т; 5783 Т-1\nFuel-Oil Heat Exchangers: 6212 Т; 6212Т-01; 6107 Т\nAir-to-Air Heat Exchanger 6246 Т\nSupercharger 5620\nDehydrator 2394T\nFans: 5617 Т; 4523\nAir Drier 6011\nMoisture separators: 2227; 6368; 5676А; 2788; 6377; 6917; 6678On September 27, 2016, the 2nd Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition “ADEX-2016” was held at Baku Expo Centre. The “Memorandum of Understanding” was signed between the Minister of Defence Industry Yavar Jamalov and the Minister of Defence Zakir Hasanov during the event. According to the agreement between the parties, the Armed Forces will be supplied with new unmanned aerial vehicles, which were produced at the Ministry's enterprises. The aerial vehicle included reconnaissance and observation drones and a new model of “Zarba\".[12]The ministry of Defence Industry also cooperates with the following countries in the field of production and modernization of military equipment.Israel: modernization and production of military equipment[13]\nJordan: Cooperation\nPakistan: the production of aerial bombs and artillery shells of various calibres\nRussia: the production of automatic machines.\nTurkey: production and modernization of military equipment, cooperation with defence industry enterprises - Aselsan, FNSS, Selex, MKEK and Roketsan[14][15]\nUkraine: modernization of military equipment\nSouth Africa: modernization and production of military equipment.\nGermany: cooperation with the defence concern Rheinmetall (Protocol of Intent)[16]","title":"Cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bespilotna_letelica_Orbiter_VS.JPG"},{"link_name":"Orbiter-2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics_Defense_Orbiter"},{"link_name":"Aerostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Orbiter-2MThe country also manufactures Israeli-designed spy planes. Among the licensed pilotless spy plane is the Orbiter-2M and the Aerostar. Both are manufactured at the government-owned Azad Systems Company plant near Baku.[17][18] The head of the Defense Industry, Yaver Jamalov, said that by the end of 2011 a total of 60 UAVs would be produced.[19][20]","title":"Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Oil_Company_of_Azerbaijan_Republic"},{"link_name":"Rovnag Abdullayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovnag_Abdullayev"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In May 2011, President of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Rovnag Abdullayev stated that Azerbaijan will start the production of national warships after 2013.[21][22]","title":"Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istiglal_IST-14.5_sniper_rifle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Istiglal IST-14.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiglal_Anti-Material_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Istiglal IST-14.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiglal_Anti-Material_Rifle"},{"link_name":"anti-material rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-material_rifle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APA-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_Report-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APA-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_Report-24"},{"link_name":"AK-74M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74M"},{"link_name":"Izhmash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhmash"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"UP-7.62 general-purpose machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PK_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"TİSAŞ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B0SA%C5%9E"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_(mine_protected_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marauder_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Group"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Istiglal IST-14.5.In 2008, Azerbaijan revealed the Istiglal IST-14.5. An anti-material rifle, which can be taken down into 2 separate components for easy transportation.[23][24] The rifle is said to be operable in adverse weather such as rain and dirt, with temperature ranges from 50 to -50 degrees Celsius.[23][24] The rifle is operated in several countries. \nIn 2011, Azerbaijan began producing AK-74M assault rifles under a license from the Russian armaments manufacturer Izhmash.[25] The assault rifles are being produced for the Azerbaijani Armed Forces under the name Khazri.[26]\nIn addition to production of Istiglal IST-14.5 and AK-74M, Azerbaijan has also been producing the following weapon systems:IST – 12.7 mm calibre sniper rifle\nUP-7.62 general-purpose machine gun.[27]\nInam, Zafar, and Zafar-K pistols (jointly with the Turkish TİSAŞ company)\nQaya-1 and Qaya-2 RPG-7V2 hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers\n60 mm mortar\n82 mm mortar\n107 mm reactive volley-fire system (gate mechanism and missiles)\nMatador and Marauder mine-protected armoured vehicles (jointly with the Paramount Group of South Africa)\niLDIRIM mine-resistant ambush protected vehicle\nSmall fire arms, munitions for artillery-type weaponry, mines, Qigilcim mine and bomb clearance system, helmets, ballistic protection, optical devices, collimator, thermal sighting system, multi-spectral covers, dosimeters for submariners and more.[28]","title":"Current production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azmitup1-29"},{"link_name":"Unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbasov-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel_Markets_UAVs_To_Moslems-11"},{"link_name":"Yavar Jamalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavar_Jamalov"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Murad Bayar, the undersecretary for Turkish Defense Industries, said that Turkey aimed to manufacture new tanks for the Turkish Armed Forces. \"Some of these tanks could be manufactured in Azerbaijan, and some can be produced in Turkey, joint production with Azerbaijan in line with this country`s needs in the future.\" Bayar told.[29]Azerbaijani-made prototypes of Orbiter 2M Unmanned aerial vehicle are expected to undergo testing for up to two years. Full-scale production won't begin before 2013, under the existing timetable.[9] Production of drones has started at Azad Systems, a joint venture between Azerbaijan's Defence Industry Ministry and Israeli manufacturer Aeronautics.[10][11]According to the Azerbaijani APA agency in November 2010, \"Azerbaijan is in the negotiations with some other countries on helicopter production.\" - said by the Minister of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan, Yavar Jamalov. He also mentioned that recently the Ukrainian Premier Minister offered Azerbaijan joint production of 100 helicopters[30] and it is possible. According to him, the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan is in the negotiations with some other countries as well as Ukraine.[31]","title":"Potential future projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In 2011, the reconstructed instrument-making plant of the Jihaz Production Association of the Ministry of Defence Industry was opened in Baku.[32]In 2011, production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of the Aerostar and Orbiter-2M brands was continued.[33]In 2016, the industry started its own production of short-range missiles. Approximately 125 types of products are being developed, and projects for creating air-to-ground, air-to-air, and ground-to-ground missiles are being implemented.[34]On February 14, 2017, there was a demonstration of the national armoured vehicle “Tufan”, which is resistant to mines. About six months was spent for the development of this armoured vehicle.[35]On June 23, 2017, the opening ceremony of a plant for the production of various types of MSGL grenade rounds and 40 types grenade launchers of the Sharg Production Association of the Ministry was held in Shirvan. The main goal of this plant is to organize the production of four types of grenade rounds: fragmentation, cumulative fragmentation, lighting and smoke for 40x46 mm revolving grenade launchers capable of meeting the standards of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[36]The improvement of the Gürzə armoured vehicle continues by attaching new combat modules to it.[37]","title":"Modernization"}]
[{"image_text":"Orbiter-2M","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bespilotna_letelica_Orbiter_VS.JPG/300px-Bespilotna_letelica_Orbiter_VS.JPG"},{"image_text":"Istiglal IST-14.5.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Istiglal_IST-14.5_sniper_rifle.jpg/300px-Istiglal_IST-14.5_sniper_rifle.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Azerbaijani_Land_Forces.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijani_Land_Forces.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijani_Air_Forces.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijani_Air_Forces.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Naval_Ensign_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Petirat_Mosheh
Midrash Petirat Moshe
["1 Editions and translations","2 Manuscripts and date","3 Synopsis","4 Recensions","5 References"]
Rabbinic literatureTalmud Readers by Adolf Behrman Talmudic literature Tannaitic Mishnah Tosefta Amoraic (Gemara) Jerusalem Talmud Babylonian Talmud Later Minor Tractates Halakhic Midrash Exodus Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai Leviticus Sifra (Torat Kohanim) Numbers and Deuteronomy Sifre Sifrei Zutta on Numbers (Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim) Aggadic Midrash Tannaitic Seder Olam Rabbah Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle 400–600 CE Genesis Rabbah Lamentations Rabbah Pesikta de-Rav Kahana Esther Rabbah Midrash Iyyob Leviticus Rabbah Seder Olam Zutta Tanhuma Megillat Antiochus 650–900 CE Avot de-Rabbi Natan Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer Tanna Devei Eliyahu Alphabet of Sirach Ecclesiastes Rabbah Shir HaShirim Rabbah Deuteronomy Rabbah Devarim Zutta Pesikta Rabbati Midrash Shmuel Midrash Proverbs Ruth Rabbah Baraita of Samuel Targum Sheni 900–1000 CE Ruth Zuta Eichah Zuta Midrash Tehillim Midrash Hashkem Exodus Rabbah Shir ha-Shirim Zutta Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon 1000–1200 CE Midrash Tadshe Sefer haYashar Later Yalkut Shimoni Yalkut haMachiri Midrash Jonah Ein Yaakov Midrash HaGadol Numbers Rabbah Smaller midrashim Targum Torah Targum Onkelos Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Fragment Targum Targum Neofiti Nevi'im Targum Jonathan Ketuvim Targum Tehillim Targum Mishlei Targum Iyyov Targum to the Five Megillot Targum Sheni to Esther Targum to Chronicles vte Midrash Petirat Moshe (Hebrew: מדרש פטירת משה), also known as The Midrash of the Death of Moses, is one of the smaller midrashim. This midrash describes in great detail the last acts of Moses and his death, at which the angels and God were present. There are several recensions of it, dating to between 7th and 11th centuries. The first, published at Constantinople in 1516 begins with a brief exegesis by R. Samuel Naḥmani and R. Tanhuma of the first verse of the pericope "V'Zot HaBerachah" (Deuteronomy 33:1-34:12), closing with its last verses, and doubtless intended for Simhat Torah. Editions and translations In 1693, the Midrash was translated into yiddish by Aaron ben Samuel, leading to its popularization with women. A Hebrew edition of the Petirat Moshe was published by Adolph Jellinek in 1938. An English translation was then published in 1995 by Rella Kushelevsky. Manuscripts and date The various recensions of the Petirat Moshe date to between 7th, in the earliest forms, and as late as the 11th-12th centuries in the expanded versions. Manuscripts of the text appear from the 13th century onwards. Synopsis The real content of the midrash is an aggadic treatment of Deuteronomy 31:14 et seq., supplemented by an exegesis of Deuteronomy 3:23 et seq., and is filled with somewhat tedious dialogues between God and Moses, who is represented as unwilling to die. All his tears and entreaties were in vain, however; for God commanded all the princes of heaven to close the gates of prayer. In the last days of his life, until the 7th of Adar, Moses interpreted the Torah to Israel, and on the day of his death, according to Rabbi Helbo, he wrote thirteen Torahs, of which twelve were for the twelve tribes, and the best was for the Ark of the Covenant; some say that the angel Gabriel descended, and took the Torah from the hands of Moses, bearing it through each heaven to show the piety of its scribe, and that the souls of the holy read from this Torah on Mondays and Thursdays and on festivals. This is followed by a long section beginning with R. Josiah's account of the honors which Moses rendered Joshua, and the service which he did him in the last days of his life. Especially noteworthy here is the poetic prayer of Joshua beginning עורו רנו שמי השמים העליונים. After this the close of Moses' life is depicted, a bat kol (heavenly voice) giving warning with increasing insistence of the hours, even of the seconds, that remained for him. This enumeration of the hours and the conventional formula יצתה בת קול are important for the determination of the dependence of the additions in Deuteronomy Rabbah 11 and the second recension on the original version. Early in the midrash the angels Gabriel and Zangaziel, "the scribe of all the sons of heaven," are mentioned; but in the last hours of the life of Moses it is Samael, the head of the Satans, whose activity is most conspicuous as he watches for the passing of the soul, while Michael weeps and laments. At last Samael receives the command to bring the soul of Moses, but flees in terror before his glance. Again he appears with a drawn sword before Moses, but he has to yield before the "shem ha-meforash," carved on the staff of the leader of Israel. The last moment approaches, however, and God Himself appears to receive Moses' soul. The three good angels accompany Him to prepare a resting-place for Moses, whose soul at length is taken in the kiss of death. Recensions Large portions of this midrash are contained in Deuteronomy Rabbah where they must be regarded as later additions. The entire passage represented by Deuteronomy Rabbah 11:9-10 is found also, combined in the same manner, in Yalkut Shimoni where the Midrash Petirat Mosheh is given as the source. Sifre 305 contains an exquisite little aggadah on Moses and the angel of death. A long citation from the beginning of the midrash is also contained in a homily in Tanhuma on the same theme, the death of Moses. A second recension is based on Proberbs 31:39, and is considered by Adolf Jellinek, but probably incorrectly, to be the older. It was edited by him and has an entirely different beginning from that which is found in the other recension. As it is based upon a defective manuscript, the manner in which this introduction was connected with the original midrash can not be determined; but what follows the missing portion does not differ essentially from that found in the first recension, although it is somewhat shorter and is changed in arrangement. Moses' lament that he may never taste the fruits of the land receives a long explanatory addition to the effect that he grieved not for the products of the earth, but because he would be unable to fulfill the divine commands pertaining to the Land of Israel. A third recension or revision of the midrash was published by Gilbert Gaulmyn (Paris, 1692), together with a Latin language translation and the first recension. In the Assumptio Mosis the manuscript ends abruptly before the account of the assumption from which that work receives its name. According to Emil Schürer, this concluding portion must have related to the dispute of the archangel Michael with Satan, mentioned in Jude 9. References ^ a b (Strack & Stemberger 1991) ^ Venice, 1544, and elsewhere; also in Adolf Jellinek, B. H. i. 115–129 ^ a b "AARON BEN SAMUEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-06-13. ^ Jellinek, Adolph (1938). Bet ha-midrash ... midrashim ketanim yeshanim u-maʻamarim shonim (in Hebrew). הוצאת במברגר את וואהרמן. ^ Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 195–249. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6. ^ Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 17–18, 30 n. 2. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6. ^ Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 289–291. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6. ^ Deuteronomy 31:24-30; comp. Pesikta Rabbati p. 197a; Deuteronomy Rabbah, Vayelech, end; Midrash Tehillim on Psalms 90 ^ ed. Wilna, 11: 4, 7, 8, 9 (?), and 10 ^ Yalkut Shimoni, Deuteronomy, 940 (on Deuteronomy 31:14 ^ Compare Pesikta Rabbati p. 199b; Deuteronomy Rabbah 11:5 ^ Tanhuma, Vaetchanan, 6 (on Deuteronomy 3:26) ^ In B. H. vi. 71-78 ^ Compare Deuteronomy Rabbah 11:3  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Midrash Petirat Moshe". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.. The JE cites the following works: Zunz, G. V. p. 146; Adolf Jellinek, B. H. i., p. xxi.; vi., pp. xxi. et seq.; Emil Schürer, Gesch. 3d ed., iii. 219 et seq. Strack, H.L.; Stemberger, G. (1991), Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Edinburgh: T&T Clark, ISBN 978-0-8006-2524-5.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"smaller midrashim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaller_midrashim"},{"link_name":"midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel Naḥmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Na%E1%B8%A5mani"},{"link_name":"R. Tanhuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Tanhuma"},{"link_name":"V'Zot HaBerachah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%27Zot_HaBerachah"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut."},{"link_name":"Simhat Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhat_Torah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Midrash Petirat Moshe (Hebrew: מדרש פטירת משה), also known as The Midrash of the Death of Moses, is one of the smaller midrashim. This midrash describes in great detail the last acts of Moses and his death, at which the angels and God were present. There are several recensions of it, dating to between 7th and 11th centuries.[1] The first, published at Constantinople in 1516[2] begins with a brief exegesis by R. Samuel Naḥmani and R. Tanhuma of the first verse of the pericope \"V'Zot HaBerachah\" (Deuteronomy 33:1-34:12), closing with its last verses, and doubtless intended for Simhat Torah.[3]","title":"Midrash Petirat Moshe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Aaron ben Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_ben_Samuel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1693, the Midrash was translated into yiddish by Aaron ben Samuel, leading to its popularization with women.[3]A Hebrew edition of the Petirat Moshe was published by Adolph Jellinek in 1938.[4] An English translation was then published in 1995 by Rella Kushelevsky.[5]","title":"Editions and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The various recensions of the Petirat Moshe date to between 7th, in the earliest forms, and as late as the 11th-12th centuries in the expanded versions.[1][6] Manuscripts of the text appear from the 13th century onwards.[7]","title":"Manuscripts and date"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut."},{"link_name":"Adar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adar"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Helbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helbo"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"angel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"R. Josiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Josiah"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"bat kol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_%E1%B8%B3%C5%8Dl"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Zangaziel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zangaziel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samael"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"}],"text":"The real content of the midrash is an aggadic treatment of Deuteronomy 31:14 et seq., supplemented by an exegesis of Deuteronomy 3:23 et seq., and is filled with somewhat tedious dialogues between God and Moses, who is represented as unwilling to die. All his tears and entreaties were in vain, however; for God commanded all the princes of heaven to close the gates of prayer. In the last days of his life, until the 7th of Adar, Moses interpreted the Torah to Israel, and on the day of his death, according to Rabbi Helbo, he wrote thirteen Torahs, of which twelve were for the twelve tribes, and the best was for the Ark of the Covenant;[8] some say that the angel Gabriel descended, and took the Torah from the hands of Moses, bearing it through each heaven to show the piety of its scribe, and that the souls of the holy read from this Torah on Mondays and Thursdays and on festivals. This is followed by a long section beginning with R. Josiah's account of the honors which Moses rendered Joshua, and the service which he did him in the last days of his life. Especially noteworthy here is the poetic prayer of Joshua beginning עורו רנו שמי השמים העליונים.After this the close of Moses' life is depicted, a bat kol (heavenly voice) giving warning with increasing insistence of the hours, even of the seconds, that remained for him. This enumeration of the hours and the conventional formula יצתה בת קול are important for the determination of the dependence of the additions in Deuteronomy Rabbah 11 and the second recension on the original version. Early in the midrash the angels Gabriel and Zangaziel, \"the scribe of all the sons of heaven,\" are mentioned; but in the last hours of the life of Moses it is Samael, the head of the Satans, whose activity is most conspicuous as he watches for the passing of the soul, while Michael weeps and laments. At last Samael receives the command to bring the soul of Moses, but flees in terror before his glance. Again he appears with a drawn sword before Moses, but he has to yield before the \"shem ha-meforash,\" carved on the staff of the leader of Israel. The last moment approaches, however, and God Himself appears to receive Moses' soul. The three good angels accompany Him to prepare a resting-place for Moses, whose soul at length is taken in the kiss of death.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deuteronomy Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yalkut Shimoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sifre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifre"},{"link_name":"aggadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tanhuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhuma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Proberbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov."},{"link_name":"Adolf Jellinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Jellinek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Gaulmyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Gaulmyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latin language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Emil Schürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude"}],"text":"Large portions of this midrash are contained in Deuteronomy Rabbah[9] where they must be regarded as later additions. The entire passage represented by Deuteronomy Rabbah 11:9-10 is found also, combined in the same manner, in Yalkut Shimoni[10] where the Midrash Petirat Mosheh is given as the source. Sifre 305 contains an exquisite little aggadah on Moses and the angel of death.[11] A long citation from the beginning of the midrash is also contained in a homily in Tanhuma[12] on the same theme, the death of Moses.A second recension is based on Proberbs 31:39, and is considered by Adolf Jellinek, but probably incorrectly, to be the older. It was edited by him[13] and has an entirely different beginning from that which is found in the other recension.[14] As it is based upon a defective manuscript, the manner in which this introduction was connected with the original midrash can not be determined; but what follows the missing portion does not differ essentially from that found in the first recension, although it is somewhat shorter and is changed in arrangement. Moses' lament that he may never taste the fruits of the land receives a long explanatory addition to the effect that he grieved not for the products of the earth, but because he would be unable to fulfill the divine commands pertaining to the Land of Israel.A third recension or revision of the midrash was published by Gilbert Gaulmyn (Paris, 1692), together with a Latin language translation and the first recension. In the Assumptio Mosis the manuscript ends abruptly before the account of the assumption from which that work receives its name. According to Emil Schürer, this concluding portion must have related to the dispute of the archangel Michael with Satan, mentioned in Jude 9.","title":"Recensions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"AARON BEN SAMUEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com\". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/87-aaron-ben-samuel","url_text":"\"AARON BEN SAMUEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Jellinek, Adolph (1938). Bet ha-midrash ... midrashim ketanim yeshanim u-maʻamarim shonim (in Hebrew). הוצאת במברגר את וואהרמן.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31365176_0001","url_text":"Bet ha-midrash ... midrashim ketanim yeshanim u-maʻamarim shonim"}]},{"reference":"Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 195–249. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/104771940/Kushelevsky_Moses_and_the_Angel_of_Death_PDF?uc-sb-sw=29457749","url_text":"Moses and the angel of death"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2147-6","url_text":"978-0-8204-2147-6"}]},{"reference":"Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 17–18, 30 n. 2. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/104771940/Kushelevsky_Moses_and_the_Angel_of_Death_PDF?uc-sb-sw=29457749","url_text":"Moses and the angel of death"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2147-6","url_text":"978-0-8204-2147-6"}]},{"reference":"Ḳushelevsḳi, Relah (1995). Moses and the angel of death. Studies on themes and motifs in literature. New York Bern Berlin Frankfurt/M. Paris Wien: Lang. pp. 289–291. ISBN 978-0-8204-2147-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/104771940/Kushelevsky_Moses_and_the_Angel_of_Death_PDF?uc-sb-sw=29457749","url_text":"Moses and the angel of death"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2147-6","url_text":"978-0-8204-2147-6"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). \"Midrash Petirat Moshe\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=593&letter=M&search=smaller%20midrash","url_text":"\"Midrash Petirat Moshe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Strack, H.L.; Stemberger, G. (1991), Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Edinburgh: T&T Clark, ISBN 978-0-8006-2524-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh","url_text":"Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2524-5","url_text":"978-0-8006-2524-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuter
Eleuter
["1 See also"]
Eleuter may refer to: Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz Siemiginowski (1660–1711), aka Siemiginowski-Eleuter (c. 1660 – c. 1711), a Polish painter and engraver Pseudonym of Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (1894–1980), a Polish writer See also Eleutherius (disambiguation) Eleuterio Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz Siemiginowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Siemiginowski-Eleuter"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Iwaszkiewicz"}],"text":"Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz Siemiginowski (1660–1711), aka Siemiginowski-Eleuter (c. 1660 – c. 1711), a Polish painter and engraver\nPseudonym of Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (1894–1980), a Polish writer","title":"Eleuter"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Eleuter&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1989 Sudanese coup d'état
["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Coup","1.3 Aftermath","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 15°30′2″N 32°33′36″E / 15.50056°N 32.56000°E / 15.50056; 32.56000Military overthrow of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi 1989 Sudanese coup d'étatPart of the Second Sudanese Civil WarDate30 June 1989LocationKhartoum, Sudan15°30′2″N 32°33′36″E / 15.50056°N 32.56000°E / 15.50056; 32.56000Result Coup attempt succeeds. Overthrow of democratically elected government. Establishment of Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation.Belligerents Republic of the Sudan Democratic Unionist Party Umma Party  Sudanese Armed ForcesNational Islamic FrontSupported by: LibyaCommanders and leaders Ahmed al-MirghaniPresident of Sudan Sadiq al-MahdiPrime Minister of Sudan Col. Omar al-BashirCoup LeaderHassan al-TurabiNIF LeaderUnits involved 10,000-15,000 ~100 officersStrength Unknown Unknownclass=notpageimage| Location within Sudan. A coup d'état was carried out by the Sudanese Armed Forces on 30 June 1989 against the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani. The coup was led by military officer Omar al-Bashir who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was overthrown in 2019. History Background Main article: Second Sudanese Civil War In 1983, a civil war broke out between Sudan's central government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army, and it was fought at great cost to the country's civilian population. In 1989 the number of civilian casualties that resulted from famine alone was estimated to be as high as 250,000. By February 1989, a group of Sudanese Army officers presented an ultimatum to the incumbent Prime Minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi, in which they asked him to either end the war or give the military the means to end it, with Mahdi choosing the former. Mahdi's inability to put an end to the conflict in the months that followed, along with a crippled Sudanese economy, led to growing tension between him and the army officials. His decision on 18 June to arrest a group of 14 military officials and 50 civilians, all of whom were accused of being engaged in a plan to overthrow the government and restore former President Gaafar Nimeiry to power, may have further motivated the coup, though Nimeiry himself denied having any involvement in the plot. Coup Omar al-Bashir in 1989 On 30 June 1989, military officers under the command of then Brigadier Omar Hassan al-Bashir, with instigation and support from the National Islamic Front (NIF), replaced the Sadiq al-Mahdi government with the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), claiming to be saving the country from the "rotten political parties." That same day, Al-Bashir was declared head of state, Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The new military junta would consist of 15 military officers (reduced to 12 in 1991) and it was assisted by a civilian cabinet. Aftermath The coup put an end to the newly facilitated democratic system of government in Sudan, which was established in 1985, and replaced it with a totalitarian regime led by Omar al-Bashir, which was responsible for a series of war crimes and human rights violations. The support which the new Sudanese government received from the NIF, which would eventually lead it to receive support from Iran, enabled it to make large-scale arms purchases from China and the former Soviet republics, which it used to step up the still on-going civil war in the south in an effort to end it with a military victory. Under the heavy influence of the NIF, the government also banned political parties, trade unions, and other "nonreligious institutions", imposed tight controls on the press as well as strict dress and behavior codes on women. More than 78,000 people were purged from the army, police and civil administration, resulting in a thorough reshaping of the state apparatus. Al-Bashir has been held responsible for the Darfur Genocide by the International Criminal Court, which has sought his extradition since 2008 on charges of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Al-Bashir's regime was removed from power in another military coup on 11 April 2019. See also Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation National Islamic Front References ^ M. W. Daly, Darfur's Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster, p. 258, 2007 ^ a b c d e "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 1–22. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. ^ "Profile: Sudan's President Bashir". BBC News. 25 November 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ Associated Press (3 November 2008). "Former Sudan president dies in Egypt". Associated Press. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ "Sudan's dictator, Omar al-Bashir, is forced out of power". The Economist. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ Adam, Ahmed H (14 August 2018). "What next for Sudan after Bashir's nomination for a third term?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "Refworld | Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - Sudan". ^ Human Rights Watch (August 1998). "Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan. ||. The Civil War". World Report 1998: Sudan. 10 (4 (A)). ^ "Sudan - Conflict in Darfur". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ Patel-Carstairs, Sunita (12 April 2019). "Sudan's 'tyrant' president Omar al Bashir toppled in military coup". Sky News. Retrieved 14 April 2019. vteSudan articlesHistory Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup 2023 Civil war Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights (LGBT rights) Islamism (September Laws) Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Refugees Religion Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Decorations Photography Sport Outline Category vteCoups d'état in Sudan 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt vteCoups d'état in Africa since 19601960s Republic of the Congo (1960)c Ethiopia (1960) Rwanda (1961) French Algeria (1961) Somalia (1961) Senegal (1962) Algeria (1962)c Dahomey (1963)c Togo (1963)c Gabon (1964)c Algeria (1965)c Dahomey (1965) Burundi (1965) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) Central African Republic (1965–66)c Burundi (July 1966)c Burundi (November 1966)c Ghana (1966)c Upper Volta (1966)c Nigeria (January 1966)c Nigeria (July 1966)c Republic of the Congo (1966) Dahomey (1967) Ghana (1967) Togo (1967)c Algeria (1967) Sierra Leone (1968)c Mali (1968)c Republic of the Congo (1968)c Dahomey (1969) Sudan (1969)c Libya (September 1969)c Somalia (1969)c Libya (December 1969) 1970s Lesotho (1970)‡c Uganda (1971)c Morocco (1971) Sudan (1971)c Dahomey (1972)c Ghana (1972)c Morocco (1972) Republic of the Congo (1972) Rwanda (1973)c Upper Volta (1974)‡ Uganda (1974) Niger (1974)c Ethiopia (1974)c Comoros (1975)c Sudan (1975) Libya (1975) Nigeria (1975)c Chad (1975)c Comoros (1976)c Burundi (1976)c Nigeria (1976) Sudan (1976) Benin (1977) Seychelles (1977)c Sudan (1977) Uganda (June 1977) Angola (1977) Somalia (1978) Comoros (1978)c Ghana (1978)‡c Mauritania (1978)c Mauritania (1979)c Ghana (1979)c Equatorial Guinea (1979)c Central African Republic (1979)c 1980s Mauritania (1980)c Liberia (1980)c Guinea-Bissau (1980)c Upper Volta (1980)c Mauritania (1981) Gambia (1981) Central African Republic (1981)c Ghana (1981)c Seychelles (1981) Central African Republic (1982) Kenya (1982) Upper Volta (1982)c Upper Volta (February 1983) Upper Volta (August 1983)c Nigeria (1983)c Mauritania (1984)c Cameroon (1984) Guinea (1984)c Uganda (1985)c Nigeria (1985)c Sudan (1985)c Guinea (1985) Liberia (1985) Lesotho (1986)c Togo (1986) Burkina Faso (1987)c Burundi (1987)c Republic of the Congo (1987) Tunisia (1987)c Transkei (1987)c Benin (1988) São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) Burkina Faso (1989) Ethiopia (1989) Chad (1989) Sudan (1989)c 1990s Sudan (1990) Nigeria (1990) Zambia (1990) Chad (1990)c Ciskei (1990)c Venda (1990)c Mali (1991)c Lesotho (1991)c Sudan (1992) Sierra Leone (1992)c Algeria (1992)c Sierra Leone (December 1992) Burundi (1993) Libya (1993) Nigeria (1993)c Bophuthatswana (1994)c Gambia (1994)c Lesotho (1994)‡c Liberia (1994) Comoros (1995) São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) Sierra Leone (1996)c Guinea (1996) Burundi (1996)c Niger (1996)c Sierra Leone (August 1996) Zambia (1997) Sierra Leone (1997)c Guinea-Bissau (1998) Republic of the Congo (1998) Niger (1999)c Côte d'Ivoire (1999)c 2000s Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Central African Republic (2003)c Mauritania (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003)c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Burkina Faso (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Equatorial Guinea (2004) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) Togo (2005)c Mauritania (2005)c Chad (2006) Madagascar (2006) Guinea (2008)c Mauritania (2008)c Sudan (2008) Madagascar (2009)c 2010s Madagascar (2010) Niger (2010)c Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Mali (March 2012)c Guinea-Bissau (2012)c Mali (April 2012) Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Chad (2013) Egypt (2013)c Libya (October 2013) Central African Republic (2013)c Libya (2014) Lesotho (2014) The Gambia (2014) Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017)c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019)c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Mali (2020)c Central African Republic (2021) Niger (2021) Mali (2021)c Tunisia (2021)‡c Guinea (2021)c Sudan (September 2021) Sudan (October 2021)c Burkina Faso (January 2022)c Guinea-Bissau (2022) Burkina Faso (September 2022)c São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023)c Gabon (2023)c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) c: successful coup ‡ self-coup no sign for attempted coup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sadiq al-Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed al-Mirghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Mirghani"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"overthrown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"}],"text":"Military overthrow of Prime Minister Sadiq al-MahdiA coup d'état was carried out by the Sudanese Armed Forces on 30 June 1989 against the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani. The coup was led by military officer Omar al-Bashir who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was overthrown in 2019.","title":"1989 Sudanese coup d'état"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"Sadiq al-Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"Gaafar Nimeiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"In 1983, a civil war broke out between Sudan's central government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army, and it was fought at great cost to the country's civilian population. In 1989 the number of civilian casualties that resulted from famine alone was estimated to be as high as 250,000.[2] By February 1989, a group of Sudanese Army officers presented an ultimatum to the incumbent Prime Minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi, in which they asked him to either end the war or give the military the means to end it, with Mahdi choosing the former.[2]Mahdi's inability to put an end to the conflict in the months that followed, along with a crippled Sudanese economy, led to growing tension between him and the army officials.[2] His decision on 18 June to arrest a group of 14 military officials and 50 civilians, all of whom were accused of being engaged in a plan to overthrow the government and restore former President Gaafar Nimeiry to power, may have further motivated the coup, though Nimeiry himself denied having any involvement in the plot.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_al-Bashir_1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Islamic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"military junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta"}],"sub_title":"Coup","text":"Omar al-Bashir in 1989On 30 June 1989, military officers under the command of then Brigadier Omar Hassan al-Bashir, with instigation and support from the National Islamic Front (NIF),[3] replaced the Sadiq al-Mahdi government with the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), claiming to be saving the country from the \"rotten political parties.\"[4] That same day, Al-Bashir was declared head of state, Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Commander in Chief of the armed forces.[2] The new military junta would consist of 15 military officers (reduced to 12 in 1991) and it was assisted by a civilian cabinet.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"totalitarian regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_regime"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes"},{"link_name":"human rights violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"former Soviet republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"purged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Darfur Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"another military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"The coup put an end to the newly facilitated democratic system of government in Sudan, which was established in 1985,[5] and replaced it with a totalitarian regime led by Omar al-Bashir, which was responsible for a series of war crimes and human rights violations.[6][7][8] The support which the new Sudanese government received from the NIF, which would eventually lead it to receive support from Iran, enabled it to make large-scale arms purchases from China and the former Soviet republics, which it used to step up the still on-going civil war in the south in an effort to end it with a military victory. Under the heavy influence of the NIF, the government also banned political parties, trade unions, and other \"nonreligious institutions\", imposed tight controls on the press as well as strict dress and behavior codes on women. More than 78,000 people were purged from the army, police and civil administration, resulting in a thorough reshaping of the state apparatus.[9]Al-Bashir has been held responsible for the Darfur Genocide by the International Criminal Court, which has sought his extradition since 2008 on charges of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.[10]Al-Bashir's regime was removed from power in another military coup on 11 April 2019.[11]","title":"History"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime\". The New York Times. 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html","url_text":"\"Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). \"The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics\". Armed Forces & Society: 1–22. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X231155667","url_text":"10.1177/0095327X231155667"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Sudan's President Bashir\". BBC News. 25 November 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3273569.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Sudan's President Bashir\""}]},{"reference":"Associated Press (3 November 2008). \"Former Sudan president dies in Egypt\". Associated Press. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2008Nov03/0,4675,AFSudanAlMirghani,00.html","url_text":"\"Former Sudan president dies in Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan's dictator, Omar al-Bashir, is forced out of power\". The Economist. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/04/13/sudans-dictator-omar-al-bashir-is-forced-out-o","url_text":"\"Sudan's dictator, Omar al-Bashir, is forced out of power\""}]},{"reference":"Adam, Ahmed H (14 August 2018). \"What next for Sudan after Bashir's nomination for a third term?\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/sudan-bashir-nomination-term-180813110957240.html","url_text":"\"What next for Sudan after Bashir's nomination for a third term?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Refworld | Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - Sudan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca7c14.html","url_text":"\"Refworld | Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - Sudan\""}]},{"reference":"Human Rights Watch (August 1998). \"Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan. ||. The Civil War\". World Report 1998: Sudan. 10 (4 (A)).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-03.htm#P310_36140","url_text":"\"Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan. ||. The Civil War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan - Conflict in Darfur\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan","url_text":"\"Sudan - Conflict in Darfur\""}]},{"reference":"Patel-Carstairs, Sunita (12 April 2019). \"Sudan's 'tyrant' president Omar al Bashir toppled in military coup\". Sky News. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/sudans-president-omar-al-bashir-steps-down-after-uprising-11690316","url_text":"\"Sudan's 'tyrant' president Omar al Bashir toppled in military coup\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche
Battle of Batoche
["1 Early advances and the crippling of the Northcote","2 Battle","2.1 Mission Ridge (9 May)","2.2 Probing attacks (10 May to 11 May)","2.3 Storming of Batoche (12 May)","3 Aftermath","3.1 Casualties","3.2 Bell of Batoche","4 Legacy","5 Maps","6 Footnotes","7 References"]
1885 decisive battle of the North-West Rebellion Battle of BatochePart of the North-West RebellionContemporary lithograph of the Battle of BatocheDateMay 9–12, 1885LocationBatoche, SaskatchewanResult Canadian victory Collapse of the Provisional Government of SaskatchewanBelligerents Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis)  CanadaCommanders and leaders Gabriel DumontLouis Riel Frederick MiddletonBowen van StraubenzeeStrength 250 (Métis) 916 regulars and militiaCasualties and losses Per Middleton 51 dead 173 wounded Per Vegreville 16 dead20–30 wounded 8 dead46 wounded The Battle of Batoche was the decisive battle of the North-West Rebellion, which pitted the Canadian authorities against a force of First Nations and Métis people. Fought from May 9 to 12, 1885, at the ad hoc Provisional Government of Saskatchewan capital of Batoche, the greater numbers and superior firepower of General Frederick Middleton's force eventually overwhelmed the Métis fighters. The defeat of the defenders of Batoche and its capture led to the surrender of Louis Riel on May 15 and the collapse of the Provisional Government. Other groups were pursued and eventually gave up the struggle as well. Poundmaker surrendered on May 26. Cree fighters and families under Big Bear held out the longest. They fought off Canadian troops pursuing them in the Battle of Frenchman's Butte and Battle of Loon Lake. They gradually dwindled in number, disappearing into the bush along the way. Big Bear eventually turned himself into the North-West Mounted Police at Fort Carlton in early July. Early advances and the crippling of the Northcote The damaged steamboat Northcote after the battle. Damaged on its way to Batoche, its crippling delayed the advance of government troops. vteNorth-West Rebellion Duck Lake Battleford (Looting) Battleford (Siege) Frog Lake Fort Pitt Fish Creek Cut Knife Batoche Frenchman's Butte Loon Lake Conscious of the numerous reverses that had been suffered by government forces in previous clashes with the rebels (see the battles of Duck Lake, Fish Creek, and Cut Knife), Middleton approached Batoche with caution, reaching Gabriel's Crossing on 7 May and advancing within eight miles (13 km) of the town the following day. Middleton's plan rested on an encirclement strategy: as his main contingent advanced directly against Métis defensive lines, the steamboat Northcote, carrying some of Middleton's troops, would steam past the distracted defenders and unload fifty men at the rear of the town, effectively closing the pincer. However, due to the difficulty of the terrain and Middleton's penchant for prudence, his force lagged behind schedule, and when the Northcote appeared adjacent to the town on 9 May it was spotted by Métis who had not yet come under artillery fire. Their small arms fire did little damage to the armoured ship, but they lowered Batoche's ferry cable, into which the Northcote steamed unsuspectingly, slicing off its masts and smokestacks. Crippled, the ship drifted harmlessly down the South Saskatchewan River and out of the battle. Battle Mission Ridge (9 May) Ignorant of the Northcote's fate, Middleton approached the church at Mission Ridge on the morning of 9 May in order to bring his plan into effect. Some Métis in two houses south of the church began firing at Boulton's Scouts (irregular Canadian cavalry), but artillery was brought up to shell the houses, one of which caught fire. The Métis sharpshooters fled toward the settlement. The troops advanced toward the church. As they approached the church and nearby rectory, they saw some people near those buildings whom they took to be the enemy. Second Lieutenant Arthur L. Howard, a Gatling gun expert on leave from the Connecticut National Guard, fired his Gatling gun at the rectory. Then a white flag was unfurled, Howard's firing stopped, and several priests, nuns, women and children came across the lines. Finding the mission occupied only by civilians, Middleton brought his artillery out onto the ridge and began shelling the town. A house in Batoche in flames during the opening stages of the battle The soldiers began advancing past the church, and got about half a kilometre before they came under heavy fire from both sides of the trail. The militia immediately took cover. Their enemies, hidden in well-constructed rifle pits, were invisible. One trooper later wrote: " down some distance apart from each other, firing at nothing, making guess shots and hearing the rebel bullets zip all round you, and the everlasting clack as the bullets struck the trees." The now-dismounted irregular militia cavalry, Boulton's and French's Scouts, were deployed on the right. The 10th Royal Grenadiers, militia infantry from Toronto, were in the centre, with the 90th Winnipeg Rifles militia, and Howard and his Gatling on the left, to protect the artillery. The infantry of the Midland Battalion, militia from eastern Ontario, were kept in reserve near the church, which was now being used as a Canadian field hospital. A very dangerous situation developed when a group of Métis rushed the artillery. Only Howard's directing a heavy stream of Gatling fire at the attackers prevented a disaster. From these few minutes the frustrated soldiers got the only clear view of the Métis fighters that they were to have until the final moments of the battle, three days later. After the attack was repulsed, the artillery was pulled back a couple of hundred meters, and the infantry and dismounted Scouts followed suit. The Métis then redeployed their men to try to outflank the militia, and heavy fighting ensued. After noon, the artillery was ordered forward again, and it began fruitlessly bombarding the invisible Métis rifle pits. The gunners were under heavy fire, in a very unsafe position. The Midlanders, who had been brought forward from the church, wanted to charge their unseen enemies, but were ordered not to by Middleton. Throughout, the Gatling gun was used to good effect, providing covering fire for the withdrawal of cannon that had come under sniper fire, and dispersing another attempt by Gabriel Dumont to capture the guns. Towards the end of the first day of the battle, Gen. Frederick Middleton ordered Canadian soldiers to retire into makeshift fortifications. Canadian advances saw less success but were carefully conducted, keeping casualties to a minimum. A Métis attempt to surround the Canadian lines failed when the brushfires meant to screen the sortie failed to spread. At the end of the day, both sides held their positions at Mission Ridge. But Middleton, shaken by the fierce resistance, ordered the Canadian soldiers to retire to a zareba, a hastily improvised fortification about a mile from the Métis entrenchments, where the troops retired to sleep behind their network of improvised barricades. Probing attacks (10 May to 11 May) On 10 May, Middleton established heavily defended gunpits and conducted a devastating, day-long shelling of the town. Attempted advances, however, were turned back by Métis fire, and no ground was gained. The next day, Middleton gauged the strength of the defenders by dispatching a contingent of men north along the enemy's flank while simultaneously conducting a general advance along the front. Having redirected a portion of their strength to hold the northward flank, the Métis lacked the manpower to oppose the Canadian thrust, ceding ground with little resistance. Canadian soldiers ventured as far as the Batoche cemetery before turning back. Satisfied with his enemies' weakness, Middleton retired to sleep and contended to take the town in the morning. Storming of Batoche (12 May) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) By 12 May, Métis defences were in poor shape. Of the original defenders, three-quarters had either been wounded by artillery fire or were scattered and divided in the many clashes with the Canadians on the outskirts of the town. Those that still held their positions were fatigued and desperately short of ammunition. They resorted to hunting in the underbrush for bullets fired by government troops and firing them back and some fired nails and rocks, forks and knives, instead of bullets, out of their rifles. Battlefield map of Batoche Middleton's attack plan on this day was designed to mirror the success of the previous day's flanking feint, with one column drawing defenders away to the north and a second, under Colonel Bowen van Straubenzee, assaulting the town directly. At first, on the morning of 12 May, Middleton's plan went awry. Van Straubenzee and his men did not attack, because the wind was blowing away from them and they did not hear the sound of the north column's gunfire. Middleton, who had been with the north column, returned to the camp in a rage because van Straubenzee had not attacked. He shouted abuse at van Straubenzee and the Canadian colonels, and stalked off to lunch. The previous night, some of the senior Canadian officers, exasperated by Middleton's caution, had discussed undertaking a charge. Now van Straubenzee was more amenable to this, as well. After noon, the Midlanders and Royal Grenadiers moved forward again, to a point near the Batoche Cemetery. No one knows precisely who ordered the wild mass Canadian charge which now ensued. Firing at will, and cheering, the Midlanders and Grenadiers, aided by the Winnipeg 90th Rifles, rushed at the Métis rifle pits. Many of the Métis fighters were still out of position, having been drawn away from the cemetery and church to the north-east by Middleton's feint that morning. Ammunition on the Métis side was very low. Nevertheless, they resisted bravely, aided by sharpshooters firing from across the Saskatchewan River at the charging militiamen. However, the charge was irresistible. Middleton ordered the rest of the troops to assist by covering the flank of the charging men. Howard and his Gatling were moved up. The charging militia stormed into the village of Batoche. Then their enemies rallied. Métis and First Nations who had been drawn away to the east by Middleton's feint in the morning now appeared, and commenced a heavy fire from rifle pits in brush near the village. A senior Canadian officer, Captain French, was killed as he fired from a second story window. But the artillery and the Gatling were brought up to break this new resistance. The last defenders of Batoche surrendered. Straubenzee's soldiers charged into Batoche, driving the remaining Métis clear of the town. Middleton's plan, plus an impetuous charge by Canadian militia had seen the last defenders overrun, and resistance at Batoche ended. Aftermath Louis Riel as a prisoner at Gen. Middleton's camp. Riel surrendered to Canadian soldiers on 15 May, shortly after the Battle of Batoche. The Métis defeat at Batoche virtually ended the North-West Rebellion. Louis Riel was captured and was hanged for treason in Regina on 16 November. Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States, returning to Batoche in 1893. When he died, his body was buried there. Poundmaker and Big Bear both were sentenced to prison terms. Amnesty was granted for rank-and-file fighters. However several murders that had taken place outside the fighting were punished. The largest mass hanging in Canadian history took the lives of eight men in November 1885. Middleton's forces proceeded north to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and some portions were disbanded without delay and sent home in Eastern Canada. Casualties Middleton reported 8 deaths and 46 wounded on the Canadian side and 51 deaths and 173 wounded on the Métis side. Later, Father Vegreville's report claimed that the Métis loss was not as high as the Mission first reported to Middleton. Vegreville's report claimed that there were 16 Métis killed and between 20 and 30 wounded during the battle. Nine of the Métis killed in the battle were buried in the cemetery of Batoche. Eight were in a common grave. Bell of Batoche Main article: Bell of Batoche Following the battle, it is claimed that several Canadian soldiers from Millbrook, Ontario, seized the bell from the Batoche church and took it back to Ontario as a prize. The fate of the bell became an issue of longstanding controversy, involving several Métis organizations and the provincial governments of Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The Millbrook bell is now identified as the identical Bell of Frog Lake. Legacy BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche founded a village at this site where Métis freighters crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 families had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a changing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian Government. Here, 300 Métis and First Nations led by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men commanded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not mean the end of the community of Batoche. Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Government of Canada In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today." Batoche, where the Métis Provisional Government had been formed, has been declared a national historic site. Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont's grave site, Albert Caron's House, Batoche school, Batoche cemetery, Letendre store, Gabriel's river crossing, Gardepy's crossing, Batoche crossing, St. Antoine de Padoue Church, Métis rifle pits, and Canadian militia's battle camp. Maps Military Map Battlefield of Batoche Military Map of Mission Ridge Military Map of Batoche (Position May 9) Military Map of Batoche Rifle Pits Photo Collection (Glenbow Archives) Footnotes ^ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf ^ http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html ^ a b c d e Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10 ^ a b c Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10 ^ a b "Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les troubles de 1885 (La Liberation) P.206". Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse dominicaine. 1941. Retrieved 2013-11-13. ^ a b c d e Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, pp. 196–215, retrieved 2014-04-10 ^ a b c d Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, pp. 27–35, retrieved 2014-04-10 ^ a b c d Beal, Bob & Macleod, Rod (1994), Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, pp. 265–276 ^ a b c Morton, Desmond (1972), The Last War Drum (Canadian War Museum Historical Publications Number 5), Toronto: Hakkert, pp. 82–92 ^ a b c "The Battle of Batoche: British Small Warfare and the Entrenched Métis" (PDF). The Battle of Batoche by Hildebrandt, Walter. Parks Canada, Winnipeg. 1985. Retrieved 2013-11-13. ^ "The Battle of Batoche" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1885. Retrieved 2013-11-13. ^ "Batoche". Darren R. Préfontaine. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2013-11-13. ^ "Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed". Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13. ^ "Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake". Alexandra Paul (Winnipeg Free Press). 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-04-21. ^ Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Government of Canada (21 Nov 2004). "Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek Photo Gallery". Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20. ^ "Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion". Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20. ^ "Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture". Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20. ^ "Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada". Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-09-20. References Barkwell, Lawrence J. Veterans and Families of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2011. ISBN 978-1-926795-03-4 Barkwell, Lawrence J. Women of the 1885 Resistance. Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute, 2008. Barkwell, Lawrence J. Veterans and Families of the 1885 Resistance. Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute, 2008. Barkwell, Lawrence J. Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Métis Liberation Movement. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation, #0-9683493-3-1, . Barnholden, Michael. Gabriel Dumont Speaks. Vancouver: Talon Books, 1993. Beal, Bob and Rod Mcleod. Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1984. Bingamin, Sandra Estlin. "The Trials of the 'White Rebels', 1885." Saskatchewan History, Vol. 25, 1972: 41–54. Boulton, Charles Arkell. Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions. Toronto: Grip Printing & Publishing Co., 1886. Cameron, W. B. "The Half-Breed Rising on the South Saskatchewan, 1885." Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, Northwest Resistance Database, MSS C550/1/28.1 Part I.3. Cameron, W. B. "The Northwest Mounted Rifles." Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, Northwest Resistance Database, MSS C550/1/28.1 Part I.4. Combet, Denis. "Les Mémoires dictés par Gabriel Dumont" et le "Récit de Gabriel Dumont." Ca-heirs Franco-Canadiens de l'Ouest, Vol. 14, Nos. 1 et 2, 2002: 105–156. Kermoal, Nathalie. "Les roles et les souffrances des femmes métisses lors de la Résistance de 1870 et de la Rébellion de 1885." Prairie Forum, Vol. 19, No. 2, Fall 1993: 153-168 Lee, David. "The Metis Militant Rebels of 1885." Canadian Ethnic Studies, XXI, 3, 1989; 1–19. McLean, Don. 1885: Métis Rebellion or Government Conspiracy? Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 1985. Mulvaney, Charles Pelham, M.D. The History of the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Toronto: A. H. Hovey & Co., 1885. Payment, Diane. Structural and Settlement History of Batoche Village. Manuscript Report Number 248. Ot-tawa: Parks Canada and Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, 1977. __________ "Monsieur Batoche." Saskatchewan History, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1979: 81–103. __________ Batoche 1870–1910. St. Boniface, Manitoba: Les Éditions du Blé, 1983. __________ Batoche, Saskatchewan 1870–1930: Histoire dune communauté métisse/History of a Métis Community. Ottawa: Parks Canada Manuscript, 1984. __________ "The Métis Homeland: Batoche in 1885." NeWest Review, Vol. 10 (9), May 1985. __________ "Batoche After 1885, A Society in Transition." In F. Laurie Barron and James B. Waldram (Editors): 1885 and After: Native Society in Transition. Regina: University of Regina, Cana-dian Plains Research Center, 1986: 173–187. __________ The Free People – Otispemisiwak. Ottawa: National Historic Parks and Sites, Environment Canada, 1990. __________ "'La vie en rose'? Métis Women at Batoche, 1870 to 1920." In Christine Miller and Patricia Chuchryk (Editors): Women of the First Nations: Power, Wisdom and Strength. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1996, reprinted 1997: 19–37. __________ "The Willow Cree of One-Arrow First Nation and the Metis of Batoche 1870 to 1920: An Ambivalent Relationship." Winnipeg: Parks Canada, Cultural Resource Services, 1997. Tolton, Gordon E. Prairie Warships: River Navigation in the Northwest Rebellion. Vancouver: Heritage House, 2007. Travis, Ralph. "Prairie General." Military History, vol. 12, No. 6, Issue 125, 1984: 241–249. Wiebe, Rudy and Bob Beal (Editors). War in the West: Voices of the 1885 Rebellion. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1985. Portals: History Canada Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North-West Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Métis people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Batoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoche,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Frederick Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Dobson_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Louis Riel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Riel"},{"link_name":"Poundmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poundmaker"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree"},{"link_name":"Big Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bear"},{"link_name":"Battle of Frenchman's Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Butte"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loon Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake"},{"link_name":"North-West Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Fort Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Carlton"}],"text":"The Battle of Batoche was the decisive battle of the North-West Rebellion, which pitted the Canadian authorities against a force of First Nations and Métis people. Fought from May 9 to 12, 1885, at the ad hoc Provisional Government of Saskatchewan capital of Batoche, the greater numbers and superior firepower of General Frederick Middleton's force eventually overwhelmed the Métis fighters.The defeat of the defenders of Batoche and its capture led to the surrender of Louis Riel on May 15 and the collapse of the Provisional Government.Other groups were pursued and eventually gave up the struggle as well. Poundmaker surrendered on May 26. Cree fighters and families under Big Bear held out the longest. They fought off Canadian troops pursuing them in the Battle of Frenchman's Butte and Battle of Loon Lake. They gradually dwindled in number, disappearing into the bush along the way. Big Bear eventually turned himself into the North-West Mounted Police at Fort Carlton in early July.","title":"Battle of Batoche"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northcote_1885.jpg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"North-West Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Duck Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake"},{"link_name":"Battleford (Looting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting_of_Battleford"},{"link_name":"Battleford (Siege)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Battleford"},{"link_name":"Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Fort Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Fish Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cut Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife"},{"link_name":"Batoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Frenchman's Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Butte"},{"link_name":"Loon Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake"},{"link_name":"Duck Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake"},{"link_name":"Fish Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cut Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cut_Knife"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batoche-6"},{"link_name":"South Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batoche-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-7"}],"text":"The damaged steamboat Northcote after the battle. Damaged on its way to Batoche, its crippling delayed the advance of government troops.vteNorth-West Rebellion\nDuck Lake\nBattleford (Looting)\nBattleford (Siege)\nFrog Lake\nFort Pitt\nFish Creek\nCut Knife\nBatoche\nFrenchman's Butte\nLoon LakeConscious of the numerous reverses that had been suffered by government forces in previous clashes with the rebels (see the battles of Duck Lake, Fish Creek, and Cut Knife), Middleton approached Batoche with caution, reaching Gabriel's Crossing on 7 May and advancing within eight miles (13 km) of the town the following day.[6]\nMiddleton's plan rested on an encirclement strategy: as his main contingent advanced directly against Métis defensive lines, the steamboat Northcote, carrying some of Middleton's troops, would steam past the distracted defenders and unload fifty men at the rear of the town, effectively closing the pincer.However, due to the difficulty of the terrain and Middleton's penchant for prudence, his force lagged behind schedule, and when the Northcote appeared adjacent to the town on 9 May it was spotted by Métis who had not yet come under artillery fire. Their small arms fire did little damage to the armoured ship, but they lowered Batoche's ferry cable, into which the Northcote steamed unsuspectingly, slicing off its masts and smokestacks. Crippled, the ship drifted harmlessly down the South Saskatchewan River and out of the battle.[6][7]","title":"Early advances and the crippling of the Northcote"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulton's Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton%27s_Scouts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prairie_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur L. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_L._Howard"},{"link_name":"Gatling gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_War-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HostilitiesOpenAtBatoche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Batoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoche,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prairie_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"10th Royal Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Royal_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"90th Winnipeg Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Winnipeg_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Midland Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midland_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prairie_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hildebrandt-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Batoche_Zareba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Dobson_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Canadian soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_militia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batoche-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_War-9"}],"sub_title":"Mission Ridge (9 May)","text":"Ignorant of the Northcote's fate, Middleton approached the church at Mission Ridge on the morning of 9 May in order to bring his plan into effect. Some Métis in two houses south of the church began firing at Boulton's Scouts (irregular Canadian cavalry), but artillery was brought up to shell the houses, one of which caught fire. The Métis sharpshooters fled toward the settlement.[8] The troops advanced toward the church. As they approached the church and nearby rectory, they saw some people near those buildings whom they took to be the enemy. Second Lieutenant Arthur L. Howard, a Gatling gun expert on leave from the Connecticut National Guard, fired his Gatling gun at the rectory. Then a white flag was unfurled, Howard's firing stopped, and several priests, nuns, women and children came across the lines.[9] Finding the mission occupied only by civilians, Middleton brought his artillery out onto the ridge and began shelling the town.A house in Batoche in flames during the opening stages of the battleThe soldiers began advancing past the church, and got about half a kilometre before they came under heavy fire from both sides of the trail. The militia immediately took cover. Their enemies, hidden in well-constructed rifle pits, were invisible. One trooper later wrote:\n\"[The militia was] down some distance apart from each other, firing at nothing, making guess shots and hearing the rebel bullets zip all round you, and the everlasting clack as the bullets struck the trees.\"[8]The now-dismounted irregular militia cavalry, Boulton's and French's Scouts, were deployed on the right. The 10th Royal Grenadiers, militia infantry from Toronto, were in the centre, with the 90th Winnipeg Rifles militia, and Howard and his Gatling on the left, to protect the artillery. The infantry of the Midland Battalion, militia from eastern Ontario, were kept in reserve near the church, which was now being used as a Canadian field hospital. A very dangerous situation developed when a group of Métis rushed the artillery. Only Howard's directing a heavy stream of Gatling fire at the attackers prevented a disaster. From these few minutes the frustrated soldiers got the only clear view of the Métis fighters that they were to have until the final moments of the battle, three days later.After the attack was repulsed, the artillery was pulled back a couple of hundred meters, and the infantry and dismounted Scouts followed suit. The Métis then redeployed their men to try to outflank the militia, and heavy fighting ensued. After noon, the artillery was ordered forward again, and it began fruitlessly bombarding the invisible Métis rifle pits. The gunners were under heavy fire, in a very unsafe position. The Midlanders, who had been brought forward from the church, wanted to charge their unseen enemies, but were ordered not to by Middleton.[8]Throughout, the Gatling gun was used to good effect, providing covering fire for the withdrawal of cannon that had come under sniper fire, and dispersing another attempt by Gabriel Dumont to capture the guns.[10]Towards the end of the first day of the battle, Gen. Frederick Middleton ordered Canadian soldiers to retire into makeshift fortifications.Canadian advances saw less success but were carefully conducted, keeping casualties to a minimum. A Métis attempt to surround the Canadian lines failed when the brushfires meant to screen the sortie failed to spread. At the end of the day, both sides held their positions at Mission Ridge. But Middleton, shaken by the fierce resistance, ordered the Canadian soldiers to retire to a zareba, a hastily improvised fortification about a mile from the Métis entrenchments, where the troops retired to sleep behind their network of improvised barricades.[6][7][9]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batoche-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-7"}],"sub_title":"Probing attacks (10 May to 11 May)","text":"On 10 May, Middleton established heavily defended gunpits and conducted a devastating, day-long shelling of the town. Attempted advances, however, were turned back by Métis fire, and no ground was gained. The next day, Middleton gauged the strength of the defenders by dispatching a contingent of men north along the enemy's flank while simultaneously conducting a general advance along the front. Having redirected a portion of their strength to hold the northward flank, the Métis lacked the manpower to oppose the Canadian thrust, ceding ground with little resistance. Canadian soldiers ventured as far as the Batoche cemetery before turning back. Satisfied with his enemies' weakness, Middleton retired to sleep and contended to take the town in the morning.[6][7]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hildebrandt-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batoche_Battle_Field_1885.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bowen van Straubenzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowen_van_Straubenzee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batoche-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prairie_Fire-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last_War-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hildebrandt-10"}],"sub_title":"Storming of Batoche (12 May)","text":"By 12 May, Métis defences were in poor shape. Of the original defenders, three-quarters had either been wounded by artillery fire or were scattered and divided in the many clashes with the Canadians on the outskirts of the town. Those that still held their positions were fatigued and desperately short of ammunition. They resorted to hunting in the underbrush for bullets fired by government troops and firing them back and some fired nails and rocks, forks and knives, instead of bullets, out of their rifles.[10]Battlefield map of BatocheMiddleton's attack plan on this day was designed to mirror the success of the previous day's flanking feint, with one column drawing defenders away to the north and a second, under Colonel Bowen van Straubenzee, assaulting the town directly. At first, on the morning of 12 May, Middleton's plan went awry. Van Straubenzee and his men did not attack, because the wind was blowing away from them and they did not hear the sound of the north column's gunfire. Middleton, who had been with the north column, returned to the camp in a rage because van Straubenzee had not attacked. He shouted abuse at van Straubenzee and the Canadian colonels, and stalked off to lunch.The previous night, some of the senior Canadian officers, exasperated by Middleton's caution, had discussed undertaking a charge. Now van Straubenzee was more amenable to this, as well. After noon, the Midlanders and Royal Grenadiers moved forward again, to a point near the Batoche Cemetery. No one knows precisely who ordered the wild mass Canadian charge which now ensued. Firing at will, and cheering, the Midlanders and Grenadiers, aided by the Winnipeg 90th Rifles, rushed at the Métis rifle pits. Many of the Métis fighters were still out of position, having been drawn away from the cemetery and church to the north-east by Middleton's feint that morning. Ammunition on the Métis side was very low. Nevertheless, they resisted bravely, aided by sharpshooters firing from across the Saskatchewan River at the charging militiamen.However, the charge was irresistible. Middleton ordered the rest of the troops to assist by covering the flank of the charging men. Howard and his Gatling were moved up. The charging militia stormed into the village of Batoche. Then their enemies rallied. Métis and First Nations who had been drawn away to the east by Middleton's feint in the morning now appeared, and commenced a heavy fire from rifle pits in brush near the village. A senior Canadian officer, Captain French, was killed as he fired from a second story window. But the artillery and the Gatling were brought up to break this new resistance. The last defenders of Batoche surrendered.Straubenzee's soldiers charged into Batoche, driving the remaining Métis clear of the town.[6][7][8][9]Middleton's plan, plus an impetuous charge by Canadian militia had seen the last defenders overrun, and resistance at Batoche ended.[10]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Riel_prison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Riel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Riel"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"largest mass hanging in Canadian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_hangings_at_Battleford"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan"}],"text":"Louis Riel as a prisoner at Gen. Middleton's camp. Riel surrendered to Canadian soldiers on 15 May, shortly after the Battle of Batoche.The Métis defeat at Batoche virtually ended the North-West Rebellion.Louis Riel was captured and was hanged for treason in Regina on 16 November.Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States, returning to Batoche in 1893. When he died, his body was buried there.Poundmaker and Big Bear both were sentenced to prison terms.Amnesty was granted for rank-and-file fighters. However several murders that had taken place outside the fighting were punished. The largest mass hanging in Canadian history took the lives of eight men in November 1885.Middleton's forces proceeded north to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and some portions were disbanded without delay and sent home in Eastern Canada.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casualties-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deaths-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ualberta1941-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"Middleton reported 8 deaths and 46 wounded on the Canadian side and 51 deaths and 173 wounded on the Métis side.[3][11] Later, Father Vegreville's report claimed that the Métis loss was not as high as the Mission first reported to Middleton. Vegreville's report claimed that there were 16 Métis killed and between 20 and 30 wounded during the battle.[4] Nine of the Métis killed in the battle were buried in the cemetery of Batoche. Eight were in a common grave.[5][12][13]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millbrook, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"bell from the Batoche church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_of_Batoche"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Bell of Frog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_of_Frog_Lake"}],"sub_title":"Bell of Batoche","text":"Following the battle, it is claimed that several Canadian soldiers from Millbrook, Ontario, seized the bell from the Batoche church and took it back to Ontario as a prize.[14] The fate of the bell became an issue of longstanding controversy, involving several Métis organizations and the provincial governments of Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The Millbrook bell is now identified as the identical Bell of Frog Lake.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"BATOCHE. In 1872, Xavier Letendre dit Batoche founded a village at this site where Métis freighters crossed the South Saskatchewan River. About 50 families had claimed the river lots in the area by 1884. Widespread anxiety regarding land claims and a changing economy provoked a resistance against the Canadian Government. Here, 300 Métis and First Nations led by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont fought a force of 800 men commanded by Major-General Middleton between May 9 and 12, 1885. The resistance failed but the battle did not mean the end of the community of Batoche.\n\n\nHistoric Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Government of Canada[15]In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that \"the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today.\"[16]Batoche, where the Métis Provisional Government had been formed, has been declared a national historic site. Batoche marks the site of Gabriel Dumont's grave site, Albert Caron's House, Batoche school, Batoche cemetery, Letendre store, Gabriel's river crossing, Gardepy's crossing, Batoche crossing, St. Antoine de Padoue Church, Métis rifle pits, and Canadian militia's battle camp.[17][18]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Map Battlefield of Batoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.usask.ca/northwest/db/images/pltvii-.jpg"},{"link_name":"Military Map of Mission Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/56.html"},{"link_name":"Military Map of Batoche (Position May 9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.usask.ca/northwest/db/images/pltix-.jpg"},{"link_name":"Military Map of Batoche Rifle Pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.usask.ca/northwest/db/images/pltx-.jpg"},{"link_name":"Photo Collection (Glenbow Archives)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131113095940/http://saskhistoryonline.ca/fedora/repository/glenbow%3A32312/-/collection"}],"text":"Military Map Battlefield of Batoche\nMilitary Map of Mission RidgeMilitary Map of Batoche (Position May 9)\nMilitary Map of Batoche Rifle Pits\nPhoto Collection (Glenbow Archives)","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-4"},{"link_name":"Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and 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Small Warfare and the Entrenched Métis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//iportal.usask.ca/docs/Prairie%20Forum/Battle%20of%20Batoche%20(v10no1_1985_pg17-63).pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Battle of Batoche\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Batoche\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//esask.uregina.ca/entry/batoche.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/11980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/bell-of-batoche-really-the-bell-of-frog-lake-255123981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek Photo Gallery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sksaskat/batoche/batoche-letendre.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091021102620/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=3ceddf25-86ef-4433-86ea-cfe3cc69472d"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=3ceddf25-86ef-4433-86ea-cfe3cc69472d"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/484"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Dumont Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/sk/batoche/index.aspx"}],"text":"^ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf\n\n^ http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html\n\n^ a b c d e Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10\n\n^ a b c Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10\n\n^ a b \"Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les troubles de 1885 (La Liberation) P.206\". Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse dominicaine. 1941. Retrieved 2013-11-13.\n\n^ a b c d e Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, pp. 196–215, retrieved 2014-04-10\n\n^ a b c d Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, pp. 27–35, retrieved 2014-04-10\n\n^ a b c d Beal, Bob & Macleod, Rod (1994), Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, pp. 265–276\n\n^ a b c Morton, Desmond (1972), The Last War Drum (Canadian War Museum Historical Publications Number 5), Toronto: Hakkert, pp. 82–92\n\n^ a b c \"The Battle of Batoche: British Small Warfare and the Entrenched Métis\" (PDF). The Battle of Batoche by Hildebrandt, Walter. Parks Canada, Winnipeg. 1985. Retrieved 2013-11-13.\n\n^ \"The Battle of Batoche\" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1885. Retrieved 2013-11-13.\n\n^ \"Batoche\". Darren R. Préfontaine. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2013-11-13.\n\n^ \"Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed\". Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13.\n\n^ \"Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake\". Alexandra Paul (Winnipeg Free Press). 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-04-21.\n\n^ Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Government of Canada (21 Nov 2004). \"Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek Photo Gallery\". Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20.\n\n^ \"Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion\". Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.\n\n^ \"Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture\". Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20.\n\n^ \"Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada\". Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"The damaged steamboat Northcote after the battle. Damaged on its way to Batoche, its crippling delayed the advance of government troops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Northcote_1885.jpg/220px-Northcote_1885.jpg"},{"image_text":"A house in Batoche in flames during the opening stages of the battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/HostilitiesOpenAtBatoche.jpg/220px-HostilitiesOpenAtBatoche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Towards the end of the first day of the battle, Gen. Frederick Middleton ordered Canadian soldiers to retire into makeshift fortifications.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Battle_of_Batoche_Zareba.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Batoche_Zareba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battlefield map of Batoche","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Batoche_Battle_Field_1885.jpg/220px-Batoche_Battle_Field_1885.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis Riel as a prisoner at Gen. Middleton's camp. Riel surrendered to Canadian soldiers on 15 May, shortly after the Battle of Batoche.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis_Riel_prison.jpg/220px-Louis_Riel_prison.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament., Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, retrieved 2014-04-10","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/15.html","url_text":"Report upon the suppression of the rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament."}]},{"reference":"Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, retrieved 2014-04-10","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1508/328.html","url_text":"The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 p.327"}]},{"reference":"\"Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les troubles de 1885 (La Liberation) P.206\". Le Chevallier, Jules Jean Marie Joseph. Montreal: L'Oeuvre de presse dominicaine. 1941. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1483/206.html?qid=peelbib","url_text":"\"Batoche: les missionnaires du nord-ouest pendant les troubles de 1885 (La Liberation) P.206\""}]},{"reference":"Mulvaney, Charles Pelham (1885), The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885, Toronto: A.H. Hovey & Co, pp. 196–215, retrieved 2014-04-10","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1508/197.html","url_text":"The history of the North-West Rebellion of 1885"}]},{"reference":"Panet, Charles Eugène (1886), Report upon the suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament, Ottawa: Department of Militia and Defence, pp. 27–35, retrieved 2014-04-10","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1519/59.html","url_text":"Report upon the suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West Territories and matters in connection therewith, in 1885: Presented to Parliament"}]},{"reference":"Beal, Bob & Macleod, Rod (1994), Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, pp. 265–276","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morton, Desmond (1972), The Last War Drum (Canadian War Museum Historical Publications Number 5), Toronto: Hakkert, pp. 82–92","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Battle of Batoche: British Small Warfare and the Entrenched Métis\" (PDF). The Battle of Batoche by Hildebrandt, Walter. Parks Canada, Winnipeg. 1985. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://iportal.usask.ca/docs/Prairie%20Forum/Battle%20of%20Batoche%20(v10no1_1985_pg17-63).pdf","url_text":"\"The Battle of Batoche: British Small Warfare and the Entrenched Métis\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Battle of Batoche\" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1885. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/16/103015359.pdf","url_text":"\"The Battle of Batoche\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batoche\". Darren R. Préfontaine. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/batoche.html","url_text":"\"Batoche\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed\". Barkwell, Lawrence J. Louis Riel Institute. 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/11980","url_text":"\"Heroes of the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Summary of those Killed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake\". Alexandra Paul (Winnipeg Free Press). 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/bell-of-batoche-really-the-bell-of-frog-lake-255123981.html","url_text":"\"Bell of Batoche really the Bell of Frog Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada. Government of Canada (21 Nov 2004). \"Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek Photo Gallery\". Saskatoon Gen Web. online by Julia Adamson. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sksaskat/batoche/batoche-letendre.html","url_text":"\"Welcome To Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Region Gen Web Batoche / Fish Creek Photo Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion\". Home/About Government/News Releases/June 2008. Government of Saskatchewan. June 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021102620/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=3ceddf25-86ef-4433-86ea-cfe3cc69472d","url_text":"\"Tourism agencies to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Northwest Resistance/Rebellion\""},{"url":"http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=3ceddf25-86ef-4433-86ea-cfe3cc69472d","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture\". Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metismuseum.ca/browse/index.php/484","url_text":"\"Batoche The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_Institute","url_text":"Gabriel Dumont Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada\". Government of Canada. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/sk/batoche/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Parks Canada Batoche National Historic Site of Canada\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore_v_Swift_%26_Co
Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
["1 Background","2 Issue","3 Decision","4 Subsequent developments","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
1944 United States Supreme Court caseSkidmore v. Swift & Co.Supreme Court of the United StatesArgued October 13, 1944Decided December 4, 1944Full case nameJohn Skidmore, et al. v. Swift & CompanyCitations323 U.S. 134 (more)65 S. Ct. 161; 89 L. Ed. 124; 1944 U.S. LEXIS 1253Case historyPriorJudgment for defendant, 53 F.Supp. 1020 (N.D. Texas 1942); affirmed, 136 F.2d 112 (5th Cir. 1943)HoldingNothing in the Fair Labor Standards Act or Court holdings precludes waiting time from also being working time.Court membership Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Owen Roberts · Hugo BlackStanley F. Reed · Felix FrankfurterWilliam O. Douglas · Frank MurphyRobert H. Jackson · Wiley B. Rutledge Case opinionMajorityJackson, joined by unanimousLaws appliedFair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944), is a United States Supreme Court decision holding that an administrative agency's interpretative rules deserve deference according to their persuasiveness. The court adopted a case-by-case test, which considers the rulings, interpretations, and opinions of the administrator. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case for further proceedings. Background Seven employees of the Swift & Company packing plant in Fort Worth, Texas, brought an action under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to recover overtime, liquidated damages, and attorneys' fees, totaling approximately $77,000 (equivalent to $1.33 million in 2023). The employees were required to stay on the packing plant's premises when they were not on the clock. In the action brought by the employees to recover overtime for the periods that they spent on call, the district court ruled that the time employees spent waiting to respond to alarms did not count as hours worked. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the lower court's decision. The employees appealed to the Supreme Court. Issue What deference was due to the interpretative rules of an administrative agency? Decision The Court decided that no principle of law either in the Act or in Court decisions precludes waiting time from also being working time. Moreover, the Court did not attempt to lay down a legal formula to resolve similar cases, based on their facts. Whether waiting time falls within or without the Act is a question of fact, to be resolved by the trial courts. Congress created the office of the administrator, providing him with responsibilities and empowering him to implement them subject to the act. In pursuit of his duties, the administrator has gathered considerable experience in the problems of ascertaining working time in employment involving periods of inactivity and knowledge of how to resolve disputes over working time. The administrator has set forth views of the application of the Act under different circumstances. Such views, under Wage and Hour Division Interpretative Bulletin No. 13., provide a guide on how to settle such disputes. As the Court stated in resolving the dispute:The Administrator thinks the problems presented by inactive duty require a flexible solution... and his Bulletin endeavors to suggest standards and examples to guide in particular situations…. depends 'upon the degree to which the employee is free to engage in personal activities during periods of idleness when he is subject to call and the number of consecutive hours that the employee is subject to call without being required to perform active work.' ...the conclusion of the Administrator is that the general tests which he has suggested point to the exclusion of sleeping and eating time of these employees from the work-week and the inclusion of all other on-call time: although the employees were required to remain on the premises during the entire time, the evidence shows that they were very rarely interrupted in their normal sleeping and eating time, and these are pursuits of a purely private nature which would presumably occupy the employees' time whether they were on duty or not and which apparently could be pursued adequately and comfortably in the required circumstances; the rest of the time is different because there is nothing in the record to suggest that, even though pleasurably spent, it was spent in the ways the men would have chosen had they been free to do so. The court stated that no statutory provision stated to what deference courts should pay to the administrator's guidance. However, the court stated that "we consider that the rulings, interpretations and opinions of the Administrator under this Act, while not controlling upon the courts by reason of their authority, do constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance." The court developed a test to determine the deference to be given to an administrative agency's rules based on the following: The thoroughness of the agency's investigation The validity of its reasoning The consistency of its interpretation over time Other persuasive powers of the agency Subsequent developments Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court set forth the legal test for determining whether to grant deference to a government agency's interpretation of a statute which it administers. Chevron is the Court's clearest articulation of the doctrine of "administrative deference" to the point that the Court itself has used the phrase "Chevron deference" in more recent cases. The Court, in an opinion by Justice John Paul Stevens, upheld the EPA's interpretation. A two-part analysis was born from the Chevron decision (called the "Chevron two-step test") in which a reviewing court first determines whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter because the court and the agency must give effect to the unambiguously-expressed intent of Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, and the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction on the statute but determine whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute. Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576 (2000) is a Supreme Court case holding that a county's policy of requiring employees to schedule time off to avoid accruing time off was not prohibited by the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Court held that an opinion letter from the Department of Labor, stating that an employer had to get the employee to agree first before it required the employee to schedule time off, did not receive Chevron deference but should receive the less deferential standard of Skidmore v. Swift & Co. The majority attempted to draw a bright line between formal agency documents (such as legislative rules) and less formal ones (such as opinion letters). Therefore, the opinion letter of the Department of Labor was not binding on the court. The court went on to state nothing in the FLSA that prohibited the forced use of compensation time. Justice Thomas delivered the 6–3 decision of the court in favor of Harris County and ruled that an agency's interpretation of a statute, announced in more informal agency papers (such as an opinion letter) is entitled to Skidmore deference, not Chevron deference. The continuing vitality of Skidmore deference was questioned by Justice Scalia but is still used when agency actions do not carry the force of law. Justice Scalia, in his concurrence in Christensen v. Harris County, argued that Skidmore has no place since Chevron. However, the majority in Christensen held that an agency's interpretation of a statute, announced in more informal agency papers (such as an opinion letter), is entitled to Skidmore deference, not Chevron deference. United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218 (2001) explicitly reaffirms Skidmore and reiterates deference to agency interpretations that do not have statutory authority resulting from a rule-making process are based on "the agency's care, its consistency, formality, and relative expertness, and to the persuasiveness of the agency's position." See also Swift and Company v. United States (1909) List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 323 References ^ United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 226 (2001). ^ United States v Mead Corp., 533 US 218, 228 (2001). Further reading Phillips, Eric (1997). "On-Call Time under the Fair Labor Standards Act". Michigan Law Review. 95 (8): 2633–2655. doi:10.2307/1290127. JSTOR 1290127. External links Works related to Skidmore v. Swift & Company at Wikisource Text of Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944) is available from: Cornell  CourtListener  Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio)  vteUnited States administrative lawConcepts Adjudication Rulemaking Notice Nondelegation doctrine Federal legislation Administrative Procedure Act (1946) Freedom of Information Act (1966) Government in the Sunshine Act (1976) Regulatory Flexibility Act (1980) Regulations Code of Federal Regulations Federal Register Emergency Federal Register Regulations.gov Policies and manuals Justice Manual Foreign Affairs Manual Supreme Court decisionsDue Process CMSPR v. Minnesota (1890) Londoner v. Denver (1908) Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization (1915) Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) Richardson v. Perales (1971) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972) United States v. FECRC (1973) Mathews v. Eldridge (1976) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC (1978) Califano v. Yamasaki (1979) Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. (1982) Judicial ReviewReviewability Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner (1967) Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe (1971) Heckler v. Chaney (1985) Webster v. Doe (1988) Norton v. SUWA (2004) Corner Post v. FRB (2024) Standard NLRB v. Hearst Publications (1944) Skidmore v. Swift & Co. (1944) Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB (1951) MVMA v. State Farm (1983) BGLC v. NRDC (1983) Chevron v. NRDC (1984) Auer v. Robbins (1997) Christensen v. Harris County (2000) FDA v. BWTC (2000) United States v. Mead Corp. (2001) Kisor v. Wilkie (2019) West Virginia v. EPA (2022) Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (2024) Agency Action INS v. Chadha (1983) CFTC v. Schor (1986) Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital (1988) Gade v. NSWMA (1992) Whitman v. ATA (2001) NCTA v. Brand X (2005)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"1944 United States Supreme Court caseSkidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944), is a United States Supreme Court decision holding that an administrative agency's interpretative rules deserve deference according to their persuasiveness. The court adopted a case-by-case test, which considers the rulings, interpretations, and opinions of the administrator. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case for further proceedings.","title":"Skidmore v. Swift & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swift & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938"}],"text":"Seven employees of the Swift & Company packing plant in Fort Worth, Texas, brought an action under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to recover overtime, liquidated damages, and attorneys' fees, totaling approximately $77,000 (equivalent to $1.33 million in 2023). The employees were required to stay on the packing plant's premises when they were not on the clock. In the action brought by the employees to recover overtime for the periods that they spent on call, the district court ruled that the time employees spent waiting to respond to alarms did not count as hours worked. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the lower court's decision. The employees appealed to the Supreme Court.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interpretative rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_administrative_law"},{"link_name":"administrative agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government"}],"text":"What deference was due to the interpretative rules of an administrative agency?","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Court decided that no principle of law either in the Act or in Court decisions precludes waiting time from also being working time. Moreover, the Court did not attempt to lay down a legal formula to resolve similar cases, based on their facts. Whether waiting time falls within or without the Act is a question of fact, to be resolved by the trial courts. Congress created the office of the administrator, providing him with responsibilities and empowering him to implement them subject to the act. In pursuit of his duties, the administrator has gathered considerable experience in the problems of ascertaining working time in employment involving periods of inactivity and knowledge of how to resolve disputes over working time. The administrator has set forth views of the application of the Act under different circumstances. Such views, under Wage and Hour Division Interpretative Bulletin No. 13., provide a guide on how to settle such disputes. As the Court stated in resolving the dispute:The Administrator thinks the problems presented by inactive duty require a flexible solution... and his Bulletin endeavors to suggest standards and examples to guide in particular situations…. [In general, the calculation of working time] depends 'upon the degree to which the employee is free to engage in personal activities during periods of idleness when he is subject to call and the number of consecutive hours that the employee is subject to call without being required to perform active work.'...the conclusion of the Administrator is that the general tests which he has suggested point to the exclusion of sleeping and eating time of these employees from the work-week and the inclusion of all other on-call time: although the employees were required to remain on the premises during the entire time, the evidence shows that they were very rarely interrupted in their normal sleeping and eating time, and these are pursuits of a purely private nature which would presumably occupy the employees' time whether they were on duty or not and which apparently could be pursued adequately and comfortably in the required circumstances; the rest of the time is different because there is nothing in the record to suggest that, even though pleasurably spent, it was spent in the ways the men would have chosen had they been free to do so.The court stated that no statutory provision stated to what deference courts should pay to the administrator's guidance. However, the court stated that \"we consider that the rulings, interpretations and opinions of the Administrator under this Act, while not controlling upon the courts by reason of their authority, do constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance.\"The court developed a test to determine the deference to be given to an administrative agency's rules based on the following:The thoroughness of the agency's investigation\nThe validity of its reasoning\nThe consistency of its interpretation over time\nOther persuasive powers of the agency","title":"Decision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Paul Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Christensen v. Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christensen_v._Harris_County"},{"link_name":"Fair Labor Standards Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act"},{"link_name":"Justice Scalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Scalia"},{"link_name":"Christensen v. Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christensen_v._Harris_County"},{"link_name":"Chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_deference"},{"link_name":"United States v. Mead Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Mead_Corp."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court set forth the legal test for determining whether to grant deference to a government agency's interpretation of a statute which it administers. Chevron is the Court's clearest articulation of the doctrine of \"administrative deference\" to the point that the Court itself has used the phrase \"Chevron deference\" in more recent cases.[1] The Court, in an opinion by Justice John Paul Stevens, upheld the EPA's interpretation. A two-part analysis was born from the Chevron decision (called the \"Chevron two-step test\") in which a reviewing court first determines whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter because the court and the agency must give effect to the unambiguously-expressed intent of Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, and the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction on the statute but determine whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576 (2000) is a Supreme Court case holding that a county's policy of requiring employees to schedule time off to avoid accruing time off was not prohibited by the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Court held that an opinion letter from the Department of Labor, stating that an employer had to get the employee to agree first before it required the employee to schedule time off, did not receive Chevron deference but should receive the less deferential standard of Skidmore v. Swift & Co. The majority attempted to draw a bright line between formal agency documents (such as legislative rules) and less formal ones (such as opinion letters). Therefore, the opinion letter of the Department of Labor was not binding on the court. The court went on to state nothing in the FLSA that prohibited the forced use of compensation time. Justice Thomas delivered the 6–3 decision of the court in favor of Harris County and ruled that an agency's interpretation of a statute, announced in more informal agency papers (such as an opinion letter) is entitled to Skidmore deference, not Chevron deference.The continuing vitality of Skidmore deference was questioned by Justice Scalia but is still used when agency actions do not carry the force of law. Justice Scalia, in his concurrence in Christensen v. Harris County, argued that Skidmore has no place since Chevron. However, the majority in Christensen held that an agency's interpretation of a statute, announced in more informal agency papers (such as an opinion letter), is entitled to Skidmore deference, not Chevron deference. United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218 (2001) explicitly reaffirms Skidmore and reiterates deference to agency interpretations that do not have statutory authority resulting from a rule-making process are based on \"the agency's care, its consistency, formality, and relative expertness, and to the persuasiveness of the agency's position.\"[2]","title":"Subsequent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On-Call Time under the Fair Labor Standards Act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol95/iss8/6"},{"link_name":"Michigan Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1290127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1290127"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1290127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1290127"}],"text":"Phillips, Eric (1997). \"On-Call Time under the Fair Labor Standards Act\". Michigan Law Review. 95 (8): 2633–2655. doi:10.2307/1290127. JSTOR 1290127.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion
Lovers of Zion
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism The Lovers of Zion, also Hovevei Zion (Hebrew: חובבי ציון) or Hibbat Zion (Hebrew: חיבת ציון), were a variety of proto-Zionist organizations founded in 1881 in response to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference led by Leon Pinsker in 1884. The organizations are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism. Many of the first groups were established in Eastern European countries in the early 1880s with the aim to promote Jewish immigration to Palestine, and advance Jewish settlement there, particularly agricultural. Most of them stayed away from politics. History See also: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel Isaac Leib Goldberg, founder of Rishon Lezion Participants of Katowice Conference, 1884. In the center of the front row are Rabbi Samuel Mohilever and Leon Pinsker. The first general assembly of the Odessa Committee, 1890 19th century Palestine was inhabited by Muslims, Armenians, Christians, and Jews. As early as 1840 Moses Montefiore advocated for the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, which controlled the areas of Palestine, meeting with British consul Lord Palmerston to get Mehemet Ali and the Sultan to protect the Jews of Palestine from conflicts with the Ottomans. In 1850, according to the Ottoman census provincial yearbook, Palestine had 63,659 recorded households. Roughly 85% were Muslim, 11% were Christian and 4% Jewish. The Jewish population was recorded at about 14,730, and increased to 24,000 by 1882. In 1854, Judah Touro bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Sir Moses Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem in 1860, which is known today as Mishkenot Sha'ananim quarter. Laurence Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). In the Russian Empire, waves of pogroms of 1881–1884 (some allegedly state-sponsored), as well as the anti-Semitic May Laws of 1882 introduced by Tsar Alexander III of Russia, deeply affected Jewish communities. More than 2 million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. The vast majority of them emigrated to the United States, but some decided to form an aliyah to Ottoman-ruled Palestine. In 1882, a group of ten Hovevei Zion enthusiasts from Kharkiv, headed by Zalman David Levontin and including noted philanthropists Isaac Leib Goldberg and Reuven Yudalevich, founded Rishon LeZion, the first Zionist settlement founded in the Land of Israel by the New Yishuv. This was done despite obstacles posed by the Turkish government, which hindered the purchase of land. Later, Bilu pioneers strengthened the settlement and enlarged it. For many years, textbooks gave Bilu the credit for the establishment of Rishon LeZion, but in the last decades—after a campaign by the veterans of Rishon and their descendants—Hovevei Zion were given the credit as the founders of the city. The Hovevei Zion tract Aruchas bas-ami was authored by Isaac Rülf in 1883, and in 1884, 34 delegates met in Kattowitz, Germany (today Katowice, Poland). Rabbi Samuel Mohilever was elected the president and Leon Pinsker the chairman of the organization they named Hovevei Zion. Pinsker was aided by Shaul Pinchas Rabbinowicz. The group tried to secure financial help from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and other philanthropists to aid Jewish settlements in Palestine and to organize educational courses. In June 1887, another conference was held in Druskininkai. The Warsaw chapter was founded by L. L. Zamenhof, who was working on the first grammar textbook of Yiddish ever written, published under the pseudonym "Dr. X" only in 1909, in Lebn un visnshaft, in the article "Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh". In order to attain legal recognition by the authorities, the Russian branch of Hovevei Zion had to meet a demand to be registered as a charity. Early in 1890 its establishment was approved by the Russian government as "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel," which came to be known as The Odessa Committee. It was dedicated to the practical aspects in establishing agricultural settlements and its projects in 1890–1891 included help in the founding of Rehovot and Hadera and rehabilitation of Mishmar HaYarden. One of the major donors was the famous tea merchant, Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky, who founded the largest tea company in Russia, Wissotzky Tea. Wissotzky financed agricultural colonies in Palestine and visited the country in 1884–1885. He later published a book about his visit. In 1897, before the First Zionist Congress, the Odessa Committee counted over 4,000 members. Once the Congress established the Zionist Organization, most of the Hovevei Zion societies joined it. See also Homeland for the Jewish people Mikveh Israel Moses Gaster References ^ Klier, J. (2002). "New Politics for Old: A Reassessment of the Traditional Jewish Political Leadership in 1881–1882" (PDF). Jewish Studies at the Central European University. 2. ^ Penslar, Derek Jonathan (1991). Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918. Indiana University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 0-253-34290-2. Hovevei Zion, the name attached to an informal network of Jewish nationalist societies that sprang up in the wake of the 1881 pogroms and which was officially constituted in 1884 ^ Ben-Arieh, Y. (1975). "The Growth of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 65 (2): 252–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01035.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2562086. ^ Friedman, Isaiah (1968). "Lord Palmerston and the Protection of Jews in Palestine 1839-1851". Jewish Social Studies. 30 (1): 23–41. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4466386. ^ Scholch, Alexander (November 1985). "The Demographic Development of Palestine, 1850-1882". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 17 (4). Cambridge University Press: 485–505. doi:10.1017/S0020743800029445. JSTOR 163415. S2CID 154921401. ^ Yehuda, Slutsky (2007). "Goldberg, Isaac Leib". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-01-10. ^ Dubnow, Simon (August 26, 2000). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Avotaynu. ISBN 9781886223110 – via Google Books. ^ Josef Fraenkel, Mathias Acher's Fight for the "Crown of Zion", Jewish Social Studies (1954) Indiana University Press. ^ Schoeps, Julius H. (2013-08-28). Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-031472-4. ^ Schoeps, Julius H. (Aug 28, 2013). Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Walter de Gruyter. p. 45. ISBN 978-1021276414. Retrieved 26 May 2023. ^ "1824: A Man Whose Name Makes Israelis Think of 'Tea' Is Born". Haaretz. Further reading al-Tai, A. H. A. (2015). "Russia's role in the Lovers of Zion Conference 1884". Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies. 5 (1): 74–83. Goldstein, Y. (2015). "Reflections on the Failure of the Lovers of Zion". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 14 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729. S2CID 147120463. External links The BILU movement and Hovevei Zion at the WZO YIVO The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot: The Jewish Community of Odessa Archived 2020-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Draft of the Statutes of the Odessa Committee at zionistarchives.org.il vteZionismConcepts Zion Land of Israel Aliyah Yerida Homeland (proposals) Jewish state Law of Return Yishuv Territorialism Promised Land Gathering of Israel Settlement Negation of the Diaspora Revival of the Hebrew language Hebraization of surnames Judaization Zionism, race and genetics Ideologies General Labor Revisionist Reform Religious Cultural Federal Post-Zionism Proto-Zionism Neo-Zionism Non-Zionism Green Christian Canaanism Yiddishist Golus Organizations Histadrut Hovevei Zion Bilu World Zionist Organization Zionist General Council Zionist Federation of Germany Zionist Organization of America Zionist Organization of Canada Religious Zionists of America Jewish National Fund Poale Zion Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish National Council Mizrachi Bnei Akiva Habonim Dror Hashomer Hatzair Haganah HaNoar HaTzioni World Agudath Israel Irgun Betar Lehi Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia) Jewish Party (Romania) Jewish Resistance Movement Palmach Women's International Zionist Organization Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America Aytzim American Zionist Movement Am Yisrael Foundation Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland Institute for Zionist Strategies International Fellowship of Christians and Jews Nefesh B'Nefesh Birthright Israel History andtimelines History of Israel Chronology of Aliyah History of Zionism Balfour Declaration UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 Timeline of Zionism Israeli–Palestinian peace process Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict Holidays Yom HaZikaron Independence Day Jerusalem Day Yom HaAliyah Herzl Day Jabotinsky Day Ben-Gurion Day Rabin Day Related topics List of Zionists Anti-Zionism The Holocaust Antisemitism New antisemitism Not one inch Jewish Autonomism Jewish emancipation Jewish political movements Greater Israel Muscular Judaism Muslim supporters of Israel Progressive except Palestine Zionism as settler colonialism Zionist antisemitism Zionist political violence Zio (pejorative) Ulpan Conservatism in Israel Liberalism in Israel Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"proto-Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Zionist"},{"link_name":"anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Leon Pinsker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Pinsker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penslar1991-2"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"}],"text":"Forerunners and foundation-builders of modern ZionismThe Lovers of Zion, also Hovevei Zion (Hebrew: חובבי ציון) or Hibbat Zion (Hebrew: חיבת ציון), were a variety of proto-Zionist organizations founded in 1881 in response to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference led by Leon Pinsker in 1884.[1][2]The organizations are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism. Many of the first groups were established in Eastern European countries in the early 1880s with the aim to promote Jewish immigration to Palestine, and advance Jewish settlement there, particularly agricultural. Most of them stayed away from politics.","title":"Lovers of Zion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Izchak_Leib_Goldberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isaac Leib Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Leib_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Rishon Lezion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_Lezion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kattowitz_Conference._P._Krause._1884_(FL38048544).crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katowice Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice_Conference"},{"link_name":"Samuel Mohilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Mohilever"},{"link_name":"Leon Pinsker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Pinsker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THE_1ST_GENERAL_ASSEMBLY_IN_ODESSA,_RUSSIA_OF_THE_%22ZIONIST_LAND_WORKERS_IN_SYRIA_%26_THE_HOLY_LAND%22._%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%22%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C,_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odessa Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moses Montefiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Montefiore"},{"link_name":"Jews in the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lord Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"Mehemet Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehemet_Ali"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Judah Touro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Touro"},{"link_name":"Moses Montefiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Montefiore"},{"link_name":"Mishkenot Sha'ananim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim"},{"link_name":"Laurence Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author)"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"pogroms of 1881–1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire#1881-1884"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"May Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Laws"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Isaac Leib Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Leib_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Reuven Yudalevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Yudalevich"},{"link_name":"Rishon LeZion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZion"},{"link_name":"New Yishuv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yishuv"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilu_(movement)"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook"},{"link_name":"Isaac Rülf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_R%C3%BClf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"met in Kattowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice_Conference"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Samuel Mohilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Mohilever"},{"link_name":"Leon Pinsker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Pinsker"},{"link_name":"Shaul Pinchas Rabbinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaul_Pinchas_Rabbinowicz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edmond James de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Druskininkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druskininkai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"L. L. Zamenhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"Russian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Odessa Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Committee"},{"link_name":"Rehovot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehovot"},{"link_name":"Hadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadera"},{"link_name":"Mishmar HaYarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishmar_HaYarden_(moshava)"},{"link_name":"Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalonimus_Wolf_Wissotzky"},{"link_name":"Wissotzky Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissotzky_Tea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First Zionist Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress"},{"link_name":"Zionist Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization"}],"text":"See also: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of IsraelIsaac Leib Goldberg, founder of Rishon LezionParticipants of Katowice Conference, 1884. In the center of the front row are Rabbi Samuel Mohilever and Leon Pinsker.The first general assembly of the Odessa Committee, 189019th century Palestine was inhabited by Muslims, Armenians, Christians, and Jews.[3] As early as 1840 Moses Montefiore advocated for the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, which controlled the areas of Palestine, meeting with British consul Lord Palmerston to get Mehemet Ali and the Sultan to protect the Jews of Palestine from conflicts with the Ottomans.[4]In 1850, according to the Ottoman census provincial yearbook, Palestine had 63,659 recorded households. Roughly 85% were Muslim, 11% were Christian and 4% Jewish. The Jewish population was recorded at about 14,730, and increased to 24,000 by 1882.[5]In 1854, Judah Touro bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Sir Moses Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem in 1860, which is known today as Mishkenot Sha'ananim quarter. Laurence Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882).In the Russian Empire, waves of pogroms of 1881–1884 (some allegedly state-sponsored), as well as the anti-Semitic May Laws of 1882 introduced by Tsar Alexander III of Russia, deeply affected Jewish communities. More than 2 million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. The vast majority of them emigrated to the United States, but some decided to form an aliyah to Ottoman-ruled Palestine.In 1882, a group of ten Hovevei Zion enthusiasts from Kharkiv, headed by Zalman David Levontin and including noted philanthropists Isaac Leib Goldberg and Reuven Yudalevich, founded Rishon LeZion, the first Zionist settlement founded in the Land of Israel by the New Yishuv.[6] This was done despite obstacles posed by the Turkish government, which hindered the purchase of land.[7] Later, Bilu pioneers strengthened the settlement and enlarged it. For many years, textbooks gave Bilu the credit for the establishment of Rishon LeZion, but in the last decades—after a campaign by the veterans of Rishon and their descendants—Hovevei Zion were given the credit as the founders of the city.The Hovevei Zion tract Aruchas bas-ami was authored by Isaac Rülf in 1883,[8] and in 1884, 34 delegates met in Kattowitz, Germany (today Katowice, Poland). Rabbi Samuel Mohilever was elected the president and Leon Pinsker the chairman of the organization they named Hovevei Zion. Pinsker was aided by Shaul Pinchas Rabbinowicz.[9] The group tried to secure financial help from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and other philanthropists to aid Jewish settlements in Palestine and to organize educational courses. In June 1887, another conference was held in Druskininkai.[10]The Warsaw chapter was founded by L. L. Zamenhof, who was working on the first grammar textbook of Yiddish ever written, published under the pseudonym \"Dr. X\" only in 1909, in Lebn un visnshaft, in the article \"Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh\".In order to attain legal recognition by the authorities, the Russian branch of Hovevei Zion had to meet a demand to be registered as a charity. Early in 1890 its establishment was approved by the Russian government as \"The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel,\" which came to be known as The Odessa Committee. It was dedicated to the practical aspects in establishing agricultural settlements and its projects in 1890–1891 included help in the founding of Rehovot and Hadera and rehabilitation of Mishmar HaYarden.One of the major donors was the famous tea merchant, Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky, who founded the largest tea company in Russia, Wissotzky Tea. Wissotzky financed agricultural colonies in Palestine and visited the country in 1884–1885. He later published a book about his visit.[11]In 1897, before the First Zionist Congress, the Odessa Committee counted over 4,000 members. Once the Congress established the Zionist Organization, most of the Hovevei Zion societies joined it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Russia's role in the Lovers of Zion Conference 1884\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iasj.net/iasj/article/102851"},{"link_name":"\"Reflections on the Failure of the Lovers of Zion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F14725886.2015.1009729"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"147120463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147120463"}],"text":"al-Tai, A. H. A. (2015). \"Russia's role in the Lovers of Zion Conference 1884\". Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies. 5 (1): 74–83.\nGoldstein, Y. (2015). \"Reflections on the Failure of the Lovers of Zion\". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 14 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729. S2CID 147120463.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Isaac Leib Goldberg, founder of Rishon Lezion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Izchak_Leib_Goldberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Participants of Katowice Conference, 1884. In the center of the front row are Rabbi Samuel Mohilever and Leon Pinsker.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kattowitz_Conference._P._Krause._1884_%28FL38048544%29.crop.jpg/285px-Kattowitz_Conference._P._Krause._1884_%28FL38048544%29.crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first general assembly of the Odessa Committee, 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/THE_1ST_GENERAL_ASSEMBLY_IN_ODESSA%2C_RUSSIA_OF_THE_%22ZIONIST_LAND_WORKERS_IN_SYRIA_%26_THE_HOLY_LAND%22._%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94%2C_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%22%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%2C_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E.jpg/285px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Homeland for the Jewish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people"},{"title":"Mikveh Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh_Israel"},{"title":"Moses Gaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Gaster"}]
[{"reference":"Klier, J. (2002). \"New Politics for Old: A Reassessment of the Traditional Jewish Political Leadership in 1881–1882\" (PDF). Jewish Studies at the Central European University. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishstudies.ceu.edu/sites/jewishstudies.ceu.edu/files/attachment/basicpage/70/02klier.pdf","url_text":"\"New Politics for Old: A Reassessment of the Traditional Jewish Political Leadership in 1881–1882\""}]},{"reference":"Penslar, Derek Jonathan (1991). Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918. Indiana University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 0-253-34290-2. Hovevei Zion, the name attached to an informal network of Jewish nationalist societies that sprang up in the wake of the 1881 pogroms and which was officially constituted in 1884","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cFTl_mDJIy0C&pg=PA20","url_text":"Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34290-2","url_text":"0-253-34290-2"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Arieh, Y. (1975). \"The Growth of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century\". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 65 (2): 252–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01035.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2562086.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562086","url_text":"\"The Growth of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1975.tb01035.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01035.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608","url_text":"0004-5608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562086","url_text":"2562086"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Isaiah (1968). \"Lord Palmerston and the Protection of Jews in Palestine 1839-1851\". Jewish Social Studies. 30 (1): 23–41. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4466386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466386","url_text":"\"Lord Palmerston and the Protection of Jews in Palestine 1839-1851\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6704","url_text":"0021-6704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466386","url_text":"4466386"}]},{"reference":"Scholch, Alexander (November 1985). \"The Demographic Development of Palestine, 1850-1882\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 17 (4). Cambridge University Press: 485–505. doi:10.1017/S0020743800029445. JSTOR 163415. S2CID 154921401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800029445","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743800029445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/163415","url_text":"163415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154921401","url_text":"154921401"}]},{"reference":"Yehuda, Slutsky (2007). \"Goldberg, Isaac Leib\". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2587507491/goldberg-isaac-leib.html","url_text":"\"Goldberg, Isaac Leib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Judaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"}]},{"reference":"Dubnow, Simon (August 26, 2000). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Avotaynu. ISBN 9781886223110 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vL60sEf7OPoC&dq=lovers+of+zion+first+colony&pg=PA392","url_text":"History of the Jews in Russia and Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781886223110","url_text":"9781886223110"}]},{"reference":"Schoeps, Julius H. (2013-08-28). Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-031472-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ciPoBQAAQBAJ&dq=Shaul+Pinchas+Rabinowitz&pg=PA44","url_text":"Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031472-4","url_text":"978-3-11-031472-4"}]},{"reference":"Schoeps, Julius H. (Aug 28, 2013). Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Walter de Gruyter. p. 45. ISBN 978-1021276414. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ciPoBQAAQBAJ&dq=Druskininkai+hovevei&pg=PA45","url_text":"Pioneers of Zionism: Hess, Pinsker, Rülf: Messianism, Settlement Policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1021276414","url_text":"978-1021276414"}]},{"reference":"\"1824: A Man Whose Name Makes Israelis Think of 'Tea' Is Born\". Haaretz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2016-07-08/ty-article/.premium/1824-a-man-who-makes-israelis-think-of-tea-is-born/0000017f-db0f-d856-a37f-ffcf678d0000","url_text":"\"1824: A Man Whose Name Makes Israelis Think of 'Tea' Is Born\""}]},{"reference":"al-Tai, A. H. A. (2015). \"Russia's role in the Lovers of Zion Conference 1884\". Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies. 5 (1): 74–83.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/102851","url_text":"\"Russia's role in the Lovers of Zion Conference 1884\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Y. (2015). \"Reflections on the Failure of the Lovers of Zion\". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 14 (2): 229–245. doi:10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729. S2CID 147120463.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729","url_text":"\"Reflections on the Failure of the Lovers of Zion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725886.2015.1009729","url_text":"10.1080/14725886.2015.1009729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147120463","url_text":"147120463"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_(knitting)
Gauge (knitting)
["1 Gauge on knitting machines","2 Factors that affect knitting gauge","3 Knitting gauge in patterns","4 Measuring knitting gauge","5 References","6 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. Please help rewrite the content so that it is more encyclopedic or move it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks, or Wikivoyage. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The term "gauge" is used in knitting to describe the fineness size of knitting machines. It is used in both hand knitting and machine knitting. The phrase in both instances refers to the number of stitches per inch rather than the size of the finished article of clothing. The gauge is calculated by counting the stitches (for hand knitting) or needles (on a knitting machine bed) across a number of inches, then dividing by the sample's width in inches. Gauge on knitting machines There are two types of classification of Knitting Gauges or Unit of Measure: A – Used for Cotton Fully fashion flat machines (Bentley – Monk, Textima, Sheller, etc.) where "Gauge" is measured in 1.5 inches (2.54 cm). The machine's gauge is expressed by the number of needles needed to achieve that gauge. B – Used for hand, mechanical, or modern Electronic Flat Machines (Stoll, Shima, Protti, etc.), where gauge is measured in 1-inch (2.5 cm) increments. The machine's gauge is again measured by the number of needles required to achieve that number. Factors that affect knitting gauge The gauge of a knitted fabric depends on the pattern of stitches in the fabric, the kind of yarn, the size of knitting needles, and the tension of the individual knitter (i.e., how much yarn they allow between stitches). For example, ribbing and cable patterns tend to "pull in", giving more stitches over an identical width than stockinette, garter, or seed stitch. Even the same stitch produced in two different ways may produce a different gauge. Yarn weight is a factor; thicker yarns with less loft overall produce larger stitches than thinner yarns (reducing the number of stitches per width and length). Larger knitting needles also produce larger stitches, giving fewer stitches and rows per inch. Changing needle size is the best way to control one's own gauge for a given pattern and yarn. Finally, the knitter's tension, or how tightly one knits, can affect the gauge significantly. The gauge can even vary within a single garment, typically with beginning knitters; as knitters become more familiar with a stitch pattern, they become more relaxed and make the stitch differently, producing a different gauge. Sometimes the gauge is deliberately altered within a garment, usually by changing needle size; for example, smaller stitches are often made at the collar, sleeve cuffs, hemline ribbing, or pocket edges. Knitting gauge in patterns To produce a knitted garment of given dimensions, whether from one's own design or from a published pattern, the gauge should match as closely as possible; significant differences in gauge will lead to a deformed garment. Patterns for knitting projects almost always include a suggested gauge for the project. Generally, the gauge should match to better than 5%, corresponding to 1" of ease in a 20" width. Similar concerns apply to the number of rows per inch. The gauge can be adjusted by changing needle size, without changing the pattern, stitch, yarn, or habits of the knitter. Larger needles produce a smaller gauge (fewer stitches per inch) and smaller needles produce a larger gauge (more stitches per inch). If necessary, further adjustments can be made by subtly altering the pattern dimensions, e.g., shortening a vertically aligned pattern. Ribbing can also be used to "draw in" the fabric to the proper gauge. Measuring knitting gauge To check one's gauge before starting a project, a sample of knitting (a swatch) is made, ideally in the stitch pattern used in the garment. The edges of the swatch can impact gauge readings, so it's recommended that the swatch be a minimum of 4" square, but preferably 6–8" square for more accurate results. Dividing the number of stitches used by the actual size of the sample gives the stitch gauge of that sample. Similarly, the row gauge is calculated by dividing the number of rows knitted by the length of the sample. Making a swatch also helps familiarize the knitter with the stitch pattern and yarn, which will lead to a more uniform gauge in the final garment. References ^ "How to read knitting patterns". knittingguide. 2020-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-26. June Hemmons Hiatt (1988) The Principles of Knitting, Simon and Schuster, pp. 415–432. ISBN 0-671-55233-3 External links knitty.com article on gauge Measuring Gauge Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine Needle Conversion Chart Shows conversion between current and past US and European knitting needle sizes. Yarn Weight and Gauge Chart Recommended needle and crochet hook sizes used to achieve gauge with various yarns. vteKnittingTools and materials Knitting needle Knitting needle cap Needle gauge List of yarns for crochet and knitting Row counter Stitch holder Yarn styles Bouclé Eyelash Lopi Novelty Variegated Yarn brands Coats Group Eisaku Noro Company Kraemer Yarns Lion Brand Yarns Patons and Baldwins Styles Circular Combined Continental English Flat Norwegian Warp Stitches Stockinette/Stocking stitch Garter Decrease Dip stitch Elongated stitch Increase Loop knitting Plaited stitch Yarn over Techniques Arm knitting Basketweave Bead knitting Bias knitting Binding/Casting off Bobble Brioche knitting Buttonhole Cables Casting on Double knitting Drop-stitch knitting Entrelac Faggoting Finger knitting Gather Gauge Grafting Hand knitting Hemming Illusion knitting Lace Medallion knitting Picking up stitches Pleat Ribbing Short row Slip-stitch knitting Spool knitting Steek Three needle bindoff Thrumming Tuck Twined Weaving Welting Patterns Aran Argyle Fair Isle Intarsia Machine knitting Complete garment knitting Fully fashioned knitting Knitting machine Knitting Nancy Stocking frame William Lee (inventor) Knitters anddesigners Sam Barsky Nicky Epstein Kaffe Fassett Marianne Kinzel Herbert Niebling Shannon Okey Stephanie Pearl-McPhee Alice Starmore Debbie Stoller Meg Swansen Barbara G. Walker Elizabeth Zimmermann Organizations I Knit London Knitta Knitting clubs Knitty Ravelry Revolutionary Knitting Circle Stitch 'n Bitch UK Hand Knitting Association World Wide Knit in Public Day The Knitting Guild Association Related Basic knitted fabrics Blocking Dye lot History Knitted fabric Knitting abbreviations List of knitting stitches Selvage Yarn bombing
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The gauge is calculated by counting the stitches (for hand knitting) or needles (on a knitting machine bed) across a number of inches, then dividing by the sample's width in inches.","title":"Gauge (knitting)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are two types of classification of Knitting Gauges or Unit of Measure:A – Used for Cotton Fully fashion flat machines (Bentley – Monk, Textima, Sheller, etc.) where \"Gauge\" is measured in 1.5 inches (2.54 cm). The machine's gauge is expressed by the number of needles needed to achieve that gauge.\nB – Used for hand, mechanical, or modern Electronic Flat Machines (Stoll, Shima, Protti, etc.), where gauge is measured in 1-inch (2.5 cm) increments. The machine's gauge is again measured by the number of needles required to achieve that number.","title":"Gauge on knitting machines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"knitting needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting_needle"},{"link_name":"ribbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbing_(knitting)"},{"link_name":"cable patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_knitting"},{"link_name":"stockinette, garter, or seed stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_knitted_fabrics"},{"link_name":"Yarn weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn_weight"},{"link_name":"yarns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"garment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"cuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff"},{"link_name":"hemline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemline"}],"text":"The gauge of a knitted fabric depends on the pattern of stitches in the fabric, the kind of yarn, the size of knitting needles, and the tension of the individual knitter (i.e., how much yarn they allow between stitches).For example, ribbing and cable patterns tend to \"pull in\", giving more stitches over an identical width than stockinette, garter, or seed stitch. Even the same stitch produced in two different ways may produce a different gauge.\nYarn weight is a factor; thicker yarns with less loft overall produce larger stitches than thinner yarns (reducing the number of stitches per width and length).\nLarger knitting needles also produce larger stitches, giving fewer stitches and rows per inch. Changing needle size is the best way to control one's own gauge for a given pattern and yarn.\nFinally, the knitter's tension, or how tightly one knits, can affect the gauge significantly. The gauge can even vary within a single garment, typically with beginning knitters; as knitters become more familiar with a stitch pattern, they become more relaxed and make the stitch differently, producing a different gauge.Sometimes the gauge is deliberately altered within a garment, usually by changing needle size; for example, smaller stitches are often made at the collar, sleeve cuffs, hemline ribbing, or pocket edges.","title":"Factors that affect knitting gauge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweater_design"},{"link_name":"pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting_needle"},{"link_name":"Ribbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbing_(knitting)"}],"text":"To produce a knitted garment of given dimensions, whether from one's own design or from a published pattern, the gauge should match as closely as possible; significant differences in gauge will lead to a deformed garment. Patterns for knitting projects almost always include a suggested gauge for the project.[1] Generally, the gauge should match to better than 5%, corresponding to 1\" of ease in a 20\" width. Similar concerns apply to the number of rows per inch.The gauge can be adjusted by changing needle size, without changing the pattern, stitch, yarn, or habits of the knitter. Larger needles produce a smaller gauge (fewer stitches per inch) and smaller needles produce a larger gauge (more stitches per inch). If necessary, further adjustments can be made by subtly altering the pattern dimensions, e.g., shortening a vertically aligned pattern. Ribbing can also be used to \"draw in\" the fabric to the proper gauge.","title":"Knitting gauge in patterns"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To check one's gauge before starting a project, a sample of knitting (a swatch) is made, ideally in the stitch pattern used in the garment. The edges of the swatch can impact gauge readings, so it's recommended that the swatch be a minimum of 4\" square, but preferably 6–8\" square for more accurate results. Dividing the number of stitches used by the actual size of the sample gives the stitch gauge of that sample. Similarly, the row gauge is calculated by dividing the number of rows knitted by the length of the sample. Making a swatch also helps familiarize the knitter with the stitch pattern and yarn, which will lead to a more uniform gauge in the final garment.","title":"Measuring knitting gauge"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Illingworth
Alfred Illingworth
["1 References","2 External links"]
English worsted spinner and Liberal politician Alfred Illingworth (25 September 1827 – 1907), was an English worsted spinner and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1868 and 1895. Illingworth was born at Bradford, Yorkshire, the son of Daniel Illingworth and his wife Elizabeth Hill. He was educated at Huddersfield College and entered the family worsted spinning business of D Illingworth & Sons at the age of 16. In 1865, with his brother Henry, he established the Whetley Mills, one of the largest factories in Bradford. He was also a director of the Bradford District Bank. He had strong non-conformist and free trade views and entered into politics. At the 1868 general election, Illingworth was elected MP for Knaresborough, but lost the seat in 1874. He was then elected at Bradford at the 1880 general election until the constituency was reorganised under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. At the 1885 general election he was elected for Bradford West and held the seat until 1895. He received the freedom of the city of Bradford on 24 October 1902, ″for eminent service rendered to the city during his career″. Illingworth married Margaret Holden, daughter of Sir Isaac Holden, 1st Baronet in 1863 and his brother Henry married another daughter of Holden creating a strong alliance of two of the dominant Bradford families of the time. Henry was the father of Percy Illingworth and Albert Illingworth who were also active in politics in Yorkshire. References ^ a b c Debretts House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1886 ^ a b c "Bradford Libraries - Alfred Illingworth". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "K" (part 2) ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "B" (part 4) ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36908. London. 25 October 1902. p. 8. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography D. T. Jenkins, ‘'Illingworth, Alfred (1827–1907)'’, 2004 External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Alfred Illingworth Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byBasil Thomas Woodd and Isaac Holden Member of Parliament for Knaresborough 1868–1874 Succeeded byBasil Thomas Woodd Preceded byHenry William Ripley and William Edward Forster Member of Parliament for Bradford 1880–1885 With: William Edward Forster Constituency divided New constituency Member of Parliament for Bradford West 1885–1895 Succeeded byErnest Flower This article about a Liberal Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_Conservatory_of_Music
Wheaton College Conservatory of Music
["1 Academics","2 Administration and faculty","2.1 Faculty","3 Ensembles","3.1 Large ensembles","3.2 Chamber music","4 Facilities","4.1 Edman Memorial Chapel","4.2 McAlister Hall","4.3 Pierce Chapel","4.4 Armerding Center for Music and the Arts","5 Notable alumni","6 Living emeritus faculty","7 Special programs","7.1 Wheaton College Artist Series","7.2 Arts in London","7.3 Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°52′07″N 88°05′58″W / 41.868679°N 88.099570°W / 41.868679; -88.099570School in Wheaton, Illinois, USAConservatory of MusicWheaton CollegeLocationWheaton, IllinoisUSACoordinates41°52′07″N 88°05′58″W / 41.868679°N 88.099570°W / 41.868679; -88.099570InformationTypeDepartment and Professional School of Wheaton CollegeDeanMichael D. Wilder, PhDCampusSuburbanWebsitewheaton.edu/Conservatory The Conservatory of Music at Wheaton College is a music conservatory located in Wheaton, Illinois. It is both a department and professional school of Wheaton College. It currently has 21 full-time faculty members and approximately 200 undergraduate music majors, and is fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music. The Conservatory also operates a Community School of the Arts, serving the music and arts education needs of the surrounding community. Academics The Conservatory offers both the Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Music Education degrees. Majors for the Bachelor of Music include composition, history/literature, pedagogy, performance (orchestral instruments, organ, piano, and voice), and elective studies in an outside field. The Bachelor of Music Education degree offers emphases in choral or instrumental music. The Conservatory seeks to train its students in four broad areas: composition, performance, teaching, and scholarship. All music degrees require a core of music theory, ear training, and music history. Performance studies are an integral part of the curriculum: all degrees require regular jury examinations on major instruments and participation in large ensembles. This broad approach reflects the liberal arts context of the whole of Wheaton College, of which the Conservatory is a constituent academic unit. The Conservatory also offers a Bachelor of Arts in Music program, which combines 40 hours of music classes with the liberal arts general education track. A music minor is also available. Administration and faculty In 2008, Dr. Michael Wilder was appointed Wheaton's Dean of the Conservatory, Art, and Communication. Upon his arrival, the administrative structure of the Conservatory was reorganized to reflect its duality as both a department of the College and a professional school. Reporting to the dean, in addition to the chairs of the Art Department and Communication Department, are a tier of directors managing the Conservatory's programs. Director of Academic Studies in Music: Dr. R. Edward Zimmerman - oversight of music theory and composition, music history, conducting, and technology Director of the Community School of the Arts: Mrs. Paula Cisar Director of Conservatory Special Programs: Dr. Tony Payne - oversight of the Artist Series at Wheaton College, a series of professional performing artists, and the Conservatory's two summer programs, Arts in London and Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe Director of Music Education: Dr. Gina Yi - oversight of the music education program Director of Performance Studies: Dr. Mary Hopper - oversight of private lesson study, chamber music, and Conservatory large ensembles Faculty Full-time faculty: Michael Wilder, Ph.D., Dean Johann Buis, D.A., Associate Professor of Musicology Karin Edwards, D.M., Professor of Piano Carolyn Hart, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Voice Sarah Holman, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Voice and Opera Mary Hopper, D.M.A., Professor of Choral Music and Conducting Daniel Paul Horn, D.M.A., Professor of Piano Thomas Hueber, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Voice Lee Joiner, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Violin Kathleen Kastner, D.M.A., Professor of Percussion Shawn Okpebholo, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Theory and Composition Tony Payne, D.M., Associate Professor of Music Jonathan Saylor, Ph.D., Professor of Bassoon and Music History Daniel Sommerville, D.M., Associate Professor of Orchestral Music and Conducting John William Trotter, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Choral Music and Conducting Gina Yi, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Music Education R. Edward Zimmerman, D.M.A., Professor of Organ The Conservatory also employs about forty adjunct faculty members, and a support staff of secretaries, piano technicians, and business and operations managers. The Community School of the Arts has its own faculty and support staff. Facilities are maintained by the College's facilities management department. Ensembles Ensembles are the most visible part of the Conservatory and provide students an opportunity both for application of their musical training and for fellowship and social involvement. Large ensembles The Conservatory has several large ensembles that are open to any Wheaton College student with sufficient skill. Each maintains an active performance schedule of home concerts, run-outs, and tours. Membership of each ensemble is established by an annual audition. Men's Glee Club: TTBB ensemble, directed by Mary Hopper Women's Chorale: SSAA ensemble, directed by Mary Hopper Jazz Ensemble: directed by Katie Ernst Symphony Orchestra: the college's full orchestra, directed by Daniel Sommerville Concert Choir: SATB ensemble, directed by John Trotter Symphonic Band: wind and percussion ensemble, directed by Timothy Yontz Chamber music The Conservatory also has an extensive chamber music program. Standing chamber groups include the percussion ensemble, under the direction of Dr. Kathleen Kastner, which presents a fall and spring concert; Opera Music Theater, under the direction of Dr. Sarah Holman; piano ensemble, under the direction of Dr. Karin Edwards; and the trombone choir, under the direction of Mr. John Mindeman. Other groups of traditional and non-traditional instrument combinations are formed on an annual basis. The annual Chamber Music Competition is a showcase of these ensembles. A recent, related addition to the program are the jazz combos. Facilities The Conservatory complex consists of four buildings on Wheaton's main campus in Wheaton, Illinois. Edman Memorial Chapel In addition to holding undergraduate chapel services and numerous large special events such as Commencement and the annual Talent Show, Edman Memorial Chapel is the Conservatory's primary large ensemble performance venue. The auditorium seats 2400 and houses a 70 rank Casavant organ, Opus 3796, installed in 2001. A backstage addition was completed in 2009 including a new instrumental rehearsal hall and instructional space for harp, harpsichord, percussion, and string bass. McAlister Hall Built in the 1960s, McAlister Hall housed classrooms, practice rooms, the department offices, and many teaching studios until 2017, when most functions were moved to the newly renovated Armerding Center. In 2023 McAlister Hall was renovated to house the Modern and Classical Languages department. Pierce Chapel Built in the 1920s in a joint venture between Wheaton College and College Interdenominational Church of Christ, Pierce Chapel once served as the Conservatory's recital hall. The building's lower level houses organ practice rooms, teaching studios, the music technology lab, and two large classrooms, and the upper level, above the recital hall, houses offices for the Community School of the Arts. In addition to serving as the venue for student and faculty performers, the recital hall also was used for student prayer and worship services throughout the year. In 2011, a two-manual, seventeen-rank mechanical-action organ built by Charles Hendrickson was donated to Wheaton and installed in the rear of the chapel. Armerding Center for Music and the Arts The former Armerding Science Center at the northern end of campus began an extensive renovation culminating in the opening of the new Armerding Center for Music and the Arts in October 2017. As of late 2017, many functions previously housed in McAlister Hall and Pierce Chapel have been moved into the new building. Notable alumni Sylvia McNair - Grammy Award-winning singer John Nelson - conductor and advocate for sacred music Marty O'Donnell - composer for Bungie's Halo video game series Elliot Leung - composer of the highest grossing non-english film of all time, The Battle at Lake Changjin Camille and Kennerly Kitt - twin harpists and actresses Living emeritus faculty Dr. Harold MacArthur Best, dean emeritus (1970-1997) Dr. Curtis Funk (1984-2007) Reginald Gerig (1952-1987) Dr. William A. Phemister (1972-2007) Dr. Terry R. Schwartz (1981-2013) Dr. Gerard Sundberg Alva William Steffler (1970-2003) Dr. Howard Whitaker (1972-2012) Dr. Paul Willard Wiens (1981-2012) John David Zimmerman (1968-2012) Special programs Wheaton College Artist Series The Artist Series brings professional performing arts groups to campus, with several events spaced throughout the school year. Orchestras, dance companies, soloists, and world music ensembles are all included in the Series' offerings. Recent guests have been as varied as Bobby McFerrin, Canadian Brass, the King's Singers, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Russian National Ballet. Most years include one event featuring Conservatory ensembles performing a choral-orchestral masterwork or joining with other special artists. Arts in London Arts in London is a month-long study program occurring at the beginning of alternate summers. Faculty from the Conservatory, as well as the Theater and Art Departments, teach courses in art, music, and theater on-site in London's museums, theaters, and concert halls. The program also includes a weekend trip to Paris to further explore the European arts tradition. Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe was the Conservatory's international missions program. MMGCE was a three-week trip occurring at the beginning of alternate summers. A group of students, would form a choir and have a student brass ensemble accompany, traveled and performed in such cities as Budapest, London, Moscow, and Vienna, among others, depending on the year. References External links Official website The Artist Series at Wheaton College homepage vteWheaton CollegePresidents Jonathan Blanchard Charles A. Blanchard J. Oliver Buswell V. Raymond Edman Hudson Armerding J. Richard Chase A. Duane Litfin Philip G. Ryken FacultyFormer George Frederick Barker Marion Barnes Gregory Beale Bruce Ellis Benson Gilbert Bilezikian Henri Blocher C. Hassell Bullock Gary M. Burge Gordon Clark R. Scott Clark E. David Cook A. R. Crook Gil Dodds Walter A. Elwell Norman Ericson C. Stephen Evans Gordon Fee Larycia Hawkins Rolland Hein James K. Hoffmeier Harry A. Hoffner Arthur F. Holmes Paul R. House Donald Hustad Walter C. Kaiser Jr. Kenneth Kantzer Clyde S. Kilby Harold Lindsell Richard Longenecker David E. Maas Alvera Mickelsen Nicole Mitchell Russell L. Mixter Mark Noll Lee Pfund Leland Ryken C. Gregg Singer Merrill C. Tenney P. J. Thomas, Parackanal Kevin J. Vanhoozer Robert E. Webber Herbert M. Wolf Ronald F. Youngblood Nicholas Perrin Present Daniel I. Block Mary Hopper Timothy Larsen Douglas J. Moo John H. Walton Facilities Billy Graham Center Blanchard Hall Edman Memorial Chapel Marion E. Wade Center Wheaton College Conservatory of Music
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_or_university_school_of_music"},{"link_name":"Wheaton, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Wheaton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"National Association of Schools of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Schools_of_Music"}],"text":"School in Wheaton, Illinois, USAThe Conservatory of Music at Wheaton College is a music conservatory located in Wheaton, Illinois. It is both a department and professional school of Wheaton College. It currently has 21 full-time faculty members and approximately 200 undergraduate music majors, and is fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music. The Conservatory also operates a Community School of the Arts, serving the music and arts education needs of the surrounding community.","title":"Wheaton College Conservatory of Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Conservatory offers both the Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Music Education degrees. Majors for the Bachelor of Music include composition, history/literature, pedagogy, performance (orchestral instruments, organ, piano, and voice), and elective studies in an outside field. The Bachelor of Music Education degree offers emphases in choral or instrumental music.The Conservatory seeks to train its students in four broad areas: composition, performance, teaching, and scholarship. All music degrees require a core of music theory, ear training, and music history. Performance studies are an integral part of the curriculum: all degrees require regular jury examinations on major instruments and participation in large ensembles. This broad approach reflects the liberal arts context of the whole of Wheaton College, of which the Conservatory is a constituent academic unit.The Conservatory also offers a Bachelor of Arts in Music program, which combines 40 hours of music classes with the liberal arts general education track. A music minor is also available.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2008, Dr. Michael Wilder was appointed Wheaton's Dean of the Conservatory, Art, and Communication. Upon his arrival, the administrative structure of the Conservatory was reorganized to reflect its duality as both a department of the College and a professional school. Reporting to the dean, in addition to the chairs of the Art Department and Communication Department, are a tier of directors managing the Conservatory's programs.Director of Academic Studies in Music: Dr. R. Edward Zimmerman - oversight of music theory and composition, music history, conducting, and technology\nDirector of the Community School of the Arts: Mrs. Paula Cisar\nDirector of Conservatory Special Programs: Dr. Tony Payne - oversight of the Artist Series at Wheaton College, a series of professional performing artists, and the Conservatory's two summer programs, Arts in London and Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe\nDirector of Music Education: Dr. Gina Yi - oversight of the music education program\nDirector of Performance Studies: Dr. Mary Hopper - oversight of private lesson study, chamber music, and Conservatory large ensembles","title":"Administration and faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"D.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Karin Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karin_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts"},{"link_name":"D.M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts"},{"link_name":"Mary Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Shawn Okpebholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Okpebholo"}],"sub_title":"Faculty","text":"Full-time faculty:Michael Wilder, Ph.D., Dean\nJohann Buis, D.A., Associate Professor of Musicology\nKarin Edwards, D.M., Professor of Piano\nCarolyn Hart, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Voice\nSarah Holman, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Voice and Opera\nMary Hopper, D.M.A., Professor of Choral Music and Conducting\nDaniel Paul Horn, D.M.A., Professor of Piano\nThomas Hueber, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Voice\nLee Joiner, D.M.A., Associate Professor of Violin\nKathleen Kastner, D.M.A., Professor of Percussion\nShawn Okpebholo, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Theory and Composition\nTony Payne, D.M., Associate Professor of Music\nJonathan Saylor, Ph.D., Professor of Bassoon and Music History\nDaniel Sommerville, D.M., Associate Professor of Orchestral Music and Conducting\nJohn William Trotter, D.M.A., Assistant Professor of Choral Music and Conducting\nGina Yi, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Music Education\nR. Edward Zimmerman, D.M.A., Professor of OrganThe Conservatory also employs about forty adjunct faculty members, and a support staff of secretaries, piano technicians, and business and operations managers. The Community School of the Arts has its own faculty and support staff. Facilities are maintained by the College's facilities management department.","title":"Administration and faculty"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ensembles are the most visible part of the Conservatory and provide students an opportunity both for application of their musical training and for fellowship and social involvement.","title":"Ensembles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's Glee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_Men%27s_Glee_Club"},{"link_name":"Katie Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Large ensembles","text":"The Conservatory has several large ensembles that are open to any Wheaton College student with sufficient skill. Each maintains an active performance schedule of home concerts, run-outs, and tours. Membership of each ensemble is established by an annual audition.Men's Glee Club: TTBB ensemble, directed by Mary Hopper\nWomen's Chorale: SSAA ensemble, directed by Mary Hopper\nJazz Ensemble: directed by Katie Ernst\nSymphony Orchestra: the college's full orchestra, directed by Daniel Sommerville\nConcert Choir: SATB ensemble, directed by John Trotter\nSymphonic Band: wind and percussion ensemble, directed by Timothy Yontz","title":"Ensembles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"}],"sub_title":"Chamber music","text":"The Conservatory also has an extensive chamber music program. Standing chamber groups include the percussion ensemble, under the direction of Dr. Kathleen Kastner, which presents a fall and spring concert; Opera Music Theater, under the direction of Dr. Sarah Holman; piano ensemble, under the direction of Dr. Karin Edwards; and the trombone choir, under the direction of Mr. John Mindeman. Other groups of traditional and non-traditional instrument combinations are formed on an annual basis. The annual Chamber Music Competition is a showcase of these ensembles. A recent, related addition to the program are the jazz combos.","title":"Ensembles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Conservatory complex consists of four buildings on Wheaton's main campus in Wheaton, Illinois.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casavant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casavant_Fr%C3%A8res"}],"sub_title":"Edman Memorial Chapel","text":"In addition to holding undergraduate chapel services and numerous large special events such as Commencement and the annual Talent Show, Edman Memorial Chapel is the Conservatory's primary large ensemble performance venue. The auditorium seats 2400 and houses a 70 rank Casavant organ, Opus 3796, installed in 2001. A backstage addition was completed in 2009 including a new instrumental rehearsal hall and instructional space for harp, harpsichord, percussion, and string bass.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"McAlister Hall","text":"Built in the 1960s, McAlister Hall housed classrooms, practice rooms, the department offices, and many teaching studios until 2017, when most functions were moved to the newly renovated Armerding Center. In 2023 McAlister Hall was renovated to house the Modern and Classical Languages department.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pierce Chapel","text":"Built in the 1920s in a joint venture between Wheaton College and College Interdenominational Church of Christ, Pierce Chapel once served as the Conservatory's recital hall. The building's lower level houses organ practice rooms, teaching studios, the music technology lab, and two large classrooms, and the upper level, above the recital hall, houses offices for the Community School of the Arts. In addition to serving as the venue for student and faculty performers, the recital hall also was used for student prayer and worship services throughout the year. In 2011, a two-manual, seventeen-rank mechanical-action organ built by Charles Hendrickson was donated to Wheaton and installed in the rear of the chapel.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Armerding Center for Music and the Arts","text":"The former Armerding Science Center at the northern end of campus began an extensive renovation culminating in the opening of the new Armerding Center for Music and the Arts in October 2017. As of late 2017, many functions previously housed in McAlister Hall and Pierce Chapel have been moved into the new building.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvia McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_McNair"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"John Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nelson_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Marty O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Bungie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungie"},{"link_name":"Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(series)"},{"link_name":"Elliot Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Leung"},{"link_name":"highest grossing non-english film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_non-English_films"},{"link_name":"The Battle at Lake Changjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin"},{"link_name":"Camille and Kennerly Kitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_and_Kennerly_Kitt"}],"text":"Sylvia McNair - Grammy Award-winning singer\nJohn Nelson - conductor and advocate for sacred music\nMarty O'Donnell - composer for Bungie's Halo video game series\nElliot Leung - composer of the highest grossing non-english film of all time, The Battle at Lake Changjin\nCamille and Kennerly Kitt - twin harpists and actresses","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dr. Harold MacArthur Best, dean emeritus (1970-1997)\nDr. Curtis Funk (1984-2007)\nReginald Gerig (1952-1987)\nDr. William A. Phemister (1972-2007)\nDr. Terry R. Schwartz (1981-2013)\nDr. Gerard Sundberg\nAlva William Steffler (1970-2003)\nDr. Howard Whitaker (1972-2012)\nDr. Paul Willard Wiens (1981-2012)\nJohn David Zimmerman (1968-2012)","title":"Living emeritus faculty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby McFerrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin"},{"link_name":"Canadian Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Brass"},{"link_name":"King's Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Singers"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"}],"sub_title":"Wheaton College Artist Series","text":"The Artist Series brings professional performing arts groups to campus, with several events spaced throughout the school year. Orchestras, dance companies, soloists, and world music ensembles are all included in the Series' offerings. Recent guests have been as varied as Bobby McFerrin, Canadian Brass, the King's Singers, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Russian National Ballet. Most years include one event featuring Conservatory ensembles performing a choral-orchestral masterwork or joining with other special artists.","title":"Special programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"sub_title":"Arts in London","text":"Arts in London is a month-long study program occurring at the beginning of alternate summers. Faculty from the Conservatory, as well as the Theater and Art Departments, teach courses in art, music, and theater on-site in London's museums, theaters, and concert halls. The program also includes a weekend trip to Paris to further explore the European arts tradition.","title":"Special programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe","text":"Music and Ministry in the Great Cities of Europe was the Conservatory's international missions program. MMGCE was a three-week trip occurring at the beginning of alternate summers. A group of students, would form a choir and have a student brass ensemble accompany, traveled and performed in such cities as Budapest, London, Moscow, and Vienna, among others, depending on the year.","title":"Special programs"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina
["1 History","2 Current judges","3 Vacancies and pending nominations","4 Former judges","5 Chief judges","6 Succession of seats","7 List of past U.S. Attorneys","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°46′35″N 79°55′54″W / 32.77626°N 79.931763°W / 32.77626; -79.931763United States federal district court of South Carolina United States District Court for the District of South Carolina(D.S.C.)LocationCharlestonMore locationsColumbiaC.F. Haynsworth Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse(Greenville)SpartanburgCharles E. Simons Jr. Federal Court House(Aiken)AndersonFlorenceOrangeburgRock HillGreenwoodBeaufortAppeals toFourth CircuitEstablishedOctober 7, 1965Judges10Chief JudgeTimothy M. CainOfficers of the courtU.S. AttorneyAdair Ford BoroughsU.S. MarshalChrissie C. Latimorewww.scd.uscourts.gov The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of South Carolina. Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg. Appeals from the District of South Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit). The United States attorney for the District of South Carolina represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of July 26, 2022, the United States attorney is Adair Ford Boroughs. History The District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789. It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823, by 3 Stat. 726. The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence, and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville. The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff. In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made another effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087 and 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again split into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912. Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961. However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court. It has since remained a single District. Current judges As of June 4, 2024: # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 38 Chief Judge Timothy M. Cain Anderson 1961 2011–present 2024–present — Obama 26 District Judge David C. Norton Charleston 1946 1990–present 2007–2012 — G.H.W. Bush 36 District Judge Richard Gergel Charleston 1954 2010–present — — Obama 39 District Judge Mary Geiger Lewis Columbia 1958 2012–present — — Obama 40 District Judge Bruce Howe Hendricks Charleston 1957 2014–present — — Obama 41 District Judge Donald C. Coggins Jr. Spartanburg 1959 2017–present — — Trump 43 District Judge Sherri Lydon Columbia 1962 2019–present — — Trump 44 District Judge Joseph Dawson III Florence 1970 2020–present — — Trump 45 District Judge Jacquelyn D. Austin Greenville 1966 2024–present — — Biden 46 District Judge vacant — — — — — — 25 Senior Judge Joseph F. Anderson Columbia 1949 1986–2014 2000–2007 2014–present Reagan 28 Senior Judge Henry Michael Herlong Jr. Greenville 1944 1991–2009 — 2009–present G.H.W. Bush 30 Senior Judge Cameron McGowan Currie Columbia 1948 1994–2013 — 2013–present Clinton 33 Senior Judge Terry L. Wooten Columbia 1954 2001–2019 2013–2019 2019–present G.W. Bush 35 Senior Judge Robert Bryan Harwell Florence 1959 2004–2024 2019–2024 2024–present G.W. Bush Vacancies and pending nominations Seat Prior Judge's Duty Station Seat last held by Vacancy reason Date of vacancy Nominee Date of nomination 9 Florence Robert Bryan Harwell Senior status June 4, 2024 – – Former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason fortermination 1 William Drayton Sr. SC 1732–1790 1789–1790 — — Washington death 2 Thomas Bee SC 1739–1812 1790–1812 — — Washington death 3 John Drayton SC 1766–1822 1812–1822 — — Madison death 4 Thomas Lee SC 1769–1839 1823–1839 — — Monroe death 5 Robert Budd Gilchrist SC 1796–1856 1839–1856 — — Van Buren death 6 Andrew Gordon Magrath SC 1813–1893 1856–1860 — — Pierce resignation 7 George Seabrook Bryan SC 1809–1905 1866–1886 — — A. Johnson retirement 8 Charles Henry Simonton SC 1829–1904 1886–1893 — — Cleveland elevation to 4th Cir. 9 William H. Brawley SC 1841–1916 1894–1911 — — Cleveland retirement 10 Henry Augustus Middleton Smith SC 1853–1924 1911–1912 — — Taft reassignment to E.D.S.C. and W.D.S.C. — George Bell Timmerman Sr. SC 1881–1966 — — 1965–1966 F. Roosevelt/Operation of law death — Julius Waties Waring SC 1880–1968 — — 1965–1968 F. Roosevelt/Operation of law death 11 Charles Cecil Wyche SC 1885–1966 1965–1966 — — F. Roosevelt/Operation of law death 12 James Robert Martin Jr. SC 1909–1984 1965–1979 1965–1979 1979–1984 Kennedy/Operation of law death 13 Robert W. Hemphill SC 1915–1983 1965–1980 1979–1980 1980–1983 L. Johnson/Operation of law death 14 Charles Earl Simons Jr. SC 1916–1999 1965–1986 1980–1986 1986–1999 L. Johnson/Operation of law death 15 Donald S. Russell SC 1906–1998 1966–1971 — — L. Johnson elevation to 4th Cir. 16 Robert F. Chapman SC 1926–2018 1971–1981 — — Nixon elevation to 4th Cir. 17 Solomon Blatt Jr. SC 1921–2016 1971–1990 1986–1990 1990–2016 Nixon death 18 Matthew James Perry Jr. SC 1921–2011 1979–1995 — 1995–2011 Carter death 19 Falcon Black Hawkins Jr. SC 1927–2005 1979–1993 1990–1993 1993–2005 Carter death 20 Charles Weston Houck SC 1933–2017 1979–2003 1993–2000 2003–2017 Carter death 21 G. Ross Anderson SC 1929–2020 1980–2009 — 2009–2016 Carter retirement 22 William Walter Wilkins SC 1942–present 1981–1986 — — Reagan elevation to 4th Cir. 23 Clyde H. Hamilton SC 1934–2020 1981–1991 — — Reagan elevation to 4th Cir. 24 Karen L. Henderson SC 1944–present 1986–1990 — — Reagan elevation to D.C. Cir. 27 Dennis Shedd SC 1953–present 1990–2002 — — G.H.W. Bush elevation to 4th Cir. 29 William Byrd Traxler Jr. SC 1948–present 1992–1998 — — G.H.W. Bush elevation to 4th Cir. 31 Patrick Michael Duffy SC 1943–present 1995–2009 — 2009–2019 Clinton retirement 32 Margaret B. Seymour SC 1947–present 1998–2013 2012–2013 2013–2022 Clinton retirement 34 Henry F. Floyd SC 1947–present 2003–2011 — — G.W. Bush elevation to 4th Cir. 37 J. Michelle Childs SC 1966–present 2010–2022 — — Obama elevation to D.C. Cir. 42 A. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr. SC 1964–present 2018 — — Trump elevation to 4th Cir. Chief judges Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. Succession of seats Seat 1 Seat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73 W. Drayton 1789–1790 Bee 1790–1812 J. Drayton 1812–1822 Lee 1823–1839 Gilchrist 1840–1856 Magrath 1856–1860 Bryan 1866–1886 Simonton 1887–1893 Brawley 1894–1911 Smith 1911–1912 Seat reassigned to the Eastern and Western Districts on January 1, 1912, by 36 Stat. 1087, 1123 Seat 2 Seat reassigned from the Eastern and Western Districts on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951 Martin Jr. 1965–1979 G. Anderson Jr. 1980–2009 Childs 2010–2022 Austin 2024–present Seat 3 Seat reassigned from the Eastern and Western Districts on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951 Hemphill 1965–1980 Wilkins 1981–1986 Henderson 1986–1990 Shedd 1990–2002 Floyd 2003–2011 Lewis 2012–present Seat 4 Seat reassigned from the Eastern District on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951 Simons Jr. 1965–1986 J. Anderson Jr. 1986–2014 Coggins Jr. 2017–present Seat 5 Seat reassigned from the Western District on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951 Wyche 1965–1966 Russell 1966–1971 Blatt Jr. 1971–1990 Norton 1990–present Seat 6 Seat established on June 2, 1970, by 84 Stat. 294 Chapman 1971–1981 Hamilton 1981–1991 Traxler Jr. 1992–1998 Seymour 1998–2013 Hendricks 2014–present Seat 7 Seat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 Perry Jr. 1979–1995 Duffy 1995–2009 Cain 2011–present Seat 8 Seat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 Hawkins Jr. 1979–1993 Currie 1994–2013 Quattlebaum Jr. 2018 Lydon 2019–present Seat 9 Seat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629 Houck 1979–2003 Harwell 2004–2024 vacant 2024–present Seat 10 Seat established on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089 Herlong Jr. 1991–2009 Gergel 2010–present Seat 11 Seat established on December 21, 2000, by 114 Stat. 2762 Wooten 2001–2019 Dawson III 2020–present List of past U.S. Attorneys The U.S. Attorney for South Carolina is the chief law enforcement officer for the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina. Between 1918 and 1968, the district was separated into western and eastern districts of South Carolina and then reunited. John J. Pringle (1789–1792) Thomas Parker (1792–1820) Robert Y. Haynes (1820) John Gadsden (1820–1831) Edward Frost (1831) Robert B. Gilchrist (1831–1840) Edward McCrady (1840–1850) William Whaley (1850) James L. Petigru (1850–1853) Thomas Evans (1853–1856) James Conner (1856–1860) John Phillips (1866–1867) David T. Corbin (1867–1877) L. C. Northrup (1878–1881) Samuel W. Melton (1881–1885) Leroy F. Youmans (1885–1893) Abial Lathrop (1889–1893) William P. Murphy (1893–1896) Abial Lathrop (1896–1901) John C. Capers (1901–1906) Ernest F. Cochran (1906–1914) Francis H. Weston (1914–1918) Klyde Robinson (1968–1969) Joseph O. Rogers Jr. (1969–1971) John K. Grisso (1971–1975) Thomas P. Simpson (1975) Mark W. Buyck Jr. (1975–1977) Thomas P. Simpson (1977) Thomas E. Lydon Jr. (1977–1981) Henry D. McMaster (1981–1985) Vinton D. Lide (1985–1989) E. Bart Daniel (1989–1992) John S. Simmons (1992–1993) Pete Strom (1993–1996) J. René Josey (1996–2001) J. Strom Thurmond Jr. (2001–2005) Reggie Lloyd (2005–2008) Walt Wilkins (2008–2010) Bill Nettles (2010–2016) Sherri Lydon (2018–2019) Peter M. McCoy Jr. (2020–2021) See also Courts of South Carolina List of current United States district judges List of United States federal courthouses in South Carolina References ^ "Adair Ford Boroughs Sworn In As United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina" (Press release). Columbia, South Carolina: U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of South Carolina. July 26, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ a b c d e f U.S. District Courts of South Carolina, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center. ^ The Florence, South Carolina, courthouse, Federal Judicial Center. ^ The Greenville, South Carolina, courthouse, Federal Judicial Center. ^ Barrett v. United States, 169 U.S. 219 (1898). ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on February 8, 1790, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10, 1790, and received commission on February 10, 1790. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 29, 1840, confirmed by the United States Senate on February 17, 1840, and received commission on February 17, 1840. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 9, 1886, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 13, 1887, and received commission on January 13, 1887. ^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of South Carolina and the Western District of South Carolina. ^ Reassigned from the Eastern District of South Carolina. ^ Initially appointed to the Western District of South Carolina in 1937 by Franklin D. Roosevelt; reassigned to the District of South Carolina in 1965. ^ Initially appointed to both the Eastern District of South Carolina and the Western District of South Carolina in 1961 by John F. Kennedy; reassigned to the District of South Carolina in 1965. ^ Initially appointed to both the Eastern District of South Carolina and the Western District of South Carolina in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson; reassigned to the District of South Carolina in 1965. ^ Initially appointed to the Eastern District of South Carolina in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson; reassigned to the District of South Carolina in 1965. ^ Executive Office for United States Attorneys (1989). Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989 (PDF) (Report). Washington, District of Columbia: United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 2023-06-19. External links United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Official Website United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina Official Website vteActive district judges of the Fourth Circuit Court of AppealsMaryland Russell Chuang Xinis Gallagher Boardman Griggsby Rubin Hurson Maddox 1 seat vacant E. North Carolina Myers Boyle Dever Flanagan M. North Carolina Eagles Osteen Schroeder Biggs W. North Carolina Reidinger Whitney Cogburn Bell 1 seat vacant South Carolina Cain Norton Gergel Lewis Hendricks Coggins Lydon Dawson Austin 1 seat vacant E. Virginia Davis Brinkema Allen Lauck Alston Novak Young Giles Nachmanoff Hanes Walker W. Virginia Urbanski Dillon Cullen Ballou Yoon (Designate) N. West Virginia Kleeh Bailey Groh S. West Virginia Johnston Goodwin Chambers Berger Volk vteSenior district judges of the Fourth Circuit Court of AppealsMaryland Nickerson Chasanow Messitte Blake Bennett Bredar Hollander E. North Carolina Britt Howard M. North Carolina Tilley W. North Carolina Voorhees Mullen Conrad South Carolina J. Anderson Herlong Currie Wooten Harwell E. Virginia Hilton Ellis Smith Payne Jackson Hudson Trenga Gibney W. Virginia Jones Moon N. West Virginia Stamp Keeley S. West Virginia Copenhaver Faber vteUnited States federal courts Supreme Court of the United States United States courts of appeals List of United States district and territorial courts Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th DC Federal District courts Alabama (M, N, S) Alaska Arizona Arkansas (E, W) California (C, E, N, S) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida (M, N, S) Georgia (M, N, S) Hawaii Idaho Illinois (C, N, S) Indiana (N, S) Iowa (N, S) Kansas Kentucky (E, W) Louisiana (E, M, W) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (E, W) Minnesota Mississippi (N, S) Missouri (E, W) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (E, N, S, W) North Carolina (E, M, W) North Dakota Ohio (N, S) Oklahoma (E, N, W) Oregon Pennsylvania (E, M, W) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (E, M, W) Texas (E, N, S, W) Utah Vermont Virginia (E, W) Washington (E, W) West Virginia (N, S) Wisconsin (E, W) Wyoming Specialty courts Court of International Trade Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation Alien Terrorist Removal Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China District of Berlin NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court. Authority control databases ISNI 32°46′35″N 79°55′54″W / 32.77626°N 79.931763°W / 32.77626; -79.931763
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation"},{"link_name":"federal district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Aiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"Tucker Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Adair Ford Boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adair_Ford_Boroughs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"United States federal district court of South CarolinaThe United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of South Carolina. Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg.Appeals from the District of South Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).The United States attorney for the District of South Carolina represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of July 26, 2022[update], the United States attorney is Adair Ford Boroughs.[1]","title":"United States District Court for the District of South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-1-73"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-3-726"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Barrett v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1087"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-36-1123"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-38-961"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-79-951"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjcsc-2"}],"text":"The District of South Carolina was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, on September 24, 1789.[2] It was subdivided into the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina and the United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina Districts on February 21, 1823, by 3 Stat. 726.[2] The Eastern District was headquartered at Florence,[3] and the Western District was headquartered in Greenville.[4] The division was solely for the purposes of holding court – a single judge presided over both districts, and the act authorized no additional court staff.[2]In 1898 the United States Supreme Court held in Barrett v. United States[5] that South Carolina legally constituted a single judicial district. Congress made another effort to subdivide the District on March 3, 1911, by 36 Stat. 1087 and 36 Stat. 1123. South Carolina was again split into Eastern and the Western Districts, with one judgeship authorized to serve both districts, effective January 1, 1912.[2] Congress finally authorized an additional judgeship for the Western District, and assigned the sitting judge exclusively to the Eastern District, on March 3, 1915, by 38 Stat. 961.[2] However, on October 7, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951, South Carolina was reorganized as a single judicial district with four judgeships authorized for the district court.[2] It has since remained a single District.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&action=edit"}],"text":"As of June 4, 2024[update]:","title":"Current judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vacancies and pending nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"}],"text":"Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.","title":"Chief judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drayton_Sr."},{"link_name":"Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bee"},{"link_name":"J. Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(South_Carolina_judge)"},{"link_name":"Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Budd_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Magrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seabrook_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Simonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Simonton"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Brawley"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Middleton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Martin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Martin_Jr."},{"link_name":"G. Anderson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ross_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Childs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michelle_Childs"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquelyn_D._Austin"},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walter_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_L._Henderson"},{"link_name":"Shedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Shedd"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Floyd"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Geiger_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Simons Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Earl_Simons_Jr."},{"link_name":"J. Anderson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Coggins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._Coggins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cecil_Wyche"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Russell"},{"link_name":"Blatt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Blatt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Norton"},{"link_name":"Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Chapman"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_H._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Traxler Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Byrd_Traxler_Jr."},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_B._Seymour"},{"link_name":"Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Howe_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Perry Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Perry"},{"link_name":"Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michael_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_M._Cain"},{"link_name":"Hawkins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Black_Hawkins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_McGowan_Currie"},{"link_name":"Quattlebaum Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Marvin_Quattlebaum_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Lydon"},{"link_name":"Houck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Weston_Houck"},{"link_name":"Harwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bryan_Harwell"},{"link_name":"Herlong Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Michael_Herlong_Jr."},{"link_name":"Gergel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gergel"},{"link_name":"Wooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_L._Wooten"},{"link_name":"Dawson III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dawson_III"}],"text":"Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on September 24, 1789 by 1 Stat. 73\n\n\nW. Drayton\n1789–1790\n\n\nBee\n1790–1812\n\n\nJ. Drayton\n1812–1822\n\n\nLee\n1823–1839\n\n\nGilchrist\n1840–1856\n\n\nMagrath\n1856–1860\n\n\nBryan\n1866–1886\n\n\nSimonton\n1887–1893\n\n\nBrawley\n1894–1911\n\n\nSmith\n1911–1912\n\n\nSeat reassigned to the Eastern and Western Districts on January 1, 1912, by 36 Stat. 1087, 1123\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the Eastern and Western Districts on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\nMartin Jr.\n1965–1979\n\n\nG. Anderson Jr.\n1980–2009\n\n\nChilds\n2010–2022\n\n\nAustin\n2024–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the Eastern and Western Districts on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\nHemphill\n1965–1980\n\n\nWilkins\n1981–1986\n\n\nHenderson\n1986–1990\n\n\nShedd\n1990–2002\n\n\nFloyd\n2003–2011\n\n\nLewis\n2012–presentSeat 4\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the Eastern District on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\nSimons Jr.\n1965–1986\n\n\nJ. Anderson Jr.\n1986–2014\n\n\nCoggins Jr.\n2017–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 5\n\n\nSeat reassigned from the Western District on November 1, 1965, by 79 Stat. 951\n\n\nWyche\n1965–1966\n\n\nRussell\n1966–1971\n\n\nBlatt Jr.\n1971–1990\n\n\nNorton\n1990–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 6\n\n\nSeat established on June 2, 1970, by 84 Stat. 294\n\n\nChapman\n1971–1981\n\n\nHamilton\n1981–1991\n\n\nTraxler Jr.\n1992–1998\n\n\nSeymour\n1998–2013\n\n\nHendricks\n2014–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 7\n\n\nSeat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nPerry Jr.\n1979–1995\n\n\nDuffy\n1995–2009\n\n\nCain\n2011–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 8\n\n\nSeat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nHawkins Jr.\n1979–1993\n\n\nCurrie\n1994–2013\n\n\nQuattlebaum Jr.\n2018\n\n\nLydon\n2019–presentSeat 9\n\n\nSeat established on October 20, 1978, by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nHouck\n1979–2003\n\n\nHarwell\n2004–2024\n\n\nvacant\n2024–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 10\n\n\nSeat established on December 1, 1990, by 104 Stat. 5089\n\n\nHerlong Jr.\n1991–2009\n\n\nGergel\n2010–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 11\n\n\nSeat established on December 21, 2000, by 114 Stat. 2762\n\n\nWooten\n2001–2019\n\n\nDawson III\n2020–present","title":"Succession of seats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John J. Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_J._Pringle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Parker_(attorney)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Y. Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Y._Haynes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Gadsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gadsden"},{"link_name":"Edward Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frost"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Edward McCrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_McCrady"},{"link_name":"William Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whaley"},{"link_name":"James L. Petigru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Petigru"},{"link_name":"Thomas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Evans_(attorney)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Conner_(general)"},{"link_name":"John Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_R._Phillips_(South_Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David T. Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Corbin"},{"link_name":"L. C. Northrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._C._Northrup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samuel W. Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_W._Melton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leroy F. Youmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_F._Youmans"},{"link_name":"Abial Lathrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abial_Lathrop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William P. Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Murphy"},{"link_name":"Abial Lathrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abial_Lathrop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John C. Capers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Capers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest F. Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_F._Cochran"},{"link_name":"Francis H. Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_H._Weston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klyde Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klyde_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph O. Rogers Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O._Rogers_Jr."},{"link_name":"John K. Grisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_K._Grisso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Buyck Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_W._Buyck_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Lydon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Lydon_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry D. McMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._McMaster"},{"link_name":"Vinton D. Lide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinton_D._Lide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. Bart Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Bart_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John S. Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_S._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pete Strom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Strom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. René Josey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Ren%C3%A9_Josey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Strom Thurmond Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Strom_Thurmond_Jr."},{"link_name":"Reggie Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggie_Lloyd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walt Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Nettles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nettles"},{"link_name":"Sherri Lydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Lydon"},{"link_name":"Peter M. McCoy Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._McCoy_Jr."}],"text":"The U.S. Attorney for South Carolina is the chief law enforcement officer for the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina. Between 1918 and 1968, the district was separated into western and eastern districts of South Carolina and then reunited.[15]John J. Pringle (1789–1792)\nThomas Parker (1792–1820)\nRobert Y. Haynes (1820)\nJohn Gadsden (1820–1831)\nEdward Frost (1831)\nRobert B. Gilchrist (1831–1840)\nEdward McCrady (1840–1850)\nWilliam Whaley (1850)\nJames L. Petigru (1850–1853)\nThomas Evans (1853–1856)\nJames Conner (1856–1860)\nJohn Phillips (1866–1867)\nDavid T. Corbin (1867–1877)\nL. C. Northrup (1878–1881)\nSamuel W. Melton (1881–1885)\nLeroy F. Youmans (1885–1893)\nAbial Lathrop (1889–1893)\nWilliam P. Murphy (1893–1896)\nAbial Lathrop (1896–1901)\nJohn C. Capers (1901–1906)\nErnest F. Cochran (1906–1914)\nFrancis H. Weston (1914–1918)\nKlyde Robinson (1968–1969)\nJoseph O. Rogers Jr. (1969–1971)\nJohn K. Grisso (1971–1975)\nThomas P. Simpson (1975)\nMark W. Buyck Jr. (1975–1977)\nThomas P. Simpson (1977)\nThomas E. Lydon Jr. (1977–1981)\nHenry D. McMaster (1981–1985)\nVinton D. Lide (1985–1989)\nE. Bart Daniel (1989–1992)\nJohn S. Simmons (1992–1993)\nPete Strom (1993–1996)\nJ. René Josey (1996–2001)\nJ. Strom Thurmond Jr. (2001–2005)\nReggie Lloyd (2005–2008)\nWalt Wilkins (2008–2010)\nBill Nettles (2010–2016)\nSherri Lydon (2018–2019)\nPeter M. McCoy Jr. (2020–2021)","title":"List of past U.S. Attorneys"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/500px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Courts of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_South_Carolina"},{"title":"List of current United States district judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges"},{"title":"List of United States federal courthouses in South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_courthouses_in_South_Carolina"}]
[{"reference":"\"Adair Ford Boroughs Sworn In As United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina\" (Press release). Columbia, South Carolina: U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of South Carolina. July 26, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/pr/adair-ford-boroughs-sworn-united-states-attorney-district-south-carolina","url_text":"\"Adair Ford Boroughs Sworn In As United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina","url_text":"Columbia, South Carolina"}]},{"reference":"Executive Office for United States Attorneys (1989). Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989 (PDF) (Report). Washington, District of Columbia: United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2018/02/23/bicentennial_celebration.pdf","url_text":"Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&params=32.77626_N_79.931763_W_","external_links_name":"32°46′35″N 79°55′54″W / 32.77626°N 79.931763°W / 32.77626; -79.931763"},{"Link":"https://www.scd.uscourts.gov/","external_links_name":"www.scd.uscourts.gov"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-73","external_links_name":"73"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-726","external_links_name":"726"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-36-1087","external_links_name":"1087"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-36-1123","external_links_name":"1123"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-38-961","external_links_name":"961"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-79-951","external_links_name":"951"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/pr/adair-ford-boroughs-sworn-united-states-attorney-district-south-carolina","external_links_name":"\"Adair Ford Boroughs Sworn In As United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_district_sc.html","external_links_name":"U.S. District Courts of South Carolina, Legislative history"},{"Link":"http://www.fjc.gov/history/courthouses.nsf/getcourthouse?OpenAgent&chid=343F30A6D710E4AA8525718B007268FE","external_links_name":"The Florence, South Carolina, courthouse"},{"Link":"http://www.fjc.gov/history/courthouses.nsf/getcourthouse?OpenAgent&chid=E2A5075EE01076E38525718B00726D47","external_links_name":"The Greenville, South Carolina, courthouse"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2018/02/23/bicentennial_celebration.pdf","external_links_name":"Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989"},{"Link":"http://www.scd.uscourts.gov/","external_links_name":"United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.usdoj.gov/usao/sc/","external_links_name":"United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina Official Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446549891","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina&params=32.77626_N_79.931763_W_","external_links_name":"32°46′35″N 79°55′54″W / 32.77626°N 79.931763°W / 32.77626; -79.931763"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanganui_Herald
The Wanganui Herald
["1 References"]
New Zealand newspaper The Evening Herald staff, Wanganui, c. 1870, including John Ballance (third from left) The Wanganui Herald, originally published as The Evening Herald, was a daily newspaper in Wanganui published from 1867 to 1986 when it was replaced by a community newspaper of the same name. John Ballance arrived in Wanganui in August 1866; he was to become New Zealand's prime minister in 1891. Ballance aimed for a career in journalism, had strong political views, and occasionally wrote for the Wanganui Times. The established newspaper at the time was the Wanganui Chronicle founded in 1856. On 3 June 1867, Ballance published the first issue of The Evening Herald after having purchased a printing press. The last edition of The Evening Herald was published on Thursday, 23 March 1876 (volume X, issue 2737) and with issue 2738, the newspaper continued under the new title The Wanganui Herald. On the occasion of commissioning a new printing press that enabled an "enlarged paper", the title was changed with the following rationale: A slight modification of the title has long been pressed upon us by numerous friends, who think that the word Wanganui should form part of the name, their contention being that the place from whence the paper issues should appear prominent to those at a distance. After careful consideration, and not without reluctance arising from an early bias, we have acceded to the suggestion, The Wanganui Herald being now the designation of our daily issue. From 1869 to 1906, the evening newspaper was supplemented by a weekly edition. From 1926 onwards, The Wanganui Herald had a children's newspaper as an insert. In 1971, the ownership of The Wanganui Herald and the Wanganui Chronicle came into one company. In 1986, the period of the city having two daily newspapers came to an end with The Wanganui Herald turning into a community newspaper, leaving the commercial market to its long-standing rival, the Wanganui Chronicle. The name of the community newspaper later changed to Wanganui Midweek. Both the Chronicle and Wanganui Midweek are owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment (NZME). References ^ McIvor, Tim. "Ballance, John". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ a b "The Wanganui Herald". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 December 2018. ^ "The Evening Herald". The Evening Herald. No. 1. 3 June 1867. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ "The Evening Herald". The Evening Herald. Vol. X, no. 2737. 23 March 1876. Retrieved 24 December 2018. ^ "The Wanganui Herald". The Wanganui Herald. Vol. X, no. 2738. 24 March 1876. Retrieved 24 December 2018. ^ "Enlargement of The Herald". The Wanganui Herald. Vol. X, no. 2738. 24 March 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 24 December 2018. ^ "Wanganui Midweek (NZME.)". New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Retrieved 24 December 2018. vteNewspapers in New ZealandDailies Ashburton Guardian Bay of Plenty Times Daily Post Gisborne Herald Greymouth Star Hawke's Bay Today Manawatū Standard Marlborough Express Nelson Mail New Zealand Herald Northern Advocate Otago Daily Times The Post The Press Southland Times Taranaki Daily News Timaru Herald Waikato Times Wairarapa Times-Age Whanganui Chronicle Westport News Weeklies Horowhenua Chronicle Herald on Sunday National Business Review Oamaru Mail Sunday Star-Times Sunday News The Timaru Courier Other current newspapers Hawera and Normanby Star New Zealand Gazette The Star Defunct newspapers Auckland Star The Colonist Cromwell Argus Daily Telegraph The Dominion Evening Post Evening Star Grey River Argus Hawke's Bay Herald-Tribune Lyttelton Times Nelson Examiner New Zealand Advertiser and Bay of Islands Gazette New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette New Zealand Tablet New Zealand Times NZ Truth Otago Witness The Sun Taranaki Herald Waihi Daily Telegraph Wanganui Herald Wellington Independent Zealandia
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanganui_Herald_NLNZ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"John Ballance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ballance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Ballance-1"},{"link_name":"Wanganui Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP_description-2"},{"link_name":"printing press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP_description-2"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Media and Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Media_and_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Evening Herald staff, Wanganui, c. 1870, including John Ballance (third from left)The Wanganui Herald, originally published as The Evening Herald, was a daily newspaper in Wanganui published from 1867 to 1986 when it was replaced by a community newspaper of the same name.John Ballance arrived in Wanganui in August 1866; he was to become New Zealand's prime minister in 1891.[1] Ballance aimed for a career in journalism, had strong political views, and occasionally wrote for the Wanganui Times. The established newspaper at the time was the Wanganui Chronicle founded in 1856.[2] On 3 June 1867, Ballance published the first issue of The Evening Herald after having purchased a printing press.[3] The last edition of The Evening Herald was published on Thursday, 23 March 1876 (volume X, issue 2737) and with issue 2738, the newspaper continued under the new title The Wanganui Herald.[4][5] On the occasion of commissioning a new printing press that enabled an \"enlarged paper\", the title was changed with the following rationale:[6]A slight modification of the title has long been pressed upon us by numerous friends, who think that the word Wanganui should form part of the name, their contention being that the place from whence the paper issues should appear prominent to those at a distance. After careful consideration, and not without reluctance arising from an early bias, we have acceded to the suggestion, The Wanganui Herald being now the designation of our daily issue.From 1869 to 1906, the evening newspaper was supplemented by a weekly edition. From 1926 onwards, The Wanganui Herald had a children's newspaper as an insert. In 1971, the ownership of The Wanganui Herald and the Wanganui Chronicle came into one company. In 1986, the period of the city having two daily newspapers came to an end with The Wanganui Herald turning into a community newspaper, leaving the commercial market to its long-standing rival, the Wanganui Chronicle.[2] The name of the community newspaper later changed to Wanganui Midweek. Both the Chronicle and Wanganui Midweek are owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment (NZME).[7]","title":"The Wanganui Herald"}]
[{"image_text":"The Evening Herald staff, Wanganui, c. 1870, including John Ballance (third from left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wanganui_Herald_NLNZ.jpg/220px-Wanganui_Herald_NLNZ.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"McIvor, Tim. \"Ballance, John\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2b5","url_text":"\"Ballance, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wanganui Herald\". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/wanganui-herald","url_text":"\"The Wanganui Herald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"National Library of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"The Evening Herald\". The Evening Herald. No. 1. 3 June 1867. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH18670603.2.6","url_text":"\"The Evening Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evening Herald\". The Evening Herald. Vol. X, no. 2737. 23 March 1876. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/wanganui-herald/1876/03/23","url_text":"\"The Evening Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Wanganui Herald\". The Wanganui Herald. Vol. X, no. 2738. 24 March 1876. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/wanganui-herald/1876/03/24","url_text":"\"The Wanganui Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enlargement of The Herald\". The Wanganui Herald. Vol. X, no. 2738. 24 March 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH18760324.2.9","url_text":"\"Enlargement of The Herald\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wanganui Midweek (NZME.)\". New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsworksnz.co.nz/titles-rates-specs/wanganui-midweek-nzme/","url_text":"\"Wanganui Midweek (NZME.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Media_and_Entertainment","url_text":"New Zealand Media and Entertainment"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo-Puerto_General_San_Martin_Port_Complex
San Lorenzo-Puerto General San Martín Port Complex
["1 See also","2 References"]
Series of ports in Argentina Aerial view of San Lorenzo North terminals Quebracho terminal in San Lorenzo Other view of quebracho terminal in San Lorenzo The San Lorenzo-Puerto General San Martín Port Complex is a series of port facilities on the western shore of the lower course of the Paraná River in Argentina, which are shared by the cities of San Lorenzo and Puerto General San Martín, province of Santa Fe. This complex receives traffic coming from the Atlantic Ocean through the Río de la Plata. The port of Puerto General San Martín, located at 32°43′S 60°44′W / 32.717°S 60.733°W / -32.717; -60.733, about 35 km upstream from the port of Rosario, is the last deepwater port on the Paraná, and is capable of hosting ships up to Panamax size. The depth of the river is kept at 34 feet by dredging. San Lorenzo-Puerto General San Martín form a major commercial terminal for agricultural exports. Traffic at the complex accounts for 50% of the Argentine exports of soybean products. In 2004, the complex managed 7.4 million tonnes of cereals (36% of the country's total exports of corn, wheat and sorghum). Reportedly, the port is also used by Colombian drug-trafficking organizations, to ship drugs to places in Europe and other places abroad. See also List of ports in Argentina Foreign trade of Argentina References ^ "San Lorenzo-Puerto General San Martín Port Complex". www.supermaritime.com. Super maritime group. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ "La Argentina Blanca, primera parte". Complejo Portuario San Lorenzo-Puerto San Martín at Nuestro Mar. Café de las Ciudades, 16 July 2005. Puerto San Martín, al ritmo de la soja. Government of the Province of Santa Fe. Cereals exported through ports in Santa Fe.
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[{"title":"List of ports in Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Argentina"},{"title":"Foreign trade of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Holmes_(singer)
Joe Holmes (singer)
["1 Biography","2 Recordings","3 BBC Radio Documentary","4 Discography","4.1 Joe Holmes and Len Graham","4.2 Compilations","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Joe HolmesBirth nameJoe HolmesBorn1906Killyramer, near Ballymoney, Antrim, IrelandDiedJanuary 1978 (aged 71–72)GenresIrish traditional music, Sean-nósOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Fiddle, singingMusical artist Joe Holmes (1906 – 5 January 1978) was a fiddler, lilter and traditional singer from Antrim, Northern Ireland. Biography Holmes's brother Harry had brought him home a present of his first fiddle on his return from the Great War. Holmes's first job was carrying the red warning flag in front of the steam roller, which took him travelling all around the country in a caravan. He took his fiddle on these trips. Some of the fiddle favourites included: "The Boys of Ballycastle", "The Blackberry Blossom", "Royal Charlie", "Wellington’s Medal" and "Rodney’s Glory". Holmes left the roadwork and worked at flax-scutching, first for a small mill near Killyrammer, and then into Milltown Mill, in Ballymoney. He then took up a healthier job as a green-keeper for Ballymoney Bowling club. Recordings All of Joe Holmes's recordings were made with Len Graham with whom he began regularly attending music sessions around Ireland in the 1960s. Their first album was Chaste Muses, Bards and Sages, which includes solo singing by both as well as duets and lilting. The record became an instant hit and Len’s assured singing coupled with Joe’s verve, and his huge store of songs, made them firm favourites in clubs, concerts and festivals. Sadly, Joe Holmes died just a fortnight after completing the recording of their follow-up LP, After Dawning, in 1978. BBC Radio Documentary On 6 January 1980 a radio documentary tribute to Joe Holmes compiled by David Hammond was broadcast on BBC Radio Ulster. Contributors on the programme were Len Graham, Geordie Hanna, Frank Harte, Jeannie McGrath, Sarah Ann O'Neill and Paddy Tunney. The programme was called Joe Holmes: A Parting Glass, BBC Programme number: 140U540, Catalogue Number: 9517794, Duration 0:29:08 Discography Joe Holmes and Len Graham Chaste Muses, Bards and Sages (Free Reed, 1976) – FRR 007 After Dawning (Topic, 1979) – 12TS401 Compilations A Living Thing: Contemporary Classics Of Traditional Irish Music (Globestyle, 1997) – CD. Various artists. Features two songs by Joe Holmes and Len Graham: "The Girl That Broke My Heart" and "The Parting Glass". I Once Was A Daysman & Chaste Muses, Bards & Sages (Free Reed, 2008) – FRRR-08/FRRRS-128 CD. Remastered albums by Eddie Butcher / Joe Holmes and Len Graham. See also Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann References ^ "Antrim Fiddlers Causeway Dulcimer Festival". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008. ^ "NIMIC - Northern Irish Music Industry Commission". Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 13 June 2008. Further reading Graham, Len (2010). Joe Holmes : Here I Am Amongst You. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-252-0. External links Len Graham's Website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Germany Israel United States
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[]
[{"title":"Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhaltas_Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_%C3%89ireann"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Distribution
PBS Distribution
["1 History","1.1 Independent films","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Home video distribution company PBS DistributionFormerly PBS Venture PBS Home Video Public Media Distribution Company typeJoint ventureIndustryPublic TVFoundedSeptember 7, 1977; 46 years ago (1977-09-07) in New York City, New York, U.S.HeadquartersCrystal City, VirginiaBoston, Massachusetts, United StatesOwnersPBSWGBH Educational FoundationDivisionsPBS InternationalPBS America (JV)Websitewww.pbsdistribution.org PBS Distribution (PBSd), formerly known as PBS Ventures, PBS Home Video, and Public Media Distribution, is the home distribution unit of American television network PBS. The company manages streaming channels, video on demand releases, and sells home videos of PBS series and movies and PBS Kids series in various formats, as well as programming from other public television distributors such as American Public Television and the National Educational Telecommunications Association. It is jointly owned by the Public Broadcasting Service and the WGBH Educational Foundation. PBSd manages the PBS Masterpiece channel on Amazon's Prime Video Channels. It is currently distributing PBS programs and movies on DVD, Blu-ray, digital downloads, and streaming media and PBS Kids programs on DVD and digital downloads. In 2017 independent films produced by PBSd were added for theatrical distribution and home video releases. History Established on September 7, 1977, the PBS Home Video, Inc. company originally distributed and sold VHS and Betamax tapes simply on their own. Starting in 1989, PBS secured a deal with Pacific Arts to distribute PBS Home Video's products. In 1994, PBS moved to distribution through Turner Home Entertainment. In 1996, when Turner Home Entertainment's parent company merged with Time Warner, distribution was through Warner Home Video until 2004, when distribution moved to Paramount Home Entertainment. PBS Home Video was renamed PBS Distribution—PBSd in 2009, and became independent again in 2011. PBSd is jointly owned by PBS and the WGBH Educational Foundation. It is currently distributing PBS programs and movies on DVD, Blu-ray, digital downloads, and video on demand and PBS Kids programs on DVD and digital downloads. In 2017 independent films produced by PBSd were added for cinema and home video releases. PBS International offers factual content for broadcast, cable, and satellite services internationally. On November 1, 2011, PBS UK was launched on BSkyB. Canadian-born entrepreneur David Lyons and PBS Distribution formed a joint venture to run the channel. Independent films After a backlash from filmmakers over WNET's attempts to move independent documentary series to its secondary station, PBS took feedback from the documentary community and developed an indie film strategy. Through Independent Lens, PBS acquired Stanley Nelson's documentary film The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution. The history of The Black Panthers was especially timely due to the contemporary Black Lives Matter movement's growth. The film was first released in theaters in late 2015, then had a special nationwide public television premiere in late 2016. PBSd expanded its operation to included theatrical distribution of documentary films by hiring Erin Owens as PBS Distribution's Head of Theatrical Distribution; and Emily Rothschild as Director of Theatrical Acquisitions and Marketing. Owens and Rothschild had just worked with PBS on Stanley Nelson's The Black Panthers distribution. The operations expansion of PBSd was announced at the Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2017. The company plans to get theatrical and non-theatrical rights for up to six feature-length documentaries to release per year. PBSd put British show, Jamestown as a streaming first run on PBS Passport and PBS Masterpiece as of March 23, 2018. See also PBS−Public Broadcasting Service topics WGBH Educational Foundation topics References ^ PBS Distribution OFfices, Contact us page ^ Sefton, Dru (May 26, 2017). "NETA's Hinton sets retirement, PBS picks CFO, and other comings and goings". Current. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ "Tom Tardivo, CFO and Treasurer". pbs.org. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ a b c d PBS Distribution (PBSd) . accessed April 16, 2017. ^ a b Sefton, Dru (March 21, 2018). "PBS Distribution brings Brit drama 'Jamestown' to Passport, Amazon viewers first". Current. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ shopPBS ^ a b PBS.org: "PBS & PBS Distribution Announce Plans to Expand Theatrical Distribution Efforts for Independent Film"; January 19, 2017. accessed April 16, 2017. ^ Netherby, Jennifer (January 16, 2004). "Par, PBS pact on vids". Variety. Retrieved September 23, 2022. ^ "PBS sets U.K. launch". Variety. August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ Gomez, Luis (August 5, 2015). "PBS appeals to indie filmmakers with bigger marketing budget, multiplatform strategy". Current. Retrieved January 28, 2017. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (January 19, 2017). "Jaunt Unveils 2017 Production Slate; PBS To Expand Indie Film Distribution Efforts — Sundance Briefs". Deadline. Retrieved January 28, 2017. External links Official PBS Distribution − PBSd website Bill Reed papers, at the University of Maryland libraries. Reed was one of the creators of PBS Video, and his papers contain documents on video and home video unit of the network. Robert M. Reed papers, at the University of Maryland libraries. Reed was the executive director of PBS Video from 1969-1976. vtePBS National Association of Educational Broadcasters (1925–1981) National Educational Television (1952–1970) American Public Television (1961–) Educational Television Stations (1963–1973) Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1967–) America's Public Television Stations (1979–) Documentaries Independent Lens (episodes) (since August 9, 1999) PBS Short Film Festival (since 2012) POV (episodes) (since July 5, 1988) Drama Masterpiece (since January 10, 1971) Music and fine arts American Masters (since June 22, 1986) Art:21 (since 2001) Austin City Limits (since January 3, 1976) Bluegrass Underground (since 2011) Craft in America (since 2007) Great Performances (episodes) (since November 4, 1972) Next at the Kennedy Center (since 2023) History American Experience (episodes) (since October 4, 1988) Antiques Roadshow (since January 9, 1997) Finding Your Roots (since March 25, 2012) Secrets of the Dead (since May 15, 2000) News and public affairs Amanpour & Company (since September 10, 2018) BBC World News America (since June 3, 2019 from American Public Television) Firing Line (episodes) (April 4, 1966 – December 26, 1999; since June 22, 2018) Frontline (episodes) (since January 17, 1983) PBS News Hour (since October 20, 1975) To the Contrary (since April 3, 1992) Washington Week (since February 23, 1967) Personalities Samantha Brown Ken Burns Ric Burns Michael Gerson Amy Holmes Bill Moyers Hari Sreenivasan Judy Woodruff How-to and special interest MotorWeek (since October 15, 1981) This Old House (episodes) (since January 1, 1979) Science and nature Nature (episodes) (since October 10, 1982) Nova (episodes) (since March 3, 1974) Networks Create PBS PBS America (UK) PBS Digital Studios PBS Kids PBS YOU1 World Channel Major stations Boston WGBH WGBX Chicago WTTW Dallas KERA Houston KUHT Los Angeles KCET KLCS KOCE Maryland MPT Miami–Ft. Lauderdale–West Palm Beach WLRN WPBT WXEL New Jersey NJ PBS New York WLIW WNET Philadelphia–Wilmington–Lehigh Valley WHYY WLVT Pittsburgh WQED San Francisco/Watsonville/San Jose KQED KQEH KQET Tampa–St. Petersburg WEDQ WEDU Washington, D.C. WETA WHUT Former BBC OS (January 1, 2020 – March 30, 2023) A Chef's Life (September 7, 2013 – October 22, 2018) Need to Know (May 7, 2010 – June 28, 2013) We'll Meet Again with Ann Curry (January 23, 2018 – January 8, 2019) See also List of PBS member stations List of programs broadcast by PBS PBS Distribution PBS Satellite Service 1Defunct network 2Distributed by American Public Television (APT) vteGBHTelevision stations WFXZ-CD1 WGBH-TV WGBX-TV WGBY-TV Radio stations WCAI WCRB WGBH WNAN WNCK WZAI Media accessibility| efforts Media Access Group (closed captioning and audio description) Descriptive Video Service Television productions American Experience Antiques Roadshow Arthur Ask This Old House Basic Black Between the Lions Cook's Country Curious George Decoding COVID-19 Design Squad Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman Food Trip with Todd English French in Action Frontline Gourmet's Adventures with Ruth Gourmet's Diary of a Foodie Greater Boston High School Quiz Show Maria Hinojosa: One-on-One Martha Speaks Masterpiece Molly of Denali Nova Nova ScienceNow Peep and the Big Wide World Pinkalicious & Peterrific Postcards from Buster Religious America Rough Cut with Fine Woodworking Simply Ming The New Yankee Workshop The Victory Garden This Old House Time Warp Trio Work It Out Wombats! Zoom 1972–1978 1999–2005 Radio productions Innovation Hub The World Distributions PBS Distribution Public Radio International2 1WFXZ-CD maintains a channel sharing agreement with WGBH-TV. 2Merged into Public Radio Exchange Authority control databases: People Trove
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The company manages streaming channels, video on demand releases, and sells home videos of PBS series and movies and PBS Kids series in various formats, as well as programming from other public television distributors such as American Public Television and the National Educational Telecommunications Association.[4]It is jointly owned by the Public Broadcasting Service and the WGBH Educational Foundation. PBSd manages the PBS Masterpiece channel on Amazon's Prime Video Channels.[5]It is currently distributing PBS programs and movies on DVD, Blu-ray, digital downloads, and streaming media and PBS Kids programs on DVD and digital downloads.[4][6] In 2017 independent films produced by PBSd were added for theatrical distribution and home video releases.[7]","title":"PBS Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"Pacific Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Arts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Turner Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"parent company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Paramount Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"WGBH Educational Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBSd-4"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"digital downloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"PBS Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Kids"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBSd-4"},{"link_name":"PBS UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_America"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Established on September 7, 1977, the PBS Home Video, Inc. company originally distributed and sold VHS and Betamax tapes simply on their own.Starting in 1989, PBS secured a deal with Pacific Arts to distribute PBS Home Video's products. In 1994, PBS moved to distribution through Turner Home Entertainment. In 1996, when Turner Home Entertainment's parent company merged with Time Warner, distribution was through Warner Home Video until 2004, when distribution moved to Paramount Home Entertainment.[8]PBS Home Video was renamed PBS Distribution—PBSd in 2009, and became independent again in 2011. PBSd is jointly owned by PBS and the WGBH Educational Foundation.[4] It is currently distributing PBS programs and movies on DVD, Blu-ray, digital downloads, and video on demand and PBS Kids programs on DVD and digital downloads.[4] In 2017 independent films produced by PBSd were added for cinema and home video releases. PBS International offers factual content for broadcast, cable, and satellite services internationally.On November 1, 2011, PBS UK was launched on BSkyB. Canadian-born entrepreneur David Lyons and PBS Distribution formed a joint venture to run the channel.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNET"},{"link_name":"secondary station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLIW-TV"},{"link_name":"indie film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_film"},{"link_name":"Independent Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Lens"},{"link_name":"Stanley Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Nelson"},{"link_name":"The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Panthers:_Vanguard_of_the_Revolution"},{"link_name":"The Black Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_television"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbssundance-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Independent films","text":"After a backlash from filmmakers over WNET's attempts to move independent documentary series to its secondary station, PBS took feedback from the documentary community and developed an indie film strategy.Through Independent Lens, PBS acquired Stanley Nelson's documentary film The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution. The history of The Black Panthers was especially timely due to the contemporary Black Lives Matter movement's growth. The film was first released in theaters in late 2015, then had a special nationwide public television premiere in late 2016.[10]PBSd expanded its operation to included theatrical distribution of documentary films by hiring Erin Owens as PBS Distribution's Head of Theatrical Distribution; and Emily Rothschild as Director of Theatrical Acquisitions and Marketing. Owens and Rothschild had just worked with PBS on Stanley Nelson's The Black Panthers distribution.The operations expansion of PBSd was announced at the Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2017.[7] The company plans to get theatrical and non-theatrical rights for up to six feature-length documentaries to release per year.[11]PBSd put British show, Jamestown as a streaming first run on PBS Passport and PBS Masterpiece as of March 23, 2018.[5]","title":"History"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Machado
Alicia Machado
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Involvement in politics","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 Television","5.2 Films","5.3 Theater","6 Discography","7 Awards and nominations","7.1 Midia","7.2 Premios ACE","7.3 Paseo de las Luminarias","7.4 TVyNovelas Awards","7.5 Premios People en Español","8 References","9 External links"]
Venezuelan-American actress/TV host/singer/beauty queen In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Machado and the second or maternal family name is Fajardo. Alicia MachadoMachado in 2016BornYoseph Alicia Machado Fajardo (1976-12-06) December 6, 1976 (age 47)Maracay, Aragua, VenezuelaHeight1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Children1Beauty pageant titleholderTitleMiss Maracay 1995Miss Venezuela 1995Miss Universe 1996Hair colorBrownEye colorBrownMajorcompetition(s)Miss Venezuela 1995 (winner)Miss Universe 1996 (winner) Yoseph Alicia Machado Fajardo (Spanish pronunciation: ; born December 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan-American actress, tv host, singer and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 1996, she previously crowned Miss Venezuela 1995. She was the fourth woman from Venezuela to be named Miss Universe. Early life Machado was born in Maracay, Venezuela. Her father was a toy store owner who emigrated from Spain and her mother's family emigrated from Cuba prior to the Cuban revolution. Machado took to performing at an early age. She began dancing at age 4 and acting at age 12. Machado attended college for a year and half but left to pursue modeling and appearing in commercials. Career Machado won the 1995 Miss Maracay pageant, and then the 1995 Miss Venezuela pageant representing Yaracuy state and then the Miss Universe 1996 crown in Las Vegas. Early in her training, she refused plastic surgery recommended to her, notable in Venezuelan beauty pageant culture. The runner-up, Jacqueline Aguilera, also won the Miss World 1995 crown, marking the second time that two Venezuelans from the same pageant won two world titles. Machado's reign came as American businessman Donald Trump took ownership of the Miss Universe pageant. While preparing for Miss Universe, Machado underwent intense dieting. Machado said that, when she won, she weighed 116 pounds and was anorexic and bulimic. During her reign as Miss Universe, Machado gained what she said was about 12 pounds in weight, drawing considerable press attention. The President of Miss Universe Organization denied that the organization was considering replacing her with runner-up, Taryn Mansell of Aruba. After mounting pressure to lose weight from Trump and other pageant officials, Machado asked Trump to assist her with orienting toward a healthier lifestyle. Trump arranged for 80 reporters to "watch sweat" in a gym, which Machado later called "in very bad taste". This scandal catapulted her directly to world fame, making her the most popular Miss Universe in history. In 1998 Machado had her first starring telenovela role as the title character in Samantha. In 2001, she had a small role on the international soap opera Secreto de Amor. During 2004–2005, she pursued a career as a TV commercial model with particular success in promoting a dieting product. In 2005, Machado appeared on a Spanish reality show called La Granja de los celebrities, whose participation generated headlines in the press in Spain, Mexico, Miami and Venezuela, for having sex in front of the cameras with his partner on the program Fernando Acaso, when She was still engaged to Venezuelan baseball player Bob Abreu. On February 19, 2006, Machado debuted on the Mexican reality show Cantando Por Un Sueño ("Singing For A Dream"). Machado appeared in (and on the cover of) the February 2006 issue of Playboy magazine's Mexican edition, becoming the only Miss Universe to pose nude for that magazine. Machado was cast in the comedic soap opera Una familia con suerte where she played a woman who fell in love with her brother's enemy. The show began airing in Mexico in February 2011 and in the United States in October of that same year. She again posed nude for the July 2010 issue of the Mexican edition of Playboy. On September 9, 2012, Machado was one of ten competitors on the third season of Mira Quien Baila. On November 18, 2012, Alicia won 3rd place in the 3rd season of Univision's dance competition Mira Quien Baila. In 2013, Machado starred as the protagonist of La Madame, a television serial produced by RTI Productions and RCN TV in Colombia. In February 2014, she joined Univision's beauty pageant Nuestra Belleza Latina 2014 as a mentor where she coach the participants on how to succeed in the modeling and television industry. In 2017, she posed nude for PETA's "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur," ad campaign. In 2019 she was part of the cast of the play Divinas, she also participated in the Latin movie, He matado a mi marido ( I have killed my husband). In 2021 she competed in the Colombian version of the MasterChef Celebrity On May 23, 2021, she premiered her celebrity interview show Whats Up Alicia, produced by Machado. It will initially be broadcast in Venezuela, through Venevisión, to later be launched in other countries in Latin America such as Mexico, and the United States. In 2021, Machado appeared as a contestant in the first season of the reality television series La casa de los famosos. She went on to win the competition with 40,586,129 votes. Involvement in politics In 1998, Machado publicly supported the presidential campaign of Henrique Salas Römer. In 2010 she criticized populist Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez in an interview with Playboy. In July 2015, after Donald Trump launched his presidential campaign, Machado announced that she would publish a book detailing what she called his "abuses of power" and "racism". She said that, during her year as Miss Universe, Trump called her "Miss Piggy" because she gained weight and "Miss Housekeeping" because of her Hispanic background. Trump's spokeswoman denied that Trump had made those insults. Machado has repeatedly called Trump a "nazi rat", compared him to Hugo Chavez and Adolf Hitler, and said that he was capable of starting a new Holocaust. On September 26, 2016, Hillary Clinton brought up Machado's statements against Trump during the first presidential debate. The following day, Trump responded on Fox and Friends, describing Machado as "impossible" and saying that "she gained a massive amount of weight and it was a real problem. We had a real problem. Not only that, her attitude, and we had a real problem with her." Later that week, Trump made a series of tweets in which he called her "disgusting," condemned Clinton's judgement for not "checking her past", falsely claimed she had appeared in a "sex tape", and baselessly accused Clinton of using her influence to help Machado become an American citizen. The tweets were condemned in editorials in the Los Angeles Times and The Globe and Mail. John Cassidy of The New Yorker wrote that Trump's "original comments about Machado reeked of sexism and racism" while his subsequent series of tweets "highlighted, anew, his impulsiveness and lack of discipline." The following day, Clinton telephoned Machado to thank her for her support. Beginning in June 2016, Machado publicly campaigned in support of Hillary Clinton. The Clinton campaign coordinated many of her media appearances, featured her in two online advertisements, and used her to introduce Clinton at a campaign rally. Personal life In 1998, a Venezuelan judge accused Machado of threatening to kill him while he was presiding over a case against her then-boyfriend for attempted murder. Machado was also accused of driving the boyfriend's getaway car. Machado denied both accusations and was never charged with a crime. The controversy caused a media sensation in Venezuela unseen since the conviction of President Carlos Andres Perez. Machado once dated professional baseball player Bobby Abreu; the couple later split, calling off their engagement. In 2010, responding to being mocked on Twitter after mistakenly referring to North and South Korea as China, Machado closed her Twitter account and wrote, "I now have a lot of psychopaths on the account and it's best I start another one, kisses." Machado has one daughter. In 2013, after being diagnosed with breast cancer, Machado underwent a double mastectomy. In May 2016, Machado became a U.S. citizen. In June 2019 in statements to the Hispanic show business program, Suelta la sopa, she talked about her bisexuality, claiming to have had girlfriends. Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 The Nanny Herself 1998 Samantha Samantha del Llano Lead role 1999 Infierno en el paraíso Marian Ordiales Lead role 2000 Estamos Unidos Mari 2002 Mambo y Canela Canela 2005 La Granja Herself ParticipantFinished 8th place 2007 Nuestra Belleza Latina 2007 Herself Judge 2007 El Pantera Diana Rodríguez Season 1 2007 Amor sin maquillaje Marina Fernández Rosales 2009 Los simuladores Camila Episode: "El precio de la fama" 2009–2010 Hasta que el dinero nos separe Karen Sandoval Supporting role 2009–2010 Atrevete a Soñar Electra Guest star 2011–2012 Una familia con suerte Candelaria "Candy" López 2012 2012 Premios Juventud Herself Host Mira Quien Baila ParticipantFinished 3rd place 2012–2013 Porque el amor manda Candela Guest star 2013 La Madame Madame Rochy "La Madame" Lead role 2014 Nuestra Belleza Latina 2014 Herself Participated as a mentor/team leader 2015 Lo imperdonable Claudia Ordaz 2021 MasterChef Celebrity México Herself Participant La casa de los famosos Herself Participant; Winner of season 1 Esta historia me suena Nora Episode: "Suelta mi mano" 2023 Juego de mentiras Alejandra Edwards 2023–present Secretos de las indomables Herself Main cast 2024 Top Chef VIP Herself Participant; season 3 Films Year Title Role Notes 2006 Cansada de besar sapos Cassandra 2007 Dios o demonio Giselle Theater Year Title Role Notes 2009 Un amante a la medida Linda 2010 Los Alacranes Hairspray, El Musical Velma 2019 Divinas Discography Machado both wrote and produced her debut album, unusual in the genre. Alicia Machado (2004) Si se Acabara el Mundo (2010) Awards and nominations Midia Year Category Telenovela Result 1998 Best New Actress Samantha Won It's the best history Premios ACE Year Category Telenovela Result 1999 Best Revelation of the Year Samantha Won Paseo de las Luminarias Year Nominee Result 2010 In recognition of her artistic career in Mexico Won TVyNovelas Awards Year Category Telenovela Result 2012 Best Co-star Actress Una familia con suerte Nominated Premios People en Español Year Category Telenovela Result 2012 Best Supporting Actress Una familia con suerte Nominated References ^ a b c "Biography of Alicia Machado". Terra. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ a b c d e Martin, Lydia (May 16, 1997). "Miss Universe, Sizing Up Her Reign". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ "Fotos Y Biografia De Alicia Machado En La Telenovela Amor Sin Maquillaje". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ Stavans, Ilan (October 2, 2016). "Alicia Machado vs. Donald Trump's Machismo". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ Barbaro, Michael; Twohey, Megan (September 27, 2016). "Shamed and Angry: Alicia Machado, a Miss Universe Mocked by Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ Winter, Jessica (May 17, 2016). "That Time Donald Trump Humiliated Miss Universe for Gaining Weight". Slate. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ "¿Por qué Alicia Machado es la Miss Universo más famosa y la reina del escándalo?( Why is Alicia Machado the most famous Miss Universe and the queen of scandal?))". Ahoramismo.com. December 8, 2019. ^ "Alicia, en programa de escándalo.In English:Alice, in scandal program". Eluniverso.com. May 9, 2005. ^ "Ex novio habla del escándalo de Alicia Machado.In english:Ex-boyfriend talks about the Alicia Machado scandal". Peopleenespanol.com. ^ Alicia Machado Pose For Playboy Archived April 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Pérez-Duthie, Juan Carlos (October 20, 2011). "On TV: Machado opens Una familia con suerte". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ a b "Alicia Machado se desnuda para quejarse de Hugo Chávez". El Comercio. July 13, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2016. ^ Kate Feldman, "Alicia Machado strips down for PETA ad — ‘I'd rather go naked than wear fur’" New York Daily News, 12 April 2017. ^ MARTHA CALVILLO (January 30, 2019). "Divinas, una reflexión sobre el papel de la mujer". www.milenio.com. ^ "¡He matado a mi marido!". filmaffinity. ^ "Alicia Machado participa en "MasterChef Celebrity Colombia"" (in Spanish). February 6, 2021. ^ "Alicia Machado muestra su faceta como entrevistadora en "Whats Up", de Venevisión / in English: Alicia Machado shows her facet as an interviewer in "Whats Up", from Venevisión" (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela. El Universal. May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ "Alicia Machado gana "La casa de los famosos" y $200 mil". Diario las Américas (in Spanish). November 16, 2021. ^ Romero, Angie. "Ex-Miss Universe Alicia Machado to Write Book About Donald Trump's 'Abuses of Power' & 'Racism'". Billboard. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ a b Chozick, Amy; Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 28, 2016). "'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere". The New York Times. ^ Blakely, Rhys (September 29, 2016). "Subscribe | theaustralian". TheAustralian.com.au. Retrieved October 25, 2016. ^ Paquette, Danielle (September 30, 2016). "'Public slut-shaming' and Donald Trump's attack on a former Miss Universe's alleged sex history". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2016. ^ "Tras escándalo de Donald Trump, Alicia Machado lo compara con Hitler". Publimetro. Publimetro. June 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ "Alicia Machado arremete contra Donald Trump". elnuevoherald. El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ a b Mason, Melanie; Carcamo, Cindy (September 27, 2016). "Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Diaz, Daniella; Merica, Dan (September 27, 2016). "'Miss Universe' tearfully thanks Clinton for defense against Trump's 'Miss Piggy' remarks". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Donald Trump says he'll make President Bill Clinton's infidelity a campaign issue, CBS News, 1 October 2016 ^ Trump bashes ‘disgusting’ former beauty queen Alicia Machado, accuses her of having ‘sex tape’, The Washington Post, 30 September 2016 ^ Trump jumps into the gutter. Louis Nelson, Politico, 30 September 2016 ^ As America Sleeps, Donald Trump Seethes on Twitter, The New York Times, 1 October 2016 ^ Editorial: Dogged by tweets and taxes, Donald Trump proves yet again he's not fit to lead. Los Angeles Times, 3 October 2016 ^ The real Donald Trump, everyone. The Globe and Mail, 2 October 2016 ^ John Cassidy, The Meaning of Trump's Early-Morning Tweet Storm, The New Yorker, 30 September 2016. ^ "Campaign 2016 updates: Donald Trump discusses campaign, immigrants in video deposition over hotel dispute". Los Angeles Times. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ Barbaro, Michael (September 27, 2016). "Shamed and Angry: Alicia Machado, a Miss Universe Mocked by Donald Trump". The New York Times. ^ Alba, Monica (November 1, 2016). "Clinton and Alicia Machado make case against Trump". NBC News. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ^ Kraul, Chris; Mogollon, Mery (October 2, 2016). "Trump says former Miss Universe was tied to a murder attempt. So what did happen in Venezuela?". Los Angeles Times. ^ Chozick, Amy; Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 28, 2016). "'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere". The New York Times. ^ Carcamo, Cindy; Mason, Melanie (September 27, 2016). "Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ "BBC News | World | Beauty queen in attempted murder trial". news.bbc.co.uk. January 27, 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Gutkin, Steven (February 5, 1998). "Ex-Ms. Universe Accused of Threat". apnewsarchive.com. AP. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Ex-Miss Universe stars in real-life Venezuela soap Reuters, via Hurriyet Daily News, 2/7/1998 ^ "ALICIA MACHADO AMENAZA DE MUERTE A JUEZ - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 - eltiempo.com". El Tiempo. February 6, 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ "Alicia in the big city". The Economist. February 19, 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ "ALICIA MACHADO ES SAMANTHA: - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 - eltiempo.com". No. 28 Feb 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Jesse Sanchez, 'Comedulce' a hero in his country: Phillies' Abreu often underrated in the United States, MLB.com (June 12, 2006). ^ Mike Berardino, Mom, this homer is for you, Orlando Sentinel (May 15, 2005). ^ "Venezuelan beauty queen stumbles over Korea crisis". Reuters. November 24, 2010. ^ "Alicia Machado: su lucha al descubrir que tenía cáncer (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. January 16, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ Bruces, Rubén (May 20, 2016) "¡En hora buena! Alicia Machado obtuvo la ciudadanía americana" ^ "Alicia Machado bisexual? These were her statements./¿Alicia Machado bisexual? Estas fueron sus declaraciones»". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. ^ "Canela.TV unveils all-star cast for reality series 'Secretos de las Indomables'". HOLA. May 3, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023. ^ González, Moisés (March 14, 2024). "Celebridades confirmadas para Top Chef VIP 3". People en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved March 14, 2024. ^ "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. April 24, 2004. Retrieved October 29, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alicia Machado. Alicia Machado at IMDb Awards and achievements Preceded by Chelsi Smith Miss Universe 1996 Succeeded by Brook Lee Preceded by Denyse Floreano Miss Venezuela 1995 Succeeded by Marena Bencomo Preceded byLody Attie Miss Yaracuy 1995 Succeeded byRomina Meraviglia Portal: Lists vteBig Brother in the United StatesEnglishversionBig Brother Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7: All-Stars 8 9: Til Death Do You Part 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22: All-Stars 23 24 25 Episodes 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present HouseGuestsWinners Will Kirby Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Derrick Levasseur Nicole Franzel Cody Calafiore Xavier Prather Taylor Hale Othercontestants Jamie Kern Lima Marcellas Reynolds Adria Montgomery-Klein and Natalie Montgomery-Carroll Will Wikle Holly King Janelle Pierzina Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Frankie Grande Vanessa Rousso Paul Abrahamian Austin Matelson Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Tommy Bracco Cirie Fields Matt Klotz Celebrity Big BrotherEpisodes Season 1 2 3 HouseGuestsWinners Marissa Jaret Winokur Tamar Braxton Miesha Tate Runners-up Ross Mathews Ricky Williams Todrick Hall Special Big Brother: Over the Top Big Brother Reindeer Games Companion shows House Calls After Dark Celebrity After Dark Off the Block Related articles Zingbot SpanishversionCivilian version Gran Hermano La Casa de los Famosos(Celebrity version) Season 1 2 3 4 Winners Alicia Machado Ivonne Montero Madison Anderson Runners-up Manelyk Gonzalez Salvador Zerboni Paty Navidad Category vteMiss Universe 1996 national titleholders ARU: Taryn Mansell AUS: Jodie McMullen BEL: Véronique De Kock SLV: Milena Mayorga FIN: Lola Odusoga GHA: Pearl Amoah IDN: Alya Rohali ITA: Anna Valle MEX: Vanessa Guzmán PAN: Reyna Royo ROM: Roberta Anastase SWE: Annika Duckmark USA: Ali Landry VEN: Alicia Machado vteMiss Universe titleholders1950s Armi Kuusela (1952) Christiane Martel (1953) Miriam Stevenson (1954) Hillevi Rombin (1955) Carol Morris (1956) Gladys Zender (1957) Luz Marina Zuluaga (1958) Akiko Kojima (1959) 1960s Linda Bement (1960) Marlene Schmidt (1961) Norma Nolan (1962) Iêda Maria Vargas (1963) Corinna Tsopei (1964) Apasra Hongsakula (1965) Margareta Arvidsson (1966) Sylvia Hitchcock (1967) Martha Vasconcellos (1968) Gloria Diaz (1969) 1970s Marisol Malaret (1970) Georgina Rizk (1971) Kerry Anne Wells (1972) Margie Moran (1973) Amparo Muñoz (1974) Anne Marie Pohtamo (1975) Rina Messinger (1976) Janelle Commissiong (1977) Margaret Gardiner (1978) Maritza Sayalero (1979) 1980s Shawn Weatherly (1980) Irene Sáez (1981) Karen Baldwin (1982) Lorraine Downes (1983) Yvonne Ryding (1984) Deborah Carthy-Deu (1985) Bárbara Palacios (1986) Cecilia Bolocco (1987) Porntip Nakhirunkanok (1988) Angela Visser (1989) 1990s Mona Grudt (1990) Lupita Jones (1991) Michelle McLean (1992) Dayanara Torres (1993) Sushmita Sen (1994) Chelsi Smith (1995) Alicia Machado (1996) Brook Lee (1997) Wendy Fitzwilliam (1998) Mpule Kwelagobe (1999) 2000s Lara Dutta (2000) Denise Quiñones (2001) Oxana Fedorova/Justine Pasek (2002) Amelia Vega (2003) Jennifer Hawkins (2004) Natalie Glebova (2005) Zuleyka Rivera (2006) Riyo Mori (2007) Dayana Mendoza (2008) Stefanía Fernández (2009) 2010s Ximena Navarrete (2010) Leila Lopes (2011) Olivia Culpo (2012) Gabriela Isler (2013) Paulina Vega (2014) Pia Wurtzbach (2015) Iris Mittenaere (2016) Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (2017) Catriona Gray (2018) Zozibini Tunzi (2019) 2020s Andrea Meza (2020) Harnaaz Sandhu (2021) R'Bonney Gabriel (2022) Sheynnis Palacios (2023) vteMiss Universe Organization titleholders (1996) Miss Universe Alicia Machado Miss USA Ali Landry Miss Teen USA Christie Lee Woods vteMajor international pageant titleholders (1996) Miss World Irene Skliva Miss Universe Alicia Machado Miss International Fernanda Alves vteMiss Venezuela winners in the Big Four beauty pageantsMiss Universe Maritza Sayalero (1979) Irene Sáez (1981) Bárbara Palacios (1986) Alicia Machado (1996) Dayana Mendoza (2008) Stefanía Fernández (2009) Gabriela Isler (2013) Miss World Susana Duijm (1955) Pilín León (1981) Astrid Carolina Herrera (1984) Ninibeth Leal (1991) Jacqueline Aguilera (1995) Ivian Sarcos (2011) Miss International Nina Sicilia (1985) Consuelo Adler (1997) Vivian Urdaneta (2000) Goizeder Azúa (2003) Daniela di Giacomo (2006) Elizabeth Mosquera (2010) Edymar Martínez (2015) Mariem Velazco (2018) Andrea Rubio (2023) Miss Earth Alexandra Braun (2005) Alyz Henrich (2013) Argentina Australia Brazil Colombia Finland France Germany Great Britain Iceland India Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Philippines Poland Puerto Rico South Africa Spain Sweden United States Venezuela vteVenezuelan placements in Miss UniverseMiss Universe Maritza Sayalero (1979) Irene Sáez (1981) Bárbara Palacios (1986) Alicia Machado (1996) Dayana Mendoza (2008) Stefanía Fernández (2009) Gabriela Isler (2013) 1st runner-up Mariela Pérez Branger (1967) Judith Castillo (1976) Marena Bencomo (1997) Veruska Ramírez (1998) Claudia Moreno (2000) Mariángel Ruiz (2003) Amanda Dudamel (2022) 2nd runner-up María Antonieta Cámpoli (1972) Carmen María Montiel (1984) Milka Chulina (1993) Minorka Mercado (1994) Ly Jonaitis (2007) Irene Esser (2012) Sthefany Gutiérrez (2018) 3rd runner-up Peggy Kopp (1968) Silvia Martínez (1985) Inés María Calero (1987) Eva Ekvall (2001) 4th runner-up Cynthia Lander (2002) Mónica Spear (2005) Top 5-6 Jackeline Rodríguez (1991) Carolina Izsak (1992) Denyse Floreano (1995) Carolina Indriago (1999) Keysi Sayago (2017) Top 10-13 Cristal Montañez (1977) Paola Ruggeri (1983) Yajaira Vera (1988) Eva Lisa Ljung (1989) Andreína Goetz (1990) Migbelis Castellanos (2014) Mariana Jiménez (2015) Diana Silva (2023) Top 15-16 Susana Duijm (1955) Blanca Heredia (1956) Mercedes Revenga (1964) Bella La Rosa (1970) Vanessa Gonçalves (2011) Luiseth Materán (2021) Top 20-21 Thalía Olvino (2019) Unplaced Sofía Silva (1952) Gisela Bolaños (1953) Consuelo Nouel (1957) Ida Margarita Pieri (1958) Mary Quiróz Delgado (1960) Ana Griselda Vegas (1961) Virginia Bailey (1962) Irene Morales (1963) María De Las Casas (1965) Magaly Castro (1966) María José Yéllici (1969) Jeannette Donzella (1971) Desirée Rolando (1973) Neyla Moronta (1974) Maritza Pineda (1975) Marisol Alfonso (1978) Maye Brandt (1980) Ana Teresa Oropeza (1982) Ana Karina Áñez (2004) Jictzad Viña (2006) Marelisa Gibson (2010) Mariam Habach (2016) Mariángel Villasmil (2020) Did not compete Berta Landaeta (1954) Miss Venezuela Miss Universe Venezuela Miss Universe vteMiss Universe Venezuela titleholders1950s Sofía Silva (1952) Gisela Bolaños (1953) Berta Landaeta (1954) Susana Duijm (1955) Blanca Heredia (1956) Consuelo Nouel (1957) Ida Margarita Pieri (1958) 1960s Mary Quiróz Delgado (1960) Ana Griselda Vegas (1961) Virginia Bailey (1962) Irene Morales (1963) Mercedes Revenga (1964) María de las Casas (1965) Magaly Castro (1966) Mariela Pérez Branger (1967) Peggy Kopp (1968) María José Yéllici (1969) 1970s Bella La Rosa (1970) Jeannette Donzella (1971) María Antonieta Cámpoli (1972) Desireé Rolando (1973) Neyla Moronta (1974) Maritza Pineda (1975) Judith Castillo (1976) Cristal Montañez (1977) Marisol Alfonzo (1978) Maritza Sayalero (1979) 1980s Maye Brandt (1980) Irene Sáez (1981) Ana Teresa Oropeza (1982) Paola Ruggeri (1983) Carmen María Montiel (1984) Silvia Martínez (1985) Bárbara Palacios (1986) Inés María Calero (1987) Yajaira Vera (1988) Eva Lisa Ljung (1989) 1990s Andreína Goetz (1990) Jackeline Rodríguez (1991) Carolina Izsak (1992) Milka Chulina (1993) Minorka Mercado (1994) Denyse Floreano (1995) Alicia Machado (1996) Marena Bencomo (1997) Veruska Ramírez (1998) Carolina Indriago (1999) 2000s Claudia Moreno (2000) Eva Ekvall (2001) Cynthia Lander (2002) Mariángel Ruiz (2003) Ana Karina Áñez (2004) Mónica Spear (2005) Jictzad Viña (2006) Ly Jonaitis (2007) Dayana Mendoza (2008) Stefanía Fernández (2009) 2010s Marelisa Gibson (2010) Vanessa Gonçalves (2011) Irene Esser (2012) Gabriela Isler (2013) Migbelis Castellanos (2014) Mariana Jiménez (2015) Mariam Habach (2016) Keysi Sayago (2017) Sthefany Gutiérrez (2018) Thalía Olvino (2019) 2020s Mariángel Villasmil (2020) Luiseth Materán (2021) Amanda Dudamel (2022) Diana Silva (2023) Ileana Márquez (2024) vteMiss Venezuela titleholders1950s Sofía Silva (1952) Gisela Bolaños (1953) Susana Duijm (1955) Blanca Heredia (1956) Consuelo Nouel (1957) Ida Margarita Pieri (1958) 1960s Gladys Ascanio (1960) Ana Griselda Vegas (1961) Olga Antonetti (1962) Irene Morales (1963) Mercedes Revenga (1964) María de las Casas (1965) Magaly Castro (1966) Mariela Pérez Branger (1967) Peggy Kopp (1968) María José Yéllici/Marzia Piazza (1969) 1970s Bella La Rosa (1970) Jeannette Donzella (1971) María Antonieta Cámpoli (1972) Desireé Rolando (1973) Neyla Moronta (1974) Maritza Pineda (1975) Elluz Peraza/Judith Castillo (1976) Cristal Montañez (1977) Marisol Alfonzo (1978) Maritza Sayalero (1979) 1980s Maye Brandt (1980) Irene Sáez (1981) Ana Teresa Oropeza (1982) Paola Ruggeri (1983) Carmen María Montiel (1984) Silvia Martínez (1985) Bárbara Palacios (1986) Inés María Calero (1987) Yajaira Vera (1988) Eva Lisa Ljung (1989) 1990s Andreína Goetz (1990) Carolina Izsak (1991) Milka Chulina (1992) Minorka Mercado (1993) Denyse Floreano (1994) Alicia Machado (1995) Marena Bencomo (1996) Veruska Ramirez (1997) Carolina Indriago (1998) Martina Thorogood (1999) 2000s Eva Ekvall (2000) Cynthia Lander (2001) Mariangel Ruiz (2002) Ana Karina Áñez (2003) Mónica Spear (2004) Jictzad Viña (2005) Ly Jonaitis (2006) Dayana Mendoza (2007) Stefanía Fernández (2008) Marelisa Gibson (2009) 2010s Vanessa Gonçalves (2010) Irene Esser (2011) Gabriela Isler (2012) Migbelis Castellanos (2013) Mariana Jiménez (2014) Mariam Habach (2015) Keysi Sayago (2016) Sthefany Gutiérrez (2017) Isabella Rodríguez (2018) Thalía Olvino (2019) 2020s Mariángel Villasmil (2020) Amanda Dudamel (2021) Diana Silva (2022) Ileana Márquez (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[aˈlisja maˈtʃaðo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_1996"},{"link_name":"Miss Venezuela 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_1995"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe"}],"text":"Venezuelan-American actress/TV host/singer/beauty queenIn this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Machado and the second or maternal family name is Fajardo.Yoseph Alicia Machado Fajardo (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈlisja maˈtʃaðo]; born December 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan-American actress, tv host, singer and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 1996, she previously crowned Miss Venezuela 1995. She was the fourth woman from Venezuela to be named Miss Universe.","title":"Alicia Machado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terra-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin,_Lydia-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terra-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terra-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Machado was born in Maracay, Venezuela. Her father was a toy store owner who emigrated from Spain and her mother's family emigrated from Cuba prior to the Cuban revolution.[1][2] Machado took to performing at an early age. She began dancing at age 4 and acting at age 12.[1] Machado attended college for a year and half but left to pursue modeling and appearing in commercials.[1][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin,_Lydia-2"},{"link_name":"1995 Miss Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_1995"},{"link_name":"Yaracuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaracuy"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_1996"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan beauty pageant culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Miss World 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World_1995"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin,_Lydia-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin,_Lydia-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin,_Lydia-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Samantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_(telenovela)"},{"link_name":"Bob Abreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Abreu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cantando Por Un Sueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantando_Por_Un_Sue%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Una familia con suerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_familia_con_suerte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Comercio-12"},{"link_name":"Mira Quien Baila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Quien_Baila_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"Mira Quien Baila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Quien_Baila"},{"link_name":"La Madame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Madame"},{"link_name":"Nuestra Belleza Latina 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Latina_2014"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Venevisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venevisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_casa_de_los_famosos_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"La casa de los famosos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_casa_de_los_famosos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Machado won the 1995 Miss Maracay pageant,[2] and then the 1995 Miss Venezuela pageant representing Yaracuy state and then the Miss Universe 1996 crown in Las Vegas. Early in her training, she refused plastic surgery recommended to her, notable in Venezuelan beauty pageant culture.[4] The runner-up, Jacqueline Aguilera, also won the Miss World 1995 crown, marking the second time that two Venezuelans from the same pageant won two world titles. Machado's reign came as American businessman Donald Trump took ownership of the Miss Universe pageant. While preparing for Miss Universe, Machado underwent intense dieting. Machado said that, when she won, she weighed 116 pounds and was anorexic and bulimic.[2]During her reign as Miss Universe, Machado gained what she said was about 12 pounds in weight,[5] drawing considerable press attention.[6] The President of Miss Universe Organization denied that the organization was considering replacing her with runner-up, Taryn Mansell of Aruba.[2] After mounting pressure to lose weight from Trump and other pageant officials, Machado asked Trump to assist her with orienting toward a healthier lifestyle. Trump arranged for 80 reporters to \"watch [her] sweat\" in a gym, which Machado later called \"in very bad taste\".[2] This scandal catapulted her directly to world fame, making her the most popular Miss Universe in history.[7]In 1998 Machado had her first starring telenovela role as the title character in Samantha. In 2001, she had a small role on the international soap opera Secreto de Amor. During 2004–2005, she pursued a career as a TV commercial model with particular success in promoting a dieting product.In 2005, Machado appeared on a Spanish reality show called La Granja de los celebrities, whose participation generated headlines in the press in Spain, Mexico, Miami and Venezuela, for having sex in front of the cameras with his partner on the program Fernando Acaso, when She was still engaged to Venezuelan baseball player Bob Abreu.[8][9] On February 19, 2006, Machado debuted on the Mexican reality show Cantando Por Un Sueño (\"Singing For A Dream\").Machado appeared in (and on the cover of) the February 2006 issue of Playboy magazine's Mexican edition, becoming the only Miss Universe to pose nude for that magazine.[10] Machado was cast in the comedic soap opera Una familia con suerte where she played a woman who fell in love with her brother's enemy. The show began airing in Mexico in February 2011 and in the United States in October of that same year.[11] She again posed nude for the July 2010 issue of the Mexican edition of Playboy.[12]On September 9, 2012, Machado was one of ten competitors on the third season of Mira Quien Baila. On November 18, 2012, Alicia won 3rd place in the 3rd season of Univision's dance competition Mira Quien Baila. In 2013, Machado starred as the protagonist of La Madame, a television serial produced by RTI Productions and RCN TV in Colombia. In February 2014, she joined Univision's beauty pageant Nuestra Belleza Latina 2014 as a mentor where she coach the participants on how to succeed in the modeling and television industry.In 2017, she posed nude for PETA's \"I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur,\" ad campaign.[13]In 2019 she was part of the cast of the play Divinas, she also participated in the Latin movie, He matado a mi marido ( I have killed my husband).[14] [15]In 2021 she competed in the Colombian version of the MasterChef Celebrity[16]On May 23, 2021, she premiered her celebrity interview show Whats Up Alicia, produced by Machado. It will initially be broadcast in Venezuela, through Venevisión, to later be launched in other countries in Latin America such as Mexico, and the United States.[17]In 2021, Machado appeared as a contestant in the first season of the reality television series La casa de los famosos. She went on to win the competition with 40,586,129 votes.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henrique Salas Römer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Salas_R%C3%B6mer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Comercio-12"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gryn-20"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cindy-25"},{"link_name":"first presidential debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates,_2016#First_presidential_debate_(Hofstra_University)"},{"link_name":"Fox and Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_and_Friends"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSNews-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPoTweets-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTtweets-30"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATEditorial-31"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeMailEditorial-32"},{"link_name":"John Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassidy_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorker-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cindy-25"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Clinton campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_primary_campaign"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gryn-20"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In 1998, Machado publicly supported the presidential campaign of Henrique Salas Römer.[citation needed] In 2010 she criticized populist Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez in an interview with Playboy.[12]In July 2015, after Donald Trump launched his presidential campaign, Machado announced that she would publish a book detailing what she called his \"abuses of power\" and \"racism\".[19] She said that, during her year as Miss Universe, Trump called her \"Miss Piggy\" because she gained weight and \"Miss Housekeeping\" because of her Hispanic background. Trump's spokeswoman denied that Trump had made those insults.[20] Machado has repeatedly called Trump a \"nazi rat\", compared him to Hugo Chavez and Adolf Hitler, and said that he was capable of starting a new Holocaust.[21][22][23][24][25]On September 26, 2016, Hillary Clinton brought up Machado's statements against Trump during the first presidential debate. The following day, Trump responded on Fox and Friends, describing Machado as \"impossible\" and saying that \"she gained a massive amount of weight and it was a real problem. We had a real problem. Not only that, her attitude, and we had a real problem with her.\"[26] Later that week, Trump made a series of tweets in which he called her \"disgusting,\" condemned Clinton's judgement for not \"checking her past\", falsely claimed she had appeared in a \"sex tape\", and baselessly accused Clinton of using her influence to help Machado become an American citizen.[27][28][29][30]The tweets were condemned in editorials in the Los Angeles Times[31] and The Globe and Mail.[32] John Cassidy of The New Yorker wrote that Trump's \"original comments about Machado reeked of sexism and racism\" while his subsequent series of tweets \"highlighted, anew, his impulsiveness and lack of discipline.\"[33] The following day, Clinton telephoned Machado to thank her for her support.[34]Beginning in June 2016, Machado publicly campaigned in support of Hillary Clinton.[25][35] The Clinton campaign coordinated many of her media appearances, featured her in two online advertisements, and used her to introduce Clinton at a campaign rally.[20][36]","title":"Involvement in politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Andres Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Andres_Perez"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bobby Abreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Abreu"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._citizen"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"In 1998, a Venezuelan judge accused Machado of threatening to kill him while he was presiding over a case against her then-boyfriend for attempted murder. Machado was also accused of driving the boyfriend's getaway car. Machado denied both accusations and was never charged with a crime. The controversy caused a media sensation in Venezuela unseen since the conviction of President Carlos Andres Perez.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]Machado once dated professional baseball player Bobby Abreu; the couple later split, calling off their engagement.[46][47]In 2010, responding to being mocked on Twitter after mistakenly referring to North and South Korea as China, Machado closed her Twitter account and wrote, \"I now have a lot of psychopaths on the account and it's best I start another one, kisses.\"[48]Machado has one daughter. In 2013, after being diagnosed with breast cancer, Machado underwent a double mastectomy.[49]In May 2016, Machado became a U.S. citizen.[50]In June 2019 in statements to the Hispanic show business program, Suelta la sopa, she talked about her bisexuality, claiming to have had girlfriends.[51]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theater","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Machado both wrote and produced her debut album, unusual in the genre.[54]Alicia Machado (2004)\nSi se Acabara el Mundo (2010)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Midia","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Premios ACE","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paseo de las Luminarias","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TVyNovelas Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Premios People en Español","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Biography of Alicia Machado\". Terra. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/biografia_de_alicia_machado/oci64434","url_text":"\"Biography of Alicia Machado\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Lydia (May 16, 1997). \"Miss Universe, Sizing Up Her Reign\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/05/16/miss-universe-sizing-up-her-reign/4b76f45c-aaa9-4b44-8acf-39f2d4af7598/","url_text":"\"Miss Universe, Sizing Up Her Reign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fotos Y Biografia De Alicia Machado En La Telenovela Amor Sin Maquillaje\". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009121456/http://lasnoticiasmexico.com/55178.html","url_text":"\"Fotos Y Biografia De Alicia Machado En La Telenovela Amor Sin Maquillaje\""},{"url":"http://lasnoticiasmexico.com/55178.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stavans, Ilan (October 2, 2016). \"Alicia Machado vs. Donald Trump's Machismo\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/03/opinion/alicia-machado-vs-donald-trumps-machismo.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado vs. Donald Trump's Machismo\""}]},{"reference":"Barbaro, Michael; Twohey, Megan (September 27, 2016). \"Shamed and Angry: Alicia Machado, a Miss Universe Mocked by Donald Trump\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/us/politics/alicia-machado-donald-trump.html","url_text":"\"Shamed and Angry: Alicia Machado, a Miss Universe Mocked by Donald Trump\""}]},{"reference":"Winter, Jessica (May 17, 2016). \"That Time Donald Trump Humiliated Miss Universe for Gaining Weight\". Slate. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/05/17/when_donald_trump_humiliated_miss_universe_for_gaining_weight.html","url_text":"\"That Time Donald Trump Humiliated Miss Universe for Gaining Weight\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Por qué Alicia Machado es la Miss Universo más famosa y la reina del escándalo?( Why is Alicia Machado the most famous Miss Universe and the queen of scandal?))\". Ahoramismo.com. December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ahoramismo.com/entretenimiento/2019/12/por-que-alicia-machado-es-la-miss-universo-mas-famosa-y-la-reina-del-escandalo/","url_text":"\"¿Por qué Alicia Machado es la Miss Universo más famosa y la reina del escándalo?( Why is Alicia Machado the most famous Miss Universe and the queen of scandal?))\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia, en programa de escándalo.In English:Alice, in scandal program\". Eluniverso.com. May 9, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniverso.com/2005/05/09/0001/1065/9A7F92A79B7843FB8C45FB984047D2CD.html","url_text":"\"Alicia, en programa de escándalo.In English:Alice, in scandal program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex novio habla del escándalo de Alicia Machado.In english:Ex-boyfriend talks about the Alicia Machado scandal\". Peopleenespanol.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://peopleenespanol.com/article/ex-novio-habla-del-escandalo-de-alicia-machado/","url_text":"\"Ex novio habla del escándalo de Alicia Machado.In english:Ex-boyfriend talks about the Alicia Machado scandal\""}]},{"reference":"Pérez-Duthie, Juan Carlos (October 20, 2011). \"On TV: Machado opens Una familia con suerte\". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164423/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-10-20/elsentinel/fl-es-div1022machado-20111020_1_en-la-tv-compartimos-miss-universo","url_text":"\"On TV: Machado opens Una familia con suerte\""},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-10-20/elsentinel/fl-es-div1022machado-20111020_1_en-la-tv-compartimos-miss-universo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado se desnuda para quejarse de Hugo Chávez\". El Comercio. July 13, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elcomercio.pe/luces/moda/alicia-machado-se-desnuda-quejarse-hugo-chavez-noticia-596049","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado se desnuda para quejarse de Hugo Chávez\""}]},{"reference":"MARTHA CALVILLO (January 30, 2019). \"Divinas, una reflexión sobre el papel de la mujer\". www.milenio.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/divinas-una-reflexion-sobre-el-papel-de-la-mujer","url_text":"\"Divinas, una reflexión sobre el papel de la mujer\""}]},{"reference":"\"¡He matado a mi marido!\". filmaffinity.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film374101.html","url_text":"\"¡He matado a mi marido!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado participa en \"MasterChef Celebrity Colombia\"\" (in Spanish). February 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/alicia-machado-participa-masterchef-celebrity-colombia-n4216051","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado participa en \"MasterChef Celebrity Colombia\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado muestra su faceta como entrevistadora en \"Whats Up\", de Venevisión / in English: Alicia Machado shows her facet as an interviewer in \"Whats Up\", from Venevisión\" (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela. El Universal. May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com/entretenimiento/97650/alicia-machado-estrena-programa-whats-up-en-venevision","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado muestra su faceta como entrevistadora en \"Whats Up\", de Venevisión / in English: Alicia Machado shows her facet as an interviewer in \"Whats Up\", from Venevisión\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado gana \"La casa de los famosos\" y $200 mil\". Diario las Américas (in Spanish). November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/alicia-machado-gana-la-casa-los-famosos-y-200-mil-n4237002/amp","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado gana \"La casa de los famosos\" y $200 mil\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Angie. \"Ex-Miss Universe Alicia Machado to Write Book About Donald Trump's 'Abuses of Power' & 'Racism'\". Billboard. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/6627228/alicia-machado-donald-trump-book-former-miss-universe","url_text":"\"Ex-Miss Universe Alicia Machado to Write Book About Donald Trump's 'Abuses of Power' & 'Racism'\""}]},{"reference":"Chozick, Amy; Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 28, 2016). \"'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/politics/alicia-machado-presidential-race.html","url_text":"\"'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"Blakely, Rhys (September 29, 2016). \"Subscribe | theaustralian\". TheAustralian.com.au. Retrieved October 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/us-election-beauty-queen-could-tip-scales-for-hillary-clinton/news-story/bb4624a7e408e10e52b2116c02c85f42","url_text":"\"Subscribe | theaustralian\""}]},{"reference":"Paquette, Danielle (September 30, 2016). \"'Public slut-shaming' and Donald Trump's attack on a former Miss Universe's alleged sex history\". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/30/public-slut-shaming-and-donald-trumps-attack-on-a-former-miss-universitys-alleged-sex-history/","url_text":"\"'Public slut-shaming' and Donald Trump's attack on a former Miss Universe's alleged sex history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tras escándalo de Donald Trump, Alicia Machado lo compara con Hitler\". Publimetro. Publimetro. June 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009133628/http://www.publimetro.co/entretenimiento/tras-escandalo-de-donald-trump-alicia-machado-lo-compara-con-hitler/lmkofy!UYhgxGAp40D3Y/","url_text":"\"Tras escándalo de Donald Trump, Alicia Machado lo compara con Hitler\""},{"url":"http://www.publimetro.co/entretenimiento/tras-escandalo-de-donald-trump-alicia-machado-lo-compara-con-hitler/lmkofy!UYhgxGAp40D3Y/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado arremete contra Donald Trump\". elnuevoherald. El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elnuevoherald.com/entretenimiento/article26940556.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado arremete contra Donald Trump\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Melanie; Carcamo, Cindy (September 27, 2016). \"Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-alicia-machado-trump-20160927-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally\""}]},{"reference":"Diaz, Daniella; Merica, Dan (September 27, 2016). \"'Miss Universe' tearfully thanks Clinton for defense against Trump's 'Miss Piggy' remarks\". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/27/politics/who-is-alicia-machado-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-presidential-debate/index.html","url_text":"\"'Miss Universe' tearfully thanks Clinton for defense against Trump's 'Miss Piggy' remarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campaign 2016 updates: Donald Trump discusses campaign, immigrants in video deposition over hotel dispute\". Los Angeles Times. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-live-updates-trailguide-hillary-clinton-phones-former-miss-1475259238-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Campaign 2016 updates: Donald Trump discusses campaign, immigrants in video deposition over hotel dispute\""}]},{"reference":"Alba, Monica (November 1, 2016). \"Clinton and Alicia Machado make case against Trump\". NBC News. Retrieved November 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/clinton-alicia-machado-make-case-against-trump-n676511","url_text":"\"Clinton and Alicia Machado make case against Trump\""}]},{"reference":"Kraul, Chris; Mogollon, Mery (October 2, 2016). \"Trump says former Miss Universe was tied to a murder attempt. So what did happen in Venezuela?\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-alicia-machado-20161002-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Trump says former Miss Universe was tied to a murder attempt. So what did happen in Venezuela?\""}]},{"reference":"Chozick, Amy; Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 28, 2016). \"'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/politics/alicia-machado-presidential-race.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"'She Has a Name,' Alicia Machado, and It Is Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"Carcamo, Cindy; Mason, Melanie (September 27, 2016). \"Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-alicia-machado-trump-20160927-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado, former Miss Universe insulted by Trump, emerges as forceful Clinton ally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | World | Beauty queen in attempted murder trial\". news.bbc.co.uk. January 27, 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/50862.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | World | Beauty queen in attempted murder trial\""}]},{"reference":"Gutkin, Steven (February 5, 1998). \"Ex-Ms. Universe Accused of Threat\". apnewsarchive.com. AP. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/d65cc3f9dbf8d64445e420ccedcd3a5a","url_text":"\"Ex-Ms. Universe Accused of Threat\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALICIA MACHADO AMENAZA DE MUERTE A JUEZ - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 - eltiempo.com\". El Tiempo. February 6, 1998. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-808223","url_text":"\"ALICIA MACHADO AMENAZA DE MUERTE A JUEZ - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 - eltiempo.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia in the big city\". The Economist. February 19, 1998. 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Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/16/alicia-machado-cancer-seno-mama-doble-mastectomia_n_4613141.html","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado: su lucha al descubrir que tenía cáncer (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alicia Machado bisexual? These were her statements./¿Alicia Machado bisexual? Estas fueron sus declaraciones»\". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fyugtoP3Mg","url_text":"\"Alicia Machado bisexual? These were her statements./¿Alicia Machado bisexual? Estas fueron sus declaraciones»\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/2fyugtoP3Mg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canela.TV unveils all-star cast for reality series 'Secretos de las Indomables'\". HOLA. May 3, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hola.com/us/entertainment/20230503345311/canela-tv-cast-of-secretos-de-las-indomables/","url_text":"\"Canela.TV unveils all-star cast for reality series 'Secretos de las Indomables'\""}]},{"reference":"González, Moisés (March 14, 2024). \"Celebridades confirmadas para Top Chef VIP 3\". People en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved March 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://peopleenespanol.com/top-chef-vip-3-celebridades-confirmadas-8609005","url_text":"\"Celebridades confirmadas para Top Chef VIP 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_en_Espa%C3%B1ol","url_text":"People en Español"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. April 24, 2004. Retrieved October 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/V
Research vessel
["1 History","2 Modern types","2.1 Hydrographic survey","2.2 Oceanographic research","2.3 Fisheries research","2.4 Naval research","2.5 Polar research","2.6 Oil exploration","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea "R/V" redirects here. For recreational vehicles, see Recreational vehicle. For other uses, see RV (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Research vessel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed byor interfacing with oceanographic research vessels. A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the demanding nature of the work, research vessels may be constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters. History Endeavour replica in 2000 Main article: History of research ships The research ship had origins in the early voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cook's Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a research ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. The Endeavour was a sturdy vessel, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her "research personnel", Joseph Banks. As is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour also carried out more than one kind of research, including comprehensive hydrographic survey work. Some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, USFC Albatross, and the Endurance and Terra Nova. The names of early research vessels have been used to name later research vessels, as well as Space Shuttles. Modern types Modern typesCanadian hydrographic survey vessel CCGS Frederick G. CreedUnited States oceanographic research vessel, NOAAS Ronald H. BrownDanish fisheries research vessel, FRV DanaGerman naval research vessel Planet Hydrographic survey A hydrographic survey ship is a vessel designed to conduct hydrographic research and survey. Nautical charts are produced from this information to ensure safe navigation by military and civilian shipping. Hydrographic survey vessels also conduct seismic surveys of the seabed and the underlying geology. Apart from producing the charts, this information is useful for detecting geological features likely to bear oil or gas. These vessels usually mount equipment on a towed structure, for example, air cannons used to generate shock waves that sound strata beneath the seabed, or mounted on the keel, for example, a depth sounder. In practice, hydrographic survey vessels are often equipped to perform multiple roles. Some function also as oceanographic research ships. Naval hydrographic survey vessels often do naval research, for example, on submarine detection. An example of a hydrographic survey vessel is CCGS Frederick G. Creed. For an example of the employment of a survey ship see HMS Hydra. Oceanographic research Oceanographic research vessels carry out research on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water, the atmosphere, and climate, and to these ends carry equipment for collecting water samples from a range of depths, including the deep seas, as well as equipment for the hydrographic sounding of the seabed, along with numerous other environmental sensors. These vessels often also carry scientific divers and unmanned underwater vehicles. Since the requirements of both oceanographic and hydrographic research are very different from those of fisheries research, these boats often fulfill dual roles. Recent oceanographic research campaigns include GEOTRACES and NAAMES. Examples of an oceanographic research vessel include the NOAAS Ronald H. Brown and the Chilean Navy Cabo de Hornos. Fisheries research A fisheries research vessel requires platforms capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. An example of a fisheries research vessel is FRV Scotia. Naval research Naval research vessels investigate naval concerns, such as submarine and mine detection or sonar and weapons trials. An example of a naval research vessel is the Planet of the German Navy. Polar research Polar research vessels are constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to engage in ice navigation and operate in polar waters. These vessels usually have dual roles, particularly in the Antarctic, where they function also as polar replenishment and supply vessels to the Antarctic research bases. Examples of polar research vessels include USCGC Polar Star, RSV Aurora Australis and RSV Nuyina. Oil exploration Oil exploration is performed in a number of ways, one of the most common being mobile drilling platforms or ships that are moved from area to area as needed to drill into the seabed to find out what deposits lie beneath it. See also Oceans portal European and American voyages of scientific exploration List of research vessels by country Marine research vessels Technical research ship Weather ship References ^ Just Sit Right Back and You'll Hear a Tale, a Tale of a Plankton Trip NASA Earth Expeditions, 15 August 2018. ^ Adler, Antony (2013-10-12). "The Ship as Laboratory: Making Space for Field Science at Sea". Journal of the History of Biology. 47 (3): 333–362. doi:10.1007/s10739-013-9367-7. ISSN 0022-5010. PMID 24122291. S2CID 254550486. ^ Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Cook, James" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ^ Griffin, J.J. (ed) 1991. The Final Report of the Workshop on Scientific Shipboard Diving Safety to the National Science Foundation, University National Oceanographic Laboratory System, Graduate School of Oceanography Technical Report Number 90-04, Narragansett, RI, USA. ^ "R/V Cabo de Hornos, Chile". ship-technology.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. ^ RSV Aurora Australis 1989–2020 Australian Antarctic Division, 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ About Australia's new icebreaker — RSV Nuyina Australian Antarctic Division, 29 September 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2021. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Research ships. OCEANIC International Research Vessels Database Unofficial (English Language) Homepage of the research icebreaker "ARA Almirante Irizar Australian research vessel facilities Canadian research fleet Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research – home of the "Polarstern" Ifremer Fleet National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics – OGS Trieste ITALY NOAA Marine Operations Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) WHOI web page University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) research vessels (US academic fleet) vteModern merchant shipsOverviews Ship Cargo ship Cargo Maritime transport Freight transport Merchant marine Maritime history Shipping line Dry cargo Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coastal trading vessel Collier Container ship Heavy-lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Tankers Chemical tanker Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) Gas carrier Hydrogen tanker LNG carrier Oil tanker Passenger Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Support Anchor handling tug supply vessel Diving support vessel Emergency tow vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Salvage tug Tender Tugboat Other types Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Floating restaurant Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco-submarine Pipe-laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Related Nautical operations Affreightment Admiralty law International Chamber of Shipping List of merchant navy capacity by country Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Artists KulturNav
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For other uses, see RV (disambiguation).Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed byor interfacing with oceanographic research vessels.[1]A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. 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In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun.[3] The Endeavour was a sturdy vessel, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her \"research personnel\", Joseph Banks. As is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour also carried out more than one kind of research, including comprehensive hydrographic survey work.Some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, USFC Albatross, and the Endurance and Terra Nova.The names of early research vessels have been used to name later research vessels, as well as Space Shuttles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Creed2.jpg"},{"link_name":"CCGS Frederick G. Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Frederick_G._Creed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAAS_Ronald_H_Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"NOAAS Ronald H. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Ronald_H._Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DANA_2004_ubt.jpeg"},{"link_name":"FRV Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_(1980)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neue_Planet_von_vorn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_class_research_ship"}],"text":"Modern typesCanadian hydrographic survey vessel CCGS Frederick G. CreedUnited States oceanographic research vessel, NOAAS Ronald H. BrownDanish fisheries research vessel, FRV DanaGerman naval research vessel Planet","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrographic research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographic_survey"},{"link_name":"Nautical charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_chart"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"seismic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"towed structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"air cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cannon_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"shock waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"seabed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"depth sounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounder"},{"link_name":"oceanographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"CCGS Frederick G. Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Frederick_G._Creed"},{"link_name":"HMS Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hydra_(A144)"}],"sub_title":"Hydrographic survey","text":"A hydrographic survey ship is a vessel designed to conduct hydrographic research and survey. Nautical charts are produced from this information to ensure safe navigation by military and civilian shipping.Hydrographic survey vessels also conduct seismic surveys of the seabed and the underlying geology. Apart from producing the charts, this information is useful for detecting geological features likely to bear oil or gas. These vessels usually mount equipment on a towed structure, for example, air cannons used to generate shock waves that sound strata beneath the seabed, or mounted on the keel, for example, a depth sounder.In practice, hydrographic survey vessels are often equipped to perform multiple roles. Some function also as oceanographic research ships. Naval hydrographic survey vessels often do naval research, for example, on submarine detection.An example of a hydrographic survey vessel is CCGS Frederick G. Creed. For an example of the employment of a survey ship see HMS Hydra.","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oceanographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"hydrographic sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounder"},{"link_name":"scientific divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_diving"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"unmanned underwater vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle"},{"link_name":"GEOTRACES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotraces"},{"link_name":"NAAMES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAAMES&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NOAAS Ronald H. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Ronald_H._Brown"},{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cabo de Hornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Hornos_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stdc20150328-5"}],"sub_title":"Oceanographic research","text":"Oceanographic research vessels carry out research on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water, the atmosphere, and climate, and to these ends carry equipment for collecting water samples from a range of depths, including the deep seas, as well as equipment for the hydrographic sounding of the seabed, along with numerous other environmental sensors. These vessels often also carry scientific divers[4] and unmanned underwater vehicles. Since the requirements of both oceanographic and hydrographic research are very different from those of fisheries research, these boats often fulfill dual roles. Recent oceanographic research campaigns include GEOTRACES and NAAMES.Examples of an oceanographic research vessel include the NOAAS Ronald H. Brown and the Chilean Navy Cabo de Hornos.[5]","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fisheries research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science"},{"link_name":"fishing nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_net"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"FRV Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_Research_Services"}],"sub_title":"Fisheries research","text":"A fisheries research vessel requires platforms capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. An example of a fisheries research vessel is FRV Scotia.","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_class_research_ship"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Naval research","text":"Naval research vessels investigate naval concerns, such as submarine and mine detection or sonar and weapons trials. An example of a naval research vessel is the Planet of the German Navy.","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_region"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"ice navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_navigation"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"USCGC Polar Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Polar_Star_(WAGB-10)"},{"link_name":"RSV Aurora Australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RSV Nuyina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSV_Nuyina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Polar research","text":"Polar research vessels are constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to engage in ice navigation and operate in polar waters. These vessels usually have dual roles, particularly in the Antarctic, where they function also as polar replenishment and supply vessels to the Antarctic research bases. Examples of polar research vessels include USCGC Polar Star, RSV Aurora Australis[6] and RSV Nuyina.[7]","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oil exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration"}],"sub_title":"Oil exploration","text":"Oil exploration is performed in a number of ways, one of the most common being mobile drilling platforms or ships that are moved from area to area as needed to drill into the seabed to find out what deposits lie beneath it.","title":"Modern types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Research ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Research_ships"},{"link_name":"OCEANIC International Research Vessels Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.researchvessels.org"},{"link_name":"Unofficial (English Language) Homepage of the research icebreaker \"ARA Almirante Irizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irizar.org"},{"link_name":"Australian research vessel facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marine.csiro.au/nationalfacility"},{"link_name":"Canadian research fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/vessels-navires/main_e.htm"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121011084615/http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/"},{"link_name":"Polarstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFS_Polarstern"},{"link_name":"Ifremer Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ifremer.fr/fleet/navires/index.html"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics – OGS Trieste ITALY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060506105111/http://www.ogs.trieste.it/Show/ShowUniversity/DataUniversity.aspx?IdLanguage=1"},{"link_name":"NOAA Marine Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.moc.noaa.gov/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071006095808/http://www.moc.noaa.gov/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sio.ucsd.edu/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130607114348/http://www.sio.ucsd.edu/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution"},{"link_name":"WHOI web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.whoi.edu/"},{"link_name":"University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) research vessels (US academic fleet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110929015616/http://www.unols.org/info/vessels.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships"},{"link_name":"merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"Cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"Maritime transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_transport"},{"link_name":"Freight transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_transport"},{"link_name":"Merchant marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_marine"},{"link_name":"Maritime history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history"},{"link_name":"Shipping line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dry cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"Car float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_float"},{"link_name":"Chain boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_boat"},{"link_name":"Coastal trading vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel"},{"link_name":"Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Container ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"Heavy-lift ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship"},{"link_name":"Hopper barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_barge"},{"link_name":"Lake freighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_freighter"},{"link_name":"Lighter aboard ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship"},{"link_name":"Livestock carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock_carrier"},{"link_name":"Reefer ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_ship"},{"link_name":"Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"Train ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_ferry"},{"link_name":"Tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Chemical tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tanker"},{"link_name":"Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading"},{"link_name":"Gas carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_carrier"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker"},{"link_name":"LNG carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrier"},{"link_name":"Oil tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_ship"},{"link_name":"Cable ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_ferry"},{"link_name":"Cargo liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_liner"},{"link_name":"Cruise ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"Cruiseferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiseferry"},{"link_name":"Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Narrowboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowboat"},{"link_name":"Ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"Train ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_ferry"},{"link_name":"Anchor handling tug supply vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel"},{"link_name":"Diving support vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_support_vessel"},{"link_name":"Emergency tow vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel"},{"link_name":"Fireboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireboat"},{"link_name":"Platform supply vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel"},{"link_name":"Pusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Salvage tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_tug"},{"link_name":"Tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_tender"},{"link_name":"Tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Cable layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_layer"},{"link_name":"Crane vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_vessel"},{"link_name":"Dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"Drillship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drillship"},{"link_name":"Fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Floating restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_restaurant"},{"link_name":"Icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Merchant submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_submarine"},{"link_name":"Narco-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco-submarine"},{"link_name":"Pipe-laying ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship"},{"link_name":"Research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Riverboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat"},{"link_name":"Semi-submersible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersible"},{"link_name":"Snagboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snagboat"},{"link_name":"Nautical operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_operations"},{"link_name":"Affreightment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affreightment"},{"link_name":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"International Chamber of Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping"},{"link_name":"List of merchant navy capacity by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391022#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4017918-7"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533923405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113056"},{"link_name":"KulturNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturnav.org/34bc8c03-7c3e-440a-a835-df7645a3488c"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Research ships.OCEANIC International Research Vessels Database\nUnofficial (English Language) Homepage of the research icebreaker \"ARA Almirante Irizar\nAustralian research vessel facilities\nCanadian research fleet\nAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research – home of the \"Polarstern\"\nIfremer Fleet\nNational Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics – OGS Trieste ITALY\nNOAA Marine Operations Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine\nScripps Institution of Oceanography Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine\nWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) WHOI web page\nUniversity-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) research vessels (US academic fleet)vteModern merchant shipsOverviews\nShip\nCargo ship\nCargo\nMaritime transport\nFreight transport\nMerchant marine\nMaritime history\nShipping line\nDry cargo\nBarge\nBulk carrier\nCar float\nChain boat\nCoastal trading vessel\nCollier\nContainer ship\nHeavy-lift ship\nHopper barge\nLake freighter\nLighter aboard ship\nLivestock carrier\nReefer ship\nRoll-on/roll-off (RORO)\nTrain ferry\nTankers\nChemical tanker\nFloating production storage and offloading (FPSO)\nGas carrier\nHydrogen tanker\nLNG carrier\nOil tanker\nPassenger\nCable ferry\nCargo liner\nCruise ship\nCruiseferry\nFerry\nNarrowboat\nOcean liner\nRoll-on/roll-off (RORO)\nTrain ferry\nSupport\nAnchor handling tug supply vessel\nDiving support vessel\nEmergency tow vessel\nFireboat\nPlatform supply vessel\nPusher\nSalvage tug\nTender\nTugboat\nOther types\nCable layer\nCrane vessel\nDredger\nDrillship\nFishing vessel\nFloating restaurant\nIcebreaker\nMerchant submarine\nNarco-submarine\nPipe-laying ship\nResearch vessel\nRiverboat\nSemi-submersible\nSnagboat\nRelated\nNautical operations\nAffreightment\nAdmiralty law\nInternational Chamber of Shipping\nList of merchant navy capacity by countryAuthority control databases National\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nArtists\nKulturNav","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed byor interfacing with oceanographic research vessels.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Deployment_of_oceanographic_research_vessels.png/440px-Deployment_of_oceanographic_research_vessels.png"},{"image_text":"Endeavour replica in 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Captain_Cook%27s_Boat_%22Endeavour%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_103834.jpg/220px-Captain_Cook%27s_Boat_%22Endeavour%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_103834.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Adler, Antony (2013-10-12). \"The Ship as Laboratory: Making Space for Field Science at Sea\". Journal of the History of Biology. 47 (3): 333–362. doi:10.1007/s10739-013-9367-7. ISSN 0022-5010. PMID 24122291. S2CID 254550486.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10739-013-9367-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10739-013-9367-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5010","url_text":"0022-5010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24122291","url_text":"24122291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254550486","url_text":"254550486"}]},{"reference":"Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). \"Cook, James\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 71.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cook,_James","url_text":"\"Cook, James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"R/V Cabo de Hornos, Chile\". ship-technology.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/rv-cabo-de-hornos/","url_text":"\"R/V Cabo de Hornos, Chile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114238/http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/rv-cabo-de-hornos/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-breasted_Honeyeater
Bar-breasted honeyeater
["1 References"]
Species of bird Bar-breasted honeyeater Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae Genus: Ramsayornis Species: R. fasciatus Binomial name Ramsayornis fasciatus(Gould, 1843) The bar-breasted honeyeater (Ramsayornis fasciatus) is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to northern Australia, with a breeding season from late spring to winter. It feeds primarily on nectar and invertebrates. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramsayornis fasciatus. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ramsayornis fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704397A93966061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704397A93966061.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ a b "Bar-breasted Honeyeater (Ramsayornis fasciatus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 4 August 2019. Taxon identifiersRamsayornis fasciatus Wikidata: Q910315 Wikispecies: Ramsayornis fasciatus ADW: Ramsayornis_fasciatus AFD: Ramsayornis_fasciatus Avibase: 0ECD9105F00D7F6B BirdLife: 22704397 BOW: babhon1 CoL: 4RCJZ eBird: babhon1 GBIF: 2486878 iNaturalist: 12365 IRMNG: 11086506 ITIS: 562693 IUCN: 22704397 NCBI: 266379 Observation.org: 75049 Open Tree of Life: 6258 Xeno-canto: Ramsayornis-fasciatus This article about a honeyeater is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"The bar-breasted honeyeater (Ramsayornis fasciatus) is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae.\nIt is endemic to northern Australia, with a breeding season from late spring to winter.[2] It feeds primarily on nectar and invertebrates.[2]","title":"Bar-breasted honeyeater"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Ramsayornis fasciatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704397A93966061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704397A93966061.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704397/93966061","url_text":"\"Ramsayornis fasciatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704397A93966061.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704397A93966061.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Bar-breasted Honeyeater (Ramsayornis fasciatus)\". Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/species/bar-breasted-honeyeater-ramsayornis-fasciatus","url_text":"\"Bar-breasted Honeyeater (Ramsayornis fasciatus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World","url_text":"Handbook of the Birds of the World"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebeliella
Goebeliella
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of plants Goebeliella Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Marchantiophyta Class: Jungermanniopsida Order: Porellales Suborder: Porellineae Family: GoebeliellaceaeVerd. Genus: GoebeliellaSteph. Goebeliellaceae is a family of liverworts belonging to the order Porellales. The family consists of only one genus: Goebeliella Steph.. The genus name of Goebeliella is in honour of Karl von Goebel (1855–1932), who was a German botanist. The genus was circumscribed by Franz Stephani in Hedwigia Vol.51 on page 61 in 1911. The family name of Goebeliellaceae was published by Frans Verdoorn in Man. Bryol. 425 in 1932. The genus in only found in New Zealand and the islands of New Caledonia. Species The genus only has 3 species as accepted by GBIF: Goebeliella bicornuta (Steph.) Steph. Goebeliella cornigera (Mitt.) Steph. Goebeliella glauca M.A.M.Renner World Flora Online only accepts Goebeliella bicornuta and Goebeliella cornigera. References ^ "Goebeliellaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. Retrieved January 27, 2022. ^ a b "Goebeliella Steph". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ "Goebeliellaceae Verd". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ a b "Goebeliella Steph". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023. Taxon identifiersGoebeliella Wikidata: Q17276634 Wikispecies: Goebeliella APNI: 136740 BOLD: 425662 CoL: 4PRM GBIF: 2688950 iNaturalist: 378971 IRMNG: 1098120 ITIS: 15197 NCBI: 255949 NZOR: 204d721a-35a9-4d06-b3e7-d22719dfd3fa Open Tree of Life: 891943 Tropicos: 35002046 WFO: wfo-4000015905 Goebeliellaceae Wikidata: Q17276638 Wikispecies: Goebeliellaceae APNI: 166780 BOLD: 414083 CoL: 623LM FloraBase: 22955 GBIF: 6120 iNaturalist: 418434 IRMNG: 113184 ITIS: 15196 NCBI: 255948 NZOR: 6bc3da2a-79ce-4ce9-a8e3-1286e0af2b35 Open Tree of Life: 891944 Tropicos: 35002638 WFO: wfo-7000000253
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"Porellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porellales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Karl von Goebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Immanuel_Eberhard_Ritter_von_Goebel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"circumscribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Franz Stephani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Stephani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldflora-3"},{"link_name":"Frans Verdoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frans_Verdoorn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-5"}],"text":"Goebeliellaceae is a family of liverworts belonging to the order Porellales. The family consists of only one genus: Goebeliella Steph..[1]The genus name of Goebeliella is in honour of Karl von Goebel (1855–1932), who was a German botanist.[2]The genus was circumscribed by Franz Stephani in Hedwigia Vol.51 on page 61 in 1911.[3]The family name of Goebeliellaceae was published by Frans Verdoorn in Man. Bryol. 425 in 1932.[4]The genus in only found in New Zealand and the islands of New Caledonia.[5]","title":"Goebeliella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBIF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-5"},{"link_name":"Goebeliella bicornuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goebeliella_bicornuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goebeliella cornigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goebeliella_cornigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goebeliella glauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goebeliella_glauca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Flora Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldflora-3"}],"text":"The genus only has 3 species as accepted by GBIF:[5]Goebeliella bicornuta (Steph.) Steph.\nGoebeliella cornigera (Mitt.) Steph.\nGoebeliella glauca M.A.M.RennerWorld Flora Online only accepts Goebeliella bicornuta and Goebeliella cornigera.[3]","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Goebeliellaceae\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6120","url_text":"\"Goebeliellaceae\""}]},{"reference":"Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. Retrieved January 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022","url_text":"Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fepolist2022","url_text":"10.3372/epolist2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946292-41-8","url_text":"978-3-946292-41-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Goebeliella Steph\". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000015905","url_text":"\"Goebeliella Steph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goebeliellaceae Verd\". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-7000000253","url_text":"\"Goebeliellaceae Verd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goebeliella Steph\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2688950","url_text":"\"Goebeliella Steph\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteha_(2003_film)
Inteha (2003 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","3.1 Track listing","4 Critical response","5 References","6 External links"]
This article is about the 2003 film. For other films of the same name, see Inteha. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Inteha" 2003 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2003 Indian filmIntehaDirected byVikram BhattWritten byMahesh BhattGirish DhamijaProduced byMukesh BhattKumkum SaigalStarringAshmit PatelVidya MalvadeNauheed CyrusiCinematographyPravin BhattMusic byAnu MalikProductioncompanyVishesh FilmsRelease date 24 October 2003 (2003-10-24) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Inteha (English: Limit) is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film released on 24 October 2003. It was produced by Mukesh Bhatt and directed by Vikram Bhatt, and stars Ashmit Patel and Vidya Malvade in their film debut along with Nauheed Cyrusi. Plot Nandini leaves the bright lights of Mumbai to settle in the hill town of Koti (which is actually Ooty) to look after her younger sister Tina after the demise of their father. Tina is a spoilt brat who despises elder sister -- she thinks she is interfering and should mind her own business. Tina finds out she's being watched and photographed by a young handsome stranger who seems rather taken with her. When she finally meets him face-to-face, she is smitten by his dark, dangerous looks. While Tina and Ranbir find passion, Nandini brews tension. She does not trust the stranger (we don't know anything about his past, she says). But she tries to know him better to make Tina happy. Then, the twist -- a murder in a hotel convinces Nandini that all is not hunky-dory with the hunk. She begins to uncover clues to Ranbir's dark past. As Nandini gets closer to Ranbir's real identity, Tina refuses to believe her sister. Ranbir threatens Nandini until she has to apologise for reporting him to the police by saying sorry. S-O-R-R-Y. Nandini is helpless. Especially when her life is threatened. Finally, she signs everything over to little sister and seems to head out of town. What she actually does is search for more clues to Ranbir. Cast Ashmit Patel as Ranbir Oberoi / Vikram Rathod / Rakesh Sharma Vidya Malvade as Nandini Saxena Anup Soni as Rohit Nauheed Cyrusi as Tina Saxena Avtar Gill as Advocate Ranjit S. Thakur Aanjjan Srivastav as Mohanlal Prithvi Zutshi as Mr. Saxena Rushali Arora Jihangir Khan Soundtrack IntehaSoundtrack album by Anu MalikReleased16 August 2003Recorded2003GenreSoundtrackLabelT-SeriesAnu Malik chronology Sssshhh...(2003) Inteha(2003) LOC: Kargil(2003) The soundtrack of Inteha was composed by Anu Malik. Lyrics were written by Rahat Indori, Praveen Bhardwaj and Dev Kohli. Though Shreya Ghoshal was credited in the track "Ab Humse Akele Raha Jaaye Na", the female vocals for the song have originally been given by Alka Yagnik. Track listing # Song Singer(s) Lyrics Length 1 "Humsafar Chahiye" Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik Rahat Indori 7:47 2 "Yun Hi Dil Ko Agar" Shaan and Shreya Ghoshal Rahat Indori 7:34 3 "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" (Duet) Sonu Nigam and Shreya Ghoshal Rahat Indori 6:47 4 "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" (Sad Version) Sonu Nigam Rahat Indori 2:16 5 "Ab Humse Akele Raha Jaaye" Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik Praveen Bhardwaj 8:09 6 "Deewana Dil" Shreya Ghoshal Dev Kohli 7:41 7 "Dhalne Lagi Hai Raat" Sonu Nigam Rahat Indori 4:54 Critical response Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 1 star out of 5, writing "On the whole, INTEHA has more minuses than plusses. At the box-office, due to tough competition with other films in its week of release and no hype or publicity to back it up, INTEHA will find it difficult to survive. Below average." Anita Bora of Rediff.com wrote "With thrillers, the key is getting all the ingredients right. Else, it turns a little comical. Unfortunately, that is where Inteha suffers. Besides a few small shocks, there is not much left to the viewer's imagination. In the end, neither the decent music nor the commendable effort from its cast can save Inteha. All I can say is -- you might be better off this Diwali watching the lights in the sky. Else, be warned, you could be sorry. Really S-O-R-R-Y!!" References ^ "'I hope my future is bright'". Rediff.com. Besides, it is an action thriller. It has lots of twists and turns. This will especially appeal to the youth. They will also be able to relate to it because it stars young people like me and my other co-stars. ^ Hungama, Bollywood (24 October 2003). "Inteha Review 1/5 | Inteha Movie Review | Inteha 2003 Public Review | Film Review". Bollywood Hungama. ^ "Inteha tests your patience". www.rediff.com. External links Inteha at IMDb vteFilms of Vikram BhattDirected Jaanam (1992) Madhosh (1994) Guneghar (1995) Fareb (1996) Bambai Ka Babu (1996) Ghulam (1998) Kasoor (2001) Raaz (2002) Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage (2002) Awara Paagal Deewana (2002) Inteha (2003) Footpath (2003) Aetbaar (2004) Elaan (2005) Jurm (2005) Deewane Huye Paagal (2005) Ankahee (2006) Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai (2006) Red: The Dark Side (2007) Speed (2007) Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee (2007) 1920 (2008) Shaapit (2010) Haunted (2011) Dangerous Ishq (2012) Raaz 3D (2012) Creature 3D (2014) Mr. X (2015) Love Games (2016) Raaz Reboot (2016) 1921 (2018) Ghost (2019) Hacked (2020) Judaa Hoke Bhi (2022) Produced Muthirai (2009) (Tamil) Lanka (2011) Hate Story (2012) 1920: The Evil Returns (2012) Dangerous Ishq (2012) Ankur Arora Murder Case (2013) Horror Story (2013) Hate Story 2 (2014) Bhaag Johnny (2014) Hate Story 3 (2015) 1920: Horrors of the Heart (2023) vteFilms and television series by Mahesh BhattDirector Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain (1974) Naya Daur (1978) Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979) Abhimanyu (1980) Arth (1982) Saaransh (1984) Janam (1985) Aashiana (1986) Naam (1986) Aaj (1987) Kaash (1987) Thikana (1987) Siyasat (1988) Kabzaa (1988) Daddy (1989) Awaargi (1990) Jurm (1990) Aashiqui (1990) Swayam (1991) Saathi (1991) Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991) Sadak (1991) Saatwan Aasman (1992) Junoon (1992) Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993) Gunaah (1993) Sir (1993) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) Gumrah (1993) Tadipaar (1993) Criminal (1994) The Gentleman (1994) Naaraaz (1994) Milan (1995) Naajayaz (1995) Papa Kehte Hai (1996) Chaahat (1996) Dastak (1996) Tamanna (1997) Duplicate (1998) Angaaray (1998) Zakhm (1998) Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999) Kartoos (1999) Sadak 2 (2020) Writer only Dushman (1998) Sangharsh (1999) Kasoor (2001) Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar (2001) Raaz (2002) Gunaah (2002) Saaya (2003) Footpath (2003) Jism (2003) Inteha (2003) Murder (2004) Rog (2005) Zeher (2005) Nazar (2005) Kalyug (2006) Woh Lamhe (2006) Murder 2 (2011) Jism 2 (2012) Murder 3 (2013) Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015) Television Swabhimaan (1994–1997) A Mouthful of Sky (1995) Kabhie Kabhie (1997) Naamkarann (2016–2018) Udaan (2014–2019) Tu Aashiqui (2017–2018) Dil Jaise Dhadke... Dhadakne Do (2020)
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It was produced by Mukesh Bhatt and directed by Vikram Bhatt, and stars Ashmit Patel and Vidya Malvade in their film debut along with Nauheed Cyrusi.","title":"Inteha (2003 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nandini leaves the bright lights of Mumbai to settle in the hill town of Koti (which is actually Ooty) to look after her younger sister Tina after the demise of their father. Tina is a spoilt brat who despises elder sister -- she thinks she is interfering and should mind her own business. Tina finds out she's being watched and photographed by a young handsome stranger who seems rather taken with her. When she finally meets him face-to-face, she is smitten by his dark, dangerous looks. While Tina and Ranbir find passion, Nandini brews tension. She does not trust the stranger (we don't know anything about his past, she says). But she tries to know him better to make Tina happy. Then, the twist -- a murder in a hotel convinces Nandini that all is not hunky-dory with the hunk. She begins to uncover clues to Ranbir's dark past.As Nandini gets closer to Ranbir's real identity, Tina refuses to believe her sister. Ranbir threatens Nandini until she has to apologise for reporting him to the police by saying sorry. S-O-R-R-Y. Nandini is helpless. Especially when her life is threatened. Finally, she signs everything over to little sister and seems to head out of town. What she actually does is search for more clues to Ranbir.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashmit Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmit_Patel"},{"link_name":"Vidya Malvade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya_Malvade"},{"link_name":"Anup Soni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anup_Soni"},{"link_name":"Nauheed Cyrusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauheed_Cyrusi"},{"link_name":"Avtar Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtar_Gill"},{"link_name":"Aanjjan Srivastav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanjjan_Srivastav"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Zutshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Zutshi"}],"text":"Ashmit Patel as Ranbir Oberoi / Vikram Rathod / Rakesh Sharma\nVidya Malvade as Nandini Saxena\nAnup Soni as Rohit\nNauheed Cyrusi as Tina Saxena\nAvtar Gill as Advocate Ranjit S. Thakur\nAanjjan Srivastav as Mohanlal\nPrithvi Zutshi as Mr. Saxena\nRushali Arora\nJihangir Khan","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Rahat Indori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat_Indori"},{"link_name":"Alka Yagnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Yagnik"}],"text":"The soundtrack of Inteha was composed by Anu Malik. Lyrics were written by Rahat Indori, Praveen Bhardwaj and Dev Kohli. Though Shreya Ghoshal was credited in the track \"Ab Humse Akele Raha Jaaye Na\", the female vocals for the song have originally been given by Alka Yagnik.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track listing","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taran Adarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh"},{"link_name":"IndiaFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndiaFM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 1 star out of 5, writing \"On the whole, INTEHA has more minuses than plusses. At the box-office, due to tough competition with other films in its week of release and no hype or publicity to back it up, INTEHA will find it difficult to survive. Below average.\"[2] Anita Bora of Rediff.com wrote \"With thrillers, the key is getting all the ingredients right. Else, it turns a little comical. Unfortunately, that is where Inteha suffers. Besides a few small shocks, there is not much left to the viewer's imagination. In the end, neither the decent music nor the commendable effort from its cast can save Inteha. All I can say is -- you might be better off this Diwali watching the lights in the sky. Else, be warned, you could be sorry. Really S-O-R-R-Y!!\"[3]","title":"Critical response"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergischhorn
Ergischhorn
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°16′26.4″N 7°44′8.6″E / 46.274000°N 7.735722°E / 46.274000; 7.735722Mountain in Switzerland ErgischhornHighest pointElevation2,526 m (8,287 ft)Coordinates46°16′26.4″N 7°44′8.6″E / 46.274000°N 7.735722°E / 46.274000; 7.735722GeographyLocationSwitzerlandParent rangePennine Alps The Ergischhorn is a mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. External links List of mountains above 2000 m in Switzerland with coordinates This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Tiang_Po
Tan Tiang Po
["1 Background and family","2 Education and career","3 References"]
Colonial Indonesian government official Tan Tiang Po, Luitenant der ChinezenBorn1846Batavia, Dutch East IndiesDied1912 (aged 65–66)Batavia, Dutch East IndiesOccupation(s)Luitenant der Chinezen, LandheerSpouseLim Hong NioChildrenTan Him Nio (daughter) Tan Liok Tiauw (son)ParentsTan Kang Soeij, Luitenant der Chinezen (father)Tjie Tjan Nio (mother)FamilyLim Soe Keng Sia (father-in-law) Khouw Yauw Kie, Kapitein der Chinezen (son-in-law) Tan Eng Goan, Majoor der Chinezen (grandfather-in-law) Loa Sek Hie (grandson-in-law) In this Chinese name, the family name is Tan. Tan Tiang Po, Luitenant der Chinezen (1846–1912), also spelled Tan Tjeng Po, was a colonial Chinese-Indonesian bureaucrat, landowner, philanthropist and the penultimate Landheer (landlord) of the domain (particuliere land) of Batoe-Tjepper in the Dutch East Indies. Background and family Born in 1846 in Batavia (now Jakarta), Tan hailed from the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia on both sides of his family. His father, the magnate Tan Kang Soeij (1827 – 1867), served as Luitenant der Chinezen of Weltevreden and sat on the Chinese Council (Kong Koan) of Batavia from 1860 to 1866. The Chinese officership was a prestigious bureaucratic appointment in the Dutch colonial government with administrative authority over the colony's ethnic Chinese subjects. Through his father, Tan was a grandson of the tycoon and pachter (revenue farmer) Tan Leng (1801 – 1851), part of the powerful Ngo Ho Tjiang Kongsi. Tan was also a half-nephew and near contemporary of Tan Kang Ie, Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi (1847 – 1908). Through his mother, Tjie Tjan Nio, Tan was a grandson of the bureaucrat Tjie Kim Louw, Luitenant-Boedelmeester der Chinezen (1801 – 1883), who sat on the college van Boedelmeesters (board of state trustees) and acted as Secretary of the Chinese Council. Around the mid-1860s at Batoe-Tjepper, Tan married Lim Hong Nio, daughter of the administrator of Ngo Ho Tjiang, Lim Soe Keng Sia and Tan Bit Nio. Tan’s wife was a descendant of two of Java’s most eminent Cabang Atas families as the granddaughter of Lim Ke Tjang, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tegal in Central Java, and of Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen of Batavia. The couple had two children, Tan Him Nio (1868 – 1949), who married the landowner Khouw Yauw Kie, Kapitein der Chinezen, and Tan Liok Tiauw (1872 – 1947), who succeeded his father as the last Landheer of Batoe-Tjepper. His granddaughter through his son, Tan Pouw Nio, was married to the colonial politician and community leader Loa Sek Hie. Education and career Tan received a traditional, classical Chinese education from private tutors; unusually for the time, he also had a European tutor who taught him Dutch and gave him some western education. As the son and grandson of Chinese officers, he bore the hereditary title ‘Sia’. Probably some years after his father’s acquisition in 1862 of the particuliere land of Batoe-Tjepper in Tangerang, Tan Tiang Po Sia moved there as administrator of the estate. He is recorded as already holding that post in 1865, and continued to do so after his father’s death in 1867 under the tenure of his widowed mother Tjie Tjan Nio, who inherited the domain from her husband. As a landlord, Tan was well-regarded by the local community thanks to his extensive philanthropy. In 1870, he was named by the Java-Bode newspaper as a significant contributor to the Red Cross, while in 1874 he founded a school in Batoe-Tjepper to provide a free education for the poorer children of the inhabitants of his domain. In 1877, Tan was elevated to the Chinese lieutenancy in Tangerang under the headship of Lim Tjong Hien, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang. Together with the whole officer corps of Tangerang in active service, Tan extended his patronage in 1878 to Boen Tek Bio, the oldest Chinese temple in the region, and helped purchase the shrine’s burial grounds. Tan served as Luitenant until 1885, when he requested and was granted an honourable discharge. In 1899, he incorporated a landholding company, N. V. Landbouw Tan Tiang Po, which held the family’s subsidiary domains of Rawa Boeaja, Tanah Kodja, Pondok Kosambi, Minggoe Djawa and later a significant erfpacht (leasehold) in Kapoek. Most of the latter leasehold had been part of the private domain of Tan’s grandfather-in-law, Majoor Tan Eng Goan. Tan Tiang Po, oud-Luitenant der Chinezen and Landheer of Batoe-Tjepper died in Batavia in 1912. The colonial press noted that his remains were brought back by automobile for burial at Batoe-Tjepper. A significant part of Tan’s landholdings now forms part of Jakarta’s Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, while the elite suburb of Pantai Indah Kapuk occupies part of N. V. Landbouw Tan Tiang Po’s leasehold of Kapoek. References ^ a b c Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (29 April 2019). "Koran Kuno tentang Peran Tuan Tanah Cina dalam Pendidikan di Tangerang" (in Indonesian). National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Noor, Muhamad Mulki Mulyadi; Zuhdi, Susanto (2020). "Conflict in Private Land: The Role of "Yellow Journalism" in the Turmoil of Batu Ceper, Tangerang 1934". Indonesian Historical Studies. 4 (2): 113–127. doi:10.14710/ihis.v4i2.8875. S2CID 230627669. ^ a b c Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (1 February 2021). "Filantrop Tionghoa yang Terlupakan Zaman" (in Indonesian). No. 701. Intisari. Intisari. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Mulyadi, Mulki (September 2021). Petani dan Pergerakan Nasional. Keterlibatan Organisasi Tirtayasa dalam Peristiwa Batu Ceper 1934 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Guepedia. ISBN 9786235541068. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Haryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Utrecht: Steve Haryono. ISBN 978-90-90-30249-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 978-979-428-257-1. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ N. V. Hap Sing Kong Sie (1915). Tambahsia. Suwatu Cerita yang Betul Sudah Kejadian di Betawi Antara Tahun 1851-1856 (1st ed.). Semarang: N. V. Hap Sing Kong Sie. ^ a b Chen, Menghong (2011). De Chinese gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: een onderzoek naar het Kong Koan-archief (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8728-133-5. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (1 January 2003). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13157-6. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Java-bode : nieuws, handels- en advertentieblad voor Nederlandsch-Indie". Bestuur over Vreemde Oosterlingen (in Dutch). Vol. 228, no. 26. Bruining. Bruining. 29 September 1877. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië". West-Java. Tangerang. Om Een Stuk Grond. Koopsom en schadeloosstelling. (in Dutch). Vol. 231, no. 44. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. 16 October 1939. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "De locomotief: Samarangsch handels- en advertentie-blad". Benoemingen, enz. Inlandsch Bestuur (in Dutch). Vol. 251, no. 34. De Groot, Kolff & Co. De Groot, Kolff & Co. 17 October 1885. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Tan Tiang Po Landbouw". www.colonialbusinessindonesia.nl. Universiteit Leiden. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b "Practisch". Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië. No. Jaargang 17. Nummer 196. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. 23 August 1912. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ De Indische gids (in Dutch). Batavia. 1912. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese-Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Landheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landheer"},{"link_name":"particuliere land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particuliere_landerijen"},{"link_name":"Batoe-Tjepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuceper"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2019)-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2021)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Tan.Tan Tiang Po, Luitenant der Chinezen (1846–1912), also spelled Tan Tjeng Po, was a colonial Chinese-Indonesian bureaucrat, landowner, philanthropist and the penultimate Landheer (landlord) of the domain (particuliere land) of Batoe-Tjepper in the Dutch East Indies.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Tan Tiang Po"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Cabang Atas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabang_Atas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Tan Kang Soeij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"Luitenant der Chinezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"Weltevreden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawah_Besar"},{"link_name":"Chinese Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Koan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lohanda_(1996)-6"},{"link_name":"pachter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacht"},{"link_name":"Ngo Ho Tjiang Kongsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_Ho_Tjiang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N._V._Hap_Sing_Kong_Sie_(1915)-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_(2011)-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Tan Kang Ie, Luitenant der Chinezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"Bekasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Tjie Kim Louw, Luitenant-Boedelmeester der Chinezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_(2011)-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Lim Soe Keng Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Soe_Keng_Sia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Tegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegal"},{"link_name":"Central Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Eng_Goan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Khouw Yauw Kie, Kapitein der Chinezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khouw_Yauw_Kie"},{"link_name":"Tan Liok Tiauw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Liok_Tiauw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Loa Sek Hie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa_Sek_Hie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"}],"text":"Born in 1846 in Batavia (now Jakarta), Tan hailed from the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia on both sides of his family.[5] His father, the magnate Tan Kang Soeij (1827 – 1867), served as Luitenant der Chinezen of Weltevreden and sat on the Chinese Council (Kong Koan) of Batavia from 1860 to 1866.[5] The Chinese officership was a prestigious bureaucratic appointment in the Dutch colonial government with administrative authority over the colony's ethnic Chinese subjects.[6] Through his father, Tan was a grandson of the tycoon and pachter (revenue farmer) Tan Leng (1801 – 1851), part of the powerful Ngo Ho Tjiang Kongsi.[7][8][5] Tan was also a half-nephew and near contemporary of Tan Kang Ie, Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi (1847 – 1908).[5] Through his mother, Tjie Tjan Nio, Tan was a grandson of the bureaucrat Tjie Kim Louw, Luitenant-Boedelmeester der Chinezen (1801 – 1883), who sat on the college van Boedelmeesters (board of state trustees) and acted as Secretary of the Chinese Council.[8][5]Around the mid-1860s at Batoe-Tjepper, Tan married Lim Hong Nio, daughter of the administrator of Ngo Ho Tjiang, Lim Soe Keng Sia and Tan Bit Nio.[5] Tan’s wife was a descendant of two of Java’s most eminent Cabang Atas families as the granddaughter of Lim Ke Tjang, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tegal in Central Java, and of Tan Eng Goan, the 1st Majoor der Chineezen of Batavia.[5]The couple had two children, Tan Him Nio (1868 – 1949), who married the landowner Khouw Yauw Kie, Kapitein der Chinezen, and Tan Liok Tiauw (1872 – 1947), who succeeded his father as the last Landheer of Batoe-Tjepper.[5] His granddaughter through his son, Tan Pouw Nio, was married to the colonial politician and community leader Loa Sek Hie.[5]","title":"Background and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(title)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bluss%C3%A9_&_Chen_(2003)-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2019)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2021)-3"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"free education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2019)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thamrin_(2021)-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese lieutenancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"Lim Tjong Hien, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Java-bode_(1877)-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Boen Tek Bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boen_Tek_Bio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Het_nieuws_van_den_dag_(1939)-11"},{"link_name":"honourable discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_discharge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_locomotief_(1885)-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haryono_(2017)-5"},{"link_name":"Rawa Boeaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Buaya,_Cengkareng"},{"link_name":"Kapoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuk,_Cengkareng"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colonial_Business_Indonesia-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lohanda_(1996)-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Het_nieuws_van_den_dag_voor_Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB_1912-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Indische_gids_1912-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Het_nieuws_van_den_dag_voor_Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB_1912-14"},{"link_name":"Soekarno-Hatta International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Pantai Indah Kapuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noor_&_Zuhdi_(2020)-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulyadi_(2021)-4"}],"text":"Tan received a traditional, classical Chinese education from private tutors; unusually for the time, he also had a European tutor who taught him Dutch and gave him some western education.[5][2][4] As the son and grandson of Chinese officers, he bore the hereditary title ‘Sia’.[9]Probably some years after his father’s acquisition in 1862 of the particuliere land of Batoe-Tjepper in Tangerang, Tan Tiang Po Sia moved there as administrator of the estate.[5][2][4] He is recorded as already holding that post in 1865, and continued to do so after his father’s death in 1867 under the tenure of his widowed mother Tjie Tjan Nio, who inherited the domain from her husband.[2][4]As a landlord, Tan was well-regarded by the local community thanks to his extensive philanthropy.[1][3] In 1870, he was named by the Java-Bode newspaper as a significant contributor to the Red Cross, while in 1874 he founded a school in Batoe-Tjepper to provide a free education for the poorer children of the inhabitants of his domain.[1][3]In 1877, Tan was elevated to the Chinese lieutenancy in Tangerang under the headship of Lim Tjong Hien, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang.[10][5] Together with the whole officer corps of Tangerang in active service, Tan extended his patronage in 1878 to Boen Tek Bio, the oldest Chinese temple in the region, and helped purchase the shrine’s burial grounds.[11] Tan served as Luitenant until 1885, when he requested and was granted an honourable discharge.[12][5]In 1899, he incorporated a landholding company, N. V. Landbouw Tan Tiang Po, which held the family’s subsidiary domains of Rawa Boeaja, Tanah Kodja, Pondok Kosambi, Minggoe Djawa and later a significant erfpacht (leasehold) in Kapoek.[13][2][4] Most of the latter leasehold had been part of the private domain of Tan’s grandfather-in-law, Majoor Tan Eng Goan.[6]Tan Tiang Po, oud-Luitenant der Chinezen and Landheer of Batoe-Tjepper died in Batavia in 1912.[14][15][2][4] The colonial press noted that his remains were brought back by automobile for burial at Batoe-Tjepper.[14] A significant part of Tan’s landholdings now forms part of Jakarta’s Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, while the elite suburb of Pantai Indah Kapuk occupies part of N. V. Landbouw Tan Tiang Po’s leasehold of Kapoek.[2][4]","title":"Education and career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (29 April 2019). \"Koran Kuno tentang Peran Tuan Tanah Cina dalam Pendidikan di Tangerang\" (in Indonesian). National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131710268/koran-kuno-tentang-peran-tuan-tanah-cina-dalam-pendidikan-di-tangerang","url_text":"\"Koran Kuno tentang Peran Tuan Tanah Cina dalam Pendidikan di Tangerang\""}]},{"reference":"Noor, Muhamad Mulki Mulyadi; Zuhdi, Susanto (2020). \"Conflict in Private Land: The Role of \"Yellow Journalism\" in the Turmoil of Batu Ceper, Tangerang 1934\". Indonesian Historical Studies. 4 (2): 113–127. doi:10.14710/ihis.v4i2.8875. S2CID 230627669.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fihis.v4i2.8875","url_text":"\"Conflict in Private Land: The Role of \"Yellow Journalism\" in the Turmoil of Batu Ceper, Tangerang 1934\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fihis.v4i2.8875","url_text":"10.14710/ihis.v4i2.8875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230627669","url_text":"230627669"}]},{"reference":"Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (1 February 2021). \"Filantrop Tionghoa yang Terlupakan Zaman\" (in Indonesian). No. 701. Intisari. Intisari. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myedisi.com/intisari/4463","url_text":"\"Filantrop Tionghoa yang Terlupakan Zaman\""}]},{"reference":"Mulyadi, Mulki (September 2021). Petani dan Pergerakan Nasional. Keterlibatan Organisasi Tirtayasa dalam Peristiwa Batu Ceper 1934 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Guepedia. ISBN 9786235541068. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qPxLEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Petani dan Pergerakan Nasional. Keterlibatan Organisasi Tirtayasa dalam Peristiwa Batu Ceper 1934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786235541068","url_text":"9786235541068"}]},{"reference":"Haryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Utrecht: Steve Haryono. ISBN 978-90-90-30249-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IoDgswEACAAJ&q=perkawinan+strategis+cabang+atas","url_text":"Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-90-30249-2","url_text":"978-90-90-30249-2"}]},{"reference":"Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 978-979-428-257-1. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xKlwAAAAMAAJ&q=kapitan+cina+of+batavia","url_text":"The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-428-257-1","url_text":"978-979-428-257-1"}]},{"reference":"N. V. Hap Sing Kong Sie (1915). Tambahsia. Suwatu Cerita yang Betul Sudah Kejadian di Betawi Antara Tahun 1851-1856 (1st ed.). Semarang: N. V. Hap Sing Kong Sie.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chen, Menghong (2011). De Chinese gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: een onderzoek naar het Kong Koan-archief (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8728-133-5. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t_huVkwc49EC","url_text":"De Chinese gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: een onderzoek naar het Kong Koan-archief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-133-5","url_text":"978-90-8728-133-5"}]},{"reference":"Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (1 January 2003). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13157-6. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WTnrUMIpwIYC&q=archives+of+the+kong+koan+batavia","url_text":"The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13157-6","url_text":"978-90-04-13157-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Java-bode : nieuws, handels- en advertentieblad voor Nederlandsch-Indie\". Bestuur over Vreemde Oosterlingen (in Dutch). Vol. 228, no. 26. Bruining. Bruining. 29 September 1877. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=0%7C19e_eeuw%7C&query=%22tan+tiang+po%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010556590:mpeg21:a0046&resultsidentifier=ddd:010556590:mpeg21:a0046&rowid=1","url_text":"\"Java-bode : nieuws, handels- en advertentieblad voor Nederlandsch-Indie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië\". West-Java. Tangerang. Om Een Stuk Grond. Koopsom en schadeloosstelling. (in Dutch). Vol. 231, no. 44. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. 16 October 1939. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22boen+tek+bio%22&page=1&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd%3A010227411%3Ampeg21%3Aa0096&resultsidentifier=ddd%3A010227411%3Ampeg21%3Aa0096","url_text":"\"Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië\""}]},{"reference":"\"De locomotief: Samarangsch handels- en advertentie-blad\". Benoemingen, enz. Inlandsch Bestuur (in Dutch). Vol. 251, no. 34. De Groot, Kolff & Co. De Groot, Kolff & Co. 17 October 1885. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22tan+tiang+po%22&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=0%7C19e_eeuw%7C&page=1&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010291508:mpeg21:a0042&resultsidentifier=ddd:010291508:mpeg21:a0042&rowid=3","url_text":"\"De locomotief: Samarangsch handels- en advertentie-blad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tan Tiang Po Landbouw\". www.colonialbusinessindonesia.nl. Universiteit Leiden. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colonialbusinessindonesia.nl/en/database-en/catalog/item/tan-tiang-po-landbouw-2","url_text":"\"Tan Tiang Po Landbouw\""}]},{"reference":"\"Practisch\". Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië. No. Jaargang 17. Nummer 196. NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen. 23 August 1912. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22landheer+van+batoe-tjepper%22&coll=ddd&page=1&identifier=ddd%3A010135754%3Ampeg21%3Aa0025&resultsidentifier=ddd%3A010135754%3Ampeg21%3Aa0025","url_text":"\"Practisch\""}]},{"reference":"De Indische gids (in Dutch). Batavia. 1912. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mM4jAQAAIAAJ&q=%22tan+tiang+po%22","url_text":"De Indische gids"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kenneth_Logan
James Kenneth Logan
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 Notable case","4 References","5 Sources"]
American judge (1929–2018) James Kenneth LoganSenior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth CircuitIn officeAugust 31, 1994 – July 15, 1998Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth CircuitIn officeDecember 16, 1977 – August 31, 1994Appointed byJimmy CarterPreceded byDelmas Carl HillSucceeded byMary Beck Briscoe Personal detailsBornJames Kenneth Logan(1929-08-21)August 21, 1929Quenemo, KansasDiedSeptember 8, 2018(2018-09-08) (aged 89)Olathe, KansasSpouseBeverly JenningsEducationUniversity of Kansas (AB)Harvard Law School (LLB) James Kenneth Logan (August 21, 1929 – September 8, 2018) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Education and career Born in Quenemo, Kansas, Logan was a Corporal in the United States Army in the aftermath of World War II, from 1947 to 1948. He received an Artium Baccalaureus from the University of Kansas in 1952 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1955. Upon graduation from Kansas, Logan was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1952. He was a law clerk for Judge Walter A. Huxman of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit from 1955 to 1956. He was in private practice in Los Angeles, California from 1956 to 1957. He was an assistant professor at the University of Kansas School of Law from 1957 to 1961. He was a dean and professor of law at the University of Kansas School of Law from 1961 to 1968. He was a United States Commissioner of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas from 1964 to 1967. He was an Ezra Ripley Thayer teaching fellow at Harvard Law School from 1961 to 1962. He was a visiting professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law in 1964. He was in private practice in Olathe, Kansas from 1968 to 1977. He was a visiting professor of law at Stanford Law School in 1969. He was a visiting professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School in 1976. He was a lecturer in law at the University of Kansas School of Law in 1982, and a lecturer in law at Duke University School of Law in 1987 and from 1991 to 1993. Federal judicial service Logan was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on November 4, 1977, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge Delmas Carl Hill. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 15, 1977, and received his commission on December 16, 1977. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1994. Logan served in that capacity until July 15, 1998, due to retirement. Notable case In 1984, Logan wrote the majority opinion in a ruling that struck down a law that permitted schools to fire teachers for homosexual conduct. The ruling, which can be seen as a precursor to Bostock v. Clayton County, was affirmed by an equally divided Supreme Court. References ^ a b James Kenneth Logan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ "Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City v. National Gay Task Force." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1984/83-2030. Accessed 22 Feb. 2021. Sources James Kenneth Logan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byDelmas Carl Hill Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 1977–1994 Succeeded byMary Beck Briscoe Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
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Huxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_A._Huxman"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"United States Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge#History"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"University of Texas School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Olathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Stanford Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_School"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Duke University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Born in Quenemo, Kansas, Logan was a Corporal in the United States Army in the aftermath of World War II, from 1947 to 1948. He received an Artium Baccalaureus from the University of Kansas in 1952 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1955. Upon graduation from Kansas, Logan was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1952. He was a law clerk for Judge Walter A. Huxman of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit from 1955 to 1956. He was in private practice in Los Angeles, California from 1956 to 1957. He was an assistant professor at the University of Kansas School of Law from 1957 to 1961. He was a dean and professor of law at the University of Kansas School of Law from 1961 to 1968. He was a United States Commissioner of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas from 1964 to 1967. He was an Ezra Ripley Thayer teaching fellow at Harvard Law School from 1961 to 1962. He was a visiting professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law in 1964. He was in private practice in Olathe, Kansas from 1968 to 1977. He was a visiting professor of law at Stanford Law School in 1969. He was a visiting professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School in 1976. He was a lecturer in law at the University of Kansas School of Law in 1982, and a lecturer in law at Duke University School of Law in 1987 and from 1991 to 1993.[1]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Delmas Carl Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmas_Carl_Hill"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Logan was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on November 4, 1977, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge Delmas Carl Hill. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 15, 1977, and received his commission on December 16, 1977. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1994. Logan served in that capacity until July 15, 1998, due to retirement.[1]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bostock v. Clayton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1984, Logan wrote the majority opinion in a ruling that struck down a law that permitted schools to fire teachers for homosexual conduct. The ruling, which can be seen as a precursor to Bostock v. Clayton County, was affirmed by an equally divided Supreme Court. [2]","title":"Notable case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Kenneth Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1383981"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6137242#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1445235/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000030042595"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1313952"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqjYDhK3KYxbbjwTVJFKd"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007315430105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80090525"}],"text":"James Kenneth Logan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Adelman
Bob Adelman
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Published works","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American photographerBob AdelmanBob Adelman and Congressman John Lewis. Miami FL, November 2013Born(1930 -10-30)October 30, 1930DiedMarch 19, 2016(2016-03-19) (aged 85)NationalityAmericanEducationRutgers UniversityHarvard UniversityColumbia UniversityOccupationPhotographerKnown forPhotographic coverage of the US civil rights movement Robert Melvin "Bob" Adelman (October 30, 1930 – March 19, 2016) was an American photographer known for his images of the civil rights movement. Career Adelman used his background as a graduate student in applied aesthetics from Columbia University to forge close ties with leading figures of art and literature, including Andy Warhol and Samuel Beckett. After studying photography for several years under the tutelage of Harper's Bazaar art director Alexey Brodovitch, Adelman volunteered as a photographer for the Congress of Racial Equality in the early 1960s, a position which granted him access to key leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and James Baldwin. Adelman's work captured a decade of racial strife during the 1960s, including portraits of Martin Luther King reciting his "I Have a Dream" speech, the fifty-mile march from Selma to Montgomery, and King resting in his casket after the assassination. His photos, some of which are archived at the Library of Congress, captured segregation and civil unrest in the South. In 2007, he published Mine Eyes Have Seen: Bearing Witness to the Struggle for Civil Rights. Westwood Gallery NYC presented the premiere gallery exhibition for Bob Adelman's civil rights photographs in 2008, curated by James Cavello. The gallery held an event on 4 April 2008 marking the fortieth anniversary of King's death, during which actress and civil rights advocate Ruby Dee read from King's "Beyond Vietnam" speech. The gallery also exhibited and represents Adelman's photographs of New York artists, including Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Tom Wesselmann, James Rosenquist, Robert Indiana, Adolph Gottlieb, other artists and social photographic essays. On March 20, 2017, the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division officially acquired the Bob Adelman photographic archives which included the full spectrum of his work from his famed Civil Rights captures to his less celebrated pornographic bondage images. The archive includes approximately 50,000 prints and 525,000 image negatives and slides. Personal life Adelman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Eastern European Jewish parents, Anna (Pomerantz) and Samuel Adelman, who was a photographer and craftsman. Raised on Long Island, New York, he earned his B.A. at Rutgers University, Law Studies from Harvard University, and M.A. in Philosophy from Columbia University. Adelman was the father of writer Elizabeth Wurtzel, a fact not disclosed publicly until Wurtzel did so around the time she turned 50 years old. Published works King, Martin Luther; Adelman, Bob (Ed.);& Johnson, Charles (Intro.). MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image. Beacon Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8070-0316-9 Adelman, Bob and Hall, Susan. "Gentleman of Leisure: A Year in the Life of a Pimp". New American Library, 1972. ISBN 0913350508 Adelman, Bob; Spiegelman, Art (Intro.), and Merkin, Richard (commentary). "Tijuana Bibles: Art and Wit in America's Forbidden Funnies, 1930-1950". Simon & Schuster Editions, c 1997. ISBN 0684834618 Adelman, Bob; Tomkins, Calvin (Intro.). "The art of Roy Lichtenstein : Mural with blue brushstroke". Arcade Publishing, c 1987. ISBN 1559702516 See also List of photographers of the civil rights movement References ^ Hensley, Nicole. "Bob Adelman, Civil Rights Movement photographer who chronicled Martin Luther King Jr., dead at 85". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2022-02-18. ^ "Bob Adelman, Mine Eyes Have Seen, exhibition". westwoodgallery.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016. ^ "Ruby Dee Reads from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr's Beyond Vietnam". Getty Images. Retrieved 21 March 2016. ^ "Ruby Dee". Good News Planet. 18 January 2009. ^ "4 April 1967, Beyond Vietnam". King Encyclopedia. Stanford University. 25 April 2017. ^ "Bob Adelman". Westwood Gallery. ^ "Library Acquires Archives of Master Photographer Bob Adelman". Library of Congress. ^ "Bob Adelman, 85, photographer who covered civil rights, M.L.K. | amNewYork". ^ Roberts, Sam (22 March 2016). "Bob Adelman, Whose Vivid Photos Captured Civil Rights Struggle, Dies at 85". The New York Times. ^ "Neither of My Parents Was Exactly Who I Thought They Were". 26 December 2018. External links Bob Adelman official website Bob Adelman at IMDb Bob Adelman on Charlie Rose Mine Eyes Have Seen, national museum tour (2009–2012) Collected coverage in the Lens blog at The New York Times Bob Adelman's best shot, Leo Benedictus, The Guardian, 3 January 2008 Photographs by Bob Adelman Bob Adelman Photographs at the New-York Historical Society vteCivil rights movement (1954–1968)Events(timeline)Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Executive Order 9981 Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Baton Rouge bus boycott 1954–1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom "Give Us the Ballot" Royal Ice Cream sit-in Little Rock Nine Cooper v. Aaron Civil Rights Act of 1957 Ministers' Manifesto Katz Drug Store sit-in Kissing Case Biloxi wade-ins 1960–1963 New Year's Day March Sit-in movement Greensboro sit-ins Nashville sit-ins Atlanta sit-ins Savannah Protest Movement Greenville Eight Civil Rights Act of 1960 Ax Handle Saturday Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia University of Georgia desegregation riot Rock Hill sit-ins Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address Freedom Rides Anniston bombing Birmingham attack Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement Cambridge movement University of Chicago sit-ins "Second Emancipation Proclamation" Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot Atlanta's Berlin Wall "Segregation now, segregation forever" Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights Detroit Walk to Freedom March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Big Six St. Augustine movement 1964–1968 Twenty-fourth Amendment Chester school protests Bloody Tuesday 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests Freedom Summer workers' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung 1964–1965 Scripto strike 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches "How Long, Not Long" Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement Loving v. Virginia Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Civil Rights Act of 1968 Poor People's Campaign Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Activistgroups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Black Panther Party Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Committee for Freedom Now Committee on Appeal for Human Rights An Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Council of Federated Organizations Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Lowndes County Freedom Organization Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Montgomery Improvement Association NAACP Youth Council Nashville Student Movement Nation of Islam Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The Freedom Singers United Auto Workers (UAW) Wednesdays in Mississippi Women's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann Muhammad Ali William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Bruce Boynton Raylawni Branch Stanley Branche Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Ralph Bunche Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J. L. Chestnut Shirley Chisholm Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Abraham Lincoln Davis Angela Davis Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers-Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Robert Graetz Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Fred Hampton William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Audrey Faye Hendricks Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T. R. M. Howard Ruby Hurley Cecil Ivory Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T. J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A. D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Danny Lyon Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Bob Mants Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Cecil B. Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore Queen Mother Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Huey P. Newton Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Rodney N. Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Walter Reuther Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Angela Russell Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Bobby Seale Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A. P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C. T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. Bob Zellner James Zwerg By region Omaha, Nebraska South Carolina Movementsongs "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" "Kumbaya" "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" "Oh, Freedom" "This Little Light of Mine" "We Shall Not Be Moved" "We Shall Overcome" "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Hernandez v. Texas Loving v. Virginia African-American women in the movement Jews in the civil rights movement Fifth Circuit Four 16th Street Baptist Church Kelly Ingram Park A.G. Gaston Motel Bethel Baptist Church Brown Chapel Dexter Avenue Baptist Church Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African-American churches attacked List of lynching victims in the United States Freedom Schools Freedom songs Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture African American founding fathers of the United States Eyes on the Prize Legacy In popular culture Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Civil Rights Movement Archive Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument Freedom Rides Museum Freedom Riders National Monument King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Martin Luther King Jr. Day Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial other King memorials Mississippi Civil Rights Museum National Civil Rights Museum National Voting Rights Museum St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument Notedhistorians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Thomas E. Ricks Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Civil rights movement portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia 2 Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists Photographers' Identities ULAN People Trove 2 Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"}],"text":"Robert Melvin \"Bob\" Adelman (October 30, 1930 – March 19, 2016) was an American photographer known for his images of the civil rights movement.","title":"Bob Adelman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"applied aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_aesthetics"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Alexey Brodovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Brodovitch"},{"link_name":"Congress of Racial Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.#Death"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ruby Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dee"},{"link_name":"Beyond Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"Tom Wesselmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wesselmann"},{"link_name":"James Rosenquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosenquist"},{"link_name":"Robert Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Adolph Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Adelman used his background as a graduate student in applied aesthetics from Columbia University to forge close ties with leading figures of art and literature, including Andy Warhol and Samuel Beckett. After studying photography for several years under the tutelage of Harper's Bazaar art director Alexey Brodovitch, Adelman volunteered as a photographer for the Congress of Racial Equality in the early 1960s, a position which granted him access to key leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and James Baldwin. Adelman's work captured a decade of racial strife during the 1960s, including portraits of Martin Luther King reciting his \"I Have a Dream\" speech, the fifty-mile march from Selma to Montgomery, and King resting in his casket after the assassination. His photos, some of which are archived at the Library of Congress, captured segregation and civil unrest in the South. In 2007, he published Mine Eyes Have Seen: Bearing Witness to the Struggle for Civil Rights.[1]Westwood Gallery NYC presented the premiere gallery exhibition for Bob Adelman's civil rights photographs in 2008, curated by James Cavello.[2] The gallery held an event on 4 April 2008 marking the fortieth anniversary of King's death,[3] during which actress and civil rights advocate Ruby Dee read from King's \"Beyond Vietnam\" speech.[4][5] The gallery also exhibited and represents Adelman's photographs of New York artists, including Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Tom Wesselmann, James Rosenquist, Robert Indiana, Adolph Gottlieb, other artists and social photographic essays.[6]On March 20, 2017, the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division officially acquired the Bob Adelman photographic archives which included the full spectrum of his work from his famed Civil Rights captures to his less celebrated pornographic bondage images. The archive includes approximately 50,000 prints and 525,000 image negatives and slides.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wurtzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Adelman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Eastern European Jewish parents, Anna (Pomerantz) and Samuel Adelman, who was a photographer and craftsman.[8][9] Raised on Long Island, New York, he earned his B.A. at Rutgers University, Law Studies from Harvard University, and M.A. in Philosophy from Columbia University.Adelman was the father of writer Elizabeth Wurtzel, a fact not disclosed publicly until Wurtzel did so around the time she turned 50 years old.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8070-0316-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0316-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0913350508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913350508"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0684834618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684834618"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1559702516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559702516"}],"text":"King, Martin Luther; Adelman, Bob (Ed.);& Johnson, Charles (Intro.). MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image. Beacon Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8070-0316-9\nAdelman, Bob and Hall, Susan. \"Gentleman of Leisure: A Year in the Life of a Pimp\". New American Library, 1972. ISBN 0913350508\nAdelman, Bob; Spiegelman, Art (Intro.), and Merkin, Richard (commentary). \"Tijuana Bibles: Art and Wit in America's Forbidden Funnies, 1930-1950\". Simon & Schuster Editions, c 1997. ISBN 0684834618\nAdelman, Bob; Tomkins, Calvin (Intro.). \"The art of Roy Lichtenstein : Mural with blue brushstroke\". Arcade Publishing, c 1987. ISBN 1559702516","title":"Published works"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of photographers of the civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_chiesa
Sonata da chiesa
["1 Notes","2 Further reading"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sonata da chiesa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sonata da chiesa (Italian: "church sonata") is a 17th-century genre of musical composition for one or more melody instruments and is regarded an antecedent of later forms of 18th century instrumental music. It generally comprises four movements, typically a largo prelude followed by a fugal allegro, an expressive slow movement, and an allegro finale, although there are also many variations of this pattern. During the 17th century, church services were increasingly accompanied by music for ensembles rather than solo organ, with canzonas and sonatas regularly substituted for the Proper during Mass and Vespers. Many of these works, however, were not written explicitly as liturgical music and were often performed as concert pieces for entertainment. The term sonata da chiesa was originally used in its literal meaning of "church music", but later came to be used figuratively to contrast this genre of composition with the sonata da camera, which literally meant "chamber music", but generally comprised a suite of dances. The exemplary works in this form are by Arcangelo Corelli, whose Op. 1 (1681) and Op. 3 (1689) each consist of 12 trio sonatas with alternating slow-fast-slow-fast movements (the first 8 of the Twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6, follow this pattern as well). This four movement scheme is followed in J. S. Bach's three sonatas for unaccompanied violin, in the first five of his six sonatas for violin and obbligato harpsichord and in the first two of his three sonatas for viola da gamba and obbligato harpsichord. By the mid-18th century, however, this style of music was increasingly out of date, although Joseph Haydn, for example, did compose a few early symphonies that followed the largo–allegro–minuet–allegro pattern. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart also composed 17 works that are called "church sonatas", but these consisted of but a single movement for organ and strings to be played between the Epistle and the Gospel of the Mass. Notes ^ Kirby, F.E. (1984). "The Germanic symphony in the eighteenth century: Bridge to the romantic era". Journal of Musicological Research. 5 (1–3): 51–83. doi:10.1080/01411898408574545. ISSN 0141-1896. ^ Grove Music Online: Sonata da chiesa, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196 ^ Grove Music Online: Sonata da chiesa, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196 ^ Apel, Willi, with Thomas Binkley, ed., Italian Violin Music of the Seventeenth Century, p. 9, Indiana University Press, 1990 ^ Violin Sonatas (CD 19–20): "Liner notes" by Clemens Romijn p. 13, and "Full tracklist" pp. 155–56 in J. S. Bach Complete Edition: Liner notes, sung texts, full tracklist. Brilliant Classics, August 2014 (re-release). ^ See Haydn's Symphonies 5, 11, 21, 22, 34, 49 ^ Zaslaw, Neal, with Cowdery, William eds., The Compleat Mozart: A Guide to the Musical Works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, p. 109-112, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1990, ISBN 0-393-02886-0 Further reading Bonta, Stephen (Spring 1969). "The Uses of the Sonata da Chiesa". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 22 (1): 54–84. doi:10.2307/830812. vteSonatasTypes Sonata da camera Sonata da chiesa Sonatina Trio sonata By instrument Bassoon sonata Cello sonata Clarinet sonata Flute sonata Piano sonata Viola sonata Violin sonata (list) Miscellaneous Fitzwilliam Sonatas History Sonatas and Interludes Sonata cycle Sonata form Sonata rondo form Sonata theory List of sonatas Category Authority control databases: National Germany
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The term sonata da chiesa was originally used in its literal meaning of \"church music\", but later came to be used figuratively to contrast this genre of composition with the sonata da camera, which literally meant \"chamber music\", but generally comprised a suite of dances.[4]The exemplary works in this form are by Arcangelo Corelli, whose Op. 1 (1681) and Op. 3 (1689) each consist of 12 trio sonatas with alternating slow-fast-slow-fast movements (the first 8 of the Twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6, follow this pattern as well). This four movement scheme is followed in J. S. Bach's three sonatas for unaccompanied violin, in the first five of his six sonatas for violin and obbligato harpsichord and in the first two of his three sonatas for viola da gamba and obbligato harpsichord.[5]By the mid-18th century, however, this style of music was increasingly out of date, although Joseph Haydn, for example, did compose a few early symphonies that followed the largo–allegro–minuet–allegro pattern.[6]Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart also composed 17 works that are called \"church sonatas\", but these consisted of but a single movement for organ and strings to be played between the Epistle and the Gospel of the Mass.[7]","title":"Sonata da chiesa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kirby1984_1-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01411898408574545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01411898408574545"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0141-1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-1896"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brilliant_5-0"},{"link_name":"J. 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Bach Complete Edition: Liner notes, sung texts, full tracklist.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brilliantclassics.com/media/1119359/94940-JS-Bach-Complete-Edition-Liner-Notes-Sung-Text-download.pdf"},{"link_name":"Brilliant Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliant_Classics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._11_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._21_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._22_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._34_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._49_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-02886-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02886-0"}],"text":"^ Kirby, F.E. (1984). \"The Germanic symphony in the eighteenth century: Bridge to the romantic era\". Journal of Musicological Research. 5 (1–3): 51–83. doi:10.1080/01411898408574545. ISSN 0141-1896.\n\n^ Grove Music Online: Sonata da chiesa, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196\n\n^ Grove Music Online: Sonata da chiesa, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26196\n\n^ Apel, Willi, with Thomas Binkley, ed., Italian Violin Music of the Seventeenth Century, p. 9, Indiana University Press, 1990\n\n^ Violin Sonatas (CD 19–20): \"Liner notes\" by Clemens Romijn p. 13, and \"Full tracklist\" pp. 155–56 in J. S. Bach Complete Edition: Liner notes, sung texts, full tracklist. Brilliant Classics, August 2014 (re-release).\n\n^ See Haydn's Symphonies 5, 11, 21, 22, 34, 49\n\n^ Zaslaw, Neal, with Cowdery, William eds., The Compleat Mozart: A Guide to the Musical Works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, p. 109-112, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1990, ISBN 0-393-02886-0","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of the American Musicological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/830812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F830812"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sonatas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sonatas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sonatas"},{"link_name":"Sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata"},{"link_name":"Sonata da camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_da_camera"},{"link_name":"Sonata da chiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sonatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatina"},{"link_name":"Trio sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_sonata"},{"link_name":"Bassoon sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon_sonata"},{"link_name":"Cello sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_sonata"},{"link_name":"Clarinet sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_sonata"},{"link_name":"Flute sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute_sonata"},{"link_name":"Piano sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_sonata"},{"link_name":"Viola sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sonata"},{"link_name":"Violin sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_sonata"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_violin_sonatas"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam Sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Sonatas"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sonata_form"},{"link_name":"Sonatas and Interludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_Interludes"},{"link_name":"Sonata cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_cycle"},{"link_name":"Sonata form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_form"},{"link_name":"Sonata rondo form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form"},{"link_name":"Sonata theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_theory"},{"link_name":"List of sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sonatas"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sonatas"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543020#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/7727966-9"}],"text":"Bonta, Stephen (Spring 1969). \"The Uses of the Sonata da Chiesa\". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 22 (1): 54–84. doi:10.2307/830812.vteSonatasTypes\nSonata da camera\nSonata da chiesa\nSonatina\nTrio sonata\nBy instrument\nBassoon sonata\nCello sonata\nClarinet sonata\nFlute sonata\nPiano sonata\nViola sonata\nViolin sonata (list)\nMiscellaneous\nFitzwilliam Sonatas\nHistory\nSonatas and Interludes\nSonata cycle\nSonata form\nSonata rondo form\nSonata theory\n\n List of sonatas\n CategoryAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kirby, F.E. (1984). \"The Germanic symphony in the eighteenth century: Bridge to the romantic era\". Journal of Musicological Research. 5 (1–3): 51–83. doi:10.1080/01411898408574545. ISSN 0141-1896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01411898408574545","url_text":"10.1080/01411898408574545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-1896","url_text":"0141-1896"}]},{"reference":"Bonta, Stephen (Spring 1969). \"The Uses of the Sonata da Chiesa\". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 22 (1): 54–84. doi:10.2307/830812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society","url_text":"Journal of the American Musicological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F830812","url_text":"10.2307/830812"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil_Bosanquet
William Cecil Bosanquet
["1 George Stanley Bosanquet","2 Selected publications","3 References"]
English physician and classical scholar (1866–1941) William Cecil Bosanquet FRCP (12 October 1866, Whiligh estate near Wadhurst, Sussex – 24 January 1941, London) was an English physician and classical scholar. After education at Eton, Bosanquet matriculated at New College, Oxford, where he achieved a first in honour moderations in classics in 1887 and a first in literae humaniores in 1889. He studied medicine at the University of Oxford and at Charing Cross Hospital, graduating with B.M. and D.M. degrees in 1897. At Charing Cross Hospital he was appointed pathologist in 1900, assistant physician in 1903, and full physician in 1913. He also held appointments at Royal Brompton Hospital and originated the Brompton Hospital Reports in 1931. He was an assistant editor for The Practitioner for some years until the end of 1904. He was elected FRCP in 1904. He delivered the 1905 Goulstonian Lectures on Some Considerations on the Nature of Diabetes Mellitus. Bosanquet edited the 10th edition in 1905 of Green's Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. He edited the 11th edition in 1911, the co-editor with W. W. C. Topley of the 12th edition in 1918, and the co-editor with G. S. Wilson of the 13th edition in 1923. During WWI, Bosanquet served as captain and then major in the RAMC. He became a staff member of the 4th London General Hospital (which was one of four hospitals in Greater London opened in August 1914) and was afterwards attached to the 44th General Hospital in Deolali, India, serving in 1919 as a consulting physician to the North-West Frontier Force. In addition to numerous articles in the Lancet and British Medical Journal, he was the author of “Serums, Vaccines and Toxins”(1904), in the second and third editions of which Dr. J. W. H. Eyre was his collaborator, “The Stomach, Intestines and Pancreas” with Mr. H. S. Clogg, his surgical colleague at Charing Cross Hospital (1909), and “Spirochaetes: A Review of Recent Work with Some Original Observations” (1911). George Stanley Bosanquet Admiral George S. Bosanquet, A.D.C. (1835–1914) was W. Cecil Bosanquet's father. On 27 October 1884 George S. Bosanquet was appointed one of the naval aides-de-camp to the Queen. Selected publications Bosanquet, W. C. (12 March 1898). "Two cases of subphrenic abscess opening into the lung". Br Med J. 1 (1941): 685–686. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1941.685. PMC 2410952. PMID 20757697. with Ronald E. French: Bosanquet, W. C.; French, R. E. (13 April 1907). "The influence of antituberculous serum on the opsonic index". Br Med J. 1 (2415): 862–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2415.862. PMC 2357306. PMID 20763168. Bosanquet, W. C. (21 January 1911). "A lecture on theory and practice in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". Br Med J. 1 (2612): 124–128. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2612.124. PMC 2332878. PMID 20765410. Spirochaetes: a review of recent work with some original observations. W. B. Saunders. 1911. Meditatio Medici: a Doctor's Philosophy of Life. 1937. References ^ a b c Rolleston, J. D. (22 February 1941). "Obituary. Dr. W. C. Bosanquet". Nature. 147: 231. doi:10.1038/147231b0. ^ a b c "William Cecil Bosanquet". Munk's Roll, Volume IV, Royal College of Physicians. ^ Admiralty, Great Britain (1885). The Navy List. p. 427. ^ "Bosanquet, Admiral George Stanley". Who's Who. 1914. p. 212. ^ "Review of Meditatio Medici: A Doctor's Philosophy of Life by W. Cecil Bosanquet". JAMA. 111 (1): 91. 2 July 1938. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.02790270093042. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Wadhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhurst"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureObit-1"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"honour moderations in classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Moderations"},{"link_name":"literae humaniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_humaniores"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Royal Brompton Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Brompton_Hospital"},{"link_name":"The Practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practitioner"},{"link_name":"Goulstonian Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulstonian_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munk-2"},{"link_name":"W. W. C. Topley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiteman_Carlton_Topley"},{"link_name":"G. S. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Selby_Wilson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWI"},{"link_name":"RAMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureObit-1"},{"link_name":"Deolali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deolali"},{"link_name":"North-West Frontier Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munk-2"},{"link_name":"J. W. H. Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Henry_Eyre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureObit-1"}],"text":"William Cecil Bosanquet FRCP (12 October 1866, Whiligh estate near Wadhurst, Sussex – 24 January 1941, London) was an English physician and classical scholar.[1]After education at Eton, Bosanquet matriculated at New College, Oxford, where he achieved a first in honour moderations in classics in 1887 and a first in literae humaniores in 1889. He studied medicine at the University of Oxford and at Charing Cross Hospital, graduating with B.M. and D.M. degrees in 1897. At Charing Cross Hospital he was appointed pathologist in 1900, assistant physician in 1903, and full physician in 1913. He also held appointments at Royal Brompton Hospital and originated the Brompton Hospital Reports in 1931. He was an assistant editor for The Practitioner for some years until the end of 1904. He was elected FRCP in 1904. He delivered the 1905 Goulstonian Lectures on Some Considerations on the Nature of Diabetes Mellitus. Bosanquet edited the 10th edition in 1905 of Green's Pathology and Morbid Anatomy.[2]He edited the 11th edition in 1911, the co-editor with W. W. C. Topley of the 12th edition in 1918, and the co-editor with G. S. Wilson of the 13th edition in 1923.[citation needed]During WWI, Bosanquet served as captain and then major in the RAMC.[1] He became a staff member of the 4th London General Hospital (which was one of four hospitals in Greater London opened in August 1914) and was afterwards attached to the 44th General Hospital in Deolali, India, serving in 1919 as a consulting physician to the North-West Frontier Force.[2]In addition to numerous articles in the Lancet and British Medical Journal, he was the author of “Serums, Vaccines and Toxins”(1904), in the second and third editions of which Dr. J. W. H. Eyre was his collaborator, “The Stomach, Intestines and Pancreas” with Mr. H. S. Clogg, his surgical colleague at Charing Cross Hospital (1909), and “Spirochaetes: A Review of Recent Work with Some Original Observations” (1911).[1]","title":"William Cecil Bosanquet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munk-2"},{"link_name":"naval aides-de-camp to the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_and_Principal_Naval_Aides-de-Camp#Flag_aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Admiral George S. Bosanquet, A.D.C. (1835–1914) was W. Cecil Bosanquet's father.[2] On 27 October 1884 George S. Bosanquet was appointed one of the naval aides-de-camp to the Queen.[3][4]","title":"George Stanley Bosanquet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Two cases of subphrenic abscess opening into the lung\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410952"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.1.1941.685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.1941.685"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2410952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410952"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20757697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20757697"},{"link_name":"\"The influence of antituberculous serum on the opsonic index\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2357306"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.1.2415.862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2415.862"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2357306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2357306"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20763168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20763168"},{"link_name":"\"A lecture on theory and practice in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2332878"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.1.2612.124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2612.124"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2332878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2332878"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20765410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20765410"},{"link_name":"Spirochaetes: a review of recent work with some original observations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b31347691_0001"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bosanquet, W. C. (12 March 1898). \"Two cases of subphrenic abscess opening into the lung\". Br Med J. 1 (1941): 685–686. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1941.685. PMC 2410952. PMID 20757697.\nwith Ronald E. French: Bosanquet, W. C.; French, R. E. (13 April 1907). \"The influence of antituberculous serum on the opsonic index\". Br Med J. 1 (2415): 862–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2415.862. PMC 2357306. PMID 20763168.\nBosanquet, W. C. (21 January 1911). \"A lecture on theory and practice in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\". Br Med J. 1 (2612): 124–128. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2612.124. PMC 2332878. PMID 20765410.\nSpirochaetes: a review of recent work with some original observations. W. B. Saunders. 1911.\nMeditatio Medici: a Doctor's Philosophy of Life. 1937.[5]","title":"Selected publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bosanquet, W. C. (12 March 1898). \"Two cases of subphrenic abscess opening into the lung\". Br Med J. 1 (1941): 685–686. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1941.685. PMC 2410952. PMID 20757697.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410952","url_text":"\"Two cases of subphrenic abscess opening into the lung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.1941.685","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.1941.685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410952","url_text":"2410952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20757697","url_text":"20757697"}]},{"reference":"Bosanquet, W. C.; French, R. E. (13 April 1907). \"The influence of antituberculous serum on the opsonic index\". Br Med J. 1 (2415): 862–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2415.862. PMC 2357306. PMID 20763168.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2357306","url_text":"\"The influence of antituberculous serum on the opsonic index\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2415.862","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.2415.862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2357306","url_text":"2357306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20763168","url_text":"20763168"}]},{"reference":"Bosanquet, W. C. (21 January 1911). \"A lecture on theory and practice in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\". Br Med J. 1 (2612): 124–128. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2612.124. PMC 2332878. PMID 20765410.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2332878","url_text":"\"A lecture on theory and practice in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2612.124","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.2612.124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2332878","url_text":"2332878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20765410","url_text":"20765410"}]},{"reference":"Spirochaetes: a review of recent work with some original observations. W. B. Saunders. 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31347691_0001","url_text":"Spirochaetes: a review of recent work with some original observations"}]},{"reference":"Meditatio Medici: a Doctor's Philosophy of Life. 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rolleston, J. D. (22 February 1941). \"Obituary. Dr. W. C. Bosanquet\". Nature. 147: 231. doi:10.1038/147231b0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davy_Rolleston","url_text":"Rolleston, J. D."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147231b0","url_text":"\"Obituary. Dr. W. C. Bosanquet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F147231b0","url_text":"10.1038/147231b0"}]},{"reference":"\"William Cecil Bosanquet\". Munk's Roll, Volume IV, Royal College of Physicians.","urls":[{"url":"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/479","url_text":"\"William Cecil Bosanquet\""}]},{"reference":"Admiralty, Great Britain (1885). The Navy List. p. 427.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJnC4VKu0CMC&pg=RA1-PA427","url_text":"The Navy List"}]},{"reference":"\"Bosanquet, Admiral George Stanley\". Who's Who. 1914. p. 212.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3453342;view=1up;seq=248","url_text":"\"Bosanquet, Admiral George Stanley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Meditatio Medici: A Doctor's Philosophy of Life by W. Cecil Bosanquet\". JAMA. 111 (1): 91. 2 July 1938. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.02790270093042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1938.02790270093042","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1938.02790270093042"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Plan
Quincy Method
["1 See also","2 References"]
Educational method developed in 1875 The Quincy Method, also known as the Quincy Plan, or the Quincy system of learning, was a child-centred, progressive approach to education developed by Francis W. Parker, then superintendent of schools in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1875. Parker, a pioneer of the progressive school movement, rejected the traditional rigid school routine, exemplified by rote learning and the spelling-book method, and even stated that the spelling book should be burned, although he did favour oral spelling. Emphasis was instead placed on social skills and self-expression through cultural activities and physical training, as well as teacher-prepared materials, experience-based learning and children's own writing. A survey by the Massachusetts State Board of Education published four years later showed that Quincy students excelled at reading, writing, and spelling, and ranked fourth in their county in math. Hundreds of visitors traveled to Quincy to observe the new methods, aiming to replicate them in their own schools. Many of Quincy’s teachers were recruited by districts in other states, spreading the Quincy method beyond Massachusetts to New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Florida, Minnesota, and other places. When in 1883 Parker became principal of the Cook County Normal School in Chicago, he developed the Method further, introducing teacher training based on modern educational methods. See also Constructionist learning Experiential education Educational philosophies Education reform Humanistic education Laboratory school References ^ Quincy Plan. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: ^ ""The Quincy Method"". American Journal of Sociology. 6 (1): 114–120. 1900. ISSN 0002-9602. ^ The New York Times November 13, 1880. Retrieved November 20, 2008 ^ Koegel, R. "Partnership Education and Nonviolent Communication" Retrieved November 23, 2008 ^ Murphy, Jeremy T. (2021). "From Teacher Improvement to Teacher Turnover: Unintended Consequences of School Reform in Quincy, Massachusetts, 1872–1893". History of Education Quarterly. doi:10.1017/heq.2021.20. ^ The New York Times July 5, 1883. Retrieved November 23, 2008
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Icantthinkofanamexd
User talk:Icantthinkofanamexd
["1 Welcome Icantthinkofanamexd!","2 June 2022","3 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message"]
Welcome Icantthinkofanamexd! Now that you've joined Wikipedia, there are 47,567,951 registered editors! Hello, Icantthinkofanamexd. Welcome to Wikipedia! I'm S0091, one of the other editors here, and I hope you decide to stay and help contribute to this amazing repository of knowledge. To help get you started, you may find these useful: The Five Pillars (fundamental principles) of Wikipedia A Primer for Newcomers Introduction to Wikipedia Wikipedia Training Modules Simplified Manual of Style Creating a new article via the Article Wizard When editing, follow the 3 Core Content Policies: 1. Neutral point of view: represent significant views fairly 2. Verifiability: claims should cite reliable, published sources 3. No original research: no originality; reference published sources Brochures: Editing Wikipedia & Illustrating Wikipedia Ask a Question about How to Use Wikipedia Help Remember to always sign your posts on talk pages. You can do this either by clicking on the button on the edit toolbar or by typing four tildes ~~~~ at the end of your post. This will automatically insert your signature, a link to this (your talk) page, and a timestamp. Sincerely, S0091 (talk) 17:20, 15 August 2020 (UTC)   (Leave me a message) June 2022 Hi Icantthinkofanamexd! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor at PewDiePie that may not have been. "Minor edit" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia – it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. Thank you. TylerBurden (talk) 07:19, 17 June 2022 (UTC) You should also note that simply moving to a different country does not make you that nationality, PewDiePie is for example not even a Japanese citizen, living there on a temporary VISA. Him living in England for years did not automatically make him English right? Please be considerate of WP:BLP and take these things into consideration when making edits of these implications about living people. TylerBurden (talk) 07:24, 17 June 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:00, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
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Neutral point of view: represent significant views fairly\n 2. Verifiability: claims should cite reliable, published sources\n 3. No original research: no originality; reference published sources\n Brochures: Editing Wikipedia & Illustrating Wikipedia\n Ask a Question about How to Use Wikipedia\n Help\n\n\nRemember to always sign your posts on talk pages. You can do this either by clicking on the button on the edit toolbar or by typing four tildes ~~~~ at the end of your post. This will automatically insert your signature, a link to this (your talk) page, and a timestamp.Sincerely, S0091 (talk) 17:20, 15 August 2020 (UTC)   (Leave me a message)[reply]June 2022[edit]Hi Icantthinkofanamexd! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor at PewDiePie that may not have been. \"Minor edit\" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia – it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. Thank you. TylerBurden (talk) 07:19, 17 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]You should also note that simply moving to a different country does not make you that nationality, PewDiePie is for example not even a Japanese citizen, living there on a temporary VISA. Him living in England for years did not automatically make him English right? Please be considerate of WP:BLP and take these things into consideration when making edits of these implications about living people. TylerBurden (talk) 07:24, 17 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Valley_(Duluth)
Spirit Valley (Duluth)
["1 Spirit Valley Days","2 Adjacent neighborhoods","3 External links and references","4 See also"]
Coordinates: 46°45′N 92°10′W / 46.750°N 92.167°W / 46.750; -92.167This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Spirit Valley" Duluth – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Spirit Valley neighborhood and business district is located within the West Duluth district of Duluth, Minnesota, United States. Many stores and businesses in the neighborhood are concentrated along Grand Avenue, Central Avenue, Ramsey Street, and Bristol Street. The Spirit Valley business district is easily accessible from Interstate Highway 35 at Central Avenue. The Spirit Valley neighborhood, according to the city's official map, follows Grand Avenue between 46th Avenue West and 59th Avenue West; and includes the entire area between Grand Avenue and Mike Colalillo Drive. Spirit Valley Days The Spirit Valley Days festival takes place every August. Events include: Craft show Classic car show Waterfront Trail Run/Walk Miss West Duluth Pageant Pancake breakfast Music at the Ramsey Square stage Spirit Valley Days Parade Kids' rides and games Adjacent neighborhoods (Directions following those of Duluth's general street grid system, not actual geographical coordinates) Cody (north, west) Denfeld (north, east) Oneota (east) Irving (south) External links and references City of Duluth website City map of neighborhoods (PDF) Spirit Valley Days festival – August – website See also Interstate Highway 35 46°45′N 92°10′W / 46.750°N 92.167°W / 46.750; -92.167 vteCity of DuluthTopics City Council Mayors Neighborhoods Notable Duluthians Radio and TV Schools Transit Authority vteDuluth neighborhoodsCentral Canal Park Central Hillside Downtown Duluth East Hillside Park Point Eastern Duluth Chester Park / UMD Congdon Park East End / Endion Hunter's Park Lakeside–Lester Park Morley Heights / Parkview North Shore Above the hill Duluth Heights Kenwood Piedmont Heights Woodland West Duluth Bayview Heights Cody Denfeld Fairmount Irving Oneota Spirit Valley West of West Duluth Fond du Lac Gary–New Duluth Norton Park Morgan Park Riverside Smithville Lincoln Park Lincoln Park Commercial areas Canal Park Downtown Duluth Duluth Heights / Miller Hill area Lincoln Park business district Spirit Valley business district West Duluth This article about a location in St. Louis County, Minnesota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Japan_Football_League
1998 Japan Football League
["1 Overview","2 Table","3 Results","4 Promotion and relegation","5 Successor seasons"]
Football league seasonJapan Football LeagueSeason1998ChampionsTokyo Gas1st JFL title1st D2 titleMatches played240Goals scored846 (3.53 per match)← 1997           1999 (J2) →1999 (new JFL) → Statistics of Japan Football League in the 1998 season. Overview Sony SendaiBrummel SendaiMontedio YamagataAlbirex NiigataMito HollyHockOmiyaArdijaTokyo GasKawasaki FrontaleKokushikanUniversityVentforetKofuJatco F.C.Honda MotorDenso S.C.Otsuka F.C.Vortis TokushimaSaganTosuOita Trinityclass=notpageimage| 1998 JFL teams The 1998 season was the seventh and the last of the former Japan Football League. It was contested by 16 teams, and Tokyo Gas won the championship. After the season, nine teams together with J. League Promotion and Relegation series' losers Consadole Sapporo formed the second division of J.League. Other seven clubs together with Regional Leagues promotion series winners Yokogawa Electric and newly created Yokohama FC have formed the new Japan Football League. Table Pos Team Pld W OTW PKW L GF GA GD Pts Promotion 1 Tokyo Gas (C) 30 21 3 0 6 67 17 +50 69 Formed J.League Division 2 2 Kawasaki Frontale 30 22 1 0 7 72 24 +48 68 J.League Division 1 Pro/Rele Series 3 Montedio Yamagata 30 20 2 0 8 69 38 +31 64 Formed J.League Division 2 4 Ventforet Kofu 30 16 5 1 8 74 40 +34 59 5 Honda Motors 30 16 3 0 11 57 45 +12 54 Formed new Japan Football League 6 Oita Trinity 30 14 1 1 14 51 51 0 45 Formed J.League Division 2 7 Brummell Sendai 30 10 5 3 12 55 53 +2 43 8 Sagan Tosu 30 11 3 0 16 40 55 −15 39 9 Otsuka FC Vortis Tokushima 30 11 2 1 16 58 48 +10 38 Formed new Japan Football League 10 Denso 30 11 2 1 16 48 59 −11 38 11 Albirex Niigata 30 10 2 0 18 39 47 −8 34 Formed J.League Division 2 12 Omiya Ardija 30 9 2 0 19 51 56 −5 31 13 Sony Sendai 30 7 1 0 22 42 71 −29 23 Formed new Japan Football League 14 Mito HollyHock 30 7 1 0 22 37 69 −32 23 15 Kokushikan University 30 5 3 0 22 42 76 −34 21 16 Jatco SC 30 4 3 0 23 44 97 −53 18 Updated to match(es) played on November 1998. Source: Montedio Yamagata websiteRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champion Results Home \ Away ALB ARD BRU DEN FRO HOL HON JAT KSU MON OVT SAG SON TGA TRI VEN Albirex Niigata 1–2 2–3 0–2 0–2 2–1OT 5–1 2–1 2–0 2–0 2–1 1–2 2–1OT 1–2OT 0–1OT 3–1 Omiya Ardija 2–0 1–2 3–4OT 0–2 3–0 1–2OT 3–0 1–0OT 0–2 4–1 0–2 2–1OT 0–3 3–0 1–4 Brummel Sendai 0–2 2–2PK 5–4 2–1OT 2–3 3–0 0–1 6–1 2–1 2–1OT 3–2OT 5–1 2–1OT 0–3 1–0OT 0–1 Denso 3–0 3–2OT 2–4 1–3 3–4 0–1 2–1 2–1 3–2 1–3 0–1 3–0 1–5 2–3 1–2 Kawasaki Frontale 2–0 3–2 2–0 6–0 3–0 0–1OT 3–1 1–0 2–0 1–0 7–0 1–2 0–2 1–2 1–0OT Mito HollyHock 2–1 3–1 2–1 1–2 1–5 0–3 0–1 3–2 0–3 0–7 0–1 2–1OT 0–1 1–3 1–6 Honda Motors 3–1 2–1 1–3 2–1 1–0OT 2–0 2–1 5–1 1–3 2–1 1–0 3–4OT 0–2 2–1 1–2OT Jatco SC 1–2 3–2OT 1–3 3–1 3–2 1–5 3–10 1–2OT 3–6 2–1 3–2OT 0–5 0–1 1–2 2–7 Kokushikan University 2–1 0–2 2–2PK 1–4 0–2 0–4 1–4 1–3 3–2 1–4 4–3 4–1 3–2OT 1–6 2–3 1–3 Montedio Yamagata 1–0 3–1 1–1PK 4–5 4–2 1–0 3–2 3–2 5–0 3–2 1–0 2–1OT 6–1 1–3 3–1 3–2 Otsuka FC Vortis Tokushima 1–2 0–3 1–0 1–1PK 4–5 1–3 1–0 4–0 3–1 5–3 0–1 3–1 3–0 1–2OT 2–2PK 4–2 1–2 Sagan Tosu 1–0 2–1OT 5–0 1–2 2–5 2–1 1–2 2–1 1–2OT 1–0OT 2–3OT 2–1OT 0–3 1–0 1–0 Sony Sendai 1–2 3–4 1–3 0–1 0–5 1–0 2–1 3–4OT 1–2 0–2 1–3 2–3 0–1 2–1 3–1 Tokyo Gas 2–1 2–1 3–0 0–1 0–1 1–0OT 2–0 5–0 3–0 0–1 0–1OT 2–0 3–0 5–0 2–1 Oita Trinity 2–1 3–1 3–1 3–1 0–1 2–2PK 5–3 1–2 5–1 2–1 2–3OT 0–4 2–0 1–3 3–2 0–1OT Ventforet Kofu 4–1 3–2OT 6–2 1–0 2–3 3–2OT 1–0 2–2PK 4–3 2–0 3–1 4–1 2–1OT 5–0 2–1 1–3 Updated to match(es) played on November 1998. Source: Montedio Yamagata websiteLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Promotion and relegation Kawasaki Frontale were awarded a spot in the first round of J.League Promotion and Relegation Series where they have played against Avispa Fukuoka. November 19, 199819:00 Avispa Fukuoka3 – 2 (a.e.t.)Kawasaki Frontale Kudo 24'Yamashita 89'Fernando 104' Report Ito 17'Tuto 61' Hakatanomori Stadium, Hakata-ku, FukuokaAttendance: 12,535 Avispa proceeded to the next round and Frontale entered the second division. Successor seasons 1999 J.League Division 2 1999 Japan Football League vteJapanese club footballFirst-tier club football seasons, 1965–presentJapan Soccer League1965–1992Japan Soccer League Division 1since 1972 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 J.League1993–presentJ.League Division 1/J1 Leaguesince 1999 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions J.League Championship Promotion / Relegation series Super Cup Second-tier club football seasons, 1972–presentJapan Soccer League Division 21972–1992 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 (former) Japan Football League1992–1998(former) Japan Football League Division 11992–1993 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 J2 League1999–present 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions Promotion / Relegation series Third-tier club football seasons, 1992–93, 1999–present(former) Japan Football League Division 21992–93 1992 1993 No national third tier, 1994–1998 Japan Football League 1999–2013 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 J3 League 2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of championsFourth-tier club football seasons, 2014–presentJapan Football League2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional level club football seasons, 1966–presentJapanese Regional Leagues1966–present 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional Champions League Shakaijin Cup Emperor's Cup seasons, 1921–presentEmperor's Cup1921–present 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 WW II 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super CupLeague Cup seasons, 1976–presentJSL Cup1976–1991 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 J.League Cup1992–present 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Suruga Bank ChampionshipFootball clubs in Japan, 2024J1 League Albirex Niigata Avispa Fukuoka Cerezo Osaka Gamba Osaka Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Júbilo Iwata Kashima Antlers Kashiwa Reysol Kawasaki Frontale Kyoto Sanga FC FC Machida Zelvia Nagoya Grampus Sagan Tosu Sanfrecce Hiroshima Shonan Bellmare FC Tokyo Tokyo Verdy Urawa Red Diamonds Vissel Kobe Yokohama F. Marinos J2 League Blaublitz Akita Ehime FC Fagiano Okayama Fujieda MYFC Iwaki FC JEF United Chiba Kagoshima United FC Mito HollyHock Montedio Yamagata Oita Trinita Renofa Yamaguchi FC Roasso Kumamoto Shimizu S-Pulse Thespakusatsu Gunma Tochigi SC Tokushima Vortis V-Varen Nagasaki Vegalta Sendai Ventforet Kofu Yokohama FC J3 League AC Nagano Parceiro Azul Claro Numazu FC Gifu FC Imabari Fukushima United FC Gainare Tottori Giravanz Kitakyushu Iwate Grulla Morioka Kamatamare Sanuki Kataller Toyama Matsumoto Yamaga FC Nara Club Omiya Ardija FC Osaka FC Ryukyu SC Sagamihara Tegevajaro Miyazaki Vanraure Hachinohe YSCC Yokohama Zweigen Kanazawa 100 Year Plan clubs Criacao Shinjuku Nankatsu SC Reilac Shiga Tokyo 23 Vonds Ichihara Japan Football League Briobecca Urayasu Criacao Shinjuku Honda FC Kochi United Maruyasu Okazaki Minebea Mitsumi Okinawa SV Reilac Shiga ReinMeer Aomori Sony Sendai FC Tiamo Hirakata Tochigi City Tokyo Musashino United Suzuka Point Getters Veertien Mie Verspah Oita Defunct clubs(clubs belonging tonationwide leagues only) Fukushima FC Arte Takasaki JEF Reserves Sagawa Express Tokyo NKK SC Yokohama Flügels ALO's Hokuriku Jatco SC Hagoromo Club Toyota Higashi-Fuji Seino Transportation Cosmo Oil Yokkaichi Sagawa Shiga NTT Kinki/Kansai SP Kyoto Tanabe Pharmaceutical Dainichi Cable Industries Sagawa Express Osaka Eidai SC Teijin SC Nippon Steel Yawata Tosu Futures Profesor Miyazaki J.League U-22 Selection FC Tokyo U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Kagura Shimane vte1998 in Japanese football « 19971999 » League competitionsMen J.League Japan Football League Regional Leagues Women L.League Cup competitionsMen Emperor's Cup (Final) J.League Cup (Final) Super Cup Women Empress's Cup (Final) L.League Cup (Final) AFC competitionsMen Asian Club Championship 1997–98 1998–99 Asian Cup Winners Cup Asian Super Cup Related to national teamsMen Summary FIFA World Cup Women Summary Asian Games Club seasonsJ.League Consadole Sapporo Kashima Antlers Urawa Red Diamonds JEF United Ichihara Kashiwa Reysol Verdy Kawasaki Yokohama Marinos Yokohama Flügels Bellmare Hiratsuka Shimizu S-Pulse Júbilo Iwata Nagoya Grampus Eight Kyoto Purple Sanga Gamba Osaka Cerezo Osaka Vissel Kobe Sanfrecce Hiroshima Avispa Fukuoka Winter transfers Summer transfers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Football_League_(1992%E2%80%931998)"}],"text":"Football league seasonStatistics of Japan Football League in the 1998 season.","title":"1998 Japan Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_location_map_with_Tokyo_Greater_Area_Inset.svg"},{"link_name":"Sony Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Sendai_FC"},{"link_name":"Brummel Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegalta_Sendai"},{"link_name":"Montedio Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montedio_Yamagata"},{"link_name":"Albirex Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albirex_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Mito HollyHock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_HollyHock"},{"link_name":"OmiyaArdija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiya_Ardija"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"KokushikanUniversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokushikan_University_SC"},{"link_name":"VentforetKofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventforet_Kofu"},{"link_name":"Jatco F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatco_F.C."},{"link_name":"Honda Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FC"},{"link_name":"Denso S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Kariya"},{"link_name":"Otsuka F.C.Vortis Tokushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokushima_Vortis"},{"link_name":"SaganTosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_Tosu"},{"link_name":"Oita Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita_Trinita"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_location_map_with_Tokyo_Greater_Area_Inset.svg"},{"link_name":"former Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Football_League_(1992%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Gas_SC"},{"link_name":"Consadole Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Consadole_Sapporo"},{"link_name":"second division of J.League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Regional Leagues promotion series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Regional_Football_League_Competition"},{"link_name":"Yokogawa Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokogawa_Musashino_FC"},{"link_name":"Yokohama FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_FC"},{"link_name":"new Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Football_League"}],"text":"Sony SendaiBrummel SendaiMontedio YamagataAlbirex NiigataMito HollyHockOmiyaArdijaTokyo GasKawasaki FrontaleKokushikanUniversityVentforetKofuJatco F.C.Honda MotorDenso S.C.Otsuka F.C.Vortis TokushimaSaganTosuOita Trinityclass=notpageimage| 1998 JFL teamsThe 1998 season was the seventh and the last of the former Japan Football League. It was contested by 16 teams, and Tokyo Gas won the championship. After the season, nine teams together with J. League Promotion and Relegation series' losers Consadole Sapporo formed the second division of J.League. Other seven clubs together with Regional Leagues promotion series winners Yokogawa Electric and newly created Yokohama FC have formed the new Japan Football League.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montedio Yamagata website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.montedio.or.jp/archive_log/record_2_98.htm"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on November 1998. Source: Montedio Yamagata websiteRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champion","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albirex_Niigata"},{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiya_Ardija"},{"link_name":"BRU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brummel_Sendai"},{"link_name":"DEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Denso_SC"},{"link_name":"FRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"HOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_HollyHock"},{"link_name":"HON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FC"},{"link_name":"JAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatco_SC"},{"link_name":"KSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokushikan_University_SC"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montedio_Yamagata"},{"link_name":"OVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokushima_Vortis"},{"link_name":"SAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_Tosu"},{"link_name":"SON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Sendai_FC"},{"link_name":"TGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Gas_SC"},{"link_name":"TRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita_Trinity"},{"link_name":"VEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventforet_Kofu"},{"link_name":"Albirex Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albirex_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Omiya Ardija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiya_Ardija"},{"link_name":"Brummel Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brummel_Sendai"},{"link_name":"Denso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Denso_SC"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Mito HollyHock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_HollyHock"},{"link_name":"Honda Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FC"},{"link_name":"Jatco SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatco_SC"},{"link_name":"Kokushikan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokushikan_University_SC"},{"link_name":"Montedio Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montedio_Yamagata"},{"link_name":"Otsuka FC Vortis Tokushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokushima_Vortis"},{"link_name":"Sagan Tosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_Tosu"},{"link_name":"Sony Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Sendai_FC"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Gas_SC"},{"link_name":"Oita Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Ventforet Kofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventforet_Kofu"},{"link_name":"Montedio Yamagata website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.montedio.or.jp/archive_log/record_2_98.htm"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nALB\n\nARD\n\nBRU\n\nDEN\n\nFRO\n\nHOL\n\nHON\n\nJAT\n\nKSU\n\nMON\n\nOVT\n\nSAG\n\nSON\n\nTGA\n\nTRI\n\nVEN\n\n\nAlbirex Niigata\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–3\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–1OT\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1OT\n\n1–2OT\n\n0–1OT\n\n3–1\n\n\nOmiya Ardija\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n3–4OT\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–2OT\n\n3–0\n\n1–0OT\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1OT\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–4\n\n\nBrummel Sendai\n\n0–2\n\n2–2PK 5–4\n\n\n\n2–1OT\n\n2–3\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n6–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1OT\n\n3–2OT\n\n5–1\n\n2–1OT\n\n0–3\n\n1–0OT\n\n0–1\n\n\nDenso\n\n3–0\n\n3–2OT\n\n2–4\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n3–4\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–5\n\n2–3\n\n1–2\n\n\nKawasaki Frontale\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n6–0\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–1OT\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n7–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0OT\n\n\nMito HollyHock\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–5\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n0–7\n\n0–1\n\n2–1OT\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–6\n\n\nHonda Motors\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–0OT\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–4OT\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2OT\n\n\nJatco SC\n\n1–2\n\n3–2OT\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–5\n\n3–10\n\n\n\n1–2OT\n\n3–6\n\n2–1\n\n3–2OT\n\n0–5\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–7\n\n\nKokushikan University\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2PK 1–4\n\n0–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–4\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n4–3\n\n4–1\n\n3–2OT\n\n1–6\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n\nMontedio Yamagata\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1PK 4–5\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n5–0\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–1OT\n\n6–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nOtsuka FC Vortis Tokushima\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1PK 4–5\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–3\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–2OT\n\n2–2PK 4–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nSagan Tosu\n\n1–0\n\n2–1OT\n\n5–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–5\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2OT\n\n1–0OT\n\n2–3OT\n\n\n\n2–1OT\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nSony Sendai\n\n1–2\n\n3–4\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–4OT\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nTokyo Gas\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0OT\n\n2–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1OT\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nOita Trinity\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–2PK 5–3\n\n1–2\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–3OT\n\n0–4\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n0–1OT\n\n\nVentforet Kofu\n\n4–1\n\n3–2OT\n\n6–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n3–2OT\n\n1–0\n\n2–2PK 4–3\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–1OT\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on November 1998. Source: Montedio Yamagata websiteLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Avispa Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avispa_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Avispa Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avispa_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Frontale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale"},{"link_name":"Kudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyokazu_Kudo"},{"link_name":"Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiteru_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Mariano"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.ttcn.ne.jp/frontale/mreport/19981119.htm"},{"link_name":"Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Ito_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Tuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonir_Ruschel"},{"link_name":"Hakatanomori Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakatanomori_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Hakata-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"next round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_J.League#Relegation_playoffs"},{"link_name":"second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_J.League_Division_2"}],"text":"Kawasaki Frontale were awarded a spot in the first round of J.League Promotion and Relegation Series where they have played against Avispa Fukuoka.November 19, 199819:00\nAvispa Fukuoka3 – 2 (a.e.t.)Kawasaki Frontale\nKudo 24'Yamashita 89'Fernando 104'\nReport\nIto 17'Tuto 61'\nHakatanomori Stadium, Hakata-ku, FukuokaAttendance: 12,535Avispa proceeded to the next round and Frontale entered the second division.","title":"Promotion and relegation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999 J.League Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_J.League_Division_2"},{"link_name":"1999 Japan Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Japan_Football_League"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japanese_Club_Football"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Club_Football"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Club_Football"},{"link_name":"Japan Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Japan Soccer League Division 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Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Nagoya_Grampus_Eight_season"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Purple Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Kyoto_Purple_Sanga_season"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Gamba_Osaka_season"},{"link_name":"Cerezo Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Cerezo_Osaka_season"},{"link_name":"Vissel Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Vissel_Kobe_season"},{"link_name":"Sanfrecce Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Sanfrecce_Hiroshima_season"},{"link_name":"Avispa Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Avispa_Fukuoka_season"},{"link_name":"Winter transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Japanese_football_transfers_winter_1997%E2%80%9398&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Summer transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Japanese_football_transfers_summer_1998&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1999 J.League Division 2\n1999 Japan Football LeaguevteJapanese club footballFirst-tier club football seasons, 1965–presentJapan Soccer League1965–1992Japan Soccer League Division 1since 1972\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\nJ.League1993–presentJ.League Division 1/J1 Leaguesince 1999\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n\nList of champions\nJ.League Championship\nPromotion / Relegation series\nSuper Cup\nSecond-tier club football seasons, 1972–presentJapan Soccer League Division 21972–1992\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n(former) Japan Football League1992–1998(former) Japan Football League Division 11992–1993\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\nJ2 League1999–present\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n\nList of champions\nPromotion / Relegation series\nThird-tier club football seasons, 1992–93, 1999–present(former) Japan Football League Division 21992–93\n1992\n1993\n\nNo national third tier, 1994–1998\nJapan Football League 1999–2013\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\nJ3 League 2014–present\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nList of championsFourth-tier club football seasons, 2014–presentJapan Football League2014–present\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nRegional level club football seasons, 1966–presentJapanese Regional Leagues1966–present\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n\nRegional Champions League\nShakaijin Cup\nEmperor's Cup seasons, 1921–presentEmperor's Cup1921–present\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\nWW II\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nSuper CupLeague Cup seasons, 1976–presentJSL Cup1976–1991\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\nJ.League Cup1992–present\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nSuruga Bank ChampionshipFootball clubs in Japan, 2024J1 League\nAlbirex Niigata\nAvispa Fukuoka\nCerezo Osaka\nGamba Osaka\nHokkaido Consadole Sapporo\nJúbilo Iwata\nKashima Antlers\nKashiwa Reysol\nKawasaki Frontale\nKyoto Sanga FC\nFC Machida Zelvia\nNagoya Grampus\nSagan Tosu\nSanfrecce Hiroshima\nShonan Bellmare\nFC Tokyo\nTokyo Verdy\nUrawa Red Diamonds\nVissel Kobe\nYokohama F. Marinos\nJ2 League\nBlaublitz Akita\nEhime FC\nFagiano Okayama\nFujieda MYFC\nIwaki FC\nJEF United Chiba\nKagoshima United FC\nMito HollyHock\nMontedio Yamagata\nOita Trinita\nRenofa Yamaguchi FC\nRoasso Kumamoto\nShimizu S-Pulse\nThespakusatsu Gunma\nTochigi SC\nTokushima Vortis\nV-Varen Nagasaki\nVegalta Sendai\nVentforet Kofu\nYokohama FC\nJ3 League\nAC Nagano Parceiro\nAzul Claro Numazu\nFC Gifu\nFC Imabari\nFukushima United FC\nGainare Tottori\nGiravanz Kitakyushu\nIwate Grulla Morioka\nKamatamare Sanuki\nKataller Toyama\nMatsumoto Yamaga FC\nNara Club\nOmiya Ardija\nFC Osaka\nFC Ryukyu\nSC Sagamihara\nTegevajaro Miyazaki\nVanraure Hachinohe\nYSCC Yokohama\nZweigen Kanazawa\n100 Year Plan clubs\nCriacao Shinjuku\nNankatsu SC\nReilac Shiga\nTokyo 23\nVonds Ichihara\nJapan Football League\nBriobecca Urayasu\nCriacao Shinjuku\nHonda FC\nKochi United\nMaruyasu Okazaki\nMinebea Mitsumi\nOkinawa SV\nReilac Shiga\nReinMeer Aomori\nSony Sendai\nFC Tiamo Hirakata\nTochigi City\nTokyo Musashino United\nSuzuka Point Getters\nVeertien Mie\nVerspah Oita\nDefunct clubs(clubs belonging tonationwide leagues only)\nFukushima FC\nArte Takasaki\nJEF Reserves\nSagawa Express Tokyo\nNKK SC\nYokohama Flügels\nALO's Hokuriku\nJatco SC\nHagoromo Club\nToyota Higashi-Fuji\nSeino Transportation\nCosmo Oil Yokkaichi\nSagawa Shiga\nNTT Kinki/Kansai\nSP Kyoto\nTanabe Pharmaceutical\nDainichi Cable Industries\nSagawa Express Osaka\nEidai SC\nTeijin SC\nNippon Steel Yawata\nTosu Futures\nProfesor Miyazaki\nJ.League U-22 Selection\nFC Tokyo U-23\nCerezo Osaka U-23\nGamba Osaka U-23\nKagura Shimanevte1998 in Japanese football « 19971999 » League competitionsMen\nJ.League\nJapan Football League\nRegional Leagues\nWomen\nL.League\nCup competitionsMen\nEmperor's Cup (Final)\nJ.League Cup (Final)\nSuper Cup\nWomen\nEmpress's Cup (Final)\nL.League Cup (Final)\nAFC competitionsMen\nAsian Club Championship\n1997–98\n1998–99\nAsian Cup Winners Cup\nAsian Super Cup\nRelated to national teamsMen\nSummary\nFIFA World Cup\nWomen\nSummary\nAsian Games\nClub seasonsJ.League\nConsadole Sapporo\nKashima Antlers\nUrawa Red Diamonds\nJEF United Ichihara\nKashiwa Reysol\nVerdy Kawasaki\nYokohama Marinos\nYokohama Flügels\nBellmare Hiratsuka\nShimizu S-Pulse\nJúbilo Iwata\nNagoya Grampus Eight\nKyoto Purple Sanga\nGamba Osaka\nCerezo Osaka\nVissel Kobe\nSanfrecce Hiroshima\nAvispa Fukuoka\n\nWinter transfers\nSummer transfers","title":"Successor seasons"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.montedio.or.jp/archive_log/record_2_98.htm","external_links_name":"Montedio Yamagata website"},{"Link":"http://www.montedio.or.jp/archive_log/record_2_98.htm","external_links_name":"Montedio Yamagata website"},{"Link":"http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/frontale/mreport/19981119.htm","external_links_name":"Report"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Fowler
Vicki Fowler
["1 Storylines","1.1 1986–1995","1.2 2003–2004","2 Creation and development","2.1 Conception and childhood characterisation","2.2 Recast (2003)","2.3 Personality","2.4 Departure (2004)","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
Fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders Soap opera character Vicki FowlerEastEnders characterScarlett Alice Johnson as Vicki Fowler (2004)Portrayed by Emma Herry (1986–1988) Samantha Leigh Martin(1988–1995) Scarlett Alice Johnson(2003–2004) Duration 1986–1995, 2003–2004 First appearanceEpisode 13327 May 1986 (1986-05-27)Last appearanceEpisode 2858/285925 December 2004 (2004-12-25)ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced byJulia Smith and Tony Holland (1986)Louise Berridge (2003)Samantha Leigh Martin as Vicki Fowler (1995)In-universe informationOccupationWorkFamilyWatts/FowlerFatherDen WattsMotherMichelle FowlerStepfatherTim AndrewsStepmotherChrissie WattsHalf-brothersDennis RickmanMark FowlerGrandfathersArthur Fowler Dennis WattsGrandmothersPauline FowlerUnclesMark FowlerMartin FowlerNephewsDennis RickmanFirst cousinsBex FowlerHope FowlerOther relativesLou BealePete BealeIan BealeKenny BealeElizabeth BealeLucy BealePeter Beale Vicki Fowler is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Alice Johnson from 2003 to 2004. She is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). The character is born in the serial, conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy. Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. Early suspects were Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford), but then four possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts. As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car to give it all away: Den Watts is the father of Michelle's baby. After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream. Vicki's character was written out in October 1995, after Susan Tully, who played Vicki's mother Michelle, decided to leave the soap. After an eight-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in January 2003 as a rebellious teenager. Her reintroduction was part of the soap's attempt to rebuild the Watts clan, a successful family headed by Den, which had featured prominently in the 1980s. Johnson quit the role in 2004. Her stint between 2003-2004 focused on her relationship with Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), becoming pregnant with Spencer's child and subsequently having an abortion, a difficult relationship with her estranged father Den who she once believed had died, and a relationship with lecturer Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah). The media was generally critical about the character upon her return, due to her American accent and its sudden disappearance. During the character's original stint, a storyline featuring Vicki being kidnapped was criticised due to its coincidental airing alongside the real-life abduction and murder of toddler James Bulger. Storylines 1986–1995 16-year-old Michelle Fowler gets pregnant in 1985 after a one-night stand with her best friend Sharon's (Letitia Dean) father, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). Her family decide Michelle should have an abortion but she refuses, keeping the baby but keeping the father's name a secret. Vicki, named in honour of her great-grandparents Lou Beale (Anna Wing) and Lou's late husband Albert, is born in 1986 and Den is allowed to hold her but he and Michelle agree that he should keep his distance so nobody guesses he is her father. Michelle raises Vicki with her fiancé, Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), who she marries after jilting him at the altar, although Den provides for Vicki secretly. After Sue Osman (Sandy Ratcliff) realises that she has had a phantom pregnancy, she is devastated and suggests to Michelle that she lets her and Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih) adopt Vicki, which infuriates Michelle. Vicki's grandmother, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), realises Den is Vicki's father when she sees him give money to Michelle and slaps him. Lofty begins to pressure Michelle to let him adopt Vicki and have another child, but their marriage soon breaks down after Michelle has an abortion and Michelle refuses to name Vicki's father upon Lofty's departure. When Den is shot and presumed dead, Michelle tells Sharon that Vicki is her half-sister and Sharon is devastated whilst Arthur is furious. Vicki survives meningitis but Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) fails to diagnose it, reuniting Michelle and Sharon. Michelle decides to go on the run with Clyde Tavernier (Steven Woodcock) after he is accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), taking Vicki and Kofi Tavernier (Marcel Smith), Clyde's son, with them. Michelle and Clyde are caught by the police when trying to flee the country and Vicki and Kofi are sent to a children's home, but are later collected by their grandmothers. Vicki is kidnapped when an old woman, Audrey Whittingham (Shirley Dixon), takes her from outside her school. A national police investigation is launched and Vicki is returned home safely. When Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs (Max Gold), Vicki discovers she is Sharon's half-sister when she stays with Sharon and her husband, Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and the following day, Sharon tells Vicki about her father, which infuriates Michelle. The truth about Vicki's paternity spreads and Michelle's aunt, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), is upset about not being told by Michelle herself, finding out from Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton). In October 1995, Michelle and 9-year-old Vicki leave Walford for Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States. 2003–2004 A teenage Vicki returns to Walford in February 2003 when she runs away from home. She has been arguing regularly with Michelle and it is decided that she can stay in Walford. After clashing with her grandmother Pauline, Vicki moves in with Sharon. Manipulative and mischievous, Vicki does as she pleases. Just weeks later, she discovers that she and Sharon have a half-brother, Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) – and persuades him to move to Walford. When she becomes pregnant by Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), Sharon, who believes she is infertile, offers Vicki £10,000 to give her the baby to bring up as her own. Spencer wants to be a father but Vicki terminates the pregnancy. Dennis soon tells Vicki that Den, who had supposedly died in 1989, is alive and living in Spain, and she brings him back to the Square to reunite with his family. She's horrified to discover that Sharon and Dennis have started a romantic relationship. Although they aren't biologically related, Vicki cannot accept it and rebels by dating Ash Ferreira (Raji James), which ends when he realizes that she is using him to get at her siblings. Eventually, Vicki and Den's objections take their toll on Sharon and Dennis and they end the relationship. In 2004, an 18-year-old Vicki starts a relationship with her 46-year-old college lecturer, Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah); her family, particularly stepmother Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman), are outraged. Tommy feigns love for Vicki and they talk about leaving Walford to go travelling. Knowing that Tommy is untrustworthy, Chrissie attempts to seduce him. After a brief kiss, Chrissie strips him naked in the toilets of The Queen Victoria public house, on the promise that she will soon join him. She steals his clothes and forces Vicki to see him for the lying cheat he is. Vicki is devastated and initially furious with Chrissie but eventually realizes she had her best interests at heart. During a family meal on Christmas Day 2004, Sharon and Dennis announce that they have resumed their romantic relationship, only for Dennis's girlfriend Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) to announce that she is pregnant. Sharon decides to go to America alone and persuades Dennis to stay with Zoe and their baby. Den talks to Sharon alone, trying to persuade her to stay. Vicki overhears him say he does not love Vicki as much as he loves Sharon. Deciding she cannot live with such a father, Vicki decides to return to her mother in America. It is later revealed that she has moved to Australia and reunited with Spencer. In January 2014, Sharon tells Spencer's brother, Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), that they need someone to help them open a bar in Sydney, so Alfie goes there for a few weeks to work with them. Vicki and Spencer are unable to attend Sharon's wedding to Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) in September 2014, nor are they able to attend the wedding of Vicki's relative Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) in February 2015. When Lofty returns to Walford in 2019, he gives Sharon a £20,000 cheque to give to Vicki. In 2022, Vicki is revealed to be back in the USA when Sharon flies over to be with her whilst Vicki undergoes emergency surgery. Creation and development Conception and childhood characterisation The conception of Vicki Fowler in 1985 was one of the first controversial storylines featured in EastEnders since its inception that February, as it involved the pregnancy of a schoolgirl, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). Exploiting a Whodunit angle, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 on episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. Four possible suspects were seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). As Michelle waited by their rendezvous point, a car pulled up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leapt out of a car and gave it all away: Den Watts had fathered Michelle's baby. After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream. Baby Emma Henry originated the role and played Vicki until 1988, when her parents moved to Scotland. The role was recast to Samantha Leigh Martin, who learned to call Susan Tully "Mummy Shell" and referred to Letitia Dean who played her mum's best friend, "Daddy Sharon". Tully has commented, "What's lovely about working with Samantha is that she's always happy. When it comes to work, she knows it's playing a pretend game, she knows my real name but she knows to call me 'Mummy Shell' when the cameras are running. If she isn't involved for a couple of weeks, I like to visit her at home, so she's always relaxed with me." Tully worried about this when it came to filming scenes in 1989 where Vicki contracted meningitis and was hospitalised and placed in an incubator with tubes attached to her body. Tully said, " has seen me in all kinds of situations but I didn't know how she'd cope if I cried over her". At Tully's suggestion, the BBC built a hospital room with minimal equipment and a consultant was present to make sure the BBC had the details correct and that neither the viewers or Samantha would be too distressed. Tully insisted that the child was not present when she had to film scenes of Michelle sobbing over the incubator. In 1995, after 9 years onscreen being featured in various plot lines such as kidnapping, Vicki was written out of EastEnders, moving to America with Michelle. Recast (2003) In 2002, executive producer Louise Berridge decided to reintroduce the character 8 years after she had last appeared. Auditions were held to cast the role to a professional actor; however, auditionees were not informed which character they were auditioning for. The first audition was a group workshop of 30 auditionees, who were asked to perform improvisations. After whittling down potential actors from 500 to 4, the second stage of the audition process was an interview with EastEnders' Casting Director. The auditionees were asked to perform a monologue in front of a camera and do a screen test with one of the actors already in the show, Christopher Parker, who played Spencer Moon. 17-year-old actress Scarlett Alice Johnson was cast: "At the second audition they gave me a monologue to read, but they'd been really careful about it. They hadn't said what the character's name was, they didn't give away anything in the monologue that might tell me who I was auditioning for. So I didn't know until I got the part who I was going to be playing—I'd been guessing for ages!" Asked how she felt when she knew she was playing Vicki Fowler, a character linked to the show's early history who is the daughter of 2 prominent original characters, Johnson said: "I felt very honoured, but it was quite scary. I knew there'd be a lot of people out there with expectations of what she'd be like. But it's good fun actually. It means you don't have to introduce yourself to everyone. You can really play with that My family are EastEnders addicts, we've watched it our whole lives. I remember the first Vicki, I remember Michelle and I definitely remember Dirty Den! My knowledge of the show really helped a lot, because I didn't have to do any research into the character. When I joined the show, I felt like I was meeting the actors for a second time. I'd already met them in my home on TV, then I had to actually meet them in real life!" The character made her reappearance in January 2003, turning up unexpectedly at her grandmother Pauline's (Wendy Richard) house. To signify the character's eight years living in America, Johnson was required to use an American accent while playing Vicki. She was given a voice coach and a sheet of American phrases to practice weekly. She commented, "It is hard work, but it's becoming second nature now. As soon as I know that I'm Vicki, the accent just comes with it." After 6 months in the role, Vicki dropped the American accent. Johnson explained the reason for the change in 2004: "The producers knew that I had to have an American accent when I came into the show because my character had been living in America but it's not the kind of accent that you'd want to have for a long time on a show like EastEnders. It's not something that's going to fit in for a long period of time. What would have been perfect would have been to have it gradually fade out, but as you film 8 episodes at a time, this would be nigh on impossible. The decision was made that in the story Vicki was coming to terms with the fact that she wanted to live in London so therefore she was going to make a conscious effort to fit in with everyone around her and blend in with London life." The reintroduction of Vicki was part of the producers' plan to reform the Watts family, including the resurrection of Vicki's father Den, who had been presumed dead for 14 years. Discussing working with Leslie Grantham, who played Vicki's "iconic" father Den, Johnson said, "I was 2 when he left EastEnders so I never witnessed the hype surrounding him. I'm very aware of the legend. How could I not be? My only concern was that he should take me seriously It's been fabulous. I can't wait for our scenes to be shown. They're really edgy and no one does edgy better than Leslie. It's been a massive challenge but I think the results are incredibly hard-hitting. EastEnders is becoming more like a serial drama than a soap. It's so well-written." Personality Vicki has been described as a "little madam" and a rebel. An EastEnders source commented, "Vicki has inherited a lot of her dad Den's traits – she is going to be a right handful". Johnson has said, "Everyone loves to hate her, but I rather like that. I'd be more upset if she was nondescript. At least I provoke a passionate response in people. It's great being a bad girl." Departure (2004) In August 2004, the BBC announced that Johnson had decided to quit her role as Vicki. She commented, "I've had a really good two years, enjoyed all the experiences but it's time to move on". Johnson filmed her final scenes in October and her departure coincided with that of Vicki's half-sister, Sharon (Letitia Dean). Vicki departed on the Christmas Day episode of 2004. 12.3 million viewers watched the episodes that involved the Watts family's disbandment. Media reports claimed that there were plans to bring Vicki back the following year, played by a new actress; this proved to be false. Her character was notably absent at the funerals of Vicki's father Den in September 2005, her brother Dennis in January 2006, and her grandmother Pauline in January 2007. Following her departure from EastEnders, Johnson was more candid in her reasons for leaving: "I've had a great time but it got to the point where I was sat in bed at night thinking: 'Tomorrow will my character be crying, getting drunk or having an argument?'. It soon became physically exhausting and draining I don't think the producers were very happy when I said I wanted to leave. I was still very new and they had just set up the new Watts dynasty but no-one could have made me change my mind. When I said to the producers I wanted to go they told me they might have to recast Vicki. I don't mind. Life goes on and EastEnders goes on. I wouldn't want to go back at the moment – but never say never." Reception According to author Hilary Kingsley, the scenes in EastEnders' early years that showed toddler Vicki "chattering happily" with the baby actor who played her uncle Martin (Jon Peyton Price) were viewer favourites. EastEnders was criticised in 1993 for featuring a storyline about child abduction at an inappropriate time. In the storyline, six-year old Vicki was abducted, leaving Michelle frantic with worry. In what has been described as a "coincidence of ill-timing", the storyline was screened at the same time as the real-life abduction and murder of two-year-old James Bulger. The BBC was forced to transmit a health warning prior to the airing of the episodes, announcing that the storyline would be "resolved positively". In the book, Social Issues in Television, a senior, nameless script editor opined that the abduction storyline sought to engage the audience at the expense of any parent's realistic concerns: "We get it wrong when we take the easy route like the kidnap snatch with Vicki. My argument about this was that I am a father but have never had my kids snatched. If I'm just sitting at home and my children are out late at night and they say they're going to be back at midnight and they don't come back, you immediately think they're dead and you start to worry. If they'd actually been snatched, it would have affected my entire life forever. I would never have recovered from it. I would have been frightened every time one of them left my side. Therefore the consequence of running a storyline like that is immense. If we were being totally responsible about it the fallout on Michelle would have been, well I just don't think she would have been the same person again." The character received media criticism due to her American accent upon her reintroduction in 2003. Johnson said, "I knew that would happen because I'm the only character who speaks differently. I haven't taken any of that to heart." However, when the accent was altered from American to British, this received criticism too with Ian Hyland from the Daily Mirror describing it as "hilarious" and branding the character "Go Away Again Vicki". He added, "Presumably the producers decided the reason viewers found her so annoying was her whiny American voice. Try again, guys." Upon her departure in 2004, Johnson was also critical about her character's alternating accent: "When I took the job they weren't sure what accent they wanted Vicki to have and about a week before they told me it should be American. I did that for a few months and then one day out of the blue I arrived on set and they told me they wanted me to change to Cockney. It was the producer's decision. I was as stunned as everyone else – all the criticism was perfectly justified. It's probably the most stupid decision they could have made. People assumed I was slipping out of the accent – but it was nothing to do with me. I've taken a lot of stick. But it doesn't bother me because I know the truth." A proportion of viewers responded negatively when Vicki was shown to have an abortion. Johnson claims she received abusive letters from fans of the show and that she was stopped in the street twice by older women who told her "it was quite wrong to have got rid of the baby. I found that awkward at the time. But, gradually, I came to realise it was rather flattering. Those women believed in my character so completely they forgot she wasn't real. So now I think I must have been doing a good job." Johnson has since been critical of the storylines given to her character describing them as weak. In September 2023 the character received a resurgence in popularity when EastEnders fans began posting clips from Vicki's 2003-2004 stint on social media site Twitter, comparing her to Kelly Osbourne and along with sharing clips, images and memes of Coronation Street actresses Vicky Binns and Vicky Entwistle, fans branded the era 'The Vickaissance'. References ^ a b Brake, Colin (1995). EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-37057-4. ^ a b Smith, Julia; Holland, Tony (1987). EastEnders – The Inside Story. Book Club Associates. ISBN 978-0-563-20601-9. ^ a b c d e f g Kingsley, Hilary (1990). The EastEnders Handbook. BBC books. ISBN 978-0-563-36292-0. ^ a b c Dowell, Ben (1 December 2002). "Dirty Den love child returning". Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Barber, Richard (13 July 2003). "They said you've got the job as Dirty Den's love child..I said no". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ a b c "Scarlett Johnson (Vicki Fowler)". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 9 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2009. ^ "Scarlett woman in the Square!". BBC. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ "Vicki Fowler to leave EastEnders". CBBC. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ a b c "EastEnders' Vicki to leave show". BBC News. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ "BBC wins Christmas ratings fight". BBC News. 26 December 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ Kerins, Suzanne (29 August 2004). "Fowler play as Vicki returns". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^ a b c Barrett, Caroline (26 December 2004). "I'm so glad I've left EastEnders". The People. ^ Henderson, Lesley (2007). Social issues in television fiction. Performing Arts. ISBN 9780748625321. ^ Hyland, Ian (21 September 2003). "TV WEEK: EastEnders". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 July 2009. ^ Hyland, Ian (23 September 2003). "LISA GETS ON MY PIP". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 July 2009. External links Vicki Fowler at BBC Online vteEastEnders charactersPresent characters Kathy Beale Sharon Watts Ian Beale Martin Fowler Cindy Beale Phil Mitchell Sonia Fowler Peter Beale Billy Mitchell Kat Slater Mo Harris Patrick Trueman Alfie Moon Bobby Beale Yolande Trueman Stacey Slater Freddie Slater Jean Slater Honey Mitchell Dean Wicks Chelsea Fox Denise Fox Lauren Branning Janet Mitchell Jay Brown Jack Branning Kim Fox Lily Slater Linda Carter Johnny Carter Callum Highway Suki Panesar Zack Hudson Harvey Monroe Ravi Gulati Nish Panesar Former characters AJ Ahmed Iqra Ahmed Masood Ahmed Della Alexander Johnny Allen Ruby Allen Chantelle Atkins Gray Atkins Aunt Sal Tom Banks Geoff Barnes Clare Bates Debbie Bates Laurie Bates Nigel Bates Jane Beale Laura Beale Lou Beale Lucy Beale Pete Beale Steven Beale Polly Becker Adam Best Manda Best Abi Branning Alice Branning April Branning Bradley Branning Derek Branning Jim Branning Joey Branning Max Branning Suzy Branning Tanya Branning Aidan Brosnan Diane Butcher Frank Butcher Janine Butcher Liam Butcher Mo Butcher Pat Butcher Ricky Butcher Tiffany Butcher Kelvin Carpenter Tony Carpenter Mick Carter Nancy Carter Shirley Carter Stan Carter Tina Carter Zsa Zsa Carter Lorna Cartwright Barry Clark Christian Clarke Paul Coker Richard Cole Julie Cooper Ashley Cotton Charlie Cotton (1986) Charlie Cotton (2014) Dot Cotton Dotty Cotton Nick Cotton Tom "Rocky" Cotton Stella Crawford Cora Cross Rainie Cross Whitney Dean Beppe di Marco Bruno and Luisa di Marco Gianni di Marco Rosa di Marco Ray Dixon Jase Dyer Huw Edwards Steve Elliot Nellie Ellis Barry Evans Natalie Evans Roy Evans Fatboy Ferreira family Conor Flaherty Mary Flaherty Fred Fonseca Arthur Fowler Bex Fowler Lisa Fowler Mark Fowler Michelle Fowler Pauline Fowler Ruth Fowler Vicki Fowler Libby Fox Joanne Francis Jodie Gold Vanessa Gold Marge Green Nina Harris Dexter Hartman Julie Haye Alex Healy Christine Hewitt Ted Hills Tony Hills Garry Hobbs Lynne Hobbs Lofty Holloway Vincent Hubbard Andy Hunter Alan Jackson Bianca Jackson Billie Jackson Blossom Jackson Carmel Jackson Carol Jackson Robbie Jackson Naima Jeffery Saeed Jeffery Al Jenkins Greg Jessop Lucas Johnson Danielle Jones Naomi Julien Gita Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor Karim family Kush Kazemi Yusef Khan Tony King Harold Legg Donna Ludlow Joe Macer Ryan Malloy Jill Marsden Afia Masood Amira Masood Shabnam Masood Syed Masood Tamwar Masood Zainab Masood Lilly Mattock Josie McFarlane Poppy Meadow Darren Miller Demi Miller Keith Miller Mickey Miller Rosie Miller Rob Minter Archie Mitchell Ben Mitchell Danny Mitchell Glenda Mitchell Grant Mitchell Jamie Mitchell Kate Mitchell Little Mo Mitchell Louise Mitchell Peggy Mitchell Ronnie Mitchell Roxy Mitchell Sam Mitchell Tiffany Mitchell Vinnie Monks Dana Monroe Anthony Moon Danny Moon Eddie Moon Jake Moon Michael Moon Nana Moon Spencer Moon Tyler Moon Trevor Morgan Rod Norman Andy O'Brien Mercy Olubunmi Ali Osman Mehmet Osman Sue Osman Mel Owen Steve Owen Annie Palmer George Palmer Lola Pearce Minty Peterson Frankie Pierre Paul Priestly Irene Raymond Louise Raymond Simon Raymond Terry Raymond Dennis Rickman Binnie Roberts Roly Willy Roper Matthew Rose Colin Russell Mandy Salter Trevor Short Lydia Simmonds Ethel Skinner Charlie Slater Sean Slater Zoe Slater Leon Small Babe Smith Gus Smith Mary Smith Dan Sullivan Gavin Sullivan Dawn Swann Celestine and Etta Tavernier Clyde Tavernier Hattie Tavernier Jules Tavernier Karen Taylor Keanu Taylor Kelly Taylor Heather Trott Anthony Trueman Paul Trueman Owen Turner Angie Watts Chrissie Watts Den Watts Wellard Carl White Carly Wicks David Wicks Joe Wicks Kevin Wicks Lorraine Wicks Simon Wicks Debbie Wilkins Cindy Williams James Willmott-Brown Willy May Wright Lists of characters By year: 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Others: Flaherty family Dickens Hill inmates The Banned band members Characters from spin-offs
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Scarlett Alice Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Alice_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Michelle Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"whodunnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunnit"},{"link_name":"Ian Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Beale"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Medford"},{"link_name":"Tony Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Oscar James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_James"},{"link_name":"Ali Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Osman"},{"link_name":"Nejdet Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdet_Salih"},{"link_name":"Andy O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Roly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-1"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidestory-2"},{"link_name":"Louise Berridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Berridge"},{"link_name":"Spencer Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Moon"},{"link_name":"Christopher Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Parker"},{"link_name":"Tommy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Grant_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Robert Cavanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cavanah"},{"link_name":"murder of toddler James Bulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger"}],"text":"Soap opera characterVicki Fowler is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Alice Johnson from 2003 to 2004. She is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). The character is born in the serial, conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy. Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. Early suspects were Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford), but then four possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts. As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car to give it all away: Den Watts is the father of Michelle's baby.[1] After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream.[2] Vicki's character was written out in October 1995, after Susan Tully, who played Vicki's mother Michelle, decided to leave the soap.After an eight-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in January 2003 as a rebellious teenager. Her reintroduction was part of the soap's attempt to rebuild the Watts clan, a successful family headed by Den, which had featured prominently in the 1980s. Johnson quit the role in 2004. Her stint between 2003-2004 focused on her relationship with Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), becoming pregnant with Spencer's child and subsequently having an abortion, a difficult relationship with her estranged father Den who she once believed had died, and a relationship with lecturer Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah). The media was generally critical about the character upon her return, due to her American accent and its sudden disappearance. During the character's original stint, a storyline featuring Vicki being kidnapped was criticised due to its coincidental airing alongside the real-life abduction and murder of toddler James Bulger.","title":"Vicki Fowler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Watts"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Lou Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Beale"},{"link_name":"Anna Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wing"},{"link_name":"Lofty Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofty_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Tom Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sue Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Osman"},{"link_name":"Sandy Ratcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Ratcliff"},{"link_name":"phantom pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Ali Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Osman"},{"link_name":"Nejdet Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdet_Salih"},{"link_name":"Pauline Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Wendy Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Richard"},{"link_name":"Dr Legg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Legg"},{"link_name":"Leonard Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Clyde Tavernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Tavernier"},{"link_name":"Steven Woodcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Woodcock"},{"link_name":"Eddie Royle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Royle"},{"link_name":"Michael Melia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Melia"},{"link_name":"Kofi Tavernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Tavernier"},{"link_name":"Audrey Whittingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Whittingham"},{"link_name":"Dougie Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Grant Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Kathy Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Beale"},{"link_name":"Gillian Taylforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Taylforth"},{"link_name":"Mandy Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandy_Salter"},{"link_name":"Nicola Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"1986–1995","text":"16-year-old Michelle Fowler gets pregnant in 1985 after a one-night stand with her best friend Sharon's (Letitia Dean) father, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). Her family decide Michelle should have an abortion but she refuses, keeping the baby but keeping the father's name a secret. Vicki, named in honour of her great-grandparents Lou Beale (Anna Wing) and Lou's late husband Albert, is born in 1986 and Den is allowed to hold her but he and Michelle agree that he should keep his distance so nobody guesses he is her father. Michelle raises Vicki with her fiancé, Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), who she marries after jilting him at the altar, although Den provides for Vicki secretly. After Sue Osman (Sandy Ratcliff) realises that she has had a phantom pregnancy, she is devastated and suggests to Michelle that she lets her and Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih) adopt Vicki, which infuriates Michelle. Vicki's grandmother, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), realises Den is Vicki's father when she sees him give money to Michelle and slaps him. Lofty begins to pressure Michelle to let him adopt Vicki and have another child, but their marriage soon breaks down after Michelle has an abortion and Michelle refuses to name Vicki's father upon Lofty's departure. When Den is shot and presumed dead, Michelle tells Sharon that Vicki is her half-sister and Sharon is devastated whilst Arthur is furious. Vicki survives meningitis but Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) fails to diagnose it, reuniting Michelle and Sharon.Michelle decides to go on the run with Clyde Tavernier (Steven Woodcock) after he is accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), taking Vicki and Kofi Tavernier (Marcel Smith), Clyde's son, with them. Michelle and Clyde are caught by the police when trying to flee the country and Vicki and Kofi are sent to a children's home, but are later collected by their grandmothers. Vicki is kidnapped when an old woman, Audrey Whittingham (Shirley Dixon), takes her from outside her school. A national police investigation is launched and Vicki is returned home safely. When Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs (Max Gold), Vicki discovers she is Sharon's half-sister when she stays with Sharon and her husband, Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and the following day, Sharon tells Vicki about her father, which infuriates Michelle. The truth about Vicki's paternity spreads and Michelle's aunt, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), is upset about not being told by Michelle herself, finding out from Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton). In October 1995, Michelle and 9-year-old Vicki leave Walford for Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rickman"},{"link_name":"Nigel Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Harman"},{"link_name":"Spencer Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Moon"},{"link_name":"Christopher Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Parker"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Ash Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Raji James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raji_James"},{"link_name":"Tommy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Grant_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Robert Cavanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cavanah"},{"link_name":"Chrissie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Tracy-Ann Oberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy-Ann_Oberman"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Zoe Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Slater"},{"link_name":"Michelle Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Alfie Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Moon"},{"link_name":"Shane Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Richie"},{"link_name":"Phil Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Steve McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McFadden"},{"link_name":"Ian Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Beale"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"Jane Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Beale"},{"link_name":"Laurie Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Brett"}],"sub_title":"2003–2004","text":"A teenage Vicki returns to Walford in February 2003 when she runs away from home. She has been arguing regularly with Michelle and it is decided that she can stay in Walford. After clashing with her grandmother Pauline, Vicki moves in with Sharon. Manipulative and mischievous, Vicki does as she pleases. Just weeks later, she discovers that she and Sharon have a half-brother, Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) – and persuades him to move to Walford. When she becomes pregnant by Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), Sharon, who believes she is infertile, offers Vicki £10,000 to give her the baby to bring up as her own. Spencer wants to be a father but Vicki terminates the pregnancy.Dennis soon tells Vicki that Den, who had supposedly died in 1989, is alive and living in Spain, and she brings him back to the Square to reunite with his family. She's horrified to discover that Sharon and Dennis have started a romantic relationship. Although they aren't biologically related, Vicki cannot accept it and rebels by dating Ash Ferreira (Raji James), which ends when he realizes that she is using him to get at her siblings. Eventually, Vicki and Den's objections take their toll on Sharon and Dennis and they end the relationship.In 2004, an 18-year-old Vicki starts a relationship with her 46-year-old college lecturer, Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah); her family, particularly stepmother Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman), are outraged. Tommy feigns love for Vicki and they talk about leaving Walford to go travelling. Knowing that Tommy is untrustworthy, Chrissie attempts to seduce him. After a brief kiss, Chrissie strips him naked in the toilets of The Queen Victoria public house, on the promise that she will soon join him. She steals his clothes and forces Vicki to see him for the lying cheat he is. Vicki is devastated and initially furious with Chrissie but eventually realizes she had her best interests at heart.During a family meal on Christmas Day 2004, Sharon and Dennis announce that they have resumed their romantic relationship, only for Dennis's girlfriend Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) to announce that she is pregnant. Sharon decides to go to America alone and persuades Dennis to stay with Zoe and their baby. Den talks to Sharon alone, trying to persuade her to stay. Vicki overhears him say he does not love Vicki as much as he loves Sharon. Deciding she cannot live with such a father, Vicki decides to return to her mother in America. It is later revealed that she has moved to Australia and reunited with Spencer.In January 2014, Sharon tells Spencer's brother, Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), that they need someone to help them open a bar in Sydney, so Alfie goes there for a few weeks to work with them. Vicki and Spencer are unable to attend Sharon's wedding to Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) in September 2014, nor are they able to attend the wedding of Vicki's relative Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) in February 2015. When Lofty returns to Walford in 2019, he gives Sharon a £20,000 cheque to give to Vicki. In 2022, Vicki is revealed to be back in the USA when Sharon flies over to be with her whilst Vicki undergoes emergency surgery.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"Whodunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunit"},{"link_name":"Tony Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holland"},{"link_name":"Julia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Tony Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Oscar James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_James"},{"link_name":"Ali Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Osman"},{"link_name":"Nejdet Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdet_Salih"},{"link_name":"Andy O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Roly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roly"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-1"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidestory-2"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"},{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Watts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-4"}],"sub_title":"Conception and childhood characterisation","text":"The conception of Vicki Fowler in 1985 was one of the first controversial storylines featured in EastEnders since its inception that February, as it involved the pregnancy of a schoolgirl, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). Exploiting a Whodunit angle, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 on episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. Four possible suspects were seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). As Michelle waited by their rendezvous point, a car pulled up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leapt out of a car and gave it all away: Den Watts had fathered Michelle's baby.[1] After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream.[2]Baby Emma Henry originated the role and played Vicki until 1988, when her parents moved to Scotland. The role was recast to Samantha Leigh Martin, who learned to call Susan Tully \"Mummy Shell\" and referred to Letitia Dean who played her mum's best friend, \"Daddy Sharon\".[3] Tully has commented, \"What's lovely about working with Samantha is that she's always happy. When it comes to work, she knows it's playing a pretend game, she knows my real name but she knows to call me 'Mummy Shell' when the cameras are running. If she isn't involved for a couple of weeks, I like to visit her at home, so she's always relaxed with me.\"[3] Tully worried about this when it came to filming scenes in 1989 where Vicki contracted meningitis and was hospitalised and placed in an incubator with tubes attached to her body.[3] Tully said, \"[Samantha] has seen me in all kinds of situations but I didn't know how she'd cope if I cried over her\".[3] At Tully's suggestion, the BBC built a hospital room with minimal equipment and a consultant was present to make sure the BBC had the details correct and that neither the viewers or Samantha would be too distressed.[3] Tully insisted that the child was not present when she had to film scenes of Michelle sobbing over the incubator.[3]In 1995, after 9 years onscreen being featured in various plot lines such as kidnapping, Vicki was written out of EastEnders, moving to America with Michelle.[4]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louise Berridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Berridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"},{"link_name":"Christopher Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Parker"},{"link_name":"Spencer Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Moon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int-6"},{"link_name":"Scarlett Alice Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Alice_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int-6"},{"link_name":"Pauline's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Wendy Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Richard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"}],"sub_title":"Recast (2003)","text":"In 2002, executive producer Louise Berridge decided to reintroduce the character 8 years after she had last appeared. Auditions were held to cast the role to a professional actor; however, auditionees were not informed which character they were auditioning for. The first audition was a group workshop of 30 auditionees, who were asked to perform improvisations. After whittling down potential actors from 500 to 4,[5] the second stage of the audition process was an interview with EastEnders' Casting Director. The auditionees were asked to perform a monologue in front of a camera and do a screen test with one of the actors already in the show, Christopher Parker, who played Spencer Moon.[6]17-year-old actress Scarlett Alice Johnson was cast: \"At the second audition they gave me a monologue to read, but they'd been really careful about it. They hadn't said what the character's name was, they didn't give away anything in the monologue that might tell me who I was auditioning for. So I didn't know until I got the part who I was going to be playing—I'd been guessing for ages!\" Asked how she felt when she knew she was playing Vicki Fowler, a character linked to the show's early history who is the daughter of 2 prominent original characters, Johnson said: \"I felt very honoured, but it was quite scary. I knew there'd be a lot of people out there with expectations of what she'd be like. But it's good fun actually. It means you don't have to introduce yourself to everyone. You can really play with that [...] My family are EastEnders addicts, we've watched it our whole lives. I remember the first Vicki, I remember Michelle and I definitely remember Dirty Den! My knowledge of the show really helped a lot, because I didn't have to do any research into the character. When I joined the show, I felt like I was meeting the actors for a second time. I'd already met them in my home on TV, then I had to actually meet them in real life!\"[6] The character made her reappearance in January 2003, turning up unexpectedly at her grandmother Pauline's (Wendy Richard) house.[4]To signify the character's eight years living in America, Johnson was required to use an American accent while playing Vicki. She was given a voice coach and a sheet of American phrases to practice weekly. She commented, \"It is hard work, but it's becoming second nature now. As soon as I know that I'm Vicki, the accent just comes with it.\"[6] After 6 months in the role, Vicki dropped the American accent. Johnson explained the reason for the change in 2004: \"The producers knew that I had to have an American accent when I came into the show because my character had been living in America but it's not the kind of accent that you'd want to have for a long time on a show like EastEnders. It's not something that's going to fit in for a long period of time. What would have been perfect would have been to have it gradually fade out, but as you film 8 episodes at a time, this would be nigh on impossible. The decision was made that in the story Vicki was coming to terms with the fact that she wanted to live in London so therefore she was going to make a conscious effort to fit in with everyone around her and blend in with London life.\"[7]The reintroduction of Vicki was part of the producers' plan to reform the Watts family, including the resurrection of Vicki's father Den, who had been presumed dead for 14 years. Discussing working with Leslie Grantham, who played Vicki's \"iconic\" father Den, Johnson said, \"I was 2 when he left EastEnders [in 1989] so I never witnessed the hype surrounding him. I'm very aware of the legend. How could I not be? My only concern was that he should take me seriously [and] It's been fabulous. I can't wait for our scenes to be shown. They're really edgy and no one does edgy better than Leslie. It's been a massive challenge but I think the results are incredibly hard-hitting. EastEnders is becoming more like a serial drama than a soap. It's so well-written.\"[5]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"}],"sub_title":"Personality","text":"Vicki has been described as a \"little madam\" and a rebel.[5][8] An EastEnders source commented, \"Vicki has inherited a lot of her dad Den's traits – she is going to be a right handful\".[4] Johnson has said, \"Everyone loves to hate her, but I rather like that. I'd be more upset if she was nondescript. At least I provoke a passionate response in people. It's great being a bad girl.\"[5]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quit-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quit-9"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quit-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glad-12"}],"sub_title":"Departure (2004)","text":"In August 2004, the BBC announced that Johnson had decided to quit her role as Vicki.[9] She commented, \"I've had a really good two years, enjoyed all the experiences but it's time to move on\".[9] Johnson filmed her final scenes in October and her departure coincided with that of Vicki's half-sister, Sharon (Letitia Dean).[9] Vicki departed on the Christmas Day episode of 2004. 12.3 million viewers watched the episodes that involved the Watts family's disbandment.[10] Media reports claimed that there were plans to bring Vicki back the following year, played by a new actress; this proved to be false.[11] Her character was notably absent at the funerals of Vicki's father Den in September 2005, her brother Dennis in January 2006, and her grandmother Pauline in January 2007.Following her departure from EastEnders, Johnson was more candid in her reasons for leaving: \"I've had a great time but it got to the point where I was sat in bed at night thinking: 'Tomorrow will my character be crying, getting drunk or having an argument?'. It soon became physically exhausting and draining [...] I don't think the producers were very happy when I said I wanted to leave. I was still very new and they had just set up the new Watts dynasty but no-one could have made me change my mind. When I said to the producers I wanted to go they told me they might have to recast Vicki. I don't mind. Life goes on and EastEnders goes on. I wouldn't want to go back at the moment – but never say never.\"[12]","title":"Creation and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fowler_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-3"},{"link_name":"James Bulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulger-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glad-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watts-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glad-12"}],"text":"According to author Hilary Kingsley, the scenes in EastEnders' early years that showed toddler Vicki \"chattering happily\" with the baby actor who played her uncle Martin (Jon Peyton Price) were viewer favourites.[3] EastEnders was criticised in 1993 for featuring a storyline about child abduction at an inappropriate time. In the storyline, six-year old Vicki was abducted, leaving Michelle frantic with worry. In what has been described as a \"coincidence of ill-timing\", the storyline was screened at the same time as the real-life abduction and murder of two-year-old James Bulger. The BBC was forced to transmit a health warning prior to the airing of the episodes, announcing that the storyline would be \"resolved positively\".[13]In the book, Social Issues in Television, a senior, nameless script editor opined that the abduction storyline sought to engage the audience at the expense of any parent's realistic concerns: \"We get it wrong when we take the easy route like the kidnap snatch with Vicki. My argument about this was that I am a father but have never had my kids snatched. If I'm just sitting at home and my children are out late at night and they say they're going to be back at midnight and they don't come back, you immediately think they're dead and you start to worry. If they'd actually been snatched, it would have affected my entire life forever. I would never have recovered from it. I would have been frightened every time one of them left my side. Therefore the consequence of running a storyline like that is immense. If we were being totally responsible about it the fallout on Michelle would have been, well I just don't think she would have been the same person again.\"The character received media criticism due to her American accent upon her reintroduction in 2003.[5] Johnson said, \"I knew that would happen because I'm the only character who speaks differently. I haven't taken any of that to heart.\"[5] However, when the accent was altered from American to British, this received criticism too with Ian Hyland from the Daily Mirror describing it as \"hilarious\" and branding the character \"Go Away Again Vicki\".[14] He added, \"Presumably the producers decided the reason viewers found her so annoying was her whiny American voice. Try again, guys.\"[15] Upon her departure in 2004, Johnson was also critical about her character's alternating accent: \"When I took the job they weren't sure what accent they wanted Vicki to have and about a week before they told me it should be American. I did that for a few months and then one day out of the blue I arrived on set and they told me they wanted me to change to Cockney. It was the producer's decision. I was as stunned as everyone else – all the criticism was perfectly justified. It's probably the most stupid decision they could have made. People assumed I was slipping out of the accent – but it was nothing to do with me. I've taken a lot of stick. But it doesn't bother me because I know the truth.\"[12]A proportion of viewers responded negatively when Vicki was shown to have an abortion. Johnson claims she received abusive letters from fans of the show and that she was stopped in the street twice by older women who told her \"it was quite wrong [...] to have got rid of the baby. I found that awkward at the time. But, gradually, I came to realise it was rather flattering. Those women believed in my character so completely they forgot she wasn't real. So now I think I must have been doing a good job.\"[5] Johnson has since been critical of the storylines given to her character describing them as weak.[12]In September 2023 the character received a resurgence in popularity when EastEnders fans began posting clips from Vicki's 2003-2004 stint on social media site Twitter, comparing her to Kelly Osbourne and along with sharing clips, images and memes of Coronation Street actresses Vicky Binns and Vicky Entwistle, fans branded the era 'The Vickaissance'.","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Brake, Colin (1995). EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-37057-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Brake","url_text":"Brake, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-37057-4","url_text":"978-0-563-37057-4"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Julia; Holland, Tony (1987). EastEnders – The Inside Story. Book Club Associates. ISBN 978-0-563-20601-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Smith_(producer)","url_text":"Smith, Julia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Tony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"EastEnders – The Inside Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20601-9","url_text":"978-0-563-20601-9"}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Hilary (1990). The EastEnders Handbook. BBC books. ISBN 978-0-563-36292-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"The EastEnders Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-36292-0","url_text":"978-0-563-36292-0"}]},{"reference":"Dowell, Ben (1 December 2002). \"Dirty Den love child returning\". Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20021201/ai_n12857959/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"Dirty Den love child returning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Mirror","url_text":"Sunday Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Richard (13 July 2003). \"They said you've got the job as Dirty Den's love child..I said no\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20030713/ai_n12872325/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"They said you've got the job as Dirty Den's love child..I said no\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Scarlett Johnson (Vicki Fowler)\". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 9 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040909030737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/backstage/cast/interviews/interview_content/interview_scarlett_johnson.shtml","url_text":"\"Scarlett Johnson (Vicki Fowler)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/backstage/cast/interviews/interview_content/interview_scarlett_johnson.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scarlett woman in the Square!\". BBC. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/read_this/2004/01/scarlett_johnson.shtml","url_text":"\"Scarlett woman in the Square!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Vicki Fowler to leave EastEnders\". CBBC. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/tv_film/newsid_3573000/3573682.stm","url_text":"\"Vicki Fowler to leave EastEnders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)","url_text":"CBBC"}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders' Vicki to leave show\". BBC News. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3572978.stm","url_text":"\"EastEnders' Vicki to leave show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC wins Christmas ratings fight\". BBC News. 26 December 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4126341.stm","url_text":"\"BBC wins Christmas ratings fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Kerins, Suzanne (29 August 2004). \"Fowler play as Vicki returns\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20040829/ai_n12905860/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"Fowler play as Vicki returns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Caroline (26 December 2004). \"I'm so glad I've left EastEnders\". The People.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/I'm+so+glad+I've+left+EastEnders%3b+ALBERT+SQUARE+BEAUTY+SCARLETT...-a0126477958","url_text":"\"I'm so glad I've left EastEnders\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Lesley (2007). Social issues in television fiction. Performing Arts. ISBN 9780748625321.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8l_TcZfmuDoC&q=eastenders+james+bulger&pg=PA48","url_text":"Social issues in television fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748625321","url_text":"9780748625321"}]},{"reference":"Hyland, Ian (21 September 2003). \"TV WEEK: EastEnders\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20030921/ai_n12876517/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"TV WEEK: EastEnders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Hyland, Ian (23 September 2003). \"LISA GETS ON MY PIP\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20030928/ai_n12877277/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"LISA GETS ON MY PIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolego
Ecolego
["1 History","2 Releases","3 Modeling environment","3.1 Quality assurance","3.2 Simulations","4 Ecolego Player","5 Ecolego Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox (Eikos)","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]
EcolegoDeveloper(s)AFRYInitial releaseDecember 2003Stable releaseEcolego 7 / Dec 6, 2019 Written inJavaOperating systemWindows, MacOSX, Linux and UnixTypeSimulation softwareLicenseProprietaryWebsitewww.ecolego.se Ecolego is a simulation software tool that is used for creating dynamic models and performing deterministic and probabilistic simulations. It is also used for conducting risk assessments of complex dynamic systems evolving over time. Ecolego can be applied in a variety of areas, but is mainly used for risk assessment in radioecology, environmental physics and PBPK modeling. To facilitate the use of Ecolego in the field of radiology, specialized databases and other add-ons have been developed. For example, all radionuclides and their decay products have been integrated in the software. History Ecolego was co-founded by Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) , the authority in Sweden responsible for the regulation of radioactive waste management and disposal, and NRPA , the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The software was initially developed as a complementary user interface to create compartmental models in Simulink. Simulink had very powerful and fast solvers for ordinary differential equations, but lacked support for running probabilistic simulations and handling of parameter values. Also, Simulink is very detailed – every equation is modeled by graphically operator blocks– making modeling time consuming and prone to mistakes. By relying on Simulink for simulations, full attention could be given to the development of an advanced user interface. As more and more features where added to Ecolego, the need for an integrated simulation engine grew. With the release of Ecolego 4 in 2008, a set of state-of-the-art solvers was incorporated and thus removed the dependence of Simulink. Today, SSM uses Ecolego for the review of SKB's (the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Company) license application for the siting and construction of a repository for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden. Releases December 2003: the first version, Ecolego 1.0, was released. In this early version, the software was dependent on Matlab/Simulink to perform simulations. February 2006: Ecolego 2.1 was released. The user interface of Ecolego was completely remade, and now used a tiling window manager to improve model transparency. 2007: Ecolego 3 was released. Ecolego now featured a crude integrated calculation engine, reducing the dependence on Matlab/Simulink. The support for probabilistic analysis was greatly improved. A built-in database for parameter values and radionuclide properties was added. Support for hierarchical containers. 2008: Ecolego 4 was released. Ecolego 4 now incorporated state-of-the-art solvers for ordinary differential equations, making Matlab/Simulink redundant. The user interface was improved with many new windows for navigation, report generation and presentation of simulation results. Copy/paste functionality was added. Fall of 2009: the current version of Ecolego, Ecolego 5, was released. Ecolego 5 added many features, such as unit checking, sub-version support and a model component library. The sensitivity analysis where extended, and a toolbox for advanced sensitivity analysis was created (see EIKOS). Modeling environment Screen-shot illustrating the use of interaction matrices to build models. Screen-shot of the simulation interface in Ecolego. The initial idea of Ecolego was to facilitate creation of large and complex models and to be able to solve difficult numerical problems. With the purpose to make complicated models with many interconnections easier to overview, the models in Ecolego are represented with the help of interaction matrices instead of the traditional flow diagrams. Combined with hierarchical containers (sub-systems), the interaction matrix greatly facilitates construction and documentation of large and complex models. Objects can be assigned comments, images, units, and hyper links to other documents or Ecolego objects. Ecolego can also create reports that contain everything from interaction matrices, to parameter values, equations, decay chains, plots and tables. The report can be saved in many different formats, including PDF and HTML. In order to increase the flexibility for the user, Ecolego has no restrictions on the order of creation – for instance, a parameter can be used in equations before it is defined. A real-time validation engine reports problems to the user, such as not-yet-defined objects, objects lacking values or having invalid equations. Quality assurance Modules can be created by defining inputs and outputs for sub-systems. By adding modules to the integrated library, a user can create a palette of validated building blocks that can be combined to form new models. The library can be exported, so that users with Ecolego Player can use it to create models without the need of an Ecolego license. Several other features in Ecolego promote quality assurance: Unit checking Version handling of models through subversion Parameter databases (internal or external) Integrated database for radionuclide properties Simulations The typical Ecolego model is a compartmental model which requires a solver of differential equations. There is a wide array of numerical solvers to choose from. Some are optimized for stiff and numerically difficult models, others for trivial models. With an extensive list of probability density functions, together with Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling and parameter correlation settings, Ecolego holds all the required tools to perform advanced probabilistic analysis. Ecolego Player The Ecolego Player interface. Ecolego Player is a free software tool that makes it possible to perform calculations with Ecolego models without having access to Ecolego. The software features the same functionality as Ecolego, with the exception that the integral structure of the model cannot be changed. However, with a module library created in Ecolego, the user can assemble models by combining components from the library. Ecolego Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox (Eikos) Screen-shot of the GUI of Eikos. Although it is possible to perform sensitivity analysis in Ecolego, the Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox is an optional module which gives a larger set of tools for this approach. The Eikos Sensitivity Analysis toolbox supports state of the art sensitivity analysis methods (local as well as global). Sensitivity analysis (SA) is used to assess the influence of model parameters on model predictions. Correlations between parameters may be induced by rank order correlation (method of Iman and Conover). The supported sampling techniques are: Monte carlo, Latin Hypercube and Quasi-random LPt. The SA methods included are: Morris screening method Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) Sobol (first, custom and total order) Random balance design Local sensitivity Garten’s method Eikos provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which lets you: Specify uncertain model parameters and model outputs of interest Generate and inspect input samples Export input and output samples generated in Eikos Import input and outputs samples generated externally into Eikos Simulate and inspect the model output samples Perform Sensitivity Analysis of model predictions Graphically review the results using pie charts, scatter plots, tornado graphs, etc. See also List of computer simulation software External links Ecolego official homepage: https://www.ecolego.se AFRY homepage: https://www.afry.com References ^ ECOLEGO - A toolbox for radio ecological risk assessment, Proceedings of the International Conference on the Protection from the Effects of Ionizing Radiation’’, IAEA-CN-109/80. Stockholm: International Atomic Energy Agency. 229 - 232. ^ Archived 2013-10-28 at the Wayback Machine 2-FUN - A project concerning full-chain and uncertainty approaches for assessing health risks in future environmental scenarios. EU 6th framework program. ^ Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine Swedish Radiation Protection Authority ^ Further AMBER and Ecolego Inter-comparisons SKI Report 2004:05 SSI Report 2004:01 ^ , ‘’AMBER and Ecolego Intercomparisons using Calculations from SR 97 SKI Report 2003:28’’, SSI report 2003:11 ^ Archived 2013-02-23 at archive.today the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority ^ Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Company ^ Ecolego Player ^ Ecolego Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox (EIKOS) ^ Ekström P-A, Broed R (2006), , Sensitivity Analysis Methods and a Biosphere Test Case Implemented in Eikos, Posiva Working Report 2006-31, 84 pp.
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It is also used for conducting risk assessments of complex dynamic systems evolving over time.Ecolego can be applied in a variety of areas, but is mainly used for risk assessment in radioecology,[1] environmental physics and PBPK modeling.[2] To facilitate the use of Ecolego in the field of radiology, specialized databases and other add-ons have been developed. For example, all radionuclides and their decay products have been integrated in the software.","title":"Ecolego"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Radiation Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Radiation_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRPA-6"},{"link_name":"compartmental models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-compartment_model"},{"link_name":"Simulink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulink"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SKB-7"}],"text":"Ecolego was co-founded by Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM)[3][4][5]\n, the authority in Sweden responsible for the regulation of radioactive waste management and disposal, and NRPA[6]\n, the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority.The software was initially developed as a complementary user interface to create compartmental models in Simulink. Simulink had very powerful and fast solvers for ordinary differential equations, but lacked support for running probabilistic simulations and handling of parameter values. Also, Simulink is very detailed – every equation is modeled by graphically operator blocks– making modeling time consuming and prone to mistakes. \nBy relying on Simulink for simulations, full attention could be given to the development of an advanced user interface.As more and more features where added to Ecolego, the need for an integrated simulation engine grew. With the release of Ecolego 4 in 2008, a set of state-of-the-art solvers was incorporated and thus removed the dependence of Simulink.Today, SSM uses Ecolego for the review of SKB's[7] (the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Company) license application for the siting and construction of a repository for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlab"},{"link_name":"Simulink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulink"},{"link_name":"tiling window manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager"},{"link_name":"model transparency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)"},{"link_name":"EIKOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ecolego_Sensitivity_Analysis_Toolbox_(Eikos)"}],"text":"December 2003: the first version, Ecolego 1.0, was released. In this early version, the software was dependent on Matlab/Simulink to perform simulations.February 2006: Ecolego 2.1 was released. The user interface of Ecolego was completely remade, and now used a tiling window manager to improve model transparency.2007: Ecolego 3 was released. Ecolego now featured a crude integrated calculation engine, reducing the dependence on Matlab/Simulink. The support for probabilistic analysis was greatly improved. A built-in database for parameter values and radionuclide properties was added. Support for hierarchical containers.2008: Ecolego 4 was released. Ecolego 4 now incorporated state-of-the-art solvers for ordinary differential equations, making Matlab/Simulink redundant. The user interface was improved with many new windows for navigation, report generation and presentation of simulation results. Copy/paste functionality was added.Fall of 2009: the current version of Ecolego, Ecolego 5, was released. Ecolego 5 added many features, such as unit checking, sub-version support and a model component library. The sensitivity analysis where extended, and a toolbox for advanced sensitivity analysis was created (see EIKOS).","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eolego_screenshot_2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecolego_screenshot_1.png"}],"text":"Screen-shot illustrating the use of interaction matrices to build models.Screen-shot of the simulation interface in Ecolego.The initial idea of Ecolego was to facilitate creation of large and complex models and to be able to solve difficult numerical problems. \nWith the purpose to make complicated models with many interconnections easier to overview, the models in Ecolego are represented with the help of interaction matrices instead of the traditional flow diagrams. Combined with hierarchical containers (sub-systems), the interaction matrix greatly facilitates construction and documentation of large and complex models. \nObjects can be assigned comments, images, units, and hyper links to other documents or Ecolego objects. Ecolego can also create reports that contain everything from interaction matrices, to parameter values, equations, decay chains, plots and tables. The report can be saved in many different formats, including PDF and HTML.In order to increase the flexibility for the user, Ecolego has no restrictions on the order of creation – for instance, a parameter can be used in equations before it is defined. A real-time validation engine reports problems to the user, such as not-yet-defined objects, objects lacking values or having invalid equations.","title":"Modeling environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Subversion"}],"sub_title":"Quality assurance","text":"Modules can be created by defining inputs and outputs for sub-systems. By adding modules to the integrated library, a user can create a palette of validated building blocks that can be combined to form new models. The library can be exported, so that users with Ecolego Player can use it to create models without the need of an Ecolego license.\nSeveral other features in Ecolego promote quality assurance:Unit checking\nVersion handling of models through subversion\nParameter databases (internal or external)\nIntegrated database for radionuclide properties","title":"Modeling environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compartmental model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-compartment_model"},{"link_name":"stiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_problem"},{"link_name":"probability density functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Latin hypercube sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_hypercube_sampling"},{"link_name":"probabilistic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_analysis"}],"sub_title":"Simulations","text":"The typical Ecolego model is a compartmental model which requires a solver of differential equations. There is a wide array of numerical solvers to choose from. Some are optimized for stiff and numerically difficult models, others for trivial models. \nWith an extensive list of probability density functions, together with Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling and parameter correlation settings, Ecolego holds all the required tools to perform advanced probabilistic analysis.","title":"Modeling environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcolegoPlayer_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Ecolego Player interface.Ecolego Player[8] is a free software tool that makes it possible to perform calculations with Ecolego models without having access to Ecolego.The software features the same functionality as Ecolego, with the exception that the integral structure of the model cannot be changed. However, with a module library created in Ecolego, the user can assemble models by combining components from the library.","title":"Ecolego Player"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eikos_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"sensitivity analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_analysis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(EIKOS)-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posiva-10"}],"text":"Screen-shot of the GUI of Eikos.Although it is possible to perform sensitivity analysis in Ecolego, the Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox[9][10] is an optional module which gives a larger set of tools for this approach.The Eikos Sensitivity Analysis toolbox supports state of the art sensitivity analysis methods (local as well as global). Sensitivity analysis (SA) is used to assess the influence of model parameters on model predictions.Correlations between parameters may be induced by rank order correlation (method of Iman and Conover). The supported sampling techniques are: Monte carlo, Latin Hypercube and Quasi-random LPt. \n\nThe SA methods included are:Morris screening method\nExtended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST)\nSobol (first, custom and total order)\nRandom balance design\nLocal sensitivity\nGarten’s methodEikos provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which lets you:Specify uncertain model parameters and model outputs of interest\nGenerate and inspect input samples\nExport input and output samples generated in Eikos\nImport input and outputs samples generated externally into Eikos\nSimulate and inspect the model output samples\nPerform Sensitivity Analysis of model predictions\nGraphically review the results using pie charts, scatter plots, tornado graphs, etc.","title":"Ecolego Sensitivity Analysis Toolbox (Eikos)"}]
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[{"title":"List of computer simulation software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_simulation_software"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_Agreement_Crisis
Heads of Agreement (1981)
["1 Background","2 Clauses","3 Reception in Belize","4 Failed negotiations","5 See also","6 References"]
The Heads of Agreement was a 1981 document proposing a solution to the Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory. Created in February and signed on 11 March 1981 in London, the agreement sought to propose future bases for negotiations between the United Kingdom, Belize and Guatemala over the dispute. The document's rejection created a national security crisis in Belize in March and April 1981. Background Main article: Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory Guatemala, Belize's neighbour to the west and south, had held a claim to Belize's territory since 1859. The claim stemmed from a treaty between Guatemala and Great Britain which Guatemala interpreted as a conditional cession treaty, in which it would be given access to the Caribbean coastline by road in exchange for dropping the claim. Guatemala already has Caribbean access, outside of the presently disputed region. Guatemala asserted its claim repeatedly in the period between 1940 and 1981, occasionally threatening to invade, but backing down when faced with UK military reinforcements. Several attempts to mediate the dispute failed. Meanwhile, people of Guatemalan descent were settling in Belize, both legally and illegally. Beginning in 1975, the dispute was discussed at the United Nations. The UN general assembly voted in 1980 to affirm the sovereignty of Belize and called on the UK and Guatemala to reach a compromise and grant Belize independence before the end of the next GA session in 1981. Clauses The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall recognize the independent state of Belize as an integral part of Central America, and respect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with its existing and traditional frontiers subject, in the case of Guatemala, to the completion of the treaties necessary to give effect to these Heads of Agreement. Guatemala shall be accorded such territorial seas as shall ensure permanent and unimpeded access to the high seas, together with its rights over the seabed thereunder. Guatemala shall have the use and enjoyment of the Ranguana and Sapodilla Cayes, and rights in those areas of the sea adjacent to the Cayes, as may be agreed. Guatemala shall be entitled to free port facilities in Belize City and Punta Gorda. The road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier shall be improved; a road from Punta Gorda to the Guatemalan frontier shall be completed. Guatemala shall have freedom of transit on these roads. Belize shall facilitate the construction of oil pipelines between Guatemala and Belize City, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. In areas to be agreed, an agreement shall be concluded between Belize and Guatemala for purposes concerned with the control of pollution, navigation and fishing. There shall be areas of the seabed and the continental shelf to be agreed for the joint exploration and exploitation of minerals and hydrocarbons. Belize and Guatemala shall agree upon certain development projects of mutual benefit. Belize shall be entitled to any free port facilities in Guatemala to match similar facilities provided to Guatemala in Belize. Belize and Guatemala shall sign a treaty of cooperation in matters of security of mutual concern, and neither shall permit its territory to be used to support subversion against the other. Except as foreseen in these Heads of Agreement, nothing in these provisions shall prejudice any rights of interests in Belize or of the Belizean people. The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall enter into agreements designed to reestablish full and normal relations between them. The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall take the necessary action to sponsor the membership of Belize in the United Nations, Organization of American States, Central American organizations and other international organizations. A joint Commission shall be established between Belize, Guatemala and the United Kingdom to work out details to give effect to the above provisions. It will prepare a treaty or treaties for signature by the signatories to these Heads of Agreement. The controversy between the United Kingdom and Guatemala over the territory of Belize shall therefore be honorably and finally ended. Reception in Belize Public reaction in Belize was muted at first, but the Public Service Union promptly denounced the agreement as a giveaway and promised strike action. The Government's pleas that nothing had actually been agreed on fell on deaf ears. Another group responsible for the anti-Heads reaction was the Belize Action Movement, a youth movement featuring young people who saw the need to fight to ensure that Belize did not fall into the hands of Guatemala. The BAM and PSU coordinated a nationwide strike and protest on 20 March. Also central to the movement was the detention of students from the Belize Technical College, led by Socorro Bobadilla. Bobadilla was a key figure in denouncing the plan, and she and six other students were expelled from Technical by its principal. For much of the remainder of March, there were school closings, daily protests and in one case, the death of an individual in Corozal. Another memorable occurrence was the burning down of several buildings in the downtown area of Belize City. During this melee, Policeman and musician Kent Matthews was accidentally shot by a colleague. The Governor declared a state of emergency on 3 April. Subsequent attempts to use the Heads as a blueprint failed, and Belize would become independent on 21 September 1981. Failed negotiations With the subsiding of the March and April riots, negotiations began on 20 May 1981 in New York. Belizean ministers C. L. B. Rogers, V. H. Courtenay and Assad Shoman represented Belize. The opposition United Democratic Party, claiming that they had been ignored and insulted, refused to attend. This first round of negotiations yielded no results. A second round began in early July after the UDP met with British Foreign Secretary Nicholas Ridley. Again there was no clear settlement and the British resolved to grant Belize independence and agree to defend the territory. The proclamation for Belize's independence was signed on 26 July 1981, coming into force on 21 September 1981. See also History of Belize History of Guatemala References ^ a b "HEADS OF AGREEMENT (Hansard, 17 March 1981)". api.parliament.uk. Hansard. Retrieved 20 May 2024. ^ a b c Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (4 April 1981). "BELIZE IS QUIET AFTER RIOTING OVER INDEPENDENCE PACT". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2024. ^ a b c d Merrill, Tim (1993). Guyana and Belize: country studies (2nd ed.). Washington: Government printing office. ISBN 084440778X.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heads of Agreement (1981)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"cession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cession"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"}],"text":"Guatemala, Belize's neighbour to the west and south, had held a claim to Belize's territory since 1859.[2] The claim stemmed from a treaty between Guatemala and Great Britain which Guatemala interpreted as a conditional cession treaty, in which it would be given access to the Caribbean coastline by road in exchange for dropping the claim.[3] Guatemala already has Caribbean access, outside of the presently[when?] disputed region.Guatemala asserted its claim repeatedly in the period between 1940 and 1981, occasionally threatening to invade, but backing down when faced with UK military reinforcements. Several attempts to mediate the dispute failed. Meanwhile, people of Guatemalan descent were settling in Belize, both legally and illegally.[citation needed]Beginning in 1975, the dispute was discussed at the United Nations. The UN general assembly voted in 1980 to affirm the sovereignty of Belize and called on the UK and Guatemala to reach a compromise and grant Belize independence before the end of the next GA session in 1981.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punta Gorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Belize"},{"link_name":"road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Highway_(Belize)"},{"link_name":"Dangriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangriga"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-1"}],"text":"The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall recognize the independent state of Belize as an integral part of Central America, and respect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with its existing and traditional frontiers subject, in the case of Guatemala, to the completion of the treaties necessary to give effect to these Heads of Agreement.\nGuatemala shall be accorded such territorial seas as shall ensure permanent and unimpeded access to the high seas, together with its rights over the seabed thereunder.\nGuatemala shall have the use and enjoyment of the Ranguana and Sapodilla Cayes, and rights in those areas of the sea adjacent to the Cayes, as may be agreed.\nGuatemala shall be entitled to free port facilities in Belize City and Punta Gorda.\nThe road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier shall be improved; a road from Punta Gorda to the Guatemalan frontier shall be completed. Guatemala shall have freedom of transit on these roads.\nBelize shall facilitate the construction of oil pipelines between Guatemala and Belize City, Dangriga and Punta Gorda.\nIn areas to be agreed, an agreement shall be concluded between Belize and Guatemala for purposes concerned with the control of pollution, navigation and fishing.\nThere shall be areas of the seabed and the continental shelf to be agreed for the joint exploration and exploitation of minerals and hydrocarbons.\nBelize and Guatemala shall agree upon certain development projects of mutual benefit.\nBelize shall be entitled to any free port facilities in Guatemala to match similar facilities provided to Guatemala in Belize.\nBelize and Guatemala shall sign a treaty of cooperation in matters of security of mutual concern, and neither shall permit its territory to be used to support subversion against the other.\nExcept as foreseen in these Heads of Agreement, nothing in these provisions shall prejudice any rights of interests in Belize or of the Belizean people.\nThe United Kingdom and Guatemala shall enter into agreements designed to reestablish full and normal relations between them.\nThe United Kingdom and Guatemala shall take the necessary action to sponsor the membership of Belize in the United Nations, Organization of American States, Central American organizations and other international organizations.\nA joint Commission shall be established between Belize, Guatemala and the United Kingdom to work out details to give effect to the above provisions. It will prepare a treaty or treaties for signature by the signatories to these Heads of Agreement.\nThe controversy between the United Kingdom and Guatemala over the territory of Belize shall therefore be honorably and finally ended.[1]","title":"Clauses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Service Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trade_Union_Congress_of_Belize"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belize Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belize_Technical_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2"}],"text":"Public reaction in Belize was muted at first, but the Public Service Union promptly denounced the agreement as a giveaway and promised strike action. The Government's pleas that nothing had actually been agreed on fell on deaf ears. Another group responsible for the anti-Heads reaction was the Belize Action Movement, a youth movement featuring young people who saw the need to fight to ensure that Belize did not fall into the hands of Guatemala. The BAM and PSU coordinated a nationwide strike and protest on 20 March.[citation needed]Also central to the movement was the detention of students from the Belize Technical College, led by Socorro Bobadilla. Bobadilla was a key figure in denouncing the plan, and she and six other students were expelled from Technical by its principal. For much of the remainder of March, there were school closings, daily protests and in one case, the death of an individual in Corozal. Another memorable occurrence was the burning down of several buildings in the downtown area of Belize City. During this melee, Policeman and musician Kent Matthews was accidentally shot by a colleague.[citation needed]The Governor declared a state of emergency on 3 April.[2] Subsequent attempts to use the Heads as a blueprint failed, and Belize would become independent on 21 September 1981.","title":"Reception in Belize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. L. B. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._B._Rogers"},{"link_name":"Assad Shoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad_Shoman"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"}],"text":"With the subsiding of the March and April riots, negotiations began on 20 May 1981 in New York. Belizean ministers C. L. B. Rogers, V. H. Courtenay and Assad Shoman represented Belize. The opposition United Democratic Party, claiming that they had been ignored and insulted, refused to attend. This first round of negotiations yielded no results.[citation needed]A second round began in early July after the UDP met with British Foreign Secretary Nicholas Ridley. Again there was no clear settlement and the British resolved to grant Belize independence and agree to defend the territory. The proclamation for Belize's independence was signed on 26 July 1981,[citation needed] coming into force on 21 September 1981.[3]","title":"Failed negotiations"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belize"},{"title":"History of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guatemala"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_D._Young
Hugh D. Young
["1 Books","2 References"]
American physicist Hugh David YoungBorn(1930-11-03)November 3, 1930Ames, IowaDiedAugust 20, 2013(2013-08-20) (aged 82)Oakmont, PennsylvaniaCitizenshipUSAAlma materCarnegie Institute of TechnologyKnown forUniversity teaching of physics, and co-author of a classic textbook of university physicsSpouseAlice CarrollScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsCarnegie Mellon University Hugh David Young (November 3, 1930 – August 20, 2013) was an American physicist who taught physics for 52 years at Carnegie Mellon University. Young is best known for co-authoring the later editions of University Physics, a highly regarded introductory physics textbook, with Francis Sears and Mark Zemansky (this book — first published in 1949 — is often referred to as "Sears and Zemansky", although Hugh Young became a coauthor in 1973). Young was born on November 3, 1930, in Ames, Iowa, and was raised in Mondamin and Osage, Iowa. He came to Carnegie Mellon as an undergraduate physics major in 1948, and, by 1959, had earned a Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and PhD in Physics from the university. He later earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in music in 1972, concentrating in organ performance. Except for brief visiting professorships at the University of California, Berkeley, Young spent 60 years at Carnegie Mellon. He taught more than 18,000 students and attained international prominence as a leading author of physics textbooks, including books on the statistical treatment of data, laboratory techniques, fundamental topics in introductory physics, and a survey text, University Physics on which his collaboration with Sears and Zemansky began in 1973. Now in its 15th edition, University Physics is among the most widely used introductory textbooks in the world. Young also wrote an algebra-based version named Sears and Zemansky's College Physics, which is currently in its 11th edition. In 2001, the Mellon College of Science's College Council approved the Hugh D. Young Graduate Student Teaching Award in his honor. His honors included many of Carnegie Mellon University's highest awards: The William H. and Frances S. Ryan Award for Meritorious Teaching (1965), the Carnegie Mellon Alumni Service Award (1995); The Robert E. Doherty Award for Sustained Contributions to Excellence in Education (1997); the Mellon College of Science's Richard Moore Award (1998); the Andrew Carnegie Society Recognition Award (2007). His lectures were often standing room only and showed not only Young's brilliance, but also his sense of humor. Young died at the age of 82 on August 20, 2013, in Oakmont, Pennsylvania. Books Hugh, Young; Roger Freedman (2019). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics (15th ed.). Pearson Education. Hugh, Young; Roger Freedman (2019). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics (15th ed.). Pearson Education. Hugh, Young (2019). Sears and Zemansky's College Physics (11th ed.). Addison Wesley. Hugh, Young (1962). Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data. McGraw-Hill. Hugh, Young (1973). Fundamentals of Mechanics and Heat (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hugh, Young (1976). Fundamentals of Waves, Optics and Modern Physics (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. References ^ Obituary: Hugh Young / Beloved longtime physics professor at CMU (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette) ^ Obituary: Remembering Hugh Young ^ "About Hugh D. Young". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-07-19. ^ "The Hugh D. Young Graduate Student Teaching Award". Retrieved 2021-08-06. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Korea Netherlands Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef
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Young is best known for co-authoring the later editions of University Physics, a highly regarded introductory physics textbook, with Francis Sears and Mark Zemansky (this book — first published in 1949 — is often referred to as \"Sears and Zemansky\", although Hugh Young became a coauthor in 1973).[1][2]Young was born on November 3, 1930, in Ames, Iowa, and was raised in Mondamin and Osage, Iowa. He came to Carnegie Mellon as an undergraduate physics major in 1948, and, by 1959, had earned a Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and PhD in Physics from the university. He later earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in music in 1972, concentrating in organ performance.Except for brief visiting professorships at the University of California, Berkeley, Young spent 60 years at Carnegie Mellon. He taught more than 18,000 students and attained international prominence as a leading author of physics textbooks, including books on the statistical treatment of data, laboratory techniques, fundamental topics in introductory physics, and a survey text, University Physics on which his collaboration with Sears and Zemansky began in 1973. Now in its 15th edition, University Physics is among the most widely used introductory textbooks in the world.[3] Young also wrote an algebra-based version named Sears and Zemansky's College Physics, which is currently in its 11th edition. In 2001, the Mellon College of Science's College Council approved the Hugh D. Young Graduate Student Teaching Award in his honor.[4]His honors included many of Carnegie Mellon University's highest awards: The William H. and Frances S. Ryan Award for Meritorious Teaching (1965), the Carnegie Mellon Alumni Service Award (1995); The Robert E. Doherty Award for Sustained Contributions to Excellence in Education (1997); the Mellon College of Science's Richard Moore Award (1998); the Andrew Carnegie Society Recognition Award (2007). His lectures were often standing room only and showed not only Young's brilliance, but also his sense of humor.Young died at the age of 82 on August 20, 2013, in Oakmont, Pennsylvania.","title":"Hugh D. Young"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearson Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education"},{"link_name":"Pearson Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education"},{"link_name":"Addison Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Wesley"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"}],"text":"Hugh, Young; Roger Freedman (2019). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics (15th ed.). Pearson Education.Hugh, Young; Roger Freedman (2019). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics (15th ed.). Pearson Education.Hugh, Young (2019). Sears and Zemansky's College Physics (11th ed.). Addison Wesley.Hugh, Young (1962). Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data. McGraw-Hill.Hugh, Young (1973). Fundamentals of Mechanics and Heat (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.Hugh, Young (1976). Fundamentals of Waves, Optics and Modern Physics (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_orientalism
Scottish orientalism
["1 Background","2 Rendall's theory","3 Orientalism in government","4 In literature","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
Scottish orientalism refers to the collective views of a group of Scottish scholars of oriental languages, informed by the Scottish Enlightenment, and applied to the culture and administration of the Indian subcontinent though the East India Company, from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century. The word "orientalist" is recorded in English from 1779. In its early days and in relation to India (rather than the Ottoman possessions) it connoted not only proficiency in languages of India, but also study of the culture, and advocacy of administration of the existing legal systems and customs. This attitude was opposed by both evangelical and Utilitarian critics. Background Scottish dominance within British orientalism at the end of the 18th century—the period after the death of Sir William Jones in 1794—was almost complete: the only leading exception was Henry Thomas Colebrooke. Rendall's theory Rendall has identified a group of Scottish oriental scholars, under the influence of Dugald Stewart and his view of "philosophical history". They bridge the gap between William Robertson who warned of the ethnocentrism into which the approach of stadial history could betray Europeans, and James Mill who in The History of British India embraced the assumption of European superiority, in the case of Hindu culture. These men all had contact with Edinburgh University, and comprise: John Crawfurd Mountstuart Elphinstone William Erskine Alexander Hamilton Vans Kennedy John Leyden James Mackintosh. Alexander Murray Orientalism in government Michael Fry has argued that there was a "Scottish orientalist regime", including Elphinstone. The views of Scottish administrators derived from the contemporary Moderate church party, and Scottish intellectuals including Robertson and Adam Ferguson, leading to an accepting line on Indian custom and culture. In literature Strong sympathy for Indians was shown in the 1796 novel Translations of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah (1796) by Elizabeth Hamilton, sister of the orientalist Charles Hamilton. The family was Scots-Irish. See also Category:Scottish orientalists Notes ^ Robert Irwin (2006). For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies. Allen Lane. pp. 159–60. ISBN 978-0-713-99415-5. ^ Theodore Koditschek (2011-02-10). Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination. Cambridge University Press. p. 66 note 19. ISBN 978-1-139-49488-5. Retrieved 3 March 2013. Others mentioned there are: Neil Benjamin Edmonstone; John Gilchrist; William Hunter; James Kirkpatrick; William Kirkpatrick; Colin Mackenzie; and Thomas Munro. Mark Wilks was from the Isle of Man. ^ Rendall, pp. 44–5. ^ Avril Ann Powell (21 October 2010). Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire. Boydell & Brewer. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84383-579-0. Retrieved 5 March 2013. ^ Constable, p. 282. ^ Ian Brown (2007). The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain And Empire( 1707-1918). Edinburgh University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7486-2481-2. Retrieved 3 March 2013. References Philip Constable, Scottish Missionaries, 'Protestant Hinduism' and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century India, The Scottish Historical Review. Vol. 86, No. 222, Part 2 (Oct., 2007), pp. 278–313. Published by: Edinburgh University Press. JSTOR 25529983 Jane Rendall, Scottish Orientalism: From Robertson to James Mill, The Historical Journal Vol. 25, No. 1 (Mar., 1982), pp. 43–69. Published by: Cambridge University Press. JSTOR 2638806
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This attitude was opposed by both evangelical and Utilitarian critics.[1]","title":"Scottish orientalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism#British_Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Sir William Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Jones"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Colebrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Scottish dominance within British orientalism at the end of the 18th century—the period after the death of Sir William Jones in 1794—was almost complete: the only leading exception was Henry Thomas Colebrooke.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dugald Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugald_Stewart"},{"link_name":"William Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ethnocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism"},{"link_name":"stadial history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadial_history"},{"link_name":"James Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill"},{"link_name":"The History of British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"Hindu culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_culture"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Crawfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crawfurd"},{"link_name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"William Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Erskine_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Vans Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vans_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John Leyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leyden"},{"link_name":"James Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Alexander Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(linguist)"}],"text":"Rendall has identified a group of Scottish oriental scholars, under the influence of Dugald Stewart and his view of \"philosophical history\". They bridge the gap between William Robertson who warned of the ethnocentrism into which the approach of stadial history could betray Europeans, and James Mill who in The History of British India embraced the assumption of European superiority, in the case of Hindu culture. These men all had contact with Edinburgh University, and comprise:[3]John Crawfurd\nMountstuart Elphinstone\nWilliam Erskine\nAlexander Hamilton\nVans Kennedy\nJohn Leyden\nJames Mackintosh.\nAlexander Murray","title":"Rendall's theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Adam Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Michael Fry has argued that there was a \"Scottish orientalist regime\", including Elphinstone.[4] The views of Scottish administrators derived from the contemporary Moderate church party, and Scottish intellectuals including Robertson and Adam Ferguson, leading to an accepting line on Indian custom and culture.[5]","title":"Orientalism in government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hamilton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(orientalist)"},{"link_name":"Scots-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Strong sympathy for Indians was shown in the 1796 novel Translations of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah (1796) by Elizabeth Hamilton, sister of the orientalist Charles Hamilton. The family was Scots-Irish.[6]","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-713-99415-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99415-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=heOq2CIzEtAC&pg=PA66"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-139-49488-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49488-5"},{"link_name":"Neil Benjamin Edmonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Benjamin_Edmonstone"},{"link_name":"John Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"William Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hunter_(Asiatic_Society)"},{"link_name":"William Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kirkpatrick_(East_India_Company_officer)"},{"link_name":"Colin Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Thomas Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Munro"},{"link_name":"Mark Wilks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wilks"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KOnS1X8a528C&pg=PA7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84383-579-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-579-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain And Empire( 1707-1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BasUT5FyhM8C&pg=PA160"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7486-2481-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2481-2"}],"text":"^ Robert Irwin (2006). For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies. Allen Lane. pp. 159–60. ISBN 978-0-713-99415-5.\n\n^ Theodore Koditschek (2011-02-10). Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination. Cambridge University Press. p. 66 note 19. ISBN 978-1-139-49488-5. Retrieved 3 March 2013. Others mentioned there are: Neil Benjamin Edmonstone; John Gilchrist; William Hunter; James Kirkpatrick; William Kirkpatrick; Colin Mackenzie; and Thomas Munro. Mark Wilks was from the Isle of Man.\n\n^ Rendall, pp. 44–5.\n\n^ Avril Ann Powell (21 October 2010). Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire. Boydell & Brewer. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84383-579-0. Retrieved 5 March 2013.\n\n^ Constable, p. 282.\n\n^ Ian Brown (2007). The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain And Empire( 1707-1918). Edinburgh University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7486-2481-2. Retrieved 3 March 2013.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Category:Scottish orientalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scottish_orientalists"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_gastropods_of_South_Africa
List of marine gastropods of South Africa
["1 Gastropoda","1.1 Patellogastropoda","1.2 Vetigastropoda","1.3 Neritimorpha","1.4 Caenogastropoda","1.5 Heterobranchia — Heterobranch gastropods","2 References","3 External links"]
List of the species of sea snails and sea slugs of South Africa Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements This list of marine gastropods of South Africa attempts to list all of the sea snails and sea slugs of South Africa, in other words the marine gastropod molluscs of that area. This list is a sub-list of the List of marine molluscs of South Africa. Gastropods (/ˈɡæstrəpɒdz/), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (/ɡæsˈtrɒpədə/). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. There are many thousands of species of sea snails and slugs, as well as freshwater snails, freshwater limpets, land snails and slugs. The class Gastropoda is a diverse and highly successful class of mollusks within the phylum Mollusca. It contains a vast total of named species, second only to the insects in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian. , 721 families of gastropods are known, of which 245 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record, while 476 are currently extant with or without a fossil record. (Full article...) Gastropoda Marine gastropods in South Africa include: Patellogastropoda Patellidae - True limpets Cellana radiata capensis (Gmelin, 1791)(Port Alfred to Kenya) (syn. Cellana capensis Gmelin, Helcioniscus capensis (Gmelin, 1790), Patella capensis Gmelin, 1791) Variable limpet Helcion concolor Krauss, 1848 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Helcion dunkeri Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal) Prickly limpet Helcion pectunculus (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal) Rayed limpet Helcion pruinosis Krauss, 1848 (Cape Columbine to central KwaZulu-Natal) Patella aphanes (Robson, 1986) (Transkei to Cape Vidal) (syn. Scutellastra aphanes) Argenville's limpet Patella argenvillei Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) (syn. Scutellastra argenvillei) Bearded limpet Patella barbara Linnaeus, 1758 (Orange river to central KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Scutellastra barbara) Pear limpet Patella cochlear Born, 1778 (Orange river to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) (syn. Scutellastra cochlear) Kelp limpet Patella compressa Linnaeus. 1758 (Namibia to Cape Point) (syn. Cymbula compressa) Patella flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mzambique) (syn. Scutellastra flexuosa) Granite limpet Patella granatina Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to Cape Agulhas) (syn. Cymbula granatina) Granular limpet Patella granularis Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) (syn. Scutellastra granularis) Duck's foot or Long-spined limpet Patella longicosta Lamarck, 1819 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Scutellastra longicosta) Pink rayed limpet Patella miniata Born, 1778 (Namibia to Eastern Cape) (syn. Cymbula miniata) Patella obtecta Krauss, 1848 (Transkei to Kosi Bay) (syn. Scutellastra obtecta) Goat's eye limpet Patella oculus Born, 1778 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) (syn. Cymbula oculus) Patella pica Reeve, 1854 (Zululand to Mozambique) (syn. Scutellastra pica) Patella sanguinans Reeve, 1856 (Transkei to Natal) (syn. Cymbula sanguinans, Patella miniata sanguinans) Giant limpet Patella tabularis Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) (syn. Scutellastra tabularis) Lottiidae - True limpets Dwarf limpet Patelloida profunda albonotata (Smith, E.A., 1910) (Eastern Cape to northern KwaZulu-Natal) Vetigastropoda Pleurotomariidae Bayerotrochus africanus (Tomlin, 1948) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Haliotidae - Abalone Perlemoen or Abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal South coast) Haliotis ovina Gmelin 1791 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Spiral-ridged siffie Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape) Haliotis pustulata Reeve, 1846 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Haliotis queketti Smith, E.A., 1910 (Port Alfred to KwaZulu-Natal) Siffie or Venus ear Haliotis spadicea Donovan, E., 1808 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Beautiful ear-shell Haliotis speciosa Reeve, 1846 (Eastern Cape to central KwaZulu-Natal) Fissurellidae - Keyhole limpets Fissurella mutabilis Amblychilepas dubia (Reeve, 1849) (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to southern Mozambique) Saddle shaped keyhole limpet Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791)) Conical keyhole limpet Diodora parviforata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) (Orange river to Eastern Cape) (syn. Fissurella parviforata G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) Diodora australis (Sowerby, 1823) (Cape Agulhas to western Transkei) Diodora calyculata (Krauss, 1848) (Port Alfred to southern Mozambique) Diodora crucifera (Pilsbry, 1890) (Port Alfred to northern Indian Ocean) Diodora elevata (Dunker, 1846) (Saldanha Bay to western Transkei) Diodora elizabethae (Smith, 1901) (Still Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Diodora natalensis (Krauss, 1848) (Port Alfred to Mozambique) (syn. Fissurella natalensis Krauss, 1848) Diodora parviforata (Sowerby, 1889) (Saldanha Bay to Port Alfred, also south Atlantic islands) Diodora procurva Herbert, 1989 (Wild coast to KawZulu-Natal) Diodora spreta (E.A. Smith, 1901) (Still Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Cape keyhole limpet Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834 (Orange River to Eastern Cape) Emarginula sibogae (Schepman, 1908) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) but genus given in this reference as Emarginella. Corrected using http://www.marinespecies.org/ accessed 4 January 2010 Macroschisma africana Tomlin, 1932 (Western Transkei to Mozambique) Mantled keyhole limpet Pupillaea aperta (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825) (Orange river to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) (syn. Fissurellidea aperta G.B. Sowerby, 1825) Scutus unguis (Linne, 1758) (East London to KwaZulu-Natal and tropical Indo-Pacific) Calliostomatidae Calliostoma africanum Bartsch, 1915 (Port Elizabeth to Transkei) Calliostoma circus Barnard, 1969 (Cape Point) Calliostoma iridescens Sowerby, 1903 (KwaZulu-Natal) Ornate topshell Calliostoma ornatum Locard, 1898 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape) Calliostoma scotti Kilburn, 1973 (Central and northern KwaZulu-Natal) Trochidae Black chained topshell Clanculus atricatenus Tomlin, 1921 (Transkei to northern KwaZulu Natal) Clanculus puniceus (Philippi, 1846) (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to tropical Indo-Pacific) Clanculus miniatus (Anton, 1839) (Cape Point to Transkei) Multicoloured topshell Gibbula multicolor (Krauss, 1848) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)(syn. Trochus multicolor Krauss, 1848) Gibbula beckeri G.B. Sowerby III, 1901 (Namaqualand to Cape Point) Gibbula capensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Saldanha to Agulhas)(syn. Trochus capensis Gmelin, 1791) Gibbula cicer (Menke, 1844) (Namibia to Transkei) (syn. Trochus cicer Menke, 1844) Gibbula zonata (Woods, 1828) (Namibia to Agulhas) Toothed topshell Monodonta australis Lamarck, 1816 Oxystele impervia (Menke, 1843) Pink-lipped topshell Oxystele sinensis (Gmelin 1791) Oxystele tabularis (Krauss, 1848) Oxystele tigrina (Anton, 1839) Variegated topshell Oxystele variegata (Anton, 1839) Black-spotted topshell Trochus nigropunctatus Reeve, 1861 Turbinidae - Turban shells Bolma andersoni (E.A. Smith, 1902) (Wild Coast and southern KwaZulu-Natal) Bolma bathyraphis (E.A. Smith, 1899) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Bolma massieri (E.A. Smith, 1880) (KwaZulu-Natal) Bolma tayloriana Bozzetti, 1992 (Agulhas Bank, False Bay to Port Alfred) Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Alikreukel or Giant periwinkle Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Kwa-Zulu-Natal south coast) Crowned turban shell Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) (syn. Turbo coronatus Gmelin, 1790) Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791 (Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth) Turbo cidaris natalensis (Port Elizabeth to north of Durban) Cinysca granulosa Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to eastern Transkei) Phasianellidae Tricolia adusta Nangammbi & Herbert, 2006 Pheasant shell Tricolia capensis (Dunker, 1846) (Namibia to Mozambique) (syn. Phasianella capensis Dunker, 1846) Tricolia neritina (Dunker, 1846) (Namibia to Mozambique)(syn. Phasianella neritina Dunker, 1846) Tricolia retrolineata Nangammbi & Herbert, 2008 - northeastern South Africa Tricolia saxatilis Nangammbi & Herbert, 2006 Neritimorpha Neritidae - Nerites Blotched nerite Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern cape to Mozambique) Nerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758 (Western Transkei to tropics) Nerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 (East London to tropical Indo-Pacific) Textile nerite Nerita textilis Gmelin, 1791 (Transkei to Mozambique) Caenogastropoda Calyptraeidae - Slipper limpets Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal) Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822 (Lambert's Bay to Mossel Bay) Slipper limpet Crepidula porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Chinese hat Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Namibia to Transkei) Calyptraea helicoidea Sowerby, 1883 (Port Elizabeth to East London) Hipponicidae - Hoof limpets Horse's hoof Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817) (Cape Point to Mozambique) Littorinidae Striped periwinkle Littoraria glabrata (Philippi, 1846) (Transkei to Mozambique) (Syn. Littorina kraussi Rosewater, 1970, Littorina glabrata Philippi, 1846) Estuarine periwinkles Littoraria scabra group. (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Littoraria scabra Linnaeus, 1758 Littoraria intermedia (Philippi, 1846) Littoraria subvittata Reid, 1986 African periwinkle Nodilittorina africana (Philippi, 1847) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal) Nodular periwinkle Nodilittorina natalensis Philippi, 1847 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Assimineidae Globular mud snail Assiminea globulus Connoly, 1939 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape) Assiminia ovata Krauss, 1848 (Knysna to Mozambique) Vermetidae - Worm shells Colonial worm shell Dendropoma corallinaceum (Tomlin, 1939) (Orange river to Transkei) (syn. Vermetus (Stoa) corallinaceus Tomlin, 1939) Dendropoma thalia (Transkei to Natal) Solitary worm shell Serpulorbis natalensis Mörch, 1862 (Namaqualand to central Kwa-Zulu-Natal) Turritellidae Waxy screw shell Protoma (Protomella) capensis (Namibia to Eastern Cape) (syn. Turritella capensis) Turritella carinifera Lamarck, 1799 (Western Cape to southern Mozambique) Turritella chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Turritella chrysotoxa Tomlin, 1925 (Wild Coast and KwaZulu-Natal) Turritella declivis A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 (Agulhas Bank) Turritella natalensis E.A. Smith, 1910 (KwaZulu-Natal) Pale screw shell Turritella sanguinea Reeve, 1849 (Cape Point to Natal) Potamididae Truncated mangrove snail Cerithidea decollata Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Mangrove whelk Terebralia palustris Bruguière (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Cerithiidae Knobbed horn shell Rhinoclavis sinensis Gmelin, 1791 (Transkei to Mozambique) Cerithium citrinum Sowerby, 1855 (Durban to Mozambique) Cerithium crassilabrum (East London to Mozambique) Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Rhinoclavis alexandri (Tomlin, 1923) (KwaZulu-Natal) Rhinoclavis articulata (Adams & Reeve, 1850) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Rhinoclavis diadema Houbrick, 1978 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Xenophoridae Stellaria gigantea (Schepman, 1909) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Sun carrier shell Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Stellaria testigera digitata (von Martens, 1878) (Namibia) Xenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1842) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Xenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993 (Central KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Turridae Ribbed turrid Clionella sinuata Born, 1778 (Namibia to Eastern Cape) Clionella rosaria (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal) Cypraeidae - True cowries Cypraea alfredensis (Schilder and Schilder, 1929) (Cape St. Francis and north/east) (syn. Cypraeovula alfredensis (Cape St. Francis to southern Wild Coast)) Cypraea algoensis Gray, 1825 (Cape Agulhas and north/(east?)) (syn. Cypraeovula algoensis (Table Bay to Algoa Bay)) Cypraea amphithales Melvill, 1888 (Algoa Bay and north/east) (syn. Cypraeovula amphithales (Algoa Bay to Kei River Mouth)) Ring cowrie Cypraea annulus Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay to Mozambique) Arabic cowrie Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay to Mozambique) Cypraea barclayi Reeve, 1857 (Cape St Blaize and north/east) (syn. Erronea barclayi (Cape St Blaize to Mozambique)) Cypraea beckii Gaskoin, 1856 (Park Rynie and north) Cypraea broderipii Sowerby II, 1832 (Port Edward and north) (syn. Lyncina broderipii (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cape cowrie Cypraea capensis Gray, 1828 (Jeffreys Bay to central KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Cypraeovula capensis) Snake's head cowrie Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 (Still Bay to Mozambique) Carnelian cowrie Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique) Cypraea caurica Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north) Cypraea cernica Sowerby II, 1870 (Port Edward and north) (Syn. Erosaria cernica (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Cypraea cicercula Linnaeus, 1758 (Sodwana Bay and north) Orange cowrie Cypraea citrina Gray, 1825 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique) (Syn. Erosaria citrina) Cypraea clandestina Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Cypraea cohenae Burgess, 1965 (Jeffreys Bay and north) (syn. Cypraeovula cohenae) Cypraea connelli Liltved, 1983 (East London to central KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Cypraeovula connelli ) Cypraea contaminata Sowerby II, 1832 (Coffee Bay and north) Cypraea coronata (Schilder, 1930) (Dassen Island to Kei River Mouth) (syn. Cypraeovula coronata) Cypraea cribraria Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay and Mozambique) (syn. Cribrarula cribraria comma ) Cypraea diluculum Reeve, 1845 (Nthlonyane and north) Toothless cowrie Cypraea edentula Gray, 1825 (Tsitsikamma to Transkei) (syn. Cypraeovula edentula) Eroded cowrie Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758 (Knysna estuary to Mozambique) Kitten cowrie Cypraea felina Gmelin, 1791 (Port Alfred to Mozambique) Cypraea fimbriata Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Cypraea fultoni Sowerby III, 1903 (Haga Haga and north) (Syn. Barycypraea fultoni (Wild Coast to northern KwaZulu-Natal)) Dark toothed cowrie Cypraea fuscodentata Gray, 1825 (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma) (syn. Cypraeovula fuscodentata) Cypraea fuscorubra Shaw, 1909 (Namaqualand to Cape Agulhas) (syn. Cypraeovula fuscorubra) Cypraea gangranosa Dillwyn, 1817 (Port Edward and north) (syn. Erosaria gangranosa (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Honey cowrie Cypraea helvola Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique) Cypraea histrio Gmelin, 1791 (Scottborough and north) Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758 (Coffee Bay and north) (syn. Luria isabella (Wild Coast to Mozambique)) Cypraea iutsui Shikama, 1974 (syn. Cypraeovula iutsui (Olifants River Mouth (West Coast) to Port Alfred)) Cypraea labrolineata Gaskoin, 1848 (Sodwana Bay and north) Cypraea lamarcki Gray, 1828 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Cypraea limacina Lamarck, 1810 (Mngazana and north) Cypraea lisetae Kilburn, 1975 (Durban and north) Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 (Mazeppa Bay and north) Cypraea mappa Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie) (syn. Leporicypraea mappa (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cypraea marginalis Dillwyn, 1827 (Jeffreys Bay and north) (syn. Erosaria marginalis (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cypraea mauritiana Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie and north) Cypraea minoridens Melvill, 1901 (Port Alfred and north) Money cowrie Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique) (Durban and north) Cypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north) (syn. Staphylaea nucleus (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cypraea onyx Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay and north) Cypraea owenii Sowerby II, 1837 (Coffee Bay and north) (syn. Bistolida owenii vasta (Wild Coast to Mozambique)) Cypraea poraria Linnaeus, 1758 (Durban and north) Cypraea punctata Linnaeus, 1758 (Durban and north) Cypraea scurra Gmelin, 1791 (Scottburgh and north) (syn. Mauritia scurra (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Stippled cowrie Cypraea staphylaea Linnaeus, 1758 (Mngazana to Mozambique) Cypraea stolida Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north) (syn. Bistolida stolida diauges (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)) Cypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie and north) (syn. Talparia talpa (Northern Wild Coast to Mozambique)) Cypraea teres Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Tiger cowrie Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique) (Algoa Bay and north) (More common in Mozambique, where it occurs intertidally) Cypraea verhoefi Burgess, 1982 (Cape Agulhas and north/(east?)) Cypraea vitellus Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay and north) Cypraea ziczac Linnaeus, 1758 (Nthlonyane and north) Cypraeovula castanea (Higgins, 1868) (False Bay to East London) Cypraeovula castanea latebrosa Swarts & Liltved, 2000 (Cape St. Francis area) Cypraeovula cruickshanki (Kilburn, 1972) (Durban to off KwaZulu-Natal) Cypraeovula immelmani Liltved, 2001 (Southern Wild Coast) Cypraeovula mikeharti Lorentz, 1985 (Cape Point to Hermanus) Cypraeovula volvens Fazzini & Bergonzoni, 2004 (Port Alfred area) Erosia ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Erronea chinensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique) Erronea succinata (Lamarck, 1810) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Ovulidae Calpurnus lacteus (Lamarck, 1810) (Mapella Rocks and north) Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sodwana Bay and Mozambique) Crenavolva azumai (Cate, 1970) (Green Point (Southern KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Crenavolva draperi Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Crenavolva rosewateri Cate, 1973 (Jeffreys Bay and north) Crenavolva septemmacula (Azuma, 1974) (Gobey's Point (KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Crenavolva striatula (Sowerby I, 1828) (Park Rynie and north) Cymbovula deflexa (Sowerby II, 1848) (Sodwana Bay and north) Cymbovula segaliana Cate, 1976 (Anerley (Southern KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Dentiovula eizoi Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Boteler point (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and north) Galeravolva aenigma (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (Leifeldt's Rocks (northern KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Margovula pyriformis (Sowerby I, 1828) (Southern KwaZulu-Natal and north) Margovula schilderorum Cate, 1973 (Leven Point (northern KwaZulu-Natal and north) Margovula sp. cf. Margovula tinctilis Cate, 1973 (Park Rynie and north) Ovula costellata Lamarck, 1810 (Sodwana Bay and Mozambique) Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sodwana Bay and Mozambiqueh) Phenacovolva aurantia (Sowerby III, 1889) (Jeffrey's Bay to KwaZulu-Natal) Phenacovolva brevirostris (Shumacher, 1817) (Cape St. Francis to KwaZulu-Natal) Phenacovolva fusula Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Umhlanga Rocks and north) Phenacovolva gracillima (E.A. Smith, 1901) (Park Rynie and north) Phenacovolva hirasei (Pilsbry, 1913) (Reunion Rocks (central KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Phenacovolva honkakujiana (Kuroda 1928) (Amanzimtoti and north) Phenacovolva sp. cf. Phenacovolva lahainaensis (Cate, 1969) (Agulhas Bank and north/(east?)) Phenacovolva longirostrata (Sowerby I, 1828) (Whale Rock (Transkei) to Mozambique) Phenacovolva recurva (G.B. Sowerby II in A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) (Ramsgate and north) Phenacovolva poppei (Fehse, 2000) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Phenacovolva rehderi Cate, 1973 (Unspecified locality in KwaZulu Natal) Phenacovolva rosea (A. Adams, 1854) (Jeffrey's Bay to KwaZulu-Natal) Phenacovolva rugosa (Cate and Azuma, 1973) (Park Rynie and Mozambique) Phenacovolva weaveri Cate, 1973 (Whale Rock (Transkei) to KwaZulu-Natal) Primovula beckeri (Sowerby III, 1900) (Alphard Bank and north/(east?)) Primovula diaphana Liltved, 1987 (Durnford Point (northern KwaZulu-Natal) and north) Primovula habui Cate, 1973 (Durban and north) Primovula santacarolinensis Cate, 1978 (Durban and north) Primovula singularis Cate, 1973 (Umzimbazi river mouth and north) Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) (Jeffreys Bay and north) Pseudocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby II, 1832) (Southern KwaZulu-Natal) Pseudosimnia jeanae Cate, 1973 (Port Alfred and north) Serratovolva minabeensis Cate, 1975 (Richards Bay and north) Testudovolva pulchella (H. Adams, 1873) (Durban and north) Volva kilburni Cate, 1975 (Gonubie to KwaZulu-Natal) Volva volva Linnaeus, 1758 (Pumila (southern KwaZulu-Natal) to Mozambique) Xandarovula formosana (Azuma, 1972) (Danger Point to central KwaZulu-Natal) Pedicularia elegantissima Deshayes, 1863 (Cape St. Blaize and north) Velutinidae Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824: Port Elizabeth and north and Wild Coast to Mozambique. Lamellaria capensis (Bergh, 1907): Cape Point and north (?). Lamellaria leptoconcha (Bergh, 1907): Cape Point and north (?). Lamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758): Cape Point and north (?). Triviidae - Trivia Alaerato gallinacea (Hinds, 1844): Kei river mouth and north. Cleotrivia globosa (Sowerby II, 1832): Port Alfred and north. Dolichupis producta (Gaskoin, 1836): Leven Point (KwaZulu-Natal) north. Eratoena sulcifera (Sowerby I, 1832): Jeffreys Bay and north. Quasipusula vemacola (Liltved, 1987): Vema seamount, South Atlantic. Semitrivia hallucinata (Liltved, 1984): Ledsman shoal and north. Sulcerato recondita (Melvill and Standen, 1903): East London and north. Trivellona suavis (Schilder, 1931): Cape Agulhas and north (?). Baby's toes Triviella aperta (Swainson, 1822): Cape Agulhas to Transkei. Trivia sp. cf. Trivella aperta (Swainson, 1822): East London and north. Triviella calvariola (Kilburn, 1980): Cape Agulhas to Great Fish Point. Trivia sp. cf. Triviella calvariola Kilburn, 1980: Cape St. Blaize and north. Triviella costata (Gmelin, 1791): Cape Agulhas and north (?). Triviella eratoides (Liltved 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north. Triviella khanya (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize to East London. Triviella lemaitrei (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north. Triviella magnidentata (Liltved, 1986):: Cape Town to East London. West coast baby's toes Triviella millardi (Cate, 1979): Cape west coast and Cape Agulhas and north. Triviella multicostata (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north. Triviella neglecta Schilder, 1930: Cape Peninsula, Cape Agulhas and north (?). Baby's toes Triviella ovulata (Lamarck, 1810): Cape Point to south Transkei. Triviella phalacra Schilder, 1930: Cape St. Francis to East London. Triviella rubra (Shaw, 1909): Cape Agulhas to Kei River Mouth. Triviella sanctispiritus (Shikama, 1974): Cape Town to East London. Triviella splendidissima Tomlin and Schilder, 1934: Cape Morgan (Eastern Cape) and north. Triviella verhoefi (Gosliner and Liltved, 1981): Cape Agulhas and north (?). Triviella vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836): Cape St. Blaize and north. Cape Agulhas and north (?). Trivirostra oryza (Lamarck, 1810): Port Alfred to KwaZulu-Natal. Trivirostra hordacea (Kiener, 1843): Coffee Bay and north. Tear drops or Riceys Trivirostra pellucidula (Reeve, 1846): Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique. Naticidae - Necklace shells Eunaticina perobliqua (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Euspira napus (E.A. Smith, 1904) (Mossel Bay to East London) Mammilla fibrosa (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) (Mozambique) Comma necklace shell Notocochlis gualteriana Récluz, 1844. (Syn. Natica gualteriana) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Natica lineata (Roding, 1798) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Mottled necklace shell Natica tecta Anton, 1839 (Namibia to Eastern Cape) Naticarius alapapilionis (Roding, 1798) (northern Wild Coast to Mozambique) Naticarius manceli (Josseaume, 1874) (northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Naticarius onca (Roding, 1798) (northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Neverita albumen (Linnaeus, 1758) (Durban to Mozambique) Neverita perselephanti (Link, 1807) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Moon shell Polinices didyma Röding, 1798 (Mossel Bay to Mozambique) Polinices mammilla Linnaeus 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique) Polinices paciae Bozzetti, 1997 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Polinices sebae (Recluz, 1844) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Polinices simiae (Deshayes, 1838) (Wild Coast to Mozambique) Polinices syrphetodes (Kilburn, 1976) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Sinum delessertii (Recluz, 1843) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Sinum laevigatum (Lamarck, 1822) (Durban to Mozambique) Sinum quasimodoides Kilburn, 1976 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Tanea euzona (Recluz, 1844) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Tanea hilaris (Sowerby, 1914) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Tectonatica violacea (Sowerby, 1825) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Tonnidae - Tonninae Tonna berthae Vos, 2005 Tonnidae - Cassinae - Helmet shells Pustular triton Argobuccinum pustulosum Lightfoot, 1786 (Orange River to Eastern Cape) Casmaria decipiens (Kilburn, 1980) (Wild Coast to central KwaZulu-Natal) Casmaria erinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Casmaria ponderosa (Gmelin, 1791) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Cassis cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Cypraecassis rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Galeodea keyteri (Kilburn, 1975) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Oocorys lussii Bozzetti, 1990 (central KwaZulu-Natal) Oocorys sulcata Fischer, 1883 (eastern seaboard of South Africa and Mozambique) Checkerboard bonnet shell Phalium areola (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Phalium fimbria (Gmelin, 1791) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Phalium glaucum (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Helmet shell Phalium labiatum zeylanicum Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal) (syn. Semicassis labiata zeylanica) Semicassis bisulcata (Schubert & Wagner, 1829) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Semicassis bulla fernandesi (Kilburn, 1975) (Central KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Semicassis craticulata (Euthyme, 1885) (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique) Semicassis faurotis (Jousseaume, 1888) (Kwazulu-Natal and Mozambique) Semicassis faurotis (Jousseaume, 1888) (Kwazulu-Natal and Mozambique) Semicassis microstoma (von Martens, 1903) (Central Kwazulu-Natal to Mozambique) Janthinidae - Violet shells Bubble raft shell or Violet snail Janthina janthina Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to Mozambique) Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822 (syn. Janthina prolongata Blainville, 1822) Janthina pallida Thompson W., 1840 Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816 Janthina umbilicata d'Orbigny, 1852 Bursidae Granular frog shell Dulcerana granularis Röding, 1798 (Transkei to Mozambique) Ranellidae Pink lady Charonia lampas pustulata Euthyme, 1889 (Cape Point to Mozambique) Ranella australasia gemmifera Euthyme, 1889 (Cape Point to Durban) Ranella olearium (Linnaeus, 1758) Furry ridged triton Cabestana cutacea africana Adams A. 1855 (Namibia to southern Mozambique) Muricidae Branched murex Chicoreus inflatus Lamarck, 1822. (Syn. Chicoreus ramosus) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Mulberry shell Morula granulata Duclos, 1832 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Short-spined murex Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822 (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Fenestrate oyster drill Ocenebra fenestrata Gould, 1833 (Cape Point to Transkei) Stag shell Pteropurpura (Poropteron) graagae (Coen, 1947) (Eastern Cape to northern KwaZulu-Natal) Pteropurpurea (Poropteron) uncinaria Lamarck, 1822 (Namibia to Port Alfred) Salmon lipped whelk Purpura persica Linnaeus, 1758 (Syn. Purpura panama) (Transkei to Mozambique) Thais bufo Lamarck 1822 (Transkei to Indo-Pacific) Thais (Mancinella) alouina Röding, 1798. (Syn. Mancinella alouina) (Transkei to Indo-Pacific) Knobbly dogwhelk Thais capensis Petit de la Saussaye, 1852 (Agulhas to central KwaZulu-Natal) Thais savignyi Deshayes, 1844 (Zululand to Indo-Pacific) Thais wahlbergi (Saldanha to False Bay) Girdled dogwhelk Nucella cingulata Linnaeus, 1771 (Orange river to Cape Point) Common dogwhelk Nucella dubia (Krauss, 1848) (Namibia to Transkei) Scaly dogwhelk Nucella squamosa (Lamarck, 1816) (Namibia to Transkei) Buccinidae Flame-patterned burnupena Burnupena catarrhacta Gmelin, 1791 (Orange river to Agulhas) Ridged burnupena Burnupena cincta Röding, 1798 (Namibia to Transkei) Burnupena lagenaria Lamarck, 1822 (Saldanha to Zululand) Papery burnupena Burnupena papyracea Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Agulhas) Burnupena pubescens Küster, 1858 (North western Cape to Durban) Burnupena sp. (West coast) Buccinidae - Photinae Elongate dogwhelk Afrocominella elongata Dunker, 1857 Fasciolariidae Fasciolaria lugubris heynemanni ( (Syn? Pleuroploca lugubris heynemanni (Dunker, R.W., 1876)) Fasciolaria lugubris lugubris (Saldanha to False Bay) (syn? Pleuroploca lugubris lugubris (Adams, A. & L.A. Reeve in Reeve, L.A., 1847)) Long-siphoned whelk Fusinus ocelliferus Lamarck, 1816 (Namaqualand to central KwaZulu-Natal) Forsskal's whelk Peristernia forskalii (Tapparone-Canefri, C.E., 1879) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Mitridae - Mitres Mitra litterata Lamarck, 1811 (West Transkei to Mozambique) Brown mitre Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 ((Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast) Strombidae - Strombs Lambis chiragra arthritica Roding, 1798 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Lambis crocata crocata (Link, 1807) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Lambis digitata (Perry, 1811) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Lambis truncata truncata (Lightfoot, 1768) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Variable stromb Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) Strombus wilsonorum Abbott, 1967 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique) Aporrhaidae - pelican foot shells Aporrhais pesgallinae Barnard, 1963 (Namibia and Western Cape) Nassariidae Dogwhelks Nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (Adams, A., 1852) (Transkei northwards) Shielded dogwhelk Nassarius arcularius plicatus (Röding, P.F., 1798) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) Cape dogwhelk Nassarius capensis R. W. Dunker, 1846 (Cape Columbine to Transkei) Nassarius coronatus (Bruguière, J.G., 1789) (Durban northwards) Tick shell Nassarius kraussianus (Dunker, R.W., 1846) (Namaqualand to Mozambique) Lattice dogwhelk Nassarius plicatellus (Adams, A., 1852) (Namibia to Cape Columbine) Purple-lipped dogwhelk Nassarius speciosus (Adams, A., 1852) (Orange river to Transkei) Plough shells Annulated plough shell Bullia annulata Lamarck, 1816 (Cape Columbine to Mozambique) Bullia callosa Gray, 1828 (Mossel Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Finger plough shell Bullia digitalis (Dillwyn, L.W., 1817) (Namibia to Transkei) Fat plough shell Bullia laevissima (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to Transkei) Bullia mozambicensis E. A. Smith, 1878 (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to Mozambique) Pleated plough shell Bullia natalensis Krauss, C.F., 1848 (Transkei to Mozambique) Pure plough shell Bullia pura Melvill, J.C., 1885 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal) Smooth plough shell Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, L.A., 1847 (Cape Point to North KwaZulu-Natal) Olividae - Olive shells Carolinian olive shell Oliva caroliniana Duclos, 1835 (Transkei to Mozambique) Marginellidae - Marginellas Marginella musica Hinds, 1844 (Luderitz to Cape Agulhas) Cloudy marginella Marginella nebulosa Bolten in Röding, P.F., 1798 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape) Ornate marginella Marginella ornata Redfield, J.H., 1870 (Port Elizabeth to Transkei) Sandy marginella Marginella piperata Hinds, 1844 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast) Pinch lipped marginella Marginella rosea Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas) Cape marginella Volvarina capensis Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to Cape Hangklip) Banded volvarina or Banded marginella Volvarina zonata (Kiener, 1841) (Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth) Conidae - Cone shells Algoa cone Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas) Conus algoensis algoensis (West coast)) Yellow Algoa cone Conus algoensis simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Cape Point to Hermanus)) Conus algoensis scitulus (Hermanus to Cape Agulhas)) Hebrew cone Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique) Livid cone Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Transkei to Mozambique) Elongate cone Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Eastern Cape) Natal textile cone Conus natalis Sowerby II, 1857 (Eastern Cape to central KwaZulu-Natal) Sponsal cone Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Transkei to Mozambique) Textile cone Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 (Natal northwards) Variable cone Conus tinianus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Agulhas to Transkei) Cancellariidae Admetula afra Petit & Harasewych, 2000 Admetula epula Petit & Harasewych, 1991 Trigonostoma kilburni Petit & Harasewych, 2000 Nipponaphera wallacei Petit & Harasewych, 2000 Zeadmete verheckeni Petit & Harasewych, 2000 Heterobranchia — Heterobranch gastropods See article List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa References ^ a b c d WoRMS ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv Branch, G.M. Griffiths, C.L. Branch, M.L. Beckley, L.E. Two Oceans: A guide to the marine life of southern Africa. 5th impression, David Philip, Cape Town, 2000. ISBN 0-86486-250-4 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Jones, Georgina. A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. SURG, Cape Town, 2008. ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej Steyn, D.G. & Lussi, M. 2005. Offshore Shells of Southern Africa ISBN 0-620-33607-2 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kilburn, R. and Rippey, E. Sea Shells of Southern Africa MacMillan South Africa 1982 ISBN 0-86954-094-7 ^ a b Nangammbi T. C. & Herbert D. G. (2006). "Two new species of Tricolia Risso, 1826 from South Africa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Phasianellidae)". African Invertebrates 47: 11-22. abstract Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Nangammbi T. C. & Herbert D. G. (2008). "A new species of pheasant shell from the south-western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia)". African Invertebrates 49(2): 13-19. abstract Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd Liltved, William Rune. Cowries and their relatives of southern Africa: A study of the southern African Cypraeacean and Velutinacean gastropod fauna, Gordon Verhoef, Seacomber Publications, 2000. ISBN 0-908420-89-7 ^ Vos C. (2005). "A new species of Tonna Brünnich, 1772 (Gastropoda, Tonnidae) (Tonna berthae) from South-African waters". Gloria Maris 44(1-2): 10-17. ^ Gofas, S. (2010). Ranella olearium (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141115 on 2010-12-13 ^ a b c d e Petit R. E. & Harasewych M. G. (2000). "Additions to the Cancellariid (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) Fauna of South Africa". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(1): 145-154. http://hdl.handle.net/10088/8310 External links Nakin M. D. V. (2009). "Effects of marine reserves on the biology of rocky intertidal limpets along the southern coast of South Africa". PhD thesis, Rhodes University. abstract, PDF. vteBiodiversity of South Africa Afrotropical realm Marine biodiversity of South Africa Temperate Southern Africa Western Indo-Pacific Wildlife of South Africa National taxon checklistsPlants Conifers Cycads Hornworts Liverworts Lycophytes Mosses Pteridophytes Floweringplants Acorales Alismatales Apiales Apiaceae Aquifoliales Arecales Asparagales Asphodelaceae Hyacinthaceae Iridaceae Orchidaceae Asterales Asteraceae Boraginales Brassicales Bruniales Buxales Canellales Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Celastrales Ceratophyllales Commelinales Cornales Crossosomatales Cucurbitales Dioscoreales Dipsacales Ericales Escalloniales Fabales Fagales Gentianales Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Geraniales Gunnerales Huerteales Icacinales Lamiales Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Laurales Liliales Magnoliales Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Malvales Myrtales Nymphaeales Oxalidales Pandanales Piperales Poales Poaceae Proteales Ranunculales Rosales Santalales Sapindales Saxifragales Solanales Vahliales Vitales Zingiberales Zygophyllales Animals Ascidians Bryozoans Comb jellies Echinoderms Nematodes Polychaetes Marine cnidarians Marine flatworms Sponges Tardigrades Arthropods Marine crustaceans Sea spiders Centipedes Millipedes Entognatha Arachnids Harvestmen Microwhip scorpions Pseudoscorpions Scorpions Shorttailed whipscorpions Solifugae Araneae Ixodida Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions Insects Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies Beetles Booklice, barklice and barkflies Butterflies and moths Caddisflies Cockroaches and termites Dragonflies and damselflies Earwigs Fleas Flies Jumping bristletails Lice Mantises Mayflies Net-winged insects Notoptera Orthoptera Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants Scorpionflies Silverfish and firebrats Stick and leaf insects Stoneflies Strepsiptera Termites Thrips True bugs Webspinners Molluscs Non-marine molluscs Marine molluscs Marine gastropods Marine heterobranch gastropods Vertebrates Amphibians Birds Freshwater fishes Marine fishes Marine bony fishes Marine spiny-finned fishes Marine Perciform fishes Mammals Reptiles Seaweeds Green seaweeds Brown seaweeds Red seaweeds Fungi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Related List of bacteria of South Africa List of invasive species in South Africa List of invasive plant species in South Africa List of Oomycetes of South Africa List of slime moulds of South Africa List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes List of botanists by author abbreviation Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay Related: Timber trees of Gauteng Biodiversity hotspots and Centres of diversity Cape Floristic Region Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot Succulent Karoo Succulent Karoo Cape Floristic Region Griqualand West Centre Albany Centre Drakensberg Alpine Centre Soutpansberg Centre Wolkberg Centre Sekhukhuneland Centre Barberton Centre Maputaland-Pondoland Region Ecoregions List of ecoregions in South Africa Tropical and subtropicalmoist broadleaf forests Knysna–Amatole montane forests KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic Maputaland coastal forest mosaic Tropical and subtropical grasslands,savannas, and shrublands Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands Southern Africa bushveld Zambezian and mopane woodlands Montane grasslandsand shrublands Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Highveld grasslands Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets Mediterranean forests,woodlands, and scrub Albany thickets Lowland fynbos and renosterveld Montane fynbos and renosterveld Deserts and xeric shrublands Kalahari xeric savanna Nama Karoo Succulent Karoo Tundra Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra Mangroves Southern Africa mangroves Marine ecoregions Agulhas ecoregion Benguela ecoregion Delagoa ecoregion Natal ecoregion Southeast Atlantic ecoregion Southwest Indian ecoregion Biomes and Vegetation classification List of vegetation types of South Africa Savanna Andesite Mountain Bushveld Aoub Duneveld Barberton Serpentine Sourveld Bhisho Thornveld Cathedral Mopane Bushveld Central Sandy Bushveld Delagoa Lowveld Dwaalboom Thornveld Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld Eastern Valley Bushveld Gabbro Grassy Bushveld Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Gordonia Duneveld Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld Gordonia Plains Shrubland Granite Lowveld Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld Kathu Bushveld Kimberley Thornveld Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Thornveld Kuruman Vaalbosveld KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld Lebombo Summit Sourveld Legogote Sour Bushveld Limpopo Ridge Bushveld Limpopo Sweet Bushveld Loskop Mountain Bushveld Loskop Thornveld Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld Mafikeng Bushveld Makatini Clay Thicket Makhado Sweet Bushveld Makuleke Sandy Bushveld Malelane Mountain Bushveld Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld Marikana Thornveld Molopo Bushveld Moot Plains Bushveld Mopane Basalt Shrubland Mopane Gabbro Shrubland Musina Mopane Bushveld Ngongoni Veld Norite Koppies Bushveld Northern Lebombo Bushveld Northern Zululand Sourveld Nossob Bushveld Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld Polokwane Plateau Bushveld Postmasburg Thornveld Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld Roodeberg Bushveld Schmidtsdrif Thornveld Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld South Eastern Coastal Thornveld Southern Lebombo Bushveld Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld Springbokvlakte Thornveld Stella Bushveld Swaziland Sour Bushveld Tembe Sandy Bushveld Thukela Thornveld Thukela Valley Bushveld Tsende Mopaneveld Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld Tzaneen Sour Bushveld Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland VhaVenda Miombo Waterberg Mountain Bushveld Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld Western Sandy Bushveld Zeerust Thornveld Zululand Coastal Thornveld Zululand Lowveld Grassland Aliwal North Dry Grassland Amathole Mistbelt Grassland Amathole Montane Grassland Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland Barberton Montane Grassland Basotho Montane Shrubland Bedford Dry Grassland Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland Bloemfontein Dry Grassland Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Central Free State Grassland Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos East Griqualand Grassland Eastern Free State Clay Grassland Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Egoli Granite Grassland Frankfort Highveld Grassland Income Sandy Grassland Ithala Quartzite Sourveld KaNgwane Montane Grassland Karoo Escarpment Grassland Klerksdorp Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld Leolo Summit Sourveld Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland Low Escarpment Moist Grassland Lydenburg Montane Grassland Lydenburg Thornveld Mabela Sandy Grassland Midlands Mistbelt Grassland Mooi River Highland Grassland Mthatha Moist Grassland Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld Northern Free State Shrubland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland Queenstown Thornveld Rand Highveld Grassland Sekhukhune Montane Grassland Senqu Montane Shrubland Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld Soweto Highveld Grassland Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland Stormberg Plateau Grassland Strydpoort Summit Sourveld Tarkastad Montane Shrubland Tsakane Clay Grassland Tsomo Grassland uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld Western Free State Clay Grassland Western Highveld Sandy Grassland Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland Winburg Grassy Shrubland Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland Woodbush Granite Grassland Xhariep Karroid Grassland Zastron Moist Grassland Fynbos Agulhas Limestone Fynbos Agulhas Sand Fynbos Albertinia Sand Fynbos Algoa Sandstone Fynbos Atlantis Sand Fynbos Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos Boland Granite Fynbos Breede Alluvium Fynbos Breede Quartzite Fynbos Breede Sand Fynbos Breede Shale Fynbos Canca Limestone Fynbos Cape Flats Sand Fynbos Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation De Hoop Limestone Fynbos Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Elgin Shale Fynbos Elim Ferricrete Fynbos Garden Route Granite Fynbos Garden Route Shale Fynbos Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos Greyton Shale Fynbos Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos Hangklip Sand Fynbos Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos Hopefield Sand Fynbos Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos Kango Conglomerate Fynbos Knysna Sand Fynbos Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Kouga Sandstone Fynbos Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos Montagu Shale Fynbos Namaqualand Sand Fynbos North Hex Sandstone Fynbos North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Olifants Sandstone Fynbos Overberg Sandstone Fynbos Peninsula Granite Fynbos Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos Potberg Sandstone Fynbos Robertson Granite Fynbos South Hex Sandstone Fynbos South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Southern Cape Dune Fynbos Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Shale Fynbos Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Swartberg Shale Fynbos Swartland Alluvium Fynbos Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos Renosterveld Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld Breede Alluvium Renosterveld Breede Shale Renosterveld Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Ceres Shale Renosterveld Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld Kango Limestone Renosterveld Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld Montagu Shale Renosterveld Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld Peninsula Shale Renosterveld Robertson Granite Renosterveld Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld Swartberg Shale Renosterveld Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld Swartland Granite Renosterveld Swartland Shale Renosterveld Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld Uniondale Shale Renosterveld Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld SucculentKaroo Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld Agter-Sederberg Shrubland Anenous Plateau Shrubland Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland Citrusdal Vygieveld Die Plate Succulent Shrubland Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo Eastern Little Karoo Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland Hantam Karoo Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland Klawer Sandy Shrubland Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld Namaqualand Arid Grassland Namaqualand Blomveld Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld Namaqualand Inland Duneveld Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland Namaqualand Shale Shrubland Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland Namaqualand Strandveld Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland Prince Albert Succulent Karoo Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld Richtersveld Red Duneveld Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld Robertson Karoo Roggeveld Karoo Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Steytlerville Karoo Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland Tanqua Karoo Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland Western Bushmanland Klipveld Western Gwarrieveld Western Little Karoo Willowmore Gwarrieveld AlbanyThicketandStrandveld Albany Arid Thicket Albany Bontveld Albany Mesic Thicket Albany Valley Thicket Baviaans Valley Thicket Bethelsdorp Bontveld Blombos Strandveld Buffels Mesic Thicket Buffels Valley Thicket Cape Flats Dune Strandveld Crossroads Grassland Thicket Doubledrift Karroid Thicket Eastern Gwarrieveld Elands Forest Thicket Escarpment Arid Thicket Escarpment Mesic Thicket Escarpment Valley Thicket Fish Arid Thicket Fish Mesic Thicket Fish Valley Thicket Gamka Arid Thicket Gamka Valley Thicket Geluk Grassland Thicket Goukamma Dune Thicket Gouritz Valley Thicket Grahamstown Grassland Thicket Grassridge Bontveld Groot Brak Dune Strandveld Hamburg Dune Thicket Hartenbos Dune Thicket Kasouga Dune Thicket Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket Lambert's Bay Strandveld Langebaan Dune Strandveld Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket Motherwell Karroid Thicket Nanaga Savanna Thicket Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket Overberg Dune Strandveld Saldanha Flats Strandveld Saldanha Granite Strandveld Saldanha Limestone Strandveld Saltaire Karroid Thicket Sardinia Forest Thicket St Francis Dune Thicket Subtropical Dune Thicket Sundays Arid Thicket Sundays Mesic Thicket Sundays Valley Thicket Thorndale Forest Thicket Umtiza Forest Thicket Vanstadens Forest Thicket Western Gwarrieveld Willowmore Gwarrieveld NamaKarooanddesert Albany Broken Veld Blouputs Karroid Thornveld Bushmanland Arid Grassland Bushmanland Basin Shrubland Bushmanland Sandy Grassland Eastern Lower Karoo Eastern Upper Karoo Gamka Karoo Kalahari Karroid Shrubland Lower Gariep Broken Veld Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld Northern Upper Karoo Upper Karoo Hardeveld Western Upper Karoo Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld Eastern Gariep Plains Desert Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert Helskloof Canyon Desert Kahams Mountain Desert Kwaggarug Mountain Desert Namib Lichen Fields Noms Mountain Desert Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Richtersberg Mountain Desert Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Western Gariep Hills Desert Western Gariep Lowland Desert Western Gariep Plains Desert Azonal Albany Alluvial Vegetation Albany Dune Strandveld Algoa Dune Strandveld Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes Bushmanland Vloere Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes Cape Inland Salt Pans Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands Cape Seashore Vegetation Cape Vernal Pools Drakensberg Wetlands Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Fynbos Riparian Vegetation Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Highveld Salt Pans Lesotho Mires Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation Muscadel Riviere Namaqualand Riviere Namaqualand Salt Pans Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation Namib Seashore Vegetation Southern Kalahari Mekgacha Southern Kalahari Salt Pans Southern Karoo Riviere Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation Subtropical Dune Thicket Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Subtropical Salt Pans Subtropical Seashore Vegetation Tanqua Wash Riviere Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation ForestandCoastalbelt KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt Maputaland Coastal Belt Maputaland Wooded Grassland Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld Transkei Coastal Belt Ironwood Dry Forest Lowveld Riverine Forest Mangrove Forest Northern Afrotemperate Forest Northern Coastal Forest Northern Mistbelt Forest Sand Forest Scarp Forest Southern Afrotemperate Forest Southern Coastal Forest Southern Mistbelt Forest Swamp Forest Subantarcticbiome Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation Subantarctic Fellfield Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation Subantarctic Mire Subantarctic Polar Desert not onVEGMAP List of forests of South Africa List of forests of the Eastern Cape Forests of KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest List of forests of the Western Cape Protected areas of South Africa Index of protected areas of South Africa SouthAfricanNationalParks Addo Elephant National Park Agulhas National Park Augrabies Falls National Park Bontebok National Park Camdeboo National Park Garden Route National Park Tsitsikamma National Park Wilderness National Park Golden Gate Highlands National Park Karoo National Park Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Kruger National Park Mapungubwe National Park Marakele National Park Mokala National Park Mountain Zebra National Park Namaqua National Park Table Mountain National Park Tankwa Karoo National Park West Coast National Park ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park Biospherereserves Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve Kogelberg Nature Reserve Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve Waterberg Biosphere Marineprotectedareas ofSouthAfricaCoastal Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area Amathole Marine Protected Area Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area Bird Island Marine Protected Area De Hoop Marine Protected Area Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area Goukamma Marine Protected Area Helderberg Marine Protected Area Hluleka Marine Protected AreaI iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Jutten Island Marine Protected Area Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area Malgas Island Marine Protected Area Marcus Island Marine Protected Area Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area Pondoland Marine Protected Area Robben Island Marine Protected Area Rocherpan Marine Protected Area Robberg Marine Protected Area Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area Stilbaai Marine Protected Area Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Trafalgar Marine Protected Area Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary Offshore Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area Childs Bank Marine Protected Area iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area Protea Banks Marine Protected Area Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Managementorganisations CapeNature City of Cape Town Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries Department of Science and Innovation Eastern Cape Parks Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality South African National Parks Biodiversity research in SA Bolus Herbarium Iziko South African Museum National Research Foundation South African National Collection of Fungi Researchorganisations Animal Demography Unit BirdLife South Africa South African Association for Marine Biological Research South African Environmental Observation Network South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity South African National Biodiversity Institute Researchprojects African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme National Biodiversity Assessment National Vegetation Map Project Reef Atlas Project SeaKeys Citizen sciencedatabases iNaturalist iSpot Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum Botanicalgardens Durban Botanic Gardens Free State National Botanical Garden Garden Route Botanical Garden Hantam National Botanical Garden Harold Porter National Botanical Garden Johannesburg Botanical Garden Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden Lowveld National Botanical Garden Makana Botanical Gardens Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden North-West University Botanical Garden Pretoria National Botanical Garden Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden Taxonomists List of authors of South African botanical taxa List of authors of South African animal taxa Related Biodiversity Biosphere Ecotourism Encyclopedia of Life Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine protected area National park Nature conservation Nature reserve Scuba diving tourism South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative World Register of Marine Species World Wide Fund for Nature Regional biodiversity Biodiversity of Cape Town List of nature reserves in Cape Town Legislation Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 Publications List of field guides to South African biota Categories: Biodiversity of South Africa Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marine_species_distribution_reference_map_Southern_Africa.png"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"sea slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_slug"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"List of marine molluscs of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡæstrəpɒdz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"Mollusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"Gastropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"},{"link_name":"/ɡæsˈtrɒpədə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_slug"},{"link_name":"freshwater snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snail"},{"link_name":"limpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet"},{"link_name":"land snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Late Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furongian"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neontology"},{"link_name":"with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossil"},{"link_name":"Full article...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"}],"text":"Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statementsThis list of marine gastropods of South Africa attempts to list all of the sea snails and sea slugs of South Africa, in other words the marine gastropod molluscs of that area. This list is a sub-list of the List of marine molluscs of South Africa.Gastropods (/ˈɡæstrəpɒdz/), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (/ɡæsˈtrɒpədə/).This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. There are many thousands of species of sea snails and slugs, as well as freshwater snails, freshwater limpets, land snails and slugs.The class Gastropoda is a diverse and highly successful class of mollusks within the phylum Mollusca. It contains a vast total of named species, second only to the insects in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian. , 721 families of gastropods are known, of which 245 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record, while 476 are currently extant with or without a fossil record. (Full article...)","title":"List of marine gastropods of South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"}],"text":"Marine gastropods in South Africa include:","title":"Gastropoda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellidae"},{"link_name":"Cellana radiata capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellana_radiata_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Helcion concolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helcion_concolor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Helcion dunkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helcion_dunkeri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Helcion pectunculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helcion_pectunculus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Helcion pruinosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helcion_pruinosis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Patella aphanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_aphanes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella argenvillei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_argenvillei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_barbara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Patella cochlear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_cochlear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella compressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_compressa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Patella flexuosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_flexuosa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Patella granatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_granatina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella granularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_granularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella longicosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_longicosta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella miniata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_miniata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Patella obtecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_obtecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella oculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_oculus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella pica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_pica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella sanguinans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_sanguinans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Patella tabularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patella_tabularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Lottiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottiidae"},{"link_name":"Patelloida profunda albonotata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patelloida_profunda_albonotata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"}],"sub_title":"Patellogastropoda","text":"Patellidae - True limpetsCellana radiata capensis (Gmelin, 1791)[1](Port Alfred to Kenya)[2] (syn. Cellana capensis Gmelin, Helcioniscus capensis (Gmelin, 1790), Patella capensis Gmelin, 1791)\nVariable limpet Helcion concolor Krauss, 1848 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nHelcion dunkeri Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nPrickly limpet Helcion pectunculus (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nRayed limpet Helcion pruinosis Krauss, 1848 (Cape Columbine to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2][3]\nPatella aphanes (Robson, 1986) (Transkei to Cape Vidal)[2] (syn. Scutellastra aphanes)\nArgenville's limpet Patella argenvillei Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2] (syn. Scutellastra argenvillei)\nBearded limpet Patella barbara Linnaeus, 1758 (Orange river to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2][3] (syn. Scutellastra barbara)\nPear limpet Patella cochlear Born, 1778 (Orange river to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2] (syn. Scutellastra cochlear)\nKelp limpet Patella compressa Linnaeus. 1758 (Namibia to Cape Point)[2][3] (syn. Cymbula compressa)\nPatella flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mzambique)[4] (syn. Scutellastra flexuosa)\nGranite limpet Patella granatina Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to Cape Agulhas)[2] (syn. Cymbula granatina)\nGranular limpet Patella granularis Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[2] (syn. Scutellastra granularis)\nDuck's foot or Long-spined limpet Patella longicosta Lamarck, 1819 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2] (syn. Scutellastra longicosta)\nPink rayed limpet Patella miniata Born, 1778 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[2][3] (syn. Cymbula miniata)\nPatella obtecta Krauss, 1848 (Transkei to Kosi Bay)[2] (syn. Scutellastra obtecta)\nGoat's eye limpet Patella oculus Born, 1778 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2] (syn. Cymbula oculus)\nPatella pica Reeve, 1854 (Zululand to Mozambique)[2] (syn. Scutellastra pica)\nPatella sanguinans Reeve, 1856 (Transkei to Natal)[2] (syn. Cymbula sanguinans, Patella miniata sanguinans)\nGiant limpet Patella tabularis Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2][3] (syn. Scutellastra tabularis)Lottiidae - True limpetsDwarf limpet Patelloida profunda albonotata (Smith, E.A., 1910) (Eastern Cape to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[2]","title":"Gastropoda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleurotomariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotomariidae"},{"link_name":"Bayerotrochus africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerotrochus_africanus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Haliotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotidae"},{"link_name":"Haliotis midae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_midae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Haliotis ovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_ovina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Haliotis parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_parva"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Haliotis pustulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_pustulata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Haliotis queketti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_queketti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Haliotis spadicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_spadicea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Haliotis speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_speciosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Fissurellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurellidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fissurella_mutabilis_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amblychilepas dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblychilepas_dubia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Amblychilepas scutella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblychilepas_scutella"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Dendrofissurella scutellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrofissurella_scutellum"},{"link_name":"Diodora parviforata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_parviforata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Diodora australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_australis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora calyculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_calyculata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora crucifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_crucifera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora elevata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_elevata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora elizabethae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_elizabethae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Diodora parviforata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_parviforata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Diodora procurva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diodora_procurva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Diodora spreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodora_spreta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Fissurella mutabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurella_mutabilis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Emarginula sibogae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emarginula_sibogae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marinespecies.org/"},{"link_name":"Macroschisma africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroschisma_africana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Pupillaea aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillaea_aperta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Scutus unguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutus_unguis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilburn_&_Rippey-5"},{"link_name":"Calliostomatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostomatidae"},{"link_name":"Calliostoma africanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_africanum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Calliostoma circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_circus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Calliostoma iridescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_iridescens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Calliostoma ornatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_ornatum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Calliostoma scotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_scotti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Trochidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochidae"},{"link_name":"Clanculus atricatenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clanculus_atricatenus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Clanculus puniceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanculus_puniceus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Clanculus miniatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanculus_miniatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Gibbula multicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbula_multicolor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Gibbula beckeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbula_beckeri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Gibbula capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbula_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Gibbula cicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbula_cicer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Gibbula zonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbula_zonata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Monodonta australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodonta_australis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Oxystele impervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxystele_impervia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Oxystele sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxystele_sinensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Oxystele tabularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxystele_tabularis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Oxystele tigrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxystele_tigrina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Oxystele variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxystele_variegata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Trochus nigropunctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochus_nigropunctatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Turbinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinidae"},{"link_name":"Bolma andersoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolma_andersoni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Bolma bathyraphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolma_bathyraphis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Bolma massieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolma_massieri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Bolma tayloriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolma_tayloriana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turbo argyrostomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_argyrostomus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turbo argyrostomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_argyrostomus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turbo chrysostomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_chrysostomus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turbo sarmaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_sarmaticus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Lunella coronata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunella_coronata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Turbo cidaris cidaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbo_cidaris_cidaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Turbo cidaris natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbo_cidaris_natalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cinysca granulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinysca_granulosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Phasianellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianellidae"},{"link_name":"Tricolia adusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolia_adusta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nangammbi_2006-6"},{"link_name":"Tricolia capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolia_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Tricolia neritina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolia_neritina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Tricolia retrolineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolia_retrolineata"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nangammbi_2008-7"},{"link_name":"Tricolia saxatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolia_saxatilis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nangammbi_2006-6"}],"sub_title":"Vetigastropoda","text":"PleurotomariidaeBayerotrochus africanus (Tomlin, 1948) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]Haliotidae - AbalonePerlemoen or Abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal South coast)[2][3]\nHaliotis ovina Gmelin 1791 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nSpiral-ridged siffie Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nHaliotis pustulata Reeve, 1846 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nHaliotis queketti Smith, E.A., 1910 (Port Alfred to KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nSiffie or Venus ear Haliotis spadicea Donovan, E., 1808 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[2]\nBeautiful ear-shell Haliotis speciosa Reeve, 1846 (Eastern Cape to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2]Fissurellidae - Keyhole limpetsFissurella mutabilisAmblychilepas dubia (Reeve, 1849) (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to southern Mozambique)[5]\nSaddle shaped keyhole limpet Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[2][3] (syn. Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791))\nConical keyhole limpet Diodora parviforata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[2] (syn. Fissurella parviforata G.B. Sowerby III, 1889)\nDiodora australis (Sowerby, 1823) (Cape Agulhas to western Transkei)[5]\nDiodora calyculata (Krauss, 1848) (Port Alfred to southern Mozambique)[5]\nDiodora crucifera (Pilsbry, 1890) (Port Alfred to northern Indian Ocean)[5]\nDiodora elevata (Dunker, 1846) (Saldanha Bay to western Transkei)[5]\nDiodora elizabethae (Smith, 1901) (Still Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[5]\nDiodora natalensis (Krauss, 1848) (Port Alfred to Mozambique)[2] (syn. Fissurella natalensis Krauss, 1848)\nDiodora parviforata (Sowerby, 1889) (Saldanha Bay to Port Alfred, also south Atlantic islands)[5]\nDiodora procurva Herbert, 1989 (Wild coast to KawZulu-Natal)[4]\nDiodora spreta (E.A. Smith, 1901) (Still Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[5]\nCape keyhole limpet Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nEmarginula sibogae (Schepman, 1908) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4] but genus given in this reference as Emarginella. Corrected using http://www.marinespecies.org/ accessed 4 January 2010\nMacroschisma africana Tomlin, 1932 (Western Transkei to Mozambique)[5]\nMantled keyhole limpet Pupillaea aperta (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825) (Orange river to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2][3] (syn. Fissurellidea aperta G.B. Sowerby, 1825)\nScutus unguis (Linne, 1758) (East London to KwaZulu-Natal and tropical Indo-Pacific)[5]CalliostomatidaeCalliostoma africanum Bartsch, 1915 (Port Elizabeth to Transkei)[2]\nCalliostoma circus Barnard, 1969 (Cape Point)[4]\nCalliostoma iridescens Sowerby, 1903 (KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nOrnate topshell Calliostoma ornatum Locard, 1898 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nCalliostoma scotti Kilburn, 1973 (Central and northern KwaZulu-Natal)[4]TrochidaeBlack chained topshell Clanculus atricatenus Tomlin, 1921 (Transkei to northern KwaZulu Natal)[2]\nClanculus puniceus (Philippi, 1846) (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to tropical Indo-Pacific)[2]\nClanculus miniatus (Anton, 1839) (Cape Point to Transkei)[2]\nMulticoloured topshell Gibbula multicolor (Krauss, 1848) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[2](syn. Trochus multicolor Krauss, 1848)\nGibbula beckeri G.B. Sowerby III, 1901 (Namaqualand to Cape Point)[2]\nGibbula capensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Saldanha to Agulhas)[2][3](syn. Trochus capensis Gmelin, 1791)\nGibbula cicer (Menke, 1844) (Namibia to Transkei)[2] (syn. Trochus cicer Menke, 1844)\nGibbula zonata (Woods, 1828) (Namibia to Agulhas)[2][3]\nToothed topshell Monodonta australis Lamarck, 1816[2]\nOxystele impervia (Menke, 1843) [2]\nPink-lipped topshell Oxystele sinensis (Gmelin 1791)[2]\nOxystele tabularis (Krauss, 1848)[2]\nOxystele tigrina (Anton, 1839)[2]\nVariegated topshell Oxystele variegata (Anton, 1839) [2][3]\nBlack-spotted topshell Trochus nigropunctatus Reeve, 1861 [2]Turbinidae - Turban shellsBolma andersoni (E.A. Smith, 1902) (Wild Coast and southern KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nBolma bathyraphis (E.A. Smith, 1899) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nBolma massieri (E.A. Smith, 1880) (KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nBolma tayloriana Bozzetti, 1992 (Agulhas Bank, False Bay to Port Alfred)[4]\nTurbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nTurbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nTurbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nAlikreukel or Giant periwinkle Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Kwa-Zulu-Natal south coast)[2][3]\nCrowned turban shell Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[2] (syn. Turbo coronatus Gmelin, 1790)\nTurbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791 (Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)[2][3]\nTurbo cidaris natalensis (Port Elizabeth to north of Durban)[2]\nCinysca granulosa Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to eastern Transkei)[2]PhasianellidaeTricolia adusta Nangammbi & Herbert, 2006[6]\nPheasant shell Tricolia capensis (Dunker, 1846) (Namibia to Mozambique)[2] (syn. Phasianella capensis Dunker, 1846)\nTricolia neritina (Dunker, 1846) (Namibia to Mozambique)[2](syn. Phasianella neritina Dunker, 1846)\nTricolia retrolineata Nangammbi & Herbert, 2008 - northeastern South Africa[7]\nTricolia saxatilis Nangammbi & Herbert, 2006[6]","title":"Gastropoda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neritidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neritidae"},{"link_name":"Nerita albicilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerita_albicilla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nerita plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerita_plicata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nerita polita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerita_polita"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nerita textilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerita_textilis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"}],"sub_title":"Neritimorpha","text":"Neritidae - NeritesBlotched nerite Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern cape to Mozambique)[2]\nNerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758 (Western Transkei to tropics)[2]\nNerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 (East London to tropical Indo-Pacific)[2]\nTextile nerite Nerita textilis Gmelin, 1791 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]","title":"Gastropoda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calyptraeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptraeidae"},{"link_name":"Crepidula aculeata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidula_aculeata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Crepidula dilatata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidula_dilatata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Crepidula porcellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidula_porcellana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Calyptraea chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptraea_chinensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Calyptraea helicoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptraea_helicoidea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Hipponicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipponicidae"},{"link_name":"Hipponix conicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipponix_conicus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Littorinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorinidae"},{"link_name":"Littoraria glabrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littoraria_glabrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Littoraria scabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoraria_scabra"},{"link_name":"Littoraria intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoraria_intermedia"},{"link_name":"Littoraria subvittata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoraria_subvittata"},{"link_name":"Nodilittorina africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodilittorina_africana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nodilittorina natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodilittorina_natalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Assimineidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimineidae"},{"link_name":"Assiminea globulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiminea_globulus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Assiminia ovata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assiminia_ovata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Vermetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermetidae"},{"link_name":"Dendropoma corallinaceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendropoma_corallinaceum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Dendropoma thalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendropoma_thalia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Serpulorbis natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpulorbis_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Turritellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritellidae"},{"link_name":"Protoma (Protomella) capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protoma_(Protomella)_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Turritella carinifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritella_carinifera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Turritella chrysostomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turritella_chrysostomus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turritella chrysotoxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritella_chrysotoxa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turritella declivis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritella_declivis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turritella natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turritella_natalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turritella sanguinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritella_sanguinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Potamididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamididae"},{"link_name":"Cerithidea decollata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithidea_decollata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Terebralia palustris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebralia_palustris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cerithiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithiidae"},{"link_name":"Rhinoclavis sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoclavis_sinensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cerithium citrinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium_citrinum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cerithium crassilabrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium_crassilabrum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cerithium echinatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium_echinatum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Rhinoclavis alexandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoclavis_alexandri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Rhinoclavis articulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoclavis_articulata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Rhinoclavis diadema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoclavis_diadema"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Xenophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophoridae"},{"link_name":"Stellaria gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellaria_gigantea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Stellaria solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellaria_solaris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Stellaria testigera digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stellaria_testigera_digitata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Xenophora corrugata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophora_corrugata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Xenophora pallidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophora_pallidula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Xenophora tulearensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenophora_tulearensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Turridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turridae"},{"link_name":"Clionella sinuata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clionella_sinuata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Clionella rosaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clionella_rosaria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cypraeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeidae"},{"link_name":"Cypraea alfredensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_alfredensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea algoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_algoensis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea amphithales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_amphithales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea annulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_annulus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_arabica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea barclayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_barclayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea beckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_beckii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea broderipii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_broderipii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea caputserpentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_caputserpentis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea carneola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_carneola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea caurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_caurica"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea 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coronata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_coronata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea cribraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_cribraria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea diluculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_diluculum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea edentula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_edentula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea erosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_erosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea felina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_felina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea fimbriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_fimbriata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea fultoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_fultoni"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea 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helvola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_helvola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea histrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_histrio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_isabella"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea iutsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_iutsui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea labrolineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_labrolineata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea lamarcki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_lamarcki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea limacina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_limacina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea lisetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_lisetae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_lynx"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea mappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_mappa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea marginalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_marginalis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea mauritiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_mauritiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea minoridens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_minoridens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea moneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_moneta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea onyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_onyx"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea owenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_owenii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea poraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_poraria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea punctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_punctata"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea scurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_scurra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea staphylaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_staphylaea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea stolida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_stolida"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea talpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_talpa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea teres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_teres"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_tigris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraea verhoefi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraea_verhoefi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea vitellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_vitellus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraea ziczac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraea_ziczac"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula castanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeovula_castanea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula castanea latebrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypraeovula_castanea_latebrosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula cruickshanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeovula_cruickshanki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula immelmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeovula_immelmani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula mikeharti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeovula_mikeharti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraeovula volvens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraeovula_volvens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Erosia ocellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erosia_ocellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Erronea chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erronea_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Erronea succinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erronea_succinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Ovulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulidae"},{"link_name":"Calpurnus lacteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calpurnus_lacteus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Calpurnus verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpurnus_verrucosus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Crenavolva azumai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crenavolva_azumai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Crenavolva draperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crenavolva_draperi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Crenavolva rosewateri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crenavolva_rosewateri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Crenavolva septemmacula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crenavolva_septemmacula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Crenavolva striatula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenavolva_striatula"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cymbovula deflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbovula_deflexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Cymbovula segaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbovula_segaliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Dentiovula eizoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentiovula_eizoi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Galeravolva aenigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeravolva_aenigma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Margovula pyriformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margovula_pyriformis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Margovula schilderorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margovula_schilderorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Margovula tinctilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margovula_tinctilis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Ovula costellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovula_costellata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Ovula ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovula_ovum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva aurantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_aurantia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva brevirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_brevirostris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva fusula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_fusula"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva gracillima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_gracillima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva hirasei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_hirasei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva honkakujiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_honkakujiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva lahainaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_lahainaensis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva longirostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_longirostrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva recurva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_recurva"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva poppei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_poppei"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva rehderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_rehderi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacovolva_rosea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva rugosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_rugosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Phenacovolva weaveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacovolva_weaveri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Primovula beckeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primovula_beckeri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Primovula 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adamsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocypraea_adamsonii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Pseudosimnia jeanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosimnia_jeanae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Serratovolva minabeensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratovolva_minabeensis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Testudovolva pulchella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudovolva_pulchella"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Volva kilburni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volva_kilburni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Volva volva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volva_volva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Xandarovula formosana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xandarovula_formosana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Pedicularia elegantissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicularia_elegantissima"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Velutinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velutinidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Coriocella nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriocella_nigra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Lamellaria capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamellaria_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Lamellaria leptoconcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamellaria_leptoconcha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liltved_2000-8"},{"link_name":"Lamellaria 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vemacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quasipusula_vemacola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vema seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vema_Seamount"},{"link_name":"Semitrivia hallucinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semitrivia_hallucinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sulcerato recondita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulcerato_recondita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trivellona suavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trivellona_suavis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_aperta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Trivella aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trivella_aperta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella calvariola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_calvariola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella calvariola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_calvariola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella costata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_costata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella eratoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_eratoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella khanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_khanya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella lemaitrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_lemaitrei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella magnidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_magnidentata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella millardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_millardi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella multicostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_multicostata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triviella neglecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_neglecta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella ovulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_ovulata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella phalacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_phalacra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triviella_rubra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella sanctispiritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviella_sanctispiritus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Triviella 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simiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinices_simiae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Polinices syrphetodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polinices_syrphetodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Sinum delessertii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinum_delessertii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Sinum haliotoideum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinum_haliotoideum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Sinum laevigatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinum_laevigatum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Sinum 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berthae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonna_berthae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vos_2005-9"},{"link_name":"Tonnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnidae"},{"link_name":"Cassinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassinae"},{"link_name":"Argobuccinum pustulosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobuccinum_pustulosum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Casmaria decipiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casmaria_decipiens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Casmaria erinacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casmaria_erinacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Casmaria ponderosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casmaria_ponderosa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cassis cornuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassis_cornuta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Cypraecassis rufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypraecassis_rufa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Galeodea keyteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galeodea_keyteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Oocorys lussii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oocorys_lussii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Oocorys sulcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocorys_sulcata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Phalium areola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalium_areola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Phalium fimbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalium_fimbria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Phalium glaucum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalium_glaucum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Phalium labiatum zeylanicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalium_labiatum_zeylanicum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Semicassis bisulcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicassis_bisulcata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Semicassis bulla fernandesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semicassis_bulla_fernandesi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Semicassis craticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semicassis_craticulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Semicassis 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pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janthina_pallida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Janthina exigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janthina_exigua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Janthina umbilicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janthina_umbilicata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bursidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursidae"},{"link_name":"Dulcerana granularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcerana_granularis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Ranellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranellidae"},{"link_name":"Charonia lampas pustulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charonia_lampas_pustulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Ranella australasia gemmifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranella_australasia_gemmifera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Ranella olearium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranella_olearium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cabestana cutacea africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabestana_cutacea_africana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Muricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muricidae"},{"link_name":"Chicoreus inflatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicoreus_inflatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Morula granulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morula_granulata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Murex brevispina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murex_brevispina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Ocenebra fenestrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocenebra_fenestrata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Pteropurpura (Poropteron) graagae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pteropurpura_(Poropteron)_graagae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Pteropurpurea (Poropteron) uncinaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pteropurpurea_(Poropteron)_uncinaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Purpura persica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpura_persica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Thais bufo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thais_bufo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Thais (Mancinella) alouina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thais_(Mancinella)_alouina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Thais capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Thais savignyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_savignyi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Thais wahlbergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_wahlbergi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nucella cingulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucella_cingulata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nucella dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucella_dubia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nucella squamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucella_squamosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Buccinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinidae"},{"link_name":"Burnupena catarrhacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnupena_catarrhacta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Burnupena cincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnupena_cincta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Burnupena lagenaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnupena_lagenaria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Burnupena papyracea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnupena_papyracea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Burnupena pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnupena_pubescens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Burnupena sp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnupena_sp.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Buccinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinidae"},{"link_name":"Photinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Afrocominella elongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocominella_elongata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Fasciolariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolariidae"},{"link_name":"Fasciolaria lugubris heynemanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasciolaria_lugubris_heynemanni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Fasciolaria lugubris lugubris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasciolaria_lugubris_lugubris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Fusinus ocelliferus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusinus_ocelliferus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Peristernia forskalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristernia_forskalii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Mitridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridae"},{"link_name":"Mitra litterata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_litterata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Mitra picta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_picta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Strombidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strombidae"},{"link_name":"Lambis chiragra arthritica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambis_chiragra_arthritica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Lambis crocata crocata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambis_crocata_crocata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Lambis digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambis_digitata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Lambis lambis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambis_lambis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Lambis truncata truncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambis_truncata_truncata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Strombus mutabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strombus_mutabilis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Strombus wilsonorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strombus_wilsonorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Aporrhaidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporrhaidae"},{"link_name":"Aporrhais pesgallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporrhais_pesgallinae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-4"},{"link_name":"Nassariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassariidae"},{"link_name":"Nassarius albescens gemmuliferus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nassarius_albescens_gemmuliferus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nassarius arcularius plicatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_arcularius_plicatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nassarius capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Nassarius coronatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_coronatus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nassarius kraussianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_kraussianus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nassarius plicatellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_plicatellus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Nassarius speciosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius_speciosus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bullia annulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_annulata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Bullia callosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_callosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bullia digitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_digitalis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Bullia laevissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_laevissima"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Bullia mozambicensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_mozambicensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bullia natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bullia pura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_pura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Bullia rhodostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullia_rhodostoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Olividae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olividae"},{"link_name":"Oliva caroliniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_caroliniana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Marginellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginellidae"},{"link_name":"Marginella musica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_musica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Marginella nebulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_nebulosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Marginella ornata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_ornata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Marginella piperata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_piperata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Marginella rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginella_rosea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Volvarina capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvarina_capensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Volvarina zonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvarina_zonata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Conidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidae"},{"link_name":"Conus algoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_algoensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus algoensis algoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conus_algoensis_algoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Conus algoensis simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conus_algoensis_simplex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Conus algoensis scitulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conus_algoensis_scitulus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus ebraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_ebraeus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus lividus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_lividus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus mozambicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_mozambicus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Conus natalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_natalis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus sponsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_sponsalis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus textile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_textile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Conus tinianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_tinianus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Two_Oceans-2"},{"link_name":"Cancellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancellariidae"},{"link_name":"Admetula afra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admetula_afra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit_2000-11"},{"link_name":"Admetula epula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admetula_epula"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit_2000-11"},{"link_name":"Trigonostoma kilburni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonostoma_kilburni"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit_2000-11"},{"link_name":"Nipponaphera wallacei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipponaphera_wallacei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit_2000-11"},{"link_name":"Zeadmete verheckeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeadmete_verheckeni"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petit_2000-11"}],"sub_title":"Caenogastropoda","text":"Calyptraeidae - Slipper limpetsCrepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nCrepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822 (Lambert's Bay to Mossel Bay)[2]\nSlipper limpet Crepidula porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[2][3]\nChinese hat Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Namibia to Transkei)[2]\nCalyptraea helicoidea Sowerby, 1883 (Port Elizabeth to East London)[2]Hipponicidae - Hoof limpetsHorse's hoof Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817) (Cape Point to Mozambique)[2]LittorinidaeStriped periwinkle Littoraria glabrata (Philippi, 1846) (Transkei to Mozambique)[2] (Syn. Littorina kraussi Rosewater, 1970, Littorina glabrata Philippi, 1846)\nEstuarine periwinkles Littoraria scabra group. (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nLittoraria scabra Linnaeus, 1758\nLittoraria intermedia (Philippi, 1846)\nLittoraria subvittata Reid, 1986\nAfrican periwinkle Nodilittorina africana (Philippi, 1847) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nNodular periwinkle Nodilittorina natalensis Philippi, 1847 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]AssimineidaeGlobular mud snail Assiminea globulus Connoly, 1939 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[2]\nAssiminia ovata Krauss, 1848 (Knysna to Mozambique)[2]Vermetidae - Worm shellsColonial worm shell Dendropoma corallinaceum (Tomlin, 1939) (Orange river to Transkei)[2] (syn. Vermetus (Stoa) corallinaceus Tomlin, 1939)\nDendropoma thalia (Transkei to Natal)[2]\nSolitary worm shell Serpulorbis natalensis Mörch, 1862 (Namaqualand to central Kwa-Zulu-Natal)[2][3]TurritellidaeWaxy screw shell Protoma (Protomella) capensis (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[2] (syn. Turritella capensis)\nTurritella carinifera Lamarck, 1799 (Western Cape to southern Mozambique)[2]\nTurritella chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nTurritella chrysotoxa Tomlin, 1925 (Wild Coast and KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nTurritella declivis A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 (Agulhas Bank)[4]\nTurritella natalensis E.A. Smith, 1910 (KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nPale screw shell Turritella sanguinea Reeve, 1849 (Cape Point to Natal)[2][3][4]PotamididaeTruncated mangrove snail Cerithidea decollata Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nMangrove whelk Terebralia palustris Bruguière (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[2]CerithiidaeKnobbed horn shell Rhinoclavis sinensis Gmelin, 1791 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nCerithium citrinum Sowerby, 1855 (Durban to Mozambique)[4]\nCerithium crassilabrum (East London to Mozambique)[2]\nCerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822 (northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nRhinoclavis alexandri (Tomlin, 1923) (KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nRhinoclavis articulata (Adams & Reeve, 1850) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nRhinoclavis diadema Houbrick, 1978 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]XenophoridaeStellaria gigantea (Schepman, 1909) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nSun carrier shell Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nStellaria testigera digitata (von Martens, 1878) (Namibia)[4]\nXenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1842) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nXenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nXenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993 (Central KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]TurridaeRibbed turrid Clionella sinuata Born, 1778 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nClionella rosaria (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal)[2]Cypraeidae - True cowriesCypraea alfredensis (Schilder and Schilder, 1929) (Cape St. Francis and north/east)[8] (syn. Cypraeovula alfredensis (Cape St. Francis to southern Wild Coast)) [4]\nCypraea algoensis Gray, 1825 (Cape Agulhas and north/(east?))[8] (syn. Cypraeovula algoensis (Table Bay to Algoa Bay))[4]\nCypraea amphithales Melvill, 1888 (Algoa Bay and north/east) [8] (syn. Cypraeovula amphithales (Algoa Bay to Kei River Mouth))[4]\nRing cowrie Cypraea annulus Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay to Mozambique)[8]\nArabic cowrie Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCypraea barclayi Reeve, 1857 (Cape St Blaize and north/east)[8] (syn. Erronea barclayi (Cape St Blaize to Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea beckii Gaskoin, 1856 (Park Rynie and north)[8]\nCypraea broderipii Sowerby II, 1832 (Port Edward and north)[8] (syn. Lyncina broderipii (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCape cowrie Cypraea capensis Gray, 1828 (Jeffreys Bay to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2][8] (syn. Cypraeovula capensis) [4]\nSnake's head cowrie Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 (Still Bay to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCarnelian cowrie Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCypraea caurica Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north)[8]\nCypraea cernica Sowerby II, 1870 (Port Edward and north)[8] (Syn. Erosaria cernica (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea cicercula Linnaeus, 1758 (Sodwana Bay and north)[8]\nOrange cowrie Cypraea citrina Gray, 1825 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique)[2][8] (Syn. Erosaria citrina)[4]\nCypraea clandestina Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea cohenae Burgess, 1965 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8] (syn. Cypraeovula cohenae)[4]\nCypraea connelli Liltved, 1983 (East London to central KwaZulu-Natal)[8] (syn. Cypraeovula connelli[4] )\nCypraea contaminata Sowerby II, 1832 (Coffee Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea coronata (Schilder, 1930) (Dassen Island to Kei River Mouth)[8] (syn. Cypraeovula coronata)[4]\nCypraea cribraria Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay and Mozambique)[8] (syn. Cribrarula cribraria comma [KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique]) [4]\n\nCypraea diluculum Reeve, 1845 (Nthlonyane and north)[8]\nToothless cowrie Cypraea edentula Gray, 1825 (Tsitsikamma to Transkei)[2][8] (syn. Cypraeovula edentula)[4]\nEroded cowrie Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758 (Knysna estuary to Mozambique)[2][8]\nKitten cowrie Cypraea felina Gmelin, 1791 (Port Alfred to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCypraea fimbriata Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea fultoni Sowerby III, 1903 (Haga Haga and north)[8] (Syn. Barycypraea fultoni (Wild Coast to northern KwaZulu-Natal))[4]\nDark toothed cowrie Cypraea fuscodentata Gray, 1825 (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma)[2][3][8] (syn. Cypraeovula fuscodentata)[4]\nCypraea fuscorubra Shaw, 1909 (Namaqualand to Cape Agulhas)[8] (syn. Cypraeovula fuscorubra)[4]\nCypraea gangranosa Dillwyn, 1817 (Port Edward and north)[8] (syn. Erosaria gangranosa (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nHoney cowrie Cypraea helvola Linnaeus, 1758 (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCypraea histrio Gmelin, 1791 (Scottborough and north)[8]\nCypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758 (Coffee Bay and north)[8] (syn. Luria isabella (Wild Coast to Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea iutsui Shikama, 1974 [8] (syn. Cypraeovula iutsui (Olifants River Mouth (West Coast) to Port Alfred))[4]\nCypraea labrolineata Gaskoin, 1848 (Sodwana Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea lamarcki Gray, 1828 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea limacina Lamarck, 1810 (Mngazana and north)[8]\nCypraea lisetae Kilburn, 1975 (Durban and north)[8]\nCypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 (Mazeppa Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea mappa Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie)[8] (syn. Leporicypraea mappa (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea marginalis Dillwyn, 1827 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8] (syn. Erosaria marginalis (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea mauritiana Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie and north)[8]\nCypraea minoridens Melvill, 1901 (Port Alfred and north)[8]\nMoney cowrie Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2] (Durban and north)[8]\nCypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north)[8] (syn. Staphylaea nucleus (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea onyx Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea owenii Sowerby II, 1837 (Coffee Bay and north)[8] (syn. Bistolida owenii vasta (Wild Coast to Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea poraria Linnaeus, 1758 (Durban and north)[8]\nCypraea punctata Linnaeus, 1758 (Durban and north)[8]\nCypraea scurra Gmelin, 1791 (Scottburgh and north)[8] (syn. Mauritia scurra (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nStippled cowrie Cypraea staphylaea Linnaeus, 1758 (Mngazana to Mozambique)[2][8]\nCypraea stolida Linnaeus, 1758 (Scottburgh and north)[8] (syn. Bistolida stolida diauges (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Park Rynie and north)[8] (syn. Talparia talpa (Northern Wild Coast to Mozambique))[4]\nCypraea teres Gmelin, 1791 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nTiger cowrie Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2] (Algoa Bay and north)[8] (More common in Mozambique, where it occurs intertidally)[4]\nCypraea verhoefi Burgess, 1982 (Cape Agulhas and north/(east?))[8]\nCypraea vitellus Linnaeus, 1758 (Algoa Bay and north)[8]\nCypraea ziczac Linnaeus, 1758 (Nthlonyane and north)[8]\nCypraeovula castanea (Higgins, 1868) (False Bay to East London)[4][citation needed]\nCypraeovula castanea latebrosa Swarts & Liltved, 2000 (Cape St. Francis area)[4]\nCypraeovula cruickshanki (Kilburn, 1972) (Durban to off KwaZulu-Natal)[8][4]\nCypraeovula immelmani Liltved, 2001 (Southern Wild Coast)[4]\nCypraeovula mikeharti Lorentz, 1985 (Cape Point to Hermanus)[4]\nCypraeovula volvens Fazzini & Bergonzoni, 2004 (Port Alfred area)[4]\nErosia ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nErronea chinensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique)[4]\nErronea succinata (Lamarck, 1810) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]OvulidaeCalpurnus lacteus (Lamarck, 1810) (Mapella Rocks and north)[8]\nCalpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sodwana Bay and Mozambique)[4][8]\nCrenavolva azumai (Cate, 1970) (Green Point (Southern KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nCrenavolva draperi Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCrenavolva rosewateri Cate, 1973 (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nCrenavolva septemmacula (Azuma, 1974) (Gobey's Point (KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nCrenavolva striatula (Sowerby I, 1828) (Park Rynie and north)[8]\nCymbovula deflexa (Sowerby II, 1848) (Sodwana Bay and north)[8]\nCymbovula segaliana Cate, 1976 (Anerley (Southern KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nDentiovula eizoi Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Boteler point (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and north)[8]\nGaleravolva aenigma (Azuma and Cate, 1971) (Leifeldt's Rocks (northern KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nMargovula pyriformis (Sowerby I, 1828) (Southern KwaZulu-Natal and north)[8]\nMargovula schilderorum Cate, 1973 (Leven Point (northern KwaZulu-Natal and north)[8]\nMargovula sp. cf. Margovula tinctilis Cate, 1973 (Park Rynie and north)[8]\nOvula costellata Lamarck, 1810 (Sodwana Bay and Mozambique)[4][8]\nOvula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sodwana Bay and Mozambiqueh)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva aurantia (Sowerby III, 1889) (Jeffrey's Bay to KwaZulu-Natal)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva brevirostris (Shumacher, 1817) (Cape St. Francis to KwaZulu-Natal)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva fusula Cate and Azuma, 1973 (Umhlanga Rocks and north)[8]\nPhenacovolva gracillima (E.A. Smith, 1901) (Park Rynie and north)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva hirasei (Pilsbry, 1913) (Reunion Rocks (central KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nPhenacovolva honkakujiana (Kuroda 1928) (Amanzimtoti and north)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva sp. cf. Phenacovolva lahainaensis (Cate, 1969) (Agulhas Bank and north/(east?))[8]\nPhenacovolva longirostrata (Sowerby I, 1828) (Whale Rock (Transkei) to Mozambique)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva recurva (G.B. Sowerby II in A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) (Ramsgate and north)[8]\nPhenacovolva poppei (Fehse, 2000) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nPhenacovolva rehderi Cate, 1973 (Unspecified locality in KwaZulu Natal)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva rosea (A. Adams, 1854) (Jeffrey's Bay to KwaZulu-Natal)[8]\nPhenacovolva rugosa (Cate and Azuma, 1973) (Park Rynie and Mozambique)[4][8]\nPhenacovolva weaveri Cate, 1973 (Whale Rock (Transkei) to KwaZulu-Natal)[4][8]\nPrimovula beckeri (Sowerby III, 1900) (Alphard Bank and north/(east?))[8]\nPrimovula diaphana Liltved, 1987 (Durnford Point (northern KwaZulu-Natal) and north)[8]\nPrimovula habui Cate, 1973 (Durban and north)[8]\nPrimovula santacarolinensis Cate, 1978 (Durban and north)[8]\nPrimovula singularis Cate, 1973 (Umzimbazi river mouth and north)[8]\nProsimnia semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) (Jeffreys Bay and north)[8]\nPseudocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby II, 1832) (Southern KwaZulu-Natal)[8]\nPseudosimnia jeanae Cate, 1973 (Port Alfred and north)[8]\nSerratovolva minabeensis Cate, 1975 (Richards Bay and north)[8]\nTestudovolva pulchella (H. Adams, 1873) (Durban and north)[8]\nVolva kilburni Cate, 1975 (Gonubie to KwaZulu-Natal)[4][8]\nVolva volva Linnaeus, 1758 (Pumila (southern KwaZulu-Natal) to Mozambique)[4][8]\nXandarovula formosana (Azuma, 1972) (Danger Point to central KwaZulu-Natal)[4][8]\nPedicularia elegantissima Deshayes, 1863 (Cape St. Blaize and north)[8]Velutinidae[1]Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824: Port Elizabeth and north[8] and Wild Coast to Mozambique.[4]\nLamellaria capensis (Bergh, 1907): Cape Point and north (?).[8]\nLamellaria leptoconcha (Bergh, 1907): Cape Point and north (?).[8]\nLamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758): Cape Point and north (?).[8]Triviidae - Trivia[8][1]Alaerato gallinacea (Hinds, 1844): Kei river mouth and north.\nCleotrivia globosa (Sowerby II, 1832): Port Alfred and north.\nDolichupis producta (Gaskoin, 1836): Leven Point (KwaZulu-Natal) north.\nEratoena sulcifera (Sowerby I, 1832): Jeffreys Bay and north.\nQuasipusula vemacola (Liltved, 1987): Vema seamount, South Atlantic.\nSemitrivia hallucinata (Liltved, 1984): Ledsman shoal [northern KwaZulu-Natal] and north.\nSulcerato recondita (Melvill and Standen, 1903): East London and north.\nTrivellona suavis (Schilder, 1931): Cape Agulhas and north (?).\nBaby's toes Triviella aperta (Swainson, 1822): Cape Agulhas to Transkei.[2][4]\nTrivia sp. cf. Trivella aperta (Swainson, 1822): East London and north.\nTriviella calvariola (Kilburn, 1980): Cape Agulhas to Great Fish Point.[4]\nTrivia sp. cf. Triviella calvariola Kilburn, 1980: Cape St. Blaize and north.\nTriviella costata (Gmelin, 1791): Cape Agulhas and north (?).\nTriviella eratoides (Liltved 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north.\nTriviella khanya (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize to East London.[4]\nTriviella lemaitrei (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north.\nTriviella magnidentata (Liltved, 1986):: Cape Town to East London.[4]\nWest coast baby's toes Triviella millardi (Cate, 1979): Cape west coast[2] and Cape Agulhas and north.[3][4]\nTriviella multicostata (Liltved, 1986): Cape St. Blaize and north.\nTriviella neglecta Schilder, 1930: Cape Peninsula, Cape Agulhas and north (?).[4]\nBaby's toes Triviella ovulata (Lamarck, 1810): Cape Point to south Transkei.[2][3][4]\nTriviella phalacra Schilder, 1930: Cape St. Francis to East London.[2][4]\nTriviella rubra (Shaw, 1909): Cape Agulhas to Kei River Mouth.[4]\nTriviella sanctispiritus (Shikama, 1974): Cape Town to East London.[4]\nTriviella splendidissima Tomlin and Schilder, 1934: Cape Morgan (Eastern Cape) and north.\nTriviella verhoefi (Gosliner and Liltved, 1981): Cape Agulhas and north (?).[4]\nTriviella vesicularis (Gaskoin, 1836): Cape St. Blaize and north. Cape Agulhas and north (?).\nTrivirostra oryza (Lamarck, 1810): Port Alfred to KwaZulu-Natal.\nTrivirostra hordacea (Kiener, 1843): Coffee Bay and north.\nTear drops or Riceys Trivirostra pellucidula (Reeve, 1846): Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique.[2]Naticidae - Necklace shellsEunaticina perobliqua (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nEuspira napus (E.A. Smith, 1904) (Mossel Bay to East London)[4]\nMammilla fibrosa (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) (Mozambique)[4]\nComma necklace shell Notocochlis gualteriana Récluz, 1844. (Syn. Natica gualteriana) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nNatica lineata (Roding, 1798) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nMottled necklace shell Natica tecta Anton, 1839 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)[2]\nNaticarius alapapilionis (Roding, 1798) (northern Wild Coast to Mozambique)[4]\nNaticarius manceli (Josseaume, 1874) (northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nNaticarius onca (Roding, 1798) (northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nNeverita albumen (Linnaeus, 1758) (Durban to Mozambique)[4]\nNeverita perselephanti (Link, 1807) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nMoon shell Polinices didyma Röding, 1798 (Mossel Bay to Mozambique)[2]\nPolinices mammilla Linnaeus 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nPolinices paciae Bozzetti, 1997 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nPolinices sebae (Recluz, 1844) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nPolinices simiae (Deshayes, 1838) (Wild Coast to Mozambique)[4]\nPolinices syrphetodes (Kilburn, 1976) (KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nSinum delessertii (Recluz, 1843) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSinum laevigatum (Lamarck, 1822) (Durban to Mozambique)[4]\nSinum quasimodoides Kilburn, 1976 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nTanea euzona (Recluz, 1844) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nTanea hilaris (Sowerby, 1914) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nTectonatica violacea (Sowerby, 1825) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]Tonnidae - TonninaeTonna berthae Vos, 2005[9]Tonnidae - Cassinae - Helmet shellsPustular triton Argobuccinum pustulosum Lightfoot, 1786 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nCasmaria decipiens (Kilburn, 1980) (Wild Coast to central KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nCasmaria erinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nCasmaria ponderosa (Gmelin, 1791) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nCassis cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nCypraecassis rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nGaleodea keyteri (Kilburn, 1975) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nOocorys lussii Bozzetti, 1990 (central KwaZulu-Natal)[4]\nOocorys sulcata Fischer, 1883 (eastern seaboard of South Africa and Mozambique)[4]\nCheckerboard bonnet shell Phalium areola (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nPhalium fimbria (Gmelin, 1791) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nPhalium glaucum (Linnaeus, 1758) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nHelmet shell Phalium labiatum zeylanicum Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[2][3] (syn. Semicassis labiata zeylanica)[4]\nSemicassis bisulcata (Schubert & Wagner, 1829) (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSemicassis bulla fernandesi (Kilburn, 1975) (Central KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSemicassis craticulata (Euthyme, 1885) (Jeffreys Bay to Mozambique)[4]\nSemicassis faurotis (Jousseaume, 1888) (Kwazulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSemicassis faurotis (Jousseaume, 1888) (Kwazulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nSemicassis microstoma (von Martens, 1903) (Central Kwazulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]Janthinidae - Violet shellsBubble raft shell or Violet snail Janthina janthina Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)[2]\nJanthina globosa Swainson, 1822 [2] (syn. Janthina prolongata Blainville, 1822)\nJanthina pallida Thompson W., 1840 [2]\nJanthina exigua Lamarck, 1816 [2]\nJanthina umbilicata d'Orbigny, 1852 [2]BursidaeGranular frog shell Dulcerana granularis Röding, 1798 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2][1]RanellidaePink lady Charonia lampas pustulata Euthyme, 1889 (Cape Point to Mozambique)[2][3]\nRanella australasia gemmifera Euthyme, 1889 (Cape Point to Durban)[2]\nRanella olearium (Linnaeus, 1758)[10]\nFurry ridged triton Cabestana cutacea africana Adams A. 1855 (Namibia to southern Mozambique)[2]MuricidaeBranched murex Chicoreus inflatus Lamarck, 1822. (Syn. Chicoreus ramosus) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[2]\nMulberry shell Morula granulata Duclos, 1832 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nShort-spined murex Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822 (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[2]\nFenestrate oyster drill Ocenebra fenestrata Gould, 1833 (Cape Point to Transkei)[2]\nStag shell Pteropurpura (Poropteron) graagae (Coen, 1947) (Eastern Cape to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nPteropurpurea (Poropteron) uncinaria Lamarck, 1822 (Namibia to Port Alfred)[2]\nSalmon lipped whelk Purpura persica Linnaeus, 1758 (Syn. Purpura panama) (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nThais bufo Lamarck 1822 (Transkei to Indo-Pacific)[2]\nThais (Mancinella) alouina Röding, 1798. (Syn. Mancinella alouina) (Transkei to Indo-Pacific)[2]\nKnobbly dogwhelk Thais capensis Petit de la Saussaye, 1852 (Agulhas to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nThais savignyi Deshayes, 1844 (Zululand to Indo-Pacific)[2]\nThais wahlbergi (Saldanha to False Bay)[2]\nGirdled dogwhelk Nucella cingulata Linnaeus, 1771 (Orange river to Cape Point)[2]\nCommon dogwhelk Nucella dubia (Krauss, 1848) (Namibia to Transkei)[2]\nScaly dogwhelk Nucella squamosa (Lamarck, 1816) (Namibia to Transkei)[2][3]BuccinidaeFlame-patterned burnupena Burnupena catarrhacta Gmelin, 1791 (Orange river to Agulhas)[2]\nRidged burnupena Burnupena cincta Röding, 1798 (Namibia to Transkei)[2]\nBurnupena lagenaria Lamarck, 1822 (Saldanha to Zululand)[2]\nPapery burnupena Burnupena papyracea Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Agulhas)[2][3]\nBurnupena pubescens Küster, 1858 (North western Cape to Durban)[2]\nBurnupena sp. (West coast)[2]Buccinidae - PhotinaeElongate dogwhelk Afrocominella elongata Dunker, 1857 [2]FasciolariidaeFasciolaria lugubris heynemanni ([2] (Syn? Pleuroploca lugubris heynemanni (Dunker, R.W., 1876))\nFasciolaria lugubris lugubris (Saldanha to False Bay)[2] (syn? Pleuroploca lugubris lugubris (Adams, A. & L.A. Reeve in Reeve, L.A., 1847))\nLong-siphoned whelk Fusinus ocelliferus Lamarck, 1816 (Namaqualand to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2][3]\nForsskal's whelk Peristernia forskalii (Tapparone-Canefri, C.E., 1879) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]Mitridae - MitresMitra litterata Lamarck, 1811 (West Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nBrown mitre Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 ((Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[2]Strombidae - StrombsLambis chiragra arthritica Roding, 1798 (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nLambis crocata crocata (Link, 1807) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nLambis digitata (Perry, 1811) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nLambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]\nLambis truncata truncata (Lightfoot, 1768) (Northern KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[4]\nVariable stromb Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821 (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[2]\nStrombus wilsonorum Abbott, 1967 (KwaZulu-Natal and Mozambique)[4]Aporrhaidae - pelican foot shellsAporrhais pesgallinae Barnard, 1963 (Namibia and Western Cape)[4]NassariidaeDogwhelksNassarius albescens gemmuliferus (Adams, A., 1852) (Transkei northwards)[2]\nShielded dogwhelk Nassarius arcularius plicatus (Röding, P.F., 1798) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)[2]\nCape dogwhelk Nassarius capensis R. W. Dunker, 1846 (Cape Columbine to Transkei)[2][3]\nNassarius coronatus (Bruguière, J.G., 1789) (Durban northwards)[2]\nTick shell Nassarius kraussianus (Dunker, R.W., 1846) (Namaqualand to Mozambique)[2]\nLattice dogwhelk Nassarius plicatellus (Adams, A., 1852) (Namibia to Cape Columbine)[2]\nPurple-lipped dogwhelk Nassarius speciosus (Adams, A., 1852) (Orange river to Transkei)[2]Plough shellsAnnulated plough shell Bullia annulata Lamarck, 1816 (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)[2][3]\nBullia callosa Gray, 1828 (Mossel Bay to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[2]\nFinger plough shell Bullia digitalis (Dillwyn, L.W., 1817) (Namibia to Transkei)[2][3]\nFat plough shell Bullia laevissima (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to Transkei)[2][3]\nBullia mozambicensis E. A. Smith, 1878 (KwaZulu-Natal south coast to Mozambique)[2]\nPleated plough shell Bullia natalensis Krauss, C.F., 1848 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nPure plough shell Bullia pura Melvill, J.C., 1885 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nSmooth plough shell Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, L.A., 1847 (Cape Point to North KwaZulu-Natal)[2]Olividae - Olive shellsCarolinian olive shell Oliva caroliniana Duclos, 1835 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]Marginellidae - MarginellasMarginella musica Hinds, 1844 (Luderitz to Cape Agulhas)[2]\nCloudy marginella Marginella nebulosa Bolten in Röding, P.F., 1798 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nOrnate marginella Marginella ornata Redfield, J.H., 1870 (Port Elizabeth to Transkei)[2]\nSandy marginella Marginella piperata Hinds, 1844 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[2][3]\nPinch lipped marginella Marginella rosea Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)[2][3]\nCape marginella Volvarina capensis Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to Cape Hangklip)[2][3]\nBanded volvarina or Banded marginella Volvarina zonata (Kiener, 1841) (Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth)[2][3]Conidae - Cone shellsAlgoa cone Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)[2]\nConus algoensis algoensis (West coast))[2][3]\nYellow Algoa cone Conus algoensis simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Cape Point to Hermanus))[2][3]\nConus algoensis scitulus (Hermanus to Cape Agulhas))[2]\nHebrew cone Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nLivid cone Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nElongate cone Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[2][3]\nNatal textile cone Conus natalis Sowerby II, 1857 (Eastern Cape to central KwaZulu-Natal)[2]\nSponsal cone Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Transkei to Mozambique)[2]\nTextile cone Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 (Natal northwards)[2]\nVariable cone Conus tinianus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Agulhas to Transkei)[2]CancellariidaeAdmetula afra Petit & Harasewych, 2000[11]\nAdmetula epula Petit & Harasewych, 1991[11]\nTrigonostoma kilburni Petit & Harasewych, 2000[11]\nNipponaphera wallacei Petit & Harasewych, 2000[11]\nZeadmete verheckeni Petit & Harasewych, 2000[11]","title":"Gastropoda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_heterobranch_gastropods_of_South_Africa"}],"sub_title":"Heterobranchia — Heterobranch gastropods","text":"See article List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa","title":"Gastropoda"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Marine_species_distribution_reference_map_Southern_Africa.png/220px-Marine_species_distribution_reference_map_Southern_Africa.png"},{"image_text":"Fissurella mutabilis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fissurella_mutabilis_001.jpg/225px-Fissurella_mutabilis_001.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/","external_links_name":"WoRMS"},{"Link":"http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nangammbi2006_120.aspx","external_links_name":"abstract"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004200406/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nangammbi2006_120.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nangammbi_Herbert_49_2_416.aspx","external_links_name":"abstract"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090615051308/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nangammbi_Herbert_49_2_416.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141115","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141115"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/10088/8310","external_links_name":"http://hdl.handle.net/10088/8310"},{"Link":"http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1617/","external_links_name":"abstract"},{"Link":"http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1617/1/MDVNakinThesis.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_County_Courthouse
Casey County Courthouse
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°19′3″N 84°56′25″W / 37.31750°N 84.94028°W / 37.31750; -84.94028 United States historic placeCasey County CourthouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtContributing property Show map of KentuckyShow map of the United StatesLocationCourthouse Sq., Liberty, KentuckyCoordinates37°19′3″N 84°56′25″W / 37.31750°N 84.94028°W / 37.31750; -84.94028Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1888ArchitectMcDonald Bros.Architectural styleRomanesque, Richardsonian RomanesquePart ofLiberty Downtown Historic District (ID08000004)NRHP reference No.77000607Significant datesAdded to NRHPAugust 29, 1977Designated CPFebruary 7, 2008 The Casey County Courthouse, on Courthouse Square in Liberty, Kentucky was built in 1888. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was designed by the McDonald Brothers architects of Louisville, Kentucky. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Fred J. Burkhard; Walter E. Langsam (December 17, 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Casey County Courthouse". National Park Service. Retrieved December 17, 2017. With five photos from 1975. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Casey County, Kentucky on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"McDonald Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Brothers_(architects)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Casey County Courthouse, on Courthouse Square in Liberty, Kentucky was built in 1888. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.[1]It was designed by the McDonald Brothers architects of Louisville, Kentucky.[2]","title":"Casey County Courthouse"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Fred J. Burkhard; Walter E. Langsam (December 17, 1976). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Casey County Courthouse\". National Park Service. Retrieved December 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/77000607_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Casey County Courthouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neither_Confirm_Nor_Deny
Glomar response
["1 Origin of the term","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Response to an information request that will "neither confirm nor deny" the information's existence In United States law, the term Glomar response, also known as Glomarization or Glomar denial, refers to a response to a request for information that will "neither confirm nor deny" (NCND) the existence of the information sought. For example, in response to a request for police reports relating to a certain person, the police agency may respond: "We can neither confirm nor deny that our agency has any records matching your request." The phrase was notably used to respond to requests for information about the Glomar Explorer. In national or subnational freedom of information policies, governments are often required to tell people who request information (e.g. journalists or attorneys) whether they located the requested records, even if the records end up being kept secret. But at times, a government may determine that the mere act of truthfully disclosing that the records do or do not exist would pose some actual or possible harm, such as to national security, the integrity of an ongoing investigation, or a person's privacy. For example, disclosing that a police department has documents about a current investigation into a criminal conspiracy, even if the content of the documents is not disclosed, would make it public that the investigation is happening and could help suspects destroy evidence. Glomar responses are commonly associated with the United States Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which generally dictates how federal agencies must disclose information. The term "Glomar" originated in association with the FOIA law. Lower courts have thus far ruled the Glomar response to have potential merit if the secretive nature of the material truly requires it, and only if the agency provides "as much information as possible" to justify its claim. Otherwise, the principles established in FOIA may outweigh claims to secrecy. Origin of the term The phrase itself, "neither confirm nor deny", has long appeared frequently in news reports, as an alternative to a "no comment" response when the respondent does not wish to answer. In 1911, for example, the Boston and Maine Railroad told The Boston Globe it would "neither confirm nor deny" reports about its future plans. In 1916, Ford representatives said they would "neither confirm nor deny" that price cuts were in the offing for its popular Model-T automobile. When the governor of Kansas was questioned in 1920 about a report addressing a state official's potential ouster, he responded that he would "neither confirm nor deny" the report's existence. Hughes Glomar Explorer The USNS Hughes Glomar Explorer was a large salvage vessel built by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for its covert "Project Azorian"—an attempted salvaging of a sunken Soviet submarine. "Glomar" is the syllabic abbreviation of Global Marine Development, the company commissioned by the CIA to build the Glomar Explorer. In February 1975, the CIA became aware of a story awaiting publication in the Los Angeles Times. Journalist Harriet Ann Phillippi requested that the CIA provide disclosure of both the Glomar project and its attempts to censor the story. In response, the CIA chose to "neither confirm nor deny" both the project's existence and its attempts to keep the story unpublished. In a subsequent lawsuit, Phillippi requested "all records relating to the Director's or any other agency personnel's attempts to persuade" media to refrain from publishing further stories about the clandestine project. Additionally, she asked the court to demand the Agency to provide a "detailed justification" for the information said to be "exempt from disclosure." The government responded with a motion for summary judgement, which the district court granted, stating that the materials were "exempt from disclosure under the provision of the third exemption of 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). This claim stood, and Phillippi's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request was rejected. In 1976, Phillippi appealed, arguing that the Agency "should have been required to support its position on the basis of the public record. This means that the Agency should have to provide a public record "explaining in as much detail as it possible the basis for its claim that it can be required neither to confirm nor to deny the existence of the records." This request was refuted through a Government affidavit, arguing that because an official acknowledgement of the existence or nonexistence of a certain project could "severely damage the foreign relations and the national defense of the United States. However, the affidavit used was actually already submitted in another case, Military Audit Project v. Bush, 418 F. Supp 876 (D.D.C. 1976) (where the plaintiff wanted copies of contracts for construction and operation of Glomar Explorer). In its holding, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit stated that "we cannot sustain summary judgment for the on the basis of documents filed (the Military Audit Project affidavit) in a separate case concerned with different, although related, issues." The case was remanded. Although the Ford administration was replaced by the Carter administration in 1977 after the 1976 presidential election, and the government's position on the matter changed, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the grant of summary judgement in favor of the CIA. The "Glomar response" precedent still stood, and has since had bearing in FOIA cases such as in the 2004 lawsuit American Civil Liberties Union v. Department of Defense, wherein Federal Judge Alvin Hellerstein rejected the Department of Defense and CIA's use of the Glomar response in refusing to release documents and photos depicting abuse at Abu Ghraib prison. According to a Radiolab podcast, the original text of the Glomar response was written by the Associate General Counsel at the CIA, under the pseudonym of Walt Logan. So as not to divulge to the Soviet Union either what the CIA knew or did not know, the response read: We can neither confirm nor deny the existence of the information requested but, hypothetically, if such data were to exist, the subject matter would be classified, and could not be disclosed. The original text of the CIA's reply of May 21, 1975, to Phillippi's FOIA request, seems to have been: Mr. Duckett has determined that, in the interest of national security, involvement by the U.S. Government in the activities which are the subject matter of your request can neither be confirmed nor denied. Therefore, he has determined that the fact of the existence or non-existence of any material or documents that may exist which would reveal any CIA connection or interest in the activities of the Glomar Explorer is duly classified Secret in accordance with criteria established by Executive Order 11652. Acknowledgement of the existence or non-existence of the information you request could reasonably be expected to result in the compromise of important intelligence operations and significant scientific and technological developments relating to the national security, and might also result in a disruption in foreign relations significantly affecting the national security. In 2014, the CIA opened its Twitter account with, "We can neither confirm nor deny that this is our first tweet." See also No comment Plausible deniability Policy of deliberate ambiguity Schrödinger's cat Warrant canary References ^ FOIA Update, Vol. VII, No. 1, Page 3 (1986). "OIP Guidance: Privacy "Glomarization"". United States Department of Justice. ^ "Neither Confirm Nor Deny | Radiolab | WNYC Studios". wnycstudios. Retrieved 2018-04-25. ^ "Manager Barr Silent". Boston Globe. February 10, 1911 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Report says Ford price to go down". Huntington Herald. July 31, 1916 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "May Ask Kansas Bank Commissioner to Quit Office". Ponca City News. June 26, 1920 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009 (1976) ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009, 1012 (1976) ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009, 1012 (1976) ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009, 1013 (1976) ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009, 1013-14 (1976) ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243, 546 F.2d 1009, 1015 (1976) ^ Burleson, Clyde W (1997). The Jennifer Project. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ^ Varner, Roy D (1 January 1978). Matter of Risk: The Incredible Inside Story of the CIA's Hughes Glomar Explorer Mission to Raise a Russian Submarine. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394424323. ^ Phillippi v. CIA, 211 U.S. App. D.C. 95, 655 F.2d 1325, 1326 (1981) ^ "Neither Confirm Nor Deny". Radiolab. Radiolab, WNYC. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ a b Quoted in the majority opinion penned by Circuit Judge J. Skelly Wright. Phillippi v. CIA, 1976. (LEXSEE 546 f2d 1009. Phillippi v. CIA, No. 76-1004, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. 178 U.S. App. D.C. 243; 546 F.2d 1009; 1976 U.S. App. LEXIS 6221; 2 Media L. Rep. 1208. Argued April 19, 1976; decided November 16, 1976.) Retrieved from https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ciacase/Phillipi.doc on 2017-10-04. ^ Myre, Greg (18 September 2017). "How The CIA Found a Soviet Sub — Without the Soviets Knowing". National Public Radio. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ @CIA (June 6, 2014). "We can neither confirm nor deny this is our first tweet" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 September 2022 – via Twitter. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Executive Order 11652 "Project Jennifer - Hughes Glomar Explorer". Federation of American Scientists.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOIA1986-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Glomar Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomar_Explorer"},{"link_name":"freedom of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"federal agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"In United States law, the term Glomar response, also known as Glomarization or Glomar denial,[1] refers to a response to a request for information that will \"neither confirm nor deny\" (NCND) the existence of the information sought.[2] For example, in response to a request for police reports relating to a certain person, the police agency may respond: \"We can neither confirm nor deny that our agency has any records matching your request.\" The phrase was notably used to respond to requests for information about the Glomar Explorer.In national or subnational freedom of information policies, governments are often required to tell people who request information (e.g. journalists or attorneys) whether they located the requested records, even if the records end up being kept secret. But at times, a government may determine that the mere act of truthfully disclosing that the records do or do not exist would pose some actual or possible harm, such as to national security, the integrity of an ongoing investigation, or a person's privacy. For example, disclosing that a police department has documents about a current investigation into a criminal conspiracy, even if the content of the documents is not disclosed, would make it public that the investigation is happening and could help suspects destroy evidence.Glomar responses are commonly associated with the United States Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which generally dictates how federal agencies must disclose information. The term \"Glomar\" originated in association with the FOIA law. Lower courts have thus far ruled the Glomar response to have potential merit if the secretive nature of the material truly requires it, and only if the agency provides \"as much information as possible\" to justify its claim. Otherwise, the principles established in FOIA may outweigh claims to secrecy.","title":"Glomar response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_comment"},{"link_name":"Boston and Maine Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Model-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-T"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glomar_Explorer_(T-AG-193).jpg"},{"link_name":"USNS Hughes Glomar Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomar_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Project Azorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Azorian"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"syllabic abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation"},{"link_name":"Harriet Ann Phillippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Phillippi_Ryan"},{"link_name":"censor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"affidavit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ford administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_administration"},{"link_name":"Carter administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_administration"},{"link_name":"1976 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burleson1997-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varner1979-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union v. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_v._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Alvin Hellerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Hellerstein"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"abuse at Abu Ghraib prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison_abuse"},{"link_name":"Radiolab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolab"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-16"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 11652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_11652&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright-16"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myre-2017-09-18-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The phrase itself, \"neither confirm nor deny\", has long appeared frequently in news reports, as an alternative to a \"no comment\" response when the respondent does not wish to answer. In 1911, for example, the Boston and Maine Railroad told The Boston Globe it would \"neither confirm nor deny\" reports about its future plans.[3] In 1916, Ford representatives said they would \"neither confirm nor deny\" that price cuts were in the offing for its popular Model-T automobile.[4] When the governor of Kansas was questioned in 1920 about a report addressing a state official's potential ouster, he responded that he would \"neither confirm nor deny\" the report's existence.[5]Hughes Glomar ExplorerThe USNS Hughes Glomar Explorer was a large salvage vessel built by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for its covert \"Project Azorian\"—an attempted salvaging of a sunken Soviet submarine. \"Glomar\" is the syllabic abbreviation of Global Marine Development, the company commissioned by the CIA to build the Glomar Explorer. In February 1975, the CIA became aware of a story awaiting publication in the Los Angeles Times. Journalist Harriet Ann Phillippi requested that the CIA provide disclosure of both the Glomar project and its attempts to censor the story. In response, the CIA chose to \"neither confirm nor deny\" both the project's existence and its attempts to keep the story unpublished.In a subsequent lawsuit, Phillippi requested \"all records relating to the Director's or any other agency personnel's attempts to persuade\" media to refrain from publishing further stories about the clandestine project.[6] Additionally, she asked the court to demand the Agency to provide a \"detailed justification\" for the information said to be \"exempt from disclosure.\"[7] The government responded with a motion for summary judgement, which the district court granted, stating that the materials were \"exempt from disclosure under the provision of the third exemption of 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3).[8] This claim stood, and Phillippi's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request was rejected.In 1976, Phillippi appealed, arguing that the Agency \"should have been required to support its position on the basis of the public record. This means that the Agency should have to provide a public record \"explaining in as much detail as it possible the basis for its claim that it can be required neither to confirm nor to deny the existence of the records.\"[9] This request was refuted through a Government affidavit, arguing that because an official acknowledgement of the existence or nonexistence of a certain project could \"severely damage the foreign relations and the national defense of the United States.[10] However, the affidavit used was actually already submitted in another case, Military Audit Project v. Bush, 418 F. Supp 876 (D.D.C. 1976) (where the plaintiff wanted copies of contracts for construction and operation of Glomar Explorer). In its holding, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit stated that \"we cannot sustain summary judgment for the [Government] on the basis of documents filed (the Military Audit Project affidavit) in a separate case concerned with different, although related, issues.\"[11] The case was remanded.Although the Ford administration was replaced by the Carter administration in 1977 after the 1976 presidential election, and the government's position on the matter changed,[12][13] the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the grant of summary judgement in favor of the CIA.[14]The \"Glomar response\" precedent still stood, and has since had bearing in FOIA cases such as in the 2004 lawsuit American Civil Liberties Union v. Department of Defense, wherein Federal Judge Alvin Hellerstein rejected the Department of Defense and CIA's use of the Glomar response in refusing to release documents and photos depicting abuse at Abu Ghraib prison.According to a Radiolab podcast, the original text of the Glomar response was written by the Associate General Counsel at the CIA, under the pseudonym of Walt Logan. So as not to divulge to the Soviet Union either what the CIA knew or did not know, the response read:We can neither confirm nor deny the existence of the information requested but, hypothetically, if such data were to exist, the subject matter would be classified, and could not be disclosed.[15]The original text of the CIA's reply of May 21, 1975, to Phillippi's FOIA request, seems to have been:[16]Mr. Duckett has determined that, in the interest of national security, involvement by the U.S. Government in the activities which are the subject matter of your request can neither be confirmed nor denied. Therefore, he has determined that the fact of the existence or non-existence of any material or documents that may exist which would reveal any CIA connection or interest in the activities of the Glomar Explorer is duly classified Secret in accordance with criteria established by Executive Order 11652. Acknowledgement of the existence or non-existence of the information you request could reasonably be expected to result in the compromise of important intelligence operations and significant scientific and technological developments relating to the national security, and might also result in a disruption in foreign relations significantly affecting the national security.[16]In 2014, the CIA opened its Twitter account with, \"We can neither confirm nor deny that this is our first tweet.\"[17][18]","title":"Origin of the term"}]
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[{"title":"No comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_comment"},{"title":"Plausible deniability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability"},{"title":"Policy of deliberate ambiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity"},{"title":"Schrödinger's cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat"},{"title":"Warrant canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_canary"}]
[{"reference":"FOIA Update, Vol. VII, No. 1, Page 3 (1986). \"OIP Guidance: Privacy \"Glomarization\"\". United States Department of Justice.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usdoj.gov/oip/foia_updates/Vol_VII_1/page3.htm","url_text":"\"OIP Guidance: Privacy \"Glomarization\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neither Confirm Nor Deny | Radiolab | WNYC Studios\". wnycstudios. Retrieved 2018-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/confirm-nor-deny","url_text":"\"Neither Confirm Nor Deny | Radiolab | WNYC Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manager Barr Silent\". Boston Globe. February 10, 1911 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61095462/boston-globe-2101911/","url_text":"\"Manager Barr Silent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Report says Ford price to go down\". Huntington Herald. July 31, 1916 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61095923/huntington-herald-7311916/","url_text":"\"Report says Ford price to go down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Herald-Press","url_text":"Huntington Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"May Ask Kansas Bank Commissioner to Quit Office\". Ponca City News. June 26, 1920 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61096797/ponca-city-news-6261920/","url_text":"\"May Ask Kansas Bank Commissioner to Quit Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Burleson, Clyde W (1997). The Jennifer Project. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Varner, Roy D (1 January 1978). Matter of Risk: The Incredible Inside Story of the CIA's Hughes Glomar Explorer Mission to Raise a Russian Submarine. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394424323.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394424323","url_text":"978-0394424323"}]},{"reference":"\"Neither Confirm Nor Deny\". Radiolab. Radiolab, WNYC. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/audio.wnyc.org/radiolab_podcast/radiolab_podcast14glomar.mp3","url_text":"\"Neither Confirm Nor Deny\""}]},{"reference":"Myre, Greg (18 September 2017). \"How The CIA Found a Soviet Sub — Without the Soviets Knowing\". National Public Radio. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/09/18/549535352/how-the-cia-found-a-soviet-sub-without-the-soviets-knowing","url_text":"\"How The CIA Found a Soviet Sub — Without the Soviets Knowing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"@CIA (June 6, 2014). \"We can neither confirm nor deny this is our first tweet\" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 September 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/CIA/status/474971393852182528","url_text":"\"We can neither confirm nor deny this is our first tweet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Project Jennifer - Hughes Glomar Explorer\". Federation of American Scientists.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/jennifer.htm","url_text":"\"Project Jennifer - Hughes Glomar Explorer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_Pederson_Fox
Kohn Pedersen Fox
["1 History","1.1 Beginnings in the United States (1976–1980s)","1.2 Expansion to Europe (1980s–1990s)","1.3 Work in Asia and internationally (1990s–2009)","1.4 Expanded national and global presence (2010–present)","2 Recent work","2.1 Recent projects","3 Achievements","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American architectural and design firm This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kohn Pedersen Fox AssociatesPractice informationFirm typeArchitecture, interior design, sustainable design, urban design, planningPartnersJames von Klemperer FAIA RIBA (President), Forth Bagley AIA, James Brogan AIA RIBA, John Bushell ARB RIBA, Josh Chaiken AIA, Bernard Chang AIA HKIA, Mustafa Chehabeddine, Rebecca Cheng RIBA HKIA, Terri Cho AIA, Andrew Cleary AIA LEED AP, Shawn Duffy AIA, Dominic Dunn AIA LEED AP, Bruce Fisher AIA, Elie Gamburg AIA LEED AP, Brian Girard AIA, Peter Gross AIA LEED AP BD+C, Charles Ippolito AIA LEED AP BD+C, Philip Jacobs ARB RIBA, Hana Kassem AIA LEED AP BD+C WELL AP, Jeffrey A. Kenoff AIA, Jill N. Lerner FAIA, Ko Makabe AIA, Inkai Mu, Richard Nemeth AIA, Lauren Schmidt AIA LEED AP BD+C, Lloyd Sigal FAIA, Trent Tesch AIA, Jochen Tombers, Hugh Trumbull AIA, Robert Whitlock FAIAFoundedNew York City, New York, U.S.1976; 48 years ago (1976)No. of employees600+Location 11 West 42nd Street, New York City, New York, U.S.(Additional offices in London, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Seoul, San Francisco, Singapore, Berlin)Websitewww.kpf.com Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) is an American architectural firm based in New York City. that provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services. They do different projects that includes civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments. KPF has 600+ employees. History Beginnings in the United States (1976–1980s) KPF was founded in 1976 by A. Eugene Kohn, William Pedersen, and Sheldon Fox, all of whom coordinated their departure from John Carl Warnecke & Associates, among the largest architectural firms in the country. Shortly thereafter, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) chose KPF to redevelop a former armory building on Manhattan's West Side to house TV studios and offices. This led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including AT&T and Hercules Incorporated. By the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. In 1985, John Burgee (of rival architecture firm John Burgee Architects) called KPF "The best commercial firm now practicing in the U.S." KPF's design for 333 Wacker Drive in Chicago (1983), which was awarded the AIA National Honor Award in 1984, made the firm nationally famous. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted "Favorite Building" by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF's Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its innovative design with the AIA National Honor Award. After its success with these projects, KPF was selected to design the IBM World Headquarters in Armonk, New York (1997), the Chicago Title and Trust Building in Chicago (1992), and the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (1993). In the 1990s, KPF also took on a larger number of government and civic projects, including the Foley Square U.S. Courthouse in New York (1995), the Mark O. Hatfield U.S. Courthouse in Portland, Oregon (1996), the U.S. Courthouse of Minneapolis (1996), the Buffalo Niagara International Airport (1993) and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D.C. (1996). KPF's winning entry in the international competition for the World Bank Headquarters, which drew 76 entrants from 26 countries, was the only entry that included the retention of existing structures. Expansion to Europe (1980s–1990s) In the 1980s and 1990s, KPF transformed from an American firm known for its corporate designs into an international firm with institutional, government, and transportation commissions in addition to corporate work. KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment (1987) and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street (1987–1991). KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through to the present day, including the Clifford Chance Tower (2002) to KPMG's European Headquarters (2009). KPF's subsequent work in the United Kingdom includes Thames Court in London (1998), the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University (2001) and the master plan for the London School of Economics (2002). KPF's design for the award-winning Westendstraße 1 in Frankfurt (1992), an early example of mixed-use design, further increased the firm's international prominence and solidified the firm's reputation as a progressive global practice. KPF was chosen for subsequent projects throughout Europe, including Provinciehuis in The Hague (1998), Danube House in River City, Prague (2003), the expansion and renovation of the World Trade Center in Amsterdam (2004) and the Endesa Headquarters in Madrid (2003). Work in Asia and internationally (1990s–2009) KPF's introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500,000 sq ft (420,000 m2) Japan Railways Central Towers project in Nagoya (1999). Within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. Completed KPF projects in Asia include Plaza 66 on Shanghai's Nanjing Xi Lu (2001), Roppongi Hills in Tokyo (2003), Continental Engineering Corporation Tower in Taipei (2003), the Rodin Pavilion in Seoul (2003), the Merrill Lynch Japan Head Office in Tokyo (2004), Shr-Hwa International Tower in Taichung (2004), and the Shanghai World Financial Center (2008), which was named the "Best Tall Building Overall" by the Council on Tall Buildings and the Urban Habitat in 2008. KPF worked with renowned structural engineers, Leslie E. Robertson Associates, to maximize the tower's floor plate and material efficiency by perfecting its tapered form. In addition to this work in Asia, KPF has completed projects in: the Middle East, including the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Headquarters (2007) and the Marina Towers in Beirut (2008); South America including Ventura Corporate Towers in Rio de Janeiro (2008) and Infinity Tower in São Paulo (2012); Australia, including Chifley Tower in Sydney (1992); and has also worked on several projects in Africa. Expanded national and global presence (2010–present) Four decades after its founding, KPF has refined particular expertise in the area of office design, supertall structures, and large-scale, urban, mixed use developments. In November 2018, the firm announced the opening of new offices in San Francisco, Berlin, and Singapore to support current projects, new commissions, and imminent endeavors in those regions. The firm's high-profile projects include One Vanderbilt, a new supertall office tower in Midtown Manhattan located next to Grand Central Terminal and providing direct access to the station; and the master plan for Hudson Yards, the largest private real estate development in U.S. history, which mixes residences with offices, hotels and retail, and street life. KPF also designed buildings 10 Hudson Yards, 20 Hudson Yards, 30 Hudson Yards, and 55 Hudson Yards, which together offer office, retail, and hospitality space within the development. Also in New York, KPF is leading the redevelopment of New York City Housing Authority's (NYCHA) Red Hook Houses, which suffered severe flooding and wind damage during Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The largest public housing development in Brooklyn, Red Hook Houses accommodates over 6,000 people across 28 buildings. Outside of the United States, KPF has been contributing to the regeneration and conservation of the Covent Garden Estate in the roles of both master planner and architect for a collection of buildings. Also in London, the firm designed 52 Lime Street, known as The Scalpel. Recent work KPF's projects include civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments.Hudson Yards, New York, NY, USA In Boston, KPF is currently designing two waterfront projects: Channelside, three buildings with housing, office, labs, and retail on the Fort Point Waterfront and The Pinnacle at Central Wharf, a 600-foot residential, office, and retail tower downtown. KPF is also designing the University of Michigan's Detroit Center for Innovation, 601 West Pender in Vancouver, 81 Newgate Street in London, and The Bermondsey Project in south London, which will create around 1,548 homes on the site. KPF is also planning and designing the new Hong Kong University of Science and Technology "sustainable, smart campus" in Guangzhou. Recent projects CUNY Advanced Science Research Centers in New York City (2015) 52 Lime Street in London (2018) Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan 333 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, USA Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKShanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China Achievements KPF has been involved in the design of some of the world's tallest buildings including: Ping-An Financial Centre in Shenzhen, China at 600 m / 1,969 ft.; the Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea at 555 m / 1,820 ft.; the CTF Finance Center in Guangzhou, China at 530 m / 1,739 ft.; the CITIC Tower in Beijing, China at 528 m / 1,732 ft; and Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, China at 492 m / 1,614 ft. KPF takes on a large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, and The Landmark in Hong Kong. KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. KPF's intranet "Architectural Forum" has been described in Architectural Record as an example of "a resource that contributes to a learning environment through mentoring supporting teams and individuals with new ideas, and sharing best practices". See also Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings List of architecture firms List of architects References ^ Cole, Marine (2011-04-18). "Architecture firms' latest design is for growth". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved 2021-09-01. ^ Giovanni, Joseph (1993). Warren, James (ed.). Kohn Pedersen Fox: Architecture and Urbanism, 1986-1992. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 9780847814862. ^ a b The American Institute of Architects. Architecture Firm Award Recipients. Retrieved 2010-01-08. ^ Dixon, John Morris (2011-06-06). "Absorbing Existing Into New". architectmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-09-11. ^ Kohn Pedersen Fox: Architecture and Urbanism, 1993-2002, eds. Ian Luna and Kenneth Powell. New York: Rizzoli, 2002. ^ a b Kaplan-Seem, Anya (24 December 2008). "Shanghai Skyscraper Named 'Best Tall Building'". archrecord.construction.com. Retrieved 2010-01-08. ^ "Top 150 Architecture Firms ". Building Design + Construction. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ "Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Opens Three New Offices". architectmagazine.com. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ Marani, Matthew (2020-02-19). "KPF's One Vanderbilt soars with terra-cotta and glass". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 2020-09-11. ^ Walker, Ameena (2018-04-04). "Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards". Curbed NY. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ "hudson yards: everything you need to know about the NYC development". designboom | architecture & design magazine. 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2020-09-11. ^ Rosenberg, Zoe (2017-03-24). "These sculpted pods will save Red Hook from the next Hurricane Sandy". Curbed NY. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ Brandon, Elissaveta M. (2020-03-06). "KPF redevelops Brooklyn housing devastated by hurricane Sandy". Dezeen. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ Williams, Fran (2019-05-24). "KPF completes Covent Garden mixed-use scheme". The Architects' Journal. Retrieved 2020-09-11. ^ Waite, Richard (2012-09-05). "Revealed: KPF's new London skyscraper". The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved 2020-08-28. ^ 'Projects by Type.' Projects. "Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates". Archived from the original on 2010-03-20. Retrieved 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2010-03-03. ^ "Large scale development - Channelside - coming to Fort Point via Related Beal". Caught In Southie. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ Gavin, Christopher (2020-01-24). "Here's what 'The Pinnacle at Central Wharf,' a proposed 600-foot waterfront tower, could look like". Boston.com Real Estate. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ Hilburg, Jonathan (2019-11-07). "University of Michigan, Bedrock, and Related team up for a Detroit innovation center". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ Chan, Kenneth (2019-11-18). "Major office tower proposed to replace Seymour and Pender parkade (RENDERINGS) | Urbanized". dailyhive.com. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ "Who are we? – 81 Newgate Street". Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ Lorenzato-Lloyd, Alice (2020-02-24). "KPF's £500m biscuit factory homes approved". Building Design. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ "HKUST (GZ) Approved by the State Ministry of Education | The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology". ust.hk. 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ "CUNY Advanced Science Research Center | Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates". Archello (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "52 Lime Street". New London Architecture. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "The Skyscraper Center". skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ^ Pressman, Andrew (February 15, 2008). "Creating a firm culture that supports innovative design". archrecord.construction.com. Retrieved 2010-01-08. External links Media related to Kohn Pedersen Fox at Wikimedia Commons Official website Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates on Architizer Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Academics CiNii Artists ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_firm"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) is an American architectural firm based in New York City.[1] that provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services. They do different projects that includes civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments. KPF has 600+ employees.","title":"Kohn Pedersen Fox"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carl Warnecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carl_Warnecke"},{"link_name":"American Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"John Burgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"333 Wacker Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/333_Wacker_Drive"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aia.org-3"},{"link_name":"open plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_plan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aia.org-3"},{"link_name":"Armonk, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armonk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chicago Title and Trust Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Thornton_Tower"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Foley Square U.S. Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_Square_U.S._Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Mark O. Hatfield U.S. Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O._Hatfield_U.S._Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Niagara International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings in the United States (1976–1980s)","text":"KPF was founded in 1976 by A. Eugene Kohn, William Pedersen, and Sheldon Fox, all of whom coordinated their departure from John Carl Warnecke & Associates, among the largest architectural firms in the country. Shortly thereafter, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) chose KPF to redevelop a former armory building on Manhattan's West Side to house TV studios and offices. This led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including AT&T and Hercules Incorporated. By the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. In 1985, John Burgee (of rival architecture firm John Burgee Architects) called KPF \"The best commercial firm now practicing in the U.S.\"[2] KPF's design for 333 Wacker Drive in Chicago (1983), which was awarded the AIA National Honor Award in 1984, made the firm nationally famous. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted \"Favorite Building\" by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997.[3] In 1986, KPF's Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its innovative design with the AIA National Honor Award.\n[3] After its success with these projects, KPF was selected to design the IBM World Headquarters in Armonk, New York (1997), the Chicago Title and Trust Building in Chicago (1992), and the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (1993).In the 1990s, KPF also took on a larger number of government and civic projects, including the Foley Square U.S. Courthouse in New York (1995), the Mark O. Hatfield U.S. Courthouse in Portland, Oregon (1996), the U.S. Courthouse of Minneapolis (1996), the Buffalo Niagara International Airport (1993) and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D.C. (1996).KPF's winning entry in the international competition for the World Bank Headquarters, which drew 76 entrants from 26 countries, was the only entry that included the retention of existing structures.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rothermere American Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothermere_American_Institute"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Westendstraße 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westendstra%C3%9Fe_1"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center in Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(Amsterdam)"}],"sub_title":"Expansion to Europe (1980s–1990s)","text":"In the 1980s and 1990s, KPF transformed from an American firm known for its corporate designs into an international firm with institutional, government, and transportation commissions in addition to corporate work.KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment (1987) and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street (1987–1991).[5] KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through to the present day, including the Clifford Chance Tower (2002) to KPMG's European Headquarters (2009). KPF's subsequent work in the United Kingdom includes Thames Court in London (1998), the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University (2001) and the master plan for the London School of Economics (2002). KPF's design for the award-winning Westendstraße 1 in Frankfurt (1992), an early example of mixed-use design, further increased the firm's international prominence and solidified the firm's reputation as a progressive global practice. KPF was chosen for subsequent projects throughout Europe, including Provinciehuis in The Hague (1998), Danube House in River City, Prague (2003), the expansion and renovation of the World Trade Center in Amsterdam (2004) and the Endesa Headquarters in Madrid (2003).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Plaza 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_66"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Xi Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjing_Xi_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roppongi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roppongi_Hills"},{"link_name":"Continental Engineering Corporation Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Engineering_Corporation_Tower"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Shr-Hwa International Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shr-Hwa_International_Tower"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Shanghai World Financial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Leslie E. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson"},{"link_name":"material efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi Investment Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Investment_Authority"},{"link_name":"Marina Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Towers_(Beirut)"},{"link_name":"Ventura Corporate Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_Corporate_Towers"},{"link_name":"Chifley Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifley_Tower"}],"sub_title":"Work in Asia and internationally (1990s–2009)","text":"KPF's introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500,000 sq ft (420,000 m2) Japan Railways Central Towers project in Nagoya (1999). Within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. Completed KPF projects in Asia include Plaza 66 on Shanghai's Nanjing Xi Lu (2001), Roppongi Hills in Tokyo (2003), Continental Engineering Corporation Tower in Taipei (2003), the Rodin Pavilion in Seoul (2003), the Merrill Lynch Japan Head Office in Tokyo (2004), Shr-Hwa International Tower in Taichung (2004), and the Shanghai World Financial Center (2008), which was named the \"Best Tall Building Overall\" by the Council on Tall Buildings and the Urban Habitat in 2008.[6] KPF worked with renowned structural engineers, Leslie E. Robertson Associates, to maximize the tower's floor plate and material efficiency by perfecting its tapered form.[6] In addition to this work in Asia, KPF has completed projects in: the Middle East, including the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Headquarters (2007) and the Marina Towers in Beirut (2008); South America including Ventura Corporate Towers in Rio de Janeiro (2008) and Infinity Tower in São Paulo (2012); Australia, including Chifley Tower in Sydney (1992); and has also worked on several projects in Africa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"One Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hudson Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Yards_(development)"},{"link_name":"10 Hudson Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Hudson_Yards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"30 Hudson Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Hudson_Yards"},{"link_name":"55 Hudson Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Hudson_Yards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NYCHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority"},{"link_name":"Superstorm Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Red Hook Houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook_Houses"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Expanded national and global presence (2010–present)","text":"Four decades after its founding, KPF has refined particular expertise in the area of office design, supertall structures, and large-scale, urban, mixed use developments.[7]In November 2018, the firm announced the opening of new offices in San Francisco, Berlin, and Singapore to support current projects, new commissions, and imminent endeavors in those regions.[8]The firm's high-profile projects include One Vanderbilt, a new supertall office tower in Midtown Manhattan located next to Grand Central Terminal and providing direct access to the station;[9] and the master plan for Hudson Yards, the largest private real estate development in U.S. history, which mixes residences with offices, hotels and retail, and street life. KPF also designed buildings 10 Hudson Yards, 20 Hudson Yards,[10] 30 Hudson Yards, and 55 Hudson Yards, which together offer office, retail, and hospitality space within the development.[11]Also in New York, KPF is leading the redevelopment of New York City Housing Authority's (NYCHA) Red Hook Houses, which suffered severe flooding and wind damage during Superstorm Sandy in 2012.[12] The largest public housing development in Brooklyn, Red Hook Houses accommodates over 6,000 people across 28 buildings.[13]Outside of the United States, KPF has been contributing to the regeneration and conservation of the Covent Garden Estate in the roles of both master planner and architect for a collection of buildings.[14] Also in London, the firm designed 52 Lime Street, known as The Scalpel.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hudson_Yards_from_Hudson_Commons_(95131p).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Yards_(development)"},{"link_name":"Fort Point Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Central Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Wharf_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"south London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology_Library"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"KPF's projects include civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and mixed-use commercial developments.[16]Hudson Yards, New York, NY, USAIn Boston, KPF is currently designing two waterfront projects: Channelside, three buildings with housing, office, labs, and retail on the Fort Point Waterfront[17] and The Pinnacle at Central Wharf, a 600-foot residential, office, and retail tower downtown.[18] KPF is also designing the University of Michigan's Detroit Center for Innovation,[19] 601 West Pender in Vancouver,[20] 81 Newgate Street in London,[21] and The Bermondsey Project in south London, which will create around 1,548 homes on the site.[22] KPF is also planning and designing the new Hong Kong University of Science and Technology \"sustainable, smart campus\" in Guangzhou.[23]","title":"Recent work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"52 Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scalpel"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roppongi_Hills_from_Tokyo_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roppongi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roppongi_Hills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:333_West_Wacker_Drive_(3671127166).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_School_Exterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ross School of Business, University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rothermere_American_Institute.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rothermere American Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothermere_American_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_Far.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shanghai World Financial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center"}],"sub_title":"Recent projects","text":"CUNY Advanced Science Research Centers in New York City (2015)[24]\n52 Lime Street in London (2018)[25]Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan333 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, USARoss School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USARothermere American Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKShanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China","title":"Recent work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ping-An Financial Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_An_Finance_Centre"},{"link_name":"Lotte World Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"CTF Finance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_CTF_Finance_Centre"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"CITIC Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Zun"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai World Financial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank#1989%E2%80%93present"},{"link_name":"Unilever House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever_House"},{"link_name":"The Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landmark_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Architectural Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Record"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"KPF has been involved in the design of some of the world's tallest buildings including: Ping-An Financial Centre in Shenzhen, China at 600 m / 1,969 ft.; the Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea at 555 m / 1,820 ft.; the CTF Finance Center in Guangzhou, China at 530 m / 1,739 ft.; the CITIC Tower in Beijing, China at 528 m / 1,732 ft; and Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, China at 492 m / 1,614 ft.[26]KPF takes on a large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, and The Landmark in Hong Kong. KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. KPF's intranet \"Architectural Forum\" has been described in Architectural Record as an example of \"a resource that contributes to a learning environment through mentoring supporting teams and individuals with new ideas, and sharing best practices\".[27]","title":"Achievements"}]
[{"image_text":"Hudson Yards, New York, NY, USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hudson_Yards_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895131p%29.jpg/220px-Hudson_Yards_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895131p%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roppongi_Hills_from_Tokyo_Tower.jpg/220px-Roppongi_Hills_from_Tokyo_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"333 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/333_West_Wacker_Drive_%283671127166%29.jpg/220px-333_West_Wacker_Drive_%283671127166%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ross_School_Exterior.jpg/220px-Ross_School_Exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rothermere_American_Institute.jpg/220px-Rothermere_American_Institute.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_Far.jpg/220px-Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_Far.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kohn_Pedersen_Fox_buildings"},{"title":"List of architecture firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architecture_firms"},{"title":"List of architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architects"}]
[{"reference":"Cole, Marine (2011-04-18). \"Architecture firms' latest design is for growth\". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved 2021-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20110418/REAL_ESTATE/110419871/architecture-firms-latest-design-is-for-growth","url_text":"\"Architecture firms' latest design is for growth\""}]},{"reference":"Giovanni, Joseph (1993). Warren, James (ed.). Kohn Pedersen Fox: Architecture and Urbanism, 1986-1992. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 9780847814862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847814862","url_text":"9780847814862"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, John Morris (2011-06-06). \"Absorbing Existing Into New\". architectmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/absorbing-existing-into-new_o","url_text":"\"Absorbing Existing Into New\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan-Seem, Anya (24 December 2008). \"Shanghai Skyscraper Named 'Best Tall Building'\". archrecord.construction.com. Retrieved 2010-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/081224besttallbuilding.asp","url_text":"\"Shanghai Skyscraper Named 'Best Tall Building'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 150 Architecture Firms [2018 Giants 300 Report]\". Building Design + Construction. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdcnetwork.com/top-150-architecture-firms-2018-giants-300-report","url_text":"\"Top 150 Architecture Firms [2018 Giants 300 Report]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Opens Three New Offices\". architectmagazine.com. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/kohn-pedersen-fox-associates-opens-three-new-offices_o","url_text":"\"Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Opens Three New Offices\""}]},{"reference":"Marani, Matthew (2020-02-19). \"KPF's One Vanderbilt soars with terra-cotta and glass\". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archpaper.com/2020/02/kpfs-one-vanderbilt-soars-with-terra-cotta-and-glass/","url_text":"\"KPF's One Vanderbilt soars with terra-cotta and glass\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Ameena (2018-04-04). \"Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards\". Curbed NY. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/4/17115600/hudson-yards-nyc-guide-buildings-apartments-map","url_text":"\"Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards\""}]},{"reference":"\"hudson yards: everything you need to know about the NYC development\". designboom | architecture & design magazine. 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designboom.com/architecture/hudson-yards-new-york-masterplan-shed-vessel-roundup-07-02-2017/","url_text":"\"hudson yards: everything you need to know about the NYC development\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Zoe (2017-03-24). \"These sculpted pods will save Red Hook from the next Hurricane Sandy\". Curbed NY. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15051138/red-hook-utility-pods-kpf-renderings-nyc","url_text":"\"These sculpted pods will save Red Hook from the next Hurricane Sandy\""}]},{"reference":"Brandon, Elissaveta M. (2020-03-06). \"KPF redevelops Brooklyn housing devastated by hurricane Sandy\". Dezeen. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/06/nycha-red-hook-sandy-resiliency-heart-program-kpf-brooklyn-superstorm-sandy/","url_text":"\"KPF redevelops Brooklyn housing devastated by hurricane Sandy\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Fran (2019-05-24). \"KPF completes Covent Garden mixed-use scheme\". The Architects' Journal. Retrieved 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/kpf-completes-covent-garden-mixed-use-scheme","url_text":"\"KPF completes Covent Garden mixed-use scheme\""}]},{"reference":"Waite, Richard (2012-09-05). \"Revealed: KPF's new London skyscraper\". The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved 2020-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/revealed-kpfs-new-london-skyscraper","url_text":"\"Revealed: KPF's new London skyscraper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-20. Retrieved 2010-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100320004036/http://www.kpf.com/","url_text":"\"Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates\""},{"url":"http://www.kpf.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Large scale development - Channelside - coming to Fort Point via Related Beal\". Caught In Southie. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://caughtinsouthie.com/living/large-scale-development-channelside-coming-to-fort-point-via-related-beal/","url_text":"\"Large scale development - Channelside - coming to Fort Point via Related Beal\""}]},{"reference":"Gavin, Christopher (2020-01-24). \"Here's what 'The Pinnacle at Central Wharf,' a proposed 600-foot waterfront tower, could look like\". Boston.com Real Estate. Retrieved 2020-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://realestate.boston.com/new-developments/2020/01/24/pinnacle-central-wharf-renderings/","url_text":"\"Here's what 'The Pinnacle at Central Wharf,' a proposed 600-foot waterfront tower, could look like\""}]},{"reference":"Hilburg, Jonathan (2019-11-07). \"University of Michigan, Bedrock, and Related team up for a Detroit innovation center\". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 2020-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archpaper.com/2019/11/university-of-michigan-bedrock-related-innovation-center/","url_text":"\"University of Michigan, Bedrock, and Related team up for a Detroit innovation center\""}]},{"reference":"Chan, Kenneth (2019-11-18). \"Major office tower proposed to replace Seymour and Pender parkade (RENDERINGS) | Urbanized\". dailyhive.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._K._Anand
B. K. Anand
["1 Bibliography","2 Awards","3 References"]
B. K. AnandBorn(1917-09-18)18 September 1917Lahore, British IndiaDied2 April 2007(2007-04-02) (aged 89)NationalityIndianCitizenshipIndiaAlma materKing George Medical College, LucknowAwardsPadma ShriScientific careerFieldsNeurophysiologyInstitutionsLady Hardinge Medical College, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bal Krishan Anand (1917–2007) was an Indian physiologist and pharmacologist. He was credited for the discovery of the feeding centre in the hypothalamus in 1951. He is considered the founder of modern Neurophysiology in India. He was born in Lahore as Bal Krishan Anand in 1917. He graduated from King George Medical College in 1940 and obtained his M.D. degree in 1948. He joined in 1949 the Lady Hardinge Medical College as Professor of Physiology. He went to Yale University as a Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1950 and worked with John Brobeck. They had published their research work in 1951. He \ returned to India in 1952 and continued his research at Lady Hardinge Medical College. He joined the All India Institute of Medical Sciences as its first professor in the Department of Physiology in 1956. He was instrumental in establishing the guidelines of education for M.B., B.S. and Postgraduate students. He became Dean of that Institute. He was instrumental in the establishment of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences in 1982. Bibliography B. K. Anand and J. R. Brobeck: Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 24:123-40, 1951. B. K. Anand and S. Dua: Hypothalamic involvement in the Pituitary Adrenocortical Response. Journal of Physiology. I955. I27, I53-I56. B. K. Anand and S. Dua: Circulatory and Respiratory changes induced by Electrical stimulation of Limbic system (Visceral brain). Journal of Neurophysiology. 19: 393–400, 1956. B. K. Anand, S. Dua and Baldev Singh. Electrical activity of the hypothalamic 'feeding centres' under the effect of changes in blood chemistry, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Volume 13, Issue 1, February 1961, Pages 54–59. B. K. Anand, G. S. Chhina, and Baldev Singh. Effect of Glucose on the Activity of Hypothalamic "Feeding Centers". Science 2 November 1962: Vol. 138. no. 3540, pp. 597 – 598. Awards He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Medical Sciences in 1963. Government of India awarded him Padma Shri in Medicine in 1969. He was a fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Medical Council of India awarded him the Dr. B. C. Roy Award in 1984. References ^ Obituary, Professor B. K. Anand, by Jayasree Sengupta, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2007, Vol. 51(2), pp:103-4. ^ Review of Prof. B.K. Anand's scientific study: fifty years following his discovery of the feeding centre. H N Mallick, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2001, 45(3), pp:269-95. ^ Anand B K and Brobeck J R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 24:123-40, 1951. ^ a b "INSA Fellow". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016. vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Medical Science1960s R. B. Arora (1961) Bal Krishan Anand (1963) N. K. Dutta (1965) V. Ramalingaswami (1965) J. B. Chatterjea (1966) R.J. Vakil (1966) A. K. Basu (1967) M. J. Thirumalachar (1967) S. R. Mukherjee (1968) Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth (1968) S. Kalyanaraman (1969) Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1969) 1970s J. R. Talwar (1970) O. M. Gulati (1971) A. K. Maiti (1971) N. R. Moudgal (1976) 1980s P. R. Adiga (1980) T. Desiraju (1980) U. C. Chaturvedi (1981) Indira Nath (1983) J. N. Sinha (1984) B. S. Srivastava (1984) D. K. Ganguly (1985) S. S. Agarwal (1986) P. Seth (1986) 1990s Maharaj Kishan Bhan (1990) Shashi Wadhwa (1991) U. N. Das (1992) N. K. Mehra (1992) G. P. Pal (1993) K. B. Sainis (1994) Y. D. Sharma (1994) S. K. Panda (1995) A. K. Tyagi (1995) V. Ravindranath (1996) S. K. Sarin (1996) S. K. Gupta (1997) Vijay Kumar (1997) G. Balakrish Nair (1998) Ch. Mohan Rao (1999) 2000s Shahid Jameel (2000) Birendra Nath Mallick (2001) Sunil Pradhan (2002) C. S. Dey (2003) Anil Kumar Mandal (2003) C. E. Chitnis (2004) Javed Naim Agrewala (2005) V. S. Sangwan (2006) Pundi Narasimhan Rangarajan (2007) Ravinder Goswami (2008) Santosh G. Honavar (2009) 2010s Mitali Mukerji (2010) K. Narayanaswamy Balaji (2011) Sandip Basu (2012) Pushkar Sharma (2013) Anurag Agrawal (2014) Vidita Ashok Vaidya (2015) Niyaz Ahmed (2016) Amit Dutt (2017) Deepak Gaur (2017) Ganesan Venkatasubramanian (2018) Dhiraj Kumar (2019) Mohammad Javed Ali (2019) 2020s Bushra Ateeq (2020) Ritesh Agarwal (2020) Jeemon Panniyammakal (2021) Rohit Srivastava (2021) Dipyaman Ganguly (2022) vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954) V. R. Khanolkar (1954) Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955) Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955) Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956) Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956) Isaac Santra (1956) Khushdeva Singh (1957) 1960s Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961) George William Gregory Bird (1963) Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965) Jerusha Jhirad (1966) Edith Helen Paull (1967) Amar Prasad Ray (1967) Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967) B. K. Anand (1969) Ram Kumar Caroli (1969) Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969) Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969) 1970s Ajit Kumar Basu (1970) Coluthur Gopalan (1970) Perugu Siva Reddy (1970) B. N. B. Rao (1971) Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971) Dorothy Chacko (1972) Thayil John Cherian (1972) Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972) Balu Sankaran (1972) K. N. Udupa (1972) R. Marthanda Varma (1972) Mary Verghese (1972) K. T. Dholakia (1973) M. K. Krishna Menon (1973) J. M. Pahwa (1973) Prakash Narain Tandon (1973) Jamshed Vazifdar (1973) Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973) Mani Kumar Chetri (1974) Nagarur Gopinath (1974) L. S. N. Prasad (1974) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974) Reuben David (1975) Stanley John (1975) Mary Poonen Lukose (1975) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975) Durga Deulkar (1976) Lucy Oommen (1977) 1980s Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981) P. K. Sethi (1981) K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981) C. P. Thakur (1982) Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982) S. S. Badrinath (1983) Raj Baveja (1983) Shishupal Ram (1983) Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983) B. K. Goyal (1984) Vera Hingorani (1984) K. P. Mathur (1984) N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984) Hariharan Srinivasan (1984) Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985) Samiran Nundy (1985) Usha Sharma (1985) M. S. Valiathan (1985) Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985) Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986) V. Shanta (1986) Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987) Daljit Singh (1987) Harbans Singh Wasir (1987) 1990s N. H. Antia (1990) M. G. Deo (1990) P. K. Rajagopalan (1990) M. M. S. Ahuja (1991) Sneh Bhargava (1991) K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991) G. N. Malviya (1991) Shiela Mehra (1991) S. C. Munshi (1991) M. N. Passey (1991) Jai Pal Singh (1991) Naresh Trehan (1991) Rathin Datta (1992) Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992) Anil Kohli (1992) Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992) Usha Kehar Luthra (1992) J. S. Mahashabde (1992) P. V. A. Mohandas (1992) E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992) Kameshwar Prasad (1992) Luis Jose De Souza (1992) Amrit Tewari (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998) K. A. Abraham (1999) Raj Bothra (1999) Balendu Prakash (1999) Devendra Triguna (1999) P. K. Warrier (1999) 2000s Mahendra Bhandari (2000) Vipin Buckshey (2000) Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000) Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000) P. K. Dave (2000) Mathew Kalarickal (2000) Kakarla Subba Rao (2000) G. S. Sainani (2000) Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000) Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001) Alaka Deshpande (2001) Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001) Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001) M. Krishnan Nair (2001) Dasari Prasada Rao (2001) Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001) Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001) Suresh H. Advani (2002) Pradeep Chowbey (2002) Vijay Kumar Dada (2002) Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002) Harsh Mahajan (2002) Vikram Marwah (2002) Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002) Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002) Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002) Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002) D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002) Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002) J. S. Guleria (2003) Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003) Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003) Ashok Seth (2003) Vijay Prakash (2003) Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004) S. C. Manchanda (2004) Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004) S. K. Sama (2004) Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004) Devi Shetty (2004) Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004) G. Bakthavathsalam (2005) Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005) P. N. V. Kurup (2005) Veer Singh Mehta (2005) Lavu Narendranath (2005) Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005) Sanjeev Bagai (2006) Mohan Kameswaran (2006) Upendra Kaul (2006) Tsering Landol (2006) Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006) Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006) Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006) Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006) Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007) Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007) Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007) Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007) C. N. Manjunath (2007) Anoop Misra (2007) P. Namperumalsamy (2007) Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007) K. R. Palaniswamy (2007) Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007) B. Paul Thaliath (2007) Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007) Mohsin Wali (2007) S. N. Arya (2008) Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008) Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008) Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008) Raman Kapur (2008) T. P. Lahane (2008) Keiki R. Mehta (2008) M. C. Pant (2008) Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008) Malvika Sabharwal (2008) Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008) Randhir Sud (2008) C. U. Velmurugendran (2008) Kalyan Banerjee (2009) Balswarup Choubey (2009) Saibaba Goud (2009) Yash Gulati (2009) P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009) Arvind Lal (2009) D. S. Rana (2009) Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009) Ashok K. Vaid (2009) G. Vijayaraghavan (2009) 2010s K. K. Aggarwal (2010) Philip Augustine (2010) Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010) Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010) Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010) Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010) Vikas Mahatme (2010) B. Ramana Rao (2010) Rabindra Narain Singh (2010) Arvinder Singh Soin (2010) Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011) Pukhraj Bafna (2011) Mansoor Hasan (2011) Indira Hinduja (2011) Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011) Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011) A. Marthanda Pillai (2011) Sivapatham Vittal (2011) Nitya Anand (2012) Mukesh Batra (2012) Mahdi Hasan (2012) Jugal Kishore (2012) V. Mohan (2012) J. Hareendran Nair (2012) Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012) Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012) Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012) Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013) Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013) Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013) Taraprasad Das (2013) T. V. Devarajan (2013) Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013) Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013) Pramod Kumar Julka (2013) Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013) Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013) Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013) Sundaram Natarajan (2013) C. Venkata S. Ram (2013) Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014) Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014) Balram Bhargava (2014) Indira Chakravarty (2014) Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014) Pawan Raj Goyal (2014) Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014) Amod Gupta (2014) Daya Kishore Hazra (2014) Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014) Shashank R. Joshi (2014) Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014) Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014) Lalit Kumar (2014) Mohan Mishra (2014) Vamsi Mootha (2014) Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014) Nitish Naik (2014) M. Subhadra Nair (2014) Ashok Panagariya (2014) Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014) Sunil Pradhan (2014) Ashok Rajgopal (2014) Kamini A. Rao (2014) Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014) J. S. Titiyal (2014) Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014) Mahesh Verma (2014) Manjula Anagani (2015) Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015) Bimola Kumari (2015) Randeep Guleria (2015) K. P. Haridas (2015) Rajesh Kotecha (2015) Alka Kriplani (2015) Harsh Kumar (2015) Dattatreyudu Nori (2015) Tejas Patel (2015) Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015) Narendra Prasad (2015) Saumitra Rawat (2015) Yog Raj Sharma (2015) Nikhil Tandon (2015) Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015) Gopi Chand Mannam (2016) Praveen Chandra (2016) John Ebnezar (2016) Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016) A. G. K. Gokhale (2016) Murli Manohar Joshi (2016) Ravi Kant (2016) Shiv Narain Kureel (2016) T. K. Lahiri (2016) Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016) Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016) Sudhir V. Shah (2016) Ram Harsh Singh (2016) M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016) T. S. Chandrasekar (2016) Harkishan Singh (2017) Suniti Solomon (2017) Bhakti Yadav (2017) Abhay and Rani Bang (2018) Yeshi Dhonden (2018) Lakshmikutty (2018) M. R. Rajagopal (2018) Sanduk Ruit (2018) Ilias Ali (2019) Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019) Mammen Chandy (2019) Sudam Kate (2019) Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019) Jagat Ram (2019) Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019) 2020s Yogi Aereon (2020) Padma Bandopadhyay (2020) Sushovan Banerjee (2020) Digambar Behera (2020) Leela Joshi (2020) Arunoday Mondal (2020) Shanti Roy (2020) Gurdip Singh (2020) Sandra Desa Souza (2020) Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020) Ravi Kannan R (2020) Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021) Jitendra Nath Pande (2021) Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022) Prokar Dasgupta (2022) Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022) Lata Desai (2022) Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022) Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022) Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022) Bhimsen Singhal (2022) Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022) Kamlakar Tripathi (2022) Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023) Ratan Chandra Kar (2023) Nalini Parthasarathi (2023) Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023) Manoranjan Sahu (2023) Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023) Ishwar Chander Verma (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"King George Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Lady Hardinge Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hardinge_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-i-Kashmir_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bal Krishan Anand (1917–2007) was an Indian physiologist and pharmacologist. He was credited for the discovery of the feeding centre in the hypothalamus in 1951.[1] He is considered the founder of modern Neurophysiology in India.[2]He was born in Lahore as Bal Krishan Anand in 1917. He graduated from King George Medical College in 1940 and obtained his M.D. degree in 1948. He joined in 1949 the Lady Hardinge Medical College as Professor of Physiology.He went to Yale University as a Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1950 and worked with John Brobeck. They had published their research work in 1951.[3] He \\ returned to India in 1952 and continued his research at Lady Hardinge Medical College.He joined the All India Institute of Medical Sciences as its first professor in the Department of Physiology in 1956. He was instrumental in establishing the guidelines of education for M.B., B.S. and Postgraduate students. [citation needed] He became Dean of that Institute.[citation needed]He was instrumental in the establishment of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences in 1982.[citation needed]","title":"B. K. Anand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Physiology"},{"link_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Neurophysiology"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"}],"text":"B. K. Anand and J. R. Brobeck: Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 24:123-40, 1951.\nB. K. Anand and S. Dua: Hypothalamic involvement in the Pituitary Adrenocortical Response. Journal of Physiology. I955. I27, I53-I56.\nB. K. Anand and S. Dua: Circulatory and Respiratory changes induced by Electrical stimulation of Limbic system (Visceral brain). Journal of Neurophysiology. 19: 393–400, 1956.\nB. K. Anand, S. Dua and Baldev Singh. Electrical activity of the hypothalamic 'feeding centres' under the effect of changes in blood chemistry, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Volume 13, Issue 1, February 1961, Pages 54–59.\nB. K. Anand, G. S. Chhina, and Baldev Singh. Effect of Glucose on the Activity of Hypothalamic \"Feeding Centers\". Science 2 November 1962: Vol. 138. no. 3540, pp. 597 – 598.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Indian National Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"Indian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSA_Fellow-4"},{"link_name":"Dr. B. C. Roy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B._C._Roy_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSA_Fellow-4"}],"text":"He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Medical Sciences in 1963.\nGovernment of India awarded him Padma Shri in Medicine in 1969.\nHe was a fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences.[4]\nThe Medical Council of India awarded him the Dr. B. C. Roy Award in 1984.[4]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"INSA Fellow\". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N630016","url_text":"\"INSA Fellow\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ijpp.com/IJPP%20archives/2007_51_2/103-104.pdf","external_links_name":"Obituary, Professor B. K. Anand, by Jayasree Sengupta"},{"Link":"http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N630016","external_links_name":"\"INSA Fellow\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Badmaash
Maha Badmaash
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 Trivia","5 References","6 External links"]
1977 Indian filmMaha BadmaashPromotional PosterDirected byR.G. ThakerProduced bySwarn SinghStarringVinod KhannaNeetu SinghMusic byRavindra JainRelease date 1977 (1977) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Maha Badmaash is a 1977 Bollywood film directed by R.G. Thaker. Plot Ratan runs a legitimate casino, little knowing that he is under surveillance by an international gangster named Mogambha, who is unseen, but heard only. When Ratan is approached and asked to partner with Mogambha, he refuses, and is implicated in a murder of a man named Mombha. Thus entrapped, he agrees to be part of Mogambha's gang and is asked to work together with Pinky Nathani and Mike. Subsequently, Ratan is asked to kill Ajit Saxena, the Commissioner of Police, which he refuses to do. Mogambho's men then abduct his Secretary, Reddy, and his sister, Mala, and hold them for ransom until such time Ratan assassinates Ajit. Will Ratan commit this felony, or refuse at the risk of losing Reddy and Mala. Cast Vinod Khanna as Ratan Neetu Singh as Seema / Pinky (Double Role) Bindu as Reena Brahmachari as Reddy Imtiaz Khan as Mike Pinchoo Kapoor as Dindayal Praveen Paul as Mrs. Nathani Om Shivpuri as Mogambo / Parker Music Song Singer Lyricist "Yun Husn Ka Jalwa" Asha Bhosle Noor Dewasi "Abhi Zara Si Der Mein" Asha Bhosle Naqsh Lyallpuri "Nazar Hai Badli Badli Si, Ada Hai Jaani Pehchani" Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi Kulwant Jani Trivia The movie had average business. The music score was by Ravindra Jain. This film contains 3 songs, all sung by Asha Bhosle (including 1 duet song with Mohammed Rafi). The film comprises comedy, action, drama and romance. The Don MOGAMBO was originally cast as a villain, which was again acted by Amrish Puri in Mr. India. References ^ "Maha Badmaash Vinyl LP Records". ebay. Retrieved 28 April 2015. External links Maha Badmaash at IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1977 Indian filmMaha Badmaash [A Great Crook] is a 1977 Bollywood film directed by R.G. Thaker.[1]","title":"Maha Badmaash"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ratan runs a legitimate casino, little knowing that he is under surveillance by an international gangster named Mogambha, who is unseen, but heard only. When Ratan is approached and asked to partner with Mogambha, he refuses, and is implicated in a murder of a man named Mombha. Thus entrapped, he agrees to be part of Mogambha's gang and is asked to work together with Pinky Nathani and Mike. Subsequently, Ratan is asked to kill Ajit Saxena, the Commissioner of Police, which he refuses to do. Mogambho's men then abduct his Secretary, Reddy, and his sister, Mala, and hold them for ransom until such time Ratan assassinates Ajit. Will Ratan commit this felony, or refuse at the risk of losing Reddy and Mala.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinod Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Neetu Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neetu_Singh"},{"link_name":"Bindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindu_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Brahmachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmachari_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Imtiaz Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Khan"},{"link_name":"Pinchoo Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchoo_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Praveen Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praveen_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Om Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shivpuri"}],"text":"Vinod Khanna as Ratan\nNeetu Singh as Seema / Pinky (Double Role)\nBindu as Reena\nBrahmachari as Reddy\nImtiaz Khan as Mike\nPinchoo Kapoor as Dindayal\nPraveen Paul as Mrs. Nathani\nOm Shivpuri as Mogambo / Parker","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravindra Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Jain"},{"link_name":"Asha Bhosle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Bhosle"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Rafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi"},{"link_name":"Amrish Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrish_Puri"},{"link_name":"Mr. India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)"}],"text":"The movie had average business. The music score was by Ravindra Jain. This film contains 3 songs, all sung by Asha Bhosle (including 1 duet song with Mohammed Rafi). The film comprises comedy, action, drama and romance.The Don MOGAMBO was originally cast as a villain, which was again acted by Amrish Puri in Mr. India.","title":"Trivia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_Brummel
The Beautiful Brummel
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Beautiful Brummel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1951 Argentine filmThe Beautiful BrummelDirected byJulio SaraceniWritten byManuel M. Alba Abel SantacruzStarringFidel Pintos Delfy de Ortega Amadeo NovoaCinematographyAmérico HossEdited byJosé GallegoMusic byTito RiberoRelease date 26 June 1951 (1951-06-26) Running time92 minutesCountryArgentinaLanguageSpanish The Beautiful Brummel (Spanish: El Hermoso Brummel) is a 1951 Argentine historical comedy film directed by Julio Saraceni and starring Fidel Pintos, Delfy de Ortega and Amadeo Novoa. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gori Muñoz. Plot In the early nineteenth century, a valet assumes the identity of his master and must confront the challenges of this deception in society. Cast Fidel Pintos Delfy de Ortega Amadeo Novoa Susana Campos Carlos Barbetti Carlos Enríquez Julia Sandoval Lucio Deval Alberto Terrones Irma Roy María Esther Rodrigo Ricardo Legarreta Pedro Aleandro Daniel Tedeschi...Extra Mario Pocoví Julián Bourges External links The Beautiful Brummel at IMDb vteFilms directed by Julio Saraceni Fórmula secreta (1937) Noches de Carnaval (1938) La intrusa (1939) La importancia de ser ladrón (1944) Nuestra Natacha (1944) Los tres mosqueteros (1946) María Celeste (1945) La caraba (1947) Cumbres de hidalguía (1947) El misterio del cuarto amarillo (1947) Nace la libertad (1949) Alma de bohemio (1949) La barra de la esquina (1950) Buenos Aires, mi tierra querida (1951) El hermoso Brummel (1951) La última escuadrilla (1951) Bárbara atómica (1952) La mejor del colegio (1953) Por cuatro días locos (1953) La edad del amor (1954) Veraneo en Mar del Plata (1954) Los peores del barrio (1955) Más pobre que una laucha (1955) Un novio para Laura (1955) Catita es una dama (1956) El satélite chiflado (1956) Marta Ferrari (1956) Del cuplé al tango (1958) La hermosa mentira (1958) La maestra enamorada (1961) Cristóbal Colón en la Facultad de Medicina (1962) El mago de las finanzas (1962) Cuando calienta el sol (1963) Alias Flequillo (1963) Cleopatra Was Candida (1964) El gordo Villanueva (1964) Cuidado con las colas (1964) Esta noche mejor no (1965) Disloque en el presidio (1965) Muchachos impacientes (1966) Patapúfete (1967) El glotón (1967) Villa Cariño (1967) El novicio rebelde (1968) Joven, viuda y estanciera (1970) Vuelvo a vivir, vuelvo a cantar (1971) El deseo de vivir (1973) Allá en el Norte (1973) Rolando Rivas, taxista (1974) Carmiña: Su historia de amor (1975) Te necesito tanto, amor (1976) La obertura (1977) Patolandia nuclear (1978) Alejandra, mon amour (1979) Buenos Aires tango (1982) Los superagentes contra los fantasmas (1982) This article related to an Argentine film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale
Route nationale
["1 History","2 List of routes nationales","2.1 Routes nationales 1 to 25","2.2 Routes nationales 26 to 50","2.3 Routes nationales 51 to 75","2.4 Routes nationales 76 to 100","2.5 Routes nationales 101 to 125","2.6 Routes nationales 126 to 150","2.7 Routes nationales 151 to 175","2.8 Routes nationales 176 to 200","2.9 Routes nationales 201 and beyond","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Class of trunk road in France This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Route nationale" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Point zéro (kilometre zero) on the parvis of Notre-Dame de Paris A route nationale, or simply nationale, is a class of trunk road in France. They are important roads of national significance which cross broad portions of the French territory, in contrast to departmental or communal roads which serve more limited local areas. Their use is free, except when crossing certain structures subject to a toll. They are open to all vehicles, except on certain sections having motorway (autoroute) or express road (voie express) status, both of these categories being reserved for motorized vehicles only. France at one time had some 30,500 km of routes nationales and publicly owned motorways, but this figure has decreased with the transfer of the responsibility for many routes to the départements so that by 2010 the total length of motorways and other national roads was around 21,100 km. By way of comparison, routes départementales in the same year covered a total distance of 378,000 km. The layout of the main trunk road network reflects France's centralizing tradition: the majority of them radiate from Paris. The most important trunk roads begin on the parvis of Notre Dame de Paris at a point known as point zéro (kilometre zero). In order to cover the country effectively, there are many other roads that do not serve Paris directly. History The system dates back to 16 December 1811, when Napoleon designated a number of routes impériales (imperial highways). First-class routes were numbered from 1 to 14; all began at Paris, radiating out in a clockwise manner. Route 1 ran from Paris north to Calais, and is still the general path of route nationale 1. Second-class routes, from 15 to 27, did the same, while third-class routes from 28 to 229 provided less major connections. During the Bourbon Restoration, in 1824, these routes were renamed routes royales (royal highways) and modified. Route 3, Paris to Hamburg via Soissons, Reims and Liège, was renumbered to 31 and 51, and the subsequent routes were shifted down by one. Routes 19 and 20 were completely outside the post-Napoleon France, and so 21 to 27 became 18 to 24. In 1830 the highways were renamed routes nationales. In the 21st century, the French Government has downgraded many of the former routes nationales, such as the N7 from Paris to the Côte d'Azur, transferring responsibility for them to the départements. List of routes nationales Routes nationales 1 to 25 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N1 Paris - Beauvais - Amiens - Abbeville - Boulogne-sur-Mer - Calais - Dunkirk - Belgium (N39) N2 Paris - Soissons - Laon - Maubeuge - Belgium (N6) N3 Paris - Meaux - Château-Thierry - Épernay - Châlons-en-Champagne - Verdun - Metz - Germany (B41) N4 Paris - Vitry-le-François - Saint-Dizier - Toul - Blâmont - Sarrebourg - Strasbourg - Germany (B28) N4A Vincennes (N34) - Joinville-le-Pont (N186) N5 Dijon - Dole - Switzerland (Geneva) - Thonon-les-Bains - Saint-Gingolph - Switzerland (21) N6 Paris - Melun - Fontainebleau - Sens - Auxerre - Chalon-sur-Saône - Mâcon - Lyon - Chambéry - Modane - Italy (SS25) N7 Paris - Fontainebleau - Montargis - Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire - Nevers - Moulins - Roanne - Lyon - Vienne - Valence - Montélimar - Orange - Avignon - Aix-en-Provence - Fréjus - Saint-Raphaël - Cannes - Antibes - Nice - Menton - Italy (SS1) N8 Aix-en-Provence - Marseille - Aubagne - Toulon N9 Moulins - Clermont-Ferrand - Issoire - Saint-Chély-d'Apcher - Marvejols - Banassac - Millau - Clermont-l'Hérault - Béziers - Narbonne - Perpignan - Spain (N-II) N10 Saint-Cyr-l'École - Rambouillet - Chartres - Tours - Châtellerault - Poitiers - Angoulême - Bordeaux - Biarritz - Spain (N-I) N11 Poitiers (N10) - Niort - La Rochelle N12 Saint-Cyr-l'École - Dreux - Alençon - Fougères - Liffré - Rennes - Saint-Brieuc - Brest N13 Paris - Saint-Germain-en-Laye - Orgeval - Mantes-la-Jolie - Évreux - Lisieux - Caen - Cherbourg N14 Paris - Enghien - Pontoise - Rouen N15 Bonnières-sur-Seine (A13) - Rouen - Yvetot - Le Havre N16 Pierrefitte (N1) - Creil - Clermont N17 Le Bourget (N2) - Senlis - Arras - Lille - Hallum Belgium (N32) N18 Étain - Longuyon - Longwy - Belgium (N830) N19 Paris - Provins - Troyes - Chaumont - Langres - Vesoul - Belfort - Switzerland N20 Paris - Étampes - Orléans - Vierzon - Châteauroux - Limoges - Brive - Cahors - Montauban - Toulouse - Foix - Bourg-Madame - Spain (N-152) N21 Limoges - Périgueux - Bergerac - Agen - Auch - Tarbes - Argelès-Gazost N22 N20 between Foix and Bourg-Madame - Andorra N23 Chartres - Le Mans - Angers - Nantes N24 Rennes - Lorient N25 Amiens - Arras Routes nationales 26 to 50 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N26 Verneuil-sur-Avre (N12) - Argentan N27 Rouen - Dieppe N28 Rouen - Abbeville - Dunkirk N29 Yvetot - Amiens - Saint-Quentin - La Capelle N30 Bapaume - Cambrai - Valenciennes - Quiévrain N31 Rouen - Beauvais - Compiègne - Soissons - Reims N32 Compiègne - La Fère N33 Saint-Avold - Creutzwald N34 Vincennes - Coulommiers - Esternay N35 Saint-Dizier - Bar-le-Duc - Verdun N36 Meaux - Melun N37 A6 - RN7 N38 N39 Arras - Hesdin - Le Touquet-Paris-Plage N40 N41 Béthune - Lille N42 Boulogne-sur-Mer - Saint-Omer - Bailleul N43 Metz - Sedan - La Capelle - Charleville-Mézières - Cambrai - Douai - Lens - Béthune - Saint-Omer - Calais N44 Cambrai - Saint-Quentin - Laon - Reims - Châlons-en-Champagne - Vitry-le-François N45 Douai - Valenciennes N46 N47 Lens - La Bassée N48 N49 Valenciennes - Maubeuge - Jeumont - Belgium (N54) N50 Arras - Douai Routes nationales 51 to 75 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N51 Épernay - Reims - Charleville-Mézières - Givet N52 Metz - Thionville - Longwy N53 Thionville - Évrange N54 N55 N56 Saint-Avold - Sarralbe N57 Metz - Nancy - Épinal - Vesoul - Besançon - Pontarlier - Ballaigues N58 Sedan - Bouillon N59 Nancy - Saint-Dié-des-Vosges - Sélestat N60 Orléans - Montargis - Sens - Troyes N61 Phalsbourg - Saarbrücken N62 Sarreguemines - Haguenau N63 Strasbourg - Haguenau - A35 N64 N65 Auxerre - A6 N66 Remiremont - Mulhouse - Basel (Switzerland) N67 Saint-Dizier - Chaumont N68 N69 N70 Paray-le-Monial - Montchanin N71 Troyes - Dijon N72 Access to A6 at Mâcon-Nord. N73 Besançon - Dole - Chalon-sur-Saône N74 Sarreguemines - Château-Salins - Nancy - Toul - Chaumont - Langres - Dijon - Beaune - Corpeau (Route des Grands Crus from Dijon to Santenay) N75 Bourg-en-Bresse - Grenoble - Sisteron Routes nationales 76 to 100 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N76 Tours - Vierzon - Bourges - Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier N77 Auxerre - Troyes - Châlons-en-Champagne N78 Chalon-sur-Saône - Louhans - Lons-le-Saunier - Saint-Laurent-en-Grandvaux N79 Montmarault - Mâcon - Bourg-en-Bresse N80 Autun - Le Creusot - Chalon-sur-Saône N81 Nevers - Autun - Pouilly-en-Auxois N82 Roanne - Saint-Étienne - Chanas N83 Lyon - Bourg-en-Bresse - Lons-le-Saunier - Besançon - Belfort - Colmar - Strasbourg N84 Lyon - Nantua - Bellegarde-sur-Valserine N85 Bourgoin-Jallieu - Grenoble - Gap - Digne-les-Bains - Grasse - Cannes N86 Lyon - Nîmes N87 Grenoble N88 Lyon - Saint-Étienne - Le Puy-en-Velay - Mende - Rodez - Albi - Toulouse N89 Lyon - Thiers - Clermont-Ferrand - Tulle - Périgueux - Libourne - Bordeaux N90 Grenoble - Albertville - Bourg-Saint-Maurice - Col du Petit Saint-Bernard N91 Grenoble - Briançon N92 Romans-sur-Isère - Moirans N93 Viviers - Pierrelatte N94 Gap - Montgenèvre N95 Tain-l'Hermitage - A7 (exit 13) N96 Aubagne - Aix-en-Provence - Manosque - Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban N97 Toulon - Le Luc N98 Toulon - Fréjus - Saint-Raphaël - Cannes - Nice - Menton N99 N100 Remoulins - Avignon - Apt - Forcalquier Routes nationales 101 to 125 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N101 Eastern bypass of Remoulins - Link N86-N100 N102 Vergongheon - Brioude - Le Puy-en-Velay and Pradelles - Aubenas - Montélimar N103 Conflans-en-Jarnisy - Briey N104 Lognes - Évry - Les Ulis (Francilienne) N105 Melun - Montereau-Fault-Yonne N106 Nîmes - Alès - Florac - Mende - Saint-Chély-d'Apcher N107 Vedène - Le Pontet - Montfavet N108 Marvejols - Barjac N109 Clermont-l'Hérault - Montpellier N110 Montpellier - Alès N111 Biriatou - A63 N112 Montpellier - Béziers - Castres - Albi N113 Bordeaux - Agen - Toulouse - Carcassonne - Narbonne - Pézenas - Montpellier - Nîmes - Arles - Salon-de-Provence - Marseille N114 Perpignan - Cerbère N115 Le Boulou - Col d'Ares N116 Perpignan - Bourg-Madame N117 Toulouse - Tarbes - Pau - Bayonne N118 Sèvres - Les Ulis N119 N120 Uzerche - Tulle - Aurillac - Espalion - Rodez N121 Saint-Flour - Espalion N122 Clermont-Ferrand ou Massiac - Aurillac - Villefranche-de-Rouergue - Toulouse N123 Chartres N124 Toulouse - Auch - Mont-de-Marsan - Dax - Saint-Geours-de-Maremne N125 Montréjeau - Fos Routes nationales 126 to 150 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N126 Toulouse - Castres N127 N128 N129 N130 N131 N132 Cherbourg N133 N134 Saugnacq-et-Muret - Mont-de-Marsan - Pau - col du Somport N135 Bar-le-Duc - Ligny-en-Barrois N136 Rennes N137 Saint-Malo - Rennes - Nantes - La Rochelle - Saintes - Bordeaux N138 Rouen - Alençon - Le Mans - Tours N139 N140 Cressensac - Figeac - Rodez N141 Saintes - Angoulême - Limoges - Aubusson - Clermont-Ferrand N142 Bourges N143 Tours - Châteauroux N144 Bourges - Montluçon - Riom N145 Bellac - Guéret - Montluçon N146 Avallon - A6 N147 Angers - Poitiers - Limoges N148 Sainte-Hermine - Niort N149 Nantes - Poitiers N150 Niort - Royan Routes nationales 151 to 175 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N151 Poitiers - Châteauroux - Bourges - La Charité-sur-Loire - Auxerre N152 Fontainebleau - Orléans - Tours - Angers N153 Thionville - Apach N154 Louviers - Évreux - Dreux - Chartres - Artenay N155 N156 N157 Orléans - Le Mans - Laval - Rennes N158 Caen - Falaise - Sées N159 N160 Angers - Cholet - La Roche-sur-Yon - Les Sables-d'Olonne N161 N162 Mayenne - Laval - Angers N163 N164 Montauban-de-Bretagne - Châteaulin N165 Nantes - Vannes - Lorient - Quimper - Brest N166 Ploërmel - Vannes N167 N168 N169 Lorient - Roscoff N170 N171 La Baule - Châteaubriant - Laval N172 N173 N174 Carentan - Saint-Lô - Vire N175 Rennes - Pontorson - Avranches - Caen - Rouen Routes nationales 176 to 200 style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N176 Pré-en-Pail - Domfront - Dinan - Interchange N12/E50 N177 Pont-l'Évêque - Trouville-sur-Mer N178 N179 N180 N181 N182 N183 N184 Saint-Germain-en-Laye - l'Isle Adam N185 N186 N187 N188 Massy / A10 - Les Ulis N189 N190 N191 Mennecy - Étampes - Ablis N192 N193 Bastia - Corte, Haute-Corse - Ajaccio N194 N195 N196 Ajaccio - Bonifacio N197 Ponte Leccia - Calvi N198 Casamozza - Bonifacio N199 N200 Routes nationales 201 and beyond style="width:99%" Number Runs through: N201 Perly-Certoux - Saint-Julien-en-Genevois - Annecy - Aix-les-Bains - Chambéry A-41S N202 Nice - Puget-Théniers - Barrême N204 Tende - Breil-sur-Roya N205 Annemasse - Chamonix - Mont Blanc Tunnel N206 Bellegarde-sur-Valserine - Saint-Julien-en-Genevois - Annemasse - Douvaine N209 Varennes-sur-Allier - Vichy - Gannat N212 Sallanches - Megève - Ugine - Albertville N215 Bordeaux - pointe de Grave N220 N248 Épannes - A10 Exit n°33 N249 Nantes - Cholet - Bressuire N250 Bordeaux - Arcachon N254 Allaines-Mervilliers - A10 Exit n°12 N274 Rocade de Dijon (Dijon bypass, 18.5 km) N304 Aubenas - Loriol-sur-Drôme N312 Agde - A9 Exit n°34 N313 Aimargues - A9 Exit n°26 N320 L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre - Col de Puymorens - Porté-Puymorens N330 Creil - Senlis - Meaux N346 Rocade Est de Lyon N383 Boulevard périphérique de Lyon N420 Molsheim - Saint-Dié-des-Vosges N520 Contournement de Limoges (Limoges bypass, 16 km) N544 Fos-sur-Mer - La Fossette N545 Fos-sur-Mer - Esso Refinery N546 Fos-sur-Mer - D.P.F. N568 Raphèle-lès-Arles - Martigues - Marseille N569 Orgon - Miramas - Istres - Fos-sur-Mer N570 Avignon - Tarascon - Arles N2013 Cherbourg N572 Lunel - Aimargues - Vauvert - Saint-Gilles - Arles - Salon-de-Provence N618 Saint-Jean-de-Luz - Col d'Aubisque - Col d'Aspin - Bagnères-de-Luchon - Saint-Girons - Argelès-sur-Mer N814 Boulevard périphérique de Caen See also Routes Départementales, the category below Routes Nationale in France References ^ Figures from the Ministère de l’Écologie] ^ "Note Sommaire sur la Gestion des Routes". ^ "Take the slow road: Route Nationale 7, the French connection". Washington Post. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2017. External links Routes Nationales vteRoutes nationales (main trunk roads) of France N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7 N 8 N 9 N 10 N 11 N 12 N 13 N 14 N 15 N 16 N 17 N 18 N 19 N 20 N 21 N 22 N 23 N 24 N 25 N 26 N 27 N 28 N 29 N 30 N 43 N 52 N 79 N 98 N 104 N 138 N 154 N 177 N 202
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They are important roads of national significance which cross broad portions of the French territory, in contrast to departmental or communal roads which serve more limited local areas.Their use is free, except when crossing certain structures subject to a toll. They are open to all vehicles, except on certain sections having motorway (autoroute) or express road (voie express) status, both of these categories being reserved for motorized vehicles only.France at one time had some 30,500 km of routes nationales and publicly owned motorways, but this figure has decreased with the transfer of the responsibility for many routes to the départements so that by 2010 the total length of motorways and other national roads was around 21,100 km. By way of comparison, routes départementales in the same year covered a total distance of 378,000 km.[1]The layout of the main trunk road network reflects France's centralizing tradition: the majority of them radiate from Paris. The most important trunk roads begin on the parvis of Notre Dame de Paris at a point known as point zéro (kilometre zero). In order to cover the country effectively, there are many other roads that do not serve Paris directly.","title":"Route nationale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"clockwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwise"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"route nationale 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_1"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissons"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"N7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_7"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The system dates back to 16 December 1811, when Napoleon designated a number of routes impériales (imperial highways). First-class routes were numbered from 1 to 14; all began at Paris, radiating out in a clockwise manner. Route 1 ran from Paris north to Calais, and is still the general path of route nationale 1. Second-class routes, from 15 to 27, did the same, while third-class routes from 28 to 229 provided less major connections. During the Bourbon Restoration, in 1824, these routes were renamed routes royales (royal highways) and modified. Route 3, Paris to Hamburg via Soissons, Reims and Liège, was renumbered to 31 and 51, and the subsequent routes were shifted down by one. Routes 19 and 20 were completely outside the post-Napoleon France, and so 21 to 27 became 18 to 24. In 1830 the highways were renamed routes nationales.[2]In the 21st century, the French Government has downgraded many of the former routes nationales, such as the N7 from Paris to the Côte d'Azur, transferring responsibility for them to the départements.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 1 to 25","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 26 to 50","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 51 to 75","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 76 to 100","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 101 to 125","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 126 to 150","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 151 to 175","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 176 to 200","title":"List of routes nationales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Routes nationales 201 and beyond","title":"List of routes nationales"}]
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[{"title":"Routes Départementales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_hierarchy#Routes_D%C3%A9partementales"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Sato
Yuki Sato (voice actor)
["1 Filmography","1.1 Anime","1.2 Video games","1.3 Overseas dubbing","1.4 Other dubbing","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese actor and voice actor You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (June 2015) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|佐藤佑暉}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This biography may need cleanup. Please review the Manual of Style for biographies and help improve the article. (June 2015) Yuki Sato佐藤 佑暉BornJanuary 26Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanOther namesHiroyuki SatōEducationTokai UniversityOccupations Actor voice actor Years active1986–presentAgentAoni ProductionHeight166 cm (5 ft 5 in) Yuki Sato (佐藤 佑暉, Satō Yūki, born January 26), also credited as Hiroyuki Satō (佐藤浩之, Satō Hiroyuki), is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. He is represented by Aoni Production. Filmography Anime List of voice performances in anime Year Series Role Notes Source 1988–97 Legend of the Galactic Heroes Sanders OVA   1989 Transformers: Victory Mach, Drill Horn aired on NTV   1989–96 Yanki Reppu-Tai Takizawa OVA   1990 Brave Exkaiser Kumiko's Manager   1990 Magical Taluluto Motorcycle Gang   1990 Yagami-kun no Katei no Jijō Yuzo Miyake OVA   1991–92 3x3 Eyes Tatsuya OVA   1991 Mobile Suit Gundam F91 Kane Song     1992–96 Sailor Moon series Motoki Furuhata     1992 The Bush Baby Maurice     1993 Aoki Densetsu Shoot! Shouji Hattori     1993 Rokudenashi Blues Hironari Komiyama     1994 Captain Tsubasa J Shun Nitta     1995 Romeo's Blue Skies Leo, Panio     1996 Dragon Ball GT Neji/Super Σ     1999 Gokudo Tei     1999–2000 Blue Gender Tony Frost     2002 Ultimate Muscle Rikishiman, Apollonman       Lady! Lady! Mark aired on TBS     Kariagekun Tachikawa aired on CX   Video games List of voice performances in video games Year Series Role Notes Source   KOF: Maximum Impact series Alba Meira     Overseas dubbing List of voice performances in overseas dubbing Year Series Role Notes Source 1991-2007 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends Donald, 'Arry, Harold Seasons 2-8 only, succeeded 'Arry from Moriya Endo   2000 Thomas and the Magic Railroad Harold Other dubbing List of voice performances in other dubbing Year Series Role Notes Source   Ultraman Cosmos Ultraman Cosmos       U-otchi Narration       Go! Go! Connie-chan Tomorokoshi-kun     References ^ a b c d e 佐藤佑暉 . Aoni Production (in Japanese). Retrieved June 28, 2015. External links Official agency profile (in Japanese) Yuki Sato at Anime News Network's encyclopedia This biographical article about a Japanese voice actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipuran_language
Arawakan languages
["1 Name","2 Dispersal","3 Language contact","4 Languages","4.1 Kaufman (1994)","4.2 Aikhenvald (1999)","4.3 Ramirez (2001)","4.4 Walker & Ribeiro (2011)","4.5 Jolkesky (2016)","4.6 Nikulin & Carvalho (2019)","4.7 Ramirez (2020)","5 Varieties","6 Arawakan vs. Maipurean","7 Characteristics","8 Phonology","9 Shared morphological traits","9.1 General morphological type","9.2 Alienable and inalienable possession","9.3 Classifiers","9.4 Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb","10 Some examples","11 Geographic distribution","12 Vocabulary","13 Proto-language","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 Further reading","18 External links"]
Language family of indigenous peoples in South America This article is about the Maipurean languages, or Arawakan proper. For the Araucanian language family spoken in the Patagonia, see Araucanian languages. ArawakanMaipureanGeographicdistributionExtant in every country in South America, except for Ecuador, Uruguay and Chile. Formerly spoken in Central America and the Caribbean.Linguistic classificationMacro-Arawakan ?ArawakanProto-languageProto-ArawakanSubdivisions Northern Southern ISO 639-5awdGlottologaraw1281Maipurean languages in South America (Caribbean and Central America not included): North-Maipurean (pale blue) and South-Maipurean (deeper blue). Spots represent location of extant languages, and shadowed areas show probable earlier locations. Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock. Name The name Maipure was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilii in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term Arawak took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. At that time, the name Maipurean was resurrected for the core family. See Arawakan vs Maipurean for details. Dispersal The Arawakan linguistic matrix hypothesis (ALMH) suggests that the modern diversity of the Arawakan language family stems from the diversification of a trade language or lingua franca that was spoken throughout much of tropical lowland South America. Proponents of this hypothesis include Santos-Granero (2002) and Eriksen (2014). Eriksen (2014) proposes that the Arawakan family had only broken up after 600 CE, but Michael (2020) considers this to be unlikely, noting that Arawakan internal diversity is greater than that of the Romance languages. On the other hand, Blench (2015) suggests a demographic expansion that had taken place over a few thousand years, similar to the dispersals of the Austronesian and Austroasiatic language families in Southeast Asia. Language contact As one of the most geographically widespread language families in all of the Americas, Arawakan linguistic influence can be found in many language families of South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantxe, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana, Pano, Takana, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Urarina, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Zaparo, Saliba-Hodi, and Tikuna-Yuri language families due to contact. However, these similarities could be due to inheritance, contact, or chance. Languages Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all: Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran, Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran, Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran, Piro = Purus, Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran. An early contrast between Ta-Arawak and Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious; nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family. Kaufman (1994) The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these: Shebaye (†) Lapachu (†) Morique (also known as Morike) (†) Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan": Salumã (also known as Salumán, Enawené-Nawé) Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique. Maipurean Northern Maipurean Upper Amazon branch Maritime branch Aruán (Aroã) † Wapixana (also known as Wapishana): Atorada (also known as Atoraí), Mapidian (also known as Maopidyán), Wapishana Ta-Maipurean Palikur Palikur (also known as Palikúr) Marawán † Southern Maipurean Western branch Amuesha (also known as Amoesha, Yanesha') Chamicuro (also known as Chamikuro) Central branch Southern Outlier branch Terêna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guaná, Chané) Moxos group (also known as Moho)& Trinitario) Baure Paunaka (also known as Pauna–Paikone) Piro group Campa branch (also known as Pre-Andean) Kaufman does not report the extinct Magiana of the Moxos group. Aikhenvald (1999) Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the Southern Outlier and Western branches of Southern Maipurean. She assigns Salumã and Lapachu ('Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the Maritime branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruán and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the North Amazonian branch of Northern Maipurean. The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's: Maipurean North Arawak = Northern Maipurean Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) Palikur = Kaufman's Palikur + Aruán (3) Caribbean = Ta-Maipurean (8) North Amazonian = Upper Amazon (17 attested) South and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean South Arawak = Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group + Salumã + Lapachu (11) Pareci–Xingu = Central Maipurean (6) South-Western Arawak = Piro (5) Campa (6) Amuesha (1) Chamicuro (1) Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from Morique. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean. Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies Mawayana with Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names "Mapidian" and "Mawakwa" (with some reservations for the latter). Ramirez (2001) Internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2001): 2 subgroups, 10 divisions († = extinct) Arawakan unclassified: Yanesha, Chamicuro Western unclassified: † Yumana, † Passé Japurá-Colombia division Piapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumá-Mariaté † Kauixana Resígaro Upper Rio Negro division † Baré, † Guinau, † Anauyá-Yabahana Upper Orinoco division † Pareni, Yavitero † Maipure Negro-Roraima division † Arua † Manao, † Wirina, † Bahuana, † Cariaí Wapixana, Atorai † Mawayana Juruá-Jutaí division † Marawa † Waraiku Purus-Ucayali division Apurinã; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri Kampa Bolivia-Mato Grosso division Baure, Mojeño Tereno, † Kinikinao Caribe-Venezuela division Lokono; Iñeri, Garífuna; † Taino; † Caquetio Guajiro, † Paraujano Eastern Amapá division Palikur, † Marawá Xingu-Tapajós division Waurá, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti Pareci, † Sarave Walker & Ribeiro (2011) Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows. Arawakan Northeast South Western Amazonia Amuesha, Chamicuro Circum-Caribbean Central Brazil Central Amazonia Northwest Amazonia The internal structures of each branch is given below. Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the Bayesian computational methods used. Arawakan Northeast Marawan, Palikúr South Kinikinau, Terena Baure Moxos: Trinitario, Ignaciano Western Amazonia Apurinã Iñapari Piro, Manxineri Caquinte Asheninka Machiguenga, Nomatsiguenga Amuesha, Chamicuro Circum-Caribbean Waraicu, Marawa (Core branch) (Island branch) Taíno Island Carib, Garífuna Lokono Paraujano, Guajiro Central Brazil Saraveka Enawene Mawe, Paresí Yawalapití Waurá, Mehináku Central Amazonia Anauyá Guinau, Baré Bahuana, Manao Arua Cabiai Mawayana, Wapixana Northwest Amazonia Maipure Yavitero Baniva, Warekena Pasé, Yumana Resígaro Cabiyari Kauixana Yukuna Mariaté, Wainumá Achagua, Piapoco Mandawaka, Guarekena Tariana Kurripako Baniwa, Karutana Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): († = extinct) Arawak Yanesha Western Aguachile † Chamikuro Mamoré-Paraguai Mamoré-Guaporé (Portuguese article) Mojo-Paunaka Mojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario Paunaka Baure-Paikoneka Baure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone † Paikoneka † Terena: Chane †; Guana †; Kinikinau; Terena Negro-Putumayo Jumana-Pase: Jumana †; Pase † Kaishana † Nawiki Kabiyari Karu-Tariana Karu: Baniwa; Kuripako Tariana Mepuri † Piapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko Wainambu † Warekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka † Yukuna-Wainuma: Mariate †; Wainuma †; Yukuna Resigaro Wirina † Orinoco Yavitero-Baniva: Baniva; Yavitero † Maipure † Pre-Andine Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga Nomatsigenga Machiguenga-Nanti Ashaninka-Kakinte Kakinte Ashaninka-Asheninka Ashaninka: Ashaninka Asheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka Purus Apurinã Iñapari Piro-Manchineri: Kanamare †; Kuniba †; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; Yine Eastern Lower Amazon Atlantic: Marawan †; Palikur Guaporé-Tapajós Saraveka † Tapajós: Enawene-Nawe; Paresi Xingu Kustenau † Waura-Mehinako: Mehinaku; Waura Yawalapiti Waraiku: Waraiku † Solimões-Caribbean: Marawan †; Palikur Marawa † Caribbean Kaketio † Wayuu-Añun Añun Wayuu Lokono-Iñeri Iñeri: Garifuna; Kalhiphona † Lokono Shebayo † Taino † Negro-Branco Arua † Mainatari † Negro Bare-Guinao: Bare; Guinao † Bawana-Kariai-Manao: Bawana †; Kariai †; Manao † Yabaana † Branco Mawayana Wapishana-Parawana: Aroaki †; Atorada; Parawana †; Wapishana Nikulin & Carvalho (2019) Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270): Arawakan Yanesha' Chamicuro Palikur Maritime Island Carib; Garífuna Lokono; Wayuunaiki, Añun Rio Branco Wapixana Mawayana Japurá-Colômbia Piapoco Achagua Yucuna Resígaro Tariana Baniwa-Koripako Warekena Antigo Orinoco Baré Yavitero Baniva of Guainia Maipure Warekena of Xié Central Paresí Enawenê-Nawê Xingu Yawalapití Waurá; Mehináku Purus Apurinã Iñapari; Yine/Manxinéru Campa Nomatsiguenga Matsiguenga Nanti Caquinte Asháninka Ashéninka Bolívia-Paraná Baure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano Terena; Paunaka; Mojeño (Trinitário, Ignaciano, Loretano, Javeriano) Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches: Maritime: loss of medial Proto-Arawakan *-n-. Lokono-Wayuu: first person singular prefix *ta- replacing *nu-. Carvalho also reconstructs the suffix *-ja (possibly a deictic) and *kabɨnɨ 'three' as characteristic of this subgroup. Campa: lexical innovations such as *iNʧato 'tree', *-taki 'bark', *-toNki 'bone', etc. There are also typological innovations due to contact with Andean languages such as Quechua. Ramirez (2020) The internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2020) is as follows. This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016). 12 subgroups consisting of 56 languages (29 living and 27 extinct) († = extinct) Arawakan Japurá-Colombia (Portuguese article) † Mepuri † Yumana, † Passé † Kauixana Peripheral † Mandawaka, Warekena (do San Miguel); Baniwa-Koripako Piapoco, Achagua; Kabiyari † Resígaro † Wainumá-Mariaté Yukuna Upper Orinoco Baniva de Maroa † Pareni-Yavitero † Maipure Central-Amazon-Antilles ? (probable branch) Amazon-Antilles Guajiro, † Paraujano † Taino, Iñeri, Loko, † Marawá ? † Waraiku ? † Wirina Middle Rio Negro † Baré † Guinau † Anauyá; † Mainatari, † Yabahana Central † Bahuana; † Manao, † Cariaí † Aruã Pidjanan † Mawayana Wapixana, † Parawana, † Aroaqui ? † Shebayo Mato Grosso-Palikur ? (probable branch) Amapá Palikur Mato Grosso Xingu Waurá Yawalapiti Xaray Salumã Pareci † Sarave Bolivia-Purus-Kampa-(Amuesha) ? (probable branch) Bolivia Baure Pauna; Mojeño, Tereno Purus † Iñapari Piro Apurinã † Cararí Pre-Andine Kampa Pozuzo Amuesha Lower Ucayali † Chamicuro ? † Moríque Varieties Below is a full list of Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968) Island languages Taino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are: Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and The Republic of Haiti. Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguaní, Bayano, and Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish. Borinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico. Yamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica. Lucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands. Eyed / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles. Nepuya - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad. Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad. (Unattested.) Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles. Guiana language Arawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are: Western - spoken in Guyana. Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River. Central group Wapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahú River, and Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana. Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana. (Unattested.) Atorai / Attaraye / Daurí - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana. Mapidian group Mapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct. Mawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela. Goajira group Goajira / Uáira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual. Paraujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela. Alile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela. (Unattested.) Onota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela. (Unattested.) Guanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia. (Unattested.) Cosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranía Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia. (Unattested.) Caquetío group Caquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela. (only several words) Ajagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela. (only two words and patronyms.) Quinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Nothing.) Tororó / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira. (Febres Cordero 1921, pp. 116–160 passim, only six words.) Aviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Táchira. (Unattested.) Tecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia. (Unattested.) Yaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.) Cocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.) Chacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida. (Unattested.) Caparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) Támud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) Cuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.) Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River. (Unattested.) Chucuna - once spoken between the Manacacías River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia. (Unattested.) Guayupe - spoken on the Güejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory. Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region. (Unattested.) Sutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory. (Unattested.) Chocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorú River and Guayabero River, Meta territory. (Unattested.) Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Güejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory. (Unattested.) Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Unattested.) Achagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia. Piapoco / Mitua / Dzáse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia. Cabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory. Maniba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta. Maypure group Maypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish. Avani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. (Gilij 1780-1784, vol. 3, p. 383, only six words.) Guinau group Baníva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. Yavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita. Guinau group Guinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyéme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct. Baré group Baré / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Uarequena - spoken on the Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. Adzáneni / Adyána / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarí River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil. Carútana / Corecarú / Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Içana River. Katapolítani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil. Siusí / Ualíperi-dákeni / Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarí River and Içana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Moriwene / Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Mapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River near Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas. Hohodene / Huhúteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas. Maulieni / Káua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas. Ipéca group Ipéca / Kumada-mínanei / Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia. Payualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paraná River. Curipaco - spoken on the Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. Kárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River. Kapité-Mínanei / Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. Tariana group Tariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanoré and Yauareté on the Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia. Iyäine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken. (Unattested.) Cauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarí - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct. Mandauáca group Mandauáca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. Cunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River. (Unattested.) Manáo group Manáo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River, Amazonas state. (Unattested.) Cariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araçá River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil. Bahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araçá River. (Unattested.) Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araçá River, Amazonas. (Unattested.) Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese. (Unattested.) Dapatarú - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracá, Amazonas. (Unattested.) Aniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracá lagoon. (Unattested.) Caboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas. (Unattested.) Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River. (Unattested.) Seden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River. (Unattested.) Uirina group Uirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco. Yabaána / Jabâ-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiá River and Cauaburi River. Anauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. Chiriána group Chiriána / Barauána - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco. Yukúna group Yukúna - spoken on the Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. Matapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor. (Unattested.) Guarú / Garú - spoken on the Mamurá River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia. Resigaro group Resigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana. Araicú group Marawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruá River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruá River, Amazonas. Araicú group Araicú / Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas. Uainumá group Uainumá / Ajuano / Wainumá / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Içá River, Amazonas. Mariaté / Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Içá River. Jumana group Jumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruê River and Juami River, Amazonas state. Passé / Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurá River, and Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese. Cauishana group Cauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas. Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River. (Unattested.) Pre-Andine group Campa / Anti / Atzíri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru. Machiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River. Dialects are: Chanchamayo - spoken on the Perené River. Catongo - spoken on the Tambo River. Machiringa - spoken on the Apurimac River and Ene River. (Unattested.) Piro / Simirinche - spoken in the department of Loreto on the Inuya River. Chontaquiro - spoken on the Iaco River, Caeté River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil. Mashco / Sirineiri / Moeno - spoken on the Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. Curia - spoken on the Murú River and Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Quirineri - spoken on the Paucartambo River and Manu River, department of Cuzco (Oppenheim 1948). Maneteneri - extinct language from the Purus River, Aquirí River, Caspatá River, and Araçá River, Acre territory. Inapari / Mashco Piro - spoken between the Tacutimani River and Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct. Huachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the Cosñipata River and Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios. Kushichineri / Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the Curumaha River by a small tribe. Cuniba - extinct language once spoken between the Juruazinho River and Jutaí River and on the Mapuá River, state of Amazonas. Puncuri - spoken on the Puncuri River, Acre. (Unattested.) Kanamare / Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre, Irariapé River and Abuña River, now probably extinct. Epetineri - once spoken on the Pijiria River, tributary of the Urubamba River, Peru. (Unattested.) Pucapucari - once spoken on the Camisia River and Tunquini River, Peru. (Unattested.) Tucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the Igarapé Cuchicha River, a tributary of the Chandless River, Acre. (Unattested.) Ipurina group Ipurina / Apurimã / Kangiti - spoken along the Purus River from the mouth of the Sepatiní River to the mouth of the Yaco River, Amazonas. Casharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the Abuña River and Ituxí River and on the tributaries, Curequeta River and Iquirí River, in Acre. (Unattested.) Apolista group Apolista / Lapachu / Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia. Mojo group Mojo / Ignaciano / Morocosi - spoken on the Mamoré River and on the plains of Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia. Baure / Chiquimiti - spoken on the Blanco River and around the city of Baures in the same region. Muchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia. Suberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the Mamoré River and the Guapay River, Bolivia. (Unattested.) Pauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. Paicone - extinct language from the sources of the Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. Paresi group Sarave / Zarabe - spoken on the Verde River and Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct. Parecí / Arití / Maimbari / Mahibarez - language with dialects: Caxinití - spoken on the Sumidouro River, Sepotuba River, and Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Waimaré - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Verde River and Timalatía River. Kozariní / Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Juba River, Cabaçal River, Jaurú River, Guaporé River, Verde River, Papagaio River, Burití River, and Juruena River. Uariteré - spoken on the Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.) Chané group Chané / Izoceño - formerly spoken on the Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies. (only a few words.) Guaná / Layano - once spoken on the Yacaré River and Galván River, Paraguay, now on the Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Terena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Miranda River and Jijui River. Echoaladí / Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso. (Unattested.) Quiniquinao / Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. Waurá group Waurá - spoken on the Batoví River (a tributary of the Xingú River) Mato Grosso. Kustenáu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the Batoví River and Jatobá River Yaulapíti / Yawarapiti / Ualapiti - spoken between the Meinacu River and Curisevú River, Mato Grosso. Mehináku / Meinacu / Mináko - spoken between the Batoví River and Curisevú River. Agavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the Curisevú River and Culuene River. (Unattested.) Marawan group Marawan / Maraon - spoken on the Oiapoque River and Curipi River, Amapá territory. Caripurá / Karipuere - spoken in Amapá territory on the Urucauá River. Palicur / Parikurú - once spoken on the middle course of the Calçoene River and on the upper course of the Casipore River, now on the Urucauá River in Amapá territory. Caranariú - once spoken on the Urucauá River, now extinct. (Unattested.) Tocoyene - once spoken in Amapá territory on the Uanarí River. (Unattested.) Macapá - once spoken on the Camopi River and Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the Pará River, state of Pará, Brazil; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Tucujú - once spoken on the Jarí River, territory of Amapá, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Mapruan - once spoken on the Oiac River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.) Aruan group Aruan / Aroã - originally spoken on the north coast of Marajó Island, Pará, later on the Uaçá River, Amapá territory. A few descendants now speak only a French creole dialect. Sacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of Marajó Island. Moríque group Moríque / Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the Javarí River. Chamicuro group Chamicuro - spoken on the Chamicuro River, department of Loreto, Peru. Chicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe. (Unattested.) Aguano / Awáno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua. (Unattested.) Maparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago. (Unattested.) Cutinana - once spoken on the Samiria River, Loreto. (Unattested.) Tibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region. (Unattested.) Lorenzo group Amoishe / Amlsha / Amuescha / Amage / Lorenzo - once spoken on the Paucartambo River and Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken. Chunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the Chinchao River, department of Huánuco, Peru. (Unattested.) Panatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the Huallaga River between Coyumba and Monzón, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Chusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near Huánuco. (Unattested.) Guahibo group Guahibo - language spoken by many tribes in Colombia and Venezuela on the Meta River, Arauca River, Vichada River, and Orinoco River. Dialects: Cuiloto - spoken on the Cuiloto River and Cravo Norte River, Arauca territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Cuiva - spoken on the Meta River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Amorúa - spoken in the same region on the Bita River. (Unattested.) Chiricoa - spoken on the Ele River and Lipa River, department of Arauca, on the Cravo Norte River and Arauca River, Arauca territory, Colombia, and on the Cinaruquito River, Cinamco River, Capanaparo River, and Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Hildebrandt ms.) Sicuane - spoken on the Tuparro River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Cuiapo Pihibi - spoken on the Tomo River, Vichada territory. (Unattested.) Yamu - spoken on the right bank of the Ariari River, Meta territory. (Unattested.) Catarro - spoken in the Meta territory on the Yucavo River and in the old mission of San Miguel de Salivas. (Unattested.) Chumya / Bisanigua - language, now probably extinct, once spoken on the Güejar River and in El Piñal. Guayabero / Guyaverun - spoken in the Meta territory on the Guayabero River. Arawakan vs. Maipurean In 1783, the Italian priest Filippo Salvatore Gilii recognized the unity of the Maipure language of the Orinoco and Moxos of Bolivia; he named their family Maipure. It was renamed Arawak by Von den Steinen (1886) and Brinten (1891) after Arawak in the Guianas, one of the major languages of the family. The modern equivalents are Maipurean or Maipuran and Arawak or Arawakan. The term Arawakan is now used in two senses. South American scholars use Aruák for the family demonstrated by Gilij and subsequent linguists. In North America, however, scholars have used the term to include a hypothesis adding the Guajiboan and Arawan families. In North America, scholars use the name Maipurean to distinguish the core family, which is sometimes called core Arawak(an) or Arawak(an) proper instead. Kaufman (1990: 40) relates the following: name is the one normally applied to what is here called Maipurean. Maipurean used to be thought to be a major subgroup of Arawakan, but all the living Arawakan languages, at least, seem to need to be subgrouped with languages already found within Maipurean as commonly defined. The sorting out of the labels Maipurean and Arawakan will have to await a more sophisticated classification of the languages in question than is possible at the present state of comparative studies. Characteristics The languages called Arawakan or Maipurean were originally recognized as a separate group in the late nineteenth century. Almost all the languages now called Arawakan share a first-person singular prefix nu-, but Arawak proper has ta-. Other commonalities include a second-person singular pi-, relative ka-, and negative ma-. The Arawak language family, as constituted by L. Adam, at first by the name of Maypure, has been called by Von den Steinen "Nu-Arawak" from the prenominal prefix "nu-" for the first person. This is common to all the Arawak tribes scattered along the coasts from Suriname to Guyana. Upper Paraguay has Arawakan-language tribes: the Quinquinaos, the Layanas, etc. (This is the Moho-Mbaure group of L. Quevedo). In the islands of Marajos, in the middle of the estuary of the Amazon, the Aruan people spoke an Arawak dialect. The Guajira Peninsula (north of Venezuela) is occupied by the Wayuu tribe, also Arawakan speakers. In 1890–95, De Brette estimated a population of 3,000 persons in the Guajira peninsula. C. H. de Goeje's published vocabulary of 1928 outlines the Lokono/Arawak (Suriname and Guyana) 1400 items, comprising mostly morphemes (stems, affixes) and morpheme partials (single sounds), and only rarely compounded, derived, or otherwise complex sequences; and from Nancy P. Hickerson's British Guiana manuscript vocabulary of 500 items. However, most entries which reflect acculturation are direct borrowings from one or another of three model languages (Spanish, Dutch, English). Of the 1400 entries in de Goeje, 106 reflect European contact; 98 of these are loans. Nouns which occur with the verbalizing suffix described above number 9 out of the 98 loans. Phonology Though a great deal of variation can be found from language to language, the following is a general composite statement of the consonants and vowels typically found in Arawak languages, according to Aikhenvald (1999): Labial Dental Alveolar Lamino-(alveo)-palatal Velar Glottal Stop voiced (b) d ɡ voiceless p t k (ʔ) voiceless aspirated (pʰ) (tʰ) (kʰ) Affricate ts tʃ Fricative (ɸ) s ʃ h Lateral l Vibrant r Nasal m n ɲ Glide w j Front Central Back High i iː ɨ ɨː u uː Mid e eː Low a aː For more detailed notes on specific languages see Aikhenvald (1999) pp. 76–77. Shared morphological traits General morphological type Arawakan languages are polysynthetic and mostly head-marking. They have fairly complex verb morphology. Noun morphology is much less complex and tends to be similar across the family. Arawakan languages are mostly suffixing, with just a few prefixes. Alienable and inalienable possession Arawakan languages tend to distinguish alienable and inalienable possession. A feature found throughout the Arawakan family is a suffix (whose reconstructed Proto-Arawakan form is /*-tsi/) that allows the inalienable (and obligatorily possessed) body-part nouns to remain unpossessed. This suffix essentially converts inalienable body-part nouns into alienable nouns. It can only be added to body-part nouns and not to kinship nouns (which are also treated as inalienable). An example from the Pareci language is given below: no-tiho1SG-faceno-tiho1SG-facemy face tiho-tiface-ALIENtiho-tiface-ALIEN(someone's) face Classifiers Many Arawakan languages have a system of classifier morphemes that mark the semantic category of the head noun of a noun phrase on most other elements of the noun phrase. The example below is from the Tariana language, in which classifier suffixes mark the semantic category of the head noun on all elements of a noun phrase other than the head noun (including adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, possessives) and on the verb of the clause: ha-dapanaDEM.INAN-CL:HOUSEpa-dapanaone-CL:HOUSEna-tape-dapana3PL-medicine-CL:HOUSEna-ya-dapana3PL-POSS-CL:HOUSEhanu-dapanabig-CL:HOUSEhekuwoodna-ni-ni-dapana-mahka3PL-make-TAV-CL:HOUSE-REC.PST.NVISha-dapana pa-dapana na-tape-dapana na-ya-dapana hanu-dapana heku na-ni-ni-dapana-mahkaDEM.INAN-CL:HOUSE one-CL:HOUSE 3PL-medicine-CL:HOUSE 3PL-POSS-CL:HOUSE big-CL:HOUSE wood 3PL-make-TAV-CL:HOUSE-REC.PST.NVIS‘This one big hospital of theirs has been made of wood’ Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb Most Arawakan languages have split-intransitive alignment systems of subject and object cross-referencing on the verb. The agentive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with prefixes, whereas the patientive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with suffixes. The following example from Baniwa of Içana shows a typical Arawakan split-intransitive alignment: ri-kapa-ni3SG.NFEM.AG-see-3SG.NFEM.PATri-kapa-ni3SG.NFEM.AG-see-3SG.NFEM.PAT'He sees him/it.' ri-emhani3SG.NFEM.AG-walkri-emhani3SG.NFEM.AG-walk'He walks.' hape-ka-nibe.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PAThape-ka-nibe.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PAT'He/it is cold.' The prefixes and suffixes used for subject and object cross-referencing on the verb are stable throughout the Arawakan languages, and can therefore be reconstructed for Proto-Arawakan. The table below shows the likely forms of Proto-Arawakan: Prefixes (mark agent) Suffixes (mark patient) person SG PL SG PL 1 *nu- or *ta- *wa- *-na, *-te *-wa 2 *(p)i- *(h)i- *-pi *-hi 3NFEM *ri-, *i- *na- *-ri, *-i *-na 3FEM *thu-, *u- *na- *-thu, *-u *-na impersonal *pa- non-focused agent *i-, *a- dummy patient *-ni Some examples The Arawak word for maize is marisi, and various forms of this word are found among the related languages: Lokono, marisi, Guyana. Taíno, mahisi or mahis, Greater Antilles. Cauixana, mazy, Rio Jupura. Wayuu, maiki, Goajira Peninsula. Passes, mary, Lower Jupura. Puri, maky, Rio Paraiba. Wauja, mainki, Upper Xingu River. Geographic distribution Arawak is the largest family in the Americas with the respect to number of languages. The Arawakan languages are spoken by peoples occupying a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, northward into Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia on the northern coast of South America, and as far north as Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize and Guatemala. The languages used to be found in Argentina and Paraguay as well. Arawak-speaking peoples migrated to islands in the Caribbean some 2,500 years ago, settling the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. It is possible that some poorly attested extinct languages in North America, such as the languages of the Cusabo and Congaree in South Carolina, were members of this family. Taíno, commonly called Island Arawak, was spoken on the islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. A few Taino words are still used by English, Spanish, or Haitian Creole-speaking descendants in these islands. The Taíno language was scantily attested but its classification within the Arawakan family is uncontroversial. Its closest relative among the better attested Arawakan languages seems to be the Wayuu language, spoken in Colombia and Venezuela. Scholars have suggested that the Wayuu are descended from Taíno refugees, but the theory seems impossible to prove or disprove. Garífuna (or Black Carib) is another Arawakan language originating on the islands. It developed as the result of forced migration among people of mixed Arawak, Carib, and African descent. It is estimated to have about 195,800 speakers in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Belize combined. Today the Arawakan languages with the most speakers are among the more recent Ta-Arawakan (Ta-Maipurean) groups: Wayuu , with about 300,000 speakers; and Garifuna, with about 100,000 speakers. The Campa group is next; Asháninca or Campa proper has 15–18,000 speakers; and Ashéninca 18–25,000. After that probably comes Terêna, with 10,000 speakers; and Yanesha' with 6–8,000. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Arawakan languages. Language Branch one two three head eye hand foot Amoishe Lorenzo pachía epá mapá yo-ói net n-not Guahibo Guahibo kaí nahuaxu akuoíebi pe-matána pe-wánto pi-tahúto Churuya Guahibo kai kabale omopesiva Guayabero Guahibo kayen magneten buán fuʔuten Marawan Marawan paxa tsálie mpána pi-tiui pi-taibi pu-aku Caripurá Marawan pabereː yaná pána i-tiuti pi-taibi pu-áko Palicur Marawan phát pitána mpána teuti i-teibi i-wak-ti Aruan Aruan auseire dekuráma nkeduke p-küue pe-xinháku pe-aynáu Moríque Moríque akápastoi shikará shika-bená p-dóko p-dái pi-ó Chamicuro Chamicuro padláka maʔa póxta kídlko o-káski ax-chái u-chíxpa Waurá Waurá pauá mepiáua kamaukula nu-teurzata nu-titái nu-kapi Mehináku Waurá pauítsa mepiáma kamayukule nu-tau nu-titái nu-kapu Kustenau Waurá paúdza mepiáma kamaukula nu-téu nu-titái ni-uríko Yaulapíti Waurá pauá purziñama kamayunkula nu-kurzyu nu-ritä nu-irika Sarave Paresí atia iñama anahama no-eve no-he aui-kachi Paresí Paresí hatita inamá anamá no-seurí nu-dúse nu-kau Waimare Paresí hakida hiːnamaː hanámaː no-tseːri nu-zoːtse nu-kahe Chané Chané Guaná Chané posha piá mopoá do-otí u-ké u-oú Terena Chané paisuan piá mopuá do-otí u-né u-oú Quiniquinao Apolista poikuá piá mopuá do-otí u-nhé w-oú Lapachu Apolista eto api mopo ya-tuni hua-nia Mojo Mojo ikapia apisá impúse nu-xuti yu-ki nu-bupe Baure Mojo ni-póã i-kise nu-ake Pauna Mojo i-huike Paicone Mojo ponotsiko baniki i-pe ni-kis i-vuaki Ipurina Ipurina hatiká ipíka mapáka i-kiwi o-kí oa-kutí Campa Preandine I apáro apíti máhua a-ito a-oki a-kó Machiganga Preandine I pániro api mahuani no-yito no-ki nä-ko Chanchamayo Preandine I kipachi nu-china o-eki a-eu Quirineri Preandine I aparu piti mana pi-hita po-ke Maneteneri Preandine I Piro Preandine I sape epi mapa we-iwé xali hue-mio Chontaquiro Preandine I suriti apíri nokiri hue-xixua we-ari hua-mianuta Inapari Preandine II Kushichineri Preandine II sátepia hépi u-shiwe no-yate nó-min Cuniba Preandine II yi-hwö wi-bere wö-miu Kanamaré Preandine II satibika hepü mapa nu-xüi nu-xü nu-muyú Huachipairi Preandine II ruña gundupa ya-kuk Mashco Preandine II ruña gundupa Uainumá Uainumá apágeri macháma matsüke ba-ita no-tóhi no-gápi Mariaté Uainumá apakeri mechema atapo no-bida no-doi no-ghapi Jumana Jumana aphla liágua mabäʔagua n-úla un-ló no-gabí Passé Jumana apeala pakéana mapeana ni-óla chi-ló nu-ghapóle Cauishana Cauishana bälämo mätalá bämä bikaka na-oá nó-ló na-gúbi Yukúna Yukúna paxlúasa hiamá uesikiéle nu-ilá nux-lú no-yola Guarú Yukúna pagluachima xeyama uzíkele yatela-chima Resigaro Resigaro apaːhapené eytzaːmo eitzaːmoapo whe-bühe wa-tnih waː-kí Marawa Marawa ukvashumu piá ghebeñ ni-siuy na-kosi no-kabesui Araicú Araicú etetu puyabana mayba ghi no-ki ni-kabu Manáo Manáo panimu piarukuma pialukipaulo nu-küuna nu-kurika nu-kaité Cariay Manáo nyoi püthairama tükahui nu-küuy nu-kuniki nu-ghai Uirina Uirina shishi-kaba na-kuke li-kaue Yabaána Uirina fuiu-dagu ná-ui nu-khapi Anauya Uirina ahiari mahoren marahunaka nun-huída nau-hini nun-kapi Chiriána Chiriána nu-kiwída nu-ái nu-nái Ipéca Ipéca apáda yamada madarida nú-wida nu-tí nu-kápi Payualiene Ipéca apádacha yamáda madalída nu-wida nu-thí nu-kápí Curipaco Ipéca ápe yamáde madálda lyi-wida nó-ti h'no-kápi Kárro Ipéca pádda yamádda madaridda húida nó-ti no-kápi Kapitémínaneí Ipéca aphépai yamhépa madelipa ni-wirechipa nú-ti nu-kápi Tariana Tariana páda yamáite mandalite pax-huída pa-tída kopi-vana Cauyari Tariana no-üte no-tu nu-kapi Baré Baré I bakunákali pekúname klikúname hua-dósie hua-oíti hua-kabi Uarequena Baré I apáhesa dauntása nabaitalísa nó-iua nó-bui no-kapi Adzáneni Baré I apékutsa dzámana mandalípa nu-wída nu-thi nu-kapi Carútana Baré I aʔapetsa ntsáme mádali nú-ita nu-thi no-kopü Katapolítani Baré I apadátsa dzamáta mádali ní-wida au-thí nu-kápi Siusí Baré II apaíta dzamá mandalíapa ni-uíta nú-ti nu-kapi Moriwene Baré II apáda zamáda madálida n-iwida nu-thí nu-kapi Mapanai Baré II páda dzamáda madalída ni-wída nu-tí nu-kápi Hohodene Baré II apáda dzamhépa mandalhípa hi-wída nu-thi nu-kápi Máulieni Baré II apahede dzamáde madalíde nhe-wída nu-thi nu-kápi Achagua Caquetio abai chamay matavi nú-rita nu-tói nu-kuhe Piapoco Caquetio abéri putsíba maísiba nú-wita nu-tui nu-kapi Amarizana Caquetio nu-ita no-tuy nu-kagi Maypure Maypure papeta apanum apekiva nu-kibukú nu-puriki nu-kapi Baníva Baníva peyaːlo enaːba yabébuli no-bóhu na-bólihi naː-bipo Yavitero Baníva hasiáua tsináha nu-síhu na-hólitsi no-kabuhi Guinau Guinau abamédzya abiamáka in-chéue na-uízyi n-kábi Wapishána Central bayadap yaitam dikinerda aita-ma ung-wawin kai Atorai Central petaghpa pauitegh ihikeitaub uruei na-win un-kei Mapidian Mapidian chioñi asagu dikiñerda un-ku un-oso un-chigya Mawakwa Mapidian apaura woaraka tamarsa un-kaua ng-oso ng-nkowa Goajira Goajira wanee piama apünüin te-kii to-'u ta-japü to-o'ui Paraujano Goajira mánei pími apáni tó-ki tá-i táp Taino Island zimu aku u-gúti T. Cusa Island Caliponam-Eyeri Island aban biama ishöké áku nu-kabo nu-guti Arawak West Guiana aba biama da-shi da-kusi ue-babuhu da-kosai Arawak East Guiana da-shi da-kushi da-kapo da-kuti Language Branch water fire sun maize house tapir bird Amoishe Lorenzo óñ tsó yumpór trop bakü atók Guahibo Guahibo méra isóto ikatia hetsóto bó métsaha Churuya Guahibo minta ixito mshaxaint xesá Guayabero Guahibo minta giptan hes baːh mesa Marawan Marawan uni tiketi kamui paiti oldogri Caripurá Marawan oneː tiketí kamuí maikí paití arudeika Palicur Marawan úne tikéti kamoí mahikí paitipin aludpikli Aruan Aruan unü díha hámo údi müle Moríque Moríque ón ashkómi ñóki náshi anár háwuits Chamicuro Chamicuro uníxsa káxchi mosóxko náchi axkóchi maxtódli Waurá Waurá une itséi kame máiki pae täme Mehináku Waurá óne tsé kame máiki pai täme Kustenau Waurá one tséi xámi maikí pae täme Yaulapíti Waurá u zyro káme máiki pa tsama Sarave Paresí une rikiai káʔane kozeheo kuti Paresí Paresí óni irikati kámai kózoto hati kótui Waimare Paresí uné irigate kamái kozeːtoː haːtí koːtuí Chané Chané úne yuku sopóro Guaná Chané une yukú kaché tsoporo petí kamó Terena Chané une yukú kaché soporó ovongu gamó Quiniquinao Apolista uné yukú kadzyé osopóro péti Lapachu Apolista chani yuó íti tái pina yáma Mojo Mojo uni yuku sáche suru nupena samo Baure Mojo ine yaki pari sóhmo choro Pauna Mojo ené yukĩ sache sese Paicone Mojo ina shaki isésé tiolo Ipurina Ipurina wünü chaminá atokantí kemi aikó kíamá Campa Preandine I naña chichi tawánti sínki pangótsi kemáli Machiganga Preandine I nía chichi buriente sinki imbako kemari Chanchamayo Preandine I niya paneni pahuasi siinki panguchik Quirineri Preandine I nixa pishironta shantoshi shinki pangocha Maneteneri Preandine I húni ashi kashi is xama Piro Preandine I une chichi kachi sixi panchi siema Chontaquiro Preandine I uné chichi kachi sizyi panchi siemo Inapari Preandine II uni titi takuati chema Kushichineri Preandine II une titi takachi shihi panti sema Cuniba Preandine II uné titi tʔkati chihi panti hyema Kanamaré Preandine II wenü ghasirü shishie panichi nuyeshuata Huachipairi Preandine II tak sinka Mashco Preandine II ne abati kichäpo siema Uainumá Uainumá auni icheba ghamui pexkia panísi äma Mariaté Uainumá uni ichepa gamui pékye panisi zema Jumana Jumana uhú oyé sömanlú irari pana zema Passé Jumana oy heghüe aguma niari pána séma Cauishana Cauishana auví ikiö mawoaká mási banö sema Yukúna Yukúna úni tsiá kamú kaéru pási emam Guarú Yukúna kaʔamu Resigaro Resigaro hoːní ketse hahi weheːx adnoːhoki Marawa Marawa uni irisi kumétu uati kakoaka gama Araicú Araicú uni ighé ghuma mechi peyʔ Manáo Manáo unua ghügati gamuy auati nuanu ghema Cariay Manáo toni apai ghamui yuanati nuána ghema Uirina Uirina une yishe kamoé auati bakué kamá Yabaána Uirina úni ikági Anauya Uirina uni ríkari ahiri Chiriána Chiriána úni pái áyer makanáu páinti kéma Ipéca Ipéca úni tiyé körzyi kána pánthi hema Payualiene Ipéca úni tüye hözi kána pánti héma Curipaco Ipéca óni notapíkata héri héma Kárro Ipéca óni tie hérsi Kapitémínaneí Ipéca úuni tíye höri kána pánti héma Tariana Tariana úni chiána kéri kána pánishi héma Cauyari Tariana uni hirari eri panetí emá Baré Baré I óni gaméni ghamú makanashi páni tema Uarequena Baré I óni ixsíde kamói makanáshi panízi éma Adzáneni Baré I úni dzídze gámui kána pánte héma Carútana Baré I úni tídzye kámui makanáchi pánishi héma Katapolítani Baré I úni tídze gamui kána pánti héma Siusí Baré II úni tídze gámui kána pánti héma Moriwene Baré II uni tidzé kamui kána pánti héma Mapanai Baré II úni tiidzé kamói kána panti hema Hohodene Baré II úni tidze kámui kána panti héma Máulieni Baré II úni tídze kámoi kána panítsi héma Achagua Caquetio uni chichái erri kana banísi ema Piapoco Caquetio úni kichéi éri kanái kapí éma Amarizana Caquetio sietai eriepi keybin kaxü Maypure Maypure ueni kati kamosi dzyomuki panití Baníva Baníva wéni aːshi amoːshi makanátsi paníshi eːma Yavitero Baníva wéni káthi kámothi kána fanisi ema Guinau Guinau úne chéke gamũhũ yúnu báni zéma Wapishána Central wéne tiker kamo marik kaburn kudui Atorai Central win tikir kamu Mapidian Mapidian win hikesia mariki kudui Mawakwa Mapidian wune chikasi kamu Goajira Goajira wüin siki ka'i maiki m/piichi kama wuchii Paraujano Goajira wín chigigá kakai mái xála Taino Island ama kuyo boinial maiz bohio bogiael T. Cusa Island kochi maysi bohio ipis Caliponam-Eyeri Island one iléme káshi tuhonoko narguti Arawak West Guiana vuniabu iki hadali marisi bahü kudibiu Arawak East Guiana wúini hikiki hadali baʔache Proto-language Proto-ArawakanReconstruction ofArawakan languages Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002): Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002) gloss Proto-Arawak 'manioc, sweet potato' *kali 'moon' *kahɨ(tɨ) 'water (n)' *hu(ː)ni 'sun, heat' *kamui 'sun' *ketʃi 'hammock' *maka 'long thing objects classifier' *-pi 'snake' *api 'road; limited space; hollow objects classifier' *-(a)pu 'path' *(a)pu 'leaflike objects classifier' *-pana 'leaf' *pana 'thin, powder-like classifier' *-phe 'dust' *phe 'arm' *dana 'hand, shoulder, arm' *wahku 'blood' *itha-hna 'bone' *apɨ 'breast, milk' *tenɨ 'snout, nose' *t(h)aku 'snout, nose' *kɨri 'fingernail, claw' *huba 'excrement' *(i)tika 'ear' *da-keni 'eye' *ukɨ/e 'flesh, meat' *eki 'flesh, meat' *ina 'flesh, meat' *ipe 'foot' *kipa 'hair' *isi 'hand' *k(h)apɨ 'head' *kiwɨ 'horn' *tsiwi 'leg' *kawa 'tongue' *nene 'lip, tongue' *tʃɨra 'mouth' *numa 'skin' *mata 'tail' *(i)di(-pi) 'ash' *pali-ši 'earth' *kɨpa 'lake' *kaɨlesa 'night' *tʃapu 'salt' *(i)dɨwɨ 'smoke' *kɨtʃa(li) 'stone' *k(h)iba 'agouti' *p(h)ɨkɨ-li 'animal' *pɨra 'ant' *manaci 'armadillo' *yeti 'bee, honey' *maba 'bird' *kudɨ-pɨra 'crocodile' *kasi/u 'coati' *k(h)ape-di 'chigoe flea' *iditu 'fish' *kopaki 'fish' *hima 'flea, cockroach' *k(h)aya(pa?) 'hummingbird' *pimi 'dog, jaguar' *tsinu/i 'dog' *auli 'lizard' *dupu 'louse' *(i)ni 'monkey' *pude 'mosquito' *hainiyu 'peccary' *a(h)bɨya 'mouse, rat' *kɨhi(ri) 'tapir' *kema 'termite' *kamatha/ra 'toad' *ki(h)pa(ru) 'tortoise' *si(n)pu 'tortoise' *hiku(li) 'turkey, guan' *mara-di 'wasp' *hani/e 'achiote' *(a)binki-thi 'manioc, cassava' *kani 'medicine, medicinal grass' *pini/a 'firewood' *dika 'firewood' *tsɨma 'flower' *dewi 'grass' *katʃau 'leaf' *pana 'pepper' *atʃɨ (di/ɨ) 'root' *pale 'seed' *(a)ki 'tobacco' *yɨma 'tree' *a(n)da 'people, body' *mina 'man, person' *(a)šeni/a 'man, person' *(a)dia(-li) 'brother' *p(h)e 'people, man' *kaki(n) 'wife, female relative' *ɨnu 'woman' *tʃɨ na(-ru) 'uncle, father-in-law' *kuhko 'fan' *hewi 'house' *pe, *pana/i 'dream' *tapu 'path' *(ah)tɨnɨ 'above, sky' *(y)enu(hʔ) 'bad' *ma(h)tʃi 'bitter' *kep(h)idi 'black, dirty' *k(h)u(e)re 'cold' *kipa/e 'green, blue, unripe' *šɨpule 'new' *wada(li) 'painful' *katʃi(wi) 'red' *kɨra 'sweet' *putsi 'to arrive' *kau 'to sweep' *pɨ(da) 'to give' *po 'to give' *da 'to cry' *(i)ya 'to be sick, die' *kama 'to drink' *itha 'to fly' *ara 'to hear, understand' *kema 'to wash' *kiba 'to eat' *nika 'to stand' *dɨma 'to dig' *kika '1st person; someone, another' *pa- '2nd person' *(a)pi '2nd person' *yama For lists of Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Jolkesky (2016) and Ramirez (2019), see the corresponding Portuguese article. See also Arawak peoples English words of Arawakan origin Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas Notes ^ a b Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358. ISSN 1749-818X. S2CID 210985305. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-22. ^ Santos-Granero, F. 2002. The Arawakan matrix: ethos, language, and history in native South America. In Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia, ed. J Hill, F Santos-Granero, pp. 25–50. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ^ Eriksen L, Danielsen S. 2014. The Arawakan matrix. In The Native Language of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, ed. L O'Connor, P Muysken, pp. 152–76. New York: Cambridge University Press. ^ Blench, Roger. 2015. A expansão Arawak: tecendo linguística, arqueologia e antropologia Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Talk given on April 29, 2015 at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem. ^ a b c d Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. ^ a b Ramirez, Henri (2001). Línguas arawak da Amazônia Setentrional Archived 2020-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Manaus: Universidade Federal do Amazonas. (PDF Archived 2024-05-26 at the Wayback Machine) ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama Archived 2020-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (PDF Archived 2020-06-16 at the Wayback Machine) ^ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978655578892.1. ISBN 978-65-5578-892-1. S2CID 242704551. ^ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290. ^ Ramirez, Henri; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de. (2019). Línguas Arawak da Bolívia Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 19, e019012. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045 ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. ^ Walker & Ribeiro (2011). ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 73. ^ Deniker (1900), pp. 556–557. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 80. ^ a b Aikhenvald (1999), p. 82. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 83. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 87. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 89. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 88. ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 65. ^ Lawler, Andrew (December 23, 2020). "Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. ^ Rudes (2004). ^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 72 ^ "Garifuna" (2015). ^ Aikhenvald, A. (2002). Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford University Press. Accessed from DiACL Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, 9 February 2020. ^ Ramirez, Henri (2019). Enciclopédia das línguas arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine. (in press) References Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57021-2; ISBN 0-521-57893-0. de Goeje, C. H., (1928). The Arawak language of Guiana, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks. Deniker, Joseph. (1900). The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography. Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3. Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at Language Variety in the South III conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004. Walker, R. S.; Ribeiro, L. A. (2011). "Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 278 (1718): 2562–2567. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2579. PMC 3136831. PMID 21247954. Further reading Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1992). "Arawakan languages". In Bright, W. (ed.). International encyclopedia of linguistics. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 102–105. Migliazza, Ernest C.; Campbell, Lyle (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América. Vol. 10. Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia. p. 223. Payne, David (1991). "A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions". In Derbyshire, D. C.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 3. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 355–499. Solís Fonseca, Gustavo (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda. Zamponi, Raoul (2003). Maipure. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-232-0. Lexicons Cadete, C. (1991). Dicionário Wapichana-Português/Português-Wapishana. São Paulo: Edições Loyola. Captain, D. M.; Captain, L. B. (2005). Diccionario Basico: Ilustrado; Wayuunaiki-Espanol ; Espanol-Wayuunaiki. Bogota: Edit. Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados. Corbera Mori, A. (2005). As línguas Waurá e Mehinakú do Brasil Central. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & S. C. S. de Oliveira (eds.), Anais do IV Congresso Internacional da ABRALIN, 795-804. Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Lingüística, Universidade de Brasília. Couto, F. P. (2012). Contribuições para a fonética e fonologia da língua Manxineru (Aruák). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Masters dissertation). Couto, F. P. (n.d.). Dados do manxineri. (Manuscript). Crevels, M.; Van Der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In: P. Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics (Studies in Language Companion Series, 90), 151-179. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913b). Linguistique Bolivienne: La langue Lapaču ou Apolista. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 45:512-531. de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913c). Linguistique bolivienne. La langue Saraveka. Journal de la Sociétè des Americanistes de Paris, 10:497-540. Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. (eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duff-Tripp, M. (1998). Diccionario: Yanesha' (Amuesha) - Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47.) Lima: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano. Ekdahl, E. M.; Butler, N. E. (1969). Terêna dictionary. Brasília: SIL. ELIAS ORTIZ, S. (1945). Los Indios Yurumanguíes. Acta Americana, 4:10-25. Facundes, S. Da S. (2000). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil (Maipure/Arawak). University of New York at Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation). Farabee, W. C. (1918). The Central Arawaks (University Museum Anthropological Publication, 9). Philadelphia: University Museum. Fargetti, C. M. (2001). Estudo Fonológico e Morfossintático da Língua Juruna. Campinas: UNICAMP. (Doctoral dissertation). Gill, W. (1993 ). Diccionario Trinitario-Castellano y Castellano-Trinitario. San Lorenzo de Mojos: Misión Evangélica Nuevas Tribus. Green, D.; Green, H. G. (1998). Yuwit kawihka dicionário Palikúr - Português. Belém: SIL. Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawak). LIAMES, 16.1:7-37. Kindberg, L. D. (1980). Diccionario asháninca (Documento de Trabajo, 19). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Mehináku, M. (n.d.). Vocabulário mehinaku. (Manuscript). Mosonyi, J. C. (1987). El idioma yavitero: ensayo de gramática y diccionario. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. (Doctoral dissertation). Nies, J., et alii (1986). Diccionario Piro. Tokanchi Gikshijikowaka-Steno (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Ott, W.; Burke de Ott, R. (1983). Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano: con apuntes gramaticales. Cochabamba: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano. Parker, S. (1995). Datos de la lengua Iñapari. (Documento de Trabajo, 27). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Parker, S. (2010). Chamicuro data: exhaustive list. (SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 12). SIL International. Payne, D. L. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakian) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In: D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullun (orgs.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, 355-499. The Hague: Mouton. Ramirez, H. (2001a). Dicionário Baniwa-Portugues. Manaus: Universidade do Amazonas. Ramirez, H. (2001b). Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional. Manaus: EDUA. Shaver, H. (1996). Diccionario nomatsiguenga-castellano, castellano-nomatsiguenga (Serie Linguística Peruana, 41). Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación & Summer Institute of Linguistics. Snell, B. (1973). Pequeño diccionario machiguenga-castellano. Yarinacocha: SIL. Solís, G.; Snell, B. E. (2005). Tata onkantakera niagantsipage anianeegiku (Diccionario escolar Machiguenga). Lima, Perú: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Souza, I. (2008). Koenukunoe emo'u: A língua dos índios Kinikinau. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. (Doctoral dissertation). Suazo, S. (2011). Lila Garifuna: Diccionario Garífuna: Garifuna - Español. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Litografía López. Trevor R. A. (1979). Vocabulario Resígaro (Documento de Trabajo, 16). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Tripp, M. D. (1998). Diccionario Yanesha' (Amuesha)-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47). Lima: Ministerio de Educación / Summer Institute of Linguistics. Wapishana Language Project. (2000). Scholars's dictionary and grammar of the Wapishana language. Porto Velho: SIL International. Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51. Data sets Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018, November 27). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon et al.'s "Diversity of Arawakan Languages" from 2019 (Version v1.0.1). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1564336 Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory" from 2017 (Version v1.1) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1322713 Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Annotated Swadesh Lists for Arawakan Languages" from 2017 (Version v1.0.1) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1318200 Reconstructions Matteson, Esther (1972). "Proto Arawakan". In Matteson, Esther (ed.). Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages. Mouton. pp. 160–242. Noble, G. Kingsley (1965). Proto-Arawakan and its descendants. Publications of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. Vol. 38. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. OCLC 344482. Valenti, Donna Marie (1986). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Arawakan Consonantal System (PhD thesis). New York University. External links Arawakan languages at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from Commons Arawak Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies South American Phonological Inventory Database vteArawakan (Maipurean) languagesNorthernCaribbean Lokono Caquetio Garífuna Kalinago Parauhano Shebaya Taíno Wayuu Palikuran Marawan Palikúr Pidjanan Aroaqui Atorada Mapidian (?) Mawayana Parawana Wapishana Upper AmazonWestern Nawiki Achawa Amarizana Anauyá Cabiyari (?) Cabre (?) Guarú Kawishana Mainatari Mandawaca Mariaté Mepuri Pasé Piapoco Resígaro (?) Warekena Waraikú (?) Wainumá Wiriná (?) Yabaâna (?) Yucuna Yumana Eastern Nawiki Baniwa Kurripako Tariana Central Upper Amazon Avane Baré Baniwa of Guainia Guinao Maipure Marawá Yavitero Manao Kariaí Manao Shiriana (?) SouthernWestern Chamicuro Morique Yanesha' Central Maipurean Agavotaguerra (?) Custenau Enawenê-Nawê Paresí Saraveca Waura–Mehináku Yawalapití Piro Apurinã Iñapari Cararí Mashco Piro Piro Kanamaré Bolivia–Parana Baure Lapachu Moxos Pauna Terêna–Chané Campa Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Matsiguenga Nomatsiguenga Pucapucari Macro-Arawakan Arauán Candoshi-Shapra Guajiboan Munichi Puquina vtePrimary language familiesAfrica Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu? Isolates Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo? Eurasia(Europeand Asia) Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic? Isolates Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora? New Guineaand the Pacific Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf? Isolates Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru Australia Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)? Isolates Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi NorthAmerica Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí Isolates Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni Mesoamerica Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan Isolates Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha SouthAmerica Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana? Isolates (extant in 2000) Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré Signlanguages Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian? Isolates See list of sign languages See also Constructed languages Creoles Language isolates Mixed languages Pidgins Unclassified languages Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold. vteIndigenous language families and isolates of South America (based on Campbell 2012 classification)Language families and isolates Arawakan Je–Tupi–Carib Cariban Tupian Macro-Jê Jê Jabutian Kamakã Karajá Krenakan Maxakalian Jaikó Ofayé Rikbaktsá Chiquitano ? Guató Eastern Brazil Karirian Purían Taruma Gamela Baenan Katembri Natú Pankararú Tarairiú Tuxá Wamoé Xokó Xukurú Yaté Otí Orinoco (Venezuela) Yanomaman ? Arutani–Sape Arutani Sapé Máku Warao Guamo Otomacoan Yaruro ? Duho Sáliban Betoi Hodï Ticuna–Yuri Andes (Colombia and Venezuela) Cofán Camsá Andaquí Paezan Tiniguan Timotean Jirajaran Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area) Tucanoan ? Bora–Witoto Boran Witotoan Andoque–Urequena Guajiboan Nadahup Puinave Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador) Chibchan Chocoan Barbacoan Yurumanguí Esmeralda Pacific coast (Peru) Sechura–Catacao ? Chimuan Cañari–Puruhá Mochica Amazon (Peru) Pano–Tacanan Hibito–Cholon Cahuapanan Jivaroan Candoshi Omurano Munichi Waorani Taushiro Urarina Tequiraca ? Saparo–Yawan Peba–Yagua Zaparoan Amazon (west-central Brazil) ? Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan Arawan Harákmbut Katukinan ? Mura–Matanawí Muran Matanawí Trumai Mamoré–Guaporé Chapacuran Mure Nambikwaran Bororoan Cayubaba Itonama Movima Canichana Mosetenan Yuracaré Leco Aikanã Kanoê Kwazá Irantxe Arara Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile) Culle ? Quechumaran Quechuan Aymaran Puquina Uru–Chipaya Kunza Mapudungun Chaco–Pampas ? Mataco–Guaicuru Matacoan Guaicuruan Guachí Payaguá Mascoyan Zamucoan Charruan Huarpean Lule–Vilelan Chonan Far South (Chile) Qawasqaran Yaghan Chono Proposed groupings Duho Macro-Andean Macro-Arawakan Macro-Chibchan Macro-Jibaro Macro-Otomákoan Macro-Paesan Macro-Panoan Macro-Puinavean Macro-Warpean Arutani–Sape Bora–Witoto Esmeralda–Yaruroan Hibito–Cholon Je–Tupi–Carib Katembri–Taruma Mataco–Guaicuru Maya–Yunga–Chipayan Moseten–Chonan Quechumaran Saparo–Yawan Tequiraca–Canichana Wamo–Chapakura Amerind Linguistic areas Chaco Mamoré–Guaporé Amazonian Countries Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Chile Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Lists Languages Extinct languages Marañón River basin Unclassified languages Classification Linguistic areas Authority control databases: National Germany Israel Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Araucanian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucanian_languages"},{"link_name":"language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples in South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_South_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Macro-Arawakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Arawakan"}],"text":"This article is about the Maipurean languages, or Arawakan proper. For the Araucanian language family spoken in the Patagonia, see Araucanian languages.Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, \"mainstream\" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock.","title":"Arawakan languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filippo S. Gilii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_S._Gilii"},{"link_name":"Maipure language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Arawak language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Macro-Arawakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Arawakan vs Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arawakan_vs._Maipurean"}],"text":"The name Maipure was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilii in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term Arawak took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. At that time, the name Maipurean was resurrected for the core family. See Arawakan vs Maipurean for details.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael-Chousou-Polydouri-2020-1"},{"link_name":"trade language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_language"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael-Chousou-Polydouri-2020-1"},{"link_name":"Blench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blench"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Arawakan linguistic matrix hypothesis (ALMH)[1] suggests that the modern diversity of the Arawakan language family stems from the diversification of a trade language or lingua franca that was spoken throughout much of tropical lowland South America. Proponents of this hypothesis include Santos-Granero (2002)[2] and Eriksen (2014).[3] Eriksen (2014) proposes that the Arawakan family had only broken up after 600 CE, but Michael (2020) considers this to be unlikely, noting that Arawakan internal diversity is greater than that of the Romance languages.[1] On the other hand, Blench (2015) suggests a demographic expansion that had taken place over a few thousand years, similar to the dispersals of the Austronesian and Austroasiatic language families in Southeast Asia.[4]","title":"Dispersal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawa_languages"},{"link_name":"Bora-Muinane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora-Muinane_languages"},{"link_name":"Guahibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guahibo_languages"},{"link_name":"Harakmbet-Katukina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakmbet-Katukina_languages"},{"link_name":"Harakmbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakmbet_languages"},{"link_name":"Katukina-Katawixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katukina-Katawixi_languages"},{"link_name":"Irantxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irantxe_language"},{"link_name":"Jaqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaqi_languages"},{"link_name":"Karib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karib_languages"},{"link_name":"Kawapana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawapana_languages"},{"link_name":"Kayuvava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayuvava_language"},{"link_name":"Kechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechua_languages"},{"link_name":"Kwaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaza_language"},{"link_name":"Leko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leco_language"},{"link_name":"Macro-Jê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru_languages"},{"link_name":"Mapudungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapudungun_languages"},{"link_name":"Mochika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochika_language"},{"link_name":"Mura-Matanawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura-Matanawi_languages"},{"link_name":"Nambikwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwara_languages"},{"link_name":"Omurano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurano_language"},{"link_name":"Pano-Takana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano-Takana_languages"},{"link_name":"Pano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_languages"},{"link_name":"Takana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takana_languages"},{"link_name":"Puinave-Nadahup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puinave-Nadahup_languages"},{"link_name":"Taruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruma_language"},{"link_name":"Tupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_languages"},{"link_name":"Urarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarina_language"},{"link_name":"Witoto-Okaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witoto-Okaina_languages"},{"link_name":"Yaruro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaruro_language"},{"link_name":"Zaparo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaparo_languages"},{"link_name":"Saliba-Hodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliba-Hodi_languages"},{"link_name":"Tikuna-Yuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikuna-Yuri_languages"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"}],"text":"As one of the most geographically widespread language families in all of the Americas, Arawakan linguistic influence can be found in many language families of South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantxe, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana, Pano, Takana, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Urarina, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Zaparo, Saliba-Hodi, and Tikuna-Yuri language families due to contact. However, these similarities could be due to inheritance, contact, or chance.[5]","title":"Language contact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Ta-Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-Maipurean"},{"link_name":"Upper Amazon Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Maipurean"},{"link_name":"Central Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Maipurean"},{"link_name":"Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piro_languages"},{"link_name":"Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa_languages"}],"text":"Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all:Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,\nUpper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,\nCentral Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran,\nPiro = Purus,\nCampa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.An early contrast between Ta-Arawak and Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for \"I\", is spurious; nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family.","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shebaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebaye_language"},{"link_name":"Lapachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapachu_language"},{"link_name":"Morique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morique_language"},{"link_name":"Salumã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawen%C3%A9-Naw%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language"},{"link_name":"Yavitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavitero_language"},{"link_name":"Upper Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Maipurean"},{"link_name":"Aruán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Atorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorada_language"},{"link_name":"Mapidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapidian_language"},{"link_name":"Wapishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana_language"},{"link_name":"Ta-Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-Maipurean_languages"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Marawán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraw%C3%A1n_language"},{"link_name":"Amuesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuesha_language"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Maipurean_languages"},{"link_name":"Terêna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language"},{"link_name":"Guaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Chané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Paunaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paunaka_language"},{"link_name":"Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piro_languages"},{"link_name":"Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa_languages"},{"link_name":"Magiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiana_language"}],"sub_title":"Kaufman (1994)","text":"The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are \"Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify\" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these:Shebaye (†)\nLapachu (†)\nMorique (also known as Morike) (†)Another language is also mentioned as \"Arawakan\":Salumã (also known as Salumán, Enawené-Nawé)Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique.Maipurean\nNorthern Maipurean\nUpper Amazon branch\nMaritime branch\nAruán (Aroã) †\nWapixana (also known as Wapishana): Atorada (also known as Atoraí), Mapidian (also known as Maopidyán), Wapishana\nTa-Maipurean\nPalikur\nPalikur (also known as Palikúr)\nMarawán †\nSouthern Maipurean\nWestern branch\nAmuesha (also known as Amoesha, Yanesha')\nChamicuro (also known as Chamikuro)\nCentral branch\nSouthern Outlier branch\nTerêna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guaná, Chané)\nMoxos group (also known as Moho)& Trinitario)\nBaure\nPaunaka (also known as Pauna–Paikone)\nPiro group\nCampa branch (also known as Pre-Andean)Kaufman does not report the extinct Magiana of the Moxos group.","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apolista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolista"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Aruán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Arawakan"},{"link_name":"Shebaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebaye_language"},{"link_name":"North Amazonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Arawakan"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_language"},{"link_name":"Salumã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawene_Nawe_language"},{"link_name":"Lapachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapachu_language"},{"link_name":"Pareci–Xingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareci%E2%80%93Xingu"},{"link_name":"South-Western Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piro_languages"},{"link_name":"Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa_languages"},{"link_name":"Amuesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuesha_language"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Morique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morique_language"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Wapishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana_language"}],"sub_title":"Aikhenvald (1999)","text":"Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the Southern Outlier and Western branches of Southern Maipurean. She assigns Salumã and Lapachu ('Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the Maritime branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruán and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the North Amazonian branch of Northern Maipurean.The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's:Maipurean\nNorth Arawak = Northern Maipurean\nRio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) [with Mapidian under the name \"Mawayana\" and Mawakwa as a possible dialect]\nPalikur = Kaufman's Palikur + Aruán (3)\nCaribbean = Ta-Maipurean (8) [incl. Shebaye]\nNorth Amazonian = Upper Amazon (17 attested)\nSouth and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean\nSouth Arawak = Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group + Salumã + Lapachu ['Apolista'] (11)\nPareci–Xingu = Central Maipurean (6)\nSouth-Western Arawak = Piro (5)\nCampa (6)\nAmuesha (1)\nChamicuro (1)Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from Morique. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean.Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies Mawayana with Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names \"Mapidian\" and \"Mawakwa\" (with some reservations for the latter).","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setentrional-6"}],"sub_title":"Ramirez (2001)","text":"Internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2001):[6]2 subgroups, 10 divisions († = extinct)Arawakan\nunclassified: Yanesha, Chamicuro\nWestern\nunclassified: † Yumana, † Passé\nJapurá-Colombia division\nPiapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumá-Mariaté\n† Kauixana\nResígaro\nUpper Rio Negro division\n† Baré, † Guinau, † Anauyá-Yabahana\nUpper Orinoco division\n† Pareni, Yavitero\n† Maipure\nNegro-Roraima division\n† Arua\n† Manao, † Wirina, † Bahuana, † Cariaí\nWapixana, Atorai\n† Mawayana\nJuruá-Jutaí division\n† Marawa\n† Waraiku\nPurus-Ucayali division\nApurinã; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri \nKampa\nBolivia-Mato Grosso division\nBaure, Mojeño\nTereno, † Kinikinao\nCaribe-Venezuela division\nLokono; Iñeri, Garífuna; † Taino; † Caquetio\nGuajiro, † Paraujano\nEastern\nAmapá division\nPalikur, † Marawá\nXingu-Tapajós division\nWaurá, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti\nPareci, † Sarave","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference"},{"link_name":"computational phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"Amuesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanesha%27_language"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Circum-Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresi%E2%80%93Waura_languages"},{"link_name":"Northwest Amazonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Arawakan"},{"link_name":"Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference"},{"link_name":"Marawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barawana_language"},{"link_name":"Palikúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palik%C3%BAr_language"},{"link_name":"Kinikinau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinikinau_language"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Moxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxos_language"},{"link_name":"Trinitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxos_language"},{"link_name":"Ignaciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxos_language"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Iñapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language"},{"link_name":"Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piro_language_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Manxineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manxineri_language"},{"link_name":"Caquinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquinte_language"},{"link_name":"Asheninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C3%A9ninga_language"},{"link_name":"Machiguenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiguenga_language"},{"link_name":"Nomatsiguenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomatsiguenga_language"},{"link_name":"Amuesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanesha%27_language"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Waraicu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraik%C3%BA_language"},{"link_name":"Marawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barawana_language"},{"link_name":"Taíno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language"},{"link_name":"Island Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Garífuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna_language"},{"link_name":"Lokono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Paraujano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraujano_language"},{"link_name":"Guajiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Saraveka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraveca_language"},{"link_name":"Enawene Mawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawene_Nawe_language"},{"link_name":"Paresí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresi_language"},{"link_name":"Yawalapití","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawalapit%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Waurá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Mehináku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehin%C3%A1ku_language"},{"link_name":"Anauyá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anauy%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Guinau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinao_language"},{"link_name":"Baré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Bahuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahuana_language"},{"link_name":"Manao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manao_language"},{"link_name":"Arua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Cabiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karia%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Wapixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana_language"},{"link_name":"Maipure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Yavitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavitero_language"},{"link_name":"Baniva, Warekena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_Maroa_language"},{"link_name":"Pasé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Yumana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumana_language"},{"link_name":"Resígaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res%C3%ADgaro_language"},{"link_name":"Cabiyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiyari_language"},{"link_name":"Kauixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawishana_language"},{"link_name":"Yukuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucuna_language"},{"link_name":"Mariaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariat%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Wainumá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainum%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Achagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achawa_language"},{"link_name":"Piapoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoco_language"},{"link_name":"Mandawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandawaca_language"},{"link_name":"Guarekena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_Velha_language"},{"link_name":"Tariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariana_language"},{"link_name":"Kurripako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curripako_language"},{"link_name":"Baniwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana_language"},{"link_name":"Karutana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karutana_language"}],"sub_title":"Walker & Ribeiro (2011)","text":"Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows.Arawakan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNortheast\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSouth\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWestern Amazonia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmuesha, Chamicuro\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCircum-Caribbean\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCentral Brazil\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCentral Amazonia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNorthwest AmazoniaThe internal structures of each branch is given below. Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the Bayesian computational methods used.Arawakan\nNortheast\nMarawan, Palikúr\nSouth\nKinikinau, Terena\n\nBaure\nMoxos: Trinitario, Ignaciano\nWestern Amazonia\n\nApurinã\n\nIñapari\nPiro, Manxineri\n\nCaquinte\n\nAsheninka\n\nMachiguenga, Nomatsiguenga\nAmuesha, Chamicuro\nCircum-Caribbean\nWaraicu, Marawa\n(Core branch)\n(Island branch)\nTaíno\nIsland Carib, Garífuna\nLokono\nParaujano, Guajiro\nCentral Brazil\n\nSaraveka\nEnawene Mawe, Paresí\n\nYawalapití\nWaurá, Mehináku\nCentral Amazonia\n\nAnauyá\nGuinau, Baré\n\nBahuana, Manao\n\nArua\n\nCabiai\nMawayana, Wapixana\nNorthwest Amazonia\n\nMaipure\n\nYavitero\nBaniva, Warekena\n\nPasé, Yumana\n\nResígaro\n\nCabiyari\n\nKauixana\n\nYukuna\nMariaté, Wainumá\n\nAchagua, Piapoco\n\nMandawaka, Guarekena\n\nTariana\n\nKurripako\nBaniwa, Karutana","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"},{"link_name":"Yanesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanesha_language"},{"link_name":"Aguachile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguachile_language"},{"link_name":"Chamikuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamikuro_language"},{"link_name":"Mamoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Paraguai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River"},{"link_name":"Mamoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Guaporé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Portuguese article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_mamor%C3%A9-guapor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_languages"},{"link_name":"Ignaciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaciano_language"},{"link_name":"Trinitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitario_language"},{"link_name":"Paunaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paunaka_language"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Joaquiniano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquiniano_language"},{"link_name":"Muxojeone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxojeone_language"},{"link_name":"Paikoneka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikoneka_language"},{"link_name":"Chane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chane_language"},{"link_name":"Guana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guana_language_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Kinikinau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinikinau_language"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_language"},{"link_name":"Putumayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_River"},{"link_name":"Jumana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumana_language"},{"link_name":"Pase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pase_language"},{"link_name":"Kaishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaishana_language"},{"link_name":"Kabiyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiyari_language"},{"link_name":"Baniwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana"},{"link_name":"Kuripako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuripako_language"},{"link_name":"Tariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariana_language"},{"link_name":"Mepuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepuri_language"},{"link_name":"Achagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_language"},{"link_name":"Piapoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoko_language"},{"link_name":"Wainambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainambu_language"},{"link_name":"Warekena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_Velha_language"},{"link_name":"Mandawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandawaka_language"},{"link_name":"Mariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariate_language"},{"link_name":"Wainuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainuma_language"},{"link_name":"Yukuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukuna_language"},{"link_name":"Resigaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resigaro_language"},{"link_name":"Wirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirina_language"},{"link_name":"Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco"},{"link_name":"Baniva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_Guain%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Yavitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavitero_language"},{"link_name":"Maipure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Pre-Andine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Andine_Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Nomatsigenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomatsigenga_language"},{"link_name":"Machiguenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiguenga_language"},{"link_name":"Nanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanti_language"},{"link_name":"Kakinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinte_language"},{"link_name":"Ashaninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashaninka_language"},{"link_name":"Asheninka Pajonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheninka_language"},{"link_name":"Asheninka Perene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheninka_language"},{"link_name":"Asheninka Pichis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheninka_language"},{"link_name":"Asheninka Ucayali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheninka_language"},{"link_name":"Ashininka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashininka_language"},{"link_name":"Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_languages"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Iñapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language"},{"link_name":"Kanamare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamare_language"},{"link_name":"Kuniba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniba_language"},{"link_name":"Manchineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchineri_language"},{"link_name":"Mashko Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashko_Piro_language"},{"link_name":"Yine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yine_language"},{"link_name":"Marawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawan_language"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Guaporé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Tapajós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Saraveka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraveka_language"},{"link_name":"Tapajós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Enawene-Nawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawene-Nawe_language"},{"link_name":"Paresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresi_language"},{"link_name":"Xingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_River"},{"link_name":"Kustenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustenau_language"},{"link_name":"Mehinaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehinaku_language"},{"link_name":"Waura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waura_language"},{"link_name":"Yawalapiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawalapiti_language"},{"link_name":"Waraiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraiku_language"},{"link_name":"Solimões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"Marawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawan_language"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Marawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawa_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Kaketio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaketio_language"},{"link_name":"Añun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1un_language"},{"link_name":"Wayuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Garifuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna_language"},{"link_name":"Kalhiphona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhiphona_language"},{"link_name":"Lokono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokono_language"},{"link_name":"Shebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebayo_language"},{"link_name":"Taino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taino_language"},{"link_name":"Arua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Mainatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainatari_language"},{"link_name":"Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)"},{"link_name":"Bare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_language"},{"link_name":"Guinao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinao_language"},{"link_name":"Bawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawana_language"},{"link_name":"Kariai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariai_language"},{"link_name":"Manao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manao_language"},{"link_name":"Yabaana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabaana_language"},{"link_name":"Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco_River"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Aroaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroaki_language"},{"link_name":"Atorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorada_language"},{"link_name":"Parawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parawana_language"},{"link_name":"Wapishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana_language"}],"sub_title":"Jolkesky (2016)","text":"Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[5](† = extinct)Arawak\nYanesha\nWestern\nAguachile †\nChamikuro\nMamoré-Paraguai\nMamoré-Guaporé (Portuguese article)\nMojo-Paunaka\nMojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario\nPaunaka\nBaure-Paikoneka\nBaure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone †\nPaikoneka †\nTerena: Chane †; Guana †; Kinikinau; Terena\nNegro-Putumayo\nJumana-Pase: Jumana †; Pase †\nKaishana †\nNawiki\nKabiyari\nKaru-Tariana\nKaru: Baniwa; Kuripako\nTariana\nMepuri †\nPiapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko\nWainambu †\nWarekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka †\nYukuna-Wainuma: Mariate †; Wainuma †; Yukuna\nResigaro\nWirina †\nOrinoco\nYavitero-Baniva: Baniva; Yavitero †\nMaipure †\nPre-Andine\nAshaninka-Nomatsigenga\nNomatsigenga\nMachiguenga-Nanti\nAshaninka-Kakinte\nKakinte\nAshaninka-Asheninka\nAshaninka: Ashaninka\nAsheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka\nPurus\nApurinã\nIñapari\nPiro-Manchineri: Kanamare †; Kuniba †; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; Yine\nEastern\nLower Amazon\nAtlantic: Marawan †; Palikur\nGuaporé-Tapajós\nSaraveka †\nTapajós: Enawene-Nawe; Paresi\nXingu\nKustenau †\nWaura-Mehinako: Mehinaku; Waura\nYawalapiti\nWaraiku: Waraiku †\nSolimões-Caribbean: Marawan †; Palikur\nMarawa †\nCaribbean\nKaketio †\nWayuu-Añun\nAñun\nWayuu\nLokono-Iñeri\nIñeri: Garifuna; Kalhiphona †\nLokono\nShebayo †\nTaino †\nNegro-Branco\nArua †\nMainatari †\nNegro\nBare-Guinao: Bare; Guinao †\nBawana-Kariai-Manao: Bawana †; Kariai †; Manao †\nYabaana †\nBranco\nMawayana\nWapishana-Parawana: Aroaki †; Atorada; Parawana †; Wapishana","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikulin-Carvalho-7"},{"link_name":"Yanesha'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanesha_language"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Island Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Garífuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%ADfuna_language"},{"link_name":"Lokono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokono_language"},{"link_name":"Wayuunaiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Añun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1un_language"},{"link_name":"Rio Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidjanan_languages"},{"link_name":"Wapixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapixana_language"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Piapoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoco_language"},{"link_name":"Achagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_language"},{"link_name":"Yucuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucuna_language"},{"link_name":"Resígaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res%C3%ADgaro_language"},{"link_name":"Tariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariana_language"},{"link_name":"Baniwa-Koripako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu_language"},{"link_name":"Warekena Antigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_Velha_language"},{"link_name":"Baré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Yavitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavitero_language"},{"link_name":"Baniva of Guainia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa_of_Guainia"},{"link_name":"Maipure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Warekena of Xié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_language"},{"link_name":"Paresí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Enawenê-Nawê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawen%C3%AA-Naw%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Yawalapití","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawalapit%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Waurá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Mehináku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehin%C3%A1ku_language"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Iñapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language"},{"link_name":"Yine/Manxinéru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yine_language"},{"link_name":"Nomatsiguenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomatsiguenga_language"},{"link_name":"Matsiguenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsiguenga_language"},{"link_name":"Nanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanti_language"},{"link_name":"Caquinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquinte_language"},{"link_name":"Asháninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language"},{"link_name":"Ashéninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C3%A9ninka_language"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Carmelito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Joaquiniano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquiniano_language"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_language"},{"link_name":"Paunaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paunaka_language"},{"link_name":"Mojeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moje%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikulin-Carvalho-7"},{"link_name":"lexical innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_Innovation"}],"sub_title":"Nikulin & Carvalho (2019)","text":"Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270):[7]Arawakan\nYanesha'\nChamicuro\nPalikur\nMaritime\nIsland Carib; Garífuna\nLokono; Wayuunaiki, Añun\nRio Branco\nWapixana\nMawayana\nJapurá-Colômbia\nPiapoco\nAchagua\nYucuna\nResígaro\nTariana\nBaniwa-Koripako\nWarekena Antigo\nOrinoco\nBaré\nYavitero\nBaniva of Guainia\nMaipure\nWarekena of Xié\nCentral\nParesí\nEnawenê-Nawê\nXingu\nYawalapití\nWaurá; Mehináku\nPurus\nApurinã\nIñapari; Yine/Manxinéru\nCampa\nNomatsiguenga\nMatsiguenga\nNanti\nCaquinte\nAsháninka\nAshéninka\nBolívia-Paraná\nBaure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano\nTerena; Paunaka; Mojeño (Trinitário, Ignaciano, Loretano, Javeriano)Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches:[7]Maritime: loss of medial Proto-Arawakan *-n-.\nLokono-Wayuu: first person singular prefix *ta- replacing *nu-. Carvalho also reconstructs the suffix *-ja (possibly a deictic) and *kabɨnɨ 'three' as characteristic of this subgroup.\nCampa: lexical innovations such as *iNʧato 'tree', *-taki 'bark', *-toNki 'bone', etc. There are also typological innovations due to contact with Andean languages such as Quechua.","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-2020-2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-2020-3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setentrional-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"},{"link_name":"Japurá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Portuguese article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_japur%C3%A1-col%C3%B4mbia"},{"link_name":"Mepuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepuri_language"},{"link_name":"Yumana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumana_language"},{"link_name":"Passé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Kauixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauixana_language"},{"link_name":"Mandawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandawaka_language"},{"link_name":"Warekena (do San Miguel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warekena_do_San_Miguel_language"},{"link_name":"Baniwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu_language"},{"link_name":"Koripako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koripako_language"},{"link_name":"Piapoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoco_language"},{"link_name":"Achagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_language"},{"link_name":"Kabiyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiyari_language"},{"link_name":"Resígaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res%C3%ADgaro_language"},{"link_name":"Wainumá-Mariaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainum%C3%A1-Mariat%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Yukuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukuna_language"},{"link_name":"Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco"},{"link_name":"Baniva de Maroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniva_de_Maroa_language"},{"link_name":"Pareni-Yavitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareni-Yavitero_language"},{"link_name":"Maipure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles"},{"link_name":"Guajiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajiro_language"},{"link_name":"Paraujano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraujano_language"},{"link_name":"Taino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taino_language"},{"link_name":"Iñeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1eri_language"},{"link_name":"Loko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokono_language"},{"link_name":"Marawá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraw%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Waraiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraiku_language"},{"link_name":"Wirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirina_language"},{"link_name":"Rio Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)"},{"link_name":"Baré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Guinau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinau_language"},{"link_name":"Anauyá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anauy%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Mainatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainatari_language"},{"link_name":"Yabahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabahana_language"},{"link_name":"Bahuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahuana_language"},{"link_name":"Manao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manao_language"},{"link_name":"Cariaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Aruã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Pidjanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidjanan_languages"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Wapixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapixana_language"},{"link_name":"Parawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parawana_language"},{"link_name":"Aroaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroaqui_language"},{"link_name":"Shebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebayo_language"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Xingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_peoples"},{"link_name":"Waurá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Yawalapiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawalapiti_language"},{"link_name":"Xaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaray_language"},{"link_name":"Salumã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salum%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Pareci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareci_language"},{"link_name":"Sarave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarave_language"},{"link_name":"Baure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baure_language"},{"link_name":"Pauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauna_language"},{"link_name":"Mojeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moje%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Tereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_language"},{"link_name":"Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_languages"},{"link_name":"Iñapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language"},{"link_name":"Piro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piro_languages"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Cararí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carar%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Kampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampa_languages"},{"link_name":"Pozuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozuzo_River"},{"link_name":"Amuesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuesha_language"},{"link_name":"Ucayali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucayali_River"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamicuro_language"},{"link_name":"Moríque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%ADque_language"}],"sub_title":"Ramirez (2020)","text":"The internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2020) is as follows.[8][9][10] This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001[6]), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016).[5]12 subgroups consisting of 56 languages (29 living and 27 extinct) († = extinct)Arawakan\nJapurá-Colombia (Portuguese article)\n† Mepuri\n† Yumana, † Passé\n† Kauixana\nPeripheral\n† Mandawaka, Warekena (do San Miguel); Baniwa-Koripako\nPiapoco, Achagua; Kabiyari\n† Resígaro\n† Wainumá-Mariaté\nYukuna\nUpper Orinoco\nBaniva de Maroa\n† Pareni-Yavitero\n† Maipure\nCentral-Amazon-Antilles ? (probable branch)\nAmazon-Antilles\nGuajiro, † Paraujano\n† Taino, Iñeri, Loko, † Marawá\n? † Waraiku\n? † Wirina\nMiddle Rio Negro\n† Baré\n† Guinau\n† Anauyá; † Mainatari, † Yabahana\nCentral\n† Bahuana; † Manao, † Cariaí\n† Aruã\nPidjanan\n† Mawayana\nWapixana, † Parawana, † Aroaqui\n? † Shebayo\nMato Grosso-Palikur ? (probable branch)\nAmapá\nPalikur\nMato Grosso\nXingu\nWaurá\nYawalapiti\nXaray\nSalumã\nPareci\n† Sarave\nBolivia-Purus-Kampa-(Amuesha) ? (probable branch)\nBolivia\nBaure\nPauna; Mojeño, Tereno\nPurus\n† Iñapari\nPiro\nApurinã\n† Cararí\nPre-Andine\nKampa\nPozuzo\nAmuesha\nLower Ucayali\n† Chamicuro\n? † Moríque","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loukotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loukotka-11"},{"link_name":"Loukotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"The Republic of Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Republic_of_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jiguaní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiguan%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Bayano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayano"},{"link_name":"Quivicán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quivic%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"Curipi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curipi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oyapoque River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapoque_River"},{"link_name":"Tacutu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacutu_River"},{"link_name":"Mahú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mah%C3%BA_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surumú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surum%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Tacutu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacutu_River"},{"link_name":"Rupununi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupununi_River"},{"link_name":"Rupununi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupununi_River"},{"link_name":"Kuyuwini River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuwini_River"},{"link_name":"Apiniwau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apiniwau_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mavaca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavaca_River"},{"link_name":"Goajira Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goajira_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Lake Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Guasape River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guasape_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Palmar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar_River"},{"link_name":"Hacha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hacha_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serranía Cosina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serran%C3%ADa_Cosina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goajira Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goajira_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Yaracuy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaracuy_River"},{"link_name":"Portuguesa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa_River"},{"link_name":"Apure River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure_River"},{"link_name":"Tocuyo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocuyo_River"},{"link_name":"Carera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uribante River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uribante_River"},{"link_name":"Lengupa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengupa_River"},{"link_name":"Arichuna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arichuna_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Setenta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setenta_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matiyure River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiyure_River"},{"link_name":"Mucuchachi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucuchachi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caparo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caparo_River"},{"link_name":"Sagamoso River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagamoso_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burgua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgua_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuite River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuite_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pereno River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pereno_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manacacías River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manacac%C3%ADas_River"},{"link_name":"Vichada River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichada_River"},{"link_name":"Güejar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCejar_River"},{"link_name":"Ariari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariari_River"},{"link_name":"Pasca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasca_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sumapaz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumapaz_River"},{"link_name":"Herorú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heror%C3%BA_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guayabero River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayabero_River"},{"link_name":"Güejar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCejar_River"},{"link_name":"San Juan de los Llanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_de_los_Llanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apure River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure_River"},{"link_name":"Arauca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_River"},{"link_name":"Guaviare River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_River"},{"link_name":"Teviare River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teviare_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zama River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zama_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guaviare River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_River"},{"link_name":"Vera River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vera_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aguas Blancas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aguas_Blancas_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maipures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maipures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auvana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auvana_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tipapa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tipapa_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orinoco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_River"},{"link_name":"San Fernando de Atabapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Atabapo"},{"link_name":"Atabapo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabapo_River"},{"link_name":"Caura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caura_River_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Merevari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merevari_River"},{"link_name":"Casiquiare River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiquiare_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Guainía River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_River"},{"link_name":"Caiarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caiar%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apui River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apui_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Caiarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caiar%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Aiari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiari_River"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Seringa Upita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seringa_Upita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Cachoeira Yandú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cachoeira_Yand%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cubate River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubate_River"},{"link_name":"Aiari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiari_River"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Arara-paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arara-paran%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guainía River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_River"},{"link_name":"Puitana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puitana_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Içana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7ana_River"},{"link_name":"Ipanoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipanor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yauareté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yauaret%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caiarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caiar%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cananari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cananari_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apaporis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaporis_River"},{"link_name":"Baria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baria_River"},{"link_name":"Capabury River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capabury_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pasimoni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasimoni_River"},{"link_name":"Siapa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siapa_River"},{"link_name":"Manaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaus"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Marauiá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraui%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Araçá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Padauari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padauari_River"},{"link_name":"Padauari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padauari_River"},{"link_name":"Araçá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Branco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branco_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Araçá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Uatuma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatuma_River"},{"link_name":"Lingua Geral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Geral"},{"link_name":"Uatuma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatuma_River"},{"link_name":"Urubu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubu_River_(Amazonas)"},{"link_name":"Saracá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarac%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aniba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aniba_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saracá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarac%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urubu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubu_River_(Amazonas)"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Uatuma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatuma_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Marari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marari_River"},{"link_name":"Marauiá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraui%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Cauaburi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauaburi_River"},{"link_name":"Castaño River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casta%C3%B1o_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marari_River"},{"link_name":"Demini River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demini_River"},{"link_name":"Miritíparaná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirit%C3%ADparan%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Campoamor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campoamor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mamurá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamur%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuama River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuama_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_River"},{"link_name":"Igaraparaná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igaraparan%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juruá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Jutai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutai_River"},{"link_name":"Juruá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Jandiatuba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandiatuba_River"},{"link_name":"Jutai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutai_River"},{"link_name":"Upi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Içá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Içá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Puruê River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru%C3%AA_River"},{"link_name":"Juami River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juami_River"},{"link_name":"Negro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_River"},{"link_name":"Japurá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Içá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Tocantins River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Mapari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mapari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marauiá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraui%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Urubamba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubamba_River"},{"link_name":"Ucayali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucayali_River"},{"link_name":"Mantaro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantaro_River"},{"link_name":"Apurimac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurimac_River"},{"link_name":"Urubamba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubamba_River"},{"link_name":"Paucartambo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paucartambo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perené River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peren%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Tambo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_River_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Apurimac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurimac_River"},{"link_name":"Ene River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_River"},{"link_name":"department of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"Inuya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inuya_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iaco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaco_River"},{"link_name":"Caeté River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caet%C3%A9_River_(Acre)"},{"link_name":"Chandless River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandless_River"},{"link_name":"Pilcopata River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilcopata_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mur%C3%BA_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Embira River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embira_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paucartambo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paucartambo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_River"},{"link_name":"Purus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_River"},{"link_name":"Aquirí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquir%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caspatá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspat%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Araçá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Tacutimani River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacutimani_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amigo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amigo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cosñipata River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos%C3%B1ipata_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pilcopata River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilcopata_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curumaha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curumaha_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juruazinho River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juruazinho_River"},{"link_name":"Jutaí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juta%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Mapuá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapu%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Puncuri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puncuri_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irariapé River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irariap%C3%A9_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abuña River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu%C3%B1a_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pijiria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pijiria_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urubamba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubamba_River"},{"link_name":"Camisia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camisia_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tunquini River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunquini_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Igarapé Cuchicha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igarap%C3%A9_Cuchicha_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chandless River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandless_River"},{"link_name":"Purus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_River"},{"link_name":"Sepatiní River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepatin%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Yaco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaco_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abuña River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu%C3%B1a_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ituxí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itux%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Curequeta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curequeta_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iquirí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iquir%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apolobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolobamba"},{"link_name":"Mamoré River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Mojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojos"},{"link_name":"Blanco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Blanco_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Baures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baures"},{"link_name":"Mamoré River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Guapay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapay_River"},{"link_name":"Baures River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baures_River"},{"link_name":"Paragúa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag%C3%BAa_River"},{"link_name":"Verde River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde_Grande_River"},{"link_name":"Paragúa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag%C3%BAa_River"},{"link_name":"Sumidouro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumidouro_River"},{"link_name":"Sepotuba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepotuba_River"},{"link_name":"Sucuriú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucuri%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Verde River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde_Grande_River"},{"link_name":"Timalatía River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timalat%C3%ADa_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_River_(Mato_Grosso)"},{"link_name":"Cabaçal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caba%C3%A7al_River"},{"link_name":"Jaurú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauru_River_(Mato_Grosso)"},{"link_name":"Guaporé River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Verde River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde_Grande_River"},{"link_name":"Papagaio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagaio_River_(Mato_Grosso)"},{"link_name":"Burití River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriti_River_(Mato_Grosso)"},{"link_name":"Juruena River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juruena_River"},{"link_name":"Pimenta Bueno River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimenta_Bueno_River"},{"link_name":"Itiyuro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiyuro_River"},{"link_name":"Yacaré River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacar%C3%A9_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Galván River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galv%C3%A1n_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miranda River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_River"},{"link_name":"Miranda River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_River"},{"link_name":"Jijui River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jijui_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda,_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Batoví River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batov%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xingú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Batoví River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batov%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jatobá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatob%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Meinacu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinacu_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curisevú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curisev%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Batoví River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batov%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curisevú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curisev%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Curisevú River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curisev%C3%BA_River"},{"link_name":"Culuene River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culuene_River"},{"link_name":"Oiapoque River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiapoque_River"},{"link_name":"Curipi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curipi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urucauá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urucau%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Calçoene River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A7oene_River"},{"link_name":"Casipore River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casipore_River"},{"link_name":"Urucauá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urucau%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Urucauá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urucau%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Uanarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uanar%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camopi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camopi_River"},{"link_name":"Yaroupi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroupi_River"},{"link_name":"Pará River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Jarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Oiac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oiac_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marajó Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3_Island"},{"link_name":"Uaçá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua%C3%A7%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Marajó Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3_Island"},{"link_name":"Javarí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javar%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Chamicuro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamicuro_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"department of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"Huallaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallaga_River"},{"link_name":"Ucayali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucayali_River"},{"link_name":"Samiria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samiria_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paucartambo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paucartambo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Chinchao River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinchao_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huallaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallaga_River"},{"link_name":"Coyumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyumba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Huánuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco"},{"link_name":"Meta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_River"},{"link_name":"Arauca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_River"},{"link_name":"Vichada River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichada_River"},{"link_name":"Orinoco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_River"},{"link_name":"Cuiloto River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuiloto_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cravo Norte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravo_Norte_River"},{"link_name":"Meta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_River"},{"link_name":"Bita River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bita_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ele River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ele_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lipa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipa_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cravo Norte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravo_Norte_River"},{"link_name":"Arauca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_River"},{"link_name":"Cinaruquito River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinaruquito_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cinamco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinamco_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Capanaparo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capanaparo_River"},{"link_name":"Arichuna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arichuna_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuparro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuparro_River"},{"link_name":"Tomo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomo_River"},{"link_name":"Ariari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariari_River"},{"link_name":"Yucavo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yucavo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Miguel de Salivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Miguel_de_Salivas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Güejar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCejar_River"},{"link_name":"El Piñal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pi%C3%B1al"},{"link_name":"Guayabero River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayabero_River"}],"text":"Below is a full list of Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[11]Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)\n\n\n\nIsland languages\nTaino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are:\nTaino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and The Republic of Haiti.\nTaino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguaní, Bayano, and Quivicán; now the last descendants speak only Spanish.\nBorinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico.\nYamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica.\nLucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands.\nEyed / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles.\nNepuya - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad.\nNaparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad. (Unattested.)\nCaliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles.\nGuiana language\nArawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are:\nWestern - spoken in Guyana.\nEastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River.\nCentral group\nWapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahú River, and Surumú River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana.\nAmariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana. (Unattested.)\nAtorai / Attaraye / Daurí - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana.\nMapidian group\nMapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct.\nMawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela.\nGoajira group\nGoajira / Uáira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual.\nParaujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Pará - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela.\nAlile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela. (Unattested.)\nOnota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela. (Unattested.)\nGuanebucán - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nCosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranía Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nCaquetío group\nCaquetío - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaçao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela. (only several words)\nAjagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela. (only two words and patronyms.)\nQuinó - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Nothing.)\nTororó / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristóbal, state of Táchira. (Febres Cordero 1921, pp. 116–160 passim, only six words.)\nAviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Táchira. (Unattested.)\nTecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacá, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nYaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)\nCocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)\nChacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mérida. (Unattested.)\nCaparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nTámud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nBurgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nCuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nQueniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River. (Unattested.)\nChucuna - once spoken between the Manacacías River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nGuayupe - spoken on the Güejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory.\nSae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region. (Unattested.)\nSutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)\nChocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorú River and Guayabero River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)\nEperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Güejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory. (Unattested.)\nAricagua - once spoken in the state of Mérida, Venezuela. (Unattested.)\nAchagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacá and territory of Meta, Colombia.\nPiapoco / Mitua / Dzáse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupés, Colombia.\nCabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory.\nManiba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nAmarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta.\nMaypure group\nMaypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish.\nAvani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. (Gilij 1780-1784, vol. 3, p. 383, only six words.)\nGuinau group\nBaníva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.\nYavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita.\nGuinau group\nGuinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyéme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolívar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct.\nBaré group\nBaré / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.\nUarequena - spoken on the Guainía River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.\nAdzáneni / Adyána / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarí River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil.\nCarútana / Corecarú / Yauareté-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Içana River.\nKatapolítani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil.\nSiusí / Ualíperi-dákeni / Uereperidákeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarí River and Içana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.\nMoriwene / Sucuriyú-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil.\nMapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Içana River near Cachoeira Yandú, state of Amazonas.\nHohodene / Huhúteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas.\nMaulieni / Káua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas.\nIpéca group\nIpéca / Kumada-mínanei / Baniva de rio Içana - spoken on the Içana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia.\nPayualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paraná River.\nCuripaco - spoken on the Guainía River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.\nKárro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River.\nKapité-Mínanei / Coatí-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Içana River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.\nTariana group\nTariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanoré and Yauareté on the Caiarí River, Vaupés Territory, Colombia.\nIyäine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken. (Unattested.)\nCauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarí - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct.\nMandauáca group\nMandauáca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.\nCunipúsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River. (Unattested.)\nManáo group\nManáo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.\nArina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River, Amazonas state. (Unattested.)\nCariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araçá River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.\nBahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araçá River. (Unattested.)\nUaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araçá River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)\nArauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese. (Unattested.)\nDapatarú - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracá, Amazonas. (Unattested.)\nAniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracá lagoon. (Unattested.)\nCaboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)\nCaburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River. (Unattested.)\nSeden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River. (Unattested.)\nUirina group\nUirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco.\nYabaána / Jabâ-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiá River and Cauaburi River.\nAnauyá - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaño River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.\nChiriána group\nChiriána / Barauána - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco.\nYukúna group\nYukúna - spoken on the Miritíparaná River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.\nMatapí - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor. (Unattested.)\nGuarú / Garú - spoken on the Mamurá River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.\nResigaro group\nResigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparaná River near Casa Arana.\nAraicú group\nMarawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruá River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruá River, Amazonas.\nAraicú group\nAraicú / Waraikú - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas.\nUainumá group\nUainumá / Ajuano / Wainumá / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Içá River, Amazonas.\nMariaté / Muriaté - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Içá River.\nJumana group\nJumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruê River and Juami River, Amazonas state.\nPassé / Pazé - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurá River, and Içá River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese.\nCauishana group\nCauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hína - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas.\nPariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiá River. (Unattested.)\nPre-Andine group\nCampa / Anti / Atzíri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru.\nMachiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River. Dialects are:\nChanchamayo - spoken on the Perené River.\nCatongo - spoken on the Tambo River.\nMachiringa - spoken on the Apurimac River and Ene River. (Unattested.)\nPiro / Simirinche - spoken in the department of Loreto on the Inuya River.\nChontaquiro - spoken on the Iaco River, Caeté River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil.\nMashco / Sirineiri / Moeno - spoken on the Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.\nCuria - spoken on the Murú River and Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)\nQuirineri - spoken on the Paucartambo River and Manu River, department of Cuzco (Oppenheim 1948).\nManeteneri - extinct language from the Purus River, Aquirí River, Caspatá River, and Araçá River, Acre territory.\nInapari / Mashco Piro - spoken between the Tacutimani River and Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct.\nHuachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the Cosñipata River and Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios.\nKushichineri / Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the Curumaha River by a small tribe.\nCuniba - extinct language once spoken between the Juruazinho River and Jutaí River and on the Mapuá River, state of Amazonas.\nPuncuri - spoken on the Puncuri River, Acre. (Unattested.)\nKanamare / Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre, Irariapé River and Abuña River, now probably extinct.\nEpetineri - once spoken on the Pijiria River, tributary of the Urubamba River, Peru. (Unattested.)\nPucapucari - once spoken on the Camisia River and Tunquini River, Peru. (Unattested.)\nTucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the Igarapé Cuchicha River, a tributary of the Chandless River, Acre. (Unattested.)\nIpurina group\nIpurina / Apurimã / Kangiti - spoken along the Purus River from the mouth of the Sepatiní River to the mouth of the Yaco River, Amazonas.\nCasharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the Abuña River and Ituxí River and on the tributaries, Curequeta River and Iquirí River, in Acre. (Unattested.)\nApolista group\nApolista / Lapachu / Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia.\nMojo group\nMojo / Ignaciano / Morocosi - spoken on the Mamoré River and on the plains of Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia.\nBaure / Chiquimiti - spoken on the Blanco River and around the city of Baures in the same region.\nMuchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia.\nSuberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the Mamoré River and the Guapay River, Bolivia. (Unattested.)\nPauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.\nPaicone - extinct language from the sources of the Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.\nParesi group\nSarave / Zarabe - spoken on the Verde River and Paragúa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct.\nParecí / Arití / Maimbari / Mahibarez - language with dialects:\nCaxinití - spoken on the Sumidouro River, Sepotuba River, and Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.\nWaimaré - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Verde River and Timalatía River.\nKozariní / Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Juba River, Cabaçal River, Jaurú River, Guaporé River, Verde River, Papagaio River, Burití River, and Juruena River.\nUariteré - spoken on the Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.)\nChané group\nChané / Izoceño - formerly spoken on the Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies. (only a few words.)\nGuaná / Layano - once spoken on the Yacaré River and Galván River, Paraguay, now on the Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.\nTerena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Miranda River and Jijui River.\nEchoaladí / Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)\nQuiniquinao / Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul.\nWaurá group\nWaurá - spoken on the Batoví River (a tributary of the Xingú River) Mato Grosso.\nKustenáu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the Batoví River and Jatobá River\nYaulapíti / Yawarapiti / Ualapiti - spoken between the Meinacu River and Curisevú River, Mato Grosso.\nMehináku / Meinacu / Mináko - spoken between the Batoví River and Curisevú River.\nAgavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the Curisevú River and Culuene River. (Unattested.)\nMarawan group\nMarawan / Maraon - spoken on the Oiapoque River and Curipi River, Amapá territory.\nCaripurá / Karipuere - spoken in Amapá territory on the Urucauá River.\nPalicur / Parikurú - once spoken on the middle course of the Calçoene River and on the upper course of the Casipore River, now on the Urucauá River in Amapá territory.\nCaranariú - once spoken on the Urucauá River, now extinct. (Unattested.)\nTocoyene - once spoken in Amapá territory on the Uanarí River. (Unattested.)\nMacapá - once spoken on the Camopi River and Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the Pará River, state of Pará, Brazil; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)\nTucujú - once spoken on the Jarí River, territory of Amapá, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)\nMapruan - once spoken on the Oiac River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)\nAruan group\nAruan / Aroã - originally spoken on the north coast of Marajó Island, Pará, later on the Uaçá River, Amapá territory. A few descendants now speak only a French creole dialect.\nSacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of Marajó Island.\nMoríque group\nMoríque / Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the Javarí River.\nChamicuro group\nChamicuro - spoken on the Chamicuro River, department of Loreto, Peru.\nChicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe. (Unattested.)\nAguano / Awáno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua. (Unattested.)\nMaparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago. (Unattested.)\nCutinana - once spoken on the Samiria River, Loreto. (Unattested.)\nTibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region. (Unattested.)\nLorenzo group\nAmoishe / Amlsha / Amuescha / Amage / Lorenzo - once spoken on the Paucartambo River and Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken.\nChunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the Chinchao River, department of Huánuco, Peru. (Unattested.)\nPanatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the Huallaga River between Coyumba and Monzón, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)\nChusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near Huánuco. (Unattested.)\nGuahibo group\nGuahibo - language spoken by many tribes in Colombia and Venezuela on the Meta River, Arauca River, Vichada River, and Orinoco River.\nDialects:\nCuiloto - spoken on the Cuiloto River and Cravo Norte River, Arauca territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nCuiva - spoken on the Meta River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nAmorúa - spoken in the same region on the Bita River. (Unattested.)\nChiricoa - spoken on the Ele River and Lipa River, department of Arauca, on the Cravo Norte River and Arauca River, Arauca territory, Colombia, and on the Cinaruquito River, Cinamco River, Capanaparo River, and Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Hildebrandt ms.)\nSicuane - spoken on the Tuparro River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)\nCuiapo Pihibi - spoken on the Tomo River, Vichada territory. (Unattested.)\nYamu - spoken on the right bank of the Ariari River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)\nCatarro - spoken in the Meta territory on the Yucavo River and in the old mission of San Miguel de Salivas. (Unattested.)\nChumya / Bisanigua - language, now probably extinct, once spoken on the Güejar River and in El Piñal.\nGuayabero / Guyaverun - spoken in the Meta territory on the Guayabero River.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filippo Salvatore Gilii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Salvatore_Gilii"},{"link_name":"Maipure language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipure_language"},{"link_name":"Moxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxos_language"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"the family demonstrated by Gilij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipurean_languages"},{"link_name":"Guajiboan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajiboan_languages"},{"link_name":"Arawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauan_languages"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1783, the Italian priest Filippo Salvatore Gilii recognized the unity of the Maipure language of the Orinoco and Moxos of Bolivia; he named their family Maipure. It was renamed Arawak by Von den Steinen (1886) and Brinten (1891) after Arawak in the Guianas, one of the major languages of the family. The modern equivalents are Maipurean or Maipuran and Arawak or Arawakan.The term Arawakan is now used in two senses. South American scholars use Aruák for the family demonstrated by Gilij and subsequent linguists. In North America, however, scholars have used the term to include a hypothesis adding the Guajiboan and Arawan families. In North America, scholars use the name Maipurean to distinguish the core family, which is sometimes called core Arawak(an) or Arawak(an) proper instead.[12]Kaufman (1990: 40) relates the following:[The Arawakan] name is the one normally applied to what is here called Maipurean. Maipurean used to be thought to be a major subgroup of Arawakan, but all the living Arawakan languages, at least, seem to need to be subgrouped with languages already found within Maipurean as commonly defined. The sorting out of the labels Maipurean and Arawakan will have to await a more sophisticated classification of the languages in question than is possible at the present state of comparative studies.","title":"Arawakan vs. Maipurean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Wayuu tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"C. H. de Goeje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_de_Goeje"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The languages called Arawakan or Maipurean were originally recognized as a separate group in the late nineteenth century. Almost all the languages now called Arawakan share a first-person singular prefix nu-, but Arawak proper has ta-. Other commonalities include a second-person singular pi-, relative ka-, and negative ma-.The Arawak language family, as constituted by L. Adam, at first by the name of Maypure, has been called by Von den Steinen \"Nu-Arawak\" from the prenominal prefix \"nu-\" for the first person. This is common to all the Arawak tribes scattered along the coasts from Suriname to Guyana.Upper Paraguay has Arawakan-language tribes: the Quinquinaos, the Layanas, etc. (This is the Moho-Mbaure group of L. Quevedo). In the islands of Marajos, in the middle of the estuary of the Amazon, the Aruan people spoke an Arawak dialect. The Guajira Peninsula (north of Venezuela) is occupied by the Wayuu tribe, also Arawakan speakers. In 1890–95, De Brette estimated a population of 3,000 persons in the Guajira peninsula.[13]C. H. de Goeje's published vocabulary of 1928 outlines the Lokono/Arawak (Suriname and Guyana) 1400 items, comprising mostly morphemes (stems, affixes) and morpheme partials (single sounds), and only rarely compounded, derived, or otherwise complex sequences; and from Nancy P. Hickerson's British Guiana manuscript vocabulary of 500 items. However, most entries which reflect acculturation are direct borrowings from one or another of three model languages (Spanish, Dutch, English). Of the 1400 entries in de Goeje, 106 reflect European contact; 98 of these are loans. Nouns which occur with the verbalizing suffix described above number 9 out of the 98 loans.[14]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Though a great deal of variation can be found from language to language, the following is a general composite statement of the consonants and vowels typically found in Arawak languages, according to Aikhenvald (1999):For more detailed notes on specific languages see Aikhenvald (1999) pp. 76–77.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shared morphological traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"General morphological type","text":"Arawakan languages are polysynthetic and mostly head-marking. They have fairly complex verb morphology. Noun morphology is much less complex and tends to be similar across the family. Arawakan languages are mostly suffixing, with just a few prefixes.[15]","title":"Shared morphological traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aikhenvald_1999,_p._82-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aikhenvald_1999,_p._82-16"}],"sub_title":"Alienable and inalienable possession","text":"Arawakan languages tend to distinguish alienable and inalienable possession. A feature found throughout the Arawakan family is a suffix (whose reconstructed Proto-Arawakan form is /*-tsi/) that allows the inalienable (and obligatorily possessed) body-part nouns to remain unpossessed.[16] This suffix essentially converts inalienable body-part nouns into alienable nouns. It can only be added to body-part nouns and not to kinship nouns (which are also treated as inalienable). An example from the Pareci language is given below:[16]no-tiho1SG-faceno-tiho1SG-facemy facetiho-tiface-ALIENtiho-tiface-ALIEN(someone's) face","title":"Shared morphological traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aikhenvald_1999,_p._83-17"}],"sub_title":"Classifiers","text":"Many Arawakan languages have a system of classifier morphemes that mark the semantic category of the head noun of a noun phrase on most other elements of the noun phrase.[17] The example below is from the Tariana language, in which classifier suffixes mark the semantic category of the head noun on all elements of a noun phrase other than the head noun (including adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, possessives) and on the verb of the clause:ha-dapanaDEM.INAN-CL:HOUSEpa-dapanaone-CL:HOUSEna-tape-dapana3PL-medicine-CL:HOUSEna-ya-dapana3PL-POSS-CL:HOUSEhanu-dapanabig-CL:HOUSEhekuwoodna-ni-ni-dapana-mahka3PL-make-TAV-CL:HOUSE-REC.PST.NVISha-dapana pa-dapana na-tape-dapana na-ya-dapana hanu-dapana heku na-ni-ni-dapana-mahkaDEM.INAN-CL:HOUSE one-CL:HOUSE 3PL-medicine-CL:HOUSE 3PL-POSS-CL:HOUSE big-CL:HOUSE wood 3PL-make-TAV-CL:HOUSE-REC.PST.NVIS‘This one big hospital of theirs has been made of wood’","title":"Shared morphological traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb","text":"Most Arawakan languages have split-intransitive alignment systems of subject and object cross-referencing on the verb.[18] The agentive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with prefixes, whereas the patientive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with suffixes. The following example from Baniwa of Içana shows a typical Arawakan split-intransitive alignment:[19]ri-kapa-ni3SG.NFEM.AG-see-3SG.NFEM.PATri-kapa-ni3SG.NFEM.AG-see-3SG.NFEM.PAT'He sees him/it.'ri-emhani3SG.NFEM.AG-walkri-emhani3SG.NFEM.AG-walk'He walks.'hape-ka-nibe.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PAThape-ka-nibe.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PAT'He/it is cold.'The prefixes and suffixes used for subject and object cross-referencing on the verb are stable throughout the Arawakan languages, and can therefore be reconstructed for Proto-Arawakan. The table below shows the likely forms of Proto-Arawakan:[20]","title":"Shared morphological traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lokono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Taíno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language"},{"link_name":"Cauixana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawishana_language"},{"link_name":"Wayuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_language"},{"link_name":"Wauja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language"}],"text":"The Arawak word for maize is marisi, and various forms of this word are found among the related languages:Lokono, marisi, Guyana.\nTaíno, mahisi or mahis, Greater Antilles.\nCauixana, mazy, Rio Jupura.\nWayuu, maiki, Goajira Peninsula.\nPasses, mary, Lower Jupura.\nPuri, maky, Rio Paraiba.\nWauja, mainki, Upper Xingu River.","title":"Some examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andes Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Amazon basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cusabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusabo_people"},{"link_name":"Congaree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congaree_people"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Taíno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole"},{"link_name":"Wayuu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Garífuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wayuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language"},{"link_name":"Garifuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna_language"},{"link_name":"Asháninca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language"},{"link_name":"Terêna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_language"},{"link_name":"Yanesha'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanesha%27_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Arawak is the largest family in the Americas with the respect to number of languages. The Arawakan languages are spoken by peoples occupying a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, northward into Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia on the northern coast of South America, and as far north as Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize and Guatemala.[21] The languages used to be found in Argentina and Paraguay as well.Arawak-speaking peoples migrated to islands in the Caribbean some 2,500 years ago,[22] settling the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. It is possible that some poorly attested extinct languages in North America, such as the languages of the Cusabo and Congaree in South Carolina, were members of this family.[23]Taíno, commonly called Island Arawak, was spoken on the islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. A few Taino words are still used by English, Spanish, or Haitian Creole-speaking descendants in these islands. The Taíno language was scantily attested but its classification within the Arawakan family is uncontroversial. Its closest relative among the better attested Arawakan languages seems to be the Wayuu language, spoken in Colombia and Venezuela. Scholars have suggested that the Wayuu are descended from Taíno refugees, but the theory seems impossible to prove or disprove.[citation needed]Garífuna (or Black Carib) is another Arawakan language originating on the islands. It developed as the result of forced migration among people of mixed Arawak, Carib, and African descent.[24] It is estimated to have about 195,800 speakers in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Belize combined.[25]Today the Arawakan languages with the most speakers are among the more recent Ta-Arawakan (Ta-Maipurean) groups: Wayuu [Goajiro], with about 300,000 speakers; and Garifuna, with about 100,000 speakers. The Campa group is next; Asháninca or Campa proper has 15–18,000 speakers; and Ashéninca 18–25,000. After that probably comes Terêna, with 10,000 speakers; and Yanesha' [Amuesha] with 6–8,000.[citation needed]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loukotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loukotka-11"}],"text":"Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Arawakan languages.[11]","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"manioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc"},{"link_name":"sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"hammock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"agouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti"},{"link_name":"coati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati"},{"link_name":"chigoe flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigoe_flea"},{"link_name":"peccary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccary"},{"link_name":"guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_(bird)"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-2019-27"},{"link_name":"Portuguese article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-arawak"}],"text":"Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002):[26]Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002)\n\n\n\n\n\ngloss\nProto-Arawak\n\n\n'manioc, sweet potato'\n*kali\n\n\n'moon'\n*kahɨ(tɨ)\n\n\n'water (n)'\n*hu(ː)ni\n\n\n'sun, heat'\n*kamui\n\n\n'sun'\n*ketʃi\n\n\n'hammock'\n*maka\n\n\n'long thing objects classifier'\n*-pi\n\n\n'snake'\n*api\n\n\n'road; limited space; hollow objects classifier'\n*-(a)pu\n\n\n'path'\n*(a)pu\n\n\n'leaflike objects classifier'\n*-pana\n\n\n'leaf'\n*pana\n\n\n'thin, powder-like classifier'\n*-phe\n\n\n'dust'\n*phe\n\n\n'arm'\n*dana\n\n\n'hand, shoulder, arm'\n*wahku\n\n\n'blood'\n*itha-hna\n\n\n'bone'\n*apɨ\n\n\n'breast, milk'\n*tenɨ\n\n\n'snout, nose'\n*t(h)aku\n\n\n'snout, nose'\n*kɨri\n\n\n'fingernail, claw'\n*huba\n\n\n'excrement'\n*(i)tika\n\n\n'ear'\n*da-keni\n\n\n'eye'\n*ukɨ/e\n\n\n'flesh, meat'\n*eki\n\n\n'flesh, meat'\n*ina\n\n\n'flesh, meat'\n*ipe\n\n\n'foot'\n*kipa\n\n\n'hair'\n*isi\n\n\n'hand'\n*k(h)apɨ\n\n\n'head'\n*kiwɨ\n\n\n'horn'\n*tsiwi\n\n\n'leg'\n*kawa\n\n\n'tongue'\n*nene\n\n\n'lip, tongue'\n*tʃɨra\n\n\n'mouth'\n*numa\n\n\n'skin'\n*mata\n\n\n'tail'\n*(i)di(-pi)\n\n\n'ash'\n*pali-ši\n\n\n'earth'\n*kɨpa\n\n\n'lake'\n*kaɨlesa\n\n\n'night'\n*tʃapu\n\n\n'salt'\n*(i)dɨwɨ\n\n\n'smoke'\n*kɨtʃa(li)\n\n\n'stone'\n*k(h)iba\n\n\n'agouti'\n*p(h)ɨkɨ-li\n\n\n'animal'\n*pɨra\n\n\n'ant'\n*manaci\n\n\n'armadillo'\n*yeti\n\n\n'bee, honey'\n*maba\n\n\n'bird'\n*kudɨ-pɨra\n\n\n'crocodile'\n*kasi/u\n\n\n'coati'\n*k(h)ape-di\n\n\n'chigoe flea'\n*iditu\n\n\n'fish'\n*kopaki\n\n\n'fish'\n*hima\n\n\n'flea, cockroach'\n*k(h)aya(pa?)\n\n\n'hummingbird'\n*pimi\n\n\n'dog, jaguar'\n*tsinu/i\n\n\n'dog'\n*auli\n\n\n'lizard'\n*dupu\n\n\n'louse'\n*(i)ni\n\n\n'monkey'\n*pude\n\n\n'mosquito'\n*hainiyu\n\n\n'peccary'\n*a(h)bɨya\n\n\n'mouse, rat'\n*kɨhi(ri)\n\n\n'tapir'\n*kema\n\n\n'termite'\n*kamatha/ra\n\n\n'toad'\n*ki(h)pa(ru)\n\n\n'tortoise'\n*si(n)pu\n\n\n'tortoise'\n*hiku(li)\n\n\n'turkey, guan'\n*mara-di\n\n\n'wasp'\n*hani/e\n\n\n'achiote'\n*(a)binki-thi\n\n\n'manioc, cassava'\n*kani\n\n\n'medicine, medicinal grass'\n*pini/a\n\n\n'firewood'\n*dika\n\n\n'firewood'\n*tsɨma\n\n\n'flower'\n*dewi\n\n\n'grass'\n*katʃau\n\n\n'leaf'\n*pana\n\n\n'pepper'\n*atʃɨ (di/ɨ)\n\n\n'root'\n*pale\n\n\n'seed'\n*(a)ki\n\n\n'tobacco'\n*yɨma\n\n\n'tree'\n*a(n)da\n\n\n'people, body'\n*mina\n\n\n'man, person'\n*(a)šeni/a\n\n\n'man, person'\n*(a)dia(-li)\n\n\n'brother'\n*p(h)e\n\n\n'people, man'\n*kaki(n)\n\n\n'wife, female relative'\n*ɨnu\n\n\n'woman'\n*tʃɨ na(-ru)\n\n\n'uncle, father-in-law'\n*kuhko\n\n\n'fan'\n*hewi\n\n\n'house'\n*pe, *pana/i\n\n\n'dream'\n*tapu\n\n\n'path'\n*(ah)tɨnɨ\n\n\n'above, sky'\n*(y)enu(hʔ)\n\n\n'bad'\n*ma(h)tʃi\n\n\n'bitter'\n*kep(h)idi\n\n\n'black, dirty'\n*k(h)u(e)re\n\n\n'cold'\n*kipa/e\n\n\n'green, blue, unripe'\n*šɨpule\n\n\n'new'\n*wada(li)\n\n\n'painful'\n*katʃi(wi)\n\n\n'red'\n*kɨra\n\n\n'sweet'\n*putsi\n\n\n'to arrive'\n*kau\n\n\n'to sweep'\n*pɨ(da)\n\n\n'to give'\n*po\n\n\n'to give'\n*da\n\n\n'to cry'\n*(i)ya\n\n\n'to be sick, die'\n*kama\n\n\n'to drink'\n*itha\n\n\n'to fly'\n*ara\n\n\n'to hear, understand'\n*kema\n\n\n'to wash'\n*kiba\n\n\n'to eat'\n*nika\n\n\n'to stand'\n*dɨma\n\n\n'to dig'\n*kika\n\n\n'1st person; someone, another'\n*pa-\n\n\n'2nd person'\n*(a)pi\n\n\n'2nd person'\n*yamaFor lists of Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Jolkesky (2016)[5] and Ramirez (2019),[27] see the corresponding Portuguese article.","title":"Proto-language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Michael-Chousou-Polydouri-2020_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Michael-Chousou-Polydouri-2020_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American 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people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201223160603/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"DiACL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3081"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230307050709/https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3081"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ramirez-2019_27-0"},{"link_name":"Enciclopédia das línguas arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etnolinguistica.org/arawak"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220331105126/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/arawak"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ a b Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). \"Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages\". Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358. ISSN 1749-818X. S2CID 210985305. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-22.\n\n^ Santos-Granero, F. 2002. The Arawakan matrix: ethos, language, and history in native South America. In Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia, ed. J Hill, F Santos-Granero, pp. 25–50. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.\n\n^ Eriksen L, Danielsen S. 2014. The Arawakan matrix. In The Native Language of South America: Origins, Development, Typology, ed. L O'Connor, P Muysken, pp. 152–76. New York: Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ Blench, Roger. 2015. A expansão Arawak: tecendo linguística, arqueologia e antropologia Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Talk given on April 29, 2015 at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem.\n\n^ a b c d Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.\n\n^ a b Ramirez, Henri (2001). Línguas arawak da Amazônia Setentrional Archived 2020-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Manaus: Universidade Federal do Amazonas. (PDF Archived 2024-05-26 at the Wayback Machine)\n\n^ a b Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama Archived 2020-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (PDF Archived 2020-06-16 at the Wayback Machine)\n\n^ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978655578892.1. ISBN 978-65-5578-892-1. S2CID 242704551.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Ramirez, Henri; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de. (2019). Línguas Arawak da Bolívia Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 19, e019012. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045\n\n^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.\n\n^ Walker & Ribeiro (2011).\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 73.\n\n^ Deniker (1900), pp. 556–557.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 80.\n\n^ a b Aikhenvald (1999), p. 82.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 83.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 87.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 89.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 88.\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 65.\n\n^ Lawler, Andrew (December 23, 2020). \"Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020.\n\n^ Rudes (2004).\n\n^ Aikhenvald (1999), p. 72\n\n^ \"Garifuna\" (2015).\n\n^ Aikhenvald, A. (2002). Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford University Press. Accessed from DiACL Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, 9 February 2020.\n\n^ Ramirez, Henri (2019). Enciclopédia das línguas arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine. (in press)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-509427-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89586-232-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-232-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.1564336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1564336"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.1322713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1322713"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.1318200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1318200"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"344482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/344482"}],"text":"Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.\nDerbyshire, Desmond C. (1992). \"Arawakan languages\". In Bright, W. (ed.). International encyclopedia of linguistics. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 102–105.\nMigliazza, Ernest C.; Campbell, Lyle (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América. Vol. 10. Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia. p. 223.\nPayne, David (1991). \"A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions\". In Derbyshire, D. C.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 3. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 355–499.\nSolís Fonseca, Gustavo (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.\nZamponi, Raoul (2003). Maipure. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-232-0.\nLexicons\nCadete, C. (1991). Dicionário Wapichana-Português/Português-Wapishana. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.\nCaptain, D. M.; Captain, L. B. (2005). Diccionario Basico: Ilustrado; Wayuunaiki-Espanol ; Espanol-Wayuunaiki. Bogota: Edit. Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados.\nCorbera Mori, A. (2005). As línguas Waurá e Mehinakú do Brasil Central. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & S. C. S. de Oliveira (eds.), Anais do IV Congresso Internacional da ABRALIN, 795-804. Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Lingüística, Universidade de Brasília.\nCouto, F. P. (2012). Contribuições para a fonética e fonologia da língua Manxineru (Aruák). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Masters dissertation).\nCouto, F. P. (n.d.). Dados do manxineri. (Manuscript).\nCrevels, M.; Van Der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In: P. Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics (Studies in Language Companion Series, 90), 151-179. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.\nde Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913b). Linguistique Bolivienne: La langue Lapaču ou Apolista. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 45:512-531.\nde Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913c). Linguistique bolivienne. La langue Saraveka. Journal de la Sociétè des Americanistes de Paris, 10:497-540.\nDixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. (eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nDuff-Tripp, M. (1998). Diccionario: Yanesha' (Amuesha) - Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47.) Lima: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.\nEkdahl, E. M.; Butler, N. E. (1969). Terêna dictionary. Brasília: SIL. ELIAS ORTIZ, S. (1945). Los Indios Yurumanguíes. Acta Americana, 4:10-25.\nFacundes, S. Da S. (2000). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil (Maipure/Arawak). University of New York at Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation).\nFarabee, W. C. (1918). The Central Arawaks (University Museum Anthropological Publication, 9). Philadelphia: University Museum.\nFargetti, C. M. (2001). Estudo Fonológico e Morfossintático da Língua Juruna. Campinas: UNICAMP. (Doctoral dissertation).\nGill, W. (1993 [1970]). Diccionario Trinitario-Castellano y Castellano-Trinitario. San Lorenzo de Mojos: Misión Evangélica Nuevas Tribus.\nGreen, D.; Green, H. G. (1998). Yuwit kawihka dicionário Palikúr - Português. Belém: SIL.\nJolkesky, M. P. V. (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawak). LIAMES, 16.1:7-37.\nKindberg, L. D. (1980). Diccionario asháninca (Documento de Trabajo, 19). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nMehináku, M. (n.d.). Vocabulário mehinaku. (Manuscript).\nMosonyi, J. C. (1987). El idioma yavitero: ensayo de gramática y diccionario. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. (Doctoral dissertation).\nNies, J., et alii (1986). Diccionario Piro. Tokanchi Gikshijikowaka-Steno (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nOtt, W.; Burke de Ott, R. (1983). Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano: con apuntes gramaticales. Cochabamba: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.\nParker, S. (1995). Datos de la lengua Iñapari. (Documento de Trabajo, 27). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nParker, S. (2010). Chamicuro data: exhaustive list. (SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 12). SIL International.\nPayne, D. L. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakian) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In: D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullun (orgs.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, 355-499. The Hague: Mouton.\nRamirez, H. (2001a). Dicionário Baniwa-Portugues. Manaus: Universidade do Amazonas.\nRamirez, H. (2001b). Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional. Manaus: EDUA.\nShaver, H. (1996). Diccionario nomatsiguenga-castellano, castellano-nomatsiguenga (Serie Linguística Peruana, 41). Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación & Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nSnell, B. (1973). Pequeño diccionario machiguenga-castellano. Yarinacocha: SIL.\nSolís, G.; Snell, B. E. (2005). Tata onkantakera niagantsipage anianeegiku (Diccionario escolar Machiguenga). Lima, Perú: Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nSouza, I. (2008). Koenukunoe emo'u: A língua dos índios Kinikinau. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. (Doctoral dissertation).\nSuazo, S. (2011). Lila Garifuna: Diccionario Garífuna: Garifuna - Español. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Litografía López.\nTrevor R. A. (1979). Vocabulario Resígaro (Documento de Trabajo, 16). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nTripp, M. D. (1998). Diccionario Yanesha' (Amuesha)-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47). Lima: Ministerio de Educación / Summer Institute of Linguistics.\nWapishana Language Project. (2000). Scholars's dictionary and grammar of the Wapishana language. Porto Velho: SIL International.\nDurbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.\nData sets\nThiago Costa Chacon. (2018, November 27). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon et al.'s \"Diversity of Arawakan Languages\" from 2019 (Version v1.0.1). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1564336\nThiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's \"Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory\" from 2017 (Version v1.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1322713\nThiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's \"Annotated Swadesh Lists for Arawakan Languages\" from 2017 (Version v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1318200\nReconstructions\nMatteson, Esther (1972). \"Proto Arawakan\". In Matteson, Esther (ed.). Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages. Mouton. pp. 160–242.\nNoble, G. Kingsley (1965). Proto-Arawakan and its descendants. Publications of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. Vol. 38. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. OCLC 344482.\nValenti, Donna Marie (1986). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Arawakan Consonantal System (PhD thesis). New York University.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Arawak peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_peoples"},{"title":"English words of Arawakan origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Words_from_Arawakan_languages"},{"title":"Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/359th_Bombardment_Squadron
359th Bombardment Squadron
["1 History","1.1 Combat in the European Theater","1.2 Strategic Air Command","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","2.4 Awards and campaigns","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","4.3 Bibliography"]
359th Bombardment Squadron Lockheed B-47E Stratojet 52-3363Active1942–1945; 1947-1947; 1951–1964Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleBombardmentPart ofStrategic Air CommandMotto(s)Caveat Emptor Latin Let the Buyer Beware (from 1955)EngagementsEuropean Theater of OperationsDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardInsignia359th Bombardment Squadron emblem (approved 5 December 1955)359th Bombardment Squadron emblem (World War II)World War II tail and fuselage codesTriangle C, BNMilitary unit The 359th Bombardment Squadron was a United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 303d Bombardment Wing, stationed at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. It was inactivated on 15 June 1964. History The 359th Bombardment Squadron was established in February 1942 as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron at Pendleton Field, Oregon and assigned to the 303d Bombardment Group. It moved to Gowen Field, Idaho, where it trained under Second Air Force. The squadron deployed to Southern California to fly antisubmarine patrols over the Pacific. The 359th completed training in southwest by August 1942. The ground echelon departed Biggs Field, Texas in August 1942, arriving at Fort Dix on 24 August. It sailed aboard the RMS Queen Mary and arrived in Great Britain on 10 September. The air echelon flew through Kellogg Field, Michigan and Dow Field, Maine before ferrying its planes across the Atlantic. Combat in the European Theater Due to the haste to move heavy bombers to Europe, the squadron was insufficiently trained for combat and it continued to train in England until it entered combat on 17 November 1942 in a strike against Saint-Nazaire, but returned without striking, having been unable to locate its target. It attacked Saint-Nazaire the following day, although its intended target was La Pallice. Its initial raids were on airfields, railroads and submarine pens in France. As a unit of one of only four Flying Fortress groups in VIII Bomber Command during late 1942 and early 1943, the squadron participated in the development of the tactics that would be used throughout the air campaign against Germany. In 1943, the squadron began flying missions to Germany, participating in the first attack by American heavy bombers on a target in Germany, a raid on the submarine yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943. From that time, it concentrated primarily on strategic bombardment of German industry, marshalling yards, and other strategic targets, including the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt, shipyards at Bremen and an aircraft engine factory at Hamburg. Lt Mathis' B-17 after the mission of 18 March 1943 Flying through intense flak on a mission against Bremen-Vegesack on 18 March 1943, in which bombing was to be done by squadrons, 1st Lieutenant Jack W. Mathis, was bombardier on the lead aircraft of the 359th. Less than a minute before bomb release, he was knocked nine feet back from his bombsight. Although Lt Mathis was mortally wounded, he returned to his position to release his bombs and ensure the squadron struck its target, dying as he toggled the bomb release. For this action, Lt Mathis was awarded the Medal of Honor The 359th received a Distinguished Unit Citation when adverse weather on 11 January 1944 prevented its fighter cover from joining the group, exposing it to continuous attacks by Luftwaffe fighters. Despite this opposition, the unit successfully struck an aircraft assembly plant at Oschersleben. Although a strategic bombing unit, the squadron was diverted on occasion to close air support and interdiction for ground forces. It attacked gun emplacements and bridges in the Pas-de-Calais during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944; bombed enemy troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and during the Battle of the Bulge. It bombed military installations near Wesel during Operation Lumberjack, the Allied assault across the Rhine. Its last combat mission was an attack on 25 April 1945 against an armament factory at Pilsen (now Plzeň). Following VE Day in May 1945 the 303d Group was reassigned to the North African Division, Air Transport Command and moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco to use its B-17 bombers as transports, ferrying personnel from France to Morocco. However, the two B-17 groups moved to Casablanca proved surplus to Air Transport Command's needs and the squadron was inactivated in late July 1945 and its planes ferried back to the United States. Strategic Air Command Activated in the postwar Strategic Air Command in 1947 at Andrews Field, Maryland, but not equipped and inactivated in September 1948. Activated again at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona in September 1951 and equipped with Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers. Reactivated in 1951 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium bomber squadron; aircraft not received until April 1953 when squadron received first production block of B-47Es. Conducted routine deployments and training during the 1950s and early 1960s. Inactivated in 1964 with the phaseout of the B-47. Lineage Constituted as the 359th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942 Activated on 3 February 1942 Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943 Inactivated on 25 July 1945 Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 11 June 1947 Activated on 1 July 1947 Inactivated on 6 September 1948 Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 27 August 1951 Activated on 4 September 1951 Inactivated on 15 June 1964 Assignments 303d Bombardment Group, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945 303d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948 303d Bombardment Group, 4 September 1951 303d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 15 June 1964 Stations Pendleton Field, Oregon, 3 February 1942 Gowen Field, Idaho, 13 March 13, 1942 Operated from Muroc Army Air Field, California, 28 May – c. 14 June 1942) Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, 18 June 1942 Biggs Field, Texas, 7–22 August 1942 RAF Molesworth (AAF-107), England, 12 September 1942 Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, c. 31 May – 25 July 1945 Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948 Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, 4 September 1951 – 15 June 1964 Aircraft Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945 Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951–1953 Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953–1964 Awards and campaigns Award streamer Award Dates Notes Distinguished Unit Citation 11 January 1944 Germany Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 January 1961–31 March 1962 Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes Antisubmarine 3 February 1942 – June 142 Air Offensive, Europe 12 September 1942 – 5 June 1944 Normandy 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 Northern France 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 Rhineland 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 Ardennes-Alsace 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 Central Europe 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 Air Combat, EAME Theater 12 September 1942 – 11 May 1945 See also B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force References Notes ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-17G-45-BO Flying Fortress serial 97272, fuselage code BN-T, nicknamed the "Duchess". The plane made an emergency wheels up landing upon its return. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 447 ^ a b Watkins, pp. 52–53 ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 175–176 ^ a b c Freeman, p. 247 ^ Freeman, p. 19 ^ Freeman, p. 20 ^ See generally Freeman, Chapter 3, "The Pioneers", pp. 21–32 (describing development of formations, bombing techniques, etc. during this period). ^ Freeman, pp. 27–28 ^ See Robertson, Patsy (2 May 2011). "Factsheet 303 Air Expeditionary Group (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.(group redesignated) ^ Station number in Anderson Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Albertson, Bill (2004). I Flew with Hell's Angels: Thirty-Six Combat Missions in a B-17 "Flying Fortress": 1944–1945. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books. ISBN 078843506X. Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012. Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.
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It was inactivated on 15 June 1964.","title":"359th Bombardment Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Pendleton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Field"},{"link_name":"303d Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303d_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"Gowen Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowen_Field"},{"link_name":"Second Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Biggs Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_Field"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"RMS Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary"},{"link_name":"Kellogg Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_Field"},{"link_name":"Dow Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Field"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeman247-4"}],"text":"The 359th Bombardment Squadron was established in February 1942 as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron at Pendleton Field, Oregon and assigned to the 303d Bombardment Group. 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The air echelon flew through Kellogg Field, Michigan and Dow Field, Maine before ferrying its planes across the Atlantic.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeman247-4"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nazaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nazaire"},{"link_name":"La Pallice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pallice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"submarine pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pen"},{"link_name":"VIII Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"marshalling yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_yards"},{"link_name":"ball bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing"},{"link_name":"Schweinfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinfurt"},{"link_name":"shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belly_landing_B-17.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bremen-Vegesack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-Vegesack"},{"link_name":"Jack W. Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_W._Mathis"},{"link_name":"bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(air_force)"},{"link_name":"bombsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombsight"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Oschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschersleben"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"interdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdiction"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Operation Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Wesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesel"},{"link_name":"Operation Lumberjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"link_name":"VE Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Casablanca Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer303BG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeman247-4"}],"sub_title":"Combat in the European Theater","text":"Due to the haste to move heavy bombers to Europe, the squadron was insufficiently trained for combat[5] and it continued to train in England until it entered combat on 17 November 1942[4] in a strike against Saint-Nazaire, but returned without striking, having been unable to locate its target. It attacked Saint-Nazaire the following day, although its intended target was La Pallice.[6] Its initial raids were on airfields, railroads and submarine pens in France. As a unit of one of only four Flying Fortress groups in VIII Bomber Command during late 1942 and early 1943, the squadron participated in the development of the tactics that would be used throughout the air campaign against Germany.[7]In 1943, the squadron began flying missions to Germany, participating in the first attack by American heavy bombers on a target in Germany, a raid on the submarine yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943. From that time, it concentrated primarily on strategic bombardment of German industry, marshalling yards, and other strategic targets, including the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt, shipyards at Bremen and an aircraft engine factory at Hamburg.[3]Lt Mathis' B-17 after the mission of 18 March 1943[note 1]Flying through intense flak on a mission against Bremen-Vegesack on 18 March 1943, in which bombing was to be done by squadrons, 1st Lieutenant Jack W. Mathis, was bombardier on the lead aircraft of the 359th. Less than a minute before bomb release, he was knocked nine feet back from his bombsight. Although Lt Mathis was mortally wounded, he returned to his position to release his bombs and ensure the squadron struck its target, dying as he toggled the bomb release. For this action, Lt Mathis was awarded the Medal of Honor[3][8]The 359th received a Distinguished Unit Citation when adverse weather on 11 January 1944 prevented its fighter cover from joining the group, exposing it to continuous attacks by Luftwaffe fighters. Despite this opposition, the unit successfully struck an aircraft assembly plant at Oschersleben.[3]Although a strategic bombing unit, the squadron was diverted on occasion to close air support and interdiction for ground forces. It attacked gun emplacements and bridges in the Pas-de-Calais during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944; bombed enemy troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and during the Battle of the Bulge. It bombed military installations near Wesel during Operation Lumberjack, the Allied assault across the Rhine. Its last combat mission was an attack on 25 April 1945 against an armament factory at Pilsen (now Plzeň).[3]Following VE Day in May 1945 the 303d Group was reassigned to the North African Division, Air Transport Command and moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco to use its B-17 bombers as transports, ferrying personnel from France to Morocco. However, the two B-17 groups moved to Casablanca proved surplus to Air Transport Command's needs and the squadron was inactivated in late July 1945 and its planes ferried back to the United States.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Andrews Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Field"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-47 Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"}],"sub_title":"Strategic Air Command","text":"Activated in the postwar Strategic Air Command in 1947 at Andrews Field, Maryland, but not equipped and inactivated in September 1948. Activated again at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona in September 1951 and equipped with Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers.Reactivated in 1951 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium bomber squadron; aircraft not received until April 1953 when squadron received first production block of B-47Es. Conducted routine deployments and training during the 1950s and early 1960s. Inactivated in 1964 with the phaseout of the B-47.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Constituted as the 359th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942Activated on 3 February 1942Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943[9]Inactivated on 25 July 1945Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 11 June 1947Activated on 1 July 1947\nInactivated on 6 September 1948Redesignated 359th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 27 August 1951Activated on 4 September 1951\nInactivated on 15 June 1964","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"303d Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303d_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"303d Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303d_Bombardment_Wing"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"303d Bombardment Group, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945\n303d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948\n303d Bombardment Group, 4 September 1951\n303d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 15 June 1964","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pendleton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Field"},{"link_name":"Gowen Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowen_Field"},{"link_name":"Muroc Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroc_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Biggs Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_Field"},{"link_name":"RAF Molesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Molesworth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Casablanca Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Andrews Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Pendleton Field, Oregon, 3 February 1942\nGowen Field, Idaho, 13 March 13, 1942Operated from Muroc Army Air Field, California, 28 May – c. 14 June 1942)Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, 18 June 1942\nBiggs Field, Texas, 7–22 August 1942\nRAF Molesworth (AAF-107),[10] England, 12 September 1942\nCasablanca Airfield, French Morocco, c. 31 May – 25 July 1945\nAndrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948\nDavis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, 4 September 1951 – 15 June 1964","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945\nBoeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951–1953\nBoeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953–1964","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]
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[{"title":"B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress_units_of_the_United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"title":"List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_B-47_units_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"}]
[{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (2 May 2011). \"Factsheet 303 Air Expeditionary Group (USAFE)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208234232/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18209","url_text":"\"Factsheet 303 Air Expeditionary Group (USAFE)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18209","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Albertson, Bill (2004). I Flew with Hell's Angels: Thirty-Six Combat Missions in a B-17 \"Flying Fortress\": 1944–1945. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books. ISBN 078843506X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/078843506X","url_text":"078843506X"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062523/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf","url_text":"Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II"},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil./shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_A._Freeman","url_text":"Freeman, Roger A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-638-2","url_text":"978-0-87938-638-2"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-1987-7","url_text":"978-0-7643-1987-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(empress)
Sophia (empress)
["1 Early life","2 Empress consort","2.1 Accession","2.2 Opposition","2.3 Financial policy","2.4 Religious policy","3 Regent (573-578)","4 Later life","4.1 Return to the Great Palace","4.2 Final years","5 Children","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Byzantine empress (c. 530 – c./aft. 601) For other uses, see Sophia. SophiaAugustaJustin II and Sophia depicted on 40 Nummi coin (572 AD)Empress consort of the Byzantine EmpireTenure565–578Bornc. 530Diedc. 601 (aged approx. 71)Constantinople(now Istanbul, Turkey)SpouseJustin IIIssueJustusArabiaNamesAelia SophiaRegnal nameAelia Sophia AugustaDynastyJustinian DynastyFatherSittas (historical theory)MotherComito (historical theory) Aelia Sophia (Greek: Σοφία) (c. 530 – c./aft. 601) was Byzantine empress as the wife of Emperor Justin II. Although never a monarch, Sophia participated in the governance of the empire; she took an interest in economic and financial matters during Justin's reign, and subsequently served as regent during his incapacity from 573 until 578. Early life According to the Ecclesiastic History of John of Ephesus, Sophia was a niece of Theodora, the Empress consort of Justinian I. John of Ephesus did not specify the identities of her parents. According to the Secret History of Procopius, Theodora had only two siblings: her older sister Comito and younger sister Anastasia; either one could be the mother of Sophia. Procopius identifies Comito as a leading hetaera of her age. John Malalas records that Comito (b. ca 500) married general Sittas in 528. Sittas may thus be the father of Sophia. Whether Anastasia ever married is unknown. During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), Theodora arranged for Sophia to marry his nephew Justin. According to the Chronicon of Victor of Tunnuna, Justin was a son of Dulcidius and Vigilantia. Her father-in-law is also known as Dulcissimus in genealogical resources. Vigilantia and her brother, Justinian I, were children of Petrus Sabbatius and a senior Vigilantia, who was a sister of Justin I. Empress consort Accession Justinian I had several nephews but seems to have never appointed an heir. On the night of 13 November 565 – 14 November 565, Justinian I lay on his deathbed. Justin was his kouropalates and thus the only viable heir within the Great Palace of Constantinople. He managed to gain the support of the Byzantine Senate and was proclaimed emperor within the palace walls before the other members of the Justinian Dynasty were notified. The events were recorded by the court poet Flavius Cresconius Corippus. In his works, Corippus often translates her Greek name "Sophia" to its Latin equivalent "Sapientia". The meaning of both is "Wisdom", and the poet uses it as both a divine name and title for her. The accession speech of Justin makes specific mention of Sophia co-ruling with her husband, the presumption being that she already exercised political influence over him. Sophia's importance is also clear in Corippus's records of the event as when there is any chance to mention her; he does. As well as this, Sophia was given equal space in the prayer section of the preceding's. Corippus also includes an elaborate account of the church of St.Sophia, mainly as a compliment to the empress who shared its name. Corippus also records Sophia being in charge of the arrangements for the funeral of Justinian and claims she wove his shroud with scenes depicting the triumphs of his reign. Sophia took the name Aelia following the practices of the empresses of the Theodosian dynasty and the House of Leo. The name had not been used by the two preceding empresses of her own dynasty. She was the first empress consort depicted on Byzantine coinage with royal insignia equal to her husband. They were also depicted together in images and statues, while the name of Sophia alone was given to two palaces, a harbor, and a public bath built in her honor. Opposition The main challenge to the new reign was another Justin, cousin to the new emperor. Son of Germanus and his first wife Passara, this namesake cousin had distinguished himself in warfare and was thus a better imperial candidate from a military point of view. According to Evagrius Scholasticus, the Emperor and Sophia initially welcomed their kinsman to Constantinople but before long had him exiled to Alexandria. In 568, the other Justin was murdered in his bed, presumably due to his longstanding rivalry with the emperor Justin for the throne. According to John of Biclaro, the murder was carried out by the supporters of Sophia. Evagrius claims that the head of the deceased was sent to the imperial couple who spitefully kicked it around, a detail likely exaggerated by Evagrius. In 568, Narses was removed from his position as prefect of Italia. According to Paul the Deacon, Sophia sent a message to the senior general that she had a more suitable position for a eunuch like him, as an overseer of the weaving girls of the gynaikonitis (women's quarters). Narses chose to retire to Naples, instead of returning to Constantinople as Justin had ordered him to do and invited the Lombards to invade. But the evidence for this conflict is deemed unreliable. Financial policy Sophia also influenced the financial policies of Justin. Having inherited an exhausted treasury, they set about repaying the various debts and loans of Justinian to bankers and money-lenders. According to Theophanes, Sophia was in charge of financial records and payments, and restored the credibility of the royal treasury. The imperial couple tried to reduce expenses and increase treasury reserves. Evagrius, John of Ephesus, Gregory of Tours, and Paul the Deacon all mention this while accusing both Justin and Sophia of greed. She did research their debts and repaid them, which gained her contemporary praise. Sophia’s concern with the state finances can even be seen after the death of Justin and during the reign of Tiberius as they were said to clash a lot over financial policy.John of Ephesus even stated that in her rage Sophia claimed that Tiberius had ‘reduced the state to poverty’ and that it took her years to accumulate he was 'spending in no time at all’. This not only shows her importance in financial policy even after the death of Justin, but also the important role she potentially viewed herself as having. Religious policy In 569, Justin and Sophia together reportedly sent a relic of the True Cross to Radegund. The event was commemorated in Vexilla Regis by Venantius Fortunatus. They also sent relics to Pope John III in an attempt to improve relations: the Cross of Justin II in the Vatican Museums, a crux gemmata, and a reliquary of the True Cross perhaps given at this point, has an inscription recording their donation and apparently their portraits on the ends of the arms on the reverse. This led to creation of poems by Venantius Fortunatus, which referred to Justin and Sophia as the new Constantine and the new Helena, and indicating Sophia's major role in the presentation of the relic. For the Monophysites, the religious policy of the couple was controversial. According to John of Ephesus and Michael the Syrian, husband and wife were both initially monophysites who converted to Chalcedonean Christianity to gain favor with their uncle Justinian. During their reign, they attempted but failed to reconcile Chalcedonian and Monophysitic Christianity, which ended in renewed persecution of the latter. Meanwhile, their own beliefs were still in question. John of Ephesus himself was imprisoned during this persecution, presumably contributing to the hostile tone to Justin and Sophia in his writings. Regent (573-578) Justinian dynasty Chronology Justin I 518–527 Justinian I 527–565 Justin II 565–578 with Sophia and Tiberius as regents, 574–578 Tiberius II 578–582 Maurice 582–602 with Theodosius as co-emperor, 590–602 Succession Preceded byLeonid dynasty Followed byPhocas and the Heraclian dynasty vte Justin reportedly suffered from temporary fits of insanity and was unable to perform his duties as early as the fall of Dara to Khosrau I of the Sassanid Empire in November, 573. According to Gregory of Tours, Sophia assumed sole power over the Empire at this point. Evagrius Scholasticus reports that Sophia concluded a three-year truce with Khosrau on her own. According to bishop John of Ephesus, Sophia attributed the madness of her spouse to his failure to appreciate her status: "The kingdom came through me, and it has come back to me: and as for him, he is chastised, and has fallen into this trial on my account, because he did not value me sufficiently, and vexed me." During his bouts of madness, Justin lashed out at Baduarius. Even then, Sophia was able to persuade him to apologize and invite Baduarius to dinner. She had the windows of the palace sealed with bars after he attempted to throw himself out of them. The emperor and senate consulted the empress for the nomination of caesar, and they all agreed on Tiberius II Constantine, Comes Excubitorum (Commander of the Excubitors), as her colleague in power. According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Tiberius was officially appointed caesar by Justin on 7 December 574. He was also adopted by Justin and thus became his appointed heir. John of Ephesus and Gregory of Tours record that Sophia and Tiberius, effectively co-regents, argued over financial policies: Sophia pursued decreasing royal expenses while Tiberius argued for the necessity of increasing them, particularly for military expenses. Sophia scolding him for his lavish expenditure and finally taking the keys of the treasury away from him and every financial action, from accounting for government expenditure and income to Tiberius' authorization to spend, had to be reported and the approved by the empress. Both the Ecclesiastic history of John of Ephesus and the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor suggest that Sophia was planning to marry Tiberius at this point. Theophanes, writing centuries later, suggests Sophia did not know Tiberius was already married during this period, but this claim is contradicted by John of Ephesus, a 6th-century writer. Tiberius' marriage to Ino Anastasia was apparently seen as an offense to her. Ino and her daughters Constantina and Charito were not allowed to enter the Great Palace of Constantinople. They were instead settled in the palace of Hormisdas, residence of Justinian I prior to his elevation to the throne. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius joined them every evening and returned to the Great Palace every morning. Sophia also refused to let the ladies at court visit Ino and her daughters as a token of respect to them. Ino eventually left Constantinople for Daphnudium, her previous residence. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius left Constantinople to visit Ino when she fell sick. Her daughters are assumed to have joined her in her departure from the capital. In September 578, Justin II appointed Tiberius as his co-emperor amid deteriorating physical health. On 5 October 578, Justin died and Tiberius became the sole emperor. According to John of Ephesus, Sophia sent Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople to Tiberius to convince him to divorce Ino, and offered both herself and her adult daughter Arabia as prospective brides. Tiberius refused. Sophia, though still an augusta, was no longer the empress and she no longer had the reins of affairs. Later life Sophia retained her rank as augusta and continued to hold a section of the palace for herself, even the whole palace was still managed under her. She was deeply respected by the emperor, the commoners and the nobility, which meant that she still had some influence to discuss various matters of government. Meanwhile, her rival Ino Anastasia was also proclaimed augusta. The situation was not to Sophia's liking, and John of Ephesus records further arguments over financial policy. Gregory of Tours records that Sophia took part in a conspiracy to depose Tiberius and replace him with another Justinian, younger brother of the Justin murdered in Alexandria. She hoped to regain her former power as empress consort and a share of the emperor's power: Like the reign of Justin. Tiberius reacted by seizing of much of her property, dismissing her loyal servants, and appointing replacements loyal to him. However her rank and presence in the palace remained. Theophanes records that in 579 Sophia retired to the Sophiai, a palace built in her honor, and says that she held her own minor court and was honored as the mother of Tiberius. Return to the Great Palace On 14 August 582, Tiberius died. However, Sophia remained relevant in Byzantine politics. This is because when he felt himself declining in health, Tiberius is said to have sent for Sophia to ask her advice on who his successor should be. He was succeeded by Maurice, a general betrothed to Constantina. Gregory of Tours reported that Sophia had planned to marry Tiberius to regain the throne, but the marriage of Constantina and Maurice took place in Autumn 582. The ceremony was performed by Patriarch John IV of Constantinople and is described in detail by Theophylact Simocatta. Constantina was proclaimed an augusta while both Sophia and Anastasia also kept the same title. John of Ephesus mentions that all three augustas resided in the Great Palace, which would mean either that Sophia's retirement was temporary or that Theophanes misreported her status. Final years Anastasia was the first of the three women to die. Theophanes places her death in 593. Constantina seems to have enjoyed better relations with Sophia than her mother did. Theophanes records their having jointly offered a precious crown as an Easter present to Maurice in 601. He accepted their gift, but then ordered it hung over the altar of Hagia Sophia as his own tribute to the church. According to Theophanes, this was taken an insult by both augustas and caused a rift in the marriage. The Easter of 601 was also the last time Sophia was mentioned in sources. Whether she survived to see the deposition of Maurice in 602 is unclear. According to the Book of Ceremonies, she received an imperial burial at the Church of the Holy Apostles beside her husband. Children Sophia and Justin had at least two children: Justus. A son, died before 565. Buried in the Church of Michael the Archangel. Arabia, a daughter. Married prior to the succession of her father to the kouropalatēs Baduarius. Her husband died c. 576 while defending Byzantine Italy from the Lombards. They had a daughter, Firmina, whose fate is unknown. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Lynda Garland, "Sophia, Wife of Justin II" ^ a b Procopius, "Secret History", chapter 9, translation by Richard Atwater (1927) ^ PLRE, vol. 3, Sittas ^ J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (1923) ^ Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204. London: Routledge. p. 40. ^ a b PLRE, vol. 3, Dulcidius ^ Cameron, Averil (1975). "The Empress Sophia". Byzantion. 45 (1): 9. Retrieved 2023-10-16. ^ Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History 5.1-2 ^ a b c d e James Allan Evans, "Justin II (565-578 A.D.)" ^ Evans, Justin II. https://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm ^ Garland, Page 43. ^ Cameron, Averil (1975). "The Empress Sophia". Byzantion. 45 (1): 16. Retrieved 2023-10-16. ^ Garland, Page 48. ^ John Eph., EH, 3.4 (tr. Payne Smith (1860) 171). ^ Cameron, Averil (1975). "The Empress Sophia". Byzantion. 45 (1): 20. Retrieved 2023-10-16. ^ Lynda Garland, "Constantina, Wife of Maurice" ^ John of Biclaro, Chronicle ^ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 3 Sources Garland, Lynda. Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204. London, Routledge, 1999. Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle, 2006 Cameron, Averil . ‘THE EMPRESS SOPHIA ’, Byzantion, 45(No.1), pp. 5–21, 1975. External links The article about Sittas in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire The article about Dulcidius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire The article about Baduarius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Page from "The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453" by Cyril Mango (1972), quoting Theophanes on the burial of Justus Royal titles Preceded byTheodora Byzantine Empress consort 565–578 Succeeded byIno Anastasia vteRoman and Byzantine empressesPrincipate27 BC – AD 235 Livia Livia Orestilla Lollia Paulina Milonia Caesonia Messalina Agrippina the Younger Claudia Octavia Poppaea Sabina Statilia Messalina Galeria Fundana Domitia Longina Pompeia Plotina Vibia Sabina Faustina the Elder Faustina the Younger Lucilla Bruttia Crispina Flavia Titiana Manlia Scantilla Julia Domna (w. Fulvia Plautilla) Julia Cornelia Paula Aquilia Severa Annia Faustina Sallustia Orbiana Crisis235–285 Caecilia Paulina (?) Tranquillina Marcia Otacilia Severa Herennia Etruscilla Cornelia Supera Cornelia Salonina Ulpia Severina Magnia Urbica Dominate284–610 Prisca Eutropia Galeria Valeria Flavia Maximiana Theodora Minervina (?) Fausta Valeria Maximilla Flavia Julia Constantia Eusebia Faustina Helena Charito Marina Severa Justina Domnica Constantia Laeta Aelia Flaccilla Galla Western Empire395–480 Maria Thermantia Galla Placidia Licinia Eudoxia Marcia Euphemia Placidia Julius Nepos's wife Eastern Empire395–610 Aelia Eudoxia Aelia Eudocia Pulcheria Verina Ariadne Zenonis Euphemia Theodora Sophia Ino Anastasia Constantina Leontia Eastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453 Fabia Eudokia Martina Gregoria Fausta Anastasia Eudokia Theodora of Khazaria Maria Tzitzak Maria Eudokia Anna Irene of Athens Maria of Amnia Theodote Theophano of Athens Prokopia Theodosia Thekla Euphrosyne Theodora Eudokia Dekapolitissa Eudokia Ingerina Theophano Martinakia Zoe Zaoutzaina Eudokia Baïana Zoe Karbonopsina Helena Lekapene Theodora Theophano Theodora Helena Zoë Theodora Catherine of Bulgaria Eudokia Makrembolitissa Maria of Alania Irene Doukaina Irene of Hungary (w. Dobrodeia of Kiev) Bertha of Sulzbach Maria of Antioch Agnes of France Margaret of Hungary Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera Eudokia Angelina Anna Komnene Angelina Philippa of Armenia Maria of Courtenay Irene Laskarina Anna of Hohenstaufen Elena Asenina of Bulgaria Theodora Palaiologina (w. Anna of Hungary) Irene of Montferrat Rita of Armenia Irene of Brunswick Anna of Savoy Helena Kantakouzene Irene Asanina (w. Irene Palaiologina) Keratsa of Bulgaria Irene Gattilusio Helena Dragaš (w. Anna of Moscow) Sophia of Montferrat Maria of Trebizond See also Roman emperor list Byzantine emperor Augustae Italics indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and bold incidates an empress regnant. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_empress"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Justin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_II"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"}],"text":"For other uses, see Sophia.Aelia Sophia (Greek: Σοφία) (c. 530 – c./aft. 601) was Byzantine empress as the wife of Emperor Justin II. Although never a monarch, Sophia participated in the governance of the empire; she took an interest in economic and financial matters during Justin's reign, and subsequently served as regent during his incapacity from 573 until 578.","title":"Sophia (empress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordham.edu-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"hetaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordham.edu-2"},{"link_name":"John Malalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malalas"},{"link_name":"Sittas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLRESittas-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Victor of Tunnuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_of_Tunnuna"},{"link_name":"Vigilantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLREDulcidius-6"},{"link_name":"genealogical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLREDulcidius-6"},{"link_name":"Justin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I"}],"text":"According to the Ecclesiastic History of John of Ephesus, Sophia was a niece of Theodora,[1] the Empress consort of Justinian I. John of Ephesus did not specify the identities of her parents. According to the Secret History of Procopius, Theodora had only two siblings: her older sister Comito and younger sister Anastasia;[2] either one could be the mother of Sophia.[1] Procopius identifies Comito as a leading hetaera of her age.[2] John Malalas records that Comito (b. ca 500) married general Sittas in 528.[3] Sittas may thus be the father of Sophia.[4] Whether Anastasia ever married is unknown.[1]During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), Theodora arranged for Sophia to marry his nephew Justin.[5] According to the Chronicon of Victor of Tunnuna, Justin was a son of Dulcidius and Vigilantia.[6] Her father-in-law is also known as Dulcissimus in genealogical resources.[6] Vigilantia and her brother, Justinian I, were children of Petrus Sabbatius and a senior Vigilantia, who was a sister of Justin I.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Empress consort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Palace of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Senate"},{"link_name":"Justinian Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Flavius Cresconius Corippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Cresconius_Corippus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Aelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_(gens)"},{"link_name":"Theodosian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"House of Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Leo"},{"link_name":"Byzantine coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_coinage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"}],"sub_title":"Accession","text":"Justinian I had several nephews but seems to have never appointed an heir. On the night of 13 November 565 – 14 November 565, Justinian I lay on his deathbed. Justin was his kouropalates and thus the only viable heir within the Great Palace of Constantinople. He managed to gain the support of the Byzantine Senate and was proclaimed emperor within the palace walls before the other members of the Justinian Dynasty were notified.[1] The events were recorded by the court poet Flavius Cresconius Corippus.In his works, Corippus often translates her Greek name \"Sophia\" to its Latin equivalent \"Sapientia\". The meaning of both is \"Wisdom\", and the poet uses it as both a divine name and title for her. The accession speech of Justin makes specific mention of Sophia co-ruling with her husband, the presumption being that she already exercised political influence over him. Sophia's importance is also clear in Corippus's records of the event as when there is any chance to mention her; he does. As well as this, Sophia was given equal space in the prayer section of the preceding's. Corippus also includes an elaborate account of the church of St.Sophia, mainly as a compliment to the empress who shared its name.[7] Corippus also records Sophia being in charge of the arrangements for the funeral of Justinian and claims she wove his shroud with scenes depicting the triumphs of his reign.[1]Sophia took the name Aelia following the practices of the empresses of the Theodosian dynasty and the House of Leo. The name had not been used by the two preceding empresses of her own dynasty. She was the first empress consort depicted on Byzantine coinage with royal insignia equal to her husband. They were also depicted together in images and statues, while the name of Sophia alone was given to two palaces, a harbor, and a public bath built in her honor.[1]","title":"Empress consort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_(consul_540)"},{"link_name":"Germanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanus_(cousin_of_Justinian_I)"},{"link_name":"Evagrius Scholasticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John of Biclaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Biclaro"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"Narses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narses"},{"link_name":"Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Opposition","text":"The main challenge to the new reign was another Justin, cousin to the new emperor. Son of Germanus and his first wife Passara, this namesake cousin had distinguished himself in warfare and was thus a better imperial candidate from a military point of view. According to Evagrius Scholasticus, the Emperor and Sophia initially welcomed their kinsman to Constantinople but before long had him exiled to Alexandria. In 568, the other Justin was murdered in his bed, presumably due to his longstanding rivalry with the emperor Justin for the throne.[8] According to John of Biclaro, the murder was carried out by the supporters of Sophia. Evagrius claims that the head of the deceased was sent to the imperial couple who spitefully kicked it around,[9] a detail likely exaggerated by Evagrius.In 568, Narses was removed from his position as prefect of Italia. According to Paul the Deacon, Sophia sent a message to the senior general that she had a more suitable position for a eunuch like him, as an overseer of the weaving girls of the gynaikonitis (women's quarters). Narses chose to retire to Naples, instead of returning to Constantinople as Justin had ordered him to do and invited the Lombards to invade.[9] But the evidence for this conflict is deemed unreliable.[10]","title":"Empress consort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Financial policy","text":"Sophia also influenced the financial policies of Justin. Having inherited an exhausted treasury, they set about repaying the various debts and loans of Justinian to bankers and money-lenders. According to Theophanes, Sophia was in charge of financial records and payments, and restored the credibility of the royal treasury. The imperial couple tried to reduce expenses and increase treasury reserves. Evagrius, John of Ephesus, Gregory of Tours, and Paul the Deacon all mention this while accusing both Justin and Sophia of greed.[1] She did research their debts and repaid them, which gained her contemporary praise.[11] Sophia’s concern with the state finances can even be seen after the death of Justin and during the reign of Tiberius as they were said to clash a lot over financial policy.John of Ephesus even stated that in her rage Sophia claimed that Tiberius had ‘reduced the state to poverty’ and that it took her years to accumulate he was 'spending in no time at all’. This not only shows her importance in financial policy even after the death of Justin, but also the important role she potentially viewed herself as having.[12]","title":"Empress consort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"Radegund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegund"},{"link_name":"Vexilla Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexilla_Regis"},{"link_name":"Venantius Fortunatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus"},{"link_name":"Pope John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_III"},{"link_name":"Cross of Justin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Justin_II"},{"link_name":"Vatican Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Museums"},{"link_name":"crux gemmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_gemmata"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"Venantius Fortunatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Monophysites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"Michael the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Chalcedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian"},{"link_name":"Monophysitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"}],"sub_title":"Religious policy","text":"In 569, Justin and Sophia together reportedly sent a relic of the True Cross to Radegund. The event was commemorated in Vexilla Regis by Venantius Fortunatus. They also sent relics to Pope John III in an attempt to improve relations: the Cross of Justin II in the Vatican Museums, a crux gemmata, and a reliquary of the True Cross perhaps given at this point, has an inscription recording their donation and apparently their portraits on the ends of the arms on the reverse. This led to creation of poems by Venantius Fortunatus, which referred to Justin and Sophia as the new Constantine and the new Helena, and indicating Sophia's major role in the presentation of the relic.[13]For the Monophysites, the religious policy of the couple was controversial. According to John of Ephesus and Michael the Syrian, husband and wife were both initially monophysites who converted to Chalcedonean Christianity to gain favor with their uncle Justinian. During their reign, they attempted but failed to reconcile Chalcedonian and Monophysitic Christianity, which ended in renewed persecution of the latter. Meanwhile, their own beliefs were still in question.[1] John of Ephesus himself was imprisoned during this persecution, presumably contributing to the hostile tone to Justin and Sophia in his writings.","title":"Empress consort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"Khosrau I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_I"},{"link_name":"Sassanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Evagrius Scholasticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Baduarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduarius"},{"link_name":"Tiberius II Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes"},{"link_name":"Excubitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excubitors"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"Theophanes the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"adopted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Ino Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ino_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Constantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina,_wife_of_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Great Palace of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"palace of Hormisdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Hormisdas"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Eutychius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)"}],"text":"Justin reportedly suffered from temporary fits of insanity and was unable to perform his duties as early as the fall of Dara to Khosrau I of the Sassanid Empire in November, 573.[9] According to Gregory of Tours, Sophia assumed sole power over the Empire at this point. Evagrius Scholasticus reports that Sophia concluded a three-year truce with Khosrau on her own.According to bishop John of Ephesus, Sophia attributed the madness of her spouse to his failure to appreciate her status:\"The kingdom came through me, and it has come back to me: and as for him, he is chastised, and has fallen into this trial on my account, because he did not value me sufficiently, and vexed me.\"[14]During his bouts of madness, Justin lashed out at Baduarius. Even then, Sophia was able to persuade him to apologize and invite Baduarius to dinner. She had the windows of the palace sealed with bars after he attempted to throw himself out of them.The emperor and senate consulted the empress for the nomination of caesar, and they all agreed on Tiberius II Constantine, Comes Excubitorum (Commander of the Excubitors), as her colleague in power.[9]\nAccording to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Tiberius was officially appointed caesar by Justin on 7 December 574.[9] He was also adopted by Justin and thus became his appointed heir.[1]John of Ephesus and Gregory of Tours record that Sophia and Tiberius, effectively co-regents, argued over financial policies: Sophia pursued decreasing royal expenses while Tiberius argued for the necessity of increasing them, particularly for military expenses. Sophia scolding him for his lavish expenditure and finally taking the keys of the treasury away from him and every financial action, from accounting for government expenditure and income to Tiberius' authorization to spend, had to be reported and the approved by the empress.Both the Ecclesiastic history of John of Ephesus and the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor suggest that Sophia was planning to marry Tiberius at this point.[1] Theophanes, writing centuries later, suggests Sophia did not know Tiberius was already married during this period, but this claim is contradicted by John of Ephesus, a 6th-century writer. Tiberius' marriage to Ino Anastasia was apparently seen as an offense to her. Ino and her daughters Constantina and Charito were not allowed to enter the Great Palace of Constantinople. They were instead settled in the palace of Hormisdas, residence of Justinian I prior to his elevation to the throne. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius joined them every evening and returned to the Great Palace every morning. Sophia also refused to let the ladies at court visit Ino and her daughters as a token of respect to them.[1]Ino eventually left Constantinople for Daphnudium, her previous residence. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius left Constantinople to visit Ino when she fell sick.[1] Her daughters are assumed to have joined her in her departure from the capital.In September 578, Justin II appointed Tiberius as his co-emperor amid deteriorating physical health. On 5 October 578, Justin died and Tiberius became the sole emperor. According to John of Ephesus, Sophia sent Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople to Tiberius to convince him to divorce Ino, and offered both herself and her adult daughter Arabia as prospective brides. Tiberius refused.[1] Sophia, though still an augusta, was no longer the empress and she no longer had the reins of affairs.","title":"Regent (573-578)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_(magister_militum_per_Orientem)"},{"link_name":"Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_(consul_540)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"}],"text":"Sophia retained her rank as augusta and continued to hold a section of the palace for herself, even the whole palace was still managed under her. She was deeply respected by the emperor, the commoners and the nobility, which meant that she still had some influence to discuss various matters of government. Meanwhile, her rival Ino Anastasia was also proclaimed augusta. The situation was not to Sophia's liking, and John of Ephesus records further arguments over financial policy. Gregory of Tours records that Sophia took part in a conspiracy to depose Tiberius and replace him with another Justinian, younger brother of the Justin murdered in Alexandria. She hoped to regain her former power as empress consort and a share of the emperor's power: Like the reign of Justin.[1]Tiberius reacted by seizing of much of her property, dismissing her loyal servants, and appointing replacements loyal to him. However her rank and presence in the palace remained. Theophanes records that in 579 Sophia retired to the Sophiai, a palace built in her honor, and says that she held her own minor court and was honored as the mother of Tiberius.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Patriarch John IV of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_John_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theophylact Simocatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"}],"sub_title":"Return to the Great Palace","text":"On 14 August 582, Tiberius died. However, Sophia remained relevant in Byzantine politics. This is because when he felt himself declining in health, Tiberius is said to have sent for Sophia to ask her advice on who his successor should be.[15] He was succeeded by Maurice, a general betrothed to Constantina. Gregory of Tours reported that Sophia had planned to marry Tiberius to regain the throne, but the marriage of Constantina and Maurice took place in Autumn 582. The ceremony was performed by Patriarch John IV of Constantinople and is described in detail by Theophylact Simocatta. Constantina was proclaimed an augusta while both Sophia and Anastasia also kept the same title. John of Ephesus mentions that all three augustas resided in the Great Palace,[1] which would mean either that Sophia's retirement was temporary or that Theophanes misreported her status.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"Book of Ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Ceremoniis"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles"}],"sub_title":"Final years","text":"Anastasia was the first of the three women to die. Theophanes places her death in 593. Constantina seems to have enjoyed better relations with Sophia than her mother did. Theophanes records their having jointly offered a precious crown as an Easter present to Maurice in 601. He accepted their gift, but then ordered it hung over the altar of Hagia Sophia as his own tribute to the church. According to Theophanes, this was taken an insult by both augustas and caused a rift in the marriage.[16]The Easter of 601 was also the last time Sophia was mentioned in sources.[vague] Whether she survived to see the deposition of Maurice in 602 is unclear.[1] According to the Book of Ceremonies, she received an imperial burial at the Church of the Holy Apostles beside her husband.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_(son_of_Justin_II)"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_(daughter_of_Justin_II)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garland-1"},{"link_name":"kouropalatēs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouropalates"},{"link_name":"Baduarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduarius"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Sophia and Justin had at least two children:Justus. A son, died before 565. Buried in the Church of Michael the Archangel.\nArabia, a daughter. Married prior to the succession of her father[1] to the kouropalatēs Baduarius. Her husband died c. 576 while defending Byzantine Italy from the Lombards.[17] They had a daughter, Firmina, whose fate is unknown.[18]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuit%C3%A9_des_%C3%A9lites_%C3%A0_Byzance_durant_les_si%C3%A8cles_obscurs._Les_princes_caucasiens_et_l%27Empire_du_VIe_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_(Christian_Settipani)"}],"text":"Garland, Lynda. Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204. London, Routledge, 1999.\nContinuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle, 2006\nCameron, Averil . ‘THE EMPRESS SOPHIA ’, Byzantion, 45(No.1), pp. 5–21, 1975.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204. London: Routledge. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cameron, Averil (1975). \"The Empress Sophia\". Byzantion. 45 (1): 9. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","url_text":"\"The Empress Sophia\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Averil (1975). \"The Empress Sophia\". Byzantion. 45 (1): 16. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","url_text":"\"The Empress Sophia\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Averil (1975). \"The Empress Sophia\". Byzantion. 45 (1): 20. Retrieved 2023-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","url_text":"\"The Empress Sophia\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/sophia.htm","external_links_name":"Lynda Garland, \"Sophia, Wife of Justin II\""},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html","external_links_name":"Procopius, \"Secret History\", chapter 9, translation by Richard Atwater (1927)"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/15C*.html#note192","external_links_name":"J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (1923)"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","external_links_name":"\"The Empress Sophia\""},{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm","external_links_name":"James Allan Evans, \"Justin II (565-578 A.D.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","external_links_name":"\"The Empress Sophia\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170464","external_links_name":"\"The Empress Sophia\""},{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/tina.htm","external_links_name":"Lynda Garland, \"Constantina, Wife of Maurice\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ElkwedRWCXkC&pg=PT161","external_links_name":"The article about Sittas in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC&pg=PA428","external_links_name":"The article about Dulcidius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC&pg=PA164","external_links_name":"The article about Baduarius in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rSvf_KMYQiwC&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"Page from \"The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453\" by Cyril Mango (1972), quoting Theophanes on the burial of Justus"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/306377135","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048249786","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Osberg
USS Osberg
["1 Namesake","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
John C. Butler-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy History United States Laid down3 November 1943 Launched7 December 1943 Commissioned10 December 1945 Decommissioned1947 In service26 February 1951 Out of service25 February 1958 Stricken1 August 1972 FateSold for scrapping 5 February 1974 General characteristics Displacement1,350 long tons (1,372 t) Length306 ft (93 m) (oa) Beam36 ft 10 in (11.23 m) Draft13 ft 4 in (4.06 m) (max) Propulsion2 boilers, 2 geared steam turbines, 12,000 shp, 2 screws Speed24 knots Range6,000 nm @ 12 knots Complement14 officers, 201 enlisted Armament2 × 5"/38 guns, 4 (2×2) 40 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns, 10 × 20 mm AA guns, 3 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, 1 × Hedgehog, 8 × depth charge throwers, 2 × depth charge tracks USS Osberg (DE-538) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and from 1951 to 1958. She sold for scrapping in 1974. Namesake Carl August Osberg was born on 13 April 1920 in Dunbarton, New Hampshire. He attended Manchester Central High School, where he played football. In his free time he observed bi-planes at Grenier Field, site of today's Manchester–Boston Regional Airport. He quit college at Cornell to join the Navy reserves and was trained at Naval Air Station Squantum in Massachusetts. He was one of the twelve pilots of Torpedo Squadron 3 attached to the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. During the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942, his squadron attacked Imperial Japanese Navy ships and he went missing. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. History Osberg was commissioned on 10 December 1945 and was decommissioned on 15 May 1947. She was recommissioned for duty during the Korean War on 26 February 1951. She operated in the Atlantic Ocean until her second decommissioning on 25 February 1958. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1972, and, on 5 February 1974 she was sold for scrapping. References ^ "Carl August Osberg : Ensign from New Hampshire, World War II Casualty". honorstates.org. Retrieved 22 November 2019. ^ "Carl Osberg – Recipient – Military Times Hall of Valor". valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 22 November 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Osberg (DE-538). NavSource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive – USS Osberg (DE-538) vteJohn C. Butler-class destroyer escorts United States NavyCompleted John C. Butler O'Flaherty Raymond Richard W. Suesens Abercrombie Oberrender Robert Brazier Edwin A. Howard Jesse Rutherford Key Gentry Traw Maurice J. Manuel Naifeh Doyle C. Barnes Kenneth M. Willett Jaccard Lloyd E. Acree George E. Davis Mack Woodson Johnnie Hutchins Walton Rolf Pratt Rombach McGinty Alvin C. Cockrell French Cecil J. Doyle Thaddeus Parker John L. Williamson Presley Williams Richard S. Bull Richard M. Rowell Eversole Dennis Edmonds Shelton Straus La Prade Jack Miller Stafford Walter C. Wann Samuel B. Roberts Le Ray Wilson Lawrence C. Taylor Melvin R. Nawman Oliver Mitchell Tabberer Robert F. Keller Leland E. Thomas Chester T. O'Brien Douglas A. Munro Dufilho Haas Corbesier Conklin McCoy Reynolds William Seiverling Ulvert M. Moore Kendall C. Campbell Goss Grady Charles E. Brannon Albert T. Harris Cross Hanna Joseph E. Connolly Donaldson / Gilligan Formoe Heyliger Edward H. Allen Tweedy Howard F. Clark Silverstein Lewis Bivin Rizzi Osberg Wagner Vandivier Canceled William C. Lawe Lloyd Thomas Keppler Kleinsmith Henry W. Tucker Weiss Francovich DE-380 (Unnamed) DE-381 (Unnamed) DE-425 — DE-437 (Unnamed) Woodrow R. Thompson Steinaker DE-453 — DE-507 (Unnamed) DE-511 — DE-515 (Unnamed) Sheehan Oswald A. Powers Groves Alfred Wolf Harold J. Ellison Myles C. Fox Charles R. Ware Carpellotti Eugene A. Greene Gyatt Benner Kenneth D. Bailey Dennis J. Buckley Everett F. Larson Rogers Blood William R. Rush William M. Wood DE-558 — DE-562 (Unnamed) DE-801 — DE-904 (Unnamed)  Portuguese Navy Diogo-Cão (ex-Formoe) Corte Real (ex–McCoy Reynolds) Preceded by: Rudderow class Followed by: Dealey class List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John C. Butler-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Butler-class"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"USS Osberg (DE-538) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and from 1951 to 1958. She sold for scrapping in 1974.","title":"USS Osberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunbarton, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbarton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Manchester Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Central_High_School"},{"link_name":"Manchester–Boston Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Boston_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Squantum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Squantum"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Squadron 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA-35_(U.S._Navy)"},{"link_name":"USS Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Carl August Osberg was born on 13 April 1920 in Dunbarton, New Hampshire. He attended Manchester Central High School, where he played football. In his free time he observed bi-planes at Grenier Field, site of today's Manchester–Boston Regional Airport. He quit college at Cornell to join the Navy reserves and was trained at Naval Air Station Squantum in Massachusetts. He was one of the twelve pilots of Torpedo Squadron 3 attached to the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. During the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942, his squadron attacked Imperial Japanese Navy ships and he went missing. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.[1][2]","title":"Namesake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_list"}],"text":"Osberg was commissioned on 10 December 1945 and was decommissioned on 15 May 1947. She was recommissioned for duty during the Korean War on 26 February 1951. She operated in the Atlantic Ocean until her second decommissioning on 25 February 1958. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1972, and, on 5 February 1974 she was sold for scrapping.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Carl August Osberg : Ensign from New Hampshire, World War II Casualty\". honorstates.org. Retrieved 22 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.honorstates.org/index.php?id=84256","url_text":"\"Carl August Osberg : Ensign from New Hampshire, World War II Casualty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Osberg – Recipient – Military Times Hall of Valor\". valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 22 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/21438","url_text":"\"Carl Osberg – Recipient – Military Times Hall of Valor\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.honorstates.org/index.php?id=84256","external_links_name":"\"Carl August Osberg : Ensign from New Hampshire, World War II Casualty\""},{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/21438","external_links_name":"\"Carl Osberg – Recipient – Military Times Hall of Valor\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/538.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive – USS Osberg (DE-538)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Disease_Outburst_Boy
Outburst Dreamer Boys
["1 Characters","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese light novel series Outburst Dreamer BoysFirst light novel volume cover厨病激発ボーイ(Chūbyō Gekihatsu Bōi) Light novelWritten byReruliliMinato TonamiIllustrated byHoshimaPublished byKadokawa ShotenImprintKadokawa Beans BunkoDemographicFemaleOriginal runJanuary 1, 2016 – August 1, 2018Volumes5 MangaWritten byReruliliMinato TonamiIllustrated byMegumi HazukiPublished byShueishaMagazineRibon SpecialDemographicShōjoOriginal runJuly 15, 2016 – December 15, 2016Volumes1 Light novelChūbyō Gekihatsu Boy: Seishun ShōkōgunWritten byReruliliMinato TonamiIllustrated byHoshimaKoji MilkAkira OokamiPublished byKadokawa ShotenImprintKadokawa Beans BunkoDemographicFemaleOriginal runJanuary 1, 2018 – October 1, 2019Volumes5 Anime television seriesDirected byKazuya IchikawaWritten byMidori GotouMusic bySatoshi MotoyamaStudioStudio DeenLicensed bySentai Filmworks SEA: Muse CommunicationOriginal networkTokyo MX, BS11, KBS, SUN, Aichi Television Broadcasting, AT-XOriginal run October 4, 2019 – December 13, 2019Episodes11 + OVA Light novelChūbyō Gekihatsu Boy: Pride ChōshinseiWritten byReruliliMinato TonamiIllustrated byHoshimaKoji MilkAkira OokamiPublished byKadokawa ShotenImprintKadokawa Beans BunkoDemographicFemaleOriginal runAugust 1, 2020 – presentVolumes2 Outburst Dreamer Boys (厨病激発ボーイ, Chūbyō Gekihatsu Bōi), also called as Young Disease Outburst Boy in sometimes, is a Japanese mixed-media project. It started as a Vocaloid song series created by Rerulili. The light novel adaptations are written by Rerulili and Minato Tonami, with illustrations by Hoshima, MW, Koji Milk and Akira Ookami, and published by Kadokawa Shoten under their Kadokawa Beans Bunko label. A manga adaptation with illustrations by Megumi Hazuki was serialized in Shueisha's Ribon Special magazine from July 15, 2016, to December 15, 2016, and compiled into a single tankōbon volume. A 11-episode anime television series adaptation aired between October 4, 2019, and December 13, 2019. The series was directed by Kazuya Ichikawa and animated by Studio Deen, with scripts written by Midori Gotou. It is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks. Characters Mizuki Hijiri (聖 瑞姫, Hijiri Mizuki) Voiced by: Chinatsu Akasaki Yamato Noda (野田 大和, Noda Yamato) Voiced by: Daiki Yamashita Tomoki Takashima (高嶋 智樹, Takashima Tomoki) Voiced by: Shugo Nakamura Kazuhiro Nakamura (中村 和博, Nakamura Kazuhiro) Voiced by: Hideaki Kabumoto Rei Tsukumo (九十九 零, Tsukumo Rei) Voiced by: Junya Enoki Futaba Mikuriya (厨 二葉, Mikuriya Futaba) Voiced by: Rikuya Yasuda Nanako Watase (渡瀬 菜々子, Watase Nakano) Voiced by: Sayaka Senbongi Takumi Sekiya (関谷 拓海, Sekiya Takumi) Voiced by: Taku Yashiro Sora (空良, Sora) Voiced by: Mina Katahira Ossan (おっさん, Ossan) Voiced by: Kenjiro Tsuda Faust (ファウスト, Fausuto) Voiced by: Akira Ishida References ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (March 18, 2019). "Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime Reveals Staff, Visual". Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hodgkins, Crystalyn (September 30, 2019). "Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime to Have 11 Aired Episodes, 1 Unaired Episode". Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Licenses Outburst Dreamer Boys, Val x Love Anime (Update)". Anime News Network. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2021. External links Anime official website (in Japanese) Anime official website in the United States Outburst Dreamer Boys (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteStudio Deen television series1980s Urusei Yatsura (1984–1986, #107–195) Maison Ikkoku (1986–1988) F (1988) Ranma ½ (1989) Ranma ½ Nettōhen (1989–1992) 1990s DNA² (1994) Zenki (1995) You're Under Arrest (1996–1997) Violinist of Hameln (1996–1997) Rurouni Kenshin (1997–1998, #67–95) Eat-Man (1997) Haunted Junction (1997) Don't Leave Me Alone, Daisy (1997) Ehrgeiz (1997) AWOL (1998) Super Radical Gag Family (1998) Shadow Skill - Eigi (1998) Eat-Man '98 (1998) Eden's Bowy (1999) Hoshin Engi (1999) You're Under Arrest (1999) 2000s Mon Colle Knights (2000) Gravitation (2000–2001) You're Under Arrest (2001) Star Ocean EX (2001) Fruits Basket (2001) Kokoro Library (2001) Sadamitsu the Destroyer (2001) Rave Master (2001–2002) Samurai Deeper Kyo (2002) Bomberman Jetters (2002–2003) Full Moon o Sagashite (2002–2003) GetBackers (2002–2003) Jing: King of Bandits (2002) The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok (2003) Mouse (2003) Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito (2003) R.O.D the TV (2003–2004) Diamond Daydreams (2004) Maria-sama ga Miteru (2004) Maria-sama ga Miteru: Printemps (2004) Yumeria (2004) AM Driver (2004–2005) Tactics (2004–2005) Zipang (2004–2005) Kyo Kara Maoh! (2004–2006) Amaenaide yo!! (2005) Ginga Densetsu Weed (2005–2006) Hell Girl (2005–2006) The Law of Ueki (2005–2006) Amaenaide yo!! Katsu!! (2006) Binchō-tan (2006) Fate/stay night (2006) Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (2006) Hell Girl: Two Mirrors (2006–2007) Princess Princess (2006) Simoun (2006) Shōnen Onmyōji (2006–2007) Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai (2007) Shining Tears X Wind (2007) Tōka Gettan (2007) You're Under Arrest: Full Throttle (2007–2008) Code-E (2007) Shion no Ō (2007–2008) Fantastic Detective Labyrinth (2007–2008) Gag Manga Biyori 3 (2008) Mission-E (2008) Amatsuki (2008) Hatenkō Yūgi (2008) Junjo Romantica (2008) Vampire Knight (2008) Hell Girl: Three Vessels (2008–2009) Junjo Romantica 2 (2008) Vampire Knight Guilty (2008) Kyo Kara Maoh! Third Series (2008–2009) Maria-sama ga Miteru (2009) 07-Ghost (2009) Student Council's Discretion (2009) Umineko no Naku Koro ni (2009) 2010s Gag Manga Biyori + (2010) Giant Killing (2010) Hakuoki: Demon of the Fleeting Blossom (2010) Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan (2010) Hakuoki: Record of the Jade Blood (2010) Starry Sky (2010–2011) Dragon Crisis! (2011) Is This a Zombie? (2011) Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi (2011) Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan: Demon Capital (2011) Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi 2 (2011) Poyopoyo Kansatsu Nikki (2012) Hakuoki: Dawn of the Shinsengumi (2012) Hiiro no Kakera: The Tamayori Princess Saga (2012) Is This a Zombie? of the Dead (2012) Sankarea: Undying Love (2012) Hiiro no Kakera: The Tamayori Princess Saga 2' (2012) Hakkenden: Tōhō Hakken Ibun (2013) Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen (2013) Gifu Dodo!! Kanetsugu to Keiji (2013) Meganebu! (2013) Pupa (2014) Sakura Trick (2014) Meshimase Lodoss-tō Senki: Sorette Oishii no? (2014) Always! Super Radical Gag Family (2014) Samurai Jam -Bakumatsu Rock- (2014) Log Horizon 2 (2014–2015) Jewelpet: Magical Change (2015) Junjo Romantica 3 (2015) Descending Stories: Showa Genroku Rakugo Shinju (2016–2017) Reikenzan: Hoshikuzu-tachi no Utage (2016) KonoSuba (2016–2017) Rilu Rilu Fairilu ~Yousei no Door~ (2016–2017) Super Lovers (2016–2017) Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto (2016) Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō (2016) First Love Monster (2016) Ao Oni: The Animation (2016–2017) Reikenzan: Eichi e no Shikaku (2017) Kabukibu! (2017) Rilu Rilu Fairilu ~Maho no Kagami~ (2017–2018) Hell Girl: The Fourth Twilight (2017) The Reflection (2017) Hozuki's Coolheadedness 2 (2017–2018) Junji Ito Collection (2018) Gurazeni (2018) Ongaku Shōjo (2018) Oshiete Mahou no Pendulum ~Rilu Rilu Fairilu~ (2018–2019) Agū: Tensai Ningyō (2018) Muhyo & Roji's Bureau of Supernatural Investigation (2018–2020) Xuan Yuan Sword Luminary (2018) Bakumatsu (2018–2019) Kochoki (2019) Outburst Dreamer Boys (2019) The Seven Deadly Sins: Wrath of the Gods (2019–2020) 2020s Sorcerous Stabber Orphen (2020) Log Horizon: Destruction of the Round Table (2021) The Seven Deadly Sins: Dragon's Judgement (2021) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Battle of Kimluck (2021) Sasaki and Miyano (2022) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Chaos in Urbanrama (2023) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Doom of Dragon's Sanctuary (2023) Power of Hope: PreCure Full Bloom (2023) Re:Monster (2024) The Banished Former Hero Lives as He Pleases (2024) Welcome Home (2024) Days with My Stepsister (2024) Twilight Out of Focus (2024) I'm a Noble on the Brink of Ruin, So I Might as Well Try Mastering Magic (TBA) Category This anime-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vocaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocaloid"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Studio Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Deen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Sentai Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Outburst Dreamer Boys (厨病激発ボーイ, Chūbyō Gekihatsu Bōi), also called as Young Disease Outburst Boy in sometimes, is a Japanese mixed-media project. It started as a Vocaloid song series created by Rerulili. The light novel adaptations are written by Rerulili and Minato Tonami, with illustrations by Hoshima, MW, Koji Milk and Akira Ookami, and published by Kadokawa Shoten under their Kadokawa Beans Bunko label. A manga adaptation with illustrations by Megumi Hazuki was serialized in Shueisha's Ribon Special magazine from July 15, 2016, to December 15, 2016, and compiled into a single tankōbon volume. A 11-episode anime television series adaptation aired between October 4, 2019, and December 13, 2019. The series was directed by Kazuya Ichikawa and animated by Studio Deen, with scripts written by Midori Gotou.[1][2] It is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks.[3]","title":"Outburst Dreamer Boys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinatsu Akasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatsu_Akasaki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Daiki Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiki_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Shugo Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugo_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Junya Enoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junya_Enoki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Sayaka Senbongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayaka_Senbongi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Taku Yashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Yashiro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Kenjiro Tsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjiro_Tsuda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"},{"link_name":"Akira Ishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Ishida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN1-2"}],"text":"Mizuki Hijiri (聖 瑞姫, Hijiri Mizuki)\nVoiced by: Chinatsu Akasaki[2]\nYamato Noda (野田 大和, Noda Yamato)\nVoiced by: Daiki Yamashita[2]\nTomoki Takashima (高嶋 智樹, Takashima Tomoki)\nVoiced by: Shugo Nakamura[2]\nKazuhiro Nakamura (中村 和博, Nakamura Kazuhiro)\nVoiced by: Hideaki Kabumoto[2]\nRei Tsukumo (九十九 零, Tsukumo Rei)\nVoiced by: Junya Enoki[2]\nFutaba Mikuriya (厨 二葉, Mikuriya Futaba)\nVoiced by: Rikuya Yasuda[2]\nNanako Watase (渡瀬 菜々子, Watase Nakano)\nVoiced by: Sayaka Senbongi[2]\nTakumi Sekiya (関谷 拓海, Sekiya Takumi)\nVoiced by: Taku Yashiro[2]\nSora (空良, Sora)\nVoiced by: Mina Katahira[2]\nOssan (おっさん, Ossan)\nVoiced by: Kenjiro Tsuda[2]\nFaust (ファウスト, Fausuto)\nVoiced by: Akira Ishida[2]","title":"Characters"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (March 18, 2019). \"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime Reveals Staff, Visual\". Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-18/young-disease-outburst-boy-anime-reveals-staff-visual/.144685","url_text":"\"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime Reveals Staff, Visual\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (September 30, 2019). \"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime to Have 11 Aired Episodes, 1 Unaired Episode\". Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-30/young-disease-outburst-boy-anime-to-have-11-aired-episodes-1-unaired-episode/.151693","url_text":"\"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime to Have 11 Aired Episodes, 1 Unaired Episode\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sentai Filmworks Licenses Outburst Dreamer Boys, Val x Love Anime (Update)\". Anime News Network. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-30/sentai-filmworks-licenses-outburst-dreamer-boys-val-x-love-anime/.151699","url_text":"\"Sentai Filmworks Licenses Outburst Dreamer Boys, Val x Love Anime (Update)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-18/young-disease-outburst-boy-anime-reveals-staff-visual/.144685","external_links_name":"\"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime Reveals Staff, Visual\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-30/young-disease-outburst-boy-anime-to-have-11-aired-episodes-1-unaired-episode/.151693","external_links_name":"\"Young Disease Outburst Boy Anime to Have 11 Aired Episodes, 1 Unaired Episode\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-30/sentai-filmworks-licenses-outburst-dreamer-boys-val-x-love-anime/.151699","external_links_name":"\"Sentai Filmworks Licenses Outburst Dreamer Boys, Val x Love Anime (Update)\""},{"Link":"http://chubyou.net/index.html","external_links_name":"Anime official website"},{"Link":"https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/products/outburst-dreamer-boys-complete-collection-blu-ray","external_links_name":"Anime official website in the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=21051","external_links_name":"Outburst Dreamer Boys"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outburst_Dreamer_Boys&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-spotted_pufferfish
Torquigener albomaculosus
["1 References"]
Species of fish Not to be confused with white-spotted puffer. Torquigener albomaculosus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Tetraodontidae Genus: Torquigener Species: T. albomaculosus Binomial name Torquigener albomaculosusMatsuura, 2014 Torquigener albomaculosus, or the white-spotted pufferfish, is the 20th discovered species of the genus Torquigener. The species was discovered in the ocean waters around the Ryukyu Islands in Japan off the south coast of Amami Ōshima Island. Observed depths of the species range between 10 and 27 m (33 and 89 ft). The fish's head and body are colored brown with white spots at the back. Its abdomen is silvery-white with white spots. The males are known for creating circular nests as part of their mating ritual in the sand, measuring 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. Such nest designs were noticed since 1995, but their creation remained a mystery until the species' discovery. The nests are created to attract mates through the nest's impressive design and ability to gather fine sand particles, both of which influence a female's mate choice. Males never reuse a nest. The white-spotted pufferfish was originally thought to be unique among pufferfish in creating these elaborate nests, however in 2018 similar nests were observed off the coast of Western Australia, presumably belonging to a related species of Torquigener. In 2015, the International Institute for Species Exploration named it as one of the "Top 10 New Species" discovered in 2014. They were described by David Attenborough as "the greatest artist of the animal kingdom". References ^ a b c d e f g h "New pufferfish species named". BBC Earth. 9 December 2014. ^ Matsuura K (2014). "A new pufferfish of the genus Torquigener that builds "mystery circles" on sandy bottoms in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae)". Ichthyological Research. 62 (2): 207–212. doi:10.1007/s10228-014-0428-5. S2CID 254164102. ^ a b Kawase, Hiroshi; Okata, Yoji; Ito, Kimiaki (2013). "Role of Huge Geometric Circular Structures in the Reproduction of a Marine Pufferfish". Scientific Reports. 3 (1): 2106. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2106K. doi:10.1038/srep02106. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3696902. PMID 23811799. ^ Bond, Todd; Mueller, Robert J.; Birt, Matthew J.; Prince, Jane; Miller, Karen; Partridge, Julian C.; McLean, Dianne L. (2020). "Mystery pufferfish create elaborate circular nests at mesophotic depths in Australia". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (5): 1401–1407. Bibcode:2020JFBio..97.1401B. doi:10.1111/jfb.14506. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30148257. PMID 32820821. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ "The ESF Top 10 New Species for 2015". State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ Berenson, Tessa (21 May 2015). "These Are the Top 10 New Species Discovered Last Year". Time. Retrieved 13 November 2015. Taxon identifiersTorquigener albomaculosus Wikidata: Q18748292 Wikispecies: Torquigener albomaculosus CoL: 57GHG FishBase: 67499 GBIF: 7355719 iNaturalist: 621565 ITIS: 1054636 NCBI: 2768288 OBIS: 835212 Open Tree of Life: 5860596 WoRMS: 835212 This Tetraodontiformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white-spotted puffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-spotted_puffer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Torquigener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquigener"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Amami Ōshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"mating ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish_mating_ritual"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsuura2014-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"mate choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kawase_Okata_Ito_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kawase_Okata_Ito_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Earth_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal_of_Fish_Biology_2020-4"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Species Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Species_Exploration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"David Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough"}],"text":"Not to be confused with white-spotted puffer.Torquigener albomaculosus, or the white-spotted pufferfish, is the 20th discovered[1] species of the genus Torquigener. The species was discovered in the ocean waters around the Ryukyu Islands in Japan off the south coast of Amami Ōshima Island.[1] Observed depths of the species range between 10 and 27 m (33 and 89 ft).[1] The fish's head and body are colored brown with white spots at the back.[1] Its abdomen is silvery-white with white spots.[1]The males are known for creating circular nests as part of their mating ritual in the sand, measuring 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter.[2] Such nest designs were noticed since 1995, but their creation remained a mystery until the species' discovery.[1] The nests are created to attract mates through the nest's impressive design and ability to gather fine sand particles, both of which influence a female's mate choice.[1][3] Males never reuse a nest.[3] The white-spotted pufferfish was originally thought to be unique among pufferfish in creating these elaborate nests,[1] however in 2018 similar nests were observed off the coast of Western Australia, presumably belonging to a related species of Torquigener.[4]In 2015, the International Institute for Species Exploration named it as one of the \"Top 10 New Species\" discovered in 2014.[5][6] They were described by David Attenborough as \"the greatest artist of the animal kingdom\".","title":"Torquigener albomaculosus"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"New pufferfish species named\". BBC Earth. 9 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141205-new-pufferfish-named","url_text":"\"New pufferfish species named\""}]},{"reference":"Matsuura K (2014). \"A new pufferfish of the genus Torquigener that builds \"mystery circles\" on sandy bottoms in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae)\". Ichthyological Research. 62 (2): 207–212. doi:10.1007/s10228-014-0428-5. S2CID 254164102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10228-014-0428-5","url_text":"10.1007/s10228-014-0428-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254164102","url_text":"254164102"}]},{"reference":"Kawase, Hiroshi; Okata, Yoji; Ito, Kimiaki (2013). \"Role of Huge Geometric Circular Structures in the Reproduction of a Marine Pufferfish\". Scientific Reports. 3 (1): 2106. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2106K. doi:10.1038/srep02106. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3696902. PMID 23811799.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696902","url_text":"\"Role of Huge Geometric Circular Structures in the Reproduction of a Marine Pufferfish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E2106K","url_text":"2013NatSR...3E2106K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02106","url_text":"10.1038/srep02106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696902","url_text":"3696902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23811799","url_text":"23811799"}]},{"reference":"Bond, Todd; Mueller, Robert J.; Birt, Matthew J.; Prince, Jane; Miller, Karen; Partridge, Julian C.; McLean, Dianne L. (2020). \"Mystery pufferfish create elaborate circular nests at mesophotic depths in Australia\". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (5): 1401–1407. Bibcode:2020JFBio..97.1401B. doi:10.1111/jfb.14506. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30148257. PMID 32820821. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.14506","url_text":"\"Mystery pufferfish create elaborate circular nests at mesophotic depths in Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JFBio..97.1401B","url_text":"2020JFBio..97.1401B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjfb.14506","url_text":"10.1111/jfb.14506"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30148257","url_text":"10536/DRO/DU:30148257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32820821","url_text":"32820821"}]},{"reference":"\"The ESF Top 10 New Species for 2015\". State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esf.edu/top10/","url_text":"\"The ESF Top 10 New Species for 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Berenson, Tessa (21 May 2015). \"These Are the Top 10 New Species Discovered Last Year\". Time. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3892806/top-ten-species-2014/","url_text":"\"These Are the Top 10 New Species Discovered Last Year\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Crawford,_Jr.
James W. Crawford Jr.
["1 Notes","2 External links"]
American politician from North Carolina James CrawfordMember of the North Carolina House of RepresentativesIn officeJanuary 1, 1995 – January 1, 2013Preceded byRichard MooreSucceeded byWinkie Wilkins (Redistricting)Constituency22nd District (1995-2003) 32nd District (2003-2013)In officeJanuary 1, 1983 – January 1, 1993Preceded byThomas William Ellis Jr. (Redistricting)Succeeded byRichard MooreConstituency22nd District Personal detailsBornJames Walker Crawford Jr. (1937-10-04) October 4, 1937 (age 86)Political partyDemocraticResidenceOxford, North CarolinaAlma materUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (BS)Professionretail developer James Walker Crawford Jr. (born October 4, 1937) is a former member of the North Carolina General Assembly. A Democrat, he represented the state's thirty-second House district, including constituents in Granville and Vance counties. A retail developer from Oxford, North Carolina, Crawford served fourteen terms in the state House of Representatives. In his last term he served as one of the chairmen of the House Appropriations committee (and the only Democrat to be a chairman in the Republican-majority House). Crawford earned a degree in Industrial Relations from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After serving in the United States Navy and as an Oxford city commissioner, Crawford was first elected to the legislature in 1982. He considered a run for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 1988, but dropped out and was re-elected to the House. In 1992, he ran for Lt. Governor, losing in the Democratic primary to Dennis Wicker. Crawford's seat in the House was won by Richard H. Moore. When Moore ran for Congress in 1994, Crawford won the seat back. He was re-elected without opposition in 2006. In 2008 and in 2010, he was opposed by Libertarian Barbara Howe. In 2012, after supporting the budget passed by the House Republican majority and after supporting the bill that put North Carolina Amendment 1 before the voters, Crawford was defeated in the May 8 Democratic primary by fellow Rep. Winkie Wilkins. The Republican majority had placed both Democratic lawmakers in the new 2nd District during redistricting. Crawford endorsed Republican Pat McCrory in the subsequent general election for Governor. McCrory later appointed Crawford to the state Board of Transportation. Notes ^ "North Carolina manual ". 1916. ^ NC General Assembly: House Appropriations Committee members ^ "North Carolina manual ". 1916. ^ 2010 Election results ^ "The Daily Reflector". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2012-05-11. ^ 2012 Primary election results ^ WRAL.com: McCrory names Crawford, Wetmore to NC DOT Board External links Project Vote Smart North Carolina House of Representatives Preceded byBertha Merrill Holt John M. Jordan Timothy Hill McDowell Robert Lee McAlister Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 22nd district 1983–1993 Succeeded byRichard Moore Preceded byRichard Moore Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 22nd district 1995–2003 Succeeded byEdd Nye Preceded byWayne Goodwin Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 32nd district 2003–2013 Succeeded byNathan Baskerville This article about a North Carolina politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oxford, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"state House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dennis Wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wicker"},{"link_name":"Richard H. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Moore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Barbara Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Howe"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Amendment 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Amendment_1"},{"link_name":"Winkie Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkie_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pat McCrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McCrory"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"James Walker Crawford Jr. (born October 4, 1937) is a former member of the North Carolina General Assembly.[1] A Democrat, he represented the state's thirty-second House district, including constituents in Granville and Vance counties. A retail developer from Oxford, North Carolina, Crawford served fourteen terms in the state House of Representatives. In his last term he served as one of the chairmen of the House Appropriations committee (and the only Democrat to be a chairman in the Republican-majority House).[2]Crawford earned a degree in Industrial Relations from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[3] After serving in the United States Navy and as an Oxford city commissioner, Crawford was first elected to the legislature in 1982. He considered a run for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 1988, but dropped out and was re-elected to the House. In 1992, he ran for Lt. Governor, losing in the Democratic primary to Dennis Wicker. Crawford's seat in the House was won by Richard H. Moore. When Moore ran for Congress in 1994, Crawford won the seat back. He was re-elected without opposition in 2006. In 2008 and in 2010,[4] he was opposed by Libertarian Barbara Howe.In 2012, after supporting the budget passed by the House Republican majority and after supporting the bill that put North Carolina Amendment 1 before the voters, Crawford was defeated in the May 8 Democratic primary by fellow Rep. Winkie Wilkins. The Republican majority had placed both Democratic lawmakers in the new 2nd District during redistricting.[5][6] Crawford endorsed Republican Pat McCrory in the subsequent general election for Governor. McCrory later appointed Crawford to the state Board of Transportation.[7]","title":"James W. Crawford Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman20012002nort#page/514/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"NC General Assembly: House Appropriations Committee members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Committees/Committees.asp?sAction=ViewCommittee&sActionDetails=House+Standing_6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman20032004nort#page/488/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"2010 Election results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//results.enr.clarityelections.com/NC/22580/41687/en/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Daily Reflector\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141017180959/http://www.reflector.com/ap/staten/1-nc-dem-who-voted-gop-budget-loses-2nd-wins-1058537"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.reflector.com/ap/staten/1-nc-dem-who-voted-gop-budget-loses-2nd-wins-1058537"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"2012 Primary election results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//results.enr.clarityelections.com/NC/36596/80853/en/summary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"WRAL.com: McCrory names Crawford, Wetmore to NC DOT Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wral.com/mccrory-names-crawford-wetmore-to-nc-dot-board/12526070/"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"^ \"North Carolina manual [serial]\". 1916.\n\n^ NC General Assembly: House Appropriations Committee members\n\n^ \"North Carolina manual [serial]\". 1916.\n\n^ 2010 Election results\n\n^ \"The Daily Reflector\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2012-05-11.\n\n^ 2012 Primary election results\n\n^ WRAL.com: McCrory names Crawford, Wetmore to NC DOT Board[permanent dead link]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\". 1916.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman20012002nort#page/514/mode/2up","url_text":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\". 1916.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/northcarolinaman20032004nort#page/488/mode/2up","url_text":"\"North Carolina manual [serial]\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Reflector\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2012-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017180959/http://www.reflector.com/ap/staten/1-nc-dem-who-voted-gop-budget-loses-2nd-wins-1058537","url_text":"\"The Daily Reflector\""},{"url":"http://www.reflector.com/ap/staten/1-nc-dem-who-voted-gop-budget-loses-2nd-wins-1058537","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Foster_Cunliffe,_3rd_Baronet
Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Archery","4 Legacy","5 References"]
British Baronet This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet (1755–1834) was the founder of the Royal Society of British Bowmen. Biography Foster Cunliffe was the son of Sir Robert Cunliffe, 2nd Baronet and Mary Wright. He succeeded to his father’s baronetcy on the latter’s death in 1778. Sir Foster Cunliffe was uneasy about this because he seems to have concealed the origin of the fortune, omitting the word 'slavery' in a detailed history of his family's genealogy. His grandfather, Foster Cunliffe (1682–1758), made the money by becoming the main slave trader in Liverpool and mayor on three occasions. His son was MP for Liverpool in 1755–67. Sir Foster Cunliffe moved from Saighton, near Chester, to the Acton Park estate near Wrexham, Denbighshire, adding to the existing house, including adding the lavish Four Dogs gateway into the estate - all that remains of the original buildings to this day. He served as High Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1787. He also enlarged and improved Pant-yr-ochain once the main house in Gresford, now a well known gastro pub. The father of 11 bought the building as a home for two of his unmarried daughters, Charlotte & Emma, to take up residence. The sisters were known to hold great parties and to entertain the local gentry. These included Charles Williams-Wynn, their brother-in-law, and the Glynne family of Hawarden. Catherine Glynne married William Ewart Gladstone, who was Prime Minister no less than four times, and who was known to have ridden to the sisters' home in Gresford. In addition to his archery, Sir Foster Cunliffe commanded the part-time Wrexham Yeomanry Cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars. Family He married Harriet Kinloch of Gilmerton, a noted singer, the daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 5th Baronet. Archery One popular pursuit among the gentry was archery. In fact, Sir Foster Cunliffe and the Williams-Wynns were founders of the Society of British Bowmen, later the Royal Society of British Bowmen, which was formed at Acton Hall in 1787. A painting of Sir Foster Cunliffe by John Hoppner shows him standing full length in a wooded landscape, wearing an archer's uniform, with green coat, buff yellow breeches and hessian boots. His archer's plumed black hat rests at his feet. A campaign is underway in Wrexham to raise money to buy the painting which was displayed at the Wrexham Art Treasures and Industrial Exhibition of 1876. Apparently, the exhibition was the cultural highpoint of 19th century Wrexham, with paintings by Reynolds, Gainsborough and Lawrence. Legacy Before his death, Acton Park was the chief house of Wrexham. The house was rebuilt between 1687–95 and enlarged in 1786-7 when the Foster Cunliffes moved in. The park was created in the 1790s. His son, Sir Robert inherited the house and it was given to his grandson, also Sir Robert. An MP for Flint and then Denbigh, he died in 1905 and was the last of the family to own Acton Hall, which became known locally as Acton Park. By the 1920s descendants had sold the land piecemeal and the hall was demolished in 1954. References ^ Complete Baronetage ^ "Pant-yr-Ochain Gresford, Wrexham". brunningandprice.co.uk. 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. ^ War Office, A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen & Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-207-2. ^ Grant's Old and New Edinburgh vol.2 p.251 ^ Complete Baronetage Denbighshire Historical Society Translations (Volume 51) Pant yr Ochain Baronetage of Great Britain Preceded byRobert Cunliffe Baronet(of Liverpool) 1778–1834 Succeeded byRobert Henry Cunliffe
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society of British Bowmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_British_Bowmen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet (1755–1834) was the founder of the Royal Society of British Bowmen.","title":"Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Saighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saighton"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Acton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pant-yr-ochain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant-yr-ochain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresford"},{"link_name":"Charles Williams-Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Williams-Wynn_(1775%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"Hawarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawarden"},{"link_name":"Catherine Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Yeomanry Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Yeomanry_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Foster Cunliffe was the son of Sir Robert Cunliffe, 2nd Baronet and Mary Wright. He succeeded to his father’s baronetcy on the latter’s death in 1778.Sir Foster Cunliffe was uneasy about this because he seems to have concealed the origin of the fortune, omitting the word 'slavery' in a detailed history of his family's genealogy. His grandfather, Foster Cunliffe (1682–1758), made the money by becoming the main slave trader in Liverpool and mayor on three occasions. His son was MP for Liverpool in 1755–67.Sir Foster Cunliffe moved from Saighton, near Chester, to the Acton Park estate near Wrexham, Denbighshire, adding to the existing house, including adding the lavish Four Dogs gateway into the estate - all that remains of the original buildings to this day. He served as High Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1787.[1]He also enlarged and improved Pant-yr-ochain[2] once the main house in Gresford, now a well known gastro pub. The father of 11 bought the building as a home for two of his unmarried daughters, Charlotte & Emma, to take up residence. The sisters were known to hold great parties and to entertain the local gentry. These included Charles Williams-Wynn, their brother-in-law, and the Glynne family of Hawarden. Catherine Glynne married William Ewart Gladstone, who was Prime Minister no less than four times, and who was known to have ridden to the sisters' home in Gresford.In addition to his archery, Sir Foster Cunliffe commanded the part-time Wrexham Yeomanry Cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilmerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmerton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He married Harriet Kinloch of Gilmerton, a noted singer,[4] the daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 5th Baronet.[5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society of British Bowmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_British_Bowmen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Hall,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"John Hoppner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hoppner"}],"text":"One popular pursuit among the gentry was archery. In fact, Sir Foster Cunliffe and the Williams-Wynns were founders of the Society of British Bowmen, later the Royal Society of British Bowmen, which was formed at Acton Hall in 1787.A painting of Sir Foster Cunliffe by John Hoppner shows him standing full length in a wooded landscape, wearing an archer's uniform, with green coat, buff yellow breeches and hessian boots. His archer's plumed black hat rests at his feet. A campaign is underway in Wrexham to raise money to buy the painting which was displayed at the Wrexham Art Treasures and Industrial Exhibition of 1876. Apparently, the exhibition was the cultural highpoint of 19th century Wrexham, with paintings by Reynolds, Gainsborough and Lawrence.","title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh"}],"text":"Before his death, Acton Park was the chief house of Wrexham. The house was rebuilt between 1687–95 and enlarged in 1786-7 when the Foster Cunliffes moved in. The park was created in the 1790s. His son, Sir Robert inherited the house and it was given to his grandson, also Sir Robert. An MP for Flint and then Denbigh, he died in 1905 and was the last of the family to own Acton Hall, which became known locally as Acton Park. By the 1920s descendants had sold the land piecemeal and the hall was demolished in 1954.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao,_Estonia
Lao, Estonia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°14′55″N 24°06′17″E / 58.24861°N 24.10472°E / 58.24861; 24.10472Village in Estonia Village in Pärnu County, EstoniaLaoVillageMunalaiu harbour in winter.LaoLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 58°14′55″N 24°06′17″E / 58.24861°N 24.10472°E / 58.24861; 24.10472CountryEstoniaCountyPärnu CountyMunicipalityPärnu urban municipalityPopulation (01.01.2011) • Total31 Lao is a village in Pärnu urban municipality, Pärnu County, in southwestern Estonia. It is located on the top of the Tõstamaa peninsula, on the coast of the Gulf of Riga. Lao has a population of 31 as of 1 January 2011. Munalaiu harbour, which connects the islands Kihnu and Manilaid with the mainland, is located in Lao. References ^ a b "Külad" (in Estonian). Tõstamaa vald. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011. vteSettlements in Pärnu (urban municipality)Town Pärnu Boroughs Lavassaare Paikuse Small boroughs Audru Tõstamaa Villages Ahaste Alu Aruvälja Eassalu Ermistu Jõõpre Kabriste Kärbu Kastna Kavaru Kihlepa Kiraste Kõima Kõpu Lao Lemmetsa Liiva Lindi Liu Lõuka Malda Manija Männikuste Marksa Oara Papsaare Päraküla Peerni Põhara Põldeotsa Põlendmaa Pootsi Rammuka Ranniku Ridalepa Saari Saulepa Seliste Seljametsa Silla Soeva Soomra Tammuru Tõhela Tõlli Tuuraste Valgeranna Värati Vaskrääma This Pärnu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Battalion,_Ulster_Defence_Regiment
6th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment
["1 History","2 Companies","2.1 C Company and The Deanery","3 Loss of Catholics","3.1 Intimidation","4 Casualties","5 Notable personnel","6 Colours","7 See also","8 Bibliography","9 References"]
See also: Ulster Defence Regiment 6th (County Tyrone) Battalion, Ulster Defence RegimentUlster Defence regimental crestActive1971–1992Country United KingdomBranchBritish ArmyTypeInfantry battalionRoleInternal SecuritySize750Regimental HeadquartersLisburnMotto(s)"Quis Separabit" (Latin)"Who Shall Separate Us?"March(Quick) Garryowen & Sprig of Shillelagh. (Slow) Oft in the Stilly NightCommandersColonel CommandantFirst: General Sir John Anderson GBE, KCB, DSO. Last: General Sir Charles Huxtable, KCB, CBE, DLColonel of the RegimentColonel Sir Dennis Faulkner CBEMilitary unit The 6th (County Tyrone) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (6 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original battalions specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received Royal Assent on 18 December 1969 and was brought into force on 1 January 1970. It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the Royal Irish Regiment. History Lisanelly Barracks Along with the other six original battalions, 6 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April 1970. Around 75% (1,187) of the Tyrone members of the disbanded Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) applied to join 6 UDR, of which 419 were accepted. As a result, the battalion started life as the only battalion more or less up to strength and remained so during its history. The first training major (TISO) was Major GB Hill, MBE, King's Own Borderers, who was based in the Education Building at Lisanelly Barracks, Omagh. Part of his job was to find accommodation for the various companies of the new battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in British Army bases. The old USC platoon huts were vacant and available, but to have used those would have highlighted the continuity between the USC and the UDR. For a time an old caravan in the centre of Dungannon served as the local UDR post. Ten rifles and 200 rounds of ammunition were stored there. Companies C Company and The Deanery The Deanery was an 18th-century mansion in Clogher, County Tyrone. It had been the home of Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels and was one of fifteen old large houses taken over by the Ministry of Defence to house the UDR. After persuading the old lady who lived there to move to less spartan accommodation, £150,000 was spent on the property to turn it into a base for C Company. The house has now been demolished. Loss of Catholics Catholics soon began to leave the regiment in large numbers in response to the British Army's treatment of Catholic civilians, particularly after the implementation of the one-sided Operation Demetrius. Intimidation Protestant and Catholic soldiers were both intimidated out of the regiment. However, following the introduction of internment, more Catholic soldiers than Protestant found themselves the subject of pressure from within their own community, often amounting to intimidation and violence. In Clady, a soldier who had been in the regiment for only three weeks had his front door daubed with the words "Get out of the UDR or be shot – IRA". Two weeks later as he, his wife and their five children were asleep, a shotgun was fired at their home, shattering several windows. Casualties See also: Attacks on the Ulster Defence Regiment During the general mobilisation for Operation Demetrius a patrol from the battalion came under fire from the Provisional IRA near Clady, County Tyrone. Private Winston Donnell, age 22, one of four brothers serving in the regiment, was killed outright. He was the first UDR soldier to be killed. Sgt Kenneth Smyth Age 28, (B. Company), a former B Special, was killed on 10 December 1971 along with ex Pte Daniel McCormick (a Catholic), who had recently resigned from the Regiment. Sgt Smyth had survived a previous attempt to kill him. Private William Bogle, age 27, (B Company) was killed as he sat in his car with his wife and children on 5 December 1972. His killer was believed to be a former member of the same company, known for his strong republican views, who resigned from the UDR after just one year, and who moved to the Republic of Ireland after the shooting and never came back. Private Eva Martin, age 28 (C Company), was fatally wounded by rocket fragments on 3 May 1974 during a PIRA attack on 6 UDR's outlying base at the Deanery, Clogher. She was not only the first Greenfinch to be killed in action but the first female member of the security forces to die in the Troubles. Her husband, Lieutenant Martin was on duty with her when she was killed. On 13 July 1983, Ronald Alexander (19), John Roxborough (19), Oswald Neely (20) and Thomas Harron (25), all members of D Company, were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their mobile patrol on Ballymacilroy Hill, near Ballygawley. Notable personnel Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers Colours November 1991 – 6 UDR was presented with colours at St Lucia Barracks, Omagh, by The Duke of Abercorn. See also Ulster Defence Regiment List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment Bibliography A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0-85052-819-4 The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991 ISBN 0-413-64800-1 vteThe Troublesin Ireland1960s and 1970s Battle of the Bogside/1969 riots RTÉ bombing Battle of St Matthew's Falls Curfew Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers' killings Operation Demetrius Ballymurphy massacre Newry killings Red Lion Pub bombing McGurk's Bar bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Bloody Sunday Abercorn Restaurant bombing Donegall St bombing Battle at Springmartin Dungiven ambush Battle of Lenadoon Springhill massacre Bloody Friday Operation Motorman Claudy bombing Newry customs bombing Benny's Bar bombing Annie's Bar massacre Belturbet bombing Dublin bombings New Lodge Six shooting Coleraine bombings Rose & Crown Bar bombing Clogher barracks attack Dublin & Monaghan bombings Mountainview Tavern attack Bleary Darts Club shooting Strand Bar bombing Forkhill beer keg bomb Miami Showband killings Bayardo Bar attack Tullyvallen massacre October 1975 attacks Drummuckavall ambush Dublin Airport bombing Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks Central Bar bombing Reavey and O'Dowd killings Kingsmill massacre Castleblayney bombing Hillcrest Bar bombing Flagstaff Hill incident Charlemont pub attacks Store Bar shooting Chlorane Bar attack Ramble Inn attack Stag Inn attack Garryhinch ambush Jonesborough Gazelle shootdown La Mon restaurant bombing Warrenpoint ambush Dungannon land mine attack 1980s Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle attacks Altnaveigh landmine attack Glasdrumman ambush Divis Flats bombing Droppin Well bombing Ballygawley land mine attack Darkley killings Kesh ambush Strabane ambush Newry mortar attack Ballygawley barracks attack Birches barracks attack Clontibret invasion Loughgall ambush Remembrance Day bombing Milltown Cemetery attack Corporals killings Avenue Bar shooting Lisburn van bombing Aughanduff Lynx shootdown Ballygawley bus bombing Drumnakilly ambush Jonesborough ambush Derryard checkpoint attack 1990s Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown Downpatrick landmine attack Operation Conservation Armagh City roadside bombing Fort Victoria Proxy bombings Lough Neagh ambush Silverbridge Lynx shootdown Mullacreevie ambush Cappagh killings Craigavon mobile shop killings Glenanne barracks bombing Coagh ambush Musgrave Park Hospital bombing Craigavon Hyster killings Teebane bombing Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting Clonoe ambush Cloghoge checkpoint attack Coalisland riots South Armagh sniper campaign Forensic Lab bombing James Murray's bookmakers attack Castlerock killings Cullaville occupation Battle of Newry Road Shankill Road bombing Greysteel massacre Fivemiletown ambush Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown 1994 Shankill Road killings Loughinisland massacre Killeeshil ambush Drumcree conflict Thiepval barracks bombing Coalisland attack 1997 riots Quinn brothers' killings Banbridge bombing Omagh bombing See also: The Troubles in Britain & Europe, Assassinations during the Troubles, and Loyalist feud vteThe TroublesParticipantsState security forcesUnited Kingdom British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment Force Research Unit) Royal Ulster Constabulary (Ulster Special Constabulary) Ireland Defence Forces Garda Síochána Irish republican paramilitaries Provisional IRA Official IRA INLA Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity IRA Real IRA Republican Action Force Saor Éire Irish Revolutionary Brigade Vigilantes Direct Action Against Drugs Ulster loyalist paramilitaries Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force Ulster Protestant Volunteers Ulster Third Force Ulster Volunteer Service Corps Down Orange Welfare Protestant Action Force Woodvale Defence Association Vigilantes Ulster Protestant Action Ulster Service Corps Orange Volunteers Major events 1967–1972 Northern Ireland civil rights movement 1969 NI riots 1970 Falls Curfew 1971 Operation Demetrius McGurk's Bar bombing Balmoral showroom bombing 1972 Bloody Sunday Abercorn Restaurant bombing Beginning of direct rule Bloody Friday Operation Motorman Old Bailey bombing Sunningdale Agreement 1974 M62 coach bombing Ulster Workers' Council strike Dublin & Monaghan bombings Guildford pub bombings Birmingham pub bombings 1975 Miami Showband killings Bayardo Bar attack Tullyvallen massacre Balcombe Street siege 1976 Reavey and O'Dowd killings Kingsmill massacre 1978 La Mon restaurant bombing Jonesborough Gazelle downing 1979 Warrenpoint ambush 1981 Republican hunger strike 1982 Droppin Well bombing 1983 Maze Prison escape 1984 Brighton hotel bombing 1985 Newry mortar attack Anglo-Irish Agreement 1987 Loughgall ambush Remembrance Day bombing 1988 Start of peace process Operation Flavius Milltown Cemetery attack Corporals killings IRA attacks in the Netherlands Aughanduff Lynx shootdown Ballygawley bus bombing 1989 Deal barracks bombing Attack on Derryard checkpoint 1990–1997 South Armagh sniper campaign 1990 Augher Lynx shootdown Proxy bombings 1991 Downing Street mortar attack Cappagh killings 1992 Teebane bombing Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 1993 Warrington bombings Bishopsgate bombing Shankill Road bombing Greysteel massacre Downing Street Declaration 1994 Loughinisland massacre Crossmaglen Lynx downing Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC 1996 Docklands bombing Manchester bombing 1997 NI riots Second IRA ceasefire 1998 Good Friday Agreement Omagh bombing Political partiesIrish republican parties Sinn Féin Official Sinn Féin Republican Sinn Féin Irish Republican Socialist Party Communist Party of Ireland Irish Independence Party Republican Socialist Collective Unity Ulster loyalist parties Ulster Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party Progressive Unionist Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party UK Unionist Party Ulster Democratic Party Other parties Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labour Party Segregation (peace lines) Irish republicanism Irish nationalism Unionism Ulster loyalism United Ireland Free Derry Flags Murals Parades Punishment attacks Finances Special Category Status Shoot-to-kill policy HM Prison Maze Five techniques Category References ^ "No. 44996". The London Gazette. 29 December 1969. p. 129747. ^ Statutory Instrument, 1969 No. 1860 (C. 58), The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969 (Commencement) Order 1969 ^ The New Law Journal, Volume 120, Part 1 ^ Potter 2001, p. 29. ^ Potter p27 ^ Ryder p42 ^ a b c Ryder p71 ^ Potter p100 ^ Gardens (en), Parks and. "Clogher Deanery". parksandgardens.org. Retrieved 30 December 2018. ^ a b Potter p58 ^ Ryder p47 ^ CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1971, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 27 October 2015. ^ Killing of William Bogle Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, nivetsannex.com; accessed 27 October 2015. ^ Potter p. 117 ^ "In Memory of Private EVA MARTIN" (PDF). nivets.org.uk. Northern Ireland Veterans Association. Retrieved 2 January 2016. ^ Potter p127 ^ "Chronological list of deaths, 1983". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Royal Assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)"}],"text":"See also: Ulster Defence RegimentMilitary unitThe 6th (County Tyrone) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (6 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original battalions specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received Royal Assent on 18 December 1969[1] and was brought into force on 1 January 1970.[2][3] It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the Royal Irish Regiment.","title":"6th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HQ,_Lisanelly_Barracks,_Omagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1745140.jpg"},{"link_name":"operational duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty"},{"link_name":"Ulster Special Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"King's Own Borderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Border_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dungannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lisanelly BarracksAlong with the other six original battalions, 6 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April 1970. Around 75% (1,187) of the Tyrone members of the disbanded Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) applied to join 6 UDR, of which 419 were accepted. As a result, the battalion started life as the only battalion more or less up to strength and remained so during its history.[4]The first training major (TISO) was Major GB Hill, MBE, King's Own Borderers, who was based in the Education Building at Lisanelly Barracks, Omagh. Part of his job was to find accommodation for the various companies of the new battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in British Army bases. The old USC platoon huts were vacant and available, but to have used those would have highlighted the continuity between the USC and the UDR.[5]For a time an old caravan in the centre of Dungannon served as the local UDR post. Ten rifles and 200 rounds of ammunition were stored there.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Gulliver's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder_p71-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder_p71-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder_p71-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"C Company and The Deanery","text":"The Deanery was an 18th-century mansion in Clogher, County Tyrone. It had been the home of Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels[7] and was one of fifteen old large houses taken over by the Ministry of Defence to house the UDR.[7] After persuading the old lady who lived there to move to less spartan accommodation,[8] £150,000 was spent on the property to turn it into a base for C Company.[7] The house has now been demolished.[9]","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"}],"text":"Catholics soon began to leave the regiment in large numbers in response to the British Army's treatment of Catholic civilians, particularly after the implementation of the one-sided Operation Demetrius.","title":"Loss of Catholics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"},{"link_name":"Clady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clady,_County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Intimidation","text":"Protestant and Catholic soldiers were both intimidated out of the regiment.[10] However, following the introduction of internment, more Catholic soldiers than Protestant found themselves the subject of pressure from within their own community, often amounting to intimidation and violence.[10] In Clady, a soldier who had been in the regiment for only three weeks had his front door daubed with the words \"Get out of the UDR or be shot – IRA\". Two weeks later as he, his wife and their five children were asleep, a shotgun was fired at their home, shattering several windows.[11]","title":"Loss of Catholics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attacks on the Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Operation Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"Clady, County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clady,_County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"B Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Ballygawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygawley,_County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: Attacks on the Ulster Defence RegimentDuring the general mobilisation for Operation Demetrius a patrol from the battalion came under fire from the Provisional IRA near Clady, County Tyrone. Private Winston Donnell, age 22, one of four brothers serving in the regiment, was killed outright. He was the first UDR soldier to be killed.[12]Sgt Kenneth Smyth Age 28, (B. Company), a former B Special, was killed on 10 December 1971 along with ex Pte Daniel McCormick (a Catholic), who had recently resigned from the Regiment. Sgt Smyth had survived a previous attempt to kill him.Private William Bogle, age 27, (B Company) was killed as he sat in his car with his wife and children on 5 December 1972. His killer was believed to be a former member of the same company, known for his strong republican views, who resigned from the UDR after just one year, and who moved to the Republic of Ireland after the shooting and never came back.[13]Private Eva Martin, age 28 (C Company), was fatally wounded by rocket fragments on 3 May 1974 during a PIRA attack on 6 UDR's outlying base at the Deanery, Clogher. She was not only the first Greenfinch to be killed in action but the first female member of the security forces to die in the Troubles.[14][15] Her husband, Lieutenant Martin was on duty with her when she was killed.[16]On 13 July 1983, Ronald Alexander (19), John Roxborough (19), Oswald Neely (20) and Thomas Harron (25), all members of D Company, were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their mobile patrol on Ballymacilroy Hill, near Ballygawley.[17]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ulster_Defence_Regiment_soldiers"},{"link_name":"Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ulster_Defence_Regiment_officers"}],"text":"Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers\nCategory:Ulster Defence Regiment officers","title":"Notable personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons#Line_infantry_and_foot_guards"},{"link_name":"St Lucia Barracks, Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lucia_Barracks,_Omagh"},{"link_name":"The Duke of Abercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_5th_Duke_of_Abercorn"}],"text":"November 1991 – 6 UDR was presented with colours at St Lucia Barracks, Omagh, by The Duke of Abercorn.","title":"Colours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pen & Sword Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85052-819-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-819-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-413-64800-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-64800-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bogside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside"},{"link_name":"1969 riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots"},{"link_name":"RTÉ bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing"},{"link_name":"Battle of St Matthew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s"},{"link_name":"Falls Curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Curfew"},{"link_name":"Crossmaglen bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing"},{"link_name":"Scottish soldiers' killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings"},{"link_name":"Operation Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre"},{"link_name":"Newry killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Newry_killings"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Pub bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing"},{"link_name":"McGurk's Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Balmoral showroom bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Abercorn Restaurant bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing"},{"link_name":"Donegall St bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing"},{"link_name":"Battle at Springmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin"},{"link_name":"Dungiven ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungiven_landmine_and_gun_attack"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lenadoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon"},{"link_name":"Springhill massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springhill_massacre"},{"link_name":"Bloody Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Operation Motorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Motorman"},{"link_name":"Claudy bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudy_bombing"},{"link_name":"Newry customs bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing"},{"link_name":"Benny's Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny%27s_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Annie's Bar massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Hill_bar_shooting"},{"link_name":"Belturbet bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belturbet_bombing"},{"link_name":"Dublin bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings"},{"link_name":"New Lodge Six shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lodge_Six_shooting"},{"link_name":"Coleraine bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings"},{"link_name":"Rose & Crown Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_%26_Crown_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Clogher barracks attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks"},{"link_name":"Dublin & Monaghan bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings"},{"link_name":"Mountainview Tavern attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack"},{"link_name":"Bleary Darts Club shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleary_Darts_Club_shooting"},{"link_name":"Strand Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Forkhill beer keg bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkhill_beer_keg_bombing"},{"link_name":"Miami Showband killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings"},{"link_name":"Bayardo Bar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack"},{"link_name":"Tullyvallen massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre"},{"link_name":"October 1975 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1975_Northern_Ireland_attacks"},{"link_name":"Drummuckavall ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush"},{"link_name":"Dublin Airport bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing"},{"link_name":"Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnelly%27s_Bar_and_Kay%27s_Tavern_attacks"},{"link_name":"Central Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Reavey and O'Dowd killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings"},{"link_name":"Kingsmill massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre"},{"link_name":"Castleblayney bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleblayney_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hillcrest Bar 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killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporals_killings"},{"link_name":"Avenue Bar shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Bar_shooting"},{"link_name":"Lisburn van bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing"},{"link_name":"Aughanduff Lynx shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Ballygawley bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Drumnakilly ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_at_Drumnakilly"},{"link_name":"Jonesborough ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush"},{"link_name":"Derryard checkpoint attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Downpatrick landmine 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massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greysteel_massacre"},{"link_name":"Fivemiletown ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush"},{"link_name":"Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown"},{"link_name":"1994 Shankill Road killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_killings"},{"link_name":"Loughinisland massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre"},{"link_name":"Killeeshil ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeeshil_ambush"},{"link_name":"Drumcree conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcree_conflict"},{"link_name":"Thiepval barracks bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing"},{"link_name":"Coalisland attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack"},{"link_name":"1997 riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots"},{"link_name":"Quinn brothers' killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings"},{"link_name":"Banbridge bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Banbridge_bombing"},{"link_name":"Omagh bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh_bombing"},{"link_name":"The Troubles in Britain & Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_Europe"},{"link_name":"Assassinations during the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Loyalist feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_feud"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Force Research Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Research_Unit"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Ulster Special Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Irish republican paramilitaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Republicanism_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Provisional IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Official IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"INLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish People's Liberation Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Continuity IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Real IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Republican Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Saor Éire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%9375)"},{"link_name":"Irish Revolutionary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare#Kidnapping_and_second_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"Direct Action Against Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalist paramilitaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"Red Hand Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando"},{"link_name":"Ulster Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Loyalist Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestant Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Ulster Third Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Force_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Down Orange Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Orange_Welfare"},{"link_name":"Protestant Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Woodvale Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodvale_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"Ulster Protestant Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Action"},{"link_name":"Ulster Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Orange Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Volunteers_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Major events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"NI riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots"},{"link_name":"Falls Curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Curfew"},{"link_name":"Operation Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"McGurk's Bar bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Balmoral showroom bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Abercorn Restaurant bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing"},{"link_name":"Beginning of direct rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Bloody Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)"},{"link_name":"Operation Motorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Motorman"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sunningdale Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement"},{"link_name":"M62 coach bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_coach_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ulster Workers' Council strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike"},{"link_name":"Dublin & Monaghan bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings"},{"link_name":"Guildford pub bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings"},{"link_name":"Birmingham pub bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings"},{"link_name":"Miami Showband killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings"},{"link_name":"Bayardo Bar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack"},{"link_name":"Tullyvallen massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre"},{"link_name":"Balcombe Street siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege"},{"link_name":"Reavey and O'Dowd killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings"},{"link_name":"Kingsmill massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre"},{"link_name":"La Mon restaurant bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jonesborough Gazelle downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing"},{"link_name":"Warrenpoint ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush"},{"link_name":"Republican hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Droppin Well bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing"},{"link_name":"Maze Prison escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape"},{"link_name":"Brighton hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Newry mortar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Loughgall ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgall_ambush"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing"},{"link_name":"Start of peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process"},{"link_name":"Operation Flavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flavius"},{"link_name":"Milltown Cemetery attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack"},{"link_name":"Corporals killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporals_killings"},{"link_name":"IRA attacks in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Aughanduff Lynx shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Ballygawley bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Deal barracks bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing"},{"link_name":"Attack on Derryard checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"South Armagh sniper campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)"},{"link_name":"Augher Lynx shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Proxy bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings"},{"link_name":"Downing Street mortar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack"},{"link_name":"Cappagh killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings"},{"link_name":"Teebane bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teebane_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Falls_Road_Office_shooting"},{"link_name":"Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting"},{"link_name":"Warrington bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_bombings"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing"},{"link_name":"Shankill Road bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing"},{"link_name":"Greysteel massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greysteel_massacre"},{"link_name":"Downing Street Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Loughinisland massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre"},{"link_name":"Crossmaglen Lynx downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles#First_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"Docklands bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing"},{"link_name":"Manchester bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing"},{"link_name":"NI riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots"},{"link_name":"Second IRA ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles#Second_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Omagh bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omagh_bombing"},{"link_name":"Irish republican parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Political_parties"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Official Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Republican Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Independence Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican Socialist Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalist parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Political_parties"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Progressive Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"UK Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Ulster Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Alliance Party of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic and Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"peace lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_lines"},{"link_name":"Irish republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"Irish nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"United Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Free Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Derry"},{"link_name":"Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue"},{"link_name":"Murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Punishment attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Finances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Special Category Status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Category_Status"},{"link_name":"Shoot-to-kill policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze"},{"link_name":"Five techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_techniques"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)"}],"text":"A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0-85052-819-4\nThe Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991 ISBN 0-413-64800-1vteThe Troublesin Ireland1960s and 1970s\nBattle of the Bogside/1969 riots\nRTÉ bombing\nBattle of St Matthew's\nFalls Curfew\nCrossmaglen bombing\nScottish soldiers' killings\nOperation Demetrius\nBallymurphy massacre\nNewry killings\nRed Lion Pub bombing\nMcGurk's Bar bombing\nBalmoral showroom bombing\nBloody Sunday\nAbercorn Restaurant bombing\nDonegall St bombing\nBattle at Springmartin\nDungiven ambush\nBattle of Lenadoon\nSpringhill massacre\nBloody Friday\nOperation Motorman\nClaudy bombing\nNewry customs bombing\nBenny's Bar bombing\nAnnie's Bar massacre\nBelturbet bombing\nDublin bombings\nNew Lodge Six shooting\nColeraine bombings\nRose & Crown Bar bombing\nClogher barracks attack\nDublin & Monaghan bombings\nMountainview Tavern attack\nBleary Darts Club shooting\nStrand Bar bombing\nForkhill beer keg bomb\nMiami Showband killings\nBayardo Bar attack\nTullyvallen massacre\nOctober 1975 attacks\nDrummuckavall ambush\nDublin Airport bombing\nDundalk & Silverbridge attacks\nCentral Bar bombing\nReavey and O'Dowd killings\nKingsmill massacre\nCastleblayney bombing\nHillcrest Bar bombing\nFlagstaff Hill incident\nCharlemont pub attacks\nStore Bar shooting\nChlorane Bar attack\nRamble Inn attack\nStag Inn attack\nGarryhinch ambush\nJonesborough Gazelle shootdown\nLa Mon restaurant bombing\nWarrenpoint ambush\nDungannon land mine attack\n\n1980s\n\nDunmurry train bombing\nLough Foyle attacks\nAltnaveigh landmine attack\nGlasdrumman ambush\nDivis Flats bombing\nDroppin Well bombing\nBallygawley land mine attack\nDarkley killings\nKesh ambush\nStrabane ambush\nNewry mortar attack\nBallygawley barracks attack\nBirches barracks attack\nClontibret invasion\nLoughgall ambush\nRemembrance Day bombing\nMilltown Cemetery attack\nCorporals killings\nAvenue Bar shooting\nLisburn van bombing\nAughanduff Lynx shootdown\nBallygawley bus bombing\nDrumnakilly ambush\nJonesborough ambush\nDerryard checkpoint attack\n\n1990s\n\nDerrygorry Gazelle shootdown\nDownpatrick landmine attack\nOperation Conservation\nArmagh City roadside bombing\nFort Victoria\nProxy bombings\nLough Neagh ambush\nSilverbridge Lynx shootdown\nMullacreevie ambush\nCappagh killings\nCraigavon mobile shop killings\nGlenanne barracks bombing\nCoagh ambush\nMusgrave Park Hospital bombing\nCraigavon Hyster killings\nTeebane bombing\n Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting\nSean Graham bookmakers' shooting\nClonoe ambush\nCloghoge checkpoint attack\nCoalisland riots\nSouth Armagh sniper campaign\nForensic Lab bombing\nJames Murray's bookmakers attack\nCastlerock killings\nCullaville occupation\nBattle of Newry Road\nShankill Road bombing\nGreysteel massacre\nFivemiletown ambush\nCrossmaglen Lynx shootdown\n1994 Shankill Road killings\nLoughinisland massacre\nKilleeshil ambush\nDrumcree conflict\nThiepval barracks bombing\nCoalisland attack\n1997 riots\nQuinn brothers' killings\nBanbridge bombing\nOmagh bombing\n\nSee also: The Troubles in Britain & Europe, Assassinations during the Troubles, and Loyalist feudvteThe TroublesParticipantsState security forcesUnited Kingdom\nBritish Army (Ulster Defence Regiment\nForce Research Unit)\nRoyal Ulster Constabulary (Ulster Special Constabulary)\nIreland\nDefence Forces\nGarda Síochána\nIrish republican paramilitaries\nProvisional IRA\nOfficial IRA\nINLA\nIrish People's Liberation Organisation\nContinuity IRA\nReal IRA\nRepublican Action Force\nSaor Éire\nIrish Revolutionary Brigade\n Vigilantes\nDirect Action Against Drugs\n\nUlster loyalist paramilitaries\nUlster Volunteer Force\nUlster Defence Association\nRed Hand Commando\nUlster Resistance\nLoyalist Volunteer Force\nUlster Protestant Volunteers\nUlster Third Force\nUlster Volunteer Service Corps\nDown Orange Welfare\nProtestant Action Force\nWoodvale Defence Association\n Vigilantes\nUlster Protestant Action\nUlster Service Corps\nOrange Volunteers\n\nMajor events\n1967–1972\nNorthern Ireland civil rights movement\n1969\nNI riots\n1970\nFalls Curfew\n1971\nOperation Demetrius\nMcGurk's Bar bombing\nBalmoral showroom bombing\n1972\nBloody Sunday\nAbercorn Restaurant bombing\nBeginning of direct rule\nBloody Friday\nOperation Motorman\nOld Bailey bombing\nSunningdale Agreement\n1974\nM62 coach bombing\nUlster Workers' Council strike\nDublin & Monaghan bombings\nGuildford pub bombings\nBirmingham pub bombings\n1975\nMiami Showband killings\nBayardo Bar attack\nTullyvallen massacre\nBalcombe Street siege\n1976\nReavey and O'Dowd killings\nKingsmill massacre\n1978\nLa Mon restaurant bombing\nJonesborough Gazelle downing\n1979\nWarrenpoint ambush\n1981\nRepublican hunger strike\n1982\nDroppin Well bombing\n1983\nMaze Prison escape\n1984\nBrighton hotel bombing\n1985\nNewry mortar attack\nAnglo-Irish Agreement\n1987\nLoughgall ambush\nRemembrance Day bombing\n1988\nStart of peace process\nOperation Flavius\nMilltown Cemetery attack\nCorporals killings\nIRA attacks in the Netherlands\nAughanduff Lynx shootdown\nBallygawley bus bombing\n1989\nDeal barracks bombing\nAttack on Derryard checkpoint\n1990–1997\nSouth Armagh sniper campaign\n1990\nAugher Lynx shootdown\nProxy bombings\n1991\nDowning Street mortar attack\nCappagh killings\n1992\nTeebane bombing\n Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting \nSean Graham bookmakers' shooting\n1993\nWarrington bombings\nBishopsgate bombing\nShankill Road bombing\nGreysteel massacre\nDowning Street Declaration\n1994\nLoughinisland massacre\nCrossmaglen Lynx downing\nCeasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC\n1996\nDocklands bombing\nManchester bombing\n1997\nNI riots\nSecond IRA ceasefire\n1998\nGood Friday Agreement\nOmagh bombing\nPolitical partiesIrish republican parties\nSinn Féin\nOfficial Sinn Féin\nRepublican Sinn Féin\nIrish Republican Socialist Party\nCommunist Party of Ireland\nIrish Independence Party\nRepublican Socialist Collective\nUnity\nUlster loyalist parties\nUlster Unionist Party\nDemocratic Unionist Party\nProgressive Unionist Party\nVanguard Unionist Progressive Party\nUK Unionist Party\nUlster Democratic Party\nOther parties\nAlliance Party of Northern Ireland\nSocial Democratic and Labour Party\n\nSegregation (peace lines)\nIrish republicanism\nIrish nationalism\nUnionism\nUlster loyalism\nUnited Ireland\nFree Derry\nFlags\nMurals\nParades\nPunishment attacks\nFinances\nSpecial Category Status\nShoot-to-kill policy\nHM Prison Maze\nFive techniques\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Lisanelly Barracks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HQ%2C_Lisanelly_Barracks%2C_Omagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1745140.jpg/100px-HQ%2C_Lisanelly_Barracks%2C_Omagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1745140.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"title":"List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battalions_and_locations_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Regiment"}]
[{"reference":"\"No. 44996\". The London Gazette. 29 December 1969. p. 129747.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44996/page/129747","url_text":"\"No. 44996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Gardens (en), Parks and. \"Clogher Deanery\". parksandgardens.org. Retrieved 30 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/clogher-deanery","url_text":"\"Clogher Deanery\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memory of Private EVA MARTIN\" (PDF). nivets.org.uk. Northern Ireland Veterans Association. Retrieved 2 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nivets.org.uk/ROH/certs/M0703.pdf","url_text":"\"In Memory of Private EVA MARTIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronological list of deaths, 1983\". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1983.html","url_text":"\"Chronological list of deaths, 1983\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724220128/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1983.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44996/page/129747","external_links_name":"\"No. 44996\""},{"Link":"https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/clogher-deanery","external_links_name":"\"Clogher Deanery\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch71.htm","external_links_name":"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1971"},{"Link":"http://www.nivetsannex.com/ROH/certs/M0112.pdf","external_links_name":"Killing of William Bogle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002611/http://www.nivetsannex.com/ROH/certs/M0112.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nivets.org.uk/ROH/certs/M0703.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of Private EVA MARTIN\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1983.html","external_links_name":"\"Chronological list of deaths, 1983\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724220128/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1983.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Georgia
Winfield, Georgia
["1 History","2 References"]
Community in the state of Georgia Unincorporated community in Georgia, United StatesWinfield, GeorgiaUnincorporated communityWinfieldShow map of GeorgiaWinfieldShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°36′22″N 82°23′48″W / 33.60611°N 82.39667°W / 33.60611; -82.39667CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyColumbiaElevation497 ft (151 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code(s)706 & 762GNIS ID326596 Winfield is an unincorporated community in Columbia County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. History A post office called Winfield was established in 1851, and remained in operation until 1918. It is unclear why the name "Winfield" was applied to this community. A variant name is "Sharon Church". Near Winfield stands Woodville, an antebellum plantation mansion which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. References ^ a b c "Winfield". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved June 30, 2019. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 255. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. ^ "Columbia County". nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved June 30, 2019. vteMunicipalities and communities of Columbia County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: ApplingCities Grovetown Harlem Map of Georgia highlighting Columbia CountyCDPs Appling Evans Martinez Unincorporatedcommunities Berzelia Kiokee Sawdust Snead Winfield Georgia portal United States portal This Columbia County, Georgia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Columbia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Community in the state of GeorgiaUnincorporated community in Georgia, United StatesWinfield is an unincorporated community in Columbia County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.[1]","title":"Winfield, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville_(Winfield,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A post office called Winfield was established in 1851, and remained in operation until 1918.[2] It is unclear why the name \"Winfield\" was applied to this community.[3] A variant name is \"Sharon Church\".[1]Near Winfield stands Woodville, an antebellum plantation mansion which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.[4]","title":"History"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_College,_Kokrajhar
Science College, Kokrajhar
["1 Departments","1.1 Science","2 References","3 External links"]
Science College, KokrajharTypePublicEstablished1995PrincipalDr. R.N. SinhaLocationKokrajhar, Assam, IndiaAffiliationsBodoland UniversityWebsitewww.sciencecollege.ac.in Science College, Kokrajhar, established in 1995, is a general degree science college situated in Kokrajhar, Assam. This college is affiliated with the Gauhati University. Departments Science Physics Mathematics Chemistry Computer Science Botany Zoology Physiotherapy I.T References ^ "Affiliated College of Gauhati University". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. External links "Science College, Kokrajhar". sciencecollege.ac.in. Retrieved 31 August 2017. vteColleges affiliated to Gauhati UniversityColleges in Baksa district Bagadhar Brahma Kishan College Barama College Goreswar College Gyanpeeth Degree College Mushalpur College Salbari College Thamna Anchalik Degree College Colleges in Barpeta district Bhawanipur Hastinapur Bijni College Bajali College Baosi Banikanta Kakoti College Bapujee College, Sarukshetri Barnagar College Barpeta B.T. College Barpeta Bongaigaon College Barpeta Girls' College Barpeta Road Howli College Bhawanipur Anchalik College G.L. Choudhury College Harendra Citra College Janapriya College Kayakuchi College Luitparia College M.C. College Madhya Kamrup College Mandia Anchalik College Milanjyoti College Nabajyoti College Navasakti College Nirmal Haloi College North Kamrup College Srimanta Sankar Madhab Mahavidyalay Uttar Barpeta College Colleges in Bongaigaon district Abhayapuri College Bongaigaon College Birjhora Mahavidyalaya Birjhora Kanya Mahavidyalaya Bongaigaon Law College C.K. College Indira Gandhi College Manikpur Anchalik College R.G. Memorial College Colleges in Chirang district Basugaon College Bengtol College Bijni College U.N. Brahma College Colleges in Darrang district Darrang College Deomornoi Degree College Duni Degree College Kharupetia College Mangaldai College Mangaldai Commerce College Mangaldai Law College Sipajhar College Colleges in Dhubri district Mankachar College Hatsingimari College South Salmara College Bholanath College Ratnapeeth College Alamganj Rangamati College Chilarai College Dhubri Law College Dhubri P.G.T.T. College Sapatgram College Pramathesh Barua College Hamidabad College, Satsia Progati College Halakura College Dharamsala College Bilasipara College Dhubri Girls College Colleges in Goalpara district Agia College Bikali College Dalgoma Anchalik College Dudhnoi College Goalpara College Goalpara Law College Govt. B.T. College Habraghat Mahaviyalaya Jaleswar College Lakhipur College Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya West Goalpara College Colleges in Kamrup district Arya Vidyapeeth College B. Borooah College Bimala Prasad Chaliha College Dakshin Kamrup College Dimoria College Guwahati College Gauhati Commerce College Icon Commerce College Jawaharlal Nehru College, Boko Pragjyotish College Lalit Chandra Bharali College North Gauhati College Pub Kamrup College Sualkuchi Budram Madhab Satradhikar College Handique Girls College Pandu College Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya Rangia College Radha Govinda Baruah College Saraighat College This article about a university or college in Assam, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Affiliated College of Gauhati University\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080313/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php","url_text":"\"Affiliated College of Gauhati University\""},{"url":"http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Science College, Kokrajhar\". sciencecollege.ac.in. Retrieved 31 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencecollege.ac.in/index.html","url_text":"\"Science College, Kokrajhar\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove,_Utah
Cove, Utah
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°57′33″N 111°47′34″W / 41.95917°N 111.79278°W / 41.95917; -111.79278 Census-designated place in Utah, United StatesCove, UtahCensus-designated placeLocation in Cache County and the state of UtahCoordinates: 41°57′33″N 111°47′34″W / 41.95917°N 111.79278°W / 41.95917; -111.79278CountryUnited StatesStateUtahCountyCacheSettled1863Founded byGoudy HoganArea • Total14.6 sq mi (37.8 km2) • Land14.6 sq mi (37.8 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation4,557 ft (1,389 m)Population (2010) • Total460 • Density32/sq mi (12.2/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP code84320Area code435FIPS code49-16490GNIS feature ID1440063 Cove is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 460 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.8 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2000443—20104603.8% At the 2000 census there were 433 people, 116 households, and 103 families in the CDP. The population density was 29.5 inhabitants per square mile (11.4/km2). There were 123 housing units at an average density of 8.2/sq mi (3.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.33% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 3.39% from other races, and 3.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.39%. Of the 116 households 57.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 85.3% were married couples living together, 0.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.2% were non-families. 10.3% of households were one person and 7.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.82 and the average family size was 4.15. The age distribution was 43.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% 65 or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median household income was $50,667 and the median family income was $51,083. Males had a median income of $43,000 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,316. About 9.5% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. See also Utah portal List of census-designated places in Utah References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cove ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Cove CDP, Utah". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2015. External links Media related to Cove, Utah at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities and communities of Cache County, Utah, United StatesCounty seat: LoganCities Hyde Park Hyrum Lewiston Logan Mendon Millville Nibley North Logan Providence Richmond River Heights Smithfield Wellsville Map of Utah highlighting Cache CountyTowns Amalga Clarkston Cornish Newton Paradise Trenton CDPs Avon Benson Cache Cove Peter Unincorporatedcommunity College Ward Ghost town La Plata Utah portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Cache County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_County,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Logan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Utah, United StatesCove is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 460 at the 2010 census.[3] It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Cove, Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.8 km2), all land.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the 2000 census there were 433 people, 116 households, and 103 families in the CDP. The population density was 29.5 inhabitants per square mile (11.4/km2). There were 123 housing units at an average density of 8.2/sq mi (3.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.33% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 3.39% from other races, and 3.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.39%.[2]Of the 116 households 57.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 85.3% were married couples living together, 0.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.2% were non-families. 10.3% of households were one person and 7.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.82 and the average family size was 4.15.The age distribution was 43.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% 65 or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.The median household income was $50,667 and the median family income was $51,083. Males had a median income of $43,000 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,316. About 9.5% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchtown,_Pennsylvania
Churchtown, Pennsylvania
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 40°7′59″N 75°57′53″W / 40.13306°N 75.96472°W / 40.13306; -75.96472Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesChurchtown, PennsylvaniaCensus-designated placeBangor Episcopal ChurchChurchtownLocation in PennsylvaniaShow map of PennsylvaniaChurchtownLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°7′59″N 75°57′53″W / 40.13306°N 75.96472°W / 40.13306; -75.96472CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyLancasterTownshipCaernarvonArea • Total1.90 sq mi (4.92 km2) • Land1.89 sq mi (4.88 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2)Elevation564 ft (172 m)Population (2020) • Total417 • Density221.22/sq mi (85.43/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code17555Area code717FIPS code42-13632GNIS feature ID1171873 Churchtown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, along Pennsylvania Route 23. The population was 470 as of the 2010 census. History The first settlers of the oldest Amish settlement still in existence, the Lancaster Amish settlement, settled near Churchtown. The Bangor Episcopal Church, Caernarvon Presbyterian Church and Edward Davies House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Geography Churchtown is in eastern Lancaster County, in the center of Caernarvon Township. Pennsylvania Route 23 is the community's Main Street, leading east 4 miles (6 km) to Morgantown and west 20 miles (32 km) to Lancaster, the county seat. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Churchtown CDP has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2), of which 0.02 square miles (0.04 km2), or 0.71%, are water. The community sits on a ridge draining south to the Conestoga River, a west-flowing tributary of the Susquehanna River. Caernarvon Presbyterian Church Edward Davies House Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020417—U.S. Decennial Census References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Oct 12, 2022. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Churchtown, Pennsylvania ^ "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Churchtown CDP, Pennsylvania". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2020. ^ "6 Takeaways from Our Conversation with Don Kraybill" at lancasteronline.com. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Places: Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2020. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: LancasterCity Lancaster Boroughs Adamstown‡ Akron Christiana Columbia Denver East Petersburg Elizabethtown Ephrata Lititz Manheim Marietta Millersville Mount Joy Mountville New Holland Quarryville Strasburg Terre Hill Townships Bart Brecknock Caernarvon Clay Colerain Conestoga Conoy Drumore Earl East Cocalico East Donegal East Drumore East Earl East Hempfield East Lampeter Eden Elizabeth Ephrata Fulton Lancaster Leacock Little Britain Manheim Manor Martic Mount Joy Paradise Penn Pequea Providence Rapho Sadsbury Salisbury Strasburg Upper Leacock Warwick West Cocalico West Donegal West Earl West Hempfield West Lampeter CDPs Bainbridge Bird-in-Hand Blue Ball Bowmansville Brickerville Brownstown Churchtown Clay Conestoga East Earl Falmouth Farmersville Fivepointville Gap Georgetown Goodville Gordonville Hopeland Intercourse Kirkwood Lampeter Landisville Leola Little Britain Maytown Morgantown‡ Paradise Penryn Reamstown Refton Reinholds Rheems Ronks Rothsville Salunga Schoeneck Smoketown Soudersburg Stevens Swartzville Wakefield Washington Boro Willow Street Witmer Unincorporatedcommunities Andrews Bridge Bartville Bausman Beartown Bellemont Bethesda Blainsport Buck Cains Central Manor Chickies Cocalico Conewago Creswell Dillerville Drumore Elm Fertility Florin Hempfield Hinkletown Holtwood Hunsecker Kinzers Kirks Mills Kissel Hill Leaman Place Lyndon Martic Forge Marticville Martindale Mastersonville Mechanics Grove Narvon New Danville New Milltown New Providence Neffsville Nickel Mines Ninepoints Oregon Peach Bottom Pequea Rawlinsville Safe Harbor Silver Spring Spring Garden Talmage West Willow White Horse Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Caernarvon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarvon_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lancaster County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesChurchtown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, along Pennsylvania Route 23. The population was 470 as of the 2010 census.[4]","title":"Churchtown, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaster Amish settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bangor Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Caernarvon Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caernarvon_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Davies House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Davies_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"}],"text":"The first settlers of the oldest Amish settlement still in existence, the Lancaster Amish settlement, settled near Churchtown.[5]The Bangor Episcopal Church, Caernarvon Presbyterian Church and Edward Davies House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2019-7"},{"link_name":"Conestoga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conestoga_River"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAERNARVON_PRESBYTERIAN_CHURCH,_LANCASTER_COUNTY,_PA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchtown_Inn_LanCo_PA.JPG"}],"text":"Churchtown is in eastern Lancaster County, in the center of Caernarvon Township. Pennsylvania Route 23 is the community's Main Street, leading east 4 miles (6 km) to Morgantown and west 20 miles (32 km) to Lancaster, the county seat.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Churchtown CDP has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2), of which 0.02 square miles (0.04 km2), or 0.71%, are water.[7] The community sits on a ridge draining south to the Conestoga River, a west-flowing tributary of the Susquehanna River.Caernarvon Presbyterian Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdward Davies House","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_1st_Earl_of_Stair
John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair
["1 Life","2 Career","3 Massacre of Glencoe","4 Treaty of Union 1707","5 Legacy","6 References","7 Sources"]
Scottish politician and lawyer (1648–1707) The Right HonourableThe Earl of StairPCJohn Dalrymple, 1st Earl of StairJoint Secretary of State in Scotland with (1) Earl of Melville and (2) James JohnstonIn office10 January 1691 – July 1695MonarchMary II & William II & IIIPreceded byEarl of MelvilleSucceeded byJames JohnstonLord AdvocateIn office1689–1692MonarchMary II & William II & IIIPreceded byGeorge MackenzieSucceeded bySir James StewartMP for Stranraer, Parliament of ScotlandIn officeMarch 1689 – June 1702MonarchsMary II & William II & III Queen AnneLord Justice ClerkIn office1688–1690MonarchsKing James VII & II Mary II & William II & IIIPreceded byJames Foulis, Lord ColintonSucceeded bySir George CampbellLord AdvocateIn office1687–1688MonarchKing James VII & IIPreceded byGeorge MackenzieSucceeded byGeorge Mackenzie Personal detailsBorn10 November 1648Stair House, Kyle, AyrshireScotlandDied8 January 1707(1707-01-08) (aged 58)EdinburghResting placeKirkliston, LinlithgowshireSpouseElizabeth Dundas (c.1654–1731)ChildrenJohn Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (1673-1747) William (1678-1744) George (1680-1745) Lady Margaret Dalrymple (1684-1779) Six others died youngParent(s)James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair Margaret Kennedy nee Ross John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair PC (10 November 1648 – 8 January 1707) was a Scottish politician and lawyer. As Joint Secretary of State in Scotland 1691–1695, he played a key role in suppressing the Jacobite rising of 1689 and was forced to resign in 1695 for his part in the Massacre of Glencoe. Restored to favour under Queen Anne in 1702 and made Earl of Stair in 1703, he was closely involved in negotiations over the 1707 Acts of Union that created the Kingdom of Great Britain but died on 8 January 1707, several months before the Act became law. Life Stair House, birthplace of John Dalrymple John Dalrymple was born in 1648, at Stair House near Kyle, Ayrshire, eldest son of James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair and Margaret Ross-Kennedy. His father James was a prominent lawyer and one of the few Scots involved in the 1650 Treaty of Breda who retained the favour of Charles II after the 1660 Restoration. In January 1669, John married Elizabeth Dundas (died 25 May 1731), daughter of Sir John Dundas of Newliston and Agnes Gray; they had ten children in all, four of whom reached adulthood: John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (1673-1747), Lady Margaret Dalrymple (died 1777), who in 1700 married Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun, William (1678-1744), and George (1680-1745). Career James Dalrymple was author of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland, first published in 1681 but in circulation since the 1660s and generally accepted as 'the foundation of modern Scots law.' With this background, John followed his father into a legal career, as did three of his four brothers and qualified as an Advocate in February 1672. During the 1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Royalists and Covenanters both agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but disagreed on the nature and extent of Royal authority versus that of the church. Determined to avoid a repeat of the collapse of political authority that had accompanied Covenanter rule, the Royalist view that the Crown was the supreme arbitrator and source of authority became dominant. This meant opposition to the King's authority, legal or otherwise, now became a political act. In 1681, the future James VII & II was sent to Edinburgh as Lord High Commissioner and in August, the Scottish Parliament passed the Succession Act. This confirmed the divine right of kings, the rights of the natural heir 'regardless of religion,' the duty of all to swear allegiance to the King and the independence of the Scottish Crown. The Scottish Test Act passed at the same time required all public officials and MPs to swear 'to uphold the true Protestant religion' but also to acknowledge the supremacy of Royal authority in all religious matters. A number of prominent Scots Presbyterians including James Dalrymple and the Earl of Argyll refused to take the Test Act, since it exempted members of the Royal Family from making the same commitment and obliged everyone else to accept the King's authority, which caused an obvious problem with the Catholic James. Argyll was put on trial for treason with John Dalrymple as one of his lawyers; he was found guilty and sentenced to death but escaped to the Netherlands. In January 1682, James Dalrymple also went into exile in Holland; John Graham or Claverhouse who was the military commander in charge of suppressing Presbyterian conventicles in South-West Scotland, quartered his troops on John Dalrymple's property and imposed fines on his tenants. His objections led to Dalrymple's arrest and imprisonment in September 1684; he was not released until November 1685 after James had become King. Massacre of Glencoe Main article: Massacre of Glencoe Treaty of Union 1707 Main article: Treaty of Union 1707 Legacy Memorial in Kirkliston Church Kirkliston Parish Church, where Stair is buried Stair's last political action was in the debate over Article XXII of the Act of Union, concerning Scottish representation in the unified Parliament; it was approved on 7 January 1707 and he died in his lodgings the following day, his death being attributed to apoplexy. He was buried just outside Edinburgh, at Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire. After his death, his wife Elizabeth, Countess Dowager of Stair, acquired the house in Lady Gray's Close, Edinburgh, built and owned by her grandparents and known as Lady Gray's House. They were renamed Lady Stair's Close and House respectively and now house the Scottish Writer's Museum. References ^ "Addressing a Judge". The Scottish Courts & Tribunal Service. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. ^ "Viscount Stair". The Stair Society. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ Harris, Tim (2015). Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567-1642. OUP Oxford. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0198743118. ^ Jackson, Clare (2003). Restoration Scotland, 1660-1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Boydell Press. p. 45. ISBN 0851159303. ^ Jackson, Clare (2003). Restoration Scotland, 1660-1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Boydell Press. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0851159303. ^ Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy. Boydell & Brewer. p. 122. ISBN 978-1783270446. ^ Young, John (2004). "Dalrymple, John, first earl of Stai". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7052. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Sources "Dalrymple, John, first earl of Stair (1648–1707)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7052. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073250/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=111898 http://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=ViewItem&i=12542 "Dalrymple, John (1648-1707)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Legal offices Preceded byGeorge Mackenzie Lord Advocate 1687 – 1688 Succeeded byGeorge Mackenzie Preceded byLord Colinton Lord Justice Clerk 1688 – 1690 Succeeded byLord Cessnock Preceded byGeorge Mackenzie Lord Advocate 1689 – 1692 Succeeded bySir James Stewart Political offices Preceded byEarl of Melville Secretary of State, Scotland 1691 – 1695 Succeeded byJames Johnston Parliament of Scotland Preceded byPatrick Paterson Burgh Commissioner for Stranraer 1689 Succeeded bySir Patrick Murray Peerage of Scotland New creation Earl of Stair 1703 – 1707 Succeeded byJohn Dalrymple Preceded byJames Dalrymple Viscount of Stair 1695 – 1707 Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Glencoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Earl of Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Stair"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair PC (10 November 1648 – 8 January 1707) was a Scottish politician and lawyer. As Joint Secretary of State in Scotland 1691–1695, he played a key role in suppressing the Jacobite rising of 1689 and was forced to resign in 1695 for his part in the Massacre of Glencoe. Restored to favour under Queen Anne in 1702 and made Earl of Stair in 1703, he was closely involved in negotiations over the 1707 Acts of Union that created the Kingdom of Great Britain but died on 8 January 1707, several months before the Act became law.","title":"John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stair_House,_East_Ayrshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stair House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_House"},{"link_name":"Kyle, Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dalrymple,_1st_Viscount_of_Stair"},{"link_name":"1650 Treaty of Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1650)"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(England)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Dundas"},{"link_name":"Newliston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newliston"},{"link_name":"John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_2nd_Earl_of_Stair"},{"link_name":"Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Campbell,_3rd_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(1678%E2%80%931744)"}],"text":"Stair House, birthplace of John DalrympleJohn Dalrymple was born in 1648, at Stair House near Kyle, Ayrshire, eldest son of James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair and Margaret Ross-Kennedy. His father James was a prominent lawyer and one of the few Scots involved in the 1650 Treaty of Breda who retained the favour of Charles II after the 1660 Restoration.In January 1669, John married Elizabeth Dundas (died 25 May 1731), daughter of Sir John Dundas of Newliston and Agnes Gray; they had ten children in all, four of whom reached adulthood: John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (1673-1747), Lady Margaret Dalrymple (died 1777), who in 1700 married Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun, William (1678-1744), and George (1680-1745).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Covenanters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"James VII & II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lord High Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_to_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"divine right of kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_9th_Earl_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"John Graham or Claverhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee"},{"link_name":"conventicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle"}],"text":"James Dalrymple was author of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland, first published in 1681 but in circulation since the 1660s and generally accepted as 'the foundation of modern Scots law.'[2] With this background, John followed his father into a legal career, as did three of his four brothers and qualified as an Advocate in February 1672.During the 1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Royalists and Covenanters both agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but disagreed on the nature and extent of Royal authority versus that of the church.[3] Determined to avoid a repeat of the collapse of political authority that had accompanied Covenanter rule, the Royalist view that the Crown was the supreme arbitrator and source of authority became dominant.[4] This meant opposition to the King's authority, legal or otherwise, now became a political act.In 1681, the future James VII & II was sent to Edinburgh as Lord High Commissioner and in August, the Scottish Parliament passed the Succession Act. This confirmed the divine right of kings, the rights of the natural heir 'regardless of religion,' the duty of all to swear allegiance to the King and the independence of the Scottish Crown.[5]The Scottish Test Act passed at the same time required all public officials and MPs to swear 'to uphold the true Protestant religion' but also to acknowledge the supremacy of Royal authority in all religious matters.[6] A number of prominent Scots Presbyterians including James Dalrymple and the Earl of Argyll refused to take the Test Act, since it exempted members of the Royal Family from making the same commitment and obliged everyone else to accept the King's authority, which caused an obvious problem with the Catholic James. Argyll was put on trial for treason with John Dalrymple as one of his lawyers; he was found guilty and sentenced to death but escaped to the Netherlands.In January 1682, James Dalrymple also went into exile in Holland; John Graham or Claverhouse who was the military commander in charge of suppressing Presbyterian conventicles in South-West Scotland, quartered his troops on John Dalrymple's property and imposed fines on his tenants. His objections led to Dalrymple's arrest and imprisonment in September 1684; he was not released until November 1685 after James had become King.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Massacre of Glencoe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Treaty of Union 1707"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_monument_to_John_Dalrymple,_2nd_Earl_of_Stair,_Kirkliston.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirkliston_Parish_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_554840.jpg"},{"link_name":"apoplexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplexy"},{"link_name":"Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkliston"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lady Stair's Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Stair%27s_Close"},{"link_name":"Scottish Writer's Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Writer%27s_Museum"}],"text":"Memorial in Kirkliston ChurchKirkliston Parish Church, where Stair is buriedStair's last political action was in the debate over Article XXII of the Act of Union, concerning Scottish representation in the unified Parliament; it was approved on 7 January 1707 and he died in his lodgings the following day, his death being attributed to apoplexy. He was buried just outside Edinburgh, at Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire.[7]After his death, his wife Elizabeth, Countess Dowager of Stair, acquired the house in Lady Gray's Close, Edinburgh, built and owned by her grandparents and known as Lady Gray's House. They were renamed Lady Stair's Close and House respectively and now house the Scottish Writer's Museum.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7052","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7052"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101107192008/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Stair1703.htm"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073250/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=111898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304073250/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=111898"},{"link_name":"http://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=ViewItem&i=12542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=ViewItem&i=12542"},{"link_name":"\"Dalrymple, John (1648-1707)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dalrymple,_John_(1648-1707)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5931857#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/459912/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/22066918"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001003710"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6419vks"}],"text":"\"Dalrymple, John, first earl of Stair (1648–1707)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7052.\n[1]\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20160304073250/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=111898\nhttp://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=ViewItem&i=12542\n\"Dalrymple, John (1648-1707)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Addressing a Judge\". The Scottish Courts & Tribunal Service. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715204240/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/12/0/Addressing-a-Judge","url_text":"\"Addressing a Judge\""},{"url":"http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/12/0/Addressing-a-Judge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Viscount Stair\". The Stair Society. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stairsociety.org/about/viscount_stair/","url_text":"\"Viscount Stair\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Tim (2015). Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567-1642. OUP Oxford. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0198743118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198743118","url_text":"978-0198743118"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Clare (2003). Restoration Scotland, 1660-1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Boydell Press. p. 45. ISBN 0851159303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851159303","url_text":"0851159303"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Clare (2003). Restoration Scotland, 1660-1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Boydell Press. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0851159303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851159303","url_text":"0851159303"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy. Boydell & Brewer. p. 122. ISBN 978-1783270446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783270446","url_text":"978-1783270446"}]},{"reference":"Young, John (2004). \"Dalrymple, John, first earl of Stai\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7052","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7052"}]},{"reference":"\"Dalrymple, John, first earl of Stair (1648–1707)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7052","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7052"}]},{"reference":"\"Dalrymple, John (1648-1707)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dalrymple,_John_(1648-1707)","url_text":"\"Dalrymple, John (1648-1707)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/504_Boyz_discography
504 Boyz
["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Singles","2 References","3 External links"]
American hip-hop group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "504 Boyz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 504 BoyzOriginNew Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.GenresHip hopYears active1997–2005LabelsNo Limit, New No Limit, GuttaPast membersC-Murder ChoppaCurrensyKrazyMacMagic Master PMystikalSilkk the ShockerT-Bo 504 Boyz were an American hip hop group from New Orleans, Louisiana, named for the New Orleans area code. The original 504 Boyz, Master P (as "Nino Brown"), Mystikal (as "G. Money"), Silkk the Shocker (as "Vito"), C-Murder, and Krazy, released their first album, 'Goodfellas' in 2000. It included the hit single "Wobble Wobble", a "bounce-flavored song" which peaked at #17 in the U.S. In 2002, new members were introduced as part of the New No Limit rebrand. Choppa, Currensy, Afficial, and T-Bo were on the 2002 album Ballers, which produced a minor hit single Tight Whips. C-Murder was arrested for murdering a fan in 2001. After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005, 504 Boyz released a benefit compilation We Gon Bounce Back, their third and final album. Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US US R&B Goodfellas Released: May 2, 2000 Label: No Limit / Priority Format: CD, cassette, digital download 2 1 RIAA: Gold Ballers Released: December 10, 2002 Label: New No Limit / Universal Format: CD, cassette, digital download 49 13 Hurricane Katrina: We Gon Bounce Back Released: November 8, 2005 Label: Guttar Format: CD, digital download — — Singles List of singles as lead artist Title Year Peak chart positions Album US USR&B USRap "Wobble Wobble" 2000 17 2 1 Goodfellas "Tight Whips" 2002 — 51 — Ballers References ^ Soren Baker (April 28, 2000). "Record Rack: 504 Boyz, 'Goodfellas,' No Limit/Priority". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. ^ Matt Miller, Bounce: Rap Music and Local Identity in New Orleans (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012), ISBN 978-1558499362, pp. 126, 143-145. Excerpts available at Google Books. ^ Nelson, Rob (January 19, 2002). "Gangsta rapper booked in teen killing". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 22, 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2017. ^ Lewis Watts, Eric Porter, New Orleans Suite: Music and Culture in Transition, (University of California Press), 2013, ISBN 978-0520955325, p. 62. Excerpts available at Google Books. ^ "American certifications – 504 Boyz". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 12, 2012. External links 504 Boyz at AllMusic vte504 Boyz C-Murder Choppa Curren$y Krazy Mac Magic Master P Mystikal Silkk the Shocker T-Bo Studio albums Goodfellas Ballers Singles "Wobble Wobble" Related articles No Limit Records vteNo Limit RecordsCompilation releases West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1 (1994) High Fo Xmas (1994) Down South Hustlers (1995) West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. II (1997) Mean Green (1998) We Can't Be Stopped (1998) Who U Wit? (1999) West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. III (2001) Soundtrack releases I'm Bout It (1997) I Got the Hook-Up (1998) Foolish (1999) No Limit Films I'm Bout It (1997) Da Game of Life (1998) I Got the Hook-Up (1998) MP da Last Don (1998) Hot Boyz (1999) No Tomorrow (1999) Foolish (1999) Lockdown (2000) No Limit Comedy Anthony Johnson Chris Kennedy Eddie Griffin Katt Williams Michael Blackson Sheryl Underwood No Limit Sports Brandon Jennings Bonzi Wells Paul Pierce Darius Miles Deion Sanders Derek Anderson (basketball) DeMar DeRozan Dwight Howard Jason Terry Kelvin Eafon Lance Stephenson Michael Thomas (wide receiver, born 1993) Paul Miranda Patrick Mahomes Quentin Richardson Ricky Davis Ricky Williams Ron Mercer Lamont Green Laron Profit LeBron James Shaquille O'Neal Travis Kelce Tyrone Nesby Zion Williamson Related articles Master P 504 Boyz List of No Limit Records artists Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1733
1733
["1 Events","1.1 January–March","1.2 April–June","1.3 July–September","1.4 October–December","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"]
Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 17th century 18th century 19th century Decades: 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s Years: 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 October 24: Persian Empire and Ottoman Empire fight the Battle of Kirkuk. 1733 by topic Arts and science Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music Science Countries Canada Denmark France Great Britain Ireland Norway Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Lists of leaders State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works vte 1733 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1733MDCCXXXIIIAb urbe condita2486Armenian calendar1182ԹՎ ՌՃՁԲAssyrian calendar6483Balinese saka calendar1654–1655Bengali calendar1140Berber calendar2683British Regnal year6 Geo. 2 – 7 Geo. 2Buddhist calendar2277Burmese calendar1095Byzantine calendar7241–7242Chinese calendar壬子年 (Water Rat)4430 or 4223    — to —癸丑年 (Water Ox)4431 or 4224Coptic calendar1449–1450Discordian calendar2899Ethiopian calendar1725–1726Hebrew calendar5493–5494Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1789–1790 - Shaka Samvat1654–1655 - Kali Yuga4833–4834Holocene calendar11733Igbo calendar733–734Iranian calendar1111–1112Islamic calendar1145–1146Japanese calendarKyōhō 18(享保１８年)Javanese calendar1657–1658Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 daysKorean calendar4066Minguo calendar179 before ROC民前179年Nanakshahi calendar265Thai solar calendar2275–2276Tibetan calendar阳水鼠年(male Water-Rat)1859 or 1478 or 706    — to —阴水牛年(female Water-Ox)1860 or 1479 or 707 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1733. 1733 (MDCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1733rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 733rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 33rd year of the 18th century, and the 4th year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1733, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Calendar year Events January–March January 13 – Borommarachathirat V becomes King of Siam (now Thailand) upon the death of King Sanphet IX. January 27 – George Frideric Handel's classic opera, Orlando is performed for the first time, making its debut at the King's Theatre in London. February 12 – British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. March 21 – The Molasses Act is passed by British House of Commons, which reinforces the negative opinions of the British by American colonists. The Act then goes to the House of Lords, which consents to it on May 4 and it receives royal assent on May 17. March 25 – English replaces Latin and Law French as the official language of English and Scottish courts following the enforcement of the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730. April–June April 6 After British Prime Minister Robert Walpole's proposed excise tax bill results in rioting over the imposition of additional taxes and the use of government agents to collect them, Walpole informs the House of Commons that he will withdraw the legislation. Royal Colony of North Carolina Commissioners John Watson, Joshua Grainger, Michael Higgins and James Wimble begin selling lots for the town of New Carthage (which is later renamed and is now Wilmington, North Carolina), on the east side of the Cape Fear River. May 1 – The canton system is first introduced in Prussia. May 17 – The Molasses Act receives royal assent and begins to go into effect on June 24. May 26 – The introduction of John Kay's Flying Shuttle which revolutionized the textile industry and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. May 29 – The right of Canadians to keep Indian slaves is upheld at Quebec. June 12 – At Schloss Salzdahlum, Prince Frederick of Prussia, the 21-year-old heir to the throne reluctantly marries Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern in order to avoid prosecution for desertion from the Prussian Army and to be guaranteed the throne. Despite the unhappy marriage Frederick and Elisabeth later reign as King and Queen Consort of Prussia. June 15 – The Danish West India Company buys the island of Saint Croix from France for 750,000 livres. July–September July 15 – A hurricane off of the coast of the Florida Keys wrecks at least 17 Spanish ships. July 30 – The first Freemasons lodge, the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, opens in what will become the United States of America. August 19 – In Warsaw as Stanislas Leszczynski appears to be on the verge of being elected King of Poland, Russia, Austria and Saxony sign Löwenwolde's Treaty (named for Russian diplomat Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde), pledging to go to war to place Frederick Augustus, son of the late King Augustus II, on the throne. September 12 – Stanislas Leszczynski, who had been King of Poland from 1704 to 1709 until being driven from the throne by King Augustus II, is returned to office by the vote of the Sejm. Russia and Austria protest the election, since King Stanislaus is backed by France and Sweden. September 26 – The Treaty of Turin is signed in Turin as a secret agreement between King Louis XV of France and King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. October–December October 5 – The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession. October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony. October 24 – The Battle of Kirkuk starts which will lead to the defeat of the Ottoman army under general Topal Osman Pasha. November 23 – The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John begins: Slaves from Akwamu rebel against their owners in the Danish West Indies. December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran. December 25 – The Molasses Act goes into full effect. Births January 22 – Philip Carteret, British Naval Officer (d. 1796) January 24 – Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and politician (d. 1810) Joseph Priestley March 13 – Joseph Priestley, English scientist and minister (d. 1804) May 4 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (d. 1799) July 27 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779) September 5 – Christoph Martin Wieland, German poet and writer (d. 1813) September 18 – George Read, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1798) October 14 – François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (d. 1798) October 15 – Lisa Eriksdotter, Finnish visionary November 16 – Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal of undivided India (d. 1757) November 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804) undated – Johanna Löfblad, Swedish actor and singer (d. 1811) Deaths January 17 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, English Royal Navy admiral (b. 1663) January 21 – Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born English economic philosopher (b. 1670) January 22 – Lovisa von Burghausen, Swedish memoirist (b. 1698) January 25 – Gilbert Heathcote, Mayor of London (b. 1652) January 27 – Thomas Woolston, English theologian (b. 1668) Augustus II the Strong February 1 – King Augustus II the Strong of Poland (b. 1670) February 2 – Robert Price (judge), British judge and politician (b. 1653) February 16 – Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar, Swedish officer (b. 1683) March 4 – Claude de Forbin, French naval commander (b. 1656) April 14 – Ippolito Desideri, Italian tibetologist (b. 1684) April 19 – Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney, mistress of William III of England (b. 1657) April 30 – Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, 1st Marquis of Abrantes, Portuguese diplomat (b. 1676) May 1 – Nicolas Coustou, French artist (b. 1658) May 3 – Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, England (b. 1650) May 10 – Barton Booth, English actor (b. 1681) May 18 – Georg Böhm, German organist (b. 1661) June 23 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar (b. 1672) July 12 – Anne-Thérèse de Marguenat de Courcelles, French salon holder (b. 1647) August 16 – Matthew Tindal, English deist (b. 1657) August 24 – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French artist (b. 1657) September 12 – François Couperin, French composer (b. 1668) October 19 – Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (b. 1661) October 25 – Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (b. 1667) October 31 – Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg, (b. 1676) November 11 – Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Dutch colonial administrator (b. 1664) December 2 – Gerard Hoet, Dutch painter (b. 1648) References ^ "Historical Events for Year 1733 | OnThisDay.com". Historyorb.com. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "The Molasses Act: A Brief History", Journal of the American Revolution ^ David F. Burg, A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ^ Chris E. Fonvielle, Jr., Historic Wilmington & the Lower Cape Fear (Historical Publishing Network, 2007) p18 ^ "Boston Masons Organize First Grand Lodge in America". massmoments.org. August 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019. ^ "The imperial heritage of Peter the Great in the foreign policy of his early successors", by E. V. Anisimov, in Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, ed. by Hugh Ragsdale (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p30 ^ Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich the Second, Called Frederick the Great (Harper & Brothers, 1858) p372 ^ Douglas M. Gibler, International Military Alliances, 1648-2008, (SAGE Publications, 2008) p.85 ^ Kaveh Farrokh, Iran at War, 1500-1988 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011) pp110-113
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Kirkuk.gif"},{"link_name":"October 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)"},{"link_name":"1733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1733"},{"link_name":"MDCCXXXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Common Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Anno Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"2nd millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millennium"},{"link_name":"18th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century"},{"link_name":"1730s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1730s"}],"text":"Calendar yearOctober 24: Persian Empire and Ottoman Empire fight the Battle of Kirkuk.Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1733.1733 (MDCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1733rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 733rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 33rd year of the 18th century, and the 4th year of the 1730s decade. As of the start of 1733, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.Calendar year","title":"1733"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13"},{"link_name":"Borommarachathirat V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommakot"},{"link_name":"King of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Siam"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"King Sanphet IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Sa"},{"link_name":"January 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_27"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(opera)"},{"link_name":"February 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_12"},{"link_name":"James Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oglethorpe"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"March 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_21"},{"link_name":"Molasses Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"March 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Law French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French"},{"link_name":"Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_in_Courts_of_Justice_Act_1730"}],"sub_title":"January–March","text":"January 13 – Borommarachathirat V becomes King of Siam (now Thailand) upon the death of King Sanphet IX.\nJanuary 27 – George Frideric Handel's classic opera, Orlando is performed for the first time, making its debut at the King's Theatre in London.\nFebruary 12 – British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia.[1]\nMarch 21 – The Molasses Act is passed by British House of Commons, which reinforces the negative opinions of the British by American colonists.[2] The Act then goes to the House of Lords, which consents to it on May 4 and it receives royal assent on May 17.\nMarch 25 – English replaces Latin and Law French as the official language of English and Scottish courts following the enforcement of the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6"},{"link_name":"Robert Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole"},{"link_name":"excise tax bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise_Bill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Colony of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Colony_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"May 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1"},{"link_name":"canton system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System_(Prussia)"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"May 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_17"},{"link_name":"Molasses Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses_Act"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"May 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_26"},{"link_name":"Flying Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_shuttle"},{"link_name":"May 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_29"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"June 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_12"},{"link_name":"Schloss Salzdahlum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Salzdahlum"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Duchess Elisabeth Christine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel-Bevern"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Danish West India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Saint Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"livres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livre"}],"sub_title":"April–June","text":"April 6\nAfter British Prime Minister Robert Walpole's proposed excise tax bill results in rioting over the imposition of additional taxes and the use of government agents to collect them, Walpole informs the House of Commons that he will withdraw the legislation.[3]\nRoyal Colony of North Carolina Commissioners John Watson, Joshua Grainger, Michael Higgins and James Wimble begin selling lots for the town of New Carthage (which is later renamed and is now Wilmington, North Carolina), on the east side of the Cape Fear River.[4]\nMay 1 – The canton system is first introduced in Prussia.\nMay 17 – The Molasses Act receives royal assent and begins to go into effect on June 24.\nMay 26 – The introduction of John Kay's Flying Shuttle which revolutionized the textile industry and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.\nMay 29 – The right of Canadians to keep Indian slaves is upheld at Quebec.\nJune 12 – At Schloss Salzdahlum, Prince Frederick of Prussia, the 21-year-old heir to the throne reluctantly marries Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern in order to avoid prosecution for desertion from the Prussian Army and to be guaranteed the throne. Despite the unhappy marriage Frederick and Elisabeth later reign as King and Queen Consort of Prussia.\nJune 15 – The Danish West India Company buys the island of Saint Croix from France for 750,000 livres.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15"},{"link_name":"Florida Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys"},{"link_name":"July 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_30"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"August 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Leszczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Leszczynski"},{"link_name":"Löwenwolde's Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenwolde%27s_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gustav_von_L%C3%B6wenwolde"},{"link_name":"Frederick Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"King Augustus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"September 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_12"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Leszczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Leszczynski"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1733)"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Louis XV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"July–September","text":"July 15 – A hurricane off of the coast of the Florida Keys wrecks at least 17 Spanish ships.\nJuly 30 – The first Freemasons lodge, the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, opens in what will become the United States of America.[5]\nAugust 19 – In Warsaw as Stanislas Leszczynski appears to be on the verge of being elected King of Poland, Russia, Austria and Saxony sign Löwenwolde's Treaty (named for Russian diplomat Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde), pledging to go to war to place Frederick Augustus, son of the late King Augustus II, on the throne.[6]\nSeptember 12 – Stanislas Leszczynski, who had been King of Poland from 1704 to 1709 until being driven from the throne by King Augustus II, is returned to office by the vote of the Sejm.[7] Russia and Austria protest the election, since King Stanislaus is backed by France and Sweden.\nSeptember 26 – The Treaty of Turin is signed in Turin as a secret agreement between King Louis XV of France and King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.[8]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5"},{"link_name":"Augustus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"October 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_10"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"October 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Topal Osman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topal_Osman_Pasha"},{"link_name":"November 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_23"},{"link_name":"1733 slave insurrection on St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1733_slave_insurrection_on_St._John"},{"link_name":"Akwamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwamu"},{"link_name":"rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Danish West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"December 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrokh-9"},{"link_name":"December 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_25"},{"link_name":"Molasses Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses_Act"}],"sub_title":"October–December","text":"October 5 – The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession.\nOctober 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony.\nOctober 24 – The Battle of Kirkuk starts which will lead to the defeat of the Ottoman army under general Topal Osman Pasha.\nNovember 23 – The 1733 slave insurrection on St. John begins: Slaves from Akwamu rebel against their owners in the Danish West Indies.\nDecember 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran.[9]\nDecember 25 – The Molasses Act goes into full effect.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Philip Carteret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carteret"},{"link_name":"1796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796"},{"link_name":"January 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Priestley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"},{"link_name":"1804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4"},{"link_name":"Jean-Charles de Borda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda"},{"link_name":"1799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1799"},{"link_name":"July 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon"},{"link_name":"1779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1779"},{"link_name":"September 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"},{"link_name":"Christoph Martin Wieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland"},{"link_name":"1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813"},{"link_name":"September 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_18"},{"link_name":"George Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Read_(U.S._statesman)"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798"},{"link_name":"October 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_14"},{"link_name":"François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798"},{"link_name":"October 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15"},{"link_name":"Lisa Eriksdotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Eriksdotter"},{"link_name":"November 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16"},{"link_name":"Siraj ud-Daulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"1757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1757"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Angelica Schuyler Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Schuyler_Church"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"1804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804"},{"link_name":"Johanna Löfblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_L%C3%B6fblad"},{"link_name":"1811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811"}],"text":"January 22 – Philip Carteret, British Naval Officer (d. 1796)\nJanuary 24 – Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and politician (d. 1810)Joseph PriestleyMarch 13 – Joseph Priestley, English scientist and minister (d. 1804)\nMay 4 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (d. 1799)\nJuly 27 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779)\nSeptember 5 – Christoph Martin Wieland, German poet and writer (d. 1813)\nSeptember 18 – George Read, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1798)\nOctober 14 – François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (d. 1798)\nOctober 15 – Lisa Eriksdotter, Finnish visionary\nNovember 16 – Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal of undivided India (d. 1757)\nNovember 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804)\nundated – Johanna Löfblad, Swedish actor and singer (d. 1811)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_17"},{"link_name":"George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington"},{"link_name":"1663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1663"},{"link_name":"January 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21"},{"link_name":"Bernard Mandeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville"},{"link_name":"1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670"},{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Lovisa von Burghausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen"},{"link_name":"1698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1698"},{"link_name":"January 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_25"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Heathcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Heathcote,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"1652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652"},{"link_name":"January 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_27"},{"link_name":"Thomas Woolston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Woolston"},{"link_name":"1668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A%C5%ADgust_Mocny._%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B_(H._Rodakowski,_XIX).jpg"},{"link_name":"Augustus II the Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong"},{"link_name":"February 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1"},{"link_name":"Augustus II the Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong"},{"link_name":"1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670"},{"link_name":"February 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2"},{"link_name":"Robert Price (judge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Price_(judge)"},{"link_name":"1653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1653"},{"link_name":"February 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_16"},{"link_name":"Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_St%C3%A5lhammar"},{"link_name":"1683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1683"},{"link_name":"March 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_4"},{"link_name":"Claude de Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Forbin"},{"link_name":"1656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1656"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14"},{"link_name":"Ippolito Desideri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri"},{"link_name":"1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1684"},{"link_name":"April 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_19"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hamilton,_Countess_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657"},{"link_name":"April 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, 1st Marquis of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Anes_de_S%C3%A1_Almeida_e_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"1676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1676"},{"link_name":"May 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Coustou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Coustou"},{"link_name":"1658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1658"},{"link_name":"May 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Cox,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"1650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650"},{"link_name":"May 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_10"},{"link_name":"Barton Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Booth"},{"link_name":"1681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1681"},{"link_name":"May 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_18"},{"link_name":"Georg Böhm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm"},{"link_name":"1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661"},{"link_name":"June 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"},{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Scheuchzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer"},{"link_name":"1672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1672"},{"link_name":"July 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12"},{"link_name":"Anne-Thérèse de Marguenat de Courcelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Marguenat_de_Courcelles"},{"link_name":"1647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1647"},{"link_name":"August 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16"},{"link_name":"Matthew Tindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal"},{"link_name":"1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657"},{"link_name":"August 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Étienne Monnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Monnot"},{"link_name":"1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657"},{"link_name":"September 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_12"},{"link_name":"François Couperin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin"},{"link_name":"1668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1668"},{"link_name":"October 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_19"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Molyneux,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661"},{"link_name":"October 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_25"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Saccheri"},{"link_name":"1667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667"},{"link_name":"October 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_31"},{"link_name":"Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Louis,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"1676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1676"},{"link_name":"November 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_11"},{"link_name":"Willem Adriaan van der Stel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Adriaan_van_der_Stel"},{"link_name":"1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1664"},{"link_name":"December 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2"},{"link_name":"Gerard Hoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Hoet"},{"link_name":"1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1648"}],"text":"January 17 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, English Royal Navy admiral (b. 1663)\nJanuary 21 – Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born English economic philosopher (b. 1670)\nJanuary 22 – Lovisa von Burghausen, Swedish memoirist (b. 1698)\nJanuary 25 – Gilbert Heathcote, Mayor of London (b. 1652)\nJanuary 27 – Thomas Woolston, English theologian (b. 1668)Augustus II the StrongFebruary 1 – King Augustus II the Strong of Poland (b. 1670)\nFebruary 2 – Robert Price (judge), British judge and politician (b. 1653)\nFebruary 16 – Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar, Swedish officer (b. 1683)\nMarch 4 – Claude de Forbin, French naval commander (b. 1656)\nApril 14 – Ippolito Desideri, Italian tibetologist (b. 1684)\nApril 19 – Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney, mistress of William III of England (b. 1657)\nApril 30 – Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, 1st Marquis of Abrantes, Portuguese diplomat (b. 1676)\nMay 1 – Nicolas Coustou, French artist (b. 1658)\nMay 3 – Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, England (b. 1650)\nMay 10 – Barton Booth, English actor (b. 1681)\nMay 18 – Georg Böhm, German organist (b. 1661)\nJune 23 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar (b. 1672)\nJuly 12 – Anne-Thérèse de Marguenat de Courcelles, French salon holder (b. 1647)\nAugust 16 – Matthew Tindal, English deist (b. 1657)\nAugust 24 – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French artist (b. 1657)\nSeptember 12 – François Couperin, French composer (b. 1668)\nOctober 19 – Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (b. 1661)\nOctober 25 – Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (b. 1667)\nOctober 31 – Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg, (b. 1676)\nNovember 11 – Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Dutch colonial administrator (b. 1664)\nDecember 2 – Gerard Hoet, Dutch painter (b. 1648)","title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_text":"October 24: Persian Empire and Ottoman Empire fight the Battle of Kirkuk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battle_of_Kirkuk.gif/250px-Battle_of_Kirkuk.gif"},{"image_text":"Joseph Priestley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Priestley.jpg/110px-Priestley.jpg"},{"image_text":"Augustus II the Strong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/A%C5%ADgust_Mocny._%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B_%28H._Rodakowski%2C_XIX%29.jpg/110px-A%C5%ADgust_Mocny._%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B_%28H._Rodakowski%2C_XIX%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Historical Events for Year 1733 | OnThisDay.com\". Historyorb.com. Retrieved June 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1733","url_text":"\"Historical Events for Year 1733 | OnThisDay.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Masons Organize First Grand Lodge in America\". massmoments.org. August 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/boston-masons-organize-first-grand-lodge-in-america.html","url_text":"\"Boston Masons Organize First Grand Lodge in America\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1733","external_links_name":"\"Historical Events for Year 1733 | OnThisDay.com\""},{"Link":"https://allthingsliberty.com/2019/01/the-molasses-act-a-brief-history/","external_links_name":"\"The Molasses Act: A Brief History\""},{"Link":"https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/boston-masons-organize-first-grand-lodge-in-america.html","external_links_name":"\"Boston Masons Organize First Grand Lodge in America\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush
List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush
["1 United States Supreme Court justices","2 Courts of appeals","3 District courts","4 United States Court of International Trade","5 Specialty courts (Article I)","5.1 United States Court of Federal Claims","5.2 United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims","5.3 United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces","5.4 United States Tax Court","6 Territorial courts (Article IV)","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources"]
This article is part of a series aboutGeorge W. Bush Political positions Electoral history Early life Professional life Family Public image Honors 46th Governor of Texas Governorship 43rd President of the United States Presidency timeline Transition Inaugurations first second Policies Domestic Economic Foreign Bush Doctrine international trips Space Climate change Legislation and programs Pardons Appointments Cabinet Judiciary Roberts Miers Alito First term September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act Invasion of Iraq Iraq and weapons of mass destruction Timeline '01 '02 '03 '04 Second term Hurricane Katrina Iraq War 2007 Iraq surge Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Great Recession Economic Stimulus Act Efforts to impeach Timeline '05 '06 '07 '08–'09 Presidential campaigns 2000 primaries convention debates election Florida recount Bush v. Gore 2004 primaries convention debates election Post-presidency Presidential library Bibliography Clinton Bush Haiti Fund One America Appeal vte Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President George W. Bush during his presidency, including a partial list of Judges appointed under Article I. In total Bush appointed 327 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 62 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 261 judges to the United States district courts and 2 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Additionally, he made appointments to various courts established under Article I and Article IV. President George W. Bush looks on as his nominee for Chief Justice, John Roberts, speaks. Bush and his second nominee to the Supreme Court, Samuel Alito. United States Supreme Court justices Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates See also: John Roberts Supreme Court nomination, Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination, and Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination # Justice Seat State Former justice Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Beganactive service Endedactive service 1 John Roberts Chief Maryland William Rehnquist September 6, 2005 September 29, 2005 78–22 September 29, 2005 Incumbent 2 Samuel Alito 8 New Jersey Sandra Day O'Connor November 10, 2005 January 31, 2006 58–42 January 31, 2006 Incumbent Courts of appeals # Judge Circuit Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Roger Gregory Fourth May 9, 2001 July 20, 2001 93–1 December 27, 2000 Incumbent – 2 William J. Riley Eighth May 23, 2001 August 2, 2001 97–0 August 3, 2001 June 30, 2017 January 27, 2023 3 Sharon Prost Federal May 21, 2001 September 21, 2001 97–0 September 24, 2001 Incumbent – 4 Barrington D. Parker Jr. Second May 9, 2001 October 11, 2001 100–0 October 16, 2001 October 10, 2009 Incumbent 5 Edith Brown Clement Fifth May 9, 2001 November 13, 2001 99–0 November 26, 2001 May 14, 2018 Incumbent 6 Harris Hartz Tenth June 21, 2001 December 6, 2001 99–0 December 10, 2001 Incumbent – 7 Michael Joseph Melloy Eighth July 10, 2001 February 11, 2002 91–0 February 14, 2002 February 1, 2013 Incumbent 8 Terrence L. O'Brien Tenth August 2, 2001 April 15, 2002 98–0 April 16, 2002 April 30, 2013 Incumbent 9 Jeffrey R. Howard First August 2, 2001 April 23, 2002 99–0 May 3, 2002 March 31, 2022 Incumbent 10 Lavenski Smith Eighth May 22, 2001 July 15, 2002 voice vote July 19, 2002 Incumbent – 11 Richard Clifton Ninth June 22, 2001 July 18, 2002 98–0 July 30, 2002 December 31, 2016 Incumbent 12 Julia Smith Gibbons Sixth October 9, 2001 July 29, 2002 95–0 July 31, 2002 Incumbent – 13 D. Brooks Smith Third September 10, 2001 July 31, 2002 64–35 August 2, 2002 December 4, 2021 Incumbent 14 Reena Raggi Second May 1, 2002 September 20, 2002 85–0 October 4, 2002 August 31, 2018 Incumbent 15 John M. Rogers Sixth December 19, 2001 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 May 15, 2018 Incumbent 16 Michael W. McConnell Tenth May 9, 2001 November 15, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 August 31, 2009 – 17 Dennis Shedd Fourth May 9, 2001 November 19, 2002 55–44 November 26, 2002 January 30, 2018 May 2, 2022 18 Jay Bybee Ninth May 22, 2002 March 13, 2003 74–19 March 21, 2003 December 31, 2019 Incumbent 19 Timothy Tymkovich Tenth May 25, 2001 April 1, 2003 58–41 April 1, 2003 Incumbent – 20 Jeffrey Sutton Sixth May 9, 2001 April 29, 2003 52–41 May 5, 2003 Incumbent – 21 Edward C. Prado Fifth February 6, 2003 May 1, 2003 97–0 May 5, 2003 April 2, 2018 – 22 Deborah L. Cook Sixth May 9, 2001 May 5, 2003 66–25 May 7, 2003 March 6, 2019 Incumbent 23 John Roberts D.C. May 9, 2001 May 8, 2003 voice vote June 2, 2003 September 29, 2005 Elevated 24 Consuelo Callahan Ninth February 12, 2003 May 22, 2003 99–0 May 28, 2003 Incumbent – 25 Michael Chertoff Third March 5, 2003 June 9, 2003 88–1 June 10, 2003 February 15, 2005 – 26 Richard C. Wesley Second March 5, 2003 June 11, 2003 96–0 June 12, 2003 August 1, 2016 Incumbent 27 Allyson K. Duncan Fourth March 28, 2003 July 17, 2003 93–0 August 15, 2003 March 21, 2019 July 30, 2019 28 Steven Colloton Eighth February 12, 2003 September 4, 2003 94–1 September 10, 2003 Incumbent – 29 Carlos Bea Ninth April 11, 2003 September 29, 2003 86–0 October 1, 2003 December 12, 2019 Incumbent 30 D. Michael Fisher Third May 1, 2003 December 9, 2003 voice vote December 11, 2003 February 1, 2017 Incumbent 31 Charles W. Pickering Fifth May 25, 2001 N/A N/A January 16, 2004 December 8, 2004 – 32 William H. Pryor Jr. Eleventh April 9, 2003 June 9, 2005 53–45 February 20, 2004 Incumbent – 33 Franklin Van Antwerpen Third November 21, 2003 May 20, 2004 96–0 May 24, 2004 October 23, 2006 July 25, 2016 34 Raymond Gruender Eighth September 29, 2003 May 20, 2004 97–1 June 5, 2004 Incumbent – 35 Duane Benton Eighth February 12, 2004 June 24, 2004 voice vote July 2, 2004 Incumbent – 36 Peter W. Hall Second December 9, 2003 June 24, 2004 voice vote July 7, 2004 March 4, 2021 March 11, 2021 37 Diane S. Sykes Seventh November 14, 2003 June 24, 2004 70–27 July 1, 2004 Incumbent – 38 Priscilla Richman Fifth May 9, 2001 May 25, 2005 55–43 June 3, 2005 Incumbent – 39 Janice Rogers Brown D.C. July 25, 2003 June 8, 2005 56–43 June 10, 2005 August 31, 2017 – 40 David McKeague Sixth November 8, 2001 June 9, 2005 96–0 June 10, 2005 November 1, 2017 Incumbent 41 Richard Allen Griffin Sixth June 26, 2002 June 9, 2005 95–0 June 10, 2005 Incumbent – 42 Thomas B. Griffith D.C. May 10, 2004 June 14, 2005 73–24 June 29, 2005 September 1, 2020 – 43 Susan Bieke Neilson Sixth November 8, 2001 October 27, 2005 97–0 November 9, 2005 January 25, 2006 – 44 Michael Chagares Third January 25, 2006 April 4, 2006 98–0 April 20, 2006 Incumbent – 45 Milan Smith Ninth February 13, 2006 May 16, 2006 93–0 May 18, 2006 Incumbent – 46 Brett Kavanaugh D.C. July 25, 2003 May 26, 2006 57–36 May 30, 2006 October 6, 2018 Elevated 47 Sandra Segal Ikuta Ninth February 8, 2006 June 19, 2006 81–0 June 23, 2006 Incumbent – 48 Bobby Shepherd Eighth May 18, 2006 July 20, 2006 voice vote October 10, 2006 Incumbent – 49 Neil Gorsuch Tenth May 10, 2006 July 20, 2006 voice vote August 8, 2006 April 9, 2017 Elevated 50 Jerome Holmes Tenth May 4, 2006 July 25, 2006 67–30 August 9, 2006 Incumbent – 51 Kimberly A. Moore Federal May 18, 2006 September 5, 2006 92–0 September 8, 2006 Incumbent – 52 Kent A. Jordan Third June 28, 2006 December 8, 2006 91–0 December 13, 2006 Incumbent – 53 N. Randy Smith Ninth January 16, 2007 February 15, 2007 94–0 March 19, 2007 August 11, 2018 Incumbent 54 Thomas Hardiman Third September 13, 2006 March 15, 2007 95–0 April 2, 2007 Incumbent – 55 Debra Ann Livingston Second June 28, 2006 May 9, 2007 91–0 May 17, 2007 Incumbent – 56 Jennifer Walker Elrod Fifth March 29, 2007 October 4, 2007 voice vote October 19, 2007 Incumbent – 57 Leslie H. Southwick Fifth January 9, 2007 October 24, 2007 59–38 October 29, 2007 Incumbent – 58 John Daniel Tinder Seventh July 17, 2007 December 18, 2007 93–0 December 21, 2007 February 18, 2015 October 9, 2015 59 Catharina Haynes Fifth July 17, 2007 April 10, 2008 unanimous consent April 18, 2008 Incumbent – 60 G. Steven Agee Fourth March 13, 2008 May 20, 2008 96–0 July 1, 2008 Incumbent – 61 Helene White Sixth April 15, 2008 June 24, 2008 63–32 August 8, 2008 June 13, 2022 Incumbent 62 Raymond Kethledge Sixth June 28, 2006 June 24, 2008 voice vote July 7, 2008 Incumbent – District courts # Judge Court Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Richard F. Cebull D. Mont. May 17, 2001 July 20, 2001 93–0 July 25, 2001 March 18, 2013 May 3, 2013 2 Sam E. Haddon D. Mont. May 17, 2001 July 20, 2001 95–0 July 25, 2001 December 31, 2012 Incumbent 3 Reggie B. Walton D.D.C. June 20, 2001 September 21, 2001 97–0 September 24, 2001 December 31, 2015 Incumbent 4 Michael P. Mills N.D. Miss. July 10, 2001 October 11, 2001 98–0 October 16, 2001 November 1, 2021 Incumbent 5 Claire Eagan N.D. Okla. August 2, 2001 October 23, 2001 99–0 October 24, 2001 October 1, 2022 Incumbent 6 Laurie Smith Camp D. Neb. June 19, 2001 October 23, 2001 100–0 October 23, 2001 December 1, 2018 September 23, 2020 7 Karen K. Caldwell E.D. Ky. August 2, 2001 October 23, 2001 100–0 October 24, 2001 Incumbent – 8 James H. Payne E.D. Okla.N.D. Okla.W.D. Okla. August 2, 2001 October 23, 2001 100–0 October 24, 2001 August 1, 2017 Incumbent 9 Larry R. Hicks D. Nev. August 2, 2001 November 5, 2001 83–0 November 7, 2001 December 13, 2012 May 29, 2024 10 Stephen P. Friot W.D. Okla. August 2, 2001 November 6, 2001 98–0 November 12, 2001 December 1, 2014 Incumbent 11 Karon O. Bowdre N.D. Ala. August 2, 2001 November 6, 2001 98–0 November 8, 2001 April 25, 2020 Incumbent 12 Christina Armijo D.N.M. August 2, 2001 November 6, 2001 100–0 November 12, 2001 February 7, 2018 Incumbent 13 Terry L. Wooten D.S.C. June 18, 2001 November 8, 2001 98–0 November 26, 2001 February 28, 2019 Incumbent 14 Joe L. Heaton W.D. Okla. August 2, 2001 December 6, 2001 voice vote December 10, 2001 July 1, 2019 Incumbent 15 Danny C. Reeves E.D. Ky. August 2, 2001 December 6, 2001 voice vote December 10, 2001 Incumbent – 16 Julie A. Robinson D. Kan. September 10, 2001 December 11, 2001 voice vote December 13, 2001 January 14, 2022 Incumbent 17 Kurt D. Engelhardt E.D. La. August 2, 2001 December 11, 2001 voice vote December 13, 2001 May 15, 2018 Elevated 18 John D. Bates D.D.C. June 20, 2001 December 11, 2001 97–0 December 14, 2001 October 12, 2014 Incumbent 19 Clay D. Land M.D. Ga. September 21, 2001 December 13, 2001 voice vote December 21, 2001 Incumbent – 20 Frederick J. Martone D. Ariz. September 10, 2001 December 13, 2001 97–0 December 21, 2001 January 30, 2013 Incumbent 21 William Paul Johnson D.N.M. August 2, 2001 December 13, 2001 voice vote December 21, 2001 Incumbent – 22 C. Ashley Royal M.D. Ga. October 9, 2001 December 20, 2001 voice vote December 21, 2001 September 1, 2016 Incumbent 23 James C. Mahan D. Nev. September 10, 2001 January 25, 2002 81–0 January 30, 2002 June 29, 2018 Incumbent 24 Marcia S. Krieger D. Colo. September 10, 2001 January 25, 2002 83–0 January 30, 2002 March 3, 2019 Incumbent 25 Callie V. Granade S.D. Ala. August 2, 2001 February 4, 2002 75–0 February 12, 2002 March 7, 2016 Incumbent 26 Philip Ray Martinez W.D. Tex. October 9, 2001 February 5, 2002 93–0 February 12, 2002 February 26, 2021 – 27 Jay C. Zainey E.D. La. October 10, 2001 February 11, 2002 92–0 February 14, 2002 Incumbent – 28 Richard J. Leon D.D.C. September 10, 2001 February 14, 2002 voice vote February 19, 2002 December 31, 2016 Incumbent 29 James E. Gritzner S.D. Iowa July 10, 2001 February 14, 2002 voice vote February 19, 2002 March 1, 2015 Incumbent 30 David Bunning E.D. Ky. August 2, 2001 February 14, 2002 voice vote February 19, 2002 Incumbent – 31 Cindy K. Jorgenson D. Ariz. September 10, 2001 February 26, 2002 98–0 March 6, 2002 April 6, 2018 Incumbent 32 Robert E. Blackburn D. Colo. September 10, 2001 February 26, 2002 98–0 March 6, 2002 April 12, 2016 Incumbent 33 Ralph Beistline D. Alaska November 8, 2001 March 12, 2002 98–0 March 19, 2002 December 31, 2015 Incumbent 34 David C. Bury D. Ariz. September 10, 2001 March 15, 2002 90–0 March 19, 2002 December 31, 2012 Incumbent 35 Randy Crane S.D. Tex. September 21, 2001 March 18, 2002 91–0 March 19, 2002 Incumbent – 36 Lance Africk E.D. La. January 23, 2002 April 17, 2002 97–0 April 17, 2002 Incumbent – 37 Legrome D. Davis E.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 April 18, 2002 94–0 April 23, 2002 September 28, 2017 Incumbent 38 John F. Walter C.D. Cal. January 23, 2002 April 25, 2002 99–0 May 1, 2002 Incumbent – 39 William C. Griesbach E.D. Wis. January 23, 2002 April 25, 2002 97–0 May 1, 2002 December 31, 2019 Incumbent 40 Joan N. Ericksen D. Minn. January 23, 2002 April 25, 2002 99–0 May 1, 2002 October 15, 2019 Incumbent 41 Percy Anderson C.D. Cal. January 23, 2002 April 25, 2002 99–0 May 1, 2002 Incumbent – 42 Cynthia M. Rufe E.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 April 30, 2002 98–0 May 3, 2002 December 31, 2021 Incumbent 43 Michael Baylson E.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 April 30, 2002 98–0 June 19, 2002 July 13, 2012 Incumbent 44 Andrew Hanen S.D. Tex. January 23, 2002 May 9, 2002 97–0 May 10, 2002 Incumbent – 45 Leonard Davis E.D. Tex. January 23, 2002 May 9, 2002 97–0 May 10, 2002 May 15, 2015 – 46 Samuel H. Mays Jr. W.D. Tenn. January 23, 2002 May 9, 2002 97–0 May 10, 2002 July 1, 2015 Incumbent 47 Thomas M. Rose S.D. Ohio January 23, 2002 May 9, 2002 95–0 May 10, 2002 June 30, 2017 Incumbent 48 Paul G. Cassell D. Utah June 19, 2001 May 13, 2002 67–20 May 15, 2002 November 5, 2007 – 49 Christopher C. Conner M.D. Pa. February 28, 2002 July 26, 2002 voice vote July 29, 2002 Incumbent – 50 John E. Jones III M.D. Pa. February 28, 2002 July 29, 2002 96–0 July 31, 2002 August 1, 2021 – 51 Joy Flowers Conti W.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 July 29, 2002 96–0 July 31, 2002 December 6, 2018 Incumbent 52 Timothy J. Savage E.D. Pa. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 1, 2002 March 1, 2021 Incumbent 53 David S. Cercone W.D. Pa. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 November 24, 2017 Incumbent 54 Richard Everett Dorr W.D. Mo. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 April 24, 2013 – 55 Henry Autrey E.D. Mo. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 98–0 August 2, 2002 Incumbent – 56 Amy St. Eve N.D. Ill. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 May 23, 2018 Elevated 57 Morrison C. England Jr. E.D. Cal. March 21, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 December 17, 2019 Incumbent 58 Henry E. Hudson E.D. Va. January 23, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 June 1, 2018 Incumbent 59 David C. Godbey N.D. Tex. January 23, 2002 August 1, 2002 voice vote August 2, 2002 Incumbent – 60 Terrence F. McVerry W.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 September 3, 2002 88–0 September 4, 2002 September 30, 2013 March 8, 2021 61 Kenneth Marra S.D. Fla. January 23, 2002 September 9, 2002 82–0 September 13, 2002 August 1, 2017 Incumbent 62 Timothy J. Corrigan M.D. Fla. May 22, 2002 September 13, 2002 88–0 September 13, 2002 Incumbent – 63 Arthur J. Schwab W.D. Pa. January 23, 2002 September 13, 2002 92–0 September 17, 2002 January 1, 2018 Incumbent 64 Jose E. Martinez S.D. Fla. January 23, 2002 September 13, 2002 voice vote September 17, 2002 Incumbent – 65 James Knoll Gardner E.D. Pa. April 22, 2002 October 2, 2002 voice vote October 3, 2002 April 3, 2017 April 26, 2017 66 Ron Clark E.D. Tex. January 23, 2002 October 2, 2002 voice vote October 10, 2002 February 28, 2018 Incumbent 67 Freda L. Wolfson D.N.J. August 1, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote December 4, 2002 February 1, 2023 – 68 Jose L. Linares D.N.J. August 1, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote December 3, 2002 May 16, 2019 – 69 Robert B. Kugler D.N.J. August 1, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote December 4, 2002 November 2, 2018 June 12, 2024 70 Rosemary M. Collyer D.D.C. August 1, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 May 18, 2016 Incumbent 71 Mark E. Fuller M.D. Ala. August 1, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 August 1, 2015 – 72 Kent A. Jordan D. Del. July 25, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 December 15, 2006 Elevated 73 Jeffrey S. White N.D. Cal. July 25, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 February 1, 2021 Incumbent 74 William E. Smith D.R.I. July 18, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 Incumbent – 75 James E. Kinkeade N.D. Tex. July 18, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 Incumbent – 76 R. Gary Klausner C.D. Cal. July 18, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 Incumbent – 77 Alia Moses W.D. Tex. July 11, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 Incumbent – 78 Linda R. Reade N.D. Iowa June 26, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 October 1, 2017 Incumbent 79 Thomas W. Phillips E.D. Tenn. June 26, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 15, 2002 August 1, 2013 Incumbent 80 Daniel L. Hovland D.N.D. June 26, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 November 10, 2019 Incumbent 81 Ronald B. Leighton W.D. Wash. January 23, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 26, 2002 February 28, 2019 August 31, 2020 82 Bill Martini D.N.J. January 23, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote November 19, 2002 February 10, 2015 Incumbent 83 Stanley R. Chesler D.N.J. January 23, 2002 November 14, 2002 voice vote December 4, 2002 June 15, 2015 Incumbent 84 S. James Otero C.D. Cal. July 18, 2002 February 10, 2003 94–0 February 12, 2003 December 30, 2018 April 10, 2020 85 Robert A. Junell W.D. Tex. July 18, 2002 February 10, 2003 91–0 February 12, 2003 February 13, 2015 Incumbent 86 John R. Adams N.D. Ohio October 10, 2002 February 10, 2003 91–0 February 12, 2003 Incumbent – 87 Gregory L. Frost S.D. Ohio August 1, 2002 March 10, 2003 91–0 March 11, 2003 May 2, 2016 – 88 William D. Quarles Jr. D. Md. September 12, 2002 March 12, 2003 91–0 March 14, 2003 February 1, 2016 – 89 Ralph R. Erickson D.N.D. September 12, 2002 March 12, 2003 unanimous consent March 14, 2003 October 13, 2017 Elevated 90 William H. Steele S.D. Ala. January 7, 2003 March 13, 2003 voice vote March 14, 2003 June 8, 2017 Incumbent 91 Thomas A. Varlan E.D. Tenn. October 10, 2002 March 13, 2003 97–0 March 14, 2003 Incumbent – 92 J. Daniel Breen W.D. Tenn. October 10, 2002 March 13, 2003 92–0 March 14, 2003 March 18, 2017 Incumbent 93 Philip P. Simon N.D. Ind. January 29, 2003 March 27, 2003 voice vote March 27, 2003 Incumbent – 94 James V. Selna C.D. Cal. January 29, 2003 March 27, 2003 97–0 March 27, 2003 March 3, 2020 Incumbent 95 Theresa Springmann N.D. Ind. January 29, 2003 March 31, 2003 93–0 June 24, 2003 January 23, 2021 Incumbent 96 Cormac J. Carney C.D. Cal. October 10, 2002 April 7, 2003 99–0 April 9, 2003 May 31, 2024 Incumbent 97 Richard D. Bennett D. Md. January 29, 2003 April 9, 2003 99–0 April 10, 2003 June 30, 2021 Incumbent 98 Dee D. Drell W.D. La. January 15, 2003 April 9, 2003 99–0 April 10, 2003 November 30, 2017 Incumbent 99 Cecilia Altonaga S.D. Fla. January 15, 2003 May 6, 2003 91–0 May 7, 2003 Incumbent – 100 Patricia Head Minaldi W.D. La. January 15, 2003 May 6, 2003 voice vote May 9, 2003 July 31, 2017 December 1, 2018 101 S. Maurice Hicks Jr. W.D. La. September 12, 2002 May 19, 2003 86–0 May 21, 2003 Incumbent – 102 L. Scott Coogler N.D. Ala. March 27, 2003 May 22, 2003 voice vote May 28, 2003 Incumbent – 103 J. Ronnie Greer E.D. Tenn. April 9, 2003 June 11, 2003 97–0 June 12, 2003 June 30, 2018 Incumbent 104 Mark R. Kravitz D. Conn. March 27, 2003 June 11, 2003 97–0 June 12, 2003 September 30, 2012 – 105 John A. Woodcock Jr. D. Me. March 27, 2003 June 12, 2003 voice vote June 16, 2003 June 27, 2017 Incumbent 106 David G. Campbell D. Ariz. March 13, 2003 July 8, 2003 92–0 July 15, 2003 July 31, 2018 Incumbent 107 Robert C. Brack D.N.M. April 28, 2003 July 14, 2003 voice vote July 15, 2003 July 25, 2018 Incumbent 108 Samuel Der-Yeghiayan N.D. Ill. March 5, 2003 July 14, 2003 89–0 July 15, 2003 February 17, 2018 – 109 Lonny R. Suko E.D. Wash. April 28, 2003 July 15, 2003 94–0 July 16, 2003 November 1, 2013 Incumbent 110 Louise Flanagan E.D.N.C. January 29, 2003 July 17, 2003 voice vote July 18, 2003 Incumbent – 111 Earl Leroy Yeakel III W.D. Tex. May 1, 2003 July 28, 2003 91–0 July 29, 2003 May 1, 2023 – 112 Kathleen Cardone W.D. Tex. May 1, 2003 July 28, 2003 voice vote July 29, 2003 Incumbent – 113 Xavier Rodriguez W.D. Tex. May 1, 2003 July 31, 2003 voice vote August 1, 2003 Incumbent – 114 Frank Montalvo W.D. Tex. May 1, 2003 July 31, 2003 95–0 August 1, 2003 December 1, 2022 Incumbent 115 James I. Cohn S.D. Fla. May 1, 2003 July 31, 2003 96–0 August 1, 2003 August 5, 2016 Incumbent 116 Harold Brent McKnight W.D.N.C. April 28, 2003 July 31, 2003 voice vote August 1, 2003 November 27, 2004 – 117 James O. Browning D.N.M. April 28, 2003 July 31, 2003 voice vote August 1, 2003 Incumbent – 118 R. David Proctor N.D. Ala. May 1, 2003 September 17, 2003 92–0 September 22, 2003 Incumbent – 119 P. Kevin Castel S.D.N.Y. March 5, 2003 September 17, 2003 voice vote September 22, 2003 August 5, 2017 Incumbent 120 Stephen C. Robinson S.D.N.Y. March 5, 2003 September 17, 2003 voice vote September 22, 2003 August 11, 2010 – 121 Richard J. Holwell S.D.N.Y. August 1, 2002 September 17, 2003 voice vote September 22, 2003 February 7, 2012 – 122 Sandra J. Feuerstein E.D.N.Y. July 25, 2002 September 17, 2003 92–0 September 22, 2003 January 21, 2015 April 9, 2021 123 Henry F. Floyd D.S.C. May 15, 2003 September 22, 2003 89–0 September 24, 2003 October 6, 2011 Elevated 124 Glen E. Conrad W.D. Va. April 28, 2003 September 22, 2003 89–0 September 24, 2003 December 11, 2017 May 20, 2021 125 Kim R. Gibson W.D. Pa. April 28, 2003 September 23, 2003 94–0 September 24, 2003 June 3, 2016 Incumbent 126 Larry Alan Burns S.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 September 24, 2003 91–0 September 25, 2003 January 22, 2021 May 1, 2024 127 Michael W. Mosman D. Ore. May 8, 2003 September 25, 2003 93–0 September 26, 2003 December 27, 2021 Incumbent 128 Dana Sabraw S.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 September 25, 2003 95–0 September 26, 2003 Incumbent – 129 Ronald A. White E.D. Okla. May 15, 2003 September 30, 2003 93–0 October 2, 2003 Incumbent – 130 Marcia A. Crone E.D. Tex. May 1, 2003 September 30, 2003 91–0 October 3, 2003 Incumbent – 131 Phillip S. Figa D. Colo. June 9, 2003 October 2, 2003 voice vote October 6, 2003 January 5, 2008 – 132 Robert Clive Jones D. Nev. June 9, 2003 October 2, 2003 voice vote November 30, 2003 February 1, 2016 Incumbent 133 John A. Houston S.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 October 2, 2003 voice vote October 7, 2003 February 6, 2018 Incumbent 134 William Q. Hayes S.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 October 2, 2003 98–0 October 6, 2003 August 1, 2021 Incumbent 135 M. Casey Rodgers N.D. Fla. July 14, 2003 October 20, 2003 82–0 November 21, 2003 Incumbent – 136 Thomas Hardiman W.D. Pa. April 9, 2003 October 22, 2003 voice vote October 27, 2003 April 5, 2007 Elevated 137 Dale S. Fischer C.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 October 27, 2003 86–0 November 5, 2003 May 1, 2024 Incumbent 138 Roger W. Titus D. Md. June 18, 2003 November 5, 2003 97–0 November 6, 2003 January 17, 2014 March 3, 2019 139 Gary L. Sharpe N.D.N.Y. April 28, 2003 January 28, 2004 95–0 January 29, 2004 January 1, 2016 February 12, 2024 140 Mark Filip N.D. Ill. April 28, 2003 February 5, 2004 96–0 February 8, 2004 March 9, 2008 – 141 Neil V. Wake D. Ariz. October 22, 2003 March 12, 2004 voice vote March 15, 2004 July 5, 2016 Incumbent 142 Louis Guirola Jr. S.D. Miss. September 23, 2003 March 12, 2004 92–0 March 22, 2004 March 23, 2018 Incumbent 143 Marcia G. Cooke S.D. Fla. November 25, 2003 May 18, 2004 96–0 May 18, 2004 July 15, 2022 January 27, 2023 144 F. Dennis Saylor IV D. Mass. July 30, 2003 June 1, 2004 89–0 June 2, 2004 Incumbent – 145 Judith C. Herrera D.N.M. September 23, 2003 June 3, 2004 93–0 June 13, 2004 July 1, 2019 Incumbent 146 Kenneth M. Karas S.D.N.Y. September 18, 2003 June 3, 2004 95–0 June 13, 2004 Incumbent – 147 Sandra L. Townes E.D.N.Y. August 1, 2003 June 3, 2004 95–0 August 2, 2004 May 1, 2015 February 8, 2018 148 Gene E. K. Pratter E.D. Pa. November 3, 2003 June 15, 2004 98–0 June 16, 2004 May 17, 2024 – 149 Ricardo S. Martinez W.D. Wash. October 14, 2003 June 15, 2004 98–0 June 16, 2004 September 5, 2022 Incumbent 150 Virginia Emerson Hopkins N.D. Ala. October 14, 2003 June 15, 2004 98–0 June 17, 2004 June 22, 2018 Incumbent 151 Paul S. Diamond E.D. Pa. January 20, 2004 June 16, 2004 97–0 June 22, 2004 Incumbent – 152 Lawrence F. Stengel E.D. Pa. November 6, 2003 June 16, 2004 97–0 June 21, 2004 August 31, 2018 – 153 William S. Duffey Jr. N.D. Ga. November 5, 2003 June 16, 2004 97–0 July 1, 2004 July 1, 2018 – 154 James Robart W.D. Wash. December 9, 2003 June 17, 2004 99–0 June 21, 2004 June 28, 2016 Incumbent 155 Jane J. Boyle N.D. Tex. November 24, 2003 June 17, 2004 99–0 June 29, 2004 Incumbent – 156 Roger Benitez S.D. Cal. May 1, 2003 June 17, 2004 98–1 June 21, 2004 December 31, 2017 Incumbent 157 Juan Ramon Sánchez E.D. Pa. November 25, 2003 June 23, 2004 98–0 June 24, 2004 Incumbent – 158 Walter D. Kelley Jr. E.D. Va. October 31, 2003 June 23, 2004 94–0 August 16, 2004 May 16, 2008 – 159 George P. Schiavelli C.D. Cal. January 20, 2004 June 24, 2004 voice vote July 8, 2004 October 5, 2008 – 160 Robert Bryan Harwell D.S.C. January 20, 2004 June 24, 2004 voice vote June 30, 2004 June 4, 2024 Incumbent 161 Dora Irizarry E.D.N.Y. April 28, 2003 June 24, 2004 voice vote July 8, 2004 January 26, 2020 Incumbent 162 James Leon Holmes E.D. Ark. January 29, 2003 July 6, 2004 51–46 July 7, 2004 March 31, 2018 February 5, 2020 163 Michael H. Schneider Sr. E.D. Tex. May 17, 2004 September 7, 2004 92–1 September 10, 2004 January 7, 2016 October 1, 2016 164 Virginia Covington M.D. Fla. April 20, 2004 September 7, 2004 91–0 September 10, 2004 July 12, 2020 Incumbent 165 Michael H. Watson S.D. Ohio April 6, 2004 September 7, 2004 voice vote September 10, 2004 Incumbent – 166 Christopher A. Boyko N.D. Ohio July 22, 2004 November 21, 2004 voice vote January 3, 2005 January 6, 2020 Incumbent 167 Keith Starrett S.D. Miss. July 6, 2004 November 21, 2004 voice vote December 13, 2004 April 30, 2019 Incumbent 168 Micaela Alvarez S.D. Tex. June 16, 2004 November 21, 2004 voice vote December 13, 2004 June 8, 2023 Incumbent 169 Paul A. Crotty S.D.N.Y. September 7, 2004 April 11, 2005 95–0 April 15, 2005 August 1, 2015 Incumbent 170 John Michael Seabright D. Haw. September 15, 2004 April 27, 2005 98–0 April 28, 2005 January 30, 2024 Incumbent 171 Robert J. Conrad W.D.N.C. April 28, 2003 April 28, 2005 voice vote June 2, 2005 May 17, 2023 Incumbent 172 James C. Dever III E.D.N.C. May 22, 2002 April 28, 2005 voice vote May 2, 2005 Incumbent – 173 Harry Sandlin Mattice Jr. E.D. Tenn. July 28, 2005 October 24, 2005 91–0 November 18, 2005 March 10, 2020 September 30, 2021 174 Brian E. Sandoval D. Nev. March 1, 2005 October 24, 2005 89–0 October 26, 2005 September 15, 2009 – 175 John Richard Smoak Jr. N.D. Fla. June 8, 2005 October 27, 2005 97–0 November 3, 2005 December 31, 2015 May 2, 2022 176 Eric N. Vitaliano E.D.N.Y. October 6, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote January 19, 2006 February 28, 2017 Incumbent 177 William Keith Watkins M.D. Ala. September 28, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote December 27, 2005 January 31, 2019 Incumbent 178 Virginia Mary Kendall N.D. Ill. September 28, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote January 3, 2006 Incumbent – 179 Kristi DuBose S.D. Ala. September 28, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote December 27, 2005 Incumbent – 180 Gregory Van Tatenhove E.D. Ky. September 13, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote January 5, 2006 Incumbent – 181 Joseph F. Bianco E.D.N.Y. July 28, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote January 3, 2006 May 17, 2019 Elevated 182 Timothy M. Burgess D. Alaska July 28, 2005 December 21, 2005 voice vote January 23, 2006 December 31, 2021 Incumbent 183 Timothy Batten N.D. Ga. September 28, 2005 March 6, 2006 88–0 March 28, 2006 Incumbent – 184 Thomas E. Johnston S.D.W.Va. September 28, 2005 March 6, 2006 89–0 April 17, 2006 Incumbent – 185 Aida Delgado-Colón D.P.R. October 25, 2005 March 6, 2006 voice vote March 17, 2006 Incumbent – 186 Stephen G. Larson C.D. Cal. December 15, 2005 March 16, 2006 voice vote March 20, 2006 November 2, 2009 – 187 Jack Zouhary N.D. Ohio December 14, 2005 March 16, 2006 96–0 March 28, 2006 July 1, 2019 Incumbent 188 Gray H. Miller S.D. Tex. January 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 93–0 April 25, 2006 December 9, 2018 Incumbent 189 Patrick J. Schiltz D. Minn. December 14, 2005 April 26, 2006 voice vote April 28, 2006 Incumbent – 190 Michael R. Barrett S.D. Ohio November 10, 2005 May 1, 2006 90–0 May 5, 2006 February 15, 2019 Incumbent 191 Brian Cogan E.D.N.Y. January 25, 2006 May 4, 2006 95–0 June 7, 2006 June 12, 2020 Incumbent 192 Thomas M. Golden E.D. Pa. January 25, 2006 May 4, 2006 96–0 June 13, 2006 July 31, 2010 – 193 Susan D. Wigenton D.N.J. January 25, 2006 May 26, 2006 voice vote June 12, 2006 Incumbent – 194 Renée Marie Bumb D.N.J. January 25, 2006 June 6, 2006 89–0 June 12, 2006 Incumbent – 195 Noel Lawrence Hillman D.N.J. January 25, 2006 June 8, 2006 98–0 June 12, 2006 April 4, 2022 February 29, 2024 196 Peter G. Sheridan D.N.J. November 5, 2003 June 8, 2006 98–0 June 12, 2006 June 14, 2018 Incumbent 197 Sean F. Cox E.D. Mich. September 10, 2004 June 8, 2006 voice vote June 12, 2006 Incumbent – 198 Thomas Lamson Ludington E.D. Mich. September 12, 2002 June 8, 2006 voice vote June 12, 2006 Incumbent – 199 Andrew J. Guilford C.D. Cal. January 25, 2006 June 22, 2006 93–0 June 26, 2006 July 5, 2019 January 31, 2020 200 Frank DeArmon Whitney W.D.N.C. February 14, 2006 June 22, 2006 voice vote July 5, 2006 Incumbent – 201 Daniel P. Jordan III S.D. Miss. April 24, 2006 July 20, 2006 voice vote August 7, 2006 Incumbent – 202 Gustavo Gelpí D.P.R. April 24, 2006 July 20, 2006 voice vote August 1, 2006 October 20, 2021 Elevated 203 Francisco Besosa D.P.R. May 16, 2006 September 25, 2006 87–0 September 27, 2006 January 1, 2022 Incumbent 204 Lisa Godbey Wood S.D. Ga. June 12, 2006 January 30, 2007 97–0 February 8, 2007 Incumbent – 205 Philip S. Gutierrez C.D. Cal. April 24, 2006 January 30, 2007 97–0 February 16, 2007 Incumbent – 206 Lawrence Joseph O'Neill E.D. Cal. August 2, 2006 February 1, 2007 97–0 February 2, 2007 February 2, 2020 Incumbent 207 Gregory Kent Frizzell N.D. Okla. June 7, 2006 February 1, 2007 99–0 February 2, 2007 Incumbent – 208 Valerie Baker Fairbank C.D. Cal. May 4, 2006 February 1, 2007 voice vote February 16, 2007 March 1, 2012 Incumbent 209 Nora Barry Fischer W.D. Pa. July 13, 2006 February 14, 2007 96–0 April 2, 2007 June 13, 2019 Incumbent 210 Marcia Morales Howard M.D. Fla. June 6, 2006 February 15, 2007 93–0 February 20, 2007 Incumbent – 211 Sara Elizabeth Lioi N.D. Ohio July 13, 2006 March 8, 2007 voice vote March 14, 2007 Incumbent – 212 John Alfred Jarvey S.D. Iowa June 28, 2006 March 8, 2007 95–0 March 14, 2007 March 18, 2022 – 213 Otis D. Wright II C.D. Cal. September 5, 2006 March 15, 2007 voice vote April 16, 2007 Incumbent – 214 John P. Bailey N.D.W.Va. June 28, 2006 March 15, 2007 voice vote March 19, 2007 Incumbent – 215 George H. Wu C.D. Cal. September 5, 2006 March 27, 2007 95–0 April 17, 2007 November 3, 2023 Incumbent 216 Vanessa Lynne Bryant D. Conn. January 25, 2006 March 28, 2007 voice vote April 2, 2007 February 1, 2021 Incumbent 217 Halil Suleyman Ozerden S.D. Miss. September 5, 2006 April 24, 2007 95–0 May 1, 2007 Incumbent – 218 Frederick J. Kapala N.D. Ill. December 5, 2006 May 8, 2007 91–0 May 10, 2007 May 10, 2019 Incumbent 219 Richard J. Sullivan S.D.N.Y. February 15, 2007 June 28, 2007 99–0 August 1, 2007 October 25, 2018 Elevated 220 Benjamin Settle W.D. Wash. November 15, 2006 June 28, 2007 99–0 July 2, 2007 January 1, 2020 Incumbent 221 Joseph S. Van Bokkelen N.D. Ind. January 9, 2007 June 28, 2007 voice vote July 18, 2007 September 29, 2017 Incumbent 222 Liam O'Grady E.D. Va. August 2, 2006 July 9, 2007 88–0 July 11, 2007 May 1, 2020 August 18, 2023 223 Janet T. Neff W.D. Mich. June 28, 2006 July 9, 2007 83–4 August 6, 2007 March 1, 2021 Incumbent 224 Paul Lewis Maloney W.D. Mich. June 28, 2006 July 9, 2007 voice vote July 13, 2007 Incumbent – 225 Robert James Jonker W.D. Mich. June 28, 2006 July 9, 2007 voice vote July 16, 2007 Incumbent – 226 Timothy D. DeGiusti W.D. Okla. February 15, 2007 August 3, 2007 96–0 August 9, 2007 Incumbent – 227 William Lindsay Osteen Jr. M.D.N.C. September 29, 2006 September 10, 2007 86–0 September 19, 2007 Incumbent – 228 Martin Karl Reidinger W.D.N.C. September 29, 2006 September 10, 2007 voice vote September 12, 2007 Incumbent – 229 Janis Lynn Sammartino S.D. Cal. March 19, 2007 September 10, 2007 90–0 September 21, 2007 Incumbent – 230 Roslynn R. Mauskopf E.D.N.Y. August 2, 2006 October 4, 2007 voice vote October 18, 2007 January 31, 2024 – 231 Richard A. Jones W.D. Wash. March 19, 2007 October 4, 2007 voice vote October 29, 2007 September 5, 2022 Incumbent 232 Sharion Aycock N.D. Miss. March 19, 2007 October 4, 2007 voice vote October 22, 2007 Incumbent – 233 Robert Michael Dow Jr. N.D. Ill. July 18, 2007 November 13, 2007 86–0 December 5, 2007 Incumbent – 234 Reed O'Connor N.D. Tex. June 27, 2007 November 16, 2007 voice vote November 21, 2007 Incumbent – 235 Amul Thapar E.D. Ky. May 24, 2007 December 13, 2007 voice vote January 4, 2008 May 30, 2017 Elevated 236 Joseph Normand Laplante D.N.H. June 13, 2007 December 14, 2007 voice vote December 28, 2007 Incumbent – 237 Thomas D. Schroeder M.D.N.C. September 29, 2006 December 14, 2007 voice vote January 8, 2008 Incumbent – 238 Brian S. Miller E.D. Ark. October 16, 2007 April 10, 2008 88–0 April 17, 2008 Incumbent – 239 James Randal Hall S.D. Ga. March 19, 2007 April 10, 2008 voice vote April 29, 2008 Incumbent – 240 John Mendez E.D. Cal. September 6, 2007 April 10, 2008 voice vote April 17, 2008 April 17, 2022 Incumbent 241 S. Thomas Anderson W.D. Tenn. September 6, 2007 April 10, 2008 voice vote May 21, 2008 Incumbent – 242 Mark Steven Davis E.D. Va. November 15, 2007 June 10, 2008 94–0 June 23, 2008 Incumbent – 243 David Gregory Kays W.D. Mo. November 15, 2007 June 10, 2008 voice vote June 19, 2008 Incumbent – 244 Stephen N. Limbaugh Jr. E.D. Mo. December 6, 2007 June 10, 2008 voice vote August 1, 2008 August 1, 2020 Incumbent 245 Stephen Murphy III E.D. Mich. April 15, 2008 June 24, 2008 voice vote August 18, 2008 Incumbent – 246 William T. Lawrence S.D. Ind. February 14, 2008 June 26, 2008 97–0 June 30, 2008 July 1, 2018 Incumbent 247 G. Murray Snow D. Ariz. December 11, 2007 June 26, 2008 voice vote July 23, 2008 Incumbent – 248 Paul G. Gardephe S.D.N.Y. April 29, 2008 July 17, 2008 voice vote August 8, 2008 August 9, 2023 Incumbent 249 Kiyo A. Matsumoto E.D.N.Y. March 11, 2008 July 17, 2008 voice vote July 22, 2008 July 23, 2022 Incumbent 250 Glenn T. Suddaby N.D.N.Y. December 11, 2007 July 22, 2008 voice vote August 29, 2008 Incumbent – 251 Cathy Seibel S.D.N.Y. March 11, 2008 July 22, 2008 voice vote July 30, 2008 Incumbent – 252 Clark Waddoups D. Utah April 29, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 21, 2008 January 31, 2019 Incumbent 253 Michael Anello S.D. Cal. April 23, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 10, 2008 October 31, 2018 Incumbent 254 Mary Stenson Scriven M.D. Fla. July 10, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent September 30, 2008 Incumbent – 255 Christine Arguello D. Colo. July 10, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 21, 2008 July 15, 2022 Incumbent 256 Philip A. Brimmer D. Colo. July 10, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 14, 2008 Incumbent – 257 Anthony Trenga E.D. Va. July 17, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 14, 2008 June 1, 2021 Incumbent 258 C. Darnell Jones II E.D. Pa. July 24, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 30, 2008 March 15, 2021 Incumbent 259 Mitchell S. Goldberg E.D. Pa. July 24, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 31, 2008 Incumbent – 260 Joel Harvey Slomsky E.D. Pa. July 24, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 6, 2008 October 9, 2018 Incumbent 261 Eric F. Melgren D. Kan. July 23, 2008 September 26, 2008 unanimous consent October 6, 2008 Incumbent – United States Court of International Trade Main article: United States Court of International Trade # Judge Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Timothy C. Stanceu December 19, 2001 March 6, 2003 voice vote March 10, 2003 April 5, 2021 Incumbent 2 Leo M. Gordon November 10, 2005 March 13, 2006 82–0 March 16, 2006 March 22, 2019 Incumbent Specialty courts (Article I) United States Court of Federal Claims Main article: United States Court of Federal Claims # Judge Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Lawrence J. Block August 2, 2001 October 2, 2002 voice vote October 3, 2002 January 8, 2016 – 2 Marian Blank Horn August 1, 2001 March 3, 2003 89–0 March 10, 2003 March 9, 2018 Incumbent 3 Victor J. Wolski September 12, 2002 July 9, 2003 54–43 July 14, 2003 July 13, 2018 Incumbent 4 Mary Ellen Coster Williams June 21, 2001 July 9, 2003 voice vote July 14, 2003 July 13, 2018 Incumbent 5 Susan G. Braden May 1, 2002 July 9, 2003 voice vote July 14, 2003 July 13, 2018 April 1, 2019 6 Charles F. Lettow August 1, 2001 July 9, 2003 voice vote July 14, 2003 July 13, 2018 Incumbent 7 George W. Miller July 30, 2003 December 9, 2003 voice vote December 13, 2003 August 7, 2013 – 8 Thomas C. Wheeler June 14, 2005 October 21, 2005 voice vote October 24, 2005 October 23, 2020 – 9 Margaret M. Sweeney June 14, 2005 October 21, 2005 voice vote October 24, 2005 October 23, 2020 Incumbent United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims Main article: United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims # Judge Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Bruce E. Kasold March 21, 2002 December 9, 2003 voice vote December 31, 2003 December 2016 Incumbent 2 Lawrence B. Hagel February 14, 2003 December 9, 2003 voice vote December 31, 2003 October 8, 2016 Incumbent 3 Alan G. Lance Sr. September 24, 2002 November 20, 2004 voice vote December 4, 2004 April 30, 2017 Incumbent 4 Robert N. Davis March 26, 2003 November 20, 2004 voice vote December 4, 2004 December 3, 2019 Incumbent 5 Mary J. Schoelen March 12, 2004 November 20, 2004 voice vote December 4, 2004 December 3, 2019 Incumbent 6 William A. Moorman September 21, 2004 November 20, 2004 voice vote December 4, 2004 August 31, 2015 Incumbent United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Main article: United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces # Judge Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Charles E. Erdmann August 1, 2002 October 2, 2002 voice vote October 15, 2002 July 31, 2017 Incumbent 2 Margaret A. Ryan November 15, 2006 December 8, 2006 voice vote December 20, 2006 July 31, 2020 Incumbent 3 Scott W. Stucky November 15, 2006 December 8, 2006 voice vote December 20, 2006 July 31, 2021 Incumbent United States Tax Court Main article: United States Tax Court # Judge Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Thomas B. Wells September 10, 2001 October 2, 2001 voice vote October 10, 2001 January 1, 2011 Incumbent 2 Joseph Robert Goeke January 15, 2003 April 3, 2003 voice vote April 22, 2003 April 21, 2018 Incumbent 3 Robert Wherry February 6, 2003 April 3, 2003 voice vote April 23, 2003 April 8, 2014 January 1, 2018 4 Harry Haines February 12, 2003 April 3, 2003 voice vote April 22, 2003 May 30, 2009 2016 5 Diane Kroupa February 25, 2003 April 3, 2003 voice vote June 13, 2003 June 16, 2014 – 6 Mark V. Holmes February 25, 2003 April 3, 2003 voice vote June 30, 2003 June 30, 2018 Incumbent 7 John O. Colvin May 13, 2004 July 22, 2004 voice vote August 12, 2004 November 17, 2016 March 11, 2024 8 James Halpern September 6, 2005 October 28, 2005 voice vote November 2, 2005 October 16, 2015 Incumbent 9 Richard T. Morrison November 15, 2007 July 7, 2008 voice vote August 29, 2008 Incumbent – 10 David Gustafson February 14, 2008 July 7, 2008 voice vote July 29, 2008 November 1, 2022 Incumbent 11 Elizabeth Crewson Paris February 14, 2008 July 7, 2008 voice vote July 30, 2008 Incumbent – Territorial courts (Article IV) # Judge Court Nominationdate Confirmationdate Confirmationvote Began activeservice Ended activeservice Ended seniorstatus 1 Curtis V. Gómez D.V.I. November 25, 2003 November 21, 2004 voice vote January 28, 2005 April 27, 2020 Incumbent 2 Raymond L. Finch D.V.I. February 2, 2004 November 21, 2004 voice vote Reappointment(September 1, 1994) August 15, 2008 Incumbent 3 Frances Tydingco-Gatewood D. Guam April 25, 2006 August 3, 2006 voice vote October 30, 2006 Incumbent – Notes Courts ^ a b See: List of United States district and territorial courts Renominations ^ Originally nominated on July 19, 2005, to the Associate Justice seat being vacated by Sandra Day O'Connor. Upon Rehnquist's death, the Associate Justice nomination was withdrawn and he was instead nominated to be Chief Justice. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Renominated on September 4, 2001, after the initial nomination expired. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Renominated on January 7, 2003, after the initial nomination expired. ^ a b c Renominated on September 4, 2001, and January 7, 2003. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on January 27, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on May 9, 2001 to a different seat on the same court. Renominated on September 4, 2001, and January 7, 2003. ^ Renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and February 6, 2004. ^ Renominated on March 12, 2004, and February 14, 2005. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on September 11, 1991 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on November 21, 2003 to a different seat on the same court. ^ Renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and February 14, 2005. ^ a b c d e f g Renominated on February 14, 2005, after the initial nomination expired. ^ a b c d e Renominated on January 7, 2003, and February 14, 2005. ^ Renominated on February 14, 2005, and January 25, 2006. ^ Originally nominated on February 14, 2006, to the Northern District of Oklahoma. The nomination was withdrawn on May 4, 2006. Subsequently nominated to the Tenth Circuit on May 4, 2006. ^ Was originally nominated to a seat on December 16, 2005. Renominated on September 5, 2006, November 15, 2006, and January 9, 2007. Withdrawn and nominated to a different seat on the same court on January 16, 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Renominated on January 9, 2007, after the initial nomination expired. ^ Originally nominated on June 6, 2006, to the Southern District of Mississippi. The nomination was returned on December 9, 2006. Subsequently nominated to the Fifth Circuit on January 9, 2007. ^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton on January 7, 1997 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Clinton on January 26, 1999. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Clinton on January 3, 2001. That nomination was withdrawn by President Bush on March 19, 2001. Renominated on April 15, 2008 to a different seat on the same court. ^ a b c d Renominated on March 19, 2007, after the initial nomination expired. ^ Previously nominated to the same seat on September 17, 1992 by President George H. W. Bush. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated to the same seat upon it becoming vacant again by President George W. Bush on August 2, 2001. Renominated on September 4, 2001. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on July 2, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on August 2, 2001 to a different seat on the same court. Renominated on September 4, 2001. ^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton on July 30, 1998. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 26, 1999. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 23, 2002 by President Bush. ^ a b c Previously nominated by George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on March 20, 1992. The nomination expired at the end of the term. Subsequently renominated to a different seat on the same court by George W. Bush on January 23, 2002. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on June 3, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. ^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton to a different seat on the same court on July 27, 2000. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Bush on March 21, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on September 9, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on March 21, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on April 30, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. ^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on June 2, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on September 12, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 7, 2003. ^ Originally nominated on October 9, 2001 to the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Nominated to the Southern District of Alabama on January 7, 2003. ^ Originally nominated on June 28, 2006, to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Renominated on March 19, 2007. Nomination subsequently withdrawn on April 15, 2008 and nominated to the Eastern District of Michigan on the same day. References General "Judges of the United States Courts". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2009. "U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107th–109th Congresses" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2013. "Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2013. Specific ^ All information on the names, terms of service, and details of appointment of federal judges is derived from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public-domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ Recess appointment by Bill Clinton; subsequently nominated by George W. Bush, confirmed by the Senate, and received commission on July 25, 2001. ^ Recess appointment; retired when appointment ended on December 8, 2004. ^ Recess appointment; after Senate confirmation, received commission on June 10, 2005. Sources Federal Judicial Center vteGeorge W. Bush 43rd President of the United States (2001–2009) 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) Presidency(timeline) Transition 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008–09 Legislation and programs Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Shoeing incident Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates John Roberts Harriet Miers Samuel Alito controversies Cabinet Pardons Impeachment efforts Executive orders Presidential proclamations Obama transition Foreign policy Bush Doctrine International trips Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement Trade Act of 2002 Trade promotion authority Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Dominican Republic–Central America Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea 2002 steel tariff Darfur Peace and Accountability Act Mexico City policy PEPFAR Russia summits Slovenia Slovakia Space policy Vision for Space Exploration Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty USA Freedom Corps September 11 attacks Communication issues Military response Pre-attack intelligence Phoenix Memo August 2001 daily briefing War on terror 2001 AUMF Afghanistan War 2002 Iraq AUMF Iraq War financial cost 2008 Iraq SOFA Executive Order 13355 Executive Order 13470 H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004 Secure Fence Act of 2006 Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007 Domestic policy Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act Amber alert Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Born-Alive Infants Protection Act Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Government response to September 11 attacks Rescue and recovery effort 9/11 Commission report criticism National Construction Safety Team Act NIST WTC Disaster Investigation Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Terrorist Surveillance Program NSA warrantless surveillance Homeland Security Act of 2002 U.S. Department of Homeland Security National Security Entry-Exit Registration System No Fly List Secondary Security Screening Selection Terrorist Screening Center Terrorist Screening Database Real ID Act Protect America Act of 2007 FISA Amendments Act of 2008 Help America Vote Act Election Assistance Commission Higher Education Opportunity Act Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act Hurricane Katrina Criticism of government response Disaster relief Medicare Modernization Act Medicare Part D No Child Left Behind Act Highly qualified teachers Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act President's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 Public Service Loan Forgiveness Unborn Victims of Violence Act 2006 VRA Amendments White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships Economic policy American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 Bush tax cuts Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act Credit Rating Agency Reform Act Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Energy Policy Act of 2005 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Financial Literacy and Education Commission Red Flags Rule Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Forest Land Enhancement Program Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 Pension Protection Act of 2006 Public Law 110-343 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule SAFE Transportation Equity Act Sarbanes–Oxley Act Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 Environmentalpolicy Clean Boating Act of 2008 Climate change policy Clear Skies Initiative Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration Executive Order 13432 Diesel Emissions Reduction Act Healthy Forests Initiative Magnuson–Stevens Reauthorization Act Renewable Fuel Standard Renewable Identification Number Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act Water Resources Development Act of 2007 Life andlegacy Childhood home Early life and career Family Presidential library Presidential portrait Military service controversy Killian documents controversy authenticity issues Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Walker's Point Estate Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Speeches Joint session of Congress (2001) Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001) Axis of evil Mission Accomplished State of the Union addresses 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ElectionsU.S. House 1978 Gubernatorial 1994 1998 Presidential 2000 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Bush v. Gore 2004 campaign primaries convention debates election Public image Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet? "Yo, Blair" Books A Charge to Keep (1999) Decision Points (2010) 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014) Portraits of Courage (2017) Out of Many, One (2021) Popularculture Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary) W. (2008 film) George W. Bush (2020 film) ← Bill Clinton Barack Obama → Category vtePresidents and the federal judiciary of the United StatesSupreme Court candidatesand nomination resultsAll Supreme Court nominations Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump BidenAll presidentialjudicial appointmentsJudicial appointment history for United States federal courts Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe J. Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A. Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland (I) B. Harrison Cleveland (II) McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump BidenAppointment controversies L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments • Supreme Court demographics
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Bush during his presidency, including a partial list of Judges appointed under Article I.[1]In total Bush appointed 327 Article III federal judges, including 2 Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), 62 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 261 judges to the United States district courts and 2 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Additionally, he made appointments to various courts established under Article I and Article IV.President George W. Bush looks on as his nominee for Chief Justice, John Roberts, speaks.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBush and his second nominee to the Supreme Court, Samuel Alito.","title":"List of federal judges appointed by George W. 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a b See: List of United States district and territorial courtsRenominations\n\n^ Originally nominated on July 19, 2005, to the Associate Justice seat being vacated by Sandra Day O'Connor. Upon Rehnquist's death, the Associate Justice nomination was withdrawn and he was instead nominated to be Chief Justice.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Renominated on September 4, 2001, after the initial nomination expired.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Renominated on January 7, 2003, after the initial nomination expired.\n\n^ a b c Renominated on September 4, 2001, and January 7, 2003.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on January 27, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on May 9, 2001 to a different seat on the same court. Renominated on September 4, 2001, and January 7, 2003.\n\n^ Renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and February 6, 2004.\n\n^ Renominated on March 12, 2004, and February 14, 2005.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on September 11, 1991 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on November 21, 2003 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ Renominated on September 4, 2001, January 7, 2003, and February 14, 2005.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Renominated on February 14, 2005, after the initial nomination expired.\n\n^ a b c d e Renominated on January 7, 2003, and February 14, 2005.\n\n^ Renominated on February 14, 2005, and January 25, 2006.\n\n^ Originally nominated on February 14, 2006, to the Northern District of Oklahoma. The nomination was withdrawn on May 4, 2006. Subsequently nominated to the Tenth Circuit on May 4, 2006.\n\n^ Was originally nominated to a seat on December 16, 2005. Renominated on September 5, 2006, November 15, 2006, and January 9, 2007. Withdrawn and nominated to a different seat on the same court on January 16, 2007.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Renominated on January 9, 2007, after the initial nomination expired.\n\n^ Originally nominated on June 6, 2006, to the Southern District of Mississippi. The nomination was returned on December 9, 2006. Subsequently nominated to the Fifth Circuit on January 9, 2007.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton on January 7, 1997 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Clinton on January 26, 1999. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Clinton on January 3, 2001. That nomination was withdrawn by President Bush on March 19, 2001. Renominated on April 15, 2008 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ a b c d Renominated on March 19, 2007, after the initial nomination expired.\n\n^ Previously nominated to the same seat on September 17, 1992 by President George H. W. Bush. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated to the same seat upon it becoming vacant again by President George W. Bush on August 2, 2001. Renominated on September 4, 2001.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on July 2, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on August 2, 2001 to a different seat on the same court. Renominated on September 4, 2001.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton on July 30, 1998. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 26, 1999. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 23, 2002 by President Bush.\n\n^ a b c Previously nominated by George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on March 20, 1992. The nomination expired at the end of the term. Subsequently renominated to a different seat on the same court by George W. Bush on January 23, 2002.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on June 3, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2002 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President Clinton to a different seat on the same court on July 27, 2000. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President Bush on March 21, 2002 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on September 9, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on March 21, 2002 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a different seat on the same court on April 30, 1992. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2002 to a different seat on the same court.\n\n^ Was previously nominated by President George H. W. Bush on June 2, 1992 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated by President George W. Bush on September 12, 2002 to a different seat on the same court. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Renominated on January 7, 2003.\n\n^ Originally nominated on October 9, 2001 to the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. That nomination expired at the end of the term. Nominated to the Southern District of Alabama on January 7, 2003.\n\n^ Originally nominated on June 28, 2006, to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Renominated on March 19, 2007. Nomination subsequently withdrawn on April 15, 2008 and nominated to the Eastern District of Michigan on the same day.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"George W. 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Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"A. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_A._Garfield"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Cleveland (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"B. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Cleveland (II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"T. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"F. D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"L. B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"G. H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"G. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"L. B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"G. H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"G. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Federal Judicial CentervteGeorge W. Bush\n43rd President of the United States (2001–2009)\n46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)\nPresidency(timeline)\nTransition\n1st inauguration\n2nd inauguration\nTimeline\n2001 \n2002 \n2003 \n2004 \n2005 \n2006\n2007\n2008–09\nLegislation and programs\nDismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy\nEmail controversy\nShoeing incident\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court candidates\nJohn Roberts\nHarriet Miers\nSamuel Alito\ncontroversies\nCabinet\nPardons\nImpeachment efforts\nExecutive orders\nPresidential proclamations\nObama transition\nForeign policy\nBush Doctrine\nInternational trips\nJordan–United States Free Trade Agreement\nTrade Act of 2002\nTrade promotion authority\nAustralia\nBahrain\nChile\nColombia\nDominican Republic–Central America\nMorocco\nOman\nPanama\nPeru\nSingapore\nSouth Korea\n2002 steel tariff\nDarfur Peace and Accountability Act\nMexico City policy\nPEPFAR\nRussia summits\nSlovenia\nSlovakia\nSpace policy\nVision for Space Exploration\nStrategic Offensive Reductions Treaty\nUSA Freedom Corps\nSeptember 11 attacks\nCommunication issues\nMilitary response\nPre-attack intelligence\nPhoenix Memo\nAugust 2001 daily briefing\nWar on terror\n2001 AUMF\nAfghanistan War\n2002 Iraq AUMF\nIraq War\nfinancial cost\n2008 Iraq SOFA\nExecutive Order 13355\nExecutive Order 13470\nH-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004\nL-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004\nSecure Fence Act of 2006\nForeign Investment and National Security Act of 2007\nDomestic policy\nAdam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act\nAmber alert\nBipartisan Campaign Reform Act\nBorn-Alive Infants Protection Act\nEmmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act\nGenetic Information Nondiscrimination Act\nGovernment response to September 11 attacks\nRescue and recovery effort\n9/11 Commission\nreport\ncriticism\nNational Construction Safety Team Act\nNIST WTC Disaster Investigation\nPatriot Act\nPresident's Surveillance Program\nTerrorist Surveillance Program\nNSA warrantless surveillance\nHomeland Security Act of 2002\nU.S. Department of Homeland Security\nNational Security Entry-Exit Registration System\nNo Fly List\nSecondary Security Screening Selection\nTerrorist Screening Center\nTerrorist Screening Database\nReal ID Act\nProtect America Act of 2007\nFISA Amendments Act of 2008\nHelp America Vote Act\nElection Assistance Commission\nHigher Education Opportunity Act\nHigher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act\nHurricane Katrina\nCriticism of government response\nDisaster relief\nMedicare Modernization Act\nMedicare Part D\nNo Child Left Behind Act\nHighly qualified teachers\nPartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act\nPresident's Council on Service and Civic Participation\naward\nPrison Rape Elimination Act of 2003\nPublic Service Loan Forgiveness\nUnborn Victims of Violence Act\n2006 VRA Amendments\nWhite House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships\nEconomic policy\nAmerican Jobs Creation Act of 2004\nBush tax cuts\nEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001\nJobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003\nConsumer Product Safety Improvement Act\nCredit Rating Agency Reform Act\nEconomic Stimulus Act of 2008\nEnergy Policy Act of 2005\nEnergy Independence and Security Act of 2007\nFair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act\nFinancial Literacy and Education Commission\nRed Flags Rule\nFarm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002\nForest Land Enhancement Program\nFlood Insurance Reform Act of 2004\nFood, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008\nJob Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002\nMortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007\nPension Protection Act of 2006\nPublic Law 110-343\nEmergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008\nTroubled Asset Relief Program\nRenovation, Repair and Painting Rule\nSAFE Transportation Equity Act\nSarbanes–Oxley Act\nTax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005\nTax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006\nEnvironmentalpolicy\nClean Boating Act of 2008\nClimate change policy\nClear Skies Initiative\nCommittee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration\nExecutive Order 13432\nDiesel Emissions Reduction Act\nHealthy Forests Initiative\nMagnuson–Stevens Reauthorization Act\nRenewable Fuel Standard\nRenewable Identification Number\nSmall Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act\nWater Resources Development Act of 2007\n\nLife andlegacy\nChildhood home\nEarly life and career\nFamily\nPresidential library\nPresidential portrait\nMilitary service controversy\nKillian documents controversy\nauthenticity issues\nProfessional life\nGovernorship of Texas\nPrairie Chapel Ranch\nWalker's Point Estate\nClinton Bush Haiti Fund\nSpeeches\nJoint session of Congress (2001)\nJoint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001)\nAxis of evil\nMission Accomplished\nState of the Union addresses \n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\nElectionsU.S. House\n1978\nGubernatorial\n1994\n1998\nPresidential\n2000 campaign\nprimaries\nrunning mate selection\nconvention\ndebates\nelection\nBush v. Gore\n2004 campaign\nprimaries\nconvention\ndebates\nelection\nPublic image\nBushisms\nNicknames\nAs the subject of books and films\nFictionalized portrayals\nMiss Me Yet?\n\"Yo, Blair\"\nBooks\nA Charge to Keep (1999)\nDecision Points (2010)\n41: A Portrait of My Father (2014)\nPortraits of Courage (2017)\nOut of Many, One (2021)\nPopularculture\nFahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)\nW. (2008 film)\nGeorge W. Bush (2020 film)\n\n← Bill Clinton\nBarack Obama →\n CategoryvtePresidents and the federal judiciary of the United StatesSupreme Court candidatesand nomination resultsAll Supreme Court nominations\nWilson\nHarding\nCoolidge\nHoover\nF. D. Roosevelt\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBidenAll presidentialjudicial appointmentsJudicial appointment history for United States federal courts\nWashington\nJ. Adams\nJefferson\nMadison\nMonroe\nJ. Q. Adams\nJackson\nVan Buren\nTyler\nPolk\nTaylor\nFillmore\nPierce\nBuchanan\nLincoln\nA. Johnson\nGrant\nHayes\nGarfield\nArthur\nCleveland (I)\nB. Harrison\nCleveland (II)\nMcKinley\nT. Roosevelt\nTaft\nWilson\nHarding\nCoolidge\nHoover\nF. D. Roosevelt\nTruman\nEisenhower\nKennedy\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBidenAppointment controversies\nL. B. Johnson\nNixon\nFord\nCarter\nReagan\nG. H. W. Bush\nClinton\nG. W. Bush\nObama\nTrump\nBiden\nList of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments • Supreme Court demographics","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","url_text":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges","url_text":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center","url_text":"Federal Judicial Center"},{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107th–109th Congresses\" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31868.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107th–109th Congresses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress\" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33953.pdf","url_text":"\"Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","external_links_name":"\"Judges of the United States Courts\""},{"Link":"http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31868.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107th–109th Congresses\""},{"Link":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33953.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutir_Nadia
Khutir Nadiia
["1 History","1.1 Early days","1.2 Soviet times","2 Theatrical notability","3 Things to see","4 The September Gems festival","5 Tourism","6 Sources","7 References"]
Coordinates: 48°28′59″N 31°56′56″E / 48.48306°N 31.94889°E / 48.48306; 31.94889State Museum Preserve in Kirovohrad Oblast, UkraineKhutir NadiiaХутір НадіяGeneral informationTypeState Museum PreserveLocationKropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad OblastCountryUkraineCoordinates48°28′59″N 31°56′56″E / 48.48306°N 31.94889°E / 48.48306; 31.94889 The Karpenko-Karyi State Museum-Reserve "Khutir Nadiia" is a national historic site of Ukraine that was established on a territory of estate that belonged to Ivan Karpenko-Karyi, the playwright and theatrical figure of the late 19th – early 20th century. The small complex is located 29 km (18 mi) west of Kropyvnytskyi (former Kirovohrad, Yelizavetgrad, Lyzavethrad) in the village of Mykolayivka and not far from the major european route E50. History Early days The estate itself was founded in 1871 by the playwright's father Karpo Tobilevych and named in honor of his wife, Nadiya Tarkovska. Later, Karpenko-Karyi chose this estate as his permanent residence. In the beginning Tobilevych family kept the estate as modest private farm. It was from that time that the "Father's Hut" and the old Chumak well have been preserved. After returning from three years of political exile in the spring of 1887, Ivan Karpenko-Karyi settled on the farm and decided to turn it into a picturesque corner of nature – in his own words "an oasis in the desert." Soviet times The Khutir Nadiia was declared to be a state reserve museum in 1956. Since then the institution has been held by Kirovohrad Regional Museum. Many prominent figures of Ukrainian culture have celebrated its uniqueness, including Yuri Yanovsky, Petro Panch, Oles Honchar and Alexander Korneichuk. In 1982, before the 100th anniversary of the Ukrainian theater luminaries, they restored the theatre that had been destroyed in 1944. On the eve of celebrating the 150th anniversary of the playwright they opened a new theater and literary and memorial exhibition. Theatrical notability Tobilevich wrote 11 of his 18 plays at Khutir Nadiia. This included "Sto tysiach" ("One hundred thousand"), "Khaziain" ("Master"), the historical drama "Sava Chaly," "Handzia" and others. At various times Mykola Sadovsky, Panas Saksahansky and M. Sadovska-Barilotti also lived in the manor. Visitors included the artists Zanjkovetska, M.Kropyvnytskyi, Starytskyi and many other prominent theatrical figures, writers and artists. Things to see The complex consists of Tobilevich father's house, a memorial building, the literary-memorial museum, a park, a landscape architecture area of 11 ha, a pond and a bust of Karpenko-Kary. The traditional theater festival "The September gems" is regularly held here. The museum holds about 2 thousand exhibits, many which belong to Tobilevych - Tarkovsky Arseny Aleksandrovich. The lake in the park The cemetery of Karlyuzhynskii is nearby, where Ivan Karpovich and his family are buried. The September Gems festival In 1970, during the celebration of Tobilevich's 125th anniversary, "The September Gems" annual theatre festival was inaugurated. This has involved the greatest of modern Ukrainian writers and theater workers, and it became pan-Ukrainian in 1990. Tourism Every year "Khutir Nadiia" has more than 4,000 visitors from different regions of Ukraine and abroad. It was nominated to be one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine, although it did not make the final list. Sources Державний музей-заповідник І.Карпенка-Карого (Тобілевича) "Хутір Надія" Простіть, Андрію Юрійовичу, не вберегли...(An article about the destruction of "Khutir Nadiia" by a radical reconstruction) Приїжджайте на Хутір «Надія»! References ^ a b Svetlana Eagle (4 April 2003). "Хутір Надія — колиска театру корифеїв ("Khutir Nadia - cradle of the luminaries of theatre")" (in Ukrainian). Kirovograd. ^ Her brother Alexander Tarkovsky was the grandfather of Andrey Tarkovsky, a well-known filmmaker. ^ a b "Kirovohrad Region". Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "The September Gems". 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Kirovohrad Oblast - Home to Three Nominated Seven Wonders of Ukraine". Retrieved 1 April 2012.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Karpenko-Karyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Karpenko-Karyi"},{"link_name":"Kropyvnytskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi"},{"link_name":"european route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route"}],"text":"State Museum Preserve in Kirovohrad Oblast, UkraineThe Karpenko-Karyi State Museum-Reserve \"Khutir Nadiia\" is a national historic site of Ukraine that was established on a territory of estate that belonged to Ivan Karpenko-Karyi, the playwright and theatrical figure of the late 19th – early 20th century.The small complex is located 29 km (18 mi) west of Kropyvnytskyi (former Kirovohrad, Yelizavetgrad, Lyzavethrad) in the village of Mykolayivka and not far from the major european route E50.","title":"Khutir Nadiia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-day-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chumak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumak"}],"sub_title":"Early days","text":"The estate itself was founded in 1871 by the playwright's father Karpo Tobilevych and named in honor of his wife, Nadiya Tarkovska.[1][2] Later, Karpenko-Karyi chose this estate as his permanent residence.In the beginning Tobilevych family kept the estate as modest private farm. It was from that time that the \"Father's Hut\" and the old Chumak well have been preserved. After returning from three years of political exile in the spring of 1887, Ivan Karpenko-Karyi settled on the farm and decided to turn it into a picturesque corner of nature – in his own words \"an oasis in the desert.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petro Panch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Panch"},{"link_name":"Oles Honchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oles_Honchar"}],"sub_title":"Soviet times","text":"The Khutir Nadiia was declared to be a state reserve museum in 1956. Since then the institution has been held by Kirovohrad Regional Museum. Many prominent figures of Ukrainian culture have celebrated its uniqueness, including Yuri Yanovsky, Petro Panch, Oles Honchar and Alexander Korneichuk.In 1982, before the 100th anniversary of the Ukrainian theater luminaries, they restored the theatre that had been destroyed in 1944. On the eve of celebrating the 150th anniversary of the playwright they opened a new theater and literary and memorial exhibition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcome-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcome-3"}],"text":"Tobilevich wrote 11 of his 18 plays at Khutir Nadiia. This included \"Sto tysiach\" (\"One hundred thousand\"), \"Khaziain\" (\"Master\"), the historical drama \"Sava Chaly,\" \"Handzia\" and others.[3]At various times Mykola Sadovsky, Panas Saksahansky and M. Sadovska-Barilotti also lived in the manor. Visitors included the artists Zanjkovetska, M.Kropyvnytskyi, Starytskyi and many other prominent theatrical figures, writers and artists.[3]","title":"Theatrical notability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:35-225-5005_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%97_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-day-1"}],"text":"The complex consists of Tobilevich father's house, a memorial building, the literary-memorial museum, a park, a landscape architecture area of 11 ha, a pond and a bust of Karpenko-Kary. The traditional theater festival \"The September gems\" is regularly held here.The museum holds about 2 thousand exhibits, many which belong to Tobilevych - Tarkovsky Arseny Aleksandrovich.The lake in the parkThe cemetery of Karlyuzhynskii is nearby, where Ivan Karpovich and his family are buried.[1]","title":"Things to see"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1970, during the celebration of Tobilevich's 125th anniversary, \"The September Gems\" annual theatre festival was inaugurated. This has involved the greatest of modern Ukrainian writers and theater workers, and it became pan-Ukrainian in 1990.[4]","title":"The September Gems festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Seven Wonders of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Every year \"Khutir Nadiia\" has more than 4,000 visitors from different regions of Ukraine and abroad. It was nominated to be one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine,[5] although it did not make the final list.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Державний музей-заповідник І.Карпенка-Карого (Тобілевича) \"Хутір Надія\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061014153002/http://www.heritage.com.ua/zapovidnyk/oblasti/Kirovograd/index.php?id=50"},{"link_name":"Простіть, Андрію Юрійовичу, не вберегли...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aistor.do.am/publ/1-1-0-101"},{"link_name":"Приїжджайте на Хутір «Надія»!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crossroads.com.ua/articles/2006/186/2601.php"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Державний музей-заповідник І.Карпенка-Карого (Тобілевича) \"Хутір Надія\"\nПростіть, Андрію Юрійовичу, не вберегли...(An article about the destruction of \"Khutir Nadiia\" by a radical reconstruction)\nПриїжджайте на Хутір «Надія»![permanent dead link]","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The lake in the park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/35-225-5005_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%97_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/290px-35-225-5005_%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%97_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Svetlana Eagle (4 April 2003). \"Хутір Надія — колиска театру корифеїв (\"Khutir Nadia - cradle of the luminaries of theatre\")\" (in Ukrainian). Kirovograd.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.day.kiev.ua/290619?idsource=17692&mainlang=ukr","url_text":"\"Хутір Надія — колиска театру корифеїв (\"Khutir Nadia - cradle of the luminaries of theatre\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kirovohrad Region\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131209101844/http://welcometoua.net/kirovohrad-region/kirovohrad-region/","url_text":"\"Kirovohrad Region\""},{"url":"http://welcometoua.net/kirovohrad-region/kirovohrad-region","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The September Gems\". 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130409053529/http://www.regionalmuseum.kr.ua/muzk16-03_u.html","url_text":"\"The September Gems\""},{"url":"http://www.regionalmuseum.kr.ua/muzk16-03_u.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kirovohrad Oblast - Home to Three Nominated Seven Wonders of Ukraine\". Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukraine.com/kirovohrad-oblast","url_text":"\"Kirovohrad Oblast - Home to Three Nominated Seven Wonders of Ukraine\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khutir_Nadiia&params=48_28_59_N_31_56_56_E_type:landmark_region:UA","external_links_name":"48°28′59″N 31°56′56″E / 48.48306°N 31.94889°E / 48.48306; 31.94889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khutir_Nadiia&params=48_28_59_N_31_56_56_E_type:landmark_region:UA","external_links_name":"48°28′59″N 31°56′56″E / 48.48306°N 31.94889°E / 48.48306; 31.94889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061014153002/http://www.heritage.com.ua/zapovidnyk/oblasti/Kirovograd/index.php?id=50","external_links_name":"Державний музей-заповідник І.Карпенка-Карого (Тобілевича) \"Хутір Надія\""},{"Link":"http://aistor.do.am/publ/1-1-0-101","external_links_name":"Простіть, Андрію Юрійовичу, не вберегли..."},{"Link":"http://www.crossroads.com.ua/articles/2006/186/2601.php","external_links_name":"Приїжджайте на Хутір «Надія»!"},{"Link":"http://www.day.kiev.ua/290619?idsource=17692&mainlang=ukr","external_links_name":"\"Хутір Надія — колиска театру корифеїв (\"Khutir Nadia - cradle of the luminaries of theatre\")\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131209101844/http://welcometoua.net/kirovohrad-region/kirovohrad-region/","external_links_name":"\"Kirovohrad Region\""},{"Link":"http://welcometoua.net/kirovohrad-region/kirovohrad-region","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130409053529/http://www.regionalmuseum.kr.ua/muzk16-03_u.html","external_links_name":"\"The September Gems\""},{"Link":"http://www.regionalmuseum.kr.ua/muzk16-03_u.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ukraine.com/kirovohrad-oblast","external_links_name":"\"Kirovohrad Oblast - Home to Three Nominated Seven Wonders of Ukraine\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masqueraders
The Masqueraders
["1 Plot summary","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
1928 novel by Georgette Heyer Not to be confused with The Masquerader (novel). The Masqueraders First editionAuthorGeorgette HeyerLanguageEnglishGenreGeorgian, RomancePublisherWilliam HeinemannPublication date1928Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages304 pp The Masqueraders is a 1928 novel written by Georgette Heyer. It is set in Britain at a time shortly after the 1745 Jacobite rising and is concerned with a family of adventurers and escaped Jacobites. Plot summary To escape exposure as a former Jacobite, Robin and his sister Prudence have exchanged identities and assumed new names. The tall sister takes the name Peter while the slighter Robin is disguised as his younger sister, Kate. On their way to London, the pair encounter Gregory Markham eloping with a beautiful heiress named Letitia Grayson and rescue her. Shortly afterwards Sir Anthony, a friend of Letitia's father, arrives to discover that the elopement has already been frustrated and takes her home. "Peter" and "Kate" take refuge in London with Lady Lowestoft, a former admirer of their adventurous father, and quickly rise to social prominence. Peter/Prudence comes under the patronage of Sir Anthony in particular, but he is recognised by the vengeful Markham, who tries to have him beaten by Mohocks. Later Peter is provoked into challenging Markham’s friend Rensley to a duel. Hearing of this, Sir Anthony forestalls their fight by insulting Rensley in order to force him into an earlier duel and disables him. Startled by this intervention, Prudence/Peter begins to wonder if Sir Anthony suspects her masquerade. Meanwhile their father, whom they refer to as “The Old Gentleman”, has arrived in London claiming to be the younger brother and legal heir of the recently deceased Viscount Barham, much to the consternation of Rensley, who had long believed himself to be the heir and who had already installed himself as the new lord. Under the name of "Tremaine of Barham" the polished new claimant rapidly insinuates himself into high society. He does not acknowledge his children immediately, while they, long used to his delusions of grandeur and multiple identities, are sceptical of his claims. Prudence is invited to dine with Sir Anthony who, despite his air of sleepy detachment, has guessed that "Peter" is actually a woman and fallen in love with her. Prudence refuses his proposal, asking him to wait until her father's doubtful claim is proved, to which Sir Anthony agrees, although resolving to carry her off and marry her whatever the outcome. Having obtained a document that could get the Old Gentleman executed as a Jacobite himself, Markham attempts to blackmail him but is persuaded instead to exchange the incriminating letter for another that exposes Letitia's wealthy father as a traitor. Using this, Markham forces Letitia to run away with him again. To counter that, the Old Gentleman dispatches Robin/Kate, disguised as a highwayman, to kill Markham and steal back the exchanged document, thereby inspiring the romantic Letitia to fall in love with her unknown rescuer. When questioned by the authorities, Letitia gives a false description of the "highwayman" to protect her love. Unfortunately, she unwittingly describes "Peter Merriot" and Prudence is arrested. Once more she is rescued by the respectable Sir Anthony from the officers of the law and they gallop cross-country to the residence of Sir Anthony's sister. There "Peter" dons a gown and becomes the dazzling Miss Prudence Tremaine. Following "Peter's" disappearance, suspicion is cast over both the Merriots, and so "Kate" flees to France while Lady Lowestoft complains of the deception played upon her by her protégés. In the interval the Old Gentleman proves conclusively that he is indeed Tremaine of Barham and the former Kate returns from France, causing a sensation as Mr. Robin Tremaine, his handsome heir. Calling on Letitia's father, the future Viscount is readily accepted as a prospective son-in-law while Tremaine of Barham welcomes Sir Anthony as Prudence’s fiancé and a son-in-law after his own heart. See also Novels portal Georgette Heyer References ^ "Books of the Week". The Courier-Mail. 13 October 1928. p. 22. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via Newspapers.com. External links Full text of The Masqueraders at Internet Archive vteNovels by Georgette HeyerHistorical novels The Great Roxhythe (1923) Simon the Coldheart (1925) Beauvallet (1929) The Conqueror (1931) Royal Escape (1938) My Lord John (1975) Romance novels The Black Moth (1921) Instead of the Thorn (1923) The Transformation of Philip Jettan (1923) Powder and Patch (1930) These Old Shades (1926) The Masqueraders (1928) Helen (1928) Pastel (1929) Barren Corn (1930) Devil's Cub (1932) The Convenient Marriage (1934) Regency Buck (1935) The Talisman Ring (1936) An Infamous Army (1937) The Spanish Bride (1940) The Corinthian (1940) Faro's Daughter (1941) Friday's Child (1944) The Reluctant Widow (1946) The Foundling (1948) Arabella (1949) The Grand Sophy (1950) The Quiet Gentleman (1951) Cotillion (1953) The Toll-Gate (1954) Bath Tangle (1955) Sprig Muslin (1956) April Lady (1957) Sylvester, or the Wicked Uncle (1957) Venetia (1958) The Unknown Ajax (1959) A Civil Contract (1961) The Nonesuch (1962) False Colours (1963) Frederica (1965) Black Sheep (1966) Cousin Kate (1968) Charity Girl (1970) Lady of Quality (1972)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Masquerader (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masquerader_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Georgette Heyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"1745 Jacobite rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Jacobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Masquerader (novel).The Masqueraders is a 1928 novel written by Georgette Heyer. It is set in Britain at a time shortly after the 1745 Jacobite rising and is concerned with a family of adventurers and escaped Jacobites.[1]","title":"The Masqueraders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohocks"}],"text":"To escape exposure as a former Jacobite, Robin and his sister Prudence have exchanged identities and assumed new names. The tall sister takes the name Peter while the slighter Robin is disguised as his younger sister, Kate. On their way to London, the pair encounter Gregory Markham eloping with a beautiful heiress named Letitia Grayson and rescue her. Shortly afterwards Sir Anthony, a friend of Letitia's father, arrives to discover that the elopement has already been frustrated and takes her home.\"Peter\" and \"Kate\" take refuge in London with Lady Lowestoft, a former admirer of their adventurous father, and quickly rise to social prominence. Peter/Prudence comes under the patronage of Sir Anthony in particular, but he is recognised by the vengeful Markham, who tries to have him beaten by Mohocks. Later Peter is provoked into challenging Markham’s friend Rensley to a duel. Hearing of this, Sir Anthony forestalls their fight by insulting Rensley in order to force him into an earlier duel and disables him. Startled by this intervention, Prudence/Peter begins to wonder if Sir Anthony suspects her masquerade.Meanwhile their father, whom they refer to as “The Old Gentleman”, has arrived in London claiming to be the younger brother and legal heir of the recently deceased Viscount Barham, much to the consternation of Rensley, who had long believed himself to be the heir and who had already installed himself as the new lord. Under the name of \"Tremaine of Barham\" the polished new claimant rapidly insinuates himself into high society. He does not acknowledge his children immediately, while they, long used to his delusions of grandeur and multiple identities, are sceptical of his claims.Prudence is invited to dine with Sir Anthony who, despite his air of sleepy detachment, has guessed that \"Peter\" is actually a woman and fallen in love with her. Prudence refuses his proposal, asking him to wait until her father's doubtful claim is proved, to which Sir Anthony agrees, although resolving to carry her off and marry her whatever the outcome.Having obtained a document that could get the Old Gentleman executed as a Jacobite himself, Markham attempts to blackmail him but is persuaded instead to exchange the incriminating letter for another that exposes Letitia's wealthy father as a traitor. Using this, Markham forces Letitia to run away with him again. To counter that, the Old Gentleman dispatches Robin/Kate, disguised as a highwayman, to kill Markham and steal back the exchanged document, thereby inspiring the romantic Letitia to fall in love with her unknown rescuer.When questioned by the authorities, Letitia gives a false description of the \"highwayman\" to protect her love. Unfortunately, she unwittingly describes \"Peter Merriot\" and Prudence is arrested. Once more she is rescued by the respectable Sir Anthony from the officers of the law and they gallop cross-country to the residence of Sir Anthony's sister. There \"Peter\" dons a gown and becomes the dazzling Miss Prudence Tremaine.Following \"Peter's\" disappearance, suspicion is cast over both the Merriots, and so \"Kate\" flees to France while Lady Lowestoft complains of the deception played upon her by her protégés. In the interval the Old Gentleman proves conclusively that he is indeed Tremaine of Barham and the former Kate returns from France, causing a sensation as Mr. Robin Tremaine, his handsome heir. Calling on Letitia's father, the future Viscount is readily accepted as a prospective son-in-law while Tremaine of Barham welcomes Sir Anthony as Prudence’s fiancé and a son-in-law after his own heart.","title":"Plot summary"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikkenek
Dikkenek
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dikkenek" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 French filmDikkenekDirected byOlivier Van HoofstadtWritten byOlivier Van HoofstadtStarringJean-Luc CouchardDominique PinonMarion CotillardMélanie LaurentJérémie RenierCatherine JacobFlorence ForestiFrançois DamiensRelease date 21 June 2006 (2006-06-21) Running time84 minutesCountriesFrance BelgiumLanguageFrenchBudget$4.4 millionBox office$845.000 Dikkenek is a 2006 Franco-Belgian comedy film directed by Olivier Van Hoofstadt. It has attained cult status in France and Belgium because of its Belgian-type humor. It follows the life of different characters for a few days under the pretense of Stef & J.C. looking for the love of Stef's life. The title Dikkenek comes from the Flemish words dikke and nek verbatim for 'fat' + 'neck' and figuratively means an arrogant boaster. Cast Jean-Luc Couchard - Jean-Claude Dominique Pinon - Stef Marion Cotillard - Nadine Mélanie Laurent - Natacha Jérémie Renier - Greg Catherine Jacob - Sylvie Florence Foresti - Laurence François Damiens - Claudy Marie Kremer - Fabienne Catherine Hosmalin - Mich's wife References ^ "Dikkenek (2006) - JPBox-Office". ^ "Dikkenek". ^ M.P. "Dikkenek (NT1) : Les répliques les plus cultes du film avec François Damiens". Télé-Loisirs. Retrieved 11 May 2016. ^ "Dikkenek : pourquoi ce film est culte ? ". telestar.fr. Retrieved 11 May 2016. External links Dikkenek at IMDb Dikkenek at Rotten Tomatoes This article related to a Belgian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Washakie
Washakie
["1 Early life","2 War deeds","3 Fur trade","4 Fort Bridger Treaties","5 Washakie and Mormonism","6 Washakie and Episcopalianism","7 Recognition","8 Chief Washakie Foundation","9 Selected references in popular culture","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
Eastern Shoshone chief For other uses, see Washakie (disambiguation). Washakie holding a pipe Washakie (c.1804/1810 – February 20, 1900) was a prominent leader of the Shoshone people during the mid-19th century. He was first mentioned in 1840 in the written record of the American fur trapper, Osborne Russell. In 1851, at the urging of trapper Jim Bridger, Washakie led a band of Shoshones to the council meetings of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Essentially from that time until his death, he was considered the head of the Eastern Shoshones by the representatives of the United States government. In 1979, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Early life Much about Washakie's early life remains unknown, but some information is revealed. Washakie was born between 1798 and 1810. His mother Lost Woman, was a Tussawehee (White Knife) Shoshone by birth. His father, Crooked Leg (Paseego), was an Umatilla rescued as a boy from slave traders at Wakemap and Celilo in 1786 by Weasel Lungs, a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) Shoshone medicine man. Crooked Leg was adopted into Weasel Lungs' clan. He became a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) and married Weasel Lungs' eldest daughter Lost Girl, later Lost Woman. His maternal grandmother, Chosro (Bluebird), was also Tussawehee by birth. Lost Woman's younger sister, Washakie's aunt, was Nanawu (Little Striped Squirrel). She was the mother of Chochoco (Has No Horse), a first cousin to Washakie. On September 9, 1860, settlers under Elijah Utter were killed on the Oregon Trail by Shoshone and Bannack. Zachias Van Ornum, a relative of those killed, believed a white boy among the Shoshone was his nephew Reuben Van Ornum and took him away; the Shoshone protested that the boy was the son of a sister of Washakie and a French trapper. A picture of young "Reuben Van Ornum" seated in the middle: his uncle Zachias is to his left Washakie's birth name was Pinaquanah ("Smells of Sugar"). He had other names before being called Washakie. When he was a teenager, he changed his name to Shoots the Buffalo Running. He was a high-stakes gambler, playing a game involving shaking small stones inside of a gourd rattle, rather like dice, so his friends renamed him Gourd Rattler. Smells of Sugar met his first "white men" in 1811. Wilson Hunt's main party of Astorians, with the Pacific Fur brigade, were traveling down the Boise River from the mouth of the Bruneau River. Seven months late for their scheduled arrival at Fort Astoria, they happened into Crooked Leg's camp on the Boise. They needed horses, which Crooked Leg refused to sell to them; instead reluctantly selling them a few camas roots, dried fish, and four dogs. Crooked Leg was killed in 1824 by members of the Piegan Blackfeet when they raided a Shoshone hunting camp inside the Blackfoot hunting Boundary. Every able-bodied Shoshone was following and hunting the migrating herds of game, as bison were now scarce in the Ochoco and the rest of the southern Blue Mountains, and food was in short supply. There had been a weak truce in the summer of 1820, between Fires Black Gun (Tooite Coon), (also known to white men as Cameahwait and Comeah Wait, brother to Sacajawea), and Piegan Blackfoot leader, Ugly Head. The Shoshone had been hunting high in the Montana Rockies, well north of the southern boundary of the Blackfoot hunting grounds, for any game they could find. A Piegan war party, led by Large Kidney and Four Horns, burst into one of their encampments on the Boulder River, to find Shoshone head chief Owitze (Twisted Hand), his war leader Red Wolf, and the popular young leader of the Tussawehee White Knife dog soldiers, Po'have (The Horse). Fighting ensued. Washakie, by now in his late teens and riding with the dog soldiers, led by Weahwewa (Wolf Dog), was moving north out of Wyoming country with a weapons shipment of Mexican guns from Comanche leader Shaved Head, and overheard the disturbance. Crooked Leg was camped a few miles away and Washakie immediately got word to him of the attack. When Crooked Leg arrived on the battle scene, he was killed. The hunting ceased and the dog soldiers went on the war trail, backed by Comanche war chief Red Sleeves and his reinforcements. They combed the Boulder, the Yellowstone, and the Musselshell for Blackfoot and killed many. This victory by the Shoshone led to a council with the Blackfeet tribes, with the Shoshone once again a proud warrior society. At the council, it was agreed that the Blackfeet tribes would join forces with the Shoshone to restrict the expanding encroachment of trappers into each tribes' hunting grounds. By the late 19th century, Washakie became head chief of the Eastern Shoshone. He was the only Shoshone warrior to be honored by the federal government of the United States, for leading General George Crook's army to defeat the Sioux, after Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Little Big Horn. The year of Washakie's birth date is debated. A missionary in 1883 recorded the year of his birth as 1798, but his tombstone was later inscribed with a birth date of 1804. Late in his life he told an agent at the Shoshone Agency that when he was 16, he had met Jim Bridger. Interpolating from the age of Bridger when he first went into the wilderness, researchers have determined that Washakie was likely born between 1808 and 1810. During his early childhood, the Blackfeet Indians attacked a combined camp of Flathead and Lemhi people while the latter were on a buffalo hunt near Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana (where the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers form the headwaters of the Missouri River). After Crooked Leg was killed, his mother and at least one sister were able to make their way back to the Lemhis on the Salmon River in Idaho. During the attack, Washakie was lost and possibly wounded. According to some family traditions, he was found by either Bannock Indians who had also come to hunt in the region, or by a combined Shoshone and Bannock band. He may have become the adopted son of the band leader. For the next twenty five years (c. 1815-1840) he learned the traditions and ways of a warrior that were typical of any Shoshone youth of that period. Although the name by which he would be widely known has been translated in various ways, it apparently dealt with his tactics in battle. One story describes how Washakie devised a large rattle by placing stones in an inflated and dried balloon of buffalo hide, which he tied on a stick. He carried the device into battle to frighten enemy horses, earning the name "The Rattle" or "Gourd Rattler". Another translation of "Washakie" is "Shoots-on-the-Run." War deeds 24-foot statue of Washakie on the University of Wyoming campus in Laramie Fur trapper records of the 1830s describe Washakie as being feared by the Blackfeet. He had a life-long scar on his cheek from an arrow that was inflicted by an enemy during a raid. When as an older man his authority was questioned by fellow Eastern Shoshone, Washakie sought to reconfirm his prowess as a warrior to maintain his status. He disappeared for many days, then returned having singlehandedly secured several scalps of his enemies, a daring feat for a man of any age. In 1866, Washakie fought one-on-one with Crow Chief Big Robber to end a stalemate over rights to occupy the Wind River Basin, which the Crow claimed through the 1851 Horse Creek Treaty of Fort Laramie, though the area had long been used by the Shoshone. Washakie emerged victorious and displayed his enemy's heart on a lance. This event is memorialized in the place name of Crowheart Butte on the Wind River Indian Reservation, though the actual battle took place along a nearby draw. In 2005 a sculpture of the event was unveiled at the University of Wyoming's Washakie Dining Center in Laramie. Fur trade Chief Washakie (National Statuary Hall Collection statue) Washakie's band evidently participated in the fur trade rendezvous (1825–1840), since those rendezvous took place within the Green River, Wind River, and Snake River regions claimed by the horse-owning and buffalo-hunting Shoshone and Bannock bands of eastern Idaho. Late in life, Washakie reported that he and Jim Bridger became fast friends, and indeed, Bridger became Washakie's son-in-law in 1850 when he took Washakie's daughter as his third wife. Bridger, born March 17, 1804, entered Shoshone country in 1824 (Washakie said Bridger was the older of the two). Washakie learned French and some English from trappers and traders. Washakie's close association with the trappers developed into a similar relationship with U.S. officials. Fort Bridger Treaties In 1863, and again in 1868, he signed treaties with the U.S. at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1863 established a generic Shoshone country, whose borders extended eastward to the crest of the Wind River Mountains, south to the Uintah Mountains of Utah, and on the northern side, to the crest of the Bitterroots. The western border was left undefined, but was understood to include most of the Snake River as far as the Oregon border. This treaty included a number of Shoshone and Bannock Indian bands besides that of Washakie. The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 was established at the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868 and it proved more significant, for it established the Shoshone and Bannock Indian Agency located in west-central Wyoming. Moreover, this was land selected by Washakie and his headmen of the Eastern Shoshones. The initial reservation included about 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) in Wyoming's Wind River country for his people. Although an 1872 land cession reduced the size by 800,000 acres (3,200 km2), this valley remains the home of the Eastern Shoshones today. He was also determined that Native Americans should be educated, and he gave land to Welsh clergyman John Roberts to establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls learned traditional crafts and language. Washakie and Mormonism Chief Washakie 1914 bronze sculpture by Cyrus Dallin at the Cyrus Dallin Art Museum Washakie was a friend of Brigham Young and expressed sadness at the fighting his people had often done with the Utahns. It was not until after 1880, after Young's death, that Washakie became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was baptized on September 25, 1880 by Amos R. Wright. About 300 other Shoshone joined the church at this point. Washakie and Episcopalianism "Shoshone at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Native American reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm." Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892 In 1883, the Episcopal Church assigned John Roberts to minister to the Shoshone and Arapahos on the Wind River Reservation. Roberts established several churches on the reservation, as well as within his designated 150 mile radius. Although Washakie's son was killed by a white man in 1885 during a dispute over alcohol, which purportedly led Washakie to vow revenge against whites, Roberts purportedly earned the Chief's respect by offering his own life in exchange. Furthermore, Roberts learned Shoshone customs, beliefs and language, and translated the Bible into Shoshone (and Arapahoe). c. 1888, Washakie helped Roberts establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls from distant villages could learn traditional crafts and language, by donating 160 acres near Trout Creek, which many considered sacred ground. Washakie chose Episcopalianism as his faith, was baptized again in 1897, and ultimately buried in a service officiated by his friend Roberts, on February 22, 1900. Congress reaffirmed the church's ownership of the school in 1909, when it deactivated the fort named after Chief Washakie. Although the school closed c. 1945, many of the historic girls' school buildings survive today. Recognition His memorial stone in Ft. Washakie His prowess in battle, his efforts for peace, and his commitment to his people's welfare made him one of the most respected leaders in Native American history. In 1878, a U.S. Army outpost located on the reservation was renamed Fort Washakie, which was the only U.S. military outpost to be named after a Native American. Upon his death in 1900, he became the only known Native American to be given a full military funeral. Washakie County, Wyoming was named for him and there’s a statue of his head in front of the Washakie County Courthouse. In 2000, the state of Wyoming donated a bronze statue of Washakie to the National Statuary Hall Collection. There is also a statue of Washakie in downtown Casper, Wyoming. The dining hall at the University of Wyoming is also named after him. The current ghost town of Washakie, Utah was also named after him. During World War II, a 422-foot (129 m) liberty ship built in Portland, Oregon, in 1942, SS Chief Washakie, was named in his honor. USS Washakie, a U.S. Navy harbor tug in service from 1944 to 1946 and from 1953 to 1975, also was named for him. Washakie was a hide painter. An 1880 painted elk hide at the Glenbow Museum is attributed to him. The hide painting portrays the Sun Dance. One of his sons, Cotsiogo (also known as Codsiogo and Katsikodi), was a prominent hide painter. Chief Washakie Foundation The Chief Washakie Foundation was founded in 2004. It supports educational programs and research into the history and cultural traditions of the Shoshone and Arapaho of Central Wyoming and advocates for Native American education. As of April 2013 Washakie's great-great grandson James Trosper serves as Chair and Executive Director. Selected references in popular culture Chief Washakie appears in the album Le Fil qui chante of the Franco-Belgian comics series Lucky Luke created by Morris and René Goscinny. Chief Washakie figures prominently in Amy Harmon’s historical fiction novel “Where the Lost Wander”. Notes Shimkin, Demitri B. "Eastern Shoshone." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3. References ^ a b c d Stamm, Henry Edwin (1999). People of the Wind River: The Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8061-3175-7. ^ "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ a b c d e f Ontko, Gale. Thunder Over the Ochoco, Volume I: The Gathering Storm. Bend, OR: Maverick Publications, Inc., 1997. ^ Ontko, Gale. Thunder Over the Ochoco, Volume II: Distant Thunder. ISBN 0-89288-248-4 Bend, OR: Maverick Publications, Inc., Fourth Printing, August 1997. ^ Grace Raymond Hebard, Washakie: Chief of the Shoshones, University of Nebraska Press, 1995. ^ "The battle of Crowheart Butte". WyoFile. Mar 2, 2018. Retrieved Jul 1, 2020. ^ a b "Washakie". Aoc.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ Encyclopedia of LDS History, p. 1312 ^ "The Reverend John Roberts, Missionary to the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes". WyoHistory.org. 1949-01-22. Retrieved 2013-10-28. ^ "Wyoming Citizen of the Century", Education & Outreach, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, 1999, archived from the original on 2012-04-15 ^ a b "Shoshone Episcopal Missision : HABS No. WYO-54 : Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data" (PDF). Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-27. ^ Jeff Mollerup - Avon Web Design.com (2005-06-24). "Chief Washakie Foundation". Windriverhistory.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ Black, Vicki K. (2010-02-25). "Speaking to the Soul". Episcopalcafe.com. Retrieved 2013-10-28. ^ "USS Washakie". Naval Historical Center Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ Skimkin 315 ^ Guenther, Todd; Stewart, James J.; Copp-LaRocque, Clara; Brow, Gale. "Codsiogo". Nebula.wsimg.com. Central Wyoming College. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ "WIND RIVER SHOSHONE PAINTED ELK HIDE". Christie's. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ "About the Chief Washakie Foundation". Chief Washakie Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013. External links Media related to Washakie at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Washakie at Wikiquote "Chief Washakie". Wyoming State Archives. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washakie (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washakie.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamm-1"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone"},{"link_name":"fur trapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_man"},{"link_name":"Osborne Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Russell"},{"link_name":"Jim Bridger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bridger"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fort Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shoshones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shoshones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamm-1"},{"link_name":"Hall of Great Westerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners"},{"link_name":"National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Washakie (disambiguation).Washakie holding a pipeWashakie (c.1804[1]/1810 – February 20, 1900) was a prominent leader of the Shoshone people during the mid-19th century. He was first mentioned in 1840 in the written record of the American fur trapper, Osborne Russell. In 1851, at the urging of trapper Jim Bridger, Washakie led a band of Shoshones to the council meetings of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Essentially from that time until his death, he was considered the head of the Eastern Shoshones by the representatives of the United States government.[1] In 1979, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[2]","title":"Washakie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tussawehee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Shoshone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReubenVanOrnum.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"link_name":"Wilson Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Price_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fur brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company"},{"link_name":"Boise River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_River"},{"link_name":"Bruneau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneau_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Astoria"},{"link_name":"camas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camassia_quamash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoII-4"},{"link_name":"Piegan Blackfeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Fires Black Gun (Tooite Coon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameahwait"},{"link_name":"Sacajawea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacajawea"},{"link_name":"Boulder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_River_(Sweet_Grass_County,_Montana)"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_River_(Sweet_Grass_County,_Montana)"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River"},{"link_name":"Musselshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselshell_River"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone"},{"link_name":"federal government of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crook"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"George Armstrong Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Little Big Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OntkoI-3"},{"link_name":"Jim Bridger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bridger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamm-1"},{"link_name":"Blackfeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forks,_Gallatin_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Bannock Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamm-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Much about Washakie's early life remains unknown, but some information is revealed. Washakie was born between 1798 and 1810. His mother Lost Woman, was a Tussawehee (White Knife) Shoshone by birth. His father, Crooked Leg (Paseego), was an Umatilla rescued as a boy from slave traders at Wakemap and Celilo in 1786 by Weasel Lungs, a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) Shoshone medicine man. Crooked Leg was adopted into Weasel Lungs' clan.[3] He became a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) and married Weasel Lungs' eldest daughter Lost Girl, later Lost Woman. His maternal grandmother, Chosro (Bluebird), was also Tussawehee by birth. Lost Woman's younger sister, Washakie's aunt, was Nanawu (Little Striped Squirrel). She was the mother of Chochoco (Has No Horse), a first cousin to Washakie.[3] On September 9, 1860, settlers under Elijah Utter were killed on the Oregon Trail by Shoshone and Bannack. Zachias Van Ornum, a relative of those killed, believed a white boy among the Shoshone was his nephew Reuben Van Ornum and took him away; the Shoshone protested that the boy was the son of a sister of Washakie and a French trapper.A picture of young \"Reuben Van Ornum\" seated in the middle: his uncle Zachias is to his leftWashakie's birth name was Pinaquanah (\"Smells of Sugar\"). He had other names before being called Washakie. When he was a teenager, he changed his name to Shoots the Buffalo Running.[3] He was a high-stakes gambler, playing a game involving shaking small stones inside of a gourd rattle, rather like dice, so his friends renamed him Gourd Rattler.[3]Smells of Sugar met his first \"white men\" in 1811. Wilson Hunt's main party of Astorians, with the Pacific Fur brigade, were traveling down the Boise River from the mouth of the Bruneau River. Seven months late for their scheduled arrival at Fort Astoria, they happened into Crooked Leg's camp on the Boise. They needed horses, which Crooked Leg refused to sell to them; instead reluctantly selling them a few camas roots, dried fish, and four dogs.[4]Crooked Leg was killed in 1824 by members of the Piegan Blackfeet when they raided a Shoshone hunting camp inside the Blackfoot hunting Boundary.[3] Every able-bodied Shoshone was following and hunting the migrating herds of game, as bison were now scarce in the Ochoco and the rest of the southern Blue Mountains, and food was in short supply. There had been a weak truce in the summer of 1820, between Fires Black Gun (Tooite Coon), (also known to white men as Cameahwait and Comeah Wait, brother to Sacajawea), and Piegan Blackfoot leader, Ugly Head. The Shoshone had been hunting high in the Montana Rockies, well north of the southern boundary of the Blackfoot hunting grounds, for any game they could find. A Piegan war party, led by Large Kidney and Four Horns, burst into one of their encampments on the Boulder River, to find Shoshone head chief Owitze (Twisted Hand), his war leader Red Wolf, and the popular young leader of the Tussawehee White Knife dog soldiers, Po'have (The Horse). Fighting ensued. Washakie, by now in his late teens and riding with the dog soldiers, led by Weahwewa (Wolf Dog), was moving north out of Wyoming country with a weapons shipment of Mexican guns from Comanche leader Shaved Head, and overheard the disturbance. Crooked Leg was camped a few miles away and Washakie immediately got word to him of the attack. When Crooked Leg arrived on the battle scene, he was killed.The hunting ceased and the dog soldiers went on the war trail, backed by Comanche war chief Red Sleeves and his reinforcements. They combed the Boulder, the Yellowstone, and the Musselshell for Blackfoot and killed many. This victory by the Shoshone led to a council with the Blackfeet tribes, with the Shoshone once again a proud warrior society. At the council, it was agreed that the Blackfeet tribes would join forces with the Shoshone to restrict the expanding encroachment of trappers into each tribes' hunting grounds.By the late 19th century, Washakie became head chief of the Eastern Shoshone. He was the only Shoshone warrior to be honored by the federal government of the United States, for leading General George Crook's army to defeat the Sioux, after Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Little Big Horn.[3]The year of Washakie's birth date is debated. A missionary in 1883 recorded the year of his birth as 1798, but his tombstone was later inscribed with a birth date of 1804. Late in his life he told an agent at the Shoshone Agency that when he was 16, he had met Jim Bridger. Interpolating from the age of Bridger when he first went into the wilderness, researchers have determined that Washakie was likely born between 1808 and 1810.[1] During his early childhood, the Blackfeet Indians attacked a combined camp of Flathead and Lemhi people while the latter were on a buffalo hunt near Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana (where the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers form the headwaters of the Missouri River). After Crooked Leg was killed, his mother and at least one sister were able to make their way back to the Lemhis on the Salmon River in Idaho. During the attack, Washakie was lost and possibly wounded. According to some family traditions, he was found by either Bannock Indians who had also come to hunt in the region, or by a combined Shoshone and Bannock band. He may have become the adopted son of the band leader. For the next twenty five years (c. 1815-1840) he learned the traditions and ways of a warrior that were typical of any Shoshone youth of that period.[1]Although the name by which he would be widely known has been translated in various ways, it apparently dealt with his tactics in battle. One story describes how Washakie devised a large rattle by placing stones in an inflated and dried balloon of buffalo hide, which he tied on a stick. He carried the device into battle to frighten enemy horses, earning the name \"The Rattle\" or \"Gourd Rattler\". Another translation of \"Washakie\" is \"Shoots-on-the-Run.\"[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_2005,_this_24-foot_statue_of_Shoshone_Indian_chief_Washakie,_by_Cody,_Wyoming,_sculptor_Dave_McGary,_was_unveiled_on_the_University_of_Wyoming_campus_in_Laramie_LCCN2015632807.tif"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chief Big Robber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Big_Robber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Crowheart Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowheart_Butte"},{"link_name":"Wind River Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Indian_Reservation"}],"text":"24-foot statue of Washakie on the University of Wyoming campus in LaramieFur trapper records of the 1830s describe Washakie as being feared by the Blackfeet. He had a life-long scar on his cheek from an arrow that was inflicted by an enemy during a raid. When as an older man his authority was questioned by fellow Eastern Shoshone, Washakie sought to reconfirm his prowess as a warrior to maintain his status. He disappeared for many days, then returned having singlehandedly secured several scalps of his enemies, a daring feat for a man of any age.[5]In 1866, Washakie fought one-on-one with Crow Chief Big Robber to end a stalemate over rights to occupy the Wind River Basin, which the Crow claimed through the 1851 Horse Creek Treaty of Fort Laramie, though the area had long been used by the Shoshone. Washakie emerged victorious and displayed his enemy's heart on a lance.[6] This event is memorialized in the place name of Crowheart Butte on the Wind River Indian Reservation, though the actual battle took place along a nearby draw. In 2005 a sculpture of the event was unveiled at the University of Wyoming's Washakie Dining Center in Laramie.","title":"War deeds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chief_Washakie1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chief Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Washakie"},{"link_name":"National Statuary Hall Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection"},{"link_name":"rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)"},{"link_name":"Wind River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone"},{"link_name":"Bannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Jim Bridger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bridger"}],"text":"Chief Washakie (National Statuary Hall Collection statue)Washakie's band evidently participated in the fur trade rendezvous (1825–1840), since those rendezvous took place within the Green River, Wind River, and Snake River regions claimed by the horse-owning and buffalo-hunting Shoshone and Bannock bands of eastern Idaho. Late in life, Washakie reported that he and Jim Bridger became fast friends, and indeed, Bridger became Washakie's son-in-law in 1850 when he took Washakie's daughter as his third wife. Bridger, born March 17, 1804, entered Shoshone country in 1824 (Washakie said Bridger was the older of the two). Washakie learned French and some English from trappers and traders. Washakie's close association with the trappers developed into a similar relationship with U.S. officials.","title":"Fur trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bridger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger"},{"link_name":"Fort Bridger Treaty of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_of_1863"},{"link_name":"Wind River Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Uintah Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uintah_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Bitterroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_Council_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Shoshone and Bannock Indian Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_and_Bannock_Indian_Agency"},{"link_name":"Eastern Shoshones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wind River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoc-7"}],"text":"In 1863, and again in 1868, he signed treaties with the U.S. at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1863 established a generic Shoshone country, whose borders extended eastward to the crest of the Wind River Mountains, south to the Uintah Mountains of Utah, and on the northern side, to the crest of the Bitterroots. The western border was left undefined, but was understood to include most of the Snake River as far as the Oregon border. This treaty included a number of Shoshone and Bannock Indian bands besides that of Washakie. The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 was established at the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868 and it proved more significant, for it established the Shoshone and Bannock Indian Agency located in west-central Wyoming. Moreover, this was land selected by Washakie and his headmen of the Eastern Shoshones. The initial reservation included about 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) in Wyoming's Wind River country for his people. Although an 1872 land cession reduced the size by 800,000 acres (3,200 km2), this valley remains the home of the Eastern Shoshones today. He was also determined that Native Americans should be educated, and he gave land to Welsh clergyman John Roberts to establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls learned traditional crafts and language.[7]","title":"Fort Bridger Treaties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chief_Washakie_sculpture_by_Cyrus_Dallin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Dallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Dallin Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Dallin_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Chief Washakie 1914 bronze sculpture by Cyrus Dallin at the Cyrus Dallin Art MuseumWashakie was a friend of Brigham Young and expressed sadness at the fighting his people had often done with the Utahns. It was not until after 1880, after Young's death, that Washakie became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was baptized on September 25, 1880 by Amos R. Wright. About 300 other Shoshone joined the church at this point.[8]","title":"Washakie and Mormonism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoshone_indians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ft. Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washakie"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Shoshone at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Native American reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm.\" Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892In 1883, the Episcopal Church assigned John Roberts to minister to the Shoshone and Arapahos on the Wind River Reservation. Roberts established several churches on the reservation, as well as within his designated 150 mile radius. Although Washakie's son was killed by a white man in 1885 during a dispute over alcohol, which purportedly led Washakie to vow revenge against whites, Roberts purportedly earned the Chief's respect by offering his own life in exchange.[9] Furthermore, Roberts learned Shoshone customs, beliefs and language, and translated the Bible into Shoshone (and Arapahoe).[10] c. 1888, Washakie helped Roberts establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls from distant villages could learn traditional crafts and language, by donating 160 acres near Trout Creek, which many considered sacred ground.[11]Washakie chose Episcopalianism as his faith, was baptized again in 1897, and ultimately buried in a service officiated by his friend Roberts, on February 22, 1900.[12] Congress reaffirmed the church's ownership of the school in 1909, when it deactivated the fort named after Chief Washakie.[11] Although the school closed c. 1945, many of the historic girls' school buildings survive today.[13]","title":"Washakie and Episcopalianism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WashakieHeadstoneByPhilKonstantin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ft. Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft._Washakie"},{"link_name":"Fort Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washakie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoc-7"},{"link_name":"Washakie County, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"bronze statue of Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Washakie"},{"link_name":"National Statuary Hall Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection"},{"link_name":"Casper, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"University of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Washakie, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie,_Utah"},{"link_name":"liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"USS Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washakie_(YTB-386)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hide painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_hide_painting"},{"link_name":"Glenbow Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenbow_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sun Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Dance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cotsiogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotsiogo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"His memorial stone in Ft. WashakieHis prowess in battle, his efforts for peace, and his commitment to his people's welfare made him one of the most respected leaders in Native American history. In 1878, a U.S. Army outpost located on the reservation was renamed Fort Washakie, which was the only U.S. military outpost to be named after a Native American. Upon his death in 1900, he became the only known Native American to be given a full military funeral.[7]Washakie County, Wyoming was named for him and there’s a statue of his head in front of the Washakie County Courthouse. In 2000, the state of Wyoming donated a bronze statue of Washakie to the National Statuary Hall Collection. There is also a statue of Washakie in downtown Casper, Wyoming. The dining hall at the University of Wyoming is also named after him. The current ghost town of Washakie, Utah was also named after him.During World War II, a 422-foot (129 m) liberty ship built in Portland, Oregon, in 1942, SS Chief Washakie, was named in his honor. USS Washakie, a U.S. Navy harbor tug in service from 1944 to 1946 and from 1953 to 1975, also was named for him.[14]Washakie was a hide painter. An 1880 painted elk hide at the Glenbow Museum is attributed to him. The hide painting portrays the Sun Dance.[15] One of his sons, Cotsiogo (also known as Codsiogo and Katsikodi), was a prominent hide painter.[16][17]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native American education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans#Native_American_education_and_boarding_schools"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washakie&action=edit"},{"link_name":"James Trosper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trosper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Chief Washakie Foundation was founded in 2004. It supports educational programs and research into the history and cultural traditions of the Shoshone and Arapaho of Central Wyoming and advocates for Native American education. As of April 2013[update] Washakie's great-great grandson James Trosper serves as Chair and Executive Director.[18]","title":"Chief Washakie Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Fil qui chante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Fil_qui_chante"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luke"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_(comics)"},{"link_name":"René Goscinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goscinny"}],"text":"Chief Washakie appears in the album Le Fil qui chante of the Franco-Belgian comics series Lucky Luke created by Morris and René Goscinny.\nChief Washakie figures prominently in Amy Harmon’s historical fiction novel “Where the Lost Wander”.","title":"Selected references in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handbook of North American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-16-004581-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3"}],"text":"Shimkin, Demitri B. \"Eastern Shoshone.\" Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Washakie holding a pipe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Washakie.jpg/220px-Washakie.jpg"},{"image_text":"A picture of young \"Reuben Van Ornum\" seated in the middle: his uncle Zachias is to his left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ReubenVanOrnum.png/220px-ReubenVanOrnum.png"},{"image_text":"24-foot statue of Washakie on the University of Wyoming campus in Laramie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/In_2005%2C_this_24-foot_statue_of_Shoshone_Indian_chief_Washakie%2C_by_Cody%2C_Wyoming%2C_sculptor_Dave_McGary%2C_was_unveiled_on_the_University_of_Wyoming_campus_in_Laramie_LCCN2015632807.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chief Washakie (National Statuary Hall Collection statue)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chief_Washakie1.JPG/220px-Chief_Washakie1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chief Washakie 1914 bronze sculpture by Cyrus Dallin at the Cyrus Dallin Art Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chief_Washakie_sculpture_by_Cyrus_Dallin.jpg/220px-Chief_Washakie_sculpture_by_Cyrus_Dallin.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Shoshone at Ft. Washakie, Wyoming Native American reservation. Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm.\" Some of the Shoshones are dancing as the soldiers look on, 1892","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shoshone_indians.jpg/220px-Shoshone_indians.jpg"},{"image_text":"His memorial stone in Ft. Washakie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WashakieHeadstoneByPhilKonstantin.jpg/220px-WashakieHeadstoneByPhilKonstantin.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Stamm, Henry Edwin (1999). People of the Wind River: The Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8061-3175-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peopleofwindrive00henr/page/25","url_text":"People of the Wind River: The Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peopleofwindrive00henr/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3175-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-3175-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Great Westerners\". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/","url_text":"\"Hall of Great Westerners\""}]},{"reference":"\"The battle of Crowheart Butte\". WyoFile. Mar 2, 2018. Retrieved Jul 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyofile.com/battle-crowheart-butte/","url_text":"\"The battle of Crowheart Butte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washakie\". Aoc.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/washakie.cfm","url_text":"\"Washakie\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Reverend John Roberts, Missionary to the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes\". WyoHistory.org. 1949-01-22. Retrieved 2013-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/reverend-john-roberts","url_text":"\"The Reverend John Roberts, Missionary to the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyoming Citizen of the Century\", Education & Outreach, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, 1999, archived from the original on 2012-04-15","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415070225/http://ahc.uwyo.edu/eduoutreach/citizen/religion.htm#Roberts","url_text":"\"Wyoming Citizen of the Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Center","url_text":"American Heritage Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming","url_text":"University of Wyoming"},{"url":"http://ahc.uwyo.edu/eduoutreach/citizen/religion.htm#Roberts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shoshone Episcopal Missision : HABS No. WYO-54 : Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data\" (PDF). Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/wy/wy0000/wy0060/data/wy0060data.pdf","url_text":"\"Shoshone Episcopal Missision : HABS No. WYO-54 : Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data\""}]},{"reference":"Jeff Mollerup - Avon Web Design.com (2005-06-24). \"Chief Washakie Foundation\". Windriverhistory.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501225520/http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/washakie_2/life.htm","url_text":"\"Chief Washakie Foundation\""},{"url":"http://www.windriverhistory.org/exhibits/washakie_2/life.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Black, Vicki K. (2010-02-25). \"Speaking to the Soul\". Episcopalcafe.com. Retrieved 2013-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.episcopalcafe.com/thesoul/daily_reading/unselfish_devotion.html","url_text":"\"Speaking to the Soul\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Washakie\". Naval Historical Center Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w3/washakie.htm","url_text":"\"USS Washakie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center","url_text":"Naval Historical Center"}]},{"reference":"Guenther, Todd; Stewart, James J.; Copp-LaRocque, Clara; Brow, Gale. \"Codsiogo\". Nebula.wsimg.com. Central Wyoming College. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebula.wsimg.com/5d145a8a2e78b023ae4ba8ebf5430c4a?AccessKeyId=8DEEBA786794D9DD4655&disposition=0&alloworigin=1","url_text":"\"Codsiogo\""}]},{"reference":"\"WIND RIVER SHOSHONE PAINTED ELK HIDE\". Christie's. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5400592","url_text":"\"WIND RIVER SHOSHONE PAINTED ELK HIDE\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Chief Washakie Foundation\". Chief Washakie Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927081133/http://www.windriverhistory.org/washakiefound.html","url_text":"\"About the Chief Washakie Foundation\""},{"url":"http://www.windriverhistory.org/washakiefound.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Washakie\". Wyoming State Archives. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604000510/http://wyoarchives.state.wy.us/Research/Topics/FTopic.asp?SubID=4&nav=1&homeID=1","url_text":"\"Chief Washakie\""},{"url":"http://wyoarchives.state.wy.us/Research/Topics/FTopic.asp?SubID=4&nav=1&homeID=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schaft
Andreas Schaft
["1 References"]
Norwegian civil servant (1760–1826) Andreas Jørgensen Schaft (1760–1826) was a Norwegian civil servant (Norwegian: zahlkasserer). He was married to Petronelle Nicoline Green, with whom he had the daughter Martine Elisabeth Schaft (1799–1843), who 8 May 1824 married the missionary Magnus Andreas Gjør (1801-1874). In 1799, Schaft bought a square at Frogner in Oslo which he named Elisenberg after his daughter Elisabeth. In 1807, Schaft built the paddock manor Schafteløkken at Elisenberg. He was a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. Zahlkasserer Schafts plass, a Frogner square, was named after him in 2003. References ^ Jørgensen, Torstein. "Magnus A Gjør". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "Historien om Schafteløkken". schaftelokken.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "Schafteløkken, Zahlkasserer Schafts plass 1, 2 og 3". Arc! (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2010. This Norwegian biographical article related to a government official is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Magnus Andreas Gjør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Andreas_Gj%C3%B8r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-1"},{"link_name":"Frogner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogner"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Elisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historie-2"},{"link_name":"Schafteløkken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaftel%C3%B8kken"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arc-3"},{"link_name":"Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"Zahlkasserer Schafts plass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zahlkasserer_Schafts_plass&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Andreas Jørgensen Schaft (1760–1826) was a Norwegian civil servant (Norwegian: zahlkasserer). He was married to Petronelle Nicoline Green, with whom he had the daughter Martine Elisabeth Schaft (1799–1843), who 8 May 1824 married the missionary Magnus Andreas Gjør (1801-1874).[1]In 1799, Schaft bought a square at Frogner in Oslo which he named Elisenberg after his daughter Elisabeth.[2] In 1807, Schaft built the paddock manor Schafteløkken at Elisenberg.[3]He was a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. Zahlkasserer Schafts plass, a Frogner square, was named after him in 2003.","title":"Andreas Schaft"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jørgensen, Torstein. \"Magnus A Gjør\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Magnus_A_Gj%C3%B8r/utdypning","url_text":"\"Magnus A Gjør\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129213608/http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Magnus_A_Gj%C3%B8r/utdypning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Historien om Schafteløkken\". schaftelokken.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schaftelokken.no/historie.html","url_text":"\"Historien om Schafteløkken\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schafteløkken, Zahlkasserer Schafts plass 1, 2 og 3\". Arc! (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkitekturhistorie.no/3/omraade/oslo/schafte.html","url_text":"\"Schafteløkken, Zahlkasserer Schafts plass 1, 2 og 3\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUVO_(newspaper)
NUVO (newspaper)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Newspaper in Indianapolis, Indiana NUVOA sample front page of NUVOTypeAlternative weeklyFormatTabloidOwner(s)NUVO, Inc.PublisherKevin McKinneyEditorKevin McKinneyFoundedMarch 14, 1990LanguageEnglishHeadquarters3951 North Meridian StreetSuite 200Indianapolis, IndianaUnited StatesCirculation47,800 (2011)25,000 (2018)WebsiteOfficial website NUVO is a news website and formerly print alternative weekly serving the Indianapolis, Indiana, metropolitan area. Locally owned and operated, it features news stories, music, food, theatre and film reviews and also has sections for classifieds and other advertisements. It was printed in a tabloid format and was available free at more than 900 locations around Indianapolis. The paper frequently runs articles covering the happenings in area politics, music, culture, environment and the arts in the Indianapolis area. The paper began publishing on March 14, 1990. "Best of Indy" awards are listed each year, covering a wide range of topics such as the best meal under $5, best sex shop, best local bands, best music venues, and the best radio and television personalities. NUVO's writers include Rita Kohn (Arts), Dan Grossman (Arts), and Seth Johnson (Music). The print edition folded in March 2019 and the digital-only publication ceased operations in May 2020. That decision was reversed days later when the publication was given a deal on Internet hosting that allowed it to continue. References ^ a b "Alternative Newspaper Nuvo Ceasing Print Publication". Indianapolis Business Journal. March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019. ^ Lindquist, David (April 30, 2020). "Nuvo Founder Tells Supporters Publication Will Cease Operations". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ "Indy Paper NUVO Shutting Down Operations". WISH-TV. May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ Lindquist, David (May 26, 2020). "Nuvo Cancels Plans to Shut Down, Citing Reduced Costs for Website Operations". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved May 26, 2020. External links Official website Portals: Indiana Journalism This article about an Indiana newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_weekly"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts"},{"link_name":"awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"sex shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_shop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibj-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cease-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quit-3"},{"link_name":"Internet hosting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_hosting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-back-4"}],"text":"NUVO is a news website and formerly print alternative weekly serving the Indianapolis, Indiana, metropolitan area. Locally owned and operated, it features news stories, music, food, theatre and film reviews and also has sections for classifieds and other advertisements. It was printed in a tabloid format and was available free at more than 900 locations around Indianapolis.The paper frequently runs articles covering the happenings in area politics, music, culture, environment and the arts in the Indianapolis area.The paper began publishing on March 14, 1990. \"Best of Indy\" awards are listed each year, covering a wide range of topics such as the best meal under $5, best sex shop, best local bands, best music venues, and the best radio and television personalities.NUVO's writers include Rita Kohn (Arts), Dan Grossman (Arts), and Seth Johnson (Music).The print edition folded in March 2019[1] and the digital-only publication ceased operations in May 2020.[2][3] That decision was reversed days later when the publication was given a deal on Internet hosting that allowed it to continue.[4]","title":"NUVO (newspaper)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alternative Newspaper Nuvo Ceasing Print Publication\". Indianapolis Business Journal. March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/72761-alternative-newspaper-nuvo-ceasing-print-publication","url_text":"\"Alternative Newspaper Nuvo Ceasing Print Publication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Business_Journal","url_text":"Indianapolis Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Lindquist, David (April 30, 2020). \"Nuvo Founder Tells Supporters Publication Will Cease Operations\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved May 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2020/04/30/nuvo-founder-tells-supporters-publication-cease-operations-indianapolis/3058764001/","url_text":"\"Nuvo Founder Tells Supporters Publication Will Cease Operations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"The Indianapolis Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Indy Paper NUVO Shutting Down Operations\". WISH-TV. May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wishtv.com/news/local-news/indy-paper-nuvo-shutting-down-operations/","url_text":"\"Indy Paper NUVO Shutting Down Operations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISH-TV","url_text":"WISH-TV"}]},{"reference":"Lindquist, David (May 26, 2020). \"Nuvo Cancels Plans to Shut Down, Citing Reduced Costs for Website Operations\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2020/05/26/nuvo-publication-cancels-plans-shut-down-its-website/5259943002/","url_text":"\"Nuvo Cancels Plans to Shut Down, Citing Reduced Costs for Website Operations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"The Indianapolis Star"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmel
Maastricht
["1 History","1.1 Toponymy","1.2 Early history","1.3 Middle Ages","1.4 16th to 18th centuries","1.5 19th and early 20th century","1.6 After World War II","2 Geography","2.1 Neighbourhoods","2.2 Neighbouring municipalities","2.3 Border","2.4 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 Historical population","3.2 Inhabitants by nationality","3.3 Inhabitants by country of birth","3.4 Languages","3.5 Religion","4 Economy","4.1 Private companies based in Maastricht","4.2 Public institutions","5 Culture and tourism","5.1 Sights of Maastricht","5.2 Museums in Maastricht","5.3 Events and festivals","6 Nature","6.1 Parks","6.2 Natural areas","7 Sports","8 Politics","8.1 City council","8.2 Aldermen and mayors","8.3 Cannabis","9 Transport","9.1 By car","9.2 By train","9.3 By bus","9.4 By air","9.5 By boat","9.6 Distances to other cities","10 Education","10.1 Secondary education","10.2 Tertiary education","10.3 Other","11 International relations","11.1 Twin towns","12 Notable people","12.1 Born in Maastricht","12.2 Residing in Maastricht","13 Local anthem","14 Gallery","15 See also","16 References","17 Bibliography","18 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°51′N 5°41′E / 50.850°N 5.683°E / 50.850; 5.683City and municipality in Limburg, Netherlands For the treaty signed in Maastricht in 1992, see Maastricht Treaty. City and municipality in Limburg, NetherlandsMaastricht Mestreech (Limburgish)City and municipalityRiver Meuse in winterMaastricht City Hall at nightSidewalk cafés at Onze Lieve VrouwepleinSaint Servatius BridgeOur Lady, Star of the Sea chapelSt. John's and St. Servatius' churches at Vrijthof squareView from Mount Saint Peter FlagCoat of armsAnthem: Mestreechs VolksleedLocation in LimburgMaastrichtLocation within the NetherlandsShow map of NetherlandsMaastrichtLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 50°51′N 5°41′E / 50.850°N 5.683°E / 50.850; 5.683Country NetherlandsProvinceLimburgSettled≈ circa 50 ADCity rightsgradually acquiredCity HallMaastricht City HallBoroughs 7 districts Centrum (Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique)Noordoost (Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven)Oost (Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld)Zuidoost (Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal)Zuidwest (Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)West (Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof)Noordwest (Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld) Government • BodyMunicipal council • MayorWim Hillenaar (CDA)Area • Municipality60.12 km2 (23.21 sq mi) • Land55.99 km2 (21.62 sq mi) • Water4.13 km2 (1.59 sq mi)Elevation49 m (161 ft)Population (Municipality, January 2021; Urban and Metro, May 2014) • Municipality120,227 • Density2,147/km2 (5,560/sq mi) • Urban277,721 • Metro≈ 3,500,000 Urban population for Dutch-Belgian region; metropolitan population for Dutch-Belgian-German region.Demonyms(Dutch) Maastrichtenaar; (Limb.) Mestreechteneer or "Sjeng" (nickname)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode6200–6229Area code043Websitewww.gemeentemaastricht.nl/en Maastricht (/ˈmɑːstrɪxt/ MAH-strikht, US also /mɑːˈstrɪxt/ mah-STRIKHT, Dutch: ⓘ; Limburgish: Mestreech ; French: Maestricht (archaic); Spanish: Mastrique (archaic)) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (Dutch: Maas), at the point where the Jeker joins it. Mount Saint Peter (Sint-Pietersberg) is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège, and Hasselt. Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre. Today, the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro. Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. History For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Maastricht. Toponymy Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as Treiectinsem ab. 575, Treiectensis in 634, Triecto, Triectu in 7th century, Triiect in 768–781, Traiecto in 945, Masetrieth in 1051. The place name Maastricht is an Old Dutch compound Masa- (> Maas "the Meuse river") + Old Dutch *treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name li trek, from Classical Latin trajectus ("ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition of Maas "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the -trecht of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether *Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times. A resident of Maastricht is referred to as Maastrichtenaar whilst in the local dialect it is either Mestreechteneer or, colloquially, Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French name Jean). Early history Roman sanctuary in the basement of Hotel Derlon Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross. It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique). According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius, Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to Gregory of Tours it was bishop Monulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-day Basilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an early Christian diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century. Middle Ages In the early Middle Ages Maastricht, along with Aachen and Liège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of the Carolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine. During the 11th and 12th centuries the town flourished culturally. Several provosts of the chapter of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated during this era. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of relics and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event that drew up to 100,000 pilgrims. Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive city rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug. Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the industrial revolution in the early 19th century. 16th to 18th centuries The Siege of Maastricht (1579) as depicted in the Palace of Aranjuez The strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch garrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces to recapture the city, but to no avail. Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the Franco-Dutch War. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the comte d'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678. In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the French First Republic, later the First French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure. 19th and early 20th century 19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in Boschstraat After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the Great Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839 Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town. Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944 Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards. Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps. After World War II Prime minister Dries van Agt presiding over the 1981 European Council in the town hall During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro. Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors. Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction. In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area. Geography Neighbourhoods Typical street in the Jekerkwartier, part of the city centre Dutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014 Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its CBS code. Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500): Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique South-West (093501): Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter) West (093502): Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof North-West (093503): Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld North-East (093505): Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven East (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld South-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century. Neighbouring municipalities The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly. Clockwise from north-east to north-west: Bunde, Meerssen, Berg en Terblijt, Bemelen, Cadier en Keer, Gronsveld, Oost, Lanaye (B), Petit-Lanaye (B), Kanne (B), Vroenhoven (B), Kesselt (B), Veldwezelt (B), Lanaken (B), Neerharen (B). (B = Situated in Belgium) Border Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area thus are open without border controls. Climate Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (Cfb, Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies 70 m  lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at 39.6 °C (103.3 °F). Climate data for Maastricht (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1906−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.5(61.7) 19.8(67.6) 24.2(75.6) 29.7(85.5) 33.1(91.6) 37.2(99.0) 39.6(103.3) 36.8(98.2) 34.3(93.7) 28.7(83.7) 21.4(70.5) 17.0(62.6) 39.6(103.3) Mean maximum °C (°F) 12.5(54.5) 13.6(56.5) 18.3(64.9) 23.2(73.8) 27.3(81.1) 30.9(87.6) 32.5(90.5) 31.8(89.2) 26.8(80.2) 22.1(71.8) 16.3(61.3) 12.8(55.0) 34.3(93.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.7(42.3) 6.7(44.1) 10.7(51.3) 15.0(59.0) 18.8(65.8) 21.7(71.1) 23.8(74.8) 23.5(74.3) 19.7(67.5) 14.8(58.6) 9.7(49.5) 6.3(43.3) 14.7(58.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2(37.8) 3.7(38.7) 6.6(43.9) 10.1(50.2) 13.8(56.8) 16.8(62.2) 18.8(65.8) 18.4(65.1) 15.0(59.0) 11.0(51.8) 6.8(44.2) 4.0(39.2) 10.7(51.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5(32.9) 0.7(33.3) 2.7(36.9) 5.0(41.0) 8.7(47.7) 11.7(53.1) 13.8(56.8) 13.4(56.1) 10.6(51.1) 7.3(45.1) 3.8(38.8) 1.4(34.5) 6.6(43.9) Mean minimum °C (°F) −7.3(18.9) −6.0(21.2) −3.5(25.7) −1.0(30.2) 2.5(36.5) 6.4(43.5) 9.0(48.2) 8.8(47.8) 5.6(42.1) 0.8(33.4) −2.6(27.3) −5.5(22.1) −9.5(14.9) Record low °C (°F) −19.3(−2.7) −21.4(−6.5) −12.9(8.8) −5.6(21.9) −1.6(29.1) 0.7(33.3) 4.3(39.7) 4.9(40.8) −0.9(30.4) −6.5(20.3) −12.0(10.4) −18.3(−0.9) −21.4(−6.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.8(2.51) 57.6(2.27) 54.6(2.15) 41.0(1.61) 57.7(2.27) 68.9(2.71) 72.8(2.87) 82.8(3.26) 57.5(2.26) 63.6(2.50) 62.2(2.45) 74.3(2.93) 756.8(29.80) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12.0 10.8 10.4 8.4 9.4 9.7 10.2 10.2 8.8 10.7 11.7 13.2 125.7 Average snowy days 6.1 6.7 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.7 22.2 Average relative humidity (%) 86.4 83.2 77.7 71.7 72.1 72.8 73.1 74.8 79.4 83.9 87.9 88.3 79.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.9 86.0 138.5 180.8 208.7 205.5 209.0 197.5 157.0 118.2 74.1 53.5 1,695.7 Percent possible sunshine 25.4 30.3 37.5 43.7 43.4 41.7 42.1 43.8 41.3 35.5 27.4 21.5 36.1 Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (snowy days 2003–2020) Infoclimat Demographics Historical population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.14007,000—    150010,000+0.36%156013,500+0.50%160012,600−0.17%165018,000+0.72%174012,500−0.40%179617,963+0.65%181820,000+0.49%197093,927+1.02%1980109,285+1.53%1990117,008+0.69%2000122,070+0.42%2010118,533−0.29%Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 32–33 (1400-1795)Statistics Netherlands (1970–2010) Inhabitants by nationality Maastricht residents by nationality – Top 10 (2000–2021) Nationality 2021 2014 2010 2000 Netherlands 100,297 107,418 109,722 116,171 Germany 3,908 3,869 1,956 783 Italy 1,572 653 387 280 Belgium 1,475 1,055 946 909 Spain 913 431 232 241 United Kingdom 842 815 386 280 China 739 595 248 87 France 686 351 214 120 United States 665 623 277 162 Turkey 436 404 368 404 Inhabitants by country of birth Maastricht residents by country of birth – Top 10 (2000–2020) Country of birth 2020 2013 2010 2000 Netherlands 93,162 100,269 102,433 109,632 Germany 3,949 4,100 2,467 1,444 Belgium 2,355 1,920 1,839 1,900 United States 1,380 753 383 217 Indonesia 1,020 1,199 1,267 1,556 China (excl. Hong Kong and Macau) 1,019 651 373 215 Turkey 973 919 836 784 United Kingdom 926 677 404 310 Morocco 829 838 867 859 Poland 563 437 316 152 Languages Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population. Dutch is the national language and the language of elementary and secondary education (excluding international institutions) as well as administration. Dutch in Maastricht is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgish accent, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language. Limburgish (or Limburgian) is the overlapping term of the tonal dialects spoken in the Dutch and the Belgian provinces of Limburg. The Maastrichtian dialect (Mestreechs) is only one of many variants of Limburgish. It is characterised by stretched vowels and some French influence on its vocabulary. In recent years the Maastricht dialect has been in decline (see dialect levelling) and a language switch to Standard Dutch has been noted. French used to be the language of education and culture in Maastricht. In the late 18th century the language gained a powerful position as the judicial and administrative language, and throughout the following century it was the preferred language of the upper classes. Between 1851 and 1892 a Francophone newspaper (Le Courrier de la Meuse) was published in Maastricht. The language is often part of secondary school curricula. Many proper names are French and the language has left many traces in the local dialect. German, like French, is often part of secondary school curricula. Due to Maastricht's geographic proximity to Germany and the great number of German students in the city, German is widely spoken. English has become an important language in education. At Maastricht University and Hogeschool Zuyd it is the language of instruction for many courses. Many foreign students and expatriates use English as a lingua franca. English is also a mandatory subject in Dutch secondary schools. Religion Religions in Maastricht (2013)   Roman Catholic (60.1%)  Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2.8%)  Other Christian denominations (2.2%)  Islam (3.3%)  Hinduism (0.1%)  Buddhism (0.4%)  Judaism (0.2%)  No affiliation (30.9%) In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month. Economy ENCI quarry Office park Randwyck-Noord Private companies based in Maastricht Sappi – South African Pulp and Paper Industry Royal Mosa – ceramic tiles O-I Manufacturing – previously Kristalunie Maastricht; glass BASF – previously Ten Horn; pigments Mondi – packaging Rubber Resources/Elgi Rubber – previously Vredestein; rubber recycling Radium Foams – Talalay products Hewlett-Packard –e previously Indigo, manufacturer of electronic data systems Vodafone – mobile phone company Q-Park – international operator of parking garages DHL – international express mail services Teleperformance – contact center services Mercedes-Benz – customer contact centre for Europe VGZ – health insurance, customer contact centre Pie Medical Imaging – cardiovascular quantitative analysis software Esaote (formerly Pie Medical Equipment) – manufacturer of medical and veterinary diagnostic equipment BioPartner Centre Maastricht – life sciences spin-off companies Medtronic – medical devices, R&D center Public institutions Provincial Government Buildings European Institute of Public Administration Since the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area. Administration of the Dutch province of Limburg Meuse-Rhine Euroregion Limburg Development Company LIOF RHCL and SHCL – archives of the province of Limburg Eurocontrol – The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation European Journalism Centre European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) European centre for work and society (ECWS) Maastricht Centre for Transatlantic Studies (MCTS) Expert Centre for Sustainable Business and Development Cooperation (ECSAD) Council of European Municipalities and Regions (REGR) European Centre for Digital Communication (EC/DC) UNU-MERIT Maastricht Research School of Economics of TEchnology and ORganization (METEOR) Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS) Cicero Foundation (CF) Culture and tourism Medieval city wall (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwewal) View of Maastricht from the fortress on Mount Saint Peter Vrijthof with Saint John's (left) and Saint Servatius Basilica View of Our Lady's from the church tower of Saint John's Christmas decorations at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein Markt and town hall 13th-century Dominican church converted into a bookstore Slavante on the slopes of Mount Saint Peter The landmark tower of the Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse in Wyck-Céramique Medieval art in the Bonnefantenmuseum Chest of Saint Servatius in the Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius Maastricht University faculty on their way to the annual dies natalis TEFAF, Maastricht's prestigious art fair Giants' Parade, 2019: Gigantius of Maastricht Sights of Maastricht Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (gemeentelijke monumenten). The entire city centre is a conservation area (beschermd stadsgezicht) and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat. Maastricht's main sights include: Meuse (Dutch: Maas) river, with several parks and promenades along the river, and some interesting bridges: Sint Servaasbrug, partly from the 13th century; the oldest bridge in the Netherlands; Hoge Brug ("High Bridge"), a modern pedestrian bridge designed by René Greisch. City fortifications, including: Remnants of the first and second medieval city wall and several towers (13th and 14th centuries); Helpoort ("Hell's Gate"), an imposing gate with two towers, built around 1230, the oldest city gate in the Netherlands; Wycker Waterpoort, a medieval gate in Wyck, used for accessing the city from the Meuse, demolished in the 19th century but rebuilt shortly afterwards; Hoge Fronten (or: Linie van Du Moulin), remnants of 17th and 18th-century fortifications, including a number of well-preserved bastions, couvrefaces, lunettes and dry moats; Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century fortress on the flanks of Mount Saint Peter, offering guided tours and panoramic views of the city; and Fort Willem I, an early 19th-century fortress on the Caberg elevation; Casemates, an underground network of tunnels, built as sheltered emplacements for guns and cannons. These connected tunnels built of brick and limestone run for around fourteen kilometres underneath the city's fortifications. Guided tours are available. Binnenstad: inner-city pedestrianized district with popular shopping streets Grote and Kleine Staat, high-end shopping streets Stokstraat and Maastrichter Smedenstraat, and two indoor shopping centres. Several main sights in Maastricht as well as a large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants are centred around the three main squares in Binnenstad: Vrijthof, the largest and possibly best-known square in Maastricht, with many well-known pubs and restaurants. Other sights include: Basilica of Saint Servatius, a predominantly Romanesque church with an imposing westwork and important 12th and 13th-century sculptures; most notably the westwork interior figurative capitals, the westwork reredo, and the sculpted South Portal. The tomb of Saint Servatius in the crypt is a favoured place of pilgrimage. The church has an important church treasury; Sint-Janskerk, a Gothic church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the city's main Protestant church since 1632, adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Servatius, with a distinctive limestone tower painted red; Spaans Gouvernement ("Spanish Government Building"), a 16th-century former canon's house, later used as a residence for the Brabant and Habsburg rulers, now housing the Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof; Hoofdwacht, an 18th-century military guard house, built in the style of the Dutch Baroque, used for exhibitions; Generaalshuis ("General's House"), a Neoclassical mansion, now the city's main theater (Theater aan het Vrijthof). Onze Lieve Vrouweplein, a tree-lined square with a number of pavement cafes. Main sights: Basilica of Our Lady, a partly 11th-century church, one of the Netherlands' most significant Romanesque buildings with an imposing Mosan westwork and an important church treasury. Perhaps best known for the shrine of Our Lady, Star of the Sea in an adjacent Gothic chapel; Derlon Museumkelder, a permanent exhibition of ancient Roman remains in the basement of Hotel Derlon. Markt, the town's historic market square. Sights include: The Town Hall, built in the 17th century by Pieter Post and considered one of the highlights of Dutch Baroque architecture. Nearby is Dinghuis, the late medieval town hall and courthouse with an early Renaissance façade; Mosae Forum, a shopping centre and civic building designed by Jo Coenen and Bruno Albert in the early 2000s. Inside the Mosae Forum parking garage there is a small exhibition of Citroën miniature cars; Entre Deux, a rebuilt shopping centre in Postmodern style, which has won several international awards. It includes a bookstore located inside a former 13th-century Dominican church. In 2008, British newspaper The Guardian proclaimed this the world's most beautiful bookshop. Jekerkwartier, a neighbourhood named after the small river Jeker, which pops up between old houses and remnants of city walls. The western part of the neighbourhood (named the Maastricht Latin Quarter) is dominated by university buildings and (performing) arts schools. Sights include: several churches and monasteries: the 13th-century First Franciscan Monastery, the 17th-century "Veiled Sisters" and Bonnefanten monasteries, and the 18th-century Second Franciscan Monastery and Walloon and Lutheran churches; Maastricht Natural History Museum, a small museum of natural history in a former monastery; Grote Looiersstraat ("Great Tanners' Street"), a former canal that was filled in during the 19th century, lined with elegant houses, the city's poorhouse (now part of the university library) and Sint-Maartenshofje, a typically Dutch hofje. Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier and Boschstraatkwartier, three relatively quiet inner city neighbourhoods with several monasteries, university buildings and industrial heritage building: Crosier Monastery in Kommelkwartier, a well-preserved Gothic monastery, now a five-star hotel; Sint-Matthiaskerk, a 14th-century parish church dedicated to Saint Matthew; Sphinx Quarter, an upcoming neighbourhood and cultural hotspot in the north of the city centre. Several of the industrial buildings of the former Sphinx glass, crystal and ceramics factories have been transformed for new uses; Bassin, a restored early 19th-century inner harbor surrounded by industrial heritage buildings, re-used as cultural venues, bars and restaurants. Wyck, the old quarter on the right bank of the river Meuse. Saint Martin's Church, a Gothic Revival church designed by Pierre Cuypers in 1856; Rechtstraat and Hoogbrugstraat are the oldest streets in Wyck with many historic buildings and a mix of specialty shops, art galleries and restaurants; Stationsstraat and Wycker Brugstraat are elegant streets with the majority of the buildings dating from the late 19th century. At the east end of Stationsstraat stands the Maastricht railway station from 1913. Céramique, a modern neighbourhood on the site of the former Société Céramique potteries, including a park along the river Meuse (Charles Eyckpark) and a showcase of architectural highlights: Wiebengahal, one of the few remaining industrial buildings in the neighbourhood and an early example of modernist architecture in the Netherlands, dating from 1912; Bonnefanten Museum by Aldo Rossi, featuring a landmark rocket-shaped tower; Centre Céramique, a public library and exhibition space by Jo Coenen; La Fortezza, a red brick office and apartment building by Mario Botta; Siza Tower, a residential tower clad with zinc and white marble, by Álvaro Siza Vieira; Other buildings in Céramique by MBM, Cruz y Ortiz, Luigi Snozzi, Aurelio Galfetti, Herman Hertzberger, Wiel Arets, Hubert-Jan Henket, Charles Vandenhove and Bob Van Reeth. Sint-Pietersberg ("Mount Saint Peter"): modest hill and nature reserve south of the city, peaking at 171 metres (561 ft) above sea level. It serves as Maastricht's main recreation area and a viewing point. The main sights include: Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century military fortress fully restored in recent years; Caves of Maastricht aka Grotten Sint-Pietersberg, an underground network of man-made tunnels ("caves") in limestone quarries. Guided tours are available; ENCI Quarry: a former quarry and nature reserve with several lakes, accessible via a spectacular staircase with viewing platforms; Slavante, a 19th-century former gentlemen's club on the site of a Franciscan monastery (of which parts are still standing), now a popular hang-out, offering panoramic views over the Meuse valley; Lichtenberg, a ruined medieval castle keep and an adjacent 18th-century farmstead; D'n Observant ("The Observer"), an artificial hilltop, made with the spoils of a nearby quarry, now a nature reserve. Museums in Maastricht Bonnefanten Museum is the foremost museum for old masters and contemporary fine art in the province of Limburg. The collection features medieval sculpture (The Virgin and Child with St. Anne), early Italian painting (Giovanni del Biondo, Domenico di Michelino, Jacopo del Casentino, Sano di Pietro, Pietro Nelli), Southern Netherlandish and German Renaissance painting (Colijn de Coter, Roelandt Savery, Pieter Coecke van Aelst, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder), and contemporary art (Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Richard Serra, Luciano Fabro, Marcel Broodthaers, Joseph Beuys, Neo Rauch, Gilbert and George, Peter Doig, Gary Hume, Grayson Perry, Luc Tuymans, Ai Weiwei). The Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius includes religious artifacts from the 4th to 20th centuries, notably those related to Saint Servatius. Highlights include the shrine, the key and the crosier of Saint Servatius, and the reliquary bust donated by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. The Treasury of the Basilica of Our Lady contains religious art, textiles, reliquaries, liturgical vessels and other artifacts from the Middle Ages and later periods. Derlon Museumkelder is a preserved archeological site in the basement of a hotel with Roman and pre-Roman remains. The Maastricht Natural History Museum exhibits collections relating to the geology, paleontology and flora and fauna of Limburg. Highlights in the collection are several fragment of skeletons of Mosasaurs found in a quarry in Mount Saint Peter. Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof is a local museum of photography housed in the 16th-century Spanish Government building, featuring some period rooms and temporary exhibitions of photographers. Events and festivals Dies natalis, birthday of the University of Maastricht, with procession of university faculty to St. John's Church where honorary degrees are awarded (9 January). Carnival (Maastrichtian: Vastelaovend) - a traditional three-day festival in the southern part of the Netherlands; in Maastricht mainly outdoors with typical Zaate Herremeniekes (February/March). The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), the world's leading art and antiques fair (March). Tattoo Expo Maastricht, an anunual international tattoo exhibition (March). Amstel Gold Race, an international cycling race which starts in Maastricht (usually April). KunstTour, an annual art festival (May). European Model United Nations (EuroMUN), an annual international conference (May). Stadsprocessie, religious procession with reliquaries of Saint Servatius and other local saints (first Sunday after 13 May). Pilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch: Heiligdomsvaart), pilgrimage with relics display and processions dating from the Middle Ages (May/June; once in 7 years; next: 2025). Giants' Parade (Dutch: Reuzenstoet), parade of processional giants, mainly from Belgium and France (June; once in 5 years; next: 2024). Maastrichts Mooiste, an annual running and walking event (June). Fashionclash, international fashion event throughout the city (June). Vrijthof concerts by André Rieu and the Johann Strauss Orchestra (July/August). Preuvenemint, a large culinary event held on the Vrijthof square (August). Inkom, the traditional opening of the academic year and introduction for new students of Maastricht University (August). Musica Sacra, a festival of religious (classical) music (September). Nederlandse Dansdagen (Netherlands Dance Days), a modern dance festival (October). Jazz Maastricht, a jazz festival formerly known as Jeker Jazz (autumn). 11de van de 11de (the 11th of the 11th), the official start of the carnival season (11 November). Jumping Indoor Maastricht, an international concours hippique (showjumping) (November). Magic Maastricht (Magisch Maastricht), a winter-themed funfair and Christmas market held on Vrijthof square and other locations throughout the city (December/January). Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year. Nature A pond in Stadspark, Maastricht's main park Relaxing in Charles Eyckpark Sheep on Mount Saint Peter Jeker valley with vineyards Parks There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht: Stadspark, the main public park in Maastricht, partly 19th-century, with remnants of the medieval city walls, a branch of the Jeker river, a mini-zoo and several public sculptures (e.g. the statue of d'Artagnan in Aldenhofpark, a 20th-century extension of Stadspark). Other extensions of the park are called Kempland, Henri Hermanspark, Monseigneur Nolenspark and Waldeckpark. From 2014 onwards, the grounds of the former Tapijn military barracks will be gradually added to the park; Jekerpark, a new park along the river Jeker, separated from Stadspark by a busy road; Frontenpark, a new park west of the city centre, incorporating parts of the fortifications of Maastricht from the 17th to 19th centuries; Charles Eykpark, a modern park between the public library and Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse river, designed in the late 1990s by Swedish landscape architect Gunnar Martinsson. Griendpark, a modern park on the east bank of the river with an inline-skating and skateboarding course. Geusseltpark in eastern Maastricht and J.J. van de Vennepark in western Maastricht, both with elaborate sports facilities. Natural areas The Meuse river and its green banks in outlying areas. In the northern areas around Itteren and Borgharen 'new nature' is being created in combination with river protection measures and gravel mining. Pietersplas, an artificial lake between Maastricht and Gronsveld that was the result of gravel pits on the banks of the Meuse river. There is a beach on the northern slope of the lake and a marina near Castle Hoogenweerth. The eastern riverbed between Pietersplas and the provincial government building is a nature reserve (Kleine Weerd). The Jeker Valley, along the river Jeker, starts near the city centre in Stadspark and leads via Jekerpark to an area with green meadows, fertile fields, some vineyards on the slopes of Cannerberg, several water mills and Château Neercanne, and continues further south into Belgium. The green flanks of Mount Saint Peter, including many footpaths. Dousberg and Zouwdal, a modest hill and valley surrounded by urban development on the western edge of the city, partly in Belgium. A large part of the hill is now in use as an international golf course (Golfclub Maastricht). Landgoederenzone, an extended area in the northeast of Maastricht (partly in Meerssen) consisting of around fifteen country estates, such as Severen, Geusselt, Bethlehem, Mariënwaard, Kruisdonk, Vaeshartelt, Meerssenhoven, Borgharen and Hartelstein. Some of the castles, villas and stately homes are surrounded by industrial areas or quarries. Bike paths through agricultural areas in several outlying quarters (like "Biesland" and "Wolder"). Sports Student rowing club MSRV Saurus in Zuid-Willemsvaart In football, Maastricht is represented by MVV Maastricht (Dutch: Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht), who (as of the 2016–2017 season) play in the Dutch first division of the national competition (which is the second league after the Eredivisie league). MVV's home is the Geusselt stadium near the A2 highway. Maastricht is also home to the Maastricht Wildcats, an American Football League team and member of the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland). Since 1998, Maastricht has been the traditional starting place of the annual Amstel Gold Race, the only Dutch cycling classic. For several years the race also finished in Maastricht, but since 2002 the finale has been in the municipality of Valkenburg. Tom Dumoulin was born in Maastricht. Since 2000, Maastricht has been the first city in the Netherlands with a Lacrosse team. The Student Sport Association "Maaslax" is closely linked to Maastricht University and a member of the NLB (Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond). Politics City council Parties 2014 2018 2022 Senioren Partij Maastricht (SPM) 6 5 5 CDA 5 5 4 D66 5 5 4 GroenLinks 4 5 4 PvdA 5 3 4 VVD 3 3 3 Partij Veilig Maastricht 3 3 3 SP 5 3 2 Party for the Animals (PvdD) – – 2 Volt – – 2 Party for Freedom (PVV) – 2 1 Liberale Partij Maastricht (LPM) 1 1 1 50PLUS (50+) – 1 1 Sociaal Actieve Burgerpartij (SAB) – 1 1 M:OED – 2 1 Forum for Democracy (FvD) – – 1 Stadsbelangen Mestreech (SBM) 1 – – Christelijke Volkspartij (Maastricht) 1 – – Total 39 39 39 The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected every four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election. Aldermen and mayors The mayor and aldermen make up the executive branch of the municipal government. The mayor from 2002, Gerd Leers (CDA), resigned in January 2010 following allegations of irregularities in a holiday villa project in Bulgaria owned by Leers. He was replaced by Onno Hoes, a Liberal (VVD), the only male mayor in the country officially married to a man. In 2013 Hoes was subject to controversy after disclosures of intimate affairs with several other men, although he remained mayor. After a new affair in 2014, Hoes eventually stepped down. From July 2015, Annemarie Penn-te Strake became mayor. She was an independent serving no political party, although her husband was a former chairman of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij. She had served in the Dutch judicial system for many years, and during her tenure as mayor she still served as attorney general. In July 2023 Wim Hillenaar (CDA) took over as mayor. Cannabis One controversial issue which dominated Maastricht politics for many years was the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the Dutch soft drug policy, individuals may buy cannabis from 'coffeeshops' under certain conditions. From the 1980s, Maastricht saw a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly from neighbouring Belgium, France and Germany. The city government attempted to reduce negative side effects, including illegal sale of hard drugs in the city centre and anti-social behaviour. Two 'coffeeshop' boats at Maasboulevard A 2008 proposal to relocate the coffeeshops to the outskirts of the city was opposed by neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and by the Dutch and Belgian parliaments. In December 2010, a Maastricht law to restrict entry to coffeeshops to local residents was upheld by the Court of Justice of the European Union, with the Dutch government introducing a similar national law in 2012. The new system led to a reduction in drug tourism in Maastricht's cannabis shops, but an increase in drug dealing on the streets. A 2018 Maastricht University study showed a substantial decline in drug nuisance since 2012, although criminal drug networks had grown due to police budget cuts. Transport A2 motorway and Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel Maastricht main railway station Arriva bus at Boschstraat Maastricht Aachen Airport By car Maastricht is served by the A2 and A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and from Amsterdam in about two and a half hours. The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016. In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport or park and ride facilities away from the centre. By train Maastricht is served by three rail operators, all of which call at the main Maastricht railway station near the centre and two of which call at the smaller Maastricht Randwyck, near the business and university district. Only Arriva also calls at Maastricht Noord, which opened in 2013. Intercity trains northwards to Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Utrecht are operated by Dutch Railways. The line to Heerlen, Valkenburg and Kerkrade is operated by Arriva. The National Railway Company of Belgium runs south to Liège in Belgium. The westbound railway to Hasselt (Belgium) closed in 1954. The former railway to Aachen was closed down in the 1980s. However, Aachen can still be reached via Heerlen. By bus Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regional Arriva bus network extends to most parts of South Limburg and Aachen (Germany). Regional buses by De Lijn connect Maastricht with Hasselt, Tongeren and Maasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht with Liège, operated by TEC. Various bus companies such as Flixbus and Eurolines provide intercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations. By air Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport (IATA: MST, ICAO: EHBK), in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) north of the city centre. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair which operate scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, North-Africa and also London Stansted Airport from March 2022. There are also charter flights to Lourdes which are operated by Enter Air. By boat Maastricht has a river port (Beatrixhaven) and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège. Distances to other cities These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances. Liège: 25.5 km (15.8 mi) south Aachen: 31.0 km (19.3 mi) east Eindhoven: 66.8 km (41.5 mi) north-west Düsseldorf: 86.2 km (53.6 mi) north-east Cologne: 89.6 km (55.7 mi) east Brussels: 95.1 km (59.1 mi) west Antwerp: 97.8 km (60.8 mi) north-west Bonn: 99.9 km (62.1 mi) south-east Charleroi: 102.1 km (63.4 mi) south-west Mons: 130.8 km (81.3 mi) south-west Luxembourg City: 141.4 km (87.9 mi) south Ghent: 141.5 km (87.9 mi) west Utrecht: 142.4 km (88.5 mi) north-west Rotterdam: 144.5 km (89.8 mi) north-west Amsterdam: 175.1 km (108.8 mi) north-west Lille: 186.3 km (115.8 mi) west Frankfurt am Main: 228.8 km (142.2 mi) south-east Groningen: 269.6 km (167.5 mi) north Strasbourg: 288.7 km (179.4 mi) south-east Paris: 325.6 km (202.3 mi) south-west Hannover: 325.7 km (202.4 mi) north-east Stuttgart: 341.3 km (212.1 mi) south-east Basel: 390.2 km (242.5 mi) south-east London: 411.5 km (255.7 mi) north-west Zürich: 438.7 km (272.6 mi) south-east Education Maastricht University, Campus Randwyck Students at work at UM Law School Hotel Management School at Bethlehem Castle Secondary education Bernard Lievegoedschool (Anthroposophical education) Bonnefantencollege Porta Mosana College Sint-Maartenscollege United World College Maastricht Tertiary education Maastricht University (Dutch: Universiteit Maastricht or UM) including: University College Maastricht Maastricht School of Management (merged with UM in 2022) Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (Dutch: Hogeschool Zuyd, also has departments in Sittard and Heerlen) including: Academy for Dramatic Arts Maastricht (Dutch: Toneelacademie Maastricht) School of Fine Arts Maastricht (Dutch: Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht) Maastricht Academy of Music (Dutch: Conservatorium Maastricht) Academy of architecture Faculty of International Business and Communication Maastricht Hotel Management School Teikyo University (Maastricht campus closed in 2007) Other Jan Van Eyck Academie - post-academic art institute Berlitz Language School Maastricht Talenacademie Nederland International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands Twin towns Maastricht is twinned with: Chengdu, China (since 2012) El Rama, Nicaragua Koblenz, Germany Liège, Belgium Notable people See also: Category:People from Maastricht Peter Debye Tom Dumoulin Jan Pieter Minckeleers Henrietta d'Oultremont André Rieu Victor de Stuers Born in Maastricht Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti (1777 – after 1843) – painter Henri Arends (1921–1993) – conductor Doris Baaten (born 1956) – voice actress Gerard Bergholtz (born 1939) – footballer Mieke de Boer (born 1980) – female darts player Alphons Boosten (1893–1951) – architect Theo Bovens (born 1959) – politician Joseph Bruyère (born 1948) – Belgian cyclist Jeu van Bun (1918–2002) – footballer Jean-Baptiste Coclers (1696–1772) – painter Louis Bernard Coclers (1740–1817) – painter Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière (1733–1811) – Prussian field marshal Peter Debye (1884–1966) – Nobel prize winning chemist Tom Dumoulin (born 1990) – cyclist, Giro d'Italia winner Robin Frijns (born 1991) – Racing Driver Hendrick Fromantiou (1633/4 – after 1693) – still life painter Joop Haex (1911–2002) – politician André Henri Constant van Hasselt (1806–1874) – French-writing poet Hubert Hermans (born 1937) – psychologist and creator of Dialogical Self Theory Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 1978) – swimmer and a triple Olympic champion Pierre Kemp (1886–1967) – poet Sjeng Kerbusch (1947–1991) – behavior geneticist Mathieu Kessels (1784–1836) – sculptor Lambert of Maastricht (c. 636 – c. 705) – bishop, saint Marie-Louise Linssen-Vaessen (1928–1993) – freestyle swimmer Eric van der Luer (born 1965) – footballer, football manager Pierre Lyonnet (1708–1789) – naturalist, cryptographer, engraver Félix de Mérode (1791–1857) – politician, writer David de Meyne (1569–1620) – painter and cartographer Andreas Victor Michiels (1797–1849) – military and administrative officer in the Dutch East Indies Jan Pieter Minckeleers (1748–1824) – scientist and inventor of coal gas lighting Bram Moszkowicz (born 1960) – ex-barrister Benny Neyman (1951–2008) – singer of popular songs Tom Nijssen (born 1964) – tennis player Jacques Ogg (born 1948) – harpsichordist Henrietta d'Oultremont (1792–1864) – second wife of William I of the Netherlands Jan Peumans (born 1951) – Belgian politician Guido Pieters (born 1948) – film director Dick Raaymakers (1930–2013) – composer, theater maker Prince Rajcomar (born 1985) – football player Louis Regout (1861–1915) – politician André Rieu (born 1949) – violinist, conductor and composer Fred Rompelberg (born 1945) – cyclist, former world record holder Louis Rutten (1884–1946) – Dutch geologist Henri Sarolea (1844–1900) – railway entrepreneur and contractor Bryan Smeets (born 1992) – football player Hubert Soudant (born 1946) – conductor Victor de Stuers (1843–1916) – politician, monument conservationist Jac. P. Thijsse (1865–1945) – botanist, conservationist Germaine Thyssens-Valentin (1902–1987) – pianist Ad van Tiggelen (born 1958) – fantasy writer Adrian Stone Frans Timmermans (born 1961) – politician Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (1750–1812) – portrait painter Maxime Verhagen (born 1956) – politician Carel de Vogelaer (1653–1695) – painter Hubert Vos (1855–1935) – painter Ad Wijnands (born 1959) – cyclist, Tour de France stage winner Jeroen Willems (1962–2012) – actor, singer Henri Winkelman (1876–1952) – general Danny Wintjens (born 1983) – football goalkeeper Boudewijn Zenden (born 1976) – football player Kim Zwarts (born 1955) – photographer Residing in Maastricht Saint Servatius Jo Bonfrère (born 1946) – football player Willy Brokamp (born 1946) – football player Jeroen Brouwers (1940–2022) – writer, journalist Gondulph of Maastricht (c.524–c.607) – bishop, saint Theo Hiddema (born 1944) – lawyer Willem Hofhuizen (1915–1986) – painter Monulph of Maastricht (6th century) – bishop, saint Max Moszkowicz (1926–2022) – lawyer Servatius of Maastricht (4th century–384?) – bishop, saint Jan van Steffeswert (15th/16th century) – sculptor, wood carver Aert van Tricht (15th/16th century) – metal caster Henric van Veldeke (12th century) – poet, hagiographer Local anthem In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): Mestreechs Volksleed, Dutch: Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian, written by Alfons Olterdissen. The theme was originally composed by his brother, Guus Olterdissen, though the theme is similar to the theme "Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire" of the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). It is unknown if the Olterdissen brothers were aware of the Romanian piece. Maastrichtian municipal anthem (Mestreechs Volksleed) (adopted 2002, written 1910) 1 Hoera! Vivat! Mestreech!!! Jao diech höbs us aon 't hart gelege, Mestreech, door alle ieuwe heer. Veer bleve diech altied genege En deilde dreufheid en plezeer. Veer huurde nao dien aw histories Te peerd op grampeer ziene sjoet. Ues ouge blónke bij dien glories Of perelde bij diene noet. 2 En dee vaan diech 't sjoens wèlt prijze, In taol, die al wie zinge klink, Dat dee op nui Mestreechter wijze Zien aajd Mestreech mèt us bezingk. Me zong vaan diech ten alle tije, Eus mojers zonge bij de weeg, En voolte veer us rech tevreie Daan zong ze e leedsje vaan Mestreech. 3 Doe, blom vaan Nederlands landouwe, Gegreujd op 't graaf vaan Sintervaos, Bis weerdig dobbel te besjouwe, Gespiegeld in de blanke Maos. 'n Staar, De witste oet de klaore, Besjijnt diech mèt häör straole zach En, um diech zuver te bewaore, 'nen Ingel hèlt bij diech de wach. 4 Wie dèks woorste neet priesgegeve, Mèh heels dien kroen toch opgeriech En ongeknak bis te gebleve, Door euze band vaan trouw aon diech. Daorum de hand us tòwgestoke, 't Oug geriech op 't stareleech; En weur dat oug daan ins gebroke, Daan beidt veur us het aajd Mestreech. Gallery The Meuse Saint Servatius Bridge Dinghuis Townhall Mosae Forum Saint Servatius Basilica Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein Basilica of Our Lady Lang Grachtje Helpoort ("Hell's Gate") Pater Vink Tower Bastion Haet ende Nijt Stadspark Jeker river Bassin harbour Saint Lambert Church Train station, Wyck Stationsplein, Wyck Hoeg Brögk Charles Eyckpark, Céramique Public library, Céramique Fortress Sint Pieter View from Slavante Castle ruin Lichtenberg Huis de Torentjes ENCI quarry Château Neercanne View on Cannerberg Vrijthof square, early morning See also Jewish inhabitants of Maastricht Maastricht Treaty Treaty of Maastricht (1843) The Maastrichtian Age, which marks the end of the Cretaceous Period and Mesozoic Era of geological time References Notes ^ "Mrs. Annemarie Penn-te Strake" (in Dutch). Gemeente Maastricht. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2013. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" . StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "Postcodetool for 6211DW". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" . CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland" . CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ Including the Belgian municipalities of Lanaken, Riemst and Maasmechelen to the west and Visé to the south. ^ Basically, the metropolitan areas of Maastricht, Liège, Hasselt-Genk, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen-Kerkrade and Aachen-Düren constitute the densely populated urban core of the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion. ^ "Maastricht". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Maastricht" (US) and "Maastricht". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. ^ "Maastricht". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Zicht op Maastricht". zichtopmaastricht.nl. Retrieved 19 August 2012. ^ "The Economist Charlemagne: Return to Maastricht Oct 8th 2011". Economist.com. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ As Treiectinsem urbem, "the city of Trajectum", in Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, 2, 5 Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine (late 6th ct.). ^ M. Gysseling, Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226) (Tongeren, 1960) p. 646. ^ Bredero, Adriaan H. (1994), Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages: The Relations Between Religion, Church, and Society, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 978-0-8028-4992-2. ^ About 77% of Maastricht's relatively small Jewish community of 505 members did not survive the war. P.J.H. Ubachs & I.M.H. Evers (2005): Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht, pp. 256-257. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. ISBN 90-5730-399-X. ^ Gnesotto, N. (1992). European union after Minsk and Maastricht. International Affairs. 68(2), 223-232. ^ Maastricht Van onze verslaggever. "Coffee Corner: Dagblad de Limburger". Limburger.nl. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ "Klimaatviewer". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Daggegevens van het weer in Nederland". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Maastricht" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 16 October 2023. ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, nationaliteit en regio, 1 januari (in Dutch)". Bevolking; Geslacht, Leeftijd, Nationaliteit en Regio, 1 Januari. 2014. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: 1. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015. ^ "Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio (in Dutch)". Bevolking Op 1 Januari; Leeftijd, Geboorteland en Regio. 201w. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: 1. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015. ^ Gussenhoven, C. & Aarts, F. (1999). "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009. ^ Kessels-van der Heijde, Maria (2002). Maastricht, Maestricht, Mestreech. Hilversum, Netherlands: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9065507132. Retrieved 11 February 2012. ^ "Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek, 2010/2013". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. ^ 'Religie en kerkbezoek naar gemeente 2010-2014', on website cbs.nl, 13 May 2015 (download Excel file). ^ "Entre Deux". Entredeux.nl. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ "Top shelves". The Guardian. London. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ "Category:Parks in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. ^ "Category:Meuse River in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. ^ "Category:Sint Pietersberg - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. ^ "Category:Dousberg - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2014". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 19 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2018". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 21 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2022". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ "Maastrichtse burgemeester Leers stapt op" . NU.nl (in Dutch). ANP. 14 January 2010. ^ "Onno Hoes mag blijven". Telegraaf. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Grindstad, Ingrid. "Maastricht mayor Hoes resigns amidst sex smear campaign", NL Times, Amsterdam, 10 December 2014. Retrieved on 10 December 2014. ^ "Annemarie Penn geïnstalleerd als burgemeester Maastricht". 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. ^ "Olaf Penn stopt bij Senioren Partij Maastricht". 1Limburg. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017. ^ "Annemarie Penn nieuwe burgemeester Maastricht - NU - Het laatste nieuws het eerst op NU.nl". www.nu.nl. 23 April 2015. ^ "Mr. J.M. Penn-te Strake - Openbaar Ministerie". 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. ^ "Benoeming burgemeester Maastricht". rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). 9 June 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ Simons, Marlise (2018). "Cannabis Cafes Get Nudge to Fringes of a Dutch City". The New York Times, 20 August 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Marc Michel Josemans v. Burgemeester van Maastricht, case C‑137/09". Court of Justice of the European Union. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. ^ "Weed pass sparks new problems". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2024.Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Theo Sniekers (24 July 2017). "Vier Limburgse steden in landelijke top 6 qua drugsoverlast']". limburger.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ Pascale Thewissen (4 October 2018). "Meer zicht krijgen op georganiseerde drugsnetwerken". limburger.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 April 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ "A2maastricht.nl - Homepage A2 Maastricht". www.a2maastricht.nl. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ Municipality of Maastricht (2008). "Municipality of Maastricht: Maastrichts Volkslied". N.A. Maastricht. Retrieved 5 August 2009. Literature Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800. Amsterdam: NEHA. ISBN 9057420082. Bibliography See also: Bibliography of the history of Maastricht External links Maastricht at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsTravel information from Wikivoyage Maastricht city portal Maastricht municipality website Maastricht in Roman times Archived 19 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Webpage about Maastricht fortifications Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Webpage about the 1673 siege Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Maastricht tourism website Places adjacent to Maastricht Lanaken (BE-VLI) Meerssen Maastricht Valkenburg aan de Geul Riemst (BE-VLI) Visé (BE-WLG) Eijsden-Margraten vteMaastricht and related topicsCultureGeneral Flag Coat of arms Maastrichtian dialect Museums in Maastricht Sjeng The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF) Education Jan van Eyck Academie Maastricht School of Management Maastricht University (incl. University College Maastricht) Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (incl. Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts Maastricht Academy of Music) Maastricht School of Hotel Management History First Siege (1579) Capture of Maastricht (1632) History of the Jews in Maastricht Second Siege (1673) Third Siege (1748) Département de Meuse-Inférieure (1795-1814) Battle of Maastricht (1940) GeographyGeology & Hydrology Juliana Canal Maastrichtian (geological period) Meuse Mount Saint Peter Zuid-Willemsvaart Region / Urban area Meuse-Rhine Euroregion South Limburg Lanaken (B) Riemst (B) (Kanne) Visé (B) Neighbourhoods Amby Beatrixhaven Belfort Belvédère Biesland Binnenstad Borgharen Boschpoort Boschstraatkwartier Bosscherveld Brusselsepoort Caberg Campagne Daalhof Dousberg-Hazendans Frontenkwartier De Heeg Heer Heugem Heugemerveld Itteren Jekerdal Jekerkwartier Kommelkwartier Lanakerveld Limmel Malberg Malpertuis Mariaberg Meerssenhoven Nazareth Oud-Caberg Pottenberg Randwyck Scharn Sint Maartenspoort Sint Pieter Statenkwartier Villapark Vroendaal Wittevrouwenveld Wyck-Céramique Wyckerpoort PoliticsLocal politics Historical mayors Wim Hillenaar (current mayor) International politics Maastricht Treaty (1992) Sports Amstel Gold Race (cycling) Maastricht Wildcats (American football) MVV (football) Ridderronde Transportation A2 motorway Maastricht Aachen Airport (shared with Aachen, Germany) Maastricht railway station Maastricht Noord railway station Maastricht Randwyck railway station Hasselt – Maastricht tramway (cancelled) capital of the Province of Limburg, Netherlands vteMunicipalities of Limburg Beek Beekdaelen Beesel Bergen Brunssum Echt-Susteren Eijsden-Margraten Gennep Gulpen-Wittem Heerlen Horst aan de Maas Kerkrade Landgraaf Leudal Maasgouw Maastricht Meerssen Mook en Middelaar Nederweert Peel en Maas Roerdalen Roermond Simpelveld Sittard-Geleen Stein Vaals Valkenburg aan de Geul Venlo Venray Voerendaal Weert See also Netherlands Provinces Municipalities vteCapital cities of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsNational capital: AmsterdamSeat of government: The HagueConstituent countriesProvincesPublic bodies Oranjestad, Aruba Willemstad, Curaçao Amsterdam, Netherlands Philipsburg, Sint Maarten Assen, Drenthe Lelystad, Flevoland Leeuwarden, Friesland Arnhem, Gelderland Groningen, Groningen Maastricht, Limburg 's-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant Haarlem, North Holland Zwolle, Overijssel The Hague, South Holland Utrecht, Utrecht Middelburg, Zeeland Kralendijk, Bonaire The Bottom, Saba Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius See also: List of cities in the Netherlands by province Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɑːstrɪxt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"MAH-strikht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/mɑːˈstrɪxt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"mah-STRIKHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[maːˈstrɪxt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/145_Maastricht.ogg/145_Maastricht.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145_Maastricht.ogg"},{"link_name":"Limburgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish_language"},{"link_name":"[məˈstʀeːx]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Jeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeker"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Rhine Euroregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Rhine_Euroregion"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"rijksmonumenten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmonument"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"}],"text":"City and municipality in Limburg, NetherlandsFor the treaty signed in Maastricht in 1992, see Maastricht Treaty.City and municipality in Limburg, NetherlandsMaastricht (/ˈmɑːstrɪxt/ MAH-strikht, US also /mɑːˈstrɪxt/ mah-STRIKHT,[8][9][10] Dutch: [maːˈstrɪxt] ⓘ; Limburgish: Mestreech [məˈstʀeːx]; French: Maestricht (archaic); Spanish: Mastrique (archaic)) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (Dutch: Maas), at the point where the Jeker joins it. Mount Saint Peter (Sint-Pietersberg) is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège, and Hasselt.Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre.[11] Today, the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro.[12] Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population.","title":"Maastricht"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Maastricht"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Maastricht.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Old Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Sjeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeng_(name)"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as [Ad] Treiectinsem [urbem] ab. 575, Treiectensis in 634, Triecto, Triectu in 7th century, Triiect in 768–781, Traiecto in 945, Masetrieth in 1051.[13][14]The place name Maastricht is an Old Dutch compound Masa- (> Maas \"the Meuse river\") + Old Dutch *treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name li trek, from Classical Latin trajectus (\"ford, passage, place to cross a river\") with the later addition of Maas \"Meuse\" to avoid the confusion with the -trecht of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether *Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times.A resident of Maastricht is referred to as Maastrichtenaar whilst in the local dialect it is either Mestreechteneer or, colloquially, Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French name Jean).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_527161_-_Museumkelder_Derlon_20100821.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Augustus Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Bavay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavay"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium"},{"link_name":"Roman bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_bath"},{"link_name":"granary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granary"},{"link_name":"castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrum"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Monulph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monulph"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Roman sanctuary in the basement of Hotel DerlonNeanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross.It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius, Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to Gregory of Tours it was bishop Monulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-day Basilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an early Christian diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"duchy of Lower Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"provosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"collegiate churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church"},{"link_name":"Romanesque stone sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art#Sculpture"},{"link_name":"silversmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmithing"},{"link_name":"Mosan art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosan_art"},{"link_name":"Wolfram von Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach"},{"link_name":"Parzival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzival"},{"link_name":"Henric van Veldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_van_Veldeke"},{"link_name":"Dutch literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_literature"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_the_Relics,_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"city rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"dual authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)"},{"link_name":"prince-bishop of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"indulgences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence"},{"link_name":"Sint Servaasbrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Servaasbrug"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"wars of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"In the early Middle Ages Maastricht, along with Aachen and Liège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of the Carolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine.During the 11th and 12th centuries the town flourished culturally. Several provosts of the chapter of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated during this era. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of relics and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event that drew up to 100,000 pilgrims.Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive city rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug.[15]Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the industrial revolution in the early 19th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1579_Siege_of_Maastricht_-_Aranjuez_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siege of Maastricht (1579)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)"},{"link_name":"Palace of Aranjuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Aranjuez"},{"link_name":"garrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Siege of Maastricht, 1579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)"},{"link_name":"the city was conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Frederick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"States General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_States-General"},{"link_name":"recapture the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Maastricht_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Maastricht (1673)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1673)"},{"link_name":"Franco-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France#Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"Charles de Batz de Castelmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Batz_de_Castelmore"},{"link_name":"d'Artagnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Artagnan"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"The Vicomte de Bragelonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vicomte_de_Bragelonne"},{"link_name":"D'Artagnan Romances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Artagnan_Romances"},{"link_name":"Second French Siege of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1748)"},{"link_name":"War of Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France#Napoleonic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Inférieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Inf%C3%A9rieure"}],"sub_title":"16th to 18th centuries","text":"The Siege of Maastricht (1579) as depicted in the Palace of AranjuezThe strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch garrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces to recapture the city, but to no avail.Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the Franco-Dutch War. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the comte d'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678.In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the French First Republic, later the First French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boschstraat_Sphinx,_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_era"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Province of Limburg (1815–1839)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%931839)"},{"link_name":"seceded in 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_Liberation_Plate,_14_Sept._1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Allied forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Old Hickory Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"19th and early 20th century","text":"19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in BoschstraatAfter the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the Great Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839 Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town.Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards.Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europese_Raad_in_Maastricht,_27a_Van_Agt_e.a._tijdens_conferentie,_28a_en_29a_overzicht_tijdens_conferentie_met_links_Thatcher,_Bestanddeelnr_931-3910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dries van Agt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dries_van_Agt"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"potteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"service economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy"},{"link_name":"Maastricht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_University"},{"link_name":"European Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The European Fine Art Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Fine_Art_Fair"},{"link_name":"promenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade"},{"link_name":"Bonnefanten Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefanten_Museum"},{"link_name":"A2 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"After World War II","text":"Prime minister Dries van Agt presiding over the 1981 European Council in the town hallDuring the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro.[17] Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors.Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jekerkwartier07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jekerkwartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekerkwartier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Binnenstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenstad_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Jekerkwartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekerkwartier"},{"link_name":"Wyck-Céramique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyck_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Villapark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villapark_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Biesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesland_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Sint Pieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Pieter"},{"link_name":"Boschpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boschpoort"},{"link_name":"Borgharen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgharen"},{"link_name":"Itteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itteren"},{"link_name":"Amby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amby_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Sint Pieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Pieter"}],"sub_title":"Neighbourhoods","text":"Typical street in the Jekerkwartier, part of the city centreDutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its CBS code.Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500): Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique\nSouth-West (093501): Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)\nWest (093502): Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof\nNorth-West (093503): Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld\nNorth-East (093505): Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven\nEast (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld\nSouth-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, VroendaalItteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunde,_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Meerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerssen"},{"link_name":"Berg en Terblijt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_en_Terblijt"},{"link_name":"Bemelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemelen"},{"link_name":"Cadier en Keer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadier_en_Keer"},{"link_name":"Gronsveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronsveld"},{"link_name":"Oost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost,_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Kanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanne"},{"link_name":"Lanaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanaken"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly.Clockwise from north-east to north-west:Bunde,\nMeerssen,\nBerg en Terblijt,\nBemelen,\nCadier en Keer,\nGronsveld,\nOost,\nLanaye (B),\nPetit-Lanaye (B),\nKanne (B),\nVroenhoven (B),\nKesselt (B),\nVeldwezelt (B),\nLanaken (B),\nNeerharen (B).(B = Situated in Belgium)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"}],"sub_title":"Border","text":"Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area thus are open without border controls.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91-20-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extremes-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (Cfb, Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies 70 m [230 ft] lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at 39.6 °C (103.3 °F).Climate data for Maastricht (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1906−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−19.3(−2.7)\n\n−21.4(−6.5)\n\n−12.9(8.8)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−12.0(10.4)\n\n−18.3(−0.9)\n\n−21.4(−6.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n63.8(2.51)\n\n57.6(2.27)\n\n54.6(2.15)\n\n41.0(1.61)\n\n57.7(2.27)\n\n68.9(2.71)\n\n72.8(2.87)\n\n82.8(3.26)\n\n57.5(2.26)\n\n63.6(2.50)\n\n62.2(2.45)\n\n74.3(2.93)\n\n756.8(29.80)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n12.0\n\n10.8\n\n10.4\n\n8.4\n\n9.4\n\n9.7\n\n10.2\n\n10.2\n\n8.8\n\n10.7\n\n11.7\n\n13.2\n\n125.7\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n6.1\n\n6.7\n\n3.3\n\n0.3\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.1\n\n4.7\n\n22.2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n86.4\n\n83.2\n\n77.7\n\n71.7\n\n72.1\n\n72.8\n\n73.1\n\n74.8\n\n79.4\n\n83.9\n\n87.9\n\n88.3\n\n79.3\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n66.9\n\n86.0\n\n138.5\n\n180.8\n\n208.7\n\n205.5\n\n209.0\n\n197.5\n\n157.0\n\n118.2\n\n74.1\n\n53.5\n\n1,695.7\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n25.4\n\n30.3\n\n37.5\n\n43.7\n\n43.4\n\n41.7\n\n42.1\n\n43.8\n\n41.3\n\n35.5\n\n27.4\n\n21.5\n\n36.1\n\n\nSource: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (snowy days 2003–2020)[19][20] Infoclimat[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historical population","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inhabitants by nationality","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inhabitants by country of birth","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(dialect)"},{"link_name":"Limburgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_languages"},{"link_name":"the Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"the Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Maastrichtian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect"},{"link_name":"vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"},{"link_name":"dialect levelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_levelling"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dialect_of_Maastricht-24"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kessels-van_der_Heijde-25"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Maastricht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_University"},{"link_name":"Hogeschool Zuyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool_Zuyd"},{"link_name":"expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriates"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population.Dutch is the national language and the language of elementary and secondary education (excluding international institutions) as well as administration. Dutch in Maastricht is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgish accent, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language.\nLimburgish (or Limburgian) is the overlapping term of the tonal dialects spoken in the Dutch and the Belgian provinces of Limburg. The Maastrichtian dialect (Mestreechs) is only one of many variants of Limburgish. It is characterised by stretched vowels and some French influence on its vocabulary. In recent years the Maastricht dialect has been in decline (see dialect levelling) and a language switch to Standard Dutch has been noted.[24]\nFrench used to be the language of education and culture in Maastricht. In the late 18th century the language gained a powerful position as the judicial and administrative language, and throughout the following century it was the preferred language of the upper classes. Between 1851 and 1892 a Francophone newspaper (Le Courrier de la Meuse) was published in Maastricht.[25] The language is often part of secondary school curricula. Many proper names are French and the language has left many traces in the local dialect.\nGerman, like French, is often part of secondary school curricula. Due to Maastricht's geographic proximity to Germany and the great number of German students in the city, German is widely spoken.\nEnglish has become an important language in education. At Maastricht University and Hogeschool Zuyd it is the language of instruction for many courses. Many foreign students and expatriates use English as a lingua franca. English is also a mandatory subject in Dutch secondary schools.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"No affiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religions in Maastricht (2013)[26]\n\n  Roman Catholic (60.1%)  Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2.8%)  Other Christian denominations (2.2%)  Islam (3.3%)  Hinduism (0.1%)  Buddhism (0.4%)  Judaism (0.2%)  No affiliation (30.9%)In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month.[27]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SintPietersbergWegLangsGroeve008.jpg"},{"link_name":"ENCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RandwyckNoordKantoren07.jpg"}],"text":"ENCI quarryOffice park Randwyck-Noord","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappi"},{"link_name":"O-I Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-I_Glass"},{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Mondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondi"},{"link_name":"Vredestein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Vredestein"},{"link_name":"Talalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talalay_process"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"Q-Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Park"},{"link_name":"DHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL_Express"},{"link_name":"Teleperformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleperformance"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Medtronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medtronic"}],"sub_title":"Private companies based in Maastricht","text":"Sappi – South African Pulp and Paper Industry\nRoyal Mosa – ceramic tiles\nO-I Manufacturing – previously Kristalunie Maastricht; glass\nBASF – previously Ten Horn; pigments\nMondi – packaging\nRubber Resources/Elgi Rubber – previously Vredestein; rubber recycling\nRadium Foams – Talalay products\nHewlett-Packard –e previously Indigo, manufacturer of electronic data systems\nVodafone – mobile phone company\nQ-Park – international operator of parking garages\nDHL – international express mail services\nTeleperformance – contact center services\nMercedes-Benz – customer contact centre for Europe\nVGZ – health insurance, customer contact centre\nPie Medical Imaging – cardiovascular quantitative analysis software\nEsaote (formerly Pie Medical Equipment) – manufacturer of medical and veterinary diagnostic equipment\nBioPartner Centre Maastricht – life sciences spin-off companies\nMedtronic – medical devices, R&D center","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provincial_Government_Buildings_on_the_Meuse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_Maastricht,_EIPA_09.jpg"},{"link_name":"expats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate"},{"link_name":"Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Rhine Euroregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Rhine_Euroregion"},{"link_name":"Eurocontrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocontrol"},{"link_name":"European Journalism Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journalism_Centre"},{"link_name":"European Institute of Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Institute_of_Public_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Development_Policy_Management_(ECDPM)"},{"link_name":"UNU-MERIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNU-MERIT"}],"sub_title":"Public institutions","text":"Provincial Government BuildingsEuropean Institute of Public AdministrationSince the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area.Administration of the Dutch province of Limburg\nMeuse-Rhine Euroregion\nLimburg Development Company LIOF\nRHCL and SHCL – archives of the province of Limburg\nEurocontrol – The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation\nEuropean Journalism Centre\nEuropean Institute of Public Administration (EIPA)\nEuropean Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM)\nEuropean centre for work and society (ECWS)\nMaastricht Centre for Transatlantic Studies (MCTS)\nExpert Centre for Sustainable Business and Development Cooperation (ECSAD)\nCouncil of European Municipalities and Regions (REGR)\nEuropean Centre for Digital Communication (EC/DC)\nUNU-MERIT\nMaastricht Research School of Economics of TEchnology and ORganization (METEOR)\nResearch Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS)\nCicero Foundation (CF)","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_OLV_Wall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortStPieter57.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek,_Maastricht-40301.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vrijthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijthof"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OLV-01_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Our Lady's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_kerstverlichting_2014,_Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Onze Lieve Vrouweplein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze_Lieve_Vrouweplein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130504_Maastricht_06_Stadhuis.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13th_century_Dominican_church_converted_into_a_bookstore_in_Maastricht,_the_Netherlands.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Maastricht,_St-Pietersberg,_Slavante_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_seen_from_West_bank_of_the_Meuse_01_Bonnefantenmuseum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bonnefanten Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefanten_Museum"},{"link_name":"Wyck-Céramique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyck_(Maastricht)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Bonnefantenmuseum,_collectie_Neutelings,_zaaloverzicht_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bonnefantenmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefantenmuseum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arca_di_san_servazio,_legno,_rame_dorato,_pietre_preziose,_gemme_e_smalti,_1160_ca._01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht-39e_Diesviering_in_de_St._Janskerk_(Universiteit_Maastricht)_(5a).JPG"},{"link_name":"Maastricht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_TEFAF2014-13.jpg"},{"link_name":"TEFAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Fine_Art_Fair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10e_internationale_Reuzenstoet_-_Maastricht_-_2_June_2019_-_34.jpg"}],"text":"Medieval city wall (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwewal)View of Maastricht from the fortress on Mount Saint PeterVrijthof with Saint John's (left) and Saint Servatius BasilicaView of Our Lady's from the church tower of Saint John'sChristmas decorations at Onze Lieve VrouwepleinMarkt and town hall13th-century Dominican church converted into a bookstoreSlavante on the slopes of Mount Saint PeterThe landmark tower of the Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse in Wyck-CéramiqueMedieval art in the BonnefantenmuseumChest of Saint Servatius in the Treasury of the Basilica of Saint ServatiusMaastricht University faculty on their way to the annual dies natalisTEFAF, Maastricht's prestigious art fairGiants' Parade, 2019: Gigantius of Maastricht","title":"Culture and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rijksmonumenten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmonument"},{"link_name":"VVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Sint Servaasbrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Servaasbrug"},{"link_name":"Hoge Brug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoge_Brug"},{"link_name":"city wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_wall"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"bastions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastions"},{"link_name":"couvrefaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couvreface"},{"link_name":"lunettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"moats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"Vrijthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijthof_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"westwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwork"},{"link_name":"capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"reredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredo"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"church treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"Sint-Janskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Church_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Saint John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomuseum_aan_het_Vrijthof"},{"link_name":"Dutch Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Onze Lieve Vrouweplein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze_Lieve_Vrouweplein"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"church treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_treasury"},{"link_name":"Our Lady, Star of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Pieter Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Post"},{"link_name":"Dutch Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Jo Coenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Coenen"},{"link_name":"Bruno Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Albert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Postmodern style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jekerkwartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekerkwartier"},{"link_name":"Jeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeker"},{"link_name":"Latin Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Natural_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"poorhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poorhouse"},{"link_name":"hofje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofje"},{"link_name":"Boschstraatkwartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boschstraatkwartier"},{"link_name":"Crosier Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosier_Monastery,_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Saint Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Wyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyck_(Maastricht)"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cuypers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cuypers"},{"link_name":"Maastricht railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_railway_station"},{"link_name":"modernist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bonnefanten Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefanten_Museum"},{"link_name":"Aldo Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Jo Coenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Coenen"},{"link_name":"Mario Botta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Botta"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Siza Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira"},{"link_name":"MBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBM_(architecture_firm)"},{"link_name":"Cruz y Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_y_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Luigi Snozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Snozzi"},{"link_name":"Aurelio Galfetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Galfetti"},{"link_name":"Herman Hertzberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger"},{"link_name":"Wiel Arets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel_Arets"},{"link_name":"Hubert-Jan Henket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert-Jan_Henket"},{"link_name":"Charles Vandenhove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vandenhove"},{"link_name":"Bob Van Reeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Van_Reeth"},{"link_name":"Sint-Pietersberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Caves of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht"}],"sub_title":"Sights of Maastricht","text":"Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (gemeentelijke monumenten). The entire city centre is a conservation area (beschermd stadsgezicht) and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat.\nMaastricht's main sights include:Meuse (Dutch: Maas) river, with several parks and promenades along the river, and some interesting bridges:\nSint Servaasbrug, partly from the 13th century; the oldest bridge in the Netherlands;\nHoge Brug (\"High Bridge\"), a modern pedestrian bridge designed by René Greisch.\nCity fortifications, including:\nRemnants of the first and second medieval city wall and several towers (13th and 14th centuries);\nHelpoort (\"Hell's Gate\"), an imposing gate with two towers, built around 1230, the oldest city gate in the Netherlands;\nWycker Waterpoort, a medieval gate in Wyck, used for accessing the city from the Meuse, demolished in the 19th century but rebuilt shortly afterwards;\nHoge Fronten (or: Linie van Du Moulin), remnants of 17th and 18th-century fortifications, including a number of well-preserved bastions, couvrefaces, lunettes and dry moats;\nFort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century fortress on the flanks of Mount Saint Peter, offering guided tours and panoramic views of the city; and Fort Willem I, an early 19th-century fortress on the Caberg elevation;\nCasemates, an underground network of tunnels, built as sheltered emplacements for guns and cannons. These connected tunnels built of brick and limestone run for around fourteen kilometres underneath the city's fortifications. Guided tours are available.\nBinnenstad: inner-city pedestrianized district with popular shopping streets Grote and Kleine Staat, high-end shopping streets Stokstraat and Maastrichter Smedenstraat, and two indoor shopping centres. Several main sights in Maastricht as well as a large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants are centred around the three main squares in Binnenstad:\nVrijthof, the largest and possibly best-known square in Maastricht, with many well-known pubs and restaurants. Other sights include:\nBasilica of Saint Servatius, a predominantly Romanesque church with an imposing westwork and important 12th and 13th-century sculptures; most notably the westwork interior figurative capitals, the westwork reredo, and the sculpted South Portal. The tomb of Saint Servatius in the crypt is a favoured place of pilgrimage. The church has an important church treasury;\nSint-Janskerk, a Gothic church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the city's main Protestant church since 1632, adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Servatius, with a distinctive limestone tower painted red;\nSpaans Gouvernement (\"Spanish Government Building\"), a 16th-century former canon's house, later used as a residence for the Brabant and Habsburg rulers, now housing the Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof;\nHoofdwacht, an 18th-century military guard house, built in the style of the Dutch Baroque, used for exhibitions;\nGeneraalshuis (\"General's House\"), a Neoclassical mansion, now the city's main theater (Theater aan het Vrijthof).\nOnze Lieve Vrouweplein, a tree-lined square with a number of pavement cafes. Main sights:\nBasilica of Our Lady, a partly 11th-century church, one of the Netherlands' most significant Romanesque buildings with an imposing Mosan westwork and an important church treasury. Perhaps best known for the shrine of Our Lady, Star of the Sea in an adjacent Gothic chapel;\nDerlon Museumkelder, a permanent exhibition of ancient Roman remains in the basement of Hotel Derlon.\nMarkt, the town's historic market square. Sights include:\nThe Town Hall, built in the 17th century by Pieter Post and considered one of the highlights of Dutch Baroque architecture. Nearby is Dinghuis, the late medieval town hall and courthouse with an early Renaissance façade;\nMosae Forum, a shopping centre and civic building designed by Jo Coenen and Bruno Albert in the early 2000s. Inside the Mosae Forum parking garage there is a small exhibition of Citroën miniature cars;\nEntre Deux, a rebuilt shopping centre in Postmodern style, which has won several international awards.[28] It includes a bookstore located inside a former 13th-century Dominican church. In 2008, British newspaper The Guardian proclaimed this the world's most beautiful bookshop.[29]\nJekerkwartier, a neighbourhood named after the small river Jeker, which pops up between old houses and remnants of city walls. The western part of the neighbourhood (named the Maastricht Latin Quarter) is dominated by university buildings and (performing) arts schools. Sights include:\nseveral churches and monasteries: the 13th-century First Franciscan Monastery, the 17th-century \"Veiled Sisters\" and Bonnefanten monasteries, and the 18th-century Second Franciscan Monastery and Walloon and Lutheran churches;\nMaastricht Natural History Museum, a small museum of natural history in a former monastery;\nGrote Looiersstraat (\"Great Tanners' Street\"), a former canal that was filled in during the 19th century, lined with elegant houses, the city's poorhouse (now part of the university library) and Sint-Maartenshofje, a typically Dutch hofje.\nKommelkwartier, Statenkwartier and Boschstraatkwartier, three relatively quiet inner city neighbourhoods with several monasteries, university buildings and industrial heritage building:\nCrosier Monastery in Kommelkwartier, a well-preserved Gothic monastery, now a five-star hotel;\nSint-Matthiaskerk, a 14th-century parish church dedicated to Saint Matthew;\nSphinx Quarter, an upcoming neighbourhood and cultural hotspot in the north of the city centre. Several of the industrial buildings of the former Sphinx glass, crystal and ceramics factories have been transformed for new uses;\nBassin, a restored early 19th-century inner harbor surrounded by industrial heritage buildings, re-used as cultural venues, bars and restaurants.\nWyck, the old quarter on the right bank of the river Meuse.\nSaint Martin's Church, a Gothic Revival church designed by Pierre Cuypers in 1856;\nRechtstraat and Hoogbrugstraat are the oldest streets in Wyck with many historic buildings and a mix of specialty shops, art galleries and restaurants;\nStationsstraat and Wycker Brugstraat are elegant streets with the majority of the buildings dating from the late 19th century. At the east end of Stationsstraat stands the Maastricht railway station from 1913.\nCéramique, a modern neighbourhood on the site of the former Société Céramique potteries, including a park along the river Meuse (Charles Eyckpark) and a showcase of architectural highlights:\nWiebengahal, one of the few remaining industrial buildings in the neighbourhood and an early example of modernist architecture in the Netherlands, dating from 1912;\nBonnefanten Museum by Aldo Rossi, featuring a landmark rocket-shaped tower;\nCentre Céramique, a public library and exhibition space by Jo Coenen;\nLa Fortezza, a red brick office and apartment building by Mario Botta;\nSiza Tower, a residential tower clad with zinc and white marble, by Álvaro Siza Vieira;\nOther buildings in Céramique by MBM, Cruz y Ortiz, Luigi Snozzi, Aurelio Galfetti, Herman Hertzberger, Wiel Arets, Hubert-Jan Henket, Charles Vandenhove and Bob Van Reeth.\nSint-Pietersberg (\"Mount Saint Peter\"): modest hill and nature reserve south of the city, peaking at 171 metres (561 ft) above sea level. It serves as Maastricht's main recreation area and a viewing point. The main sights include:\nFort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century military fortress fully restored in recent years;\nCaves of Maastricht aka Grotten Sint-Pietersberg, an underground network of man-made tunnels (\"caves\") in limestone quarries. Guided tours are available;\nENCI Quarry: a former quarry and nature reserve with several lakes, accessible via a spectacular staircase with viewing platforms;\nSlavante, a 19th-century former gentlemen's club on the site of a Franciscan monastery (of which parts are still standing), now a popular hang-out, offering panoramic views over the Meuse valley;\nLichtenberg, a ruined medieval castle keep and an adjacent 18th-century farmstead;\nD'n Observant (\"The Observer\"), an artificial hilltop, made with the spoils of a nearby quarry, now a nature reserve.","title":"Culture and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonnefanten Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefanten_Museum"},{"link_name":"The Virgin and Child with St. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_St._Anne_(van_Steffeswert)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni del Biondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_del_Biondo"},{"link_name":"Domenico di Michelino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_di_Michelino"},{"link_name":"Jacopo del Casentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_del_Casentino"},{"link_name":"Sano di Pietro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sano_di_Pietro"},{"link_name":"Pietro Nelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Nelli"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Colijn de Coter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colijn_de_Coter"},{"link_name":"Roelandt Savery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelandt_Savery"},{"link_name":"Pieter Coecke van Aelst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst"},{"link_name":"Pieter Brueghel the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Sol LeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_LeWitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Mangold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mangold"},{"link_name":"Richard Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Serra"},{"link_name":"Luciano Fabro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Fabro"},{"link_name":"Marcel Broodthaers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Broodthaers"},{"link_name":"Joseph Beuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys"},{"link_name":"Neo Rauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Rauch"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_George"},{"link_name":"Peter Doig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doig"},{"link_name":"Gary Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hume"},{"link_name":"Grayson Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Perry"},{"link_name":"Luc Tuymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Tuymans"},{"link_name":"Ai Weiwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Weiwei"},{"link_name":"Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Servatius"},{"link_name":"shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine"},{"link_name":"crosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosier"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Treasury of the Basilica of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht#Treasury_Basilica_of_Our_Lady"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Natural_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Mosasaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaur"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomuseum_aan_het_Vrijthof"}],"sub_title":"Museums in Maastricht","text":"Bonnefanten Museum is the foremost museum for old masters and contemporary fine art in the province of Limburg. The collection features medieval sculpture (The Virgin and Child with St. Anne), early Italian painting (Giovanni del Biondo, Domenico di Michelino, Jacopo del Casentino, Sano di Pietro, Pietro Nelli), Southern Netherlandish and German Renaissance painting (Colijn de Coter, Roelandt Savery, Pieter Coecke van Aelst, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder), and contemporary art (Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Richard Serra, Luciano Fabro, Marcel Broodthaers, Joseph Beuys, Neo Rauch, Gilbert and George, Peter Doig, Gary Hume, Grayson Perry, Luc Tuymans, Ai Weiwei).\nThe Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius includes religious artifacts from the 4th to 20th centuries, notably those related to Saint Servatius. Highlights include the shrine, the key and the crosier of Saint Servatius, and the reliquary bust donated by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.\nThe Treasury of the Basilica of Our Lady contains religious art, textiles, reliquaries, liturgical vessels and other artifacts from the Middle Ages and later periods.\nDerlon Museumkelder is a preserved archeological site in the basement of a hotel with Roman and pre-Roman remains.\nThe Maastricht Natural History Museum exhibits collections relating to the geology, paleontology and flora and fauna of Limburg. Highlights in the collection are several fragment of skeletons of Mosasaurs found in a quarry in Mount Saint Peter.\nFotomuseum aan het Vrijthof is a local museum of photography housed in the 16th-century Spanish Government building, featuring some period rooms and temporary exhibitions of photographers.","title":"Culture and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Maastrichtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Zaate Herremeniekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaate_Herremenie"},{"link_name":"The European Fine Art Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Fine_Art_Fair"},{"link_name":"Tattoo Expo Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tattooexpo.eu"},{"link_name":"Amstel Gold Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Gold_Race"},{"link_name":"KunstTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KunstTour"},{"link_name":"procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servatius_of_Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Pilgrimage of the Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_the_Relics,_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"processional giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processional_giants_and_dragons_in_Belgium_and_France"},{"link_name":"Fashionclash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashionclash&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vrijthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijthof"},{"link_name":"André Rieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Musica Sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musica_Sacra_(Maastricht)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jazz festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_festival"},{"link_name":"showjumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showjumping"}],"sub_title":"Events and festivals","text":"Dies natalis, birthday of the University of Maastricht, with procession of university faculty to St. John's Church where honorary degrees are awarded (9 January).\nCarnival (Maastrichtian: Vastelaovend) - a traditional three-day festival in the southern part of the Netherlands; in Maastricht mainly outdoors with typical Zaate Herremeniekes (February/March).\nThe European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), the world's leading art and antiques fair (March).\nTattoo Expo Maastricht, an anunual international tattoo exhibition (March).\nAmstel Gold Race, an international cycling race which starts in Maastricht (usually April).\nKunstTour, an annual art festival (May).\nEuropean Model United Nations (EuroMUN), an annual international conference (May).\nStadsprocessie, religious procession with reliquaries of Saint Servatius and other local saints (first Sunday after 13 May).\nPilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch: Heiligdomsvaart), pilgrimage with relics display and processions dating from the Middle Ages (May/June; once in 7 years; next: 2025).\nGiants' Parade (Dutch: Reuzenstoet), parade of processional giants, mainly from Belgium and France (June; once in 5 years; next: 2024).\nMaastrichts Mooiste, an annual running and walking event (June).\nFashionclash, international fashion event throughout the city (June).\nVrijthof concerts by André Rieu and the Johann Strauss Orchestra (July/August).\nPreuvenemint, a large culinary event held on the Vrijthof square (August).\nInkom, the traditional opening of the academic year and introduction for new students of Maastricht University (August).\nMusica Sacra, a festival of religious (classical) music (September).\nNederlandse Dansdagen (Netherlands Dance Days), a modern dance festival (October).\nJazz Maastricht, a jazz festival formerly known as Jeker Jazz (autumn).\n11de van de 11de (the 11th of the 11th), the official start of the carnival season (11 November).\nJumping Indoor Maastricht, an international concours hippique (showjumping) (November).\nMagic Maastricht (Magisch Maastricht), a winter-themed funfair and Christmas market held on Vrijthof square and other locations throughout the city (December/January).Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year.","title":"Culture and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_Stadspark_met_rondeel_De_Vijf_Koppen_en_Jekertoren_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_09_Charles_Eyckpark.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SintPietersbergSchaapskudde007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jekerdal_met_Wijngaarden.jpg"}],"text":"A pond in Stadspark, Maastricht's main parkRelaxing in Charles EyckparkSheep on Mount Saint PeterJeker valley with vineyards","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeker"},{"link_name":"d'Artagnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Artagnan"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"Bonnefanten Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnefanten_Museum"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Martinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Martinsson"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht:[30]Stadspark, the main public park in Maastricht, partly 19th-century, with remnants of the medieval city walls, a branch of the Jeker river, a mini-zoo and several public sculptures (e.g. the statue of d'Artagnan in Aldenhofpark, a 20th-century extension of Stadspark). Other extensions of the park are called Kempland, Henri Hermanspark, Monseigneur Nolenspark and Waldeckpark. From 2014 onwards, the grounds of the former Tapijn military barracks will be gradually added to the park;\nJekerpark, a new park along the river Jeker, separated from Stadspark by a busy road;\nFrontenpark, a new park west of the city centre, incorporating parts of the fortifications of Maastricht from the 17th to 19th centuries;\nCharles Eykpark, a modern park between the public library and Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse river, designed in the late 1990s by Swedish landscape architect Gunnar Martinsson.\nGriendpark, a modern park on the east bank of the river with an inline-skating and skateboarding course.\nGeusseltpark in eastern Maastricht and J.J. van de Vennepark in western Maastricht, both with elaborate sports facilities.","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Itteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itteren"},{"link_name":"Borgharen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgharen"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gronsveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronsveld"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"Jeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeker"},{"link_name":"Château Neercanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Neercanne"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Meerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerssen"},{"link_name":"Borgharen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgharen"}],"sub_title":"Natural areas","text":"The Meuse river and its green banks in outlying areas. In the northern areas around Itteren and Borgharen 'new nature' is being created in combination with river protection measures and gravel mining.[31]\nPietersplas, an artificial lake between Maastricht and Gronsveld that was the result of gravel pits on the banks of the Meuse river. There is a beach on the northern slope of the lake and a marina near Castle Hoogenweerth. The eastern riverbed between Pietersplas and the provincial government building is a nature reserve (Kleine Weerd).\nThe Jeker Valley, along the river Jeker, starts near the city centre in Stadspark and leads via Jekerpark to an area with green meadows, fertile fields, some vineyards on the slopes of Cannerberg, several water mills and Château Neercanne, and continues further south into Belgium.\nThe green flanks of Mount Saint Peter, including many footpaths.[32]\nDousberg and Zouwdal, a modest hill and valley surrounded by urban development on the western edge of the city, partly in Belgium. A large part of the hill is now in use as an international golf course (Golfclub Maastricht).[33]\nLandgoederenzone, an extended area in the northeast of Maastricht (partly in Meerssen) consisting of around fifteen country estates, such as Severen, Geusselt, Bethlehem, Mariënwaard, Kruisdonk, Vaeshartelt, Meerssenhoven, Borgharen and Hartelstein. Some of the castles, villas and stately homes are surrounded by industrial areas or quarries.\nBike paths through agricultural areas in several outlying quarters (like \"Biesland\" and \"Wolder\").","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Maastricht,_Zuid-Willemsvaart_13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zuid-Willemsvaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Willemsvaart"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"MVV Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVV_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Geusselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Geusselt"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"American Football Bond Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Bond_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Amstel Gold Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Gold_Race"},{"link_name":"Valkenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkenburg_aan_de_Geul"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Lacrosse_Association"}],"text":"Student rowing club MSRV Saurus in Zuid-WillemsvaartIn football, Maastricht is represented by MVV Maastricht (Dutch: Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht), who (as of the 2016–2017 season) play in the Dutch first division of the national competition (which is the second league after the Eredivisie league). MVV's home is the Geusselt stadium near the A2 highway.\nMaastricht is also home to the Maastricht Wildcats, an American Football League team and member of the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland).\nSince 1998, Maastricht has been the traditional starting place of the annual Amstel Gold Race, the only Dutch cycling classic. For several years the race also finished in Maastricht, but since 2002 the finale has been in the municipality of Valkenburg. Tom Dumoulin was born in Maastricht.\nSince 2000, Maastricht has been the first city in the Netherlands with a Lacrosse team. The Student Sport Association \"Maaslax\" is closely linked to Maastricht University and a member of the NLB (Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond).","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermen"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections"}],"sub_title":"City council","text":"The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected every four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerd Leers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Leers"},{"link_name":"CDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Onno Hoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onno_Hoes"},{"link_name":"VVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Penn-te Strake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Penn-te_Strake"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1lim_Olaf-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"(CDA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Aldermen and mayors","text":"The mayor and aldermen make up the executive branch of the municipal government.The mayor from 2002, Gerd Leers (CDA), resigned in January 2010 following allegations of irregularities in a holiday villa project in Bulgaria owned by Leers.[37] He was replaced by Onno Hoes, a Liberal (VVD), the only male mayor in the country officially married to a man. In 2013 Hoes was subject to controversy after disclosures of intimate affairs with several other men, although he remained mayor.[38] After a new affair in 2014, Hoes eventually stepped down.[39]From July 2015, Annemarie Penn-te Strake became mayor.[40] She was an independent serving no political party, although her husband was a former chairman[41] of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij.[42] She had served in the Dutch judicial system for many years, and during her tenure as mayor she still served as attorney general.[43] In July 2023 Wim Hillenaar (CDA) took over as mayor.[44]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch soft drug policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"'coffeeshops'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop"},{"link_name":"drug tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tourism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Maastricht,_Maaspromenade,_coffeeshop_boten_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"'coffeeshop'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_coffee_shop"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Court of Justice of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Cannabis","text":"One controversial issue which dominated Maastricht politics for many years was the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the Dutch soft drug policy, individuals may buy cannabis from 'coffeeshops' under certain conditions. From the 1980s, Maastricht saw a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly from neighbouring Belgium, France and Germany. The city government attempted to reduce negative side effects, including illegal sale of hard drugs in the city centre and anti-social behaviour.Two 'coffeeshop' boats at MaasboulevardA 2008 proposal to relocate the coffeeshops to the outskirts of the city[45] was opposed by neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and by the Dutch and Belgian parliaments. In December 2010, a Maastricht law to restrict entry to coffeeshops to local residents was upheld by the Court of Justice of the European Union,[46] with the Dutch government introducing a similar national law in 2012.[47] The new system led to a reduction in drug tourism in Maastricht's cannabis shops, but an increase in drug dealing on the streets.[48] A 2018 Maastricht University study showed a substantial decline in drug nuisance since 2012, although criminal drug networks had grown due to police budget cuts.[49]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Maastricht,_Europaplein_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"A2 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010.07.20.155053_Bahnhof_Maastricht.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maastricht main railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20190707_maastricht068a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva#Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_AachenAirport_Terminal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Aachen Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Aachen_Airport"}],"text":"A2 motorway and Koning Willem-AlexandertunnelMaastricht main railway stationArriva bus at BoschstraatMaastricht Aachen Airport","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"A79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A79_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"}],"sub_title":"By car","text":"Maastricht is served by the A2 and A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and from Amsterdam in about two and a half hours.The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016.[50]In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport or park and ride facilities away from the centre.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Randwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Randwyck_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Noord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Noord_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Den Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dutch Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen"},{"link_name":"Heerlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerlen"},{"link_name":"Valkenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkenburg_aan_de_Geul"},{"link_name":"Kerkrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkrade"},{"link_name":"Arriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva"},{"link_name":"National Railway Company of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"}],"sub_title":"By train","text":"Maastricht is served by three rail operators, all of which call at the main Maastricht railway station near the centre and two of which call at the smaller Maastricht Randwyck, near the business and university district. Only Arriva also calls at Maastricht Noord, which opened in 2013. Intercity trains northwards to Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Utrecht are operated by Dutch Railways. The line to Heerlen, Valkenburg and Kerkrade is operated by Arriva. The National Railway Company of Belgium runs south to Liège in Belgium. The westbound railway to Hasselt (Belgium) closed in 1954. The former railway to Aachen was closed down in the 1980s. However, Aachen can still be reached via Heerlen.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"South Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"De Lijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lijn"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Maasmechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasmechelen"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"TEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_R%C3%A9gionale_Wallonne_du_Transport"},{"link_name":"Flixbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixbus"},{"link_name":"Eurolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurolines"},{"link_name":"intercity bus services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_bus_service"}],"sub_title":"By bus","text":"Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regional Arriva bus network extends to most parts of South Limburg and Aachen (Germany). Regional buses by De Lijn connect Maastricht with Hasselt, Tongeren and Maasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht with Liège, operated by TEC. Various bus companies such as Flixbus and Eurolines provide intercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht Aachen Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Aachen_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Beek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beek"},{"link_name":"Corendon Dutch Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corendon_Dutch_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"London Stansted Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lourdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdes"},{"link_name":"Enter Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_Air"}],"sub_title":"By air","text":"Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport (IATA: MST, ICAO: EHBK), in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) north of the city centre. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair which operate scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, North-Africa and also London Stansted Airport from March 2022. There are also charter flights to Lourdes which are operated by Enter Air.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Juliana Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Canal"},{"link_name":"Albert Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Canal"},{"link_name":"Zuid-Willemsvaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Willemsvaart"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"}],"sub_title":"By boat","text":"Maastricht has a river port (Beatrixhaven) and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"as the crow flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_the_crow_flies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"}],"sub_title":"Distances to other cities","text":"These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances.Liège: 25.5 km (15.8 mi) south\n Aachen: 31.0 km (19.3 mi) east\n Eindhoven: 66.8 km (41.5 mi) north-west\n Düsseldorf: 86.2 km (53.6 mi) north-east\n Cologne: 89.6 km (55.7 mi) east\n Brussels: 95.1 km (59.1 mi) west\n Antwerp: 97.8 km (60.8 mi) north-west\n Bonn: 99.9 km (62.1 mi) south-east\n Charleroi: 102.1 km (63.4 mi) south-west\n Mons: 130.8 km (81.3 mi) south-west\n Luxembourg City: 141.4 km (87.9 mi) south\n Ghent: 141.5 km (87.9 mi) west\n Utrecht: 142.4 km (88.5 mi) north-west\n Rotterdam: 144.5 km (89.8 mi) north-west\n Amsterdam: 175.1 km (108.8 mi) north-west\n Lille: 186.3 km (115.8 mi) west\n Frankfurt am Main: 228.8 km (142.2 mi) south-east\n Groningen: 269.6 km (167.5 mi) north\n Strasbourg: 288.7 km (179.4 mi) south-east\n Paris: 325.6 km (202.3 mi) south-west\n Hannover: 325.7 km (202.4 mi) north-east\n Stuttgart: 341.3 km (212.1 mi) south-east\n Basel: 390.2 km (242.5 mi) south-east\n London: 411.5 km (255.7 mi) north-west\n Zürich: 438.7 km (272.6 mi) south-east","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_University_-_Campus_Randwyck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maastricht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_Oud_Gouvernement02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kasteel_Bethlehem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Castle"}],"text":"Maastricht University, Campus RandwyckStudents at work at UM Law SchoolHotel Management School at Bethlehem Castle","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthroposophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophical"},{"link_name":"Sint-Maartenscollege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Maartenscollege"},{"link_name":"United World College Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_College_Maastricht"}],"sub_title":"Secondary education","text":"Bernard Lievegoedschool (Anthroposophical education)\nBonnefantencollege\nPorta Mosana College\nSint-Maartenscollege\nUnited World College Maastricht","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_University"},{"link_name":"University College Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Maastricht School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Zuyd University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuyd_University"},{"link_name":"Sittard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittard"},{"link_name":"Heerlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerlen"},{"link_name":"Academy for Dramatic Arts Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toneelacademie_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"School of Fine Arts Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academie_Beeldende_Kunsten_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Teikyo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikyo_University"}],"sub_title":"Tertiary education","text":"Maastricht University (Dutch: Universiteit Maastricht or UM) including:\nUniversity College Maastricht\nMaastricht School of Management (merged with UM in 2022)\nZuyd University of Applied Sciences (Dutch: Hogeschool Zuyd, also has departments in Sittard and Heerlen) including:\nAcademy for Dramatic Arts Maastricht (Dutch: Toneelacademie Maastricht)\nSchool of Fine Arts Maastricht (Dutch: Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht)\nMaastricht Academy of Music (Dutch: Conservatorium Maastricht)\nAcademy of architecture\nFaculty of International Business and Communication\nMaastricht Hotel Management School\nTeikyo University (Maastricht campus closed in 2007)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Van Eyck Academie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Van_Eyck_Academie"},{"link_name":"Berlitz Language School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlitz_Language_Schools"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Jan Van Eyck Academie - post-academic art institute\nBerlitz Language School Maastricht\nTalenacademie Nederland","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Netherlands"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns","text":"Maastricht is twinned with:","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Maastricht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debije-boerhaave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Debye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Debye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giro_d%27Italia_2017,_dumoulin_(34343448193).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20071012Minckelers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Pieter Minckeleers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieter_Minckeleers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henriette-d%27Oultremont.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henrietta d'Oultremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andre_Rieu_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"André Rieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_Victor_de_Stuers_-_Kruisherengang_12_-_20100717.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victor de Stuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Stuers"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from MaastrichtPeter DebyeTom DumoulinJan Pieter MinckeleersHenrietta d'OultremontAndré RieuVictor de Stuers","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne-Charles_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Henri Arends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Arends"},{"link_name":"Doris Baaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Baaten"},{"link_name":"Gerard Bergholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Bergholtz"},{"link_name":"Mieke de Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieke_de_Boer"},{"link_name":"Alphons Boosten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphons_Boosten"},{"link_name":"Theo Bovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Bovens"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bruyère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bruy%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jeu van Bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_van_Bun"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Coclers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Coclers"},{"link_name":"Louis Bernard Coclers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bernard_Coclers"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Peter Debye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Debye"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Robin Frijns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Frijns"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Fromantiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Fromantiou"},{"link_name":"Joop Haex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Haex"},{"link_name":"André Henri Constant van Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Henri_Constant_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Hubert Hermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Hermans"},{"link_name":"Pieter van den Hoogenband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_van_den_Hoogenband"},{"link_name":"Pierre Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Sjeng Kerbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeng_Kerbusch"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Kessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Kessels"},{"link_name":"Lambert of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Marie-Louise Linssen-Vaessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise_Linssen-Vaessen"},{"link_name":"Eric van der Luer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_van_der_Luer"},{"link_name":"Pierre Lyonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lyonnet"},{"link_name":"Félix de Mérode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode"},{"link_name":"David de Meyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_Meyne"},{"link_name":"Andreas Victor Michiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Victor_Michiels"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Jan Pieter Minckeleers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieter_Minckeleers"},{"link_name":"Bram Moszkowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Moszkowicz"},{"link_name":"Benny Neyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Neyman"},{"link_name":"Tom Nijssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Nijssen"},{"link_name":"Jacques Ogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ogg"},{"link_name":"Henrietta d'Oultremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont"},{"link_name":"William I of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Jan Peumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Peumans"},{"link_name":"Guido Pieters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Pieters"},{"link_name":"Dick Raaymakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Raaymakers"},{"link_name":"Prince Rajcomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rajcomar"},{"link_name":"Louis Regout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Regout"},{"link_name":"André Rieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu"},{"link_name":"Fred Rompelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rompelberg"},{"link_name":"Louis Rutten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rutten"},{"link_name":"Henri Sarolea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Sarolea"},{"link_name":"Bryan Smeets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Smeets"},{"link_name":"Hubert Soudant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Soudant"},{"link_name":"Victor de Stuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Stuers"},{"link_name":"Jac. P. Thijsse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac._P._Thijsse"},{"link_name":"Germaine Thyssens-Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Thyssens-Valentin"},{"link_name":"Ad van Tiggelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_van_Tiggelen"},{"link_name":"Frans Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Timmermans"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich August Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_August_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"Maxime Verhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Verhagen"},{"link_name":"Carel de Vogelaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carel_de_Vogelaer"},{"link_name":"Hubert Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Vos"},{"link_name":"Ad Wijnands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Wijnands"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Willems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Willems"},{"link_name":"Henri Winkelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Winkelman"},{"link_name":"Danny Wintjens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Wintjens"},{"link_name":"Boudewijn Zenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudewijn_Zenden"},{"link_name":"Kim Zwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Zwarts"}],"sub_title":"Born in Maastricht","text":"Jean-Eugène-Charles Alberti (1777 – after 1843) – painter\nHenri Arends (1921–1993) – conductor\nDoris Baaten (born 1956) – voice actress\nGerard Bergholtz (born 1939) – footballer\nMieke de Boer (born 1980) – female darts player\nAlphons Boosten (1893–1951) – architect\nTheo Bovens (born 1959) – politician\nJoseph Bruyère (born 1948) – Belgian cyclist\nJeu van Bun (1918–2002) – footballer\nJean-Baptiste Coclers (1696–1772) – painter\nLouis Bernard Coclers (1740–1817) – painter\nWilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière (1733–1811) – Prussian field marshal\nPeter Debye (1884–1966) – Nobel prize winning chemist\nTom Dumoulin (born 1990) – cyclist, Giro d'Italia winner\nRobin Frijns (born 1991) – Racing Driver\nHendrick Fromantiou (1633/4 – after 1693) – still life painter\nJoop Haex (1911–2002) – politician\nAndré Henri Constant van Hasselt (1806–1874) – French-writing poet\nHubert Hermans (born 1937) – psychologist and creator of Dialogical Self Theory\nPieter van den Hoogenband (born 1978) – swimmer and a triple Olympic champion\nPierre Kemp (1886–1967) – poet\nSjeng Kerbusch (1947–1991) – behavior geneticist\nMathieu Kessels (1784–1836) – sculptor\nLambert of Maastricht (c. 636 – c. 705) – bishop, saint\nMarie-Louise Linssen-Vaessen (1928–1993) – freestyle swimmer\nEric van der Luer (born 1965) – footballer, football manager\nPierre Lyonnet (1708–1789) – naturalist, cryptographer, engraver\nFélix de Mérode (1791–1857) – politician, writer\nDavid de Meyne (1569–1620) – painter and cartographer\nAndreas Victor Michiels (1797–1849) – military and administrative officer in the Dutch East Indies\nJan Pieter Minckeleers (1748–1824) – scientist and inventor of coal gas lighting\nBram Moszkowicz (born 1960) – ex-barrister\nBenny Neyman (1951–2008) – singer of popular songs\nTom Nijssen (born 1964) – tennis player\nJacques Ogg (born 1948) – harpsichordist\nHenrietta d'Oultremont (1792–1864) – second wife of William I of the Netherlands\nJan Peumans (born 1951) – Belgian politician\nGuido Pieters (born 1948) – film director\nDick Raaymakers (1930–2013) – composer, theater maker\nPrince Rajcomar (born 1985) – football player\nLouis Regout (1861–1915) – politician\nAndré Rieu (born 1949) – violinist, conductor and composer\nFred Rompelberg (born 1945) – cyclist, former world record holder\nLouis Rutten (1884–1946) – Dutch geologist\nHenri Sarolea (1844–1900) – railway entrepreneur and contractor\nBryan Smeets (born 1992) – football player\nHubert Soudant (born 1946) – conductor\nVictor de Stuers (1843–1916) – politician, monument conservationist\nJac. P. Thijsse (1865–1945) – botanist, conservationist\nGermaine Thyssens-Valentin (1902–1987) – pianist\nAd van Tiggelen (born 1958) – fantasy writer Adrian Stone\nFrans Timmermans (born 1961) – politician\nJohann Friedrich August Tischbein (1750–1812) – portrait painter\nMaxime Verhagen (born 1956) – politician\nCarel de Vogelaer (1653–1695) – painter\nHubert Vos (1855–1935) – painter\nAd Wijnands (born 1959) – cyclist, Tour de France stage winner\nJeroen Willems (1962–2012) – actor, singer\nHenri Winkelman (1876–1952) – general\nDanny Wintjens (born 1983) – football goalkeeper\nBoudewijn Zenden (born 1976) – football player\nKim Zwarts (born 1955) – photographer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busto-reliquiario_di_san_servazio,_in_rame_dorato_con_gemme,_1580_ca._02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servatius_of_Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Jo Bonfrère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Bonfr%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Willy Brokamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brokamp"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Brouwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Brouwers"},{"link_name":"Gondulph of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondulph_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Theo Hiddema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Hiddema"},{"link_name":"Willem Hofhuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hofhuizen"},{"link_name":"Monulph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monulph"},{"link_name":"Max Moszkowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Moszkowicz"},{"link_name":"Servatius of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servatius_of_Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Jan van Steffeswert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Steffeswert"},{"link_name":"Aert van Tricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aert_van_Tricht"},{"link_name":"Henric van Veldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Veldeke"}],"sub_title":"Residing in Maastricht","text":"Saint ServatiusJo Bonfrère (born 1946) – football player\nWilly Brokamp (born 1946) – football player\nJeroen Brouwers (1940–2022) – writer, journalist\nGondulph of Maastricht (c.524–c.607) – bishop, saint\nTheo Hiddema (born 1944) – lawyer\nWillem Hofhuizen (1915–1986) – painter\nMonulph of Maastricht (6th century) – bishop, saint\nMax Moszkowicz (1926–2022) – lawyer\nServatius of Maastricht (4th century–384?) – bishop, saint\nJan van Steffeswert (15th/16th century) – sculptor, wood carver\nAert van Tricht (15th/16th century) – metal caster\nHenric van Veldeke (12th century) – poet, hagiographer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limburgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish"},{"link_name":"Maastrichtian variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Maastrichtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Alfons Olterdissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Olterdissen"},{"link_name":"Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire"},{"link_name":"Ciprian Porumbescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprian_Porumbescu"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Municipality_of_Maastricht-51"}],"text":"In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): Mestreechs Volksleed, Dutch: Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian, written by Alfons Olterdissen. The theme was originally composed by his brother, Guus Olterdissen, though the theme is similar to the theme \"Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire\" of the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). It is unknown if the Olterdissen brothers were aware of the Romanian piece.[51]","title":"Local anthem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Meuse_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sint_Servaasbrug2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Servatius Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Servaasbrug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinghuis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_het_stadhuis_foto10_2011-01-30_12.07.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Mosae_Forum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Saint_Servatius_Basilica.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_platz_vor_liebfrauenkirche.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apsis_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwkerk_Maastricht.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Our Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Lang_Grachtje.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_Helpoort_BW_2017-08-19_13-58-28.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Father_Vink_Tower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_28017_-_rondeel_Haat_en_Nijd_20100522.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_City_Park_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Jeker_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassin12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_kerk_in_westelijk_stadsdeel_2007-04-27_12.26.JPG"},{"link_name":"Saint Lambert Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Lambertuskerk_(Maastricht)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_station.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht,_Stationsomgeving04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_High_Bridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht2013,_CharlesEyckpark08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130505_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_2008_Fortress_Sint_Pieter_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130504_Maastricht_Slavante_02_Walls_of_Slavante.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lichtenberg-002.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_27963_-_Huis_de_Torentjes_-_Lage_Kanaaldijk_63_20100515.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130504_Maastricht_Views_of_ENCI_Quarry_03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KasteelCastle_Neercanne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château Neercanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Neercanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SintPietersbergPanorama001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VrijthofMaastricht.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VrijthofMaastricht.JPG"}],"text":"The Meuse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Servatius Bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDinghuis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTownhall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosae Forum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Servatius Basilica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOnze-Lieve-Vrouweplein\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBasilica of Our Lady\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLang Grachtje\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHelpoort (\"Hell's Gate\")\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPater Vink Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBastion Haet ende Nijt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStadspark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJeker river\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBassin harbour\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Lambert Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrain station, Wyck\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStationsplein, Wyck\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHoeg Brögk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles Eyckpark, Céramique\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPublic library, Céramique\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFortress Sint Pieter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Slavante\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle ruin Lichtenberg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHuis de Torentjes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tENCI quarry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChâteau Neercanne\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView on CannerbergVrijthof square, early morning","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Maastricht#Bibliography"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of Maastricht","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Roman sanctuary in the basement of Hotel Derlon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_527161_-_Museumkelder_Derlon_20100821.jpg/220px-Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_527161_-_Museumkelder_Derlon_20100821.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Siege of Maastricht (1579) as depicted in the Palace of Aranjuez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/1579_Siege_of_Maastricht_-_Aranjuez_Palace.jpg/200px-1579_Siege_of_Maastricht_-_Aranjuez_Palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in Boschstraat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boschstraat_Sphinx%2C_1865.jpg/220px-Boschstraat_Sphinx%2C_1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Maastricht_Liberation_Plate%2C_14_Sept._1944.jpg/170px-Maastricht_Liberation_Plate%2C_14_Sept._1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prime minister Dries van Agt presiding over the 1981 European Council in the town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Europese_Raad_in_Maastricht%2C_27a_Van_Agt_e.a._tijdens_conferentie%2C_28a_en_29a_overzicht_tijdens_conferentie_met_links_Thatcher%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3910.jpg/220px-Europese_Raad_in_Maastricht%2C_27a_Van_Agt_e.a._tijdens_conferentie%2C_28a_en_29a_overzicht_tijdens_conferentie_met_links_Thatcher%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3910.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical street in the Jekerkwartier, part of the city centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jekerkwartier07.jpg/220px-Jekerkwartier07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maastricht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Maastricht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg"},{"image_text":"ENCI quarry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SintPietersbergWegLangsGroeve008.jpg/220px-SintPietersbergWegLangsGroeve008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Office park Randwyck-Noord","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/RandwyckNoordKantoren07.jpg/220px-RandwyckNoordKantoren07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Provincial Government Buildings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Provincial_Government_Buildings_on_the_Meuse.jpg/220px-Provincial_Government_Buildings_on_the_Meuse.jpg"},{"image_text":"European Institute of Public Administration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2017_Maastricht%2C_EIPA_09.jpg/220px-2017_Maastricht%2C_EIPA_09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Medieval city wall (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwewal)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Maastricht_2008_OLV_Wall.jpg/220px-Maastricht_2008_OLV_Wall.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Maastricht from the fortress on Mount Saint Peter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/FortStPieter57.jpg/220px-FortStPieter57.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vrijthof with Saint John's (left) and Saint Servatius Basilica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg/220px-Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Our Lady's from the church tower of Saint John's","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/OLV-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-OLV-01_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christmas decorations at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Maastricht%2C_kerstverlichting_2014%2C_Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein04.JPG/220px-Maastricht%2C_kerstverlichting_2014%2C_Onze-Lieve-Vrouweplein04.JPG"},{"image_text":"Markt and town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/20130504_Maastricht_06_Stadhuis.JPG/220px-20130504_Maastricht_06_Stadhuis.JPG"},{"image_text":"13th-century Dominican church converted into a bookstore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/13th_century_Dominican_church_converted_into_a_bookstore_in_Maastricht%2C_the_Netherlands.JPG/220px-13th_century_Dominican_church_converted_into_a_bookstore_in_Maastricht%2C_the_Netherlands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Slavante on the slopes of Mount Saint Peter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2016_Maastricht%2C_St-Pietersberg%2C_Slavante_08.jpg/220px-2016_Maastricht%2C_St-Pietersberg%2C_Slavante_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"The landmark tower of the Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse in Wyck-Céramique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_seen_from_West_bank_of_the_Meuse_01_Bonnefantenmuseum.JPG/220px-20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_seen_from_West_bank_of_the_Meuse_01_Bonnefantenmuseum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Medieval art in the Bonnefantenmuseum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2018_Bonnefantenmuseum%2C_collectie_Neutelings%2C_zaaloverzicht_1.jpg/220px-2018_Bonnefantenmuseum%2C_collectie_Neutelings%2C_zaaloverzicht_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chest of Saint Servatius in the Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arca_di_san_servazio%2C_legno%2C_rame_dorato%2C_pietre_preziose%2C_gemme_e_smalti%2C_1160_ca._01.jpg/220px-Arca_di_san_servazio%2C_legno%2C_rame_dorato%2C_pietre_preziose%2C_gemme_e_smalti%2C_1160_ca._01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maastricht University faculty on their way to the annual dies natalis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Maastricht-39e_Diesviering_in_de_St._Janskerk_%28Universiteit_Maastricht%29_%285a%29.JPG/220px-Maastricht-39e_Diesviering_in_de_St._Janskerk_%28Universiteit_Maastricht%29_%285a%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"TEFAF, Maastricht's prestigious art fair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maastricht%2C_TEFAF2014-13.jpg/220px-Maastricht%2C_TEFAF2014-13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Giants' Parade, 2019: Gigantius of Maastricht","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10e_internationale_Reuzenstoet_-_Maastricht_-_2_June_2019_-_34.jpg/220px-10e_internationale_Reuzenstoet_-_Maastricht_-_2_June_2019_-_34.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pond in Stadspark, Maastricht's main park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maastricht%2C_Stadspark_met_rondeel_De_Vijf_Koppen_en_Jekertoren_2.jpg/220px-Maastricht%2C_Stadspark_met_rondeel_De_Vijf_Koppen_en_Jekertoren_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relaxing in Charles Eyckpark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_09_Charles_Eyckpark.JPG/220px-20130504_Maastricht_C%C3%A9ramique_09_Charles_Eyckpark.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sheep on Mount Saint Peter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SintPietersbergSchaapskudde007.jpg/220px-SintPietersbergSchaapskudde007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeker valley with vineyards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jekerdal_met_Wijngaarden.jpg/220px-Jekerdal_met_Wijngaarden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Student rowing club MSRV Saurus in Zuid-Willemsvaart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2018_Maastricht%2C_Zuid-Willemsvaart_13.jpg/220px-2018_Maastricht%2C_Zuid-Willemsvaart_13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two 'coffeeshop' boats at Maasboulevard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2018_Maastricht%2C_Maaspromenade%2C_coffeeshop_boten_2.jpg/220px-2018_Maastricht%2C_Maaspromenade%2C_coffeeshop_boten_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A2 motorway and Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019_Maastricht%2C_Europaplein_%283%29.jpg/220px-2019_Maastricht%2C_Europaplein_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maastricht main railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2010.07.20.155053_Bahnhof_Maastricht.jpg/220px-2010.07.20.155053_Bahnhof_Maastricht.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arriva bus at Boschstraat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/20190707_maastricht068a.jpg/220px-20190707_maastricht068a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maastricht Aachen Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Maastricht_AachenAirport_Terminal.jpg/220px-Maastricht_AachenAirport_Terminal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maastricht University, Campus Randwyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maastricht_University_-_Campus_Randwyck.jpg/220px-Maastricht_University_-_Campus_Randwyck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students at work at UM Law School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maastricht%2C_Oud_Gouvernement02.jpg/220px-Maastricht%2C_Oud_Gouvernement02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hotel Management School at Bethlehem Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kasteel_Bethlehem.jpg/220px-Kasteel_Bethlehem.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter Debye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Debije-boerhaave.jpg/145px-Debije-boerhaave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom Dumoulin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Giro_d%27Italia_2017%2C_dumoulin_%2834343448193%29.jpg/145px-Giro_d%27Italia_2017%2C_dumoulin_%2834343448193%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jan Pieter Minckeleers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/20071012Minckelers.jpg/145px-20071012Minckelers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henrietta d'Oultremont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Henriette-d%27Oultremont.jpg/145px-Henriette-d%27Oultremont.jpg"},{"image_text":"André Rieu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andre_Rieu_2010.jpg/145px-Andre_Rieu_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victor de Stuers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Maastricht_-_Victor_de_Stuers_-_Kruisherengang_12_-_20100717.jpg/145px-Maastricht_-_Victor_de_Stuers_-_Kruisherengang_12_-_20100717.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Servatius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Busto-reliquiario_di_san_servazio%2C_in_rame_dorato_con_gemme%2C_1580_ca._02.jpg/145px-Busto-reliquiario_di_san_servazio%2C_in_rame_dorato_con_gemme%2C_1580_ca._02.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Jewish inhabitants of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Maastricht"},{"title":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"title":"Treaty of Maastricht (1843)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)"},{"title":"Maastrichtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian"},{"title":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"title":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Chun-yat
Hsu Chun-yat
["1 Education","2 Political career","3 ROC Transportation and Communications Deputy Ministry","3.1 Taoyuan International Airport MRT delay","4 See also","5 References"]
Taiwanese politician In this Chinese name, the family name is Hsu. Hsu Chun-yat許俊逸Minister of Public Construction Commission of the Republic of ChinaIn office1 July 2014 – 20 May 2016DeputyYan Jeou-rong, Teng Min-chihPreceded byChen Shi-shuennSucceeded byWu Hong-moMinister without Portfolio of the Executive YuanIncumbentAssumed office 1 July 2014Administrative Deputy Minister of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of ChinaIn officeAugust 2012 – July 2013MinisterYeh Kuang-shihSucceeded byFan Chih-ku Personal detailsNationalityRepublic of ChinaAlma materNational Cheng Kung UniversityAsian Institute of Technology Hsu Chun-yat or Jack Hsu (Chinese: 許俊逸; pinyin: Xǔ Jùnyì) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the Minister of the Public Construction Commission from July 2014 until May 2016. Education Hsu obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Cheng Kung University and master's degree in transportation engineering from Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. Political career Prior to his appointment as deputy minister of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Hsu was the Director-General of the Railway Reconstruction Bureau of the MOTC on 21 July 2008 until August 2012. ROC Transportation and Communications Deputy Ministry Taoyuan International Airport MRT delay In May 2013, due to the continuing delay of Taoyuan International Airport MRT completion and the resignation of Chu Shu, former Bureau of High Speed Rail director-general, Hsu was assigned to oversee the operation of the bureau. See also Transportation in Taiwan References ^ http://www.motc.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=158&parentpath=0,151&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=201305030007&aplistdn=ou=data,ou=news,ou=english,ou=ap_root,o=motc,c=tw&toolsflag=Y&imgfolder= ^ "Public Construction Commission Exceutive Yuan-English". Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-20. ^ "Ministry gets flak over Airport Rail". Taipei Times. 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-05. ^ "Minister Of Motc - Ministry Of Transportation And Communications R.O.C". Motc.gov.tw. Retrieved 2013-09-05. ^ "Hsu Chun-yat tipped as minister without portfolio and PCC minister(Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan)-Press Releases)". www.ey.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. ^ "Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan)-Executive Yuan Officials". www.ey.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30. ^ "Hsu Chun-yat tipped as minister without portfolio and PCC minister(Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan)-Press Releases)". www.ey.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. ^ "Minister CHUN-YAT HSU". www.pcc.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. ^ "Ministry gets flak over Airport Rail". Taipei Times. 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-05. This article about a politician from Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Transportation in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)
Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Forces)
["1 References"]
Armed group in Iraqi conflict Turkmen BrigadesFlag of the Turkmen BrigadesLeaders Seyyid Yılmaz Neccaroğlu(Supervisor) Şehbaz Yılmaz Neccaroğlu(Commander) Fatih Yıldın(Field commander) Spokesman Seyyid Ali al-Husseini Dates of operation2014–presentCountry IraqAllegiance IraqGroup(s) Badr Organization (16th Brigade) Bashir Regiment Sayyid al-Shuhada 52nd Brigade Taza Regiment 92nd Brigade Talafar Regiment Brigade of Imam Hussein Active regions Saladin Governorate Kirkuk Governorate Nineveh Governorate Al Anbar Governorate Size30,000 (2016)Part of Popular Mobilization ForcesAllies Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr al-Abbas Combat Division Peshmerga (only against ISIS) Iraqi Turkmen Front Opponents Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Peshmerga (sometimes) White FlagsBattles and warsIraqi Civil War (2014–2017) Siege of Amirli Second Battle of Fallujah Battle of Ramadi (2015–16) Second Battle of Tikrit Battle of Mosul (2016) Hawija Offensive The Turkmen Brigades are Iraqi Turkmen militias formed as part of the Popular Mobilization Forces in 2014. The group's commander, Sayyed Yilmaz Najar, rejected proposals for a unified Turkmen militia from the Pro-Turkey group, the Iraqi Turkmen Front. Najar cited his reason for rejecting the proposal as his group having both Shia and Sunni Turkmen, whereas the Iraqi Turkmen Front is exclusively Sunni. On 25 September 2016, 16th Brigade announced that the militias would participate in the Hawija Offensive. References ^ Yılmaz Şehbaz Neccaroğlu 16. Türkmen Tugayı Komutanı açıkladı: "2014'ün Haziran ayı itibariyle terör örgütü IŞİD işgali altında bulunan Türkmen şehri Telafer'i IŞİD'den temizlemek için Irak merkezi hükümetine bağlı olan Halk Gönüllü Teşkilatlar Genel Komutanlığı tarafından 16. Türkmen Tugayı görevlendirildi. En yakın zamanda operasyon başlayacaktır. Telafer ve çevresindeki Türkmen köyleri Türkmenlerin kendi elleriyle kurtalacak. Telaferlilerin en yakın zamanda kendi evlerine dönmeleri için çalışmalar başlatılacaktır." ^ Son Dakika:Irak Türkmeneli Projesi Onaylandı Gizli Kararlar Açıklanmadı Archived 2018-07-08 at the Wayback Machine ^ http://www.tasnimnews.com/ar/news/2016/10/20/1216412/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8D-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7 اردوغان ارسل جيشه الى العراق تجنبا لانقلاب ثانٍ.. لا حاجة للتركمان بتركيا ^ "التركمان يشاركون في معركة تحرير تكريت بلواء من 4 آلاف مقاتل". Almada. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2016. ^ "تخرج دفعة اولى من قوات الشهيد الصدر في طوزخورماتو وكركوك تتولى مهمة الدفاع عن المناطق التركمانية". 12 May 2015. ^ "Wr-news.net". ^ "كركوك نا". Kirkuknow. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ "البياتي : البيشمركة تعتدي على أفراد من الحشد الشعبي التركماني في طوزخورماتو". Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2018-07-08. ^ "Iraqi Turkmen to take part in Mosul attack". AA. 5 September 2015. ^ "بالفيديو: لواء 16 الحشد الشعبي قوة التركمان تعلن استعدادها الكامل للمشاركة في عمليات تحريرى الحويجة". WR news. 25 September 2016. vteArmed groups in the Iraqi conflict Iraqi government Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Navy Iraqi security forces Iraqi Police Iraqi Police Service National Police Supporting Forces Facilities Protection Service Ba'athists Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Al-Awda General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq Popular Army New Return Patriotic Front Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Militias and othersShia Islamic militias Popular Mobilization Forces Mahdi Army Abu Deraa's Mahdi Army faction Badr Organization Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Free Iraqi Forces Special Groups (Iraq) Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Saraya al-Jihad Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Quwwat Sahl Ninawa Mukhtar Army Hezbollah Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Liwa Ali al-Akbar Islamic Resistance in Iraq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Sunni Islamic militias Tribal Mobilization (ar) Awakening groups 1920 Revolution Brigade Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq Kurdish militias Peshmerga Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Turkmen militias Iraqi Turkmen Front 16Brigade 52nd Brigade 92nd Brigade Brigade of Imam Hussein Sayyid al-Shuhada Bashir Regiment Assyrian/Syriac militiasNineveh Plains Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Syriac Military Council Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam Babylon BrigadeYazidi militias Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Êzîdxan Protection Force Sinjar Alliance Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units InsurgentsNationalist Salafis Mujahideen Army Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions Mohammad's Army Salafi Jihadists Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Abu Theeb's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah Islamic State Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Wakefulness and Holy War White Flags This article about the military of Iraq is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"التركمان يشاركون في معركة تحرير تكريت بلواء من 4 آلاف مقاتل\". Almada. 23 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.almadapaper.net/ar/news/483294/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%84","url_text":"\"التركمان يشاركون في معركة تحرير تكريت بلواء من 4 آلاف مقاتل\""}]},{"reference":"\"تخرج دفعة اولى من قوات الشهيد الصدر في طوزخورماتو وكركوك تتولى مهمة الدفاع عن المناطق التركمانية\". 12 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://burathanews.com/arabic/news/266261","url_text":"\"تخرج دفعة اولى من قوات الشهيد الصدر في طوزخورماتو وكركوك تتولى مهمة الدفاع عن المناطق التركمانية\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wr-news.net\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wr-news.net/arabic/local/5606","url_text":"\"Wr-news.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"كركوك نا\". Kirkuknow. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191625/http://kirkuknow.com/arabic/?p=53274","url_text":"\"كركوك نا\""},{"url":"http://kirkuknow.com/arabic/?p=53274","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"البياتي : البيشمركة تعتدي على أفراد من الحشد الشعبي التركماني في طوزخورماتو\". Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2018-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162345/http://www.alghadeer.tv/news/detail/33126/","url_text":"\"البياتي : البيشمركة تعتدي على أفراد من الحشد الشعبي التركماني في طوزخورماتو\""},{"url":"http://www.alghadeer.tv/news/detail/33126/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraqi Turkmen to take part in Mosul attack\". AA. 5 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aa.com.tr/en/world/iraqi-turkmen-to-take-part-in-mosul-attack/49126","url_text":"\"Iraqi Turkmen to take part in Mosul attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"بالفيديو: لواء 16 الحشد الشعبي قوة التركمان تعلن استعدادها الكامل للمشاركة في عمليات تحريرى الحويجة\". WR news. 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wr-news.net/arabic/reports/2192","url_text":"\"بالفيديو: لواء 16 الحشد الشعبي قوة التركمان تعلن استعدادها الكامل للمشاركة في عمليات تحريرى الحويجة\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ramalho_(footballer)
João Ramalho (footballer)
["1 Club career","2 References","3 External links"]
Portuguese footballer João RamalhoPersonal informationFull name João Fernando Mendes RamalhoDate of birth (1954-01-06) 6 January 1954 (age 70)Place of birth Lisboa, PortugalPosition(s) DefenderYouth career1969–1972 BenficaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1972–1974 Beira-Mar 53 (0)1974–1983 Vitória de Guimarães 222 (3)1983–1984 Sporting Espinho 9 (0)1984–1985 Felgueiras 28 (0)1985–1986 Varzim 19 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals João Fernando Mendes Ramalho (born 6 January 1954) is a former Portuguese football player. He played 12 seasons and 284 games in the Primeira Liga for Vitória de Guimarães, Beira-Mar and Sporting Espinho. Club career He made his Primeira Liga debut for Beira-Mar on 10 September 1972 in a game against Farense. References ^ "Game Report by ZeroZero". ZeroZero. 10 September 1972. External links ZeroZero Profile Fora de Jogo Profile This biographical article related to a Portuguese association football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canadian_Championship_Final
2019 Canadian Championship final
["1 Teams","2 Venues","3 Background","3.1 Montreal Impact","3.2 Toronto FC","3.3 Path to the final","4 Match details","4.1 First leg","4.2 Second leg","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Final of 2019 Canadian soccer competition Football match2019 Canadian Championship finalEvent2019 Canadian Championship Montreal Impact Toronto FC 1 1 on aggregateMontreal Impact won 3–1 on penaltiesFirst leg Montreal Impact Toronto FC 1 0 DateSeptember 18, 2019VenueSaputo Stadium, Montreal, QuebecMan of the MatchIgnacio Piatti (Montreal Impact)RefereeYusri RudolfAttendance10,807WeatherClearSecond leg Toronto FC Montreal Impact 1 0 DateSeptember 25, 2019VenueBMO Field, Toronto, OntarioMan of the MatchLassi Lappalainen (Montreal Impact)RefereeDrew FischerAttendance21,365WeatherCloudy← 2018 2020 → The 2019 Canadian Championship final was a two-legged series to determine the winner of the 2019 Canadian Championship, Canada's primary domestic cup competition in men's soccer. The series was played between Canadian Classique rivals Montreal Impact and three-time defending champions Toronto FC, both members of Major League Soccer. It was the third time Montreal and Toronto have met in the finals since the cup format was adopted in 2011; with the Impact winning in 2014, and Toronto winning in 2017. The first leg was hosted by the Impact at Saputo Stadium in Montreal on September 18, while the second leg was played at BMO Field in Toronto on September 25. Montreal Impact won their fourth title and first since 2014, following a 3–1 victory on penalties after both legs finished 1–0 to the home side. As winners, Montreal qualified for the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League as Canada's sole direct entrant. Teams Team League City Previous finals appearances (bold indicates winners) Montreal Impact Major League Soccer Montreal, Quebec 4 (2013, 2014, 2015, 2017) Toronto FC Major League Soccer Toronto, Ontario 6 (2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018) Venues Saputo Stadium in Montreal hosted the first legCapacity: 19,619BMO Field in Toronto hosted the second legCapacity: 30,991 Background This was the third time Montreal Impact and Toronto FC faced one another in the Canadian Championship final. The first time, in 2014, Montreal Impact won 2–1 over two legs to win the Voyageurs Cup and advance to the 2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League. Montreal subsequently made it to the Champions League final, where they were ultimately defeated by Mexican club América. The more recent finals meeting took place in 2017, where Toronto FC won 3–2 on aggregate. Toronto also advanced to the CONCACAF Champions League final after having qualified through the Canadian Championship, losing to Guadalajara on penalties. Montreal Impact Further information: 2019 Montreal Impact season Montreal Impact were drawn into the third qualifying round where they played Canadian Premier League side York9 FC from Toronto. Over two legs, they defeated York9 3–2 on aggregate to advance to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals they went on to play another CPL side, Cavalry FC from Calgary, who had just defeated fellow MLS side Vancouver Whitecaps FC to advance to play the Impact. Montreal defeated Cavalry 2–1 in Montreal, and 1–0 in Calgary for a 3–1 aggregate victory to advance to the finals. Toronto FC Further information: 2019 Toronto FC season As the defending champions, Toronto FC qualified directly to the semi-finals where they played the Ottawa Fury of the USL Championship. Toronto won the first leg 2–0 in Ottawa at TD Place Stadium, followed by a 3–0 victory at home one week later August 14 to win the series 5–0 on aggregate and advance to the finals. Path to the final Further information: 2019 Canadian Championship § Bracket Montreal Impact Round Toronto FC Opponent Result Opponent Result Bye First qualifying round Bye Second qualifying round York9 FC Won (3–2 agg.) Third qualifying round Cavalry FC Won (3–1 agg.) Semi-finals Ottawa Fury Won (5–0 agg.) Match details First leg September 18, 2019 (2019-09-18)7:30 PM EDT Montreal Impact1–0Toronto FC Piatti 17' Report Saputo Stadium, MontrealAttendance: 10,807Referee: Yusri Rudolf Montreal Impact Toronto FC Montreal Impact: GK 23 Clément Diop RB 15 Zachary Brault-Guillard CB 33 Bacary Sagna CB 2 Víctor Cabrera LB 22 Jukka Raitala CM 28 Shamit Shome CM 6 Samuel Piette  34' RW 21 Lassi Lappalainen  77' AM 8 Saphir Taïder  85' LW 10 Ignacio Piatti (c) CF 9 Bojan  45+1' Substitutes: GK 1 Evan Bush DF 3 Daniel Lovitz DF 4 Rudy Camacho MF 14 Amar Sejdič FW 18 Orji Okwonkwo  77' DF 27 Clément Bayiha  90+3' FW 37 Maximiliano Urruti  45+1'  90+3' Manager: Wílmer Cabrera Toronto FC: GK 25 Alex Bono RB 22 Richie Laryea CB 3 Drew Moor CB 26 Laurent Ciman LB 2 Justin Morrow CM 18 Nick DeLeon CM 4 Michael Bradley (c) CM 21 Jonathan Osorio RW 9 Erickson Gallardo  46' CF 13 Patrick Mullins  46' LW 24 Jacob Shaffelburg  74' Substitutes: GK 16 Quentin Westberg DF 5 Ashtone Morgan MF 8 Marky Delgado  74' MF 10 Alejandro Pozuelo  46' FW 17 Jozy Altidore  46' DF 44 Omar Gonzalez DF 96 Auro Jr. Manager: Greg Vanney Man of the Match: Ignacio Piatti (Montreal Impact) Assistant referees: Oscar Mitchell-Carvalho Lyes Arfa Fourth official: David Gantar Second leg September 25, 2019 (2019-09-25)7:30 PM EDT Toronto FC1–0Montreal Impact Endoh 70' Report Penalties Pozuelo Altidore Mullins Osorio 1–3 Bojan Lovitz Camacho BMO Field, TorontoAttendance: 21,365Referee: Drew Fischer Toronto FC Montreal Impact Toronto FC: GK 25 Alex Bono RB 22 Richie Laryea  61' CB 44 Omar Gonzalez CB 23 Chris Mavinga  84' LB 5 Ashtone Morgan  46' CM 8 Marky Delgado CM 4 Michael Bradley  7' (c) CM 21 Jonathan Osorio RW 10 Alejandro Pozuelo CF 17 Jozy Altidore LW 31 Tsubasa Endoh  82' Substitutes: GK 16 Quentin Westberg DF 2 Justin Morrow  46' FW 9 Erickson Gallardo FW 13 Patrick Mullins  82' MF 18 Nick DeLeon DF 26 Laurent Ciman DF 96 Auro Jr.  61' Manager: Greg Vanney Montreal Impact: GK 23 Clément Diop RB 33 Bacary Sagna CB 4 Rudy Camacho CB 2 Víctor Cabrera LB 22 Jukka Raitala  90+1' CM 27 Clément Bayiha CM 28 Shamit Shome CM 6 Samuel Piette RW 9 Bojan CF 37 Maximiliano Urruti  77' LW 10 Ignacio Piatti (c) Substitutes: GK 1 Evan Bush DF 3 Daniel Lovitz  90+1' MF 14 Amar Sejdič DF 15 Zachary Brault-Guillard FW 18 Orji Okwonkwo FW 21 Lassi Lappalainen  77' MF 29 Mathieu Choinière Manager: Wílmer Cabrera Man of the Match: Lassi Lappalainen (Montreal Impact) Assistant referees: Michael Barwegen Philippe Brière Fourth official: Silviu Petrescu See also 2019 Canadian Premier League Finals Canadian Championship Canadian Classique Miracle in Montreal References ^ "Impact, Toronto FC punch tickets to CanChamp final". Major League Soccer. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ^ "Toronto to meet Montréal in 2019 Canadian Championship Final this September". Canada Soccer. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ^ "Expanded 2019 Canadian Championship 'Battle of the North' kicks off May 15". CanPL.ca. May 13, 2019. ^ "Cavalry defeat Whitecaps, become 1st ever CPL squad to beat MLS team". CBC News. July 24, 2019. ^ "Impact down Cavalry to advance to Canadian Championship final". Sportsnet. August 14, 2019. ^ "TFC downs Ottawa Fury FC to advance to Canadian Championship final". Sportsnet. August 14, 2019. External links vte2019 in Canadian soccer « 2018 2020 » Men's leagues CPL Finals MLS Playoffs Final USLC L1O PLSQ USL1 USL2 CSL Women's leagues UWS WPSL L1O PLSQ Cups Canadian Championship Final Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Other CPL transfers CPL–U Sports Draft MLS All-Star Game MLS transfers InternationalClub competitions 2019 CONCACAF Champions League 2019 CONCACAF League National teamsMen 2019 Gold Cup 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League Qualifying Women 2019 Algarve Cup 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Team seasonsClub seasonsCPL Cavalry FC FC Edmonton Forge FC HFX Wanderers FC Pacific FC Valour FC York9 FC MLS Montreal Impact Toronto FC Vancouver Whitecaps FC USLC Ottawa Fury FC USL1 Toronto FC II vteCanadian Championship Canadian Soccer Association Voyageurs Cup Teams2024 Atlético Ottawa Cavalry FC Forge FC HFX Wanderers CF Montréal Pacific FC CS Saint-Laurent Simcoe County Rovers FC Toronto FC TSS FC Rovers Valour FC Vancouver FC Vancouver Whitecaps FC York United FC Former A.S. Blainville FC Edmonton Guelph United FC FC Laval Master's FA Montreal Impact (USL) CS Mont-Royal Outremont Oakville Blue Devils FC Ottawa Fury FC Vancouver Whitecaps (USL) Vaughan Azzurri SeasonsRound-robin format 2008 2009 2010 Knockout format 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 LeaguesCurrent Canadian Premier League Major League Soccer League1 Ontario Ligue1 Québec League1 British Columbia Former USL First Division USSF Division 2 Professional League North American Soccer League USL Championship Awards George Gross Memorial Trophy (MVP) Top Scorer Best Young Canadian Player Miscellaneous CONCACAF Champions Cup results List of Canadian men's soccer champions Miracle in Montreal vteCF Montréal matchesDomestic (CAN)Canadian ChampionshipFinals 2013 2014 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Other Miracle in Montreal (2009) Domestic (USA)APSL Final 1994 USL A-League/USL–1 Finals 2004 2009 ContinentalChampions League Final 2015 Note: includes matches played by the 1993–2011 Montreal Impact. vteToronto FC matchesDomestic (CAN)Canadian ChampionshipFinals 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Other Miracle in Montreal (2009) Domestic (USA)MLS Cup Finals 2016 2017 2019 ContinentalCampeones Cup 2018 Champions League Final 2018
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The series was played between Canadian Classique rivals Montreal Impact and three-time defending champions Toronto FC, both members of Major League Soccer. It was the third time Montreal and Toronto have met in the finals since the cup format was adopted in 2011; with the Impact winning in 2014, and Toronto winning in 2017.[1]The first leg was hosted by the Impact at Saputo Stadium in Montreal on September 18, while the second leg was played at BMO Field in Toronto on September 25.[2] Montreal Impact won their fourth title and first since 2014, following a 3–1 victory on penalties after both legs finished 1–0 to the home side.As winners, Montreal qualified for the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League as Canada's sole direct entrant.[3]","title":"2019 Canadian Championship final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_Saputo.27.06.12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saputo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saputo_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg"},{"link_name":"BMO Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Field"}],"text":"Saputo Stadium in Montreal hosted the first legCapacity: 19,619BMO Field in Toronto hosted the second legCapacity: 30,991","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voyageurs Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageurs_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CONCACAF_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"}],"text":"This was the third time Montreal Impact and Toronto FC faced one another in the Canadian Championship final. The first time, in 2014, Montreal Impact won 2–1 over two legs to win the Voyageurs Cup and advance to the 2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League. Montreal subsequently made it to the Champions League final, where they were ultimately defeated by Mexican club América.The more recent finals meeting took place in 2017, where Toronto FC won 3–2 on aggregate. Toronto also advanced to the CONCACAF Champions League final after having qualified through the Canadian Championship, losing to Guadalajara on penalties.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 Montreal Impact season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Montreal_Impact_season"},{"link_name":"Montreal Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Impact_(2012%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"York9 FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York9_FC"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cavalry FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_FC"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Whitecaps FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Montreal Impact","text":"Further information: 2019 Montreal Impact seasonMontreal Impact were drawn into the third qualifying round where they played Canadian Premier League side York9 FC from Toronto. Over two legs, they defeated York9 3–2 on aggregate to advance to the semi-finals.[4] In the semi-finals they went on to play another CPL side, Cavalry FC from Calgary, who had just defeated fellow MLS side Vancouver Whitecaps FC to advance to play the Impact. Montreal defeated Cavalry 2–1 in Montreal, and 1–0 in Calgary for a 3–1 aggregate victory to advance to the finals.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 Toronto FC season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Toronto_FC_season"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Fury_FC"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"TD Place Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Place_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Toronto FC","text":"Further information: 2019 Toronto FC seasonAs the defending champions, Toronto FC qualified directly to the semi-finals where they played the Ottawa Fury of the USL Championship. Toronto won the first leg 2–0 in Ottawa at TD Place Stadium, followed by a 3–0 victory at home one week later August 14 to win the series 5–0 on aggregate and advance to the finals.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 Canadian Championship § Bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canadian_Championship#Bracket"}],"sub_title":"Path to the final","text":"Further information: 2019 Canadian Championship § Bracket","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Montreal Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Impact_(2012%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC"},{"link_name":"Piatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Piatti"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-09-18-montreal-impact-vs-toronto-fc/recap"},{"link_name":"Saputo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saputo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"}],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"September 18, 2019 (2019-09-18)7:30 PM EDT\nMontreal Impact1–0Toronto FC\n\nPiatti 17'\nReport\n\nSaputo Stadium, MontrealAttendance: 10,807Referee: Yusri Rudolf","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC"},{"link_name":"Montreal Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Impact_(2012%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Endoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubasa_Endoh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-09-25-toronto-fc-vs-montreal-impact/recap"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Pozuelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Pozuelo"},{"link_name":"Altidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozy_Altidore"},{"link_name":"Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mullins"},{"link_name":"Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Osorio"},{"link_name":"Bojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Krki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lovitz"},{"link_name":"Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Camacho"},{"link_name":"BMO Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Field"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Drew Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Fischer"}],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"September 25, 2019 (2019-09-25)7:30 PM EDT\nToronto FC1–0Montreal Impact\n\nEndoh 70'\nReport\n\nPenalties\n\nPozuelo \nAltidore \nMullins \nOsorio \n1–3\n\n Bojan\n Lovitz\n Camacho\nBMO Field, TorontoAttendance: 21,365Referee: Drew Fischer","title":"Match details"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Dong-soo_(footballer)
Lee Dong-soo (footballer)
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
South Korean footballer In this Korean name, the family name is Lee. Lee Dong-sooPersonal informationFull name Lee Dong-sooDate of birth (1994-06-03) 3 June 1994 (age 30)Place of birth Daegu, South KoreaHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Defensive midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Incheon UnitedNumber 16Youth career2012–2014 Daejeon Citizen2014–2015 Kwandong UniversitySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2016 Daejeon Citizen 36 (1)2017–2021 Jeju United 65 (2)2020–2021 → Sangju / Gimcheon Sangmu (army) 18 (0)2022– Incheon United 23 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 September 2022 Lee Dong-soo (Korean: 이동수; born 3 June 1994) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Incheon United. Career Lee signed with Daejeon Citizen in January 2016. References ^ Lee Dong-soo at Soccerway ^ 시티즌, 김동곤 등 신인 6명 추가영입 (in Korean). Daejeon Ilbo. 2016-01-06. External links Lee Dong-soo – K League stats at kleague.com (in Korean) vteIncheon United FC – current squad 1 Kim Dong-heon 3 Kim Yeon-soo 4 Oh Ban-suk 5 Lee Myung-joo 6 Mun Ji-hwan 7 Kim Do-hyuk 8 Sin Jin-ho 9 Mugoša 11 Gerso 13 Gang Yoon-goo 14 Jeong Dong-yun 15 Lim Hyeong-jin 17 Kim Jun-yeop 20 Delbridge 21 Lee Tae-hui 23 Min Seong-jun 25 Kim Min-seok 26 Park Hyun-bin 27 Kim Bo-sub 28 Min Kyeong-hyeon 29 Kim Yu-sung 30 Choi Woo-jin 33 Kim Hyun-seo 35 Ha Dong-seon 37 Hong Si-hoo 38 Park Jin-hong 40 M'Poku 44 Kim Geon-hee 47 Kim Dong-min 50 Kim Dae-joong 55 Kweon Han-jin 66 Kim Se-hoon 77 Park Seung-ho 99 Cheon Seong-hoon Manager: Jo Sung-hwan This biographical article related to a South Korean association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"시티즌, 김동곤 등 신인 6명 추가영입 (in Korean). Daejeon Ilbo. 2016-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk_no=1199428","url_text":"시티즌, 김동곤 등 신인 6명 추가영입"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Mogaka
Fred Tumbo
["1 Achievements","2 References"]
Kenyan long-distance runner Fred Mogaka Tumbo (born 18 June 1978) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon. In 2006 he won the silver medal in the marathon at the Commonwealth Games, and finished seventeenth at the inaugural World Road Running Championships. His personal best time in the half marathon is 1:01:14 hours, achieved in March 2004 in Paris; and his personal best time in the marathon is 2:12:03 hours, achieved at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Achievements Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing  Kenya 2004 Paris Half Marathon Paris, France 1st Half marathon 1:01:14 2004 Hastings Half Marathon Hastings, England 1st Half marathon 1:04:22 2005 Hastings Half Marathon Hastings, England 1st Half marathon 1:04:10 2007 Los Angeles Marathon Los Angeles, United States 1st Marathon 2:17:14 References ^ a b Fred Mogaka Tumbo at World Athletics Authority control databases: People World Athletics This Kenyan biographical article relating to athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_track_event"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2006_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"World Road Running Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_IAAF_World_Road_Running_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"half marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Fred Mogaka Tumbo (born 18 June 1978) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon.In 2006 he won the silver medal in the marathon at the Commonwealth Games, and finished seventeenth at the inaugural World Road Running Championships.[1]His personal best time in the half marathon is 1:01:14 hours, achieved in March 2004 in Paris; and his personal best time in the marathon is 2:12:03 hours, achieved at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.[1]","title":"Fred Tumbo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanivaldo_Castro
Cabinho (footballer)
["1 Beginnings and Mexican league","2 Later career","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
Brazilian footballer This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Castro and the second or paternal family name is Silva. Cabinho Cabinho in 1976Personal informationFull name Evanivaldo Castro SilvaDate of birth (1949-04-28) 28 April 1949 (age 75)Place of birth Salvador, Bahia, BrazilHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1968–1969 América (SP) 24 (17)1969–1970 Flamengo 6 (1)1971 Portuguesa 19 (7)1972 Atlético Mineiro 13 (2)1973–1974 Portuguesa 36 (9)1974–1979 UNAM 184 (151)1979–1982 Atlante 134 (108)1982–1985 León 76 (44)1985–1986 Paysandu 0 (0)1986–1988 Tigres UANL 33 (9)Total 525 (348)Managerial career2002 Lobos BUAP *Club domestic league appearances and goals Evanivaldo Castro Silva (born April 28, 1948), also known as Cabinho, is a Brazilian-born former professional footballer who played as forward. He gained his greatest professional fame in Mexico, he is also a Mexican naturalized citizen. Beginnings and Mexican league Cabinho began his career at América (SP), in 1968. In 1969 Cabinho played for the popular Brazilian club Flamengo, where he played six matches and scored one goal. Cabinho arrived in Mexico on July 19, 1974. During his first season, despite not playing to the best of his abilities, scored a total of 16 goals. This was just a taste prior to becoming one of the best goal scorers in Mexican soccer history, winning a total of 8 scoring titles (7 consecutively). Throughout his stint in México, Cabinho scored a total of 312 goals. Evanivaldo Castro was known as "Cabo" or "Cabinho" (Corporal) due to his partial taste for military camouflage clothing. Cabinho was UNAM Pumas' maximum goal scorer in 4 seasons: 1975/76 (29), 76/77 (34), 77/78 (33), and 78/79 sharing the scoring title with Hugo Sánchez with 26 goals. While playing for Pumas, Cabinho achieved the Mexican Championship Title for the first time in July 1977, under the management of Jorge Marik. Cabinho played for UNAM for five consecutive seasons (1974–1979), he then went on to play for another of México City's great teams, Atlante F.C. At Atlante, he was the maximum goal scorer of the championship three times, seasons 79/80 (30), 80/81 (29) and 81/82 (32). He scored a total of 102 goals while playing for Potros de Hierro (Iron Colts) of Atlante F.C. His next stint was at León. With the team he reached the semi-finals in the 84-85 season, under the management of Hungarian coach Árpád Fekete. The semi-finals were played against his old team, Pumas de la UNAM. That year he also achieved his last Top Scorer Championship with 23 goals. Later career In 1986, after a one-season stint in Brazilian team Paysandu, Cabinho returned to play in México; this time he joined UANL Tigres, in the Northern city of Monterrey. Here he played until his retirement as an active player. In all, during his playing career in México, Cabinho played a total of 415 games with 312 goals scored; with an impressive average of 0.75 goals per game. After the end of his playing career Cabinho took up coaching and managed México's second division team Lobos de la BUAP. He became Mexican citizen. Honours This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022) Portuguesa Campeonato Paulista:1973 Copa Estado de São Paulo: 1973 Pumas Primera División de Mexico: 1977 References ^ ASSAF, Roberto, MARTINS, Clóvis. Almanaque do Flamengo Placar. Editora Abril: São Paulo: 2001 External links List of his goals Evanivaldo Castro (Cabinho) at the Wayback Machine (archived 24 June 2006) Cabinho at BDFA (in Spanish) Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia vteLiga MX top scorersLong tournaments 1944: Lángara 1945: Aballay 1946: Lángara 1947: López 1948: López 1949: López 1950: Ayllón 1951: Casarín 1952: López 1953: Quiñones 1954: Guerra / López / Palacio 1955: Palacio 1956: H. Hernández 1957: Gutiérrez 1958: Lara 1959: González 1960: Rolando 1961: Lara / Reyes 1963: Epaminondas 1964: Etcheverry 1965: Epaminondas 1966: Zague 1967: Epaminondas 1968: B. Hernández 1969: Estrada 1970: Pereda México '70: Anaya 1971: Borja 1972: Borja 1973: Borja 1974: Castro 1975: Salgado 1976: Cabinho 1977: Cabinho 1978: Cabinho 1979: Cabinho / Sánchez 1980: Cabinho 1981: Cabinho 1982: Cabinho 1983: Jorge / Outes 1984: Outes 1985: Cabinho PRODE 85: Lira México 1986: Cruz 1987: Lira 1988: Flores 1989: Lira 1990: Comas 1991: García 1992: García 1993: Basay 1994: Hermosillo 1995: Hermosillo 1996: Hermosillo Short tournaments Inv. 1996: Muñoz Ver. 1997: Caballero / Sáez Inv. 1997: García Ver. 1998: Cardozo Inv. 1998: Blanco Ver. 1999: Cardozo Inv. 1999: Olalde Ver. 2000: Begines / Delgado / Abreu Inv. 2000: Borgetti Ver. 2001: Borgetti Inv. 2001: Rodríguez Ver. 2002: Abreu Ape. 2002: Cardozo Cla. 2003: Cardozo Ape. 2003: Rey Cla. 2004: Marioni / Silvera Ape. 2004: Franco Cla. 2005: Vuoso Ape. 2005: Abreu / Gaitán / Kléber / Vuoso Cla. 2006: Abreu / Cabañas Ape. 2006: Marioni Cla. 2007: Bravo Ape. 2007: A. Moreno Cla. 2008: Suazo Ape. 2008: Mancilla Cla. 2009: Mancilla Ape. 2009: Villa Bic. 2010: Fano / Gomez / J. Hernández Ape. 2010: Benítez Cla. 2011: Reyna Ape. 2011: Alonso Cla. 2012: Alonso / Benítez Ape. 2012: Paredes / Benítez Cla. 2013: Benítez Ape. 2013: Velázquez Cla. 2014: Valencia Ape. 2014: Boselli / Camilo Cla. 2015: Pabón Ape. 2015: Boselli / Villa Cla. 2016: Gignac Ape. 2016: D. Moreno / Ruidíaz Cla. 2017: Ruidíaz Ape. 2017: Boselli / Hurtado Cla. 2018: Djaniny Ape. 2018: Gignac Cla. 2019: Mena Ape. 2019: Pulido & Quiroga Cla. 2020: J. Rodríguez Gua. 2020: J. Rodríguez Gua. 2021: Canelo Ape. 2021: Berterame & N. López Cla. 2022: Gignac Ape. 2022: Ibáñez Cla. 2023: Martín Ape. 2023: Preciado Cla. 2024: Antuna / Cambindo / Rondón / Viñas Play-off matches not included vteBalón de Oro (Mexico) 1974–75: Estupiñán 1975–76: Chávez 1976–77: Cabinho 1977–78: Cabinho 1978–79: H. Sánchez 1979–80: Marín 1980–81: Cabinho 1981–82: Barbadillo 1982–83: Ortega 1983–84: Zelada 1984–85: Negrete 1986–87: Galindo 1987–88: Santos 1988–89: Hernández 1989–90: Aravena 1990–91: García 1991–92: García 1992–93: Basay 1993–94: Donizete Pantera 1994–95: Hermosillo 1995–96: Aguinaga 1996–97: Coyote Invierno 1997: Estay Verano 1998: Estay Invierno 1998: Blanco Verano 1999: Estay Invierno 1999: Olalde Verano 2000: Ruiz Invierno 2000: Borgetti Verano 2001: Borgetti Apertura 2002: Cardozo Clausura 2003: Franco 2003–04: O. Sánchez 2004–05: Blanco Apertura 2005: O. Sánchez Clausura 2006: Gaitán Apertura 2006: V. Sánchez Clausura 2007: Blanco Apertura 2007: Ludueña Clausura 2008: Benítez Apertura 2008: Sinha Clausura 2009: Giménez Apertura 2009: Suazo Bicentenario 2010: Sinha Apertura 2010: Suazo Clausura 2011: Lobos Apertura 2011: Lobos Clausura 2012: Peralta 2015–16: Gignac 2016–17: Ruidíaz 2017–18: Sambueza 2018–19: G. Rodríguez 2019–20: not awarded 2020–21: J. Rodríguez 2021–22: Vargas 2022–23: Martín
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He gained his greatest professional fame in Mexico, he is also a Mexican naturalized citizen.","title":"Cabinho (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"América (SP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Futebol_Clube_(SP)"},{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-almanaqueflamengo-1"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"UNAM Pumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Jorge Marik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Marik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"México City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico_City"},{"link_name":"Atlante F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Potros de Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Atlante F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"Árpád Fekete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Fekete"},{"link_name":"Pumas de la UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"}],"text":"Cabinho began his career at América (SP), in 1968. In 1969 Cabinho played for the popular Brazilian club Flamengo, where he played six matches and scored one goal.[1]Cabinho arrived in Mexico on July 19, 1974. During his first season, despite not playing to the best of his abilities, scored a total of 16 goals. This was just a taste prior to becoming one of the best goal scorers in Mexican soccer history, winning a total of 8 scoring titles (7 consecutively). Throughout his stint in México, Cabinho scored a total of 312 goals.Evanivaldo Castro was known as \"Cabo\" or \"Cabinho\" (Corporal) due to his partial taste for military camouflage clothing.Cabinho was UNAM Pumas' maximum goal scorer in 4 seasons: 1975/76 (29), 76/77 (34), 77/78 (33), and 78/79 sharing the scoring title with Hugo Sánchez with 26 goals.While playing for Pumas, Cabinho achieved the Mexican Championship Title for the first time in July 1977, under the management of Jorge Marik.Cabinho played for UNAM for five consecutive seasons (1974–1979), he then went on to play for another of México City's great teams, Atlante F.C. At Atlante, he was the maximum goal scorer of the championship three times, seasons 79/80 (30), 80/81 (29) and 81/82 (32). He scored a total of 102 goals while playing for Potros de Hierro (Iron Colts) of Atlante F.C.His next stint was at León. With the team he reached the semi-finals in the 84-85 season, under the management of Hungarian coach Árpád Fekete. The semi-finals were played against his old team, Pumas de la UNAM. That year he also achieved his last Top Scorer Championship with 23 goals.","title":"Beginnings and Mexican league"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paysandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysandu_Sport_Club"},{"link_name":"UANL Tigres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UANL_Tigres"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Lobos de la BUAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobos_de_la_BUAP"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"In 1986, after a one-season stint in Brazilian team Paysandu, Cabinho returned to play in México; this time he joined UANL Tigres, in the Northern city of Monterrey. Here he played until his retirement as an active player.In all, during his playing career in México, Cabinho played a total of 415 games with 312 goals scored; with an impressive average of 0.75 goals per game.After the end of his playing career Cabinho took up coaching and managed México's second division team Lobos de la BUAP. He became Mexican citizen.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portuguesa_de_Desportos"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Copa Estado de São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%A7a_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_de_1973&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_de_1973"},{"link_name":"Pumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumas_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Primera División de Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Mexico"}],"text":"Portuguesa\nCampeonato Paulista:1973\nCopa Estado de São Paulo: 1973[1]PumasPrimera División de Mexico: 1977","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinho_(footballer)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_de_1973","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://people.ufpr.br/~mmsabino/sstatistics/cabinho.html","external_links_name":"List of his goals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060624031548/http://pumasgol.com/jugadores_destacados.php","external_links_name":"Evanivaldo Castro (Cabinho)"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-EVANIVALDO-CASTRO-SILVA-CABINHO-42013.html","external_links_name":"Cabinho"},{"Link":"http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/cabinho","external_links_name":"Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society
Kappa Alpha Society
["1 History","2 Chapters","2.1 Notes","3 Notable members","4 See also","5 References"]
North American collegiate fraternity Not to be confused with Kappa Alpha Order. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kappa Alpha SocietyΚΑFoundedNovember 26, 1825; 198 years ago (1825-11-26)Union CollegeTypeSocialAffiliationNICStatusActiveScopeInternationalColors  ScarletSymbolKappa Alpha KeyFlowerCarnationChapters15 (5 active)HeadquartersPO Box 876Ithaca, New York United StatesWebsiteka.org The Kappa Alpha Society (ΚΑ), founded in 1825, was the progenitor of the modern fraternity system in North America. It is considered to be the oldest national, secret, Greek-letter social fraternity and was the first of the fraternities which would eventually become known as the Union Triad that pioneered the North American system of social fraternities. While several fraternities claim to be the oldest, Baird's Manual states that ΚΑ has maintained a continuous existence since its foundation, making it the oldest undergraduate fraternity that exists today. As of 2022, there are five active chapters in the United States and Canada. History In 1823, John Hart Hunter, Isaac W. Jackson, and Thomas Hun, who were students at Union College in Schenectady, New York, established an informal group called The Philosophers. That group became the Kappa Alpha Society on November 26, 1825. Its founders were Joseph Anthony Constant, John Hart Hunter, Isaac W. Jackson, Thomas Hun, John McGeoch, Orlando Meads, and James Proudfit of the class of 1826, and Arthur Burtis and Joseph Law of the class of 1827. The Kappa Alpha Society represents the middle link between secret societies, literary societies, and Greek-letter organizations like Phi Beta Kappa. In the words of founding member Arthur Burtis: After we were domiciled in our upper chamber, in the fourth story of the south section---South College---northeast corner... we now and then beguiled the long winter evenings and entertained our friends with a few baked potatoes and salt and comforted them with apples. Jackson, Hun, Meads, Constant, and McGeoch were often the genial sharers of our simple meal, which was enlivened with mirth and wit and merry song... It was determined to raise Hunter to an elevated seat on the woodpile, which stood in the corner of the room. When he was exalted to his high eminence, with his pipe in his mouth, he became the leader of this little band. Whereupon I suggested it would be right for us to get our light from this central luminary and that I would carry it to the others... This band was now beginning to assume shape and form and comely order. KA expanded to Williams College in 1833, with fourteen pledges led by Azariah S. Clark of the class of 1834. Other chapters were established in the 19th century at Hobart College, Princeton College, the University of Virginia, Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Lehigh University, and McGill University. Chapters were established at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Western Ontario, Wesleyan University, the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, and Dalhousie University in the 20th century. The Union and Wesleyan chapters were co-educational (male and female members) in the recent past. There are currently no co-educational chapters. Chapters Following is a list of the active and inactive chapters of the Kappa Alpha Society. Active groups indicated in bold, inactive groups indicated by italics. Chapters are designated with an abbreviation of the institution's Latin name. This organization is not to be confused with the Kappa Alpha Order, a completely separate national fraternity. Chapter Letter Designation Chartered/Range Institution Location Status References New York Alpha CC November 26, 1825 – 2003; 2011 Union College Schenectady, New York Active Massachusetts Alpha CG October 29, 1833 – 1983 Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts Inactive New York Beta CH November 26, 1844 – 1854; 1879–2003; 2005 Hobart College Geneva, New York Active New Jersey Alpha CNC October 21, 1852 – 1855; 1983–1998 Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Inactive Virginia Alpha VV January 8, 1857 – 1861 University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Inactive New York Gamma VC November 12, 1868 – 1990; 2007–2018 Cornell University Ithaca, New York Inactive Ontario Alpha VT February 19, 1892 University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario Active Pennsylvania Alpha VL January 2, 1894 – 2018 Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Inactive Quebec Alpha VM April 21, 1899 – 1971; 1987–2006; 2012–2022 McGill University Montreal, Quebec Inactive Pennsylvania Beta VP April 26, 1913 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Active Ontario Beta VOO February 14, 1948 University of Western Ontario London, Ontario Active Connecticut Alpha VW March 18, 1967 – 1993; 1994–1997 Wesleyan University Middletown, Connecticut Inactive Alberta Alpha VA November 5, 1988 – 2011 University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Inactive Alberta Beta VAC November 23, 1991 – 1999 University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta Inactive Nova Scotia Alpha VD November 21, 2009 – 2022 Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Inactive Notes ^ The Union chapter was co-ed from 1991 until 2003. ^ In 1968, the Williams College Trustees, with the support of the faculty, voted to bar fraternity participation by students. Some chapters operated sub-rosa for a time, but all have ceased. ^ New York Beta chapter originated with a local fraternity called Skin & Bones formed in 1842. ^ Pennsylvania Beta chapter originated with a local fraternity called the Terwood Society formed in 1909. ^ Ontario Beta chapter is unrecognized by its university, a common occurrence in Canada, where most chapters operate fully independently from their institutions. ^ Connecticut Alpha chapter originated with a local fraternity called Delta Sigma formed in 1952. This local group was co-educational. The chapter was also co-ed at various times. Notable members Main article: List of Kappa Alpha Society members The Kappa Alpha Society has produced a substantial number of notable members in widely varied fields throughout its nearly 200-year history. See also List of social fraternities and sororities References ^ a b c d Baird, William (1963) . Robson, John (ed.). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (Hardcover) (17th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Company, Inc. p. 8. ^ a b Baird, William (1963) . Robson, John (ed.). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (Hardcover) (17th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Company, Inc. p. 267. ^ a b c d Baird, Baird, William Raimond; Lurding, Carol (eds.). "Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities". Student Life and Culture Archives. University of Illinois Archives. Retrieved 14 May 2021. The main archive URL is The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage. ^ Celebration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of Kappa alpha p 37 ^ "Chapters of the Kappa Alpha Society". The Kappa Alpha Society. Retrieved 2020-05-04. Kappa Alpha Society. (1881). A biographical record of the Kappa Alpha Society in Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.: From its foundation to the present time. 1831-1881. New York, NY: S. W. Green's Son. Kappa Alpha Society. (2002). A directory of Kappa Alpha 2002: 175th anniversary edition. Purchase, NY: Bernard C. Harris Publishing Company. Tarleton, Robert S. (1993). The Spirit of Kappa Alpha: The oldest Greek-letter social fraternity in prose, poetry and picture. New York, NY: John Hart Hunter Press. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society. (1941). Kappa Alpha Record: 1825-1940. Clinton, MA: The Colonial Press. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society. (1950). Directory of the Kappa Alpha Society 1950. St. Albans, VT: The North Country Press. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society. (1960). Kappa Alpha Record 1825-1960. Utica, NY: Thomas J. Griffiths Sons. The Executive Council of The Kappa Alpha Society. (1976). Kappa Alpha Record 1825-1976: Sesquicentennial edition. Ithaca, NY: Art Craft Printers. vteFraternities and sororitiesAcademic fraternities originating from North AmericaGeneral Colony North American fraternity and sorority housing Stepping U.S. racism Hazing in Greek letter organizations U.S. deaths Philippines deaths Mother of Fraternities History Fraternities and sororities North America High school Professional Service Canada Lists by country/territory France Philippines Puerto Rico HistoricallyAfrican-American ΑΚΑ ΑΦΑ ΔΣΘ ΖΦΒ ΙΦΘ ΚΑΨ ΣΓΡ ΦΒΣ ΦΡΗ ΩΨΦ WΨΦ HistoricallyAsian/Pacific Islander-American αΚΔΦ ΑΦΓ ΒΧΘ ΔΕΨ ΔΚΔ ΔΦΩ ΙΝΔ ΚΦΛ ΛΦΕ ΠΑΦ ΠΔΨ ΣΒΡ ΣΟΠ ΣΨΖ ΣΦΩ XPO Christianfraternities and sororities ΑΔΓ ΑΔΧ ΑΓΩ ΑΛΩ ΒΕΓΓΑΡΣ ΒΣΨ ΒΥΧ ΣΑΩ ΣΘΕ ΣΦΛ ΦΒΧ ΧΑΩ Historically Jewish ΑΕΠ ΑΕΦ ΖΒΤ ΣΑΕΠ ΣΑΜ ΣΔΤ ΤΔΦ ΤΕΦ Multicultural ΔΞΝ ΔΞΦ ΓΗ ΖΣΧ ΖΦΡ ΖΧΦ ΘΝΞ ΛΤΩ ΛΨΔ ΜΣΥ ΣΛΓ ΤΦΣ ΨΣΦ ΩΔΦ ΩΦΧ Delphic Historically Scout-affiliated ΑΦΩ ΕΤΠ ΓΣΣ ΩΦΑ LGBTQ ΑΛΖ ΑΠΔ ΔΛΦ ΓΡΛ ΘΠΣ ΚΑΛ ΚΘΕ ΟΕΠ ΣΦΒ Native American ΑΠΩ ΦΣΝ ΣΟΕ Latino and Puerto Rican ΑΨΛ ΑΟΣ ΔΤΛ ΓΑΩ ΓΖΑ ΗΓΔ ΚΔΧ ΛΑΥ ΛΠΥ ΛΠΧ ΛΣΥ ΛΘΑ ΛΘΝ ΛΘΦ ΛΥΛ ΜΑΦ ΝΑΚ ΝΣΒ ΣΔΑ ΣΙΑ ΣΛΑ ΣΛΒ ΣΛΥ ΣΠΑ ΦΔΓ ΦΗΜ ΦΙΑ ΦΣΑ ΧΥΣ ΩΦΒ Major specific ΑΓΡ ΑΓΣ ΑΚΨ ΑΣΚ ΑΩΕ ΔΣΠ ΚΚΨ ΣΑΙ ΤΒΣ ΦΣΓ ΦΣΡ Ceres FarmHouse Triangle Social sororities ΑΓΔ ΑΔΠ ΑΕΦ ΑΞΔ ΑΟΠ ΑΣΑ ΑΣΤ ΑΦ ΑΧΩ ΓΦΒ ΔΔΔ ΔΓ ΔΖ ΔΦΕ ΖΤΑ ΘΦΑ ΚΑΘ ΚΒΓ ΚΔ ΚΚΓ ΠΒΦ ΣΔΤ ΣΚ ΣΣΣ ΣΨ ΦΜ ΦΣΣ ΧΩ Clovia Social fraternities ΑΔΦ ΑΚΛ ΑΣΦ ΑΤΩ ΑΦΔ ΑΧΑ ΑΧΡ ΒΘΠ ΔΚΕ ΔΣΦ ΔΤΔ ΔΥ ΔΦ ΔΧ ΖΨ ΘΔΧ ΘΞ ΘΧ ΚΑ Order ΚΑ Society ΚΔΡ ΚΔΦ ΚΛΨ ΚΣ ΛΧΑ OΚΕ ΠΚΑ ΠΚΦ ΠΛΦ ΣΑΕ ΣΔΑ ΣΘΠ ΣΝ ΣΠ ΣΤΓ ΣΦ ΣΦΔ ΣΦΕ ΣΧ ΤΚΕ ΦΓΔ ΦΔΘ ΦΔΨ ΦΚΘ ΦΚΣ ΦΚΤ ΦΚΨ ΦΛΧ ΦΜΑ Sinfonia ΦΜΔ ΦΣΚ ΦΣΦ ΧΓΕ ΧΦ ΧΨ ΨΥ Acacia See also Freemasonry Odd Fellows Gentlemen's club Secret society vteNorth American Interfraternity ConferenceCurrently active members of the NIC Acacia ΑΓΡ ΑΓΣ ΑΔΓ ΑΔΦ ΑΕΠ ΑΚΛ ΑΣΦ ΑΤΩ ΑΦΑ ΑΦΔ ΑΧΡ ΒΣΨ ΒΘΠ ΒΧΘ ΒΥΧ ΔΚΕ ΔΛΦ ΔΣΦ ΔΤΔ ΔΥ ΔΦ ΔΧ FarmHouse ΖΒΤ ΖΨ ΘΔΧ ΘΞ ΙΝΔ ΙΦΘ ΚΑ Society ΚΑΨ ΚΔΡ ΚΔΦ ΛΧΑ ΛΘΦ ΛΣΥ ΛΦΕ ΝΑΚ ΠΚΑ ΠΚΦ ΠΛΦ ΣΑΕ ΣΑΜ ΣΒΡ ΣΛΒ ΣΝ ΣΠ ΣΤΓ ΣΦ ΣΧ ΤΔΦ ΤΕΦ ΤΦΣ Triangle ΦΒΣ ΦΓΔ(FIJI) ΦΙΑ ΦΚΘ ΦΚΣ ΦΚΤ ΦΚΨ ΦΛΧ ΦΜΔ ΦΣΚ ΦΣΦ ΧΦ ΧΨ ΨΥ ΩΔΦ Active former members of the NIC ΔΕΨ ΔΨ ΚΑ Order ΚΣ ΦΔΘ ΣΦΔ ΣΦΕ ΤΚΕ ΘΧ Defunct former members of the NIC ΑΚΠ ΑΛΤ ΒΚ ΒΣΡ ΔΑΠ ΔΣΛ ΘΚΝ ΘΚΦ ΘΥΩ ΚΝ ΟΑΤ ΣΔΡ ΣΛΠ ΣΜΣ ΣΤΦ ΦΑ ΦΒΔ ΦΕΠ ΦΚ ΦΛΘ ΦΠΦ ΦΣΔ ΦΣΕ
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order"},{"link_name":"fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Union Triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Triad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Baird's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s_Manual_of_American_College_Fraternities"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Kappa Alpha Order.The Kappa Alpha Society (ΚΑ), founded in 1825, was the progenitor of the modern fraternity system in North America. It is considered to be the oldest national, secret, Greek-letter social fraternity and was the first of the fraternities which would eventually become known as the Union Triad that pioneered the North American system of social fraternities.[1]While several fraternities claim to be the oldest, Baird's Manual states that ΚΑ has maintained a continuous existence since its foundation, making it the oldest undergraduate fraternity that exists today.[2] As of 2022, there are five active chapters in the United States and Canada.[3]","title":"Kappa Alpha Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hart Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College"},{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"John Hart Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"literary societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_literary_societies"},{"link_name":"Greek-letter organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Letter_Organizations"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-3"}],"text":"In 1823, John Hart Hunter, Isaac W. Jackson, and Thomas Hun, who were students at Union College in Schenectady, New York, established an informal group called The Philosophers.[1] That group became the Kappa Alpha Society on November 26, 1825.[2][1] Its founders were Joseph Anthony Constant, John Hart Hunter, Isaac W. Jackson, Thomas Hun, John McGeoch, Orlando Meads, and James Proudfit of the class of 1826, and Arthur Burtis and Joseph Law of the class of 1827.[1]The Kappa Alpha Society represents the middle link between secret societies, literary societies, and Greek-letter organizations like Phi Beta Kappa. In the words of founding member Arthur Burtis:After we were domiciled in our upper chamber, in the fourth story of the south section---South College---northeast corner... we now and then beguiled the long winter evenings and entertained our friends with a few baked potatoes and salt and comforted them with apples. Jackson, Hun, Meads, Constant, and McGeoch were often the genial sharers of our simple meal, which was enlivened with mirth and wit and merry song... It was determined to raise Hunter to an elevated seat on the woodpile, which stood in the corner of the room. When he was exalted to his high eminence, with his pipe in his mouth, he became the leader of this little band. Whereupon I suggested it would be right for us to get our light from this central luminary and that I would carry it to the others... This band was now beginning to assume shape and form and comely order.[4]KA expanded to Williams College in 1833, with fourteen pledges led by Azariah S. Clark of the class of 1834. Other chapters were established in the 19th century at Hobart College, Princeton College, the University of Virginia, Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Lehigh University, and McGill University.[3] Chapters were established at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Western Ontario, Wesleyan University, the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, and Dalhousie University in the 20th century.[3] The Union and Wesleyan chapters were co-educational (male and female members) in the recent past. There are currently no co-educational chapters.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-3"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order"}],"text":"Following is a list of the active and inactive chapters of the Kappa Alpha Society.[5][3] Active groups indicated in bold, inactive groups indicated by italics. Chapters are designated with an abbreviation of the institution's Latin name. This organization is not to be confused with the Kappa Alpha Order, a completely separate national fraternity.","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ The Union chapter was co-ed from 1991 until 2003.\n\n^ In 1968, the Williams College Trustees, with the support of the faculty, voted to bar fraternity participation by students. Some chapters operated sub-rosa for a time, but all have ceased.\n\n^ New York Beta chapter originated with a local fraternity called Skin & Bones formed in 1842.\n\n^ Pennsylvania Beta chapter originated with a local fraternity called the Terwood Society formed in 1909.\n\n^ Ontario Beta chapter is unrecognized by its university, a common occurrence in Canada, where most chapters operate fully independently from their institutions.\n\n^ Connecticut Alpha chapter originated with a local fraternity called Delta Sigma formed in 1952. This local group was co-educational. The chapter was also co-ed at various times.","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Kappa Alpha Society has produced a substantial number of notable members in widely varied fields throughout its nearly 200-year history.","title":"Notable members"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of social fraternities and sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream:_Land_of_Giants
Project Dream
["1 Premise","2 Development","3 Aftermath and legacy","4 References"]
Cancelled role-playing video game 1998 video gameProject DreamProvisional title screenDeveloper(s)RarePublisher(s)NintendoDesigner(s)Gregg MaylesArtist(s)Steve MaylesEd BryanComposer(s)David WiseGrant KirkhopePlatform(s)Super NES, Nintendo 64ReleaseReleased as Banjo-Kazooie in 1998.Genre(s)Role-playing, platformMode(s)Single-player Project Dream was the codename of a cancelled role-playing video game (RPG), Dream: Land of Giants, that served as the basis for the 1998 game Banjo-Kazooie. Developed by Rare, it was aimed for release on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), and later the Nintendo 64 (N64). The plot followed a young boy, Edson, who caused trouble with pirates. The SNES version of Dream used an isometric perspective and had a fairy tale theme. After transitioning to the N64, the project became a more complex 3D RPG that had a greater emphasis on the pirate theme. Eventually, Dream was scaled back to a linear platform game in the vein of Donkey Kong Country (1994) that starred Banjo the bear, who became the protagonist of Banjo-Kazooie. The game was developed by Rare's Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest (1995) team over 16 months. It was inspired by Japanese RPGs and LucasArts adventure games, and the name Dream emphasized its fantastical themes. Dream was not completed because Rare believed it was too ambitious and different from their previous games. The game that became Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001) led them to retool it into a platformer inspired by Nintendo's Super Mario 64. The Dream concepts were re-integrated into Banjo-Kazooie, which released to critical and commercial success. Premise A screenshot of gameplay from the Nintendo 64 version During most of its development period, Project Dream was a role-playing video game (RPG) that focused on a boy named Edson and his pets Dinger the dog and Billy the parrot. In its story, a band of pirates led by Captain Blackeye searched for "floaty", a substance that would allow their ships to fly. Edson got into trouble with the pirates and set off on a journey with his girlfriend to escape them. The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) version of the game employed an isometric perspective and had a fairy tale theme. Edson used a wooden sword to fight trolls and Dinger performed actions to assist him, such as going ahead and digging holes to find items. Occasionally, a dinosaur would appear and attempt to crush Edson by stepping on him; falling leaves and the virtual camera system shaking warned the player when it was approaching. When development transitioned to the Nintendo 64 (N64), Dream became a larger RPG rendered in 3D computer graphics. The pirate theme became more dominant than the fairy tale one. As development progressed on the N64, the game went through radical changes. Edson was replaced twice, first by a rabbit and later by Banjo the bear, who became the main character of Banjo-Kazooie. The final version of the game was a linear platformer in the vein of Rare's Donkey Kong Country games, and bore little resemblance to the earlier versions. Development After Nintendo released the SNES, Rare used the profits they made from Nintendo Entertainment System games to invest in Silicon Graphics workstations. Rare used this high-end technology to develop Donkey Kong Country (1994), which was a critical and commercial success, becoming the second bestselling SNES game behind Super Mario World (1990). After finishing Donkey Kong Country, Rare staff decided to apply the technology to a new game that was not a platformer. They settled on developing a RPG, as they were all fans of the genre. The codename Dream was chosen because they wanted their RPG to have a fantastical, magical feel. Dream used Donkey Kong Country's graphics technology to an advanced level. It was inspired by Japanese RPGs and LucasArts adventure games; the team wanted to combine those games to create one with a "Rare flavour". Dream was developed by Rare's Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest (1995) team and was announced in 1995. As development progressed, the team felt it was too large for an SNES cartridge and the introduction of the N64 rendered the Silicon Graphics technology obsolete. Thus, Rare made the decision to switch development to the N64. After this transition, the fantasy theme gradually was dropped. According to Rare's Gregg Mayles, the team did not want the game to be too childish. They brought the pirate theme from Diddy’s Kong Quest, as Rare staff felt they "could have a lot of fun with it" and believed it would have a broad appeal due to Mayles' love of the Golden Age of Piracy. While some aspects were kept in the transition to the N64, Dream became a much larger RPG. As the game changed, Rare began to feel Edson was losing his relevance and began looking for an alternate protagonist. He was replaced with the rabbit and eventually Banjo. The decision to use Banjo, who was already in the game as a minor side character, was made by Rare cofounder Tim Stamper. Banjo was designed to have human qualities and was given a backpack to put items in. Some time passed, and the team began to believe the game was too ambitious and different from their previous games. They also could not find how it would be enjoyable to play. Composer Grant Kirkhope noted Rare struggled to get the game running at a decent frame rate. Meanwhile, another Rare team was working on what would become Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001), a platformer. Impressed by how this game was looking, the Dream team retooled their game into a Donkey Kong Country-esque platformer, something they felt more comfortable with. At this point, few elements from earlier incarnations remained. Overall, Dream was in development for sixteen months and development restarted four times. The soundtrack was primarily composed by Kirkhope; David Wise also contributed but left partway through development to compose Diddy Kong Racing (1997). Kirkhope wrote 107 tracks with "strong" themes. Some were reused in later games Kirkhope scored. Aftermath and legacy When Dream staff saw Nintendo's Super Mario 64 (1996), they realized it was going to set the standard for 3D games and ruin their project. They scrapped their work on Dream and began developing a new game inspired by Super Mario 64. Banjo was kept because the team liked the character. The fantasy theme was restored, and within another 16 months, Rare had finished Banjo-Kazooie. The game was released in 1998 and was a commercial success, topping the United Kingdom all-format charts—a feat a Rare game did not accomplish again until its 30th anniversary game Rare Replay in 2015—and attracted critical acclaim. The antagonist of Dream, Captain Blackeye, has cameo appearances in Banjo-Kazooie and its sequel Banjo-Tooie (2000); in Tooie, he gripes about how a bear stole his glory, referencing the development of Dream. Numerous assets from Dream were also reused in Banjo-Kazooie. Dream's pirate theme was eventually recycled in Rare's 2018 game Sea of Thieves. GamesRadar+ expressed relief Dream became Banjo-Kazooie, believing it would have been a "snoozefest" if it had not been retooled. For many years, little was known about Dream. Only a few images of the game were released, although Kirkhope revealed some information about it on his blog. In May 2015, Tim Stamper confirmed fan speculation that he was in possession of a prototype version. The following December, Rare released "Rare Revealed: A Rare Look at Dream", a short documentary about the making of Dream, on their YouTube channel to promote the release of Rare Replay. The video features developer commentary from Rare staff that worked on the game, as well as previously unreleased gameplay footage. References ^ Lindbergh, Ben (19 June 2018). "How 'Banjo-Kazooie' Became a Bridge Between Marios". The Ringer. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ @RareLtd (March 20, 2015). "Not sure if that's news, but the boy hero of Project Dream (pre-Banjo) was called Edson, not Edison. #bombshell #probablynotabombshell" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ a b c d e "The Making of Banjo-Kazooie". Retro Gamer. No. 36. Imagine Publishing. March 2007. pp. 18–25. ^ a b Mattews, Anthony (22 December 2015). "Rare Releases Footage of Cancelled SNES Game 'Project Dream'". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2016-10-26. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ a b Reed, Ashley (9 May 2014). "9 Games You Wouldn't Recognize At All in Their Original Form". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 2015-04-22. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ a b c d e f g McWhertor, Michael (22 December 2018). "Get a Glimpse at Rare's Canceled Role-Playing Game Dream". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gregg Mayles; Ed Bryan; Paul Machacek (22 December 2015). Rare Revealed: A Rare Look at Dream. Rare. Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Reeves, Ben (22 October 2012). "Dream Project: The Secret History of Banjo-Kazooie". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ McLaughlin, Rus (28 July 2008). "IGN Presents: The History of Rare". IGN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ Kirkhope, Grant. "Dream: The Game that Never Was". Grant Kirkhope. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "Banjo-Kazooie for Nintendo 64 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ Calvin, Alex (10 August 2015). "Rare Gets First UK No.1 in 17 Years with Rare Replay". MCV. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ Wood, Austin (19 March 2016). "Rare Reveals 5 Banjo-Kazooie Secrets". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ McFerran, Damien (12 June 2015). "Rare Co-Founder Tim Stamper Is Tweeting Some Crazy Stuff About Project Dream On The SNES". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ Wawro, Alex (22 December 2015). "Here's a Look at Rare's Unreleased SNES Pirate RPG Dream". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 16 October 2018. vteBanjo-Kazooie seriesGames Banjo-Kazooie Banjo-Tooie Grunty's Revenge Banjo-Pilot Nuts & Bolts Other Appearances Diddy Kong Racing Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing Rare Replay Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Characters Banjo & Kazooie Related Project Dream Donkey Kong 64 Conker's Bad Fur Day Yooka-Laylee Category vteRareList of gamesSeries Jetpac Sabreman Wizards & Warriors R.C. Pro-Am Snake Rattle 'n' Roll Battletoads Donkey Kong Killer Instinct Banjo-Kazooie Conker Perfect Dark Viva Piñata Kinect Sports Other games1980s Slalom Anticipation WWF WrestleMania John Elway's Quarterback Taboo: The Sixth Sense Cobra Triangle Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1990s WWF WrestleMania Challenge Pin Bot Captain Skyhawk The Amazing Spider-Man Time Lord A Nightmare on Elm Street Super Glove Ball Double Dare Battletoads/Double Dragon Digger T. Rock Diddy Kong Racing Beetlejuice High Speed Monster Max Ken Griffey Jr.'s Winning Run Blast Corps GoldenEye 007 Jet Force Gemini Mickey's Racing Adventure 2000s Mickey's Speedway USA Star Fox Adventures Grabbed by the Ghoulies It's Mr. Pants Kameo 2010s Rare Replay Sea of Thieves Upcoming Everwild Unreleased Project Dream People Robin Beanland Duncan Botwood Steve Burke David Doak Eveline Fischer Martin Hollis Grant Kirkhope Leigh Loveday Gregg Mayles Graeme Norgate Stamper brothers David Wise Category
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The plot followed a young boy, Edson,[2] who caused trouble with pirates. The SNES version of Dream used an isometric perspective and had a fairy tale theme. After transitioning to the N64, the project became a more complex 3D RPG that had a greater emphasis on the pirate theme. Eventually, Dream was scaled back to a linear platform game in the vein of Donkey Kong Country (1994) that starred Banjo the bear, who became the protagonist of Banjo-Kazooie.The game was developed by Rare's Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest (1995) team over 16 months. It was inspired by Japanese RPGs and LucasArts adventure games, and the name Dream emphasized its fantastical themes. Dream was not completed because Rare believed it was too ambitious and different from their previous games. The game that became Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001) led them to retool it into a platformer inspired by Nintendo's Super Mario 64. The Dream concepts were re-integrated into Banjo-Kazooie, which released to critical and commercial success.","title":"Project Dream"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Dream.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGReleases-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar9-5"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"virtual camera system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"3D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"platformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platformer"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"}],"text":"A screenshot of gameplay from the Nintendo 64 versionDuring most of its development period, Project Dream was a role-playing video game (RPG) that focused on a boy named Edson and his pets Dinger the dog and Billy the parrot.[3] In its story, a band of pirates led by Captain Blackeye searched for \"floaty\", a substance that would allow their ships to fly.[4] Edson got into trouble with the pirates and set off on a journey with his girlfriend to escape them.[5] The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) version of the game employed an isometric perspective and had a fairy tale theme.[6] Edson used a wooden sword to fight trolls and Dinger performed actions to assist him, such as going ahead and digging holes to find items. Occasionally, a dinosaur would appear and attempt to crush Edson by stepping on him; falling leaves and the virtual camera system shaking warned the player when it was approaching.[3][7]When development transitioned to the Nintendo 64 (N64), Dream became a larger RPG rendered in 3D computer graphics.[8] The pirate theme became more dominant than the fairy tale one.[7] As development progressed on the N64, the game went through radical changes. Edson was replaced twice, first by a rabbit and later by Banjo the bear, who became the main character of Banjo-Kazooie.[6] The final version of the game was a linear platformer in the vein of Rare's Donkey Kong Country games, and bore little resemblance to the earlier versions.[7]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Silicon Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"Super Mario World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPresents-9"},{"link_name":"codename","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese RPGs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_RPG"},{"link_name":"LucasArts adventure games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts_adventure_games"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_2:_Diddy%27s_Kong_Quest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_cartridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroGamer-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"Gregg Mayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Mayles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"Tim Stamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Stamper"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HGReleases-4"},{"link_name":"Grant Kirkhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Kirkhope"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"Conker's Bad Fur Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker%27s_Bad_Fur_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"David Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Diddy Kong Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddy_Kong_Racing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KirkhopeNever-10"}],"text":"After Nintendo released the SNES, Rare used the profits they made from Nintendo Entertainment System games to invest in Silicon Graphics workstations. Rare used this high-end technology to develop Donkey Kong Country (1994), which was a critical and commercial success, becoming the second bestselling SNES game behind Super Mario World (1990).[9] After finishing Donkey Kong Country, Rare staff decided to apply the technology to a new game that was not a platformer. They settled on developing a RPG, as they were all fans of the genre. The codename Dream was chosen because they wanted their RPG to have a fantastical, magical feel.[7] Dream used Donkey Kong Country's graphics technology to an advanced level.[3] It was inspired by Japanese RPGs and LucasArts adventure games; the team wanted to combine those games to create one with a \"Rare flavour\".[7] Dream was developed by Rare's Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest (1995) team and was announced in 1995.[3][8]As development progressed, the team felt it was too large for an SNES cartridge and the introduction of the N64 rendered the Silicon Graphics technology obsolete.[3][8] Thus, Rare made the decision to switch development to the N64.[8] After this transition, the fantasy theme gradually was dropped. According to Rare's Gregg Mayles, the team did not want the game to be too childish.[7] They brought the pirate theme from Diddy’s Kong Quest, as Rare staff felt they \"could have a lot of fun with it\" and believed it would have a broad appeal due to Mayles' love of the Golden Age of Piracy.[7] While some aspects were kept in the transition to the N64, Dream became a much larger RPG.[7][8] As the game changed, Rare began to feel Edson was losing his relevance and began looking for an alternate protagonist.[7] He was replaced with the rabbit and eventually Banjo.[6] The decision to use Banjo, who was already in the game as a minor side character, was made by Rare cofounder Tim Stamper.[8] Banjo was designed to have human qualities and was given a backpack to put items in.[7]Some time passed, and the team began to believe the game was too ambitious and different from their previous games. They also could not find how it would be enjoyable to play.[6][4] Composer Grant Kirkhope noted Rare struggled to get the game running at a decent frame rate.[8] Meanwhile, another Rare team was working on what would become Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001), a platformer. Impressed by how this game was looking, the Dream team retooled their game into a Donkey Kong Country-esque platformer, something they felt more comfortable with. At this point, few elements from earlier incarnations remained.[8][7] Overall, Dream was in development for sixteen months and development restarted four times.[6][7] The soundtrack was primarily composed by Kirkhope; David Wise also contributed but left partway through development to compose Diddy Kong Racing (1997). Kirkhope wrote 107 tracks with \"strong\" themes. Some were reused in later games Kirkhope scored.[10]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Mario 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_64"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revealed-7"},{"link_name":"Rare Replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Replay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCV:_first-12"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Tooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Tooie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sea of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar9-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGlimpse-6"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIProject-8"},{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"When Dream staff saw Nintendo's Super Mario 64 (1996), they realized it was going to set the standard for 3D games and ruin their project. They scrapped their work on Dream and began developing a new game inspired by Super Mario 64. Banjo was kept because the team liked the character. The fantasy theme was restored, and within another 16 months, Rare had finished Banjo-Kazooie.[7] The game was released in 1998 and was a commercial success, topping the United Kingdom all-format charts—a feat a Rare game did not accomplish again until its 30th anniversary game Rare Replay in 2015—and attracted critical acclaim.[11][12] The antagonist of Dream, Captain Blackeye, has cameo appearances in Banjo-Kazooie and its sequel Banjo-Tooie (2000); in Tooie, he gripes about how a bear stole his glory, referencing the development of Dream.[8] Numerous assets from Dream were also reused in Banjo-Kazooie.[13] Dream's pirate theme was eventually recycled in Rare's 2018 game Sea of Thieves.[6] GamesRadar+ expressed relief Dream became Banjo-Kazooie, believing it would have been a \"snoozefest\" if it had not been retooled.[5]For many years, little was known about Dream.[6] Only a few images of the game were released, although Kirkhope revealed some information about it on his blog.[8] In May 2015, Tim Stamper confirmed fan speculation that he was in possession of a prototype version.[14] The following December, Rare released \"Rare Revealed: A Rare Look at Dream\", a short documentary about the making of Dream, on their YouTube channel to promote the release of Rare Replay. The video features developer commentary from Rare staff that worked on the game, as well as previously unreleased gameplay footage.[15]","title":"Aftermath and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"A screenshot of gameplay from the Nintendo 64 version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Project_Dream.jpg/220px-Project_Dream.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lindbergh, Ben (19 June 2018). \"How 'Banjo-Kazooie' Became a Bridge Between Marios\". The Ringer. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. 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Retro Gamer. No. 36. Imagine Publishing. March 2007. pp. 18–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Mattews, Anthony (22 December 2015). \"Rare Releases Footage of Cancelled SNES Game 'Project Dream'\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2016-10-26. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/12/22/rare-released-footage-of-cancelled-snes-game-project-dream/183834/","url_text":"\"Rare Releases Footage of Cancelled SNES Game 'Project Dream'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161026005336/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/12/22/rare-released-footage-of-cancelled-snes-game-project-dream/183834/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Ashley (9 May 2014). \"9 Games You Wouldn't Recognize At All in Their Original Form\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 2015-04-22. 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