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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Valley_Blackhawks
Clyde Valley Blackhawks
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
American Football team based in the United Kingdom. Clyde Valley Blackhawks Established2007; 17 years ago (2007)Based inWishaw, ScotlandHome stadiumBeltane Park, WishawLeagueBAFA National LeaguesDivisionNFC 1 ScotlandColours    Vegas Gold, Black and WhiteCurrent uniform Home kit Away kit Clyde Valley Blackhawks are an American football club based in Wishaw, Scotland. The team operate in the BAFA National Leagues NFC 1 Scotland, the second level of British American football. History The Clyde Valley Blackhawks were formed as the senior team of the former British champion Clyde Valley Hawks youth football team. The former players wanted to take Clyde Valley football to the next level rather than join another club and thus the Blackhawks were created in 2007. The club's first head coach was David Czekalla former offensive coordinator of the Hawks. The Blackhawks joined the BAFA senior league as affiliates for the 2008 season. The Blackhawks joined Division 2 of the senior league in 2009 and quickly adjusted to life in the senior league posting a 6–4 record in their first full season. The 2014 season saw the Clyde Valley Blackhawks claim the Division 2 Northern Conference Championship. This was the icing on the cake for the Clyde Valley football program that had never had a losing season since joining the senior league in 2009. Winning the title the previous year saw the Blackhawks promoted to Division 1 for the first time in 2015. The Blackhawks withdrew from league football at the start of the 2016 season After successfully completing three associate games in 2016 the Blackhawks were re-admitted to the National Leagues in 2017. References ^ "British Champions List | BritballNow". ^ "Clyde Valley Blackhawks swoop in for kill and score resounding victory". 12 August 2008. ^ a b c Goldthorp, Craig (10 February 2017). "Clyde Valley Blackhawks are back from the brink". www.carlukegazette.co.uk. Carluke Gazette. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Clyde Valley Blackhawks v Chester Romans – Duncolm Sports Photography". www.duncolm.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. ^ "BAFA statement on the Clyde Valley Blackhawks". www.britishamericanfootball.org. British American Football Association. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Adult contact National Leagues structure confirmed". www.britishamericanfootball.org. British American Football Association. 16 January 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017. External links https://www.facebook.com/clydevalleyblackhawks/ vteAmerican football in the United Kingdom British American Football Association List of American football teams in the United Kingdom GB Lions BAFA National Leagues BritBowl Boston Trophy British Universities American Football League BAFANL Premier LeaguePremier Division North East Kilbride Pirates Edinburgh Wolves Leicester Panthers Manchester Titans Merseyside Nighthawks Tamworth Phoenix Premier Division South Bristol Aztecs Cambridgeshire Cats Kent Exiles London Blitz London Warriors Solent Thrashers BAFANL Division 1NFC 1 Scotland Aberdeen Roughnecks Clyde Valley Blackhawks Dunfermline Kings Glasgow Tigers Inverclyde Goliaths Highland Stags NFC 1 Central Darlington Steam Halton Spartans Lancashire Wolverines Northumberland Vikings Scunthorpe Alphas Yorkshire Rams NFC 1 South Birmingham Bulls Chester Romans Northants Knights Nottingham Caesars Sandwell Steelers Sheffield Giants SFC West 1 Bournemouth Bobcats Bristol Apache Hertfordshire Cheetahs Oxford Saints Rushmoor Knights South Wales Warriors SFC East 1 Essex Spartans London Blitz B London Hornets London Olympians Norwich Devils Wembley Stallions BAFANL Division 2NFC 2 West Crewe Railroaders Leigh Miners Lincolnshire Bombers Shropshire Revolution Staffordshire Surge NFC 2 East DC Presidents Doncaster Mustangs Gateshead Senators Humber Warhawks Wakefield District Raiders SFC 2 West Cornwall Monarchs Portsmouth Dreadnoughts Somerset Wyverns Torbay Trojans SFC 2 Central Berkshire Renegades Hereford Stampede Ouse Valley Eagles Swindon Storm SFC 2 East Colchester Gladiators East Essex Sabres East Kent Mavericks Ipswich Cardinals Sussex Thunder Associate Teams Cumbria Wildcats Rossendale Raiders South East Squadron South Lincolnshire Lightning Yorkshire Bobcats Worcestershire Black Knights Exhibition Teams Sealand Seahawks The Thundering Herd Defunct/Inactive Teams Bedfordshire Blue Raiders Bournemouth Raiders Bristol Packers Carlisle Border Reivers Crawley Raiders Coventry Jets Dundee Hurricanes Gloucester Centurions Hull Hornets Maidstone Pumas Manchester Spartans Morecambe Bay Storm Peterborough Saxons Plymouth Admirals Redditch Arrows Southern Sundevils West Coast Trojans Wolverhampton Outlaws Wrekin Giants British American Football Referees' Association British American Football League National Football League in the UK NFL International Series American Bowl London Monarchs Scottish Claymores Potential London NFL franchise
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wishaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishaw"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"BAFA National Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues"}],"text":"Clyde Valley Blackhawks are an American football club based in Wishaw, Scotland. The team operate in the BAFA National Leagues NFC 1 Scotland, the second level of British American football.","title":"Clyde Valley Blackhawks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarlukeGaz_Feb17-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarlukeGaz_Feb17-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarlukeGaz_Feb17-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Clyde Valley Blackhawks were formed as the senior team of the former British champion Clyde Valley Hawks youth football team.[1] The former players wanted to take Clyde Valley football to the next level rather than join another club and thus the Blackhawks were created in 2007. The club's first head coach was David Czekalla former offensive coordinator of the Hawks. The Blackhawks joined the BAFA senior league as affiliates for the 2008 season.The Blackhawks joined Division 2 of the senior league in 2009 and quickly adjusted to life in the senior league posting a 6–4 record in their first full season.[2] The 2014 season saw the Clyde Valley Blackhawks claim the Division 2 Northern Conference Championship.[3] This was the icing on the cake for the Clyde Valley football program that had never had a losing season since joining the senior league in 2009.\nWinning the title the previous year saw the Blackhawks promoted to Division 1 for the first time in 2015.[4][3]The Blackhawks withdrew from league football at the start of the 2016 season[5]\nAfter successfully completing three associate games in 2016 the Blackhawks were re-admitted to the National Leagues in 2017.[3][6]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Yang_Yan
Yang Yan (empress)
["1 Early life and marriage to Sima Yan","2 As empress","3 Notes","4 Sources"]
Empress of the Jin dynasty (238-274) Yang Yan楊艷Empress consort of the Jin dynastyTenure20 March 266 – 25 August 274SuccessorEmpress Yang ZhiBorn238DiedAugust 25, 274(274-08-25) (aged 35–36)SpouseEmperor Wu of JinIssueSima GuiSima ZhongPosthumous nameEmpress Wuyuan (武元皇后)FatherYang WenzongMotherLady Zhao Yang Yan (楊艷) (238 – August 25, 274), courtesy name Qiongzhi (瓊芝), formally Empress Wuyuan (武元皇后, "the martial and discerning empress") was an empress of the Western Jin dynasty. She was the first wife of Emperor Wu. Early life and marriage to Sima Yan Yang Yan was a daughter of Yang Wenzong (楊文宗), a marquess during the Cao Wei era, and his wife Lady Zhao. Her mother died early, probably when she was still in infancy, and she was initially raised by her maternal uncle and aunt (who breastfed her). After she grew older, she was raised by her stepmother Lady Duan. By this time, her father, who is said to have also died early, was probably dead. When she was young, she was described as intelligent, studious and beautiful. A fortune teller once foretold that she would have an extraordinary honour, and it was said that when the Cao Wei regent Sima Zhao heard this, he took her and married her to his eldest son Sima Yan. She had three sons and three daughters with her husband. After Sima Zhao's death in September 265, Sima Yan inherited his father's position and forced the Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in favour of him about five months later. This action ended the state of Cao Wei and Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty (as Emperor Wu). On 20 March 266, he created Yang Yan as empress. As empress Empress Yang's oldest son, Sima Gui (司馬軌), died whilst a child, making her second son, Sima Zhong the legitimate heir, by traditional succession laws. However, Emperor Wu hesitated about selecting him as crown prince because he was developmentally disabled. Empress Yang was instrumental in persuading him to have her son designated crown prince anyway, arguing that tradition should not be abandoned easily. She was also instrumental in her son's selection of a wife, as Emperor Wu initially favoured Wei Guan's daughter, but Empress Yang, friendly with Jia Chong's wife Lady Yang, praised Jia's daughter Jia Nanfeng greatly, leading to Jia Nanfeng's selection as crown princess. In 273, when Emperor Wu was seeking beautiful women to serve as his concubines, he initially put Empress Yang in charge of the selection process. She preferred those women with slender bodies and fair skin, but did not favour those with beautiful faces. She also left off the list a beauty named Bian, whom Emperor Wu favoured, stating that since the Bians have served as empresses for three generations of Cao Wei rulers (Cao Cao's wife Princess Bian, Cao Mao's empress and Cao Huan's empress) that it would be too degrading for her to be a concubine. This decision displeased Emperor Wu, so he took over the selection process. Despite this and her husband's obsession with accumulating concubines, they appeared to have had a genuine and continuing affection for each other. In 274, Empress Yang grew ill. She became concerned that whoever would be empress next (she was particularly concerned about Consort Hu Fen (胡芬), whom Emperor Wu greatly favoured) would not support her son. She therefore asked Emperor Wu to marry her cousin Yang Zhi. Emperor Wu, distressed over her illness, agreed. She died soon thereafter and was buried with honours due an empress in the tomb that her husband was eventually buried at when he died in 290. Concubine Zuo Fen wrote a long song of mourning in her honour. In 276, based on his promise to her, the emperor married Yang Zhi and created her empress. Notes ^ According to Lady Yang's biography in Book of Jin, she was 37 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. (泰始十年，崩于明光殿，绝于帝膝，时年三十七。) Jin Shu, vol.31. Thus by calculation, her birth year should be 238. ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, Lady Yang died on the bingyin day of the 7th month of the 10th year of the Taishi era of his reign. This corresponds to 25 Aug 274 in the Julian calendar. (秋七月丙寅，皇后杨氏崩。) Jin Shu, vol.03. ^ Volume 138 of Taiping Yulan recorded Yang Wenzong's name as Yang Bing (杨炳). There is speculation that "Wenzong" was Yang Bing's courtesy name; during the Tang dynasty when the Book of Jin was compiled, "Bing" violated the naming taboo as Li Bing was Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's father. ^ bingwu day of the 1st month of the 2nd year of the Taishi era, per Emperor Wu's biography in Book of Jin. ^ Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy, eds. (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-585-36761-2. OCLC 47008186. Sources Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy; Charles Yim-tze Kwong (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford University Press. Chinese royalty New dynasty Empress of the Jin dynasty (266–420) 265–274 Succeeded byEmpress Yang Zhi Preceded byEmpress Bian of Cao Wei Empress of China (Northern/Central/Southwestern) 265–274 vteEmpresses of the Jin dynasty (266–420)Empresses consortWestern Jin Yang Yan Yang Zhi Jia Nanfeng Yang Xianrong Liang Lanbi Eastern Jin Yu Wenjun Du Lingyang Chu Suanzi He Fani Wang Muzhi Yu Daolian Wang Fahui Wang Shen'ai (Empress Liu) Chu Lingyuan Empresses dowagerWestern Jin Wang Yuanji Yang Huiyu Yang Zhi Eastern Jin Yu Wenjun Chu Suanzi Li Lingrong Grand empresses dowagerEastern Jin Li Lingrong Posthumous empressesWestern Jin Zhang Chunhua Xiahou Hui Eastern Jin Chen Guinü Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → QingvteProminent people of Cao WeiEmperors Cao Cao(posthumously) Cao Pi Cao Rui Cao Fang Cao Mao Cao Huan Empresses Empress Dowager Bian Lady Zhen Empress Wende Empress Mingdao Empress Mingyuan Empress Huai Empress Zhang Empress Wang Empress Bian (Cao Mao's wife) Empress Bian (Cao Huan's wife) Princes and male royal figures Cao Biao Cao Gan Cao Gong Cao Gun Cao Hui Cao Jian Cao Ju (Prince of Pengcheng) Cao Jun (Prince of Chenliu) Cao Li Cao Lin (Prince of Donghai) Cao Lin (Prince of Pei) Cao Mao Cao Rui Cao Xie Cao Xun Cao Yan Cao Yong Cao Yu Cao Zhang Cao Zhi Princess and female royal figures Duquess Cao Cao Hua Cao Xian Princess Dongxiang Princess Jinxiang Princess Anyang Princess Changle Princess Qinghe Lady Yu Princess Linfen Regents Cao Shuang Sima Yi Sima Shi Sima Zhao Sima Yan Civil officers Bao Xun Bi Gui Cang Ci Chang Lin Chen Jiao Chen Qun Cui Lin Deng Yang Dong Zhao Du Ji Du Xi Fu Jia Fu Xuan Fu Xun Gao Rou Gaotang Long Guan Ning Han Ji He Kui He Qia He Yan Hu Zhi Hua Xin Huan Fan Huan Jie Jia Chong Jia Xu Jiang Ji Li Dian Li Feng Li Sheng Liang Xi Liu Shao Liu Ye Liu Yi Lu Yu Pang Yu Pei Qian Pei Xiu Sima Fu Sima Zhi Su Ze Wang Chen Wang Guan Wang Lang Wang Jing Wang Su Wang Xiang Wang Ye Wei Ji Wei Zhen Wu Zhi Xiahou He Xiahou Hui Xiahou Wei Xiahou Xuan Xin Pi Xing Yong Xu Miao Xu Shu Xu Xuan Xun Xu Xun Yi Yang Fu Yang Jun Yu Huan Zhang Hua Zhang Ji (Derong) Zhang Ji (Jingzhong) Zheng Hun Zhong Yao Zhong Yu Military officers Cao Hong Cao Ren Cao Xiu Cao Zhang Cao Zhen Chen Tai Deng Ai Du Yu Fei Yao Gongsun Yuan Guanqiu Jian Guo Huai Hao Zhao Huang Quan Jia Kui Liu Jing Lü Qian Man Chong Meng Da Niu Jin Pang De Qian Hong Qian Zhao Qin Lang Sima Wang Sima Zhou Sun Li Tang Zi Tian Xu Tian Yu Wang Chang Wang Hun Wang Ji Wang Jun Wang Ling Wang Shuang Wang Zhong Wei Guan Wen Ping Wen Qin Wen Yang Wei Guan Xiahou Ba Xiahou Dun Xiahou Mao Xiahou Shang Xu Chu Xu Huang Xu Zhi Yang Hu Yang Qiu Yin Li Yu Jin Yue Jin Zang Ba Zhang He Zhang Liao Zhang Te Zhao Yan Zhong Hui Zhou Tai Zhu Ling Zhuge Dan Zhuge Xu Other notable women Cai Yan Cuishi Guo Huai Pang E Wang Yi Wang Yuanji Xiahou Hui Xin Xianying Yang Huiyu Xiahou Lingnü Zhang Chunhua Zhang Changpu Princess Changshan Yang Yan Wei Huacun Xun Cai Xu Yi Other notable figures Budugen Du Kui Guan Lu Huangfu Mi Huchuquan Liu Bao Kebineng Liu Hui Ma Jun Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove Wang Bi Xun Can Pei Xiu Zhou Xuan Zhu Jianping
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress"},{"link_name":"Western Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin"}],"text":"Yang Yan (楊艷) (238[1] – August 25, 274[2]), courtesy name Qiongzhi (瓊芝), formally Empress Wuyuan (武元皇后, \"the martial and discerning empress\") was an empress of the Western Jin dynasty. She was the first wife of Emperor Wu.","title":"Yang Yan (empress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"Sima Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Cao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Huan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yang Yan was a daughter of Yang Wenzong (楊文宗),[3] a marquess during the Cao Wei era, and his wife Lady Zhao. Her mother died early, probably when she was still in infancy, and she was initially raised by her maternal uncle and aunt (who breastfed her). After she grew older, she was raised by her stepmother Lady Duan. By this time, her father, who is said to have also died early, was probably dead.When she was young, she was described as intelligent, studious and beautiful. A fortune teller once foretold that she would have an extraordinary honour, and it was said that when the Cao Wei regent Sima Zhao heard this, he took her and married her to his eldest son Sima Yan. She had three sons and three daughters with her husband. After Sima Zhao's death in September 265, Sima Yan inherited his father's position and forced the Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in favour of him about five months later. This action ended the state of Cao Wei and Sima Yan established the Jin dynasty (as Emperor Wu). On 20 March 266,[4] he created Yang Yan as empress.","title":"Early life and marriage to Sima Yan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sima Zhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"developmentally disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability"},{"link_name":"Wei Guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Guan"},{"link_name":"Jia Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Chong"},{"link_name":"Jia Nanfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jia_Nanfeng"},{"link_name":"Cao Cao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Cao"},{"link_name":"Princess Bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bian"},{"link_name":"Cao Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Mao"},{"link_name":"empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Bian_(Cao_Mao%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Cao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Huan"},{"link_name":"empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Bian_(Cao_Huan%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Yang Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Yang_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Zuo Fen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Fen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Empress Yang's oldest son, Sima Gui (司馬軌), died whilst a child, making her second son, Sima Zhong the legitimate heir, by traditional succession laws. However, Emperor Wu hesitated about selecting him as crown prince because he was developmentally disabled. Empress Yang was instrumental in persuading him to have her son designated crown prince anyway, arguing that tradition should not be abandoned easily. She was also instrumental in her son's selection of a wife, as Emperor Wu initially favoured Wei Guan's daughter, but Empress Yang, friendly with Jia Chong's wife Lady Yang, praised Jia's daughter Jia Nanfeng greatly, leading to Jia Nanfeng's selection as crown princess.In 273, when Emperor Wu was seeking beautiful women to serve as his concubines, he initially put Empress Yang in charge of the selection process. She preferred those women with slender bodies and fair skin, but did not favour those with beautiful faces. She also left off the list a beauty named Bian, whom Emperor Wu favoured, stating that since the Bians have served as empresses for three generations of Cao Wei rulers (Cao Cao's wife Princess Bian, Cao Mao's empress and Cao Huan's empress) that it would be too degrading for her to be a concubine. This decision displeased Emperor Wu, so he took over the selection process. Despite this and her husband's obsession with accumulating concubines, they appeared to have had a genuine and continuing affection for each other.In 274, Empress Yang grew ill. She became concerned that whoever would be empress next (she was particularly concerned about Consort Hu Fen (胡芬), whom Emperor Wu greatly favoured) would not support her son. She therefore asked Emperor Wu to marry her cousin Yang Zhi. Emperor Wu, distressed over her illness, agreed. She died soon thereafter and was buried with honours due an empress in the tomb that her husband was eventually buried at when he died in 290. Concubine Zuo Fen wrote a long song of mourning in her honour.[5]In 276, based on his promise to her, the emperor married Yang Zhi and created her empress.","title":"As empress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Taiping Yulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Yulan"},{"link_name":"naming taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_taboo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-585-36761-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-36761-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"47008186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008186"}],"text":"^ According to Lady Yang's biography in Book of Jin, she was 37 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. (泰始十年，崩于明光殿，绝于帝膝，时年三十七。) Jin Shu, vol.31. Thus by calculation, her birth year should be 238.\n\n^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, Lady Yang died on the bingyin day of the 7th month of the 10th year of the Taishi era of his reign. This corresponds to 25 Aug 274 in the Julian calendar. ([泰始十年]秋七月丙寅，皇后杨氏崩。) Jin Shu, vol.03.\n\n^ Volume 138 of Taiping Yulan recorded Yang Wenzong's name as Yang Bing (杨炳). There is speculation that \"Wenzong\" was Yang Bing's courtesy name; during the Tang dynasty when the Book of Jin was compiled, \"Bing\" violated the naming taboo as Li Bing was Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's father.\n\n^ bingwu day of the 1st month of the 2nd year of the Taishi era, per Emperor Wu's biography in Book of Jin.\n\n^ Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy, eds. (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-585-36761-2. OCLC 47008186.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kang-i Sun Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-i_Sun_Chang"},{"link_name":"Haun Saussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haun_Saussy"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_empresses_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jin_empresses_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jin_empresses_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty (266–420)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Western Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jin"},{"link_name":"Yang Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Yang Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Zhi_(empress)"},{"link_name":"Jia Nanfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Nanfeng"},{"link_name":"Yang Xianrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xianrong"},{"link_name":"Liang Lanbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Lanbi"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"Yu Wenjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Wenjun"},{"link_name":"Du Lingyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Lingyang"},{"link_name":"Chu Suanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Suanzi"},{"link_name":"He Fani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Fani"},{"link_name":"Wang Muzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Muzhi"},{"link_name":"Yu Daolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Daolian"},{"link_name":"Wang Fahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fahui"},{"link_name":"Wang Shen'ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Shen%27ai"},{"link_name":"Empress Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Liu_(Huan_Xuan%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Chu Lingyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Lingyuan"},{"link_name":"Western Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jin"},{"link_name":"Wang Yuanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yuanji"},{"link_name":"Yang Huiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Huiyu"},{"link_name":"Yang Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Zhi_(empress)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"Yu Wenjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Wenjun"},{"link_name":"Chu Suanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Suanzi"},{"link_name":"Li Lingrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lingrong"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"Li Lingrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lingrong"},{"link_name":"Western Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jin"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chunhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunhua"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Hui_(Sima_Shi%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"Chen Guinü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guin%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Queens_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Queens_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Qin"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Han_empresses"},{"link_name":"3 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_empresses"},{"link_name":"Jìn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_empresses_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"16 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_empresses_and_queens"},{"link_name":"S. 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Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Hong_(Jin_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Qian Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qian_Zhao_(Cao_Wei)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qin Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Lang"},{"link_name":"Sima Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Wang"},{"link_name":"Sima Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Sun Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Li_(general)"},{"link_name":"Tang Zi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Zi"},{"link_name":"Tian Xu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Xu"},{"link_name":"Tian Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Yu"},{"link_name":"Wang Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chang_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Wang Hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hun_(general)"},{"link_name":"Wang Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ji_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Wang Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jun_(Jin_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Wang Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ling_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Wang Shuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Shuang_(Cao_Wei)"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhong_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Wei Guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Guan"},{"link_name":"Wen Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Ping"},{"link_name":"Wen Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Qin"},{"link_name":"Wen Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Yang_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Wei Guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Guan"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Ba"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Dun"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Mao"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Shang"},{"link_name":"Xu Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Chu"},{"link_name":"Xu Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Huang"},{"link_name":"Xu Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Yang Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Hu"},{"link_name":"Yang Qiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Qiu_(warlord)"},{"link_name":"Yin Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Li_(Cao_Wei)"},{"link_name":"Yu Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Jin"},{"link_name":"Yue Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Jin"},{"link_name":"Zang Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang_Ba"},{"link_name":"Zhang He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_He"},{"link_name":"Zhang Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Liao"},{"link_name":"Zhang Te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Te"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Zhong Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Hui"},{"link_name":"Zhou Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Tai_(Cao_Wei)"},{"link_name":"Zhu Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Ling_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Zhuge Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Dan"},{"link_name":"Zhuge Xu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Xu"},{"link_name":"Cai Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Yan"},{"link_name":"Cuishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Cui_(Cao_Wei)"},{"link_name":"Guo Huai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Huai_(wife_of_Jia_Chong)"},{"link_name":"Pang E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_E"},{"link_name":"Wang Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi_(wife_of_Zhao_Ang)"},{"link_name":"Wang Yuanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yuanji"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Hui_(Sima_Shi%27s_wife)"},{"link_name":"Xin Xianying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_Xianying"},{"link_name":"Yang Huiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Huiyu"},{"link_name":"Xiahou Lingnü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Lingn%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chunhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunhua"},{"link_name":"Zhang Changpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Changpu"},{"link_name":"Princess Changshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Changshan"},{"link_name":"Yang Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wei Huacun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Huacun"},{"link_name":"Xun Cai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Cai"},{"link_name":"Xu Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Yi_(Western_Jin)"},{"link_name":"Budugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budugen"},{"link_name":"Du Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Kui"},{"link_name":"Guan Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Lu"},{"link_name":"Huangfu Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangfu_Mi"},{"link_name":"Huchuquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huchuquan"},{"link_name":"Liu Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bao"},{"link_name":"Kebineng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebineng"},{"link_name":"Liu Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hui"},{"link_name":"Ma Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jun_(mechanical_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove"},{"link_name":"Wang Bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Bi"},{"link_name":"Xun Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Can"},{"link_name":"Pei Xiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Xiu"},{"link_name":"Zhou Xuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Xuan_(Three_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhu Jianping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Jianping"}],"text":"Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy; Charles Yim-tze Kwong (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford University Press.vteEmpresses of the Jin dynasty (266–420)Empresses consortWestern Jin\nYang Yan\nYang Zhi\nJia Nanfeng\nYang Xianrong\nLiang Lanbi\nEastern Jin\nYu Wenjun\nDu Lingyang\nChu Suanzi\nHe Fani\nWang Muzhi\nYu Daolian\nWang Fahui\nWang Shen'ai\n(Empress Liu)\nChu Lingyuan\nEmpresses dowagerWestern Jin\nWang Yuanji\nYang Huiyu\nYang Zhi\nEastern Jin\nYu Wenjun\nChu Suanzi\nLi Lingrong\nGrand empresses dowagerEastern Jin\nLi Lingrong\nPosthumous empressesWestern Jin\nZhang Chunhua\nXiahou Hui\nEastern Jin\nChen Guinü\nXia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → QingvteProminent people of Cao WeiEmperors\nCao Cao(posthumously)\nCao Pi\nCao Rui\nCao Fang\nCao Mao\nCao Huan\nEmpresses\nEmpress Dowager Bian\nLady Zhen\nEmpress Wende\nEmpress Mingdao\nEmpress Mingyuan\nEmpress Huai\nEmpress Zhang\nEmpress Wang\nEmpress Bian (Cao Mao's wife)\nEmpress Bian (Cao Huan's wife)\nPrinces and male royal figures\nCao Biao\nCao Gan\nCao Gong\nCao Gun\nCao Hui\nCao Jian\nCao Ju (Prince of Pengcheng)\nCao Jun (Prince of Chenliu)\nCao Li\nCao Lin (Prince of Donghai)\nCao Lin (Prince of Pei)\nCao Mao\nCao Rui\nCao Xie\nCao Xun\nCao Yan\nCao Yong\nCao Yu\nCao Zhang\nCao Zhi\nPrincess and female royal figures\nDuquess Cao\nCao Hua\nCao Xian\nPrincess Dongxiang\nPrincess Jinxiang\nPrincess Anyang\nPrincess Changle\nPrincess Qinghe\nLady Yu\nPrincess Linfen\nRegents\nCao Shuang\nSima Yi\nSima Shi\nSima Zhao\nSima Yan\nCivil officers\nBao Xun\nBi Gui\nCang Ci\nChang Lin\nChen Jiao\nChen Qun\nCui Lin\nDeng Yang\nDong Zhao\nDu Ji\nDu Xi\nFu Jia\nFu Xuan\nFu Xun\nGao Rou\nGaotang Long\nGuan Ning\nHan Ji\nHe Kui\nHe Qia\nHe Yan\nHu Zhi\nHua Xin\nHuan Fan\nHuan Jie\nJia Chong\nJia Xu\nJiang Ji\nLi Dian\nLi Feng\nLi Sheng\nLiang Xi\nLiu Shao\nLiu Ye\nLiu Yi\nLu Yu\nPang Yu\nPei Qian\nPei Xiu\nSima Fu\nSima Zhi\nSu Ze\nWang Chen\nWang Guan\nWang Lang\nWang Jing\nWang Su\nWang Xiang\nWang Ye\nWei Ji\nWei Zhen\nWu Zhi\nXiahou He\nXiahou Hui\nXiahou Wei\nXiahou Xuan\nXin Pi\nXing Yong\nXu Miao\nXu Shu\nXu Xuan\nXun Xu\nXun Yi\nYang Fu\nYang Jun\nYu Huan\nZhang Hua\nZhang Ji (Derong)\nZhang Ji (Jingzhong)\nZheng Hun\nZhong Yao\nZhong Yu\nMilitary officers\nCao Hong\nCao Ren\nCao Xiu\nCao Zhang\nCao Zhen\nChen Tai\nDeng Ai\nDu Yu\nFei Yao\nGongsun Yuan\nGuanqiu Jian\nGuo Huai\nHao Zhao\nHuang Quan\nJia Kui\nLiu Jing\nLü Qian\nMan Chong\nMeng Da\nNiu Jin\nPang De\nQian Hong\nQian Zhao\nQin Lang\nSima Wang\nSima Zhou\nSun Li\nTang Zi\nTian Xu\nTian Yu\nWang Chang\nWang Hun\nWang Ji\nWang Jun\nWang Ling\nWang Shuang\nWang Zhong\nWei Guan\nWen Ping\nWen Qin\nWen Yang\nWei Guan\nXiahou Ba\nXiahou Dun\nXiahou Mao\nXiahou Shang\nXu Chu\nXu Huang\nXu Zhi\nYang Hu\nYang Qiu\nYin Li\nYu Jin\nYue Jin\nZang Ba\nZhang He\nZhang Liao\nZhang Te\nZhao Yan\nZhong Hui\nZhou Tai\nZhu Ling\nZhuge Dan\nZhuge Xu\nOther notable women\nCai Yan\nCuishi\nGuo Huai\nPang E\nWang Yi\nWang Yuanji\nXiahou Hui\nXin Xianying\nYang Huiyu\nXiahou Lingnü\nZhang Chunhua\nZhang Changpu\nPrincess Changshan\nYang Yan\nWei Huacun\nXun Cai\nXu Yi\nOther notable figures\nBudugen\nDu Kui\nGuan Lu\nHuangfu Mi\nHuchuquan\nLiu Bao\nKebineng\nLiu Hui\nMa Jun\nSeven Sages of the Bamboo Grove\nWang Bi\nXun Can\nPei Xiu\nZhou Xuan\nZhu Jianping","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy, eds. (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-585-36761-2. OCLC 47008186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-36761-2","url_text":"0-585-36761-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008186","url_text":"47008186"}]},{"reference":"Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy; Charles Yim-tze Kwong (1999). Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism. Stanford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-i_Sun_Chang","url_text":"Kang-i Sun Chang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haun_Saussy","url_text":"Haun Saussy"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008186","external_links_name":"47008186"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Button_(soldier)
John Button (soldier)
["1 Early years","2 Military career","3 Community Leader and breeder","4 Later Years and Death","5 Legacy","6 References"]
American-Canadian soldier (1772–1861) For other people named John Button, see John Button (disambiguation). Major John Button (May 18, 1772 – November 9, 1861) was an American-born Upper Canada settler (founder of Buttonville, Ontario), sedentary Canadian militia officer and founder of the 1st York Light Dragoons (also as Troop of Markham Dragoons or Captain Button's Dragoons). Early years Button was born in New London, Connecticut to Joseph Button and Mary Ann Atwell. He was the fourth generation of Buttons in America (the first ancestor is believed to be Matthias Button (1610–1672), who arrived in the Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony around 1633). In 1790 John Button was working as a cooper and married Elizabeth Williams (1772–1847) in Dutchess County, New York in 1795. With the end of the American Revolution and not being an active United Empire Loyalist, Button would not begin the process of migrating north to Canada until the ratification of the Jay Treaty in 1795. In 1798 he petitioned the then President of the Executive Council and Administrator of Upper Canada Peter Russell for land in Upper Canada. Not waiting for the approval of his request his family settled in at Crowland Township (in now Welland, Ontario) in the Niagara Region (with family members already residents in the township) from 1799 to 1801. Once the grant was approved in 1801 (by Peter Hunter) they settled on 200 acres (81 ha) of land along Yonge Street (somewhere north of Bloor Street as Park lots ran north–south direction south of Bloor) in York, Upper Canada. He later sold this grant, moved north to Markham in 1803 and obtained 200 acres (81 ha) around the area now known as Buttonville, Ontario around 1805. Military career Button joined the local militia in 1808 as a Lieutenant with the North York Regiment of Militia and established his cavalry troop, Light Dragoons, in 1810. Despite the end of the War of 1812, Button saw the need to maintain military alertness and requested to maintain his troop's readiness. Button was promoted as Major in 1831, had participated in the Battle of Detroit during the War of 1812 and later in the Rebellion of 1837 where he saw action at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern. Community Leader and breeder Besides his military contributions, Button help secure land for a church (he was a Wesleyan Methodist) in Buttonville. He would later establish a post office in the community that bore his name. Button was a farmer and bred colts in his early years in Upper Canada and after the 1837 Rebellion. Later Years and Death Button began selling off his land holdings in the latter part of his life (1840s) which led to the establishment of Buttonville in 1851. John Button died on November 9, 1861, predeceased by wife Elizabeth, son Newbury (1798–1823). He married Elizabeth Bradley in 1848. His son Colonel Francis Button (1794–1880) and grandson William Marr Button (1816–1908) would become members of his Light Dragoon. His troop is now part of The Governor General's Body Guard. Button and many members of his family are buried at Buttonville Cemetery. William Marr Button would become reeve of Markham. Legacy There are a few places that honour Button in Markham: Buttonville, Ontario was established as a post office by Button and friend William Morrison with the name provided by Morrison. Buttonville Airport is only land originally owned by Button and named in reference to the community of Buttonville. Major Button Drive is a small residential street in newer section of Markham Village near Highway 7 and Ninth Line. Button had land near Markham Village on lot 8 of 8th Concession (Markham Road) in 1805. John Button Boulevard is another residential street near Woodbine Avenue (or 4th Concession where Button had obtained land grants) and 16th Avenue closer to the area where Button had settled with two connecting roadways, Captain Francis Drive and Colonel Marr Road, are named for his sons and grandson respectively. John Button Waterway North and South are two tracts of greenspace along Apple Creek near Buttonville. Nearby also is John Button Park, a city park bearing Button's name. Buttonville Crescent / Buttonville Street is a short residential street off Woodbine Avenue and located within what was John Button's Markham grant. Buttonville Public School (c. 1992) and the 1872 Buttonville Schoolhouse are named for the community that is linked to his name. References ^ "John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project". 27 August 2014. ^ "York's Founding Fathers – Buttonville". 21 August 2013. ^ "War of 1812, Major John Button" (PDF). uelac.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ "Pages - History of Buttonville". ^ "John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project". 27 August 2014.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Button (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Button_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Buttonville, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canadian militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_militia"}],"text":"For other people named John Button, see John Button (disambiguation).Major John Button (May 18, 1772 – November 9, 1861) was an American-born Upper Canada settler (founder of Buttonville, Ontario), sedentary Canadian militia officer and founder of the 1st York Light Dragoons (also as Troop of Markham Dragoons or Captain Button's Dragoons).","title":"John Button (soldier)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)"},{"link_name":"Dutchess County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Jay Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Peter Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Russell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Welland, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welland,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Niagara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_Region"},{"link_name":"Peter Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hunter_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Yonge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street"},{"link_name":"York, Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Buttonville, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Button was born in New London, Connecticut[1] to Joseph Button and Mary Ann Atwell.[2] He was the fourth generation of Buttons in America (the first ancestor is believed to be Matthias Button (1610–1672), who arrived in the Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony around 1633).In 1790 John Button was working as a cooper and married Elizabeth Williams (1772–1847) in Dutchess County, New York in 1795. With the end of the American Revolution and not being an active United Empire Loyalist, Button would not begin the process of migrating north to Canada until the ratification of the Jay Treaty in 1795. In 1798 he petitioned the then President of the Executive Council and Administrator of Upper Canada Peter Russell for land in Upper Canada. Not waiting for the approval of his request his family settled in at Crowland Township (in now Welland, Ontario) in the Niagara Region (with family members already residents in the township) from 1799 to 1801. Once the grant was approved in 1801 (by Peter Hunter) they settled on 200 acres (81 ha) of land along Yonge Street (somewhere north of Bloor Street as Park lots ran north–south direction south of Bloor) in York, Upper Canada. He later sold this grant, moved north to Markham in 1803 and obtained 200 acres (81 ha) around the area now known as Buttonville, Ontario around 1805.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Rebellion of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838"},{"link_name":"Battle of Montgomery's Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern"}],"text":"Button joined the local militia in 1808 as a Lieutenant with the North York Regiment of Militia and established his cavalry troop, Light Dragoons, in 1810. Despite the end of the War of 1812, Button saw the need to maintain military alertness and requested to maintain his troop's readiness. Button was promoted as Major in 1831, had participated in the Battle of Detroit during the War of 1812 and later in the Rebellion of 1837 where he saw action at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"}],"text":"Besides his military contributions, Button help secure land for a church (he was a Wesleyan Methodist) in Buttonville. He would later establish a post office in the community that bore his name.Button was a farmer and bred colts in his early years in Upper Canada and after the 1837 Rebellion.","title":"Community Leader and breeder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Governor General's Body Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governor_General%27s_Body_Guard"},{"link_name":"Buttonville Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buttonville_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Button began selling off his land holdings in the latter part of his life (1840s) which led to the establishment of Buttonville in 1851.[4] John Button died on November 9, 1861,[5] predeceased by wife Elizabeth, son Newbury (1798–1823). He married Elizabeth Bradley in 1848. His son Colonel Francis Button (1794–1880) and grandson William Marr Button (1816–1908) would become members of his Light Dragoon. His troop is now part of The Governor General's Body Guard. Button and many members of his family are buried at Buttonville Cemetery.William Marr Button would become reeve of Markham.","title":"Later Years and Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buttonville, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Buttonville Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville_Airport"},{"link_name":"Markham Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Village,_Ontario"}],"text":"There are a few places that honour Button in Markham:Buttonville, Ontario was established as a post office by Button and friend William Morrison with the name provided by Morrison.Buttonville Airport is only land originally owned by Button and named in reference to the community of Buttonville.Major Button Drive is a small residential street in newer section of Markham Village near Highway 7 and Ninth Line. Button had land near Markham Village on lot 8 of 8th Concession (Markham Road) in 1805. John Button Boulevard is another residential street near Woodbine Avenue (or 4th Concession where Button had obtained land grants) and 16th Avenue closer to the area where Button had settled with two connecting roadways, Captain Francis Drive and Colonel Marr Road, are named for his sons and grandson respectively.John Button Waterway North and South are two tracts of greenspace along Apple Creek near Buttonville. Nearby also is John Button Park, a city park bearing Button's name.Buttonville Crescent / Buttonville Street is a short residential street off Woodbine Avenue and located within what was John Button's Markham grant.Buttonville Public School (c. 1992) and the 1872 Buttonville Schoolhouse are named for the community that is linked to his name.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project\". 27 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gravesideproject.ca/?p=965","url_text":"\"John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"York's Founding Fathers – Buttonville\". 21 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://digginrootsblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/21/yorks-founding-fathers-buttonville/","url_text":"\"York's Founding Fathers – Buttonville\""}]},{"reference":"\"War of 1812, Major John Button\" (PDF). uelac.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207213337/https://www.uelac.org/events/Major-John-Button-War-of-1812.pdf","url_text":"\"War of 1812, Major John Button\""},{"url":"https://www.uelac.org/events/Major-John-Button-War-of-1812.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pages - History of Buttonville\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yrdsb.ca/schools/buttonville.ps/info/history/Pages/Homework.aspx","url_text":"\"Pages - History of Buttonville\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project\". 27 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gravesideproject.ca/?p=965","url_text":"\"John Button1st Regiment York Militia | Graveside Project\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%BCiraldes
Ricardo Güiraldes
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
Argentine novelist and poet Ricardo Güiraldes (c.1906) Ricardo Güiraldes (13 February 1886 — 8 October 1927) was an Argentine novelist and poet, one of the most significant Argentine writers of his era, particularly known for his 1926 novel Don Segundo Sombra, set amongst the gauchos. Life Güiraldes was born in Buenos Aires, the second son of a wealthy family of the old landowning aristocracy. His mother was Dolores Goñi, descendant of Ruiz de Arellano, who founded the village of San Antonio de Areco in 1730. Manuel Güiraldes, his father, later intendente (governmentally appointed mayor) of Buenos Aires, was a cultured, educated man, interested in art. Ricardo inherited that predilection; in his youth he sketched rural scenes and painted in oils. When Güiraldes was one year old, he travelled with his family to Europe, living for four years in Paris near the Rue Saint-Claude. By the age of six, he spoke not only Spanish but French and German. Indeed, French was his first language, and French-language literature would leave a strong mark on his literary style and tastes. Güiraldes's childhood and youth were divided between the family ranch, La Porteña in San Antonio de Areco, and Buenos Aires. In San Antonio he came into contact with the world of the gauchos, which would figure prominently in his novels Raucho and Don Segundo Sombra; there, too, he met Segundo Ramírez, upon whom he based the title character of the latter work. He loved the country life, but suffered from asthma that sometimes limited his own physical activity, though he generally presented an image of physical vigor. He was educated by several female teachers and, later, by a Mexican engineer, Lorenzo Ceballos, who recognized and encouraged his literary ambitions. He studied in various institutes and completed his bachillerato at the age of 16. Güiraldes was not a brilliant student; at the Colegio Lacordaire, the Vertiz Institute and the Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza, he studied both architecture and law, but never practiced either one. He did make several attempts at business, all unsuccessful. He traveled to Europe in 1910 in the company of his friend Roberto Leviller, then travelled with another friend, his future brother-in-law Adán Deihl, with whom he visited Italy, Greece, Constantinople, Egypt, Japan, China, Russia, India, Ceylon, and Germany before settling in Paris, where (after his father decided he had had enough of paying the costs of his son's idleness) he stayed with the sculptor Alberto Lagos  (to whom he later dedicated Xaimaca), and where he decided to become a writer. Despite that decision, Güiraldes threw himself into the French capital's social whirl, practically abandoning his literary ambitions. But one day he unpacked some draft stories he had written about rural Argentina and set to work; these would eventually become his Cuentos de muerte y de sangre ("Stories of death and of blood"). A room of the Güiraldes' house in San Antonio de Areco, currently a gaucho museum. He read the stories to friends, who encouraged him to publish them. Even the early drafts already showed a distinct, individual style. Finally truly committed to literature, he returned to Buenos Aires in 1912, becoming part of the circle of Alejandro Bustillo. On October 13, 1913, he married Adelina del Carril, also from one of the city's leading families, whom he had first met in 1905. In 1913–1914, he published several stories in the magazine Caras y Caretas; in 1915, these and others were published as Cuentos de muerte y de sangre; earlier that year he had published a book of poetry, El cencerro de cristal. He was encouraged in his writing by his wife and by Leopoldo Lugones, but when these early works did not meet with a receptive public, Güiraldes withdrew them from circulation, gathered up the unsold copies, and threw them into a well. His wife managed to rescue some; these surviving, water-damaged copies are now prized by book collectors. The first edition of Don Segundo Sombra (1926). At the end of 1916, the couple traveled to the Pacific Ocean, to Cuba, and to Jamaica, where he wrote a "theatrical caprice" called El reloj ("The clock", never published). These travels would eventually lead to his 1923 novel Xaimaca, but long before that, in 1917, came his first novel Raucho, followed in 1918 by a short novel Un idilio de estación ("A Season's Idyll") in Horacio Quiroga's magazine El cuento ilustrado; this would eventually be revised and published as a well-received book in 1922, with the new title Rosaura. In 1919, with his wife, Güiraldes again traveled to Europe. In Paris he established contact with many French writers and frequented literary salons and bookstores; there, too, he began Don Segundo Sombra. He has been described as particularly influenced by his friend Valéry Larbaud, but Güiraldes's English-language translator Harriet de Onís believes that influence to have been overstated. Güiraldes returned to Argentina, then went back to Europe in 1922, where besides returning to Paris he passed some time in Puerto de Pollensa, Majorca, where he rented a house. In this period he underwent an intellectual and spiritual change. He became interested in theosophy and Eastern philosophy, seeking spiritual peace; this is strongly reflected in his late poetry. At the same time, Güiraldes's writing became more accepted in his native Buenos Aires, where he became a supporter of new avant-garde writers; he was something of an elder and teacher to the Florida group. In 1924, along with Alfredo Brandán Caraffa (1898-1978), Jorge Luis Borges, and Pablo Rojas Paz he founded the short-lived magazine Proa, which was not particularly successful in its home city but met with a better reception elsewhere in Latin America. Güiraldes also co-founded the Frente Ứnico, opposed to pompierismo (the use of dry or pompous academic language in writing), and collaborated in the publication of the magazine Martín Fierro. After closing down the magazine, Güiraldes focused on finishing Don Segundo Sombra, which he completed in March 1926. In 1927, intending to head back to India because of his increasing interest in Hinduism, Güiraldes traveled once more to France. He went first to Arcachon, but it developed that he was sick with Hodgkin's disease. He was brought to Paris by ambulance, was met there by his wife, and died in the house of his friend, the painter Alfredo González Garaño (1886-1969). Güiraldes's body was brought back to Buenos Aires and finally entombed in San Antonio de Areco. His nephew was the president of Aerolíneas Argentinas, Juan José Güiraldes. Works The home of Alfredo González Garaño, now the Güiraldes Museum, in 2008 Each year links to its corresponding " in literature" or " in poetry" article: 1915: El cencerro de cristal (poetry) 1915: Cuentos de muerte y sangre (short stories) Aventuras grotescas (short stories) Trilogía cristiana (short stories) 1917: Raucho (novel) 1917: Un idilio de estación, later revised as Rosaura (1922), published in Rosaura y siete cuentos. Short novel. 1923: Xaimaca (fictionalized travel story). 1926: Don Segundo Sombra (novel) 1928: Poemas místicos (posthumously published, poems) 1928: Poemas solitarios (posthumously published poems) 1929: Seis relatos (posthumously published short stories) 1932: El sendero (posthumously published) 1936: El libro bravo (posthumously published poems) 1954: Pampa (posthumously published) 1952: El pájaro blanco (poem) Further reading J.P. Spicer-Escalante, Ricardo Güiraldes's Américas: Reappropriation and Reacculturation in Xaimaca (1923). Studies in Travel Writing 7.1: 9-28. J.P. Spicer, Don Segundo Sombra: en busca del otro. Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 38.2: 361–73. Ricardo Güiraldes and Don Segundo Sombra; life and works / Giovanni Previtali, 1963 Language, humor, and myth in the frontier novels of the Americas : Wister, Güiraldes, and Amado / Nina M Scott, 1983 Martín Fierro, Don Segundo Sombra, ambassadors of the New World / Edward Larocque Tinker, 1958 Ricardo Güiraldes : argentino (1886-1927) / Harry Weiss, 1955 References ^ IMDB entry. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Escuela Normal Superior de Chascomús ^ Southern Cone Literature:Ricardo Güiraldes (1886-1927), University of Notre Dame Library Rare Books and Special Collections. Accessed 13 September 2006. ^ a b c Todo-Argentina.net ^ a b c d de Onís, 1966, p. 217. ^ a b c d de Onís, 1966, p. 218. ^ Galliani. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beilharz ^ a b de Onís, 1966, p. 219. Harriet de Onís, afterword (p. 215–222) to her 1935 translation of Don Segundo Sombra; Signet, 1966. Ricardo Güiraldes at IMDb Accessed 13 September 2006. (in German) Johannes Beilharz, Ricardo Güiraldes on jbeilharz.de. Undated. Accessed 14 September 2006. (in Spanish) Ricardo Güiraldes, undated, on Todo-Argentina.net. Accessed 14 September 2006. (in Spanish) Ricardo Güiraldes. Part of La Literatura en Argentina, Escuela Normal Superior de Chascomús; site dated 1997. Accessed 14 September 2006. (in English) Carlos Galliani, Delia del Carril: Neruda's wife was born in Saladillo, undated, on the official site of the city of Saladillo, Argentina. Accessed 28 February 2007. External links Works by Ricardo, Güiraldes at Faded Page (Canada) (in Spanish) Ricardo Güiraldes works online on Portal Academia Argentina de Letras Works by Ricardo Güiraldes at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican 2 People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
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His mother was Dolores Goñi, descendant of Ruiz de Arellano, who founded the village of San Antonio de Areco in 1730. Manuel Güiraldes, his father, later intendente (governmentally appointed mayor) of Buenos Aires,[2] was a cultured, educated man, interested in art. Ricardo inherited that predilection; in his youth he sketched rural scenes and painted in oils.When Güiraldes was one year old, he travelled with his family to Europe, living for four years in Paris near the Rue Saint-Claude. By the age of six, he spoke not only Spanish but French and German. Indeed, French was his first language, and French-language literature would leave a strong mark on his literary style and tastes.[2][4][5]Güiraldes's childhood and youth were divided between the family ranch, La Porteña in San Antonio de Areco, and Buenos Aires.[2][5] In San Antonio he came into contact with the world of the gauchos, which would figure prominently in his novels Raucho and Don Segundo Sombra; there, too, he met Segundo Ramírez, upon whom he based the title character of the latter work. He loved the country life, but suffered from asthma that sometimes limited his own physical activity, though he generally presented an image of physical vigor.[2]He was educated by several female teachers and, later, by a Mexican engineer, Lorenzo Ceballos,[2] who recognized and encouraged his literary ambitions. He studied in various institutes and completed his bachillerato at the age of 16. Güiraldes was not a brilliant student; at the Colegio Lacordaire, the Vertiz Institute and the Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza,[2] he studied both architecture and law, but never practiced either one.[5] He did make several attempts at business, all unsuccessful. He traveled to Europe in 1910 in the company of his friend Roberto Leviller, then travelled with another friend, his future brother-in-law Adán Deihl, with whom he visited Italy, Greece, Constantinople, Egypt, Japan, China, Russia, India, Ceylon, and Germany before settling in Paris, where (after his father decided he had had enough of paying the costs of his son's idleness) he stayed with the sculptor Alberto Lagos [es] (to whom he later dedicated Xaimaca), and where he decided to become a writer.[2]Despite that decision, Güiraldes threw himself into the French capital's social whirl, practically abandoning his literary ambitions. But one day he unpacked some draft stories he had written about rural Argentina and set to work; these would eventually become his Cuentos de muerte y de sangre (\"Stories of death and of blood\").A room of the Güiraldes' house in San Antonio de Areco, currently a gaucho museum.He read the stories to friends, who encouraged him to publish them. Even the early drafts already showed a distinct, individual style.Finally truly committed to literature, he returned to Buenos Aires in 1912, becoming part of the circle of Alejandro Bustillo. On October 13, 1913, he married Adelina del Carril, also from one of the city's leading families, whom he had first met in 1905.[2][4] In 1913–1914, he published several stories in the magazine Caras y Caretas; in 1915, these and others were published as Cuentos de muerte y de sangre; earlier that year he had published a book of poetry, El cencerro de cristal. He was encouraged in his writing by his wife and by Leopoldo Lugones,[2] but when these early works did not meet with a receptive public, Güiraldes withdrew them from circulation, gathered up the unsold copies, and threw them into a well.[4] His wife managed to rescue some; these surviving, water-damaged copies are now prized by book collectors.The first edition of Don Segundo Sombra (1926).At the end of 1916, the couple traveled to the Pacific Ocean, to Cuba, and to Jamaica, where he wrote a \"theatrical caprice\" called El reloj (\"The clock\", never published). These travels would eventually lead to his 1923 novel Xaimaca, but long before that, in 1917, came his first novel Raucho, followed in 1918 by a short novel Un idilio de estación (\"A Season's Idyll\") in Horacio Quiroga's magazine El cuento ilustrado; this would eventually be revised and published as a well-received book in 1922, with the new title Rosaura.[2]In 1919, with his wife, Güiraldes again traveled to Europe. In Paris he established contact with many French writers and frequented literary salons and bookstores; there, too, he began Don Segundo Sombra.[2] He has been described as particularly influenced by his friend Valéry Larbaud, but Güiraldes's English-language translator Harriet de Onís believes that influence to have been overstated.[6] Güiraldes returned to Argentina, then went back to Europe in 1922, where besides returning to Paris he passed some time in Puerto de Pollensa, Majorca, where he rented a house.In this period he underwent an intellectual and spiritual change. He became interested in theosophy and Eastern philosophy, seeking spiritual peace; this is strongly reflected in his late poetry.At the same time, Güiraldes's writing became more accepted in his native Buenos Aires, where he became a supporter of new avant-garde writers; he was something of an elder and teacher to the Florida group. In 1924, along with Alfredo Brandán Caraffa (1898-1978), Jorge Luis Borges, and Pablo Rojas Paz he founded the short-lived magazine Proa, which was not particularly successful in its home city but met with a better reception elsewhere in Latin America. Güiraldes also co-founded the Frente Ứnico, opposed to pompierismo (the use of dry or pompous academic language in writing), and collaborated in the publication of the magazine Martín Fierro.[2][5]After closing down the magazine,[citation needed] Güiraldes focused on finishing Don Segundo Sombra, which he completed in March 1926.[2]In 1927, intending to head back to India because of his increasing interest in Hinduism, Güiraldes traveled once more to France.[2] He went first to Arcachon, but it developed that he was sick with Hodgkin's disease. He was brought to Paris by ambulance, was met there by his wife,[2] and died in the house of his friend, the painter Alfredo González Garaño (1886-1969).[7] Güiraldes's body was brought back to Buenos Aires and finally entombed in San Antonio de Areco.[2]His nephew was the president of Aerolíneas Argentinas, Juan José Güiraldes.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museoguiraldes.JPG"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onis-218-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onis-218-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onis-219-9"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onis-219-9"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Don Segundo Sombra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Segundo_Sombra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onis-218-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beilharz-8"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_poetry"}],"text":"The home of Alfredo González Garaño, now the Güiraldes Museum, in 2008Each year links to its corresponding \"[year] in literature\" or \"[year] in poetry\" article:1915: El cencerro de cristal (poetry)[6][8]\n1915: Cuentos de muerte y sangre (short stories)[6][8]\nAventuras grotescas (short stories)\nTrilogía cristiana (short stories)\n1917: Raucho (novel)[8][9]\n1917: Un idilio de estación, later revised as Rosaura (1922), published in Rosaura y siete cuentos. Short novel.\n1923: Xaimaca (fictionalized travel story).[8][9]\n1926: Don Segundo Sombra (novel)[6][8]\n1928: Poemas místicos (posthumously published, poems)[8]\n1928: Poemas solitarios (posthumously published poems)[8]\n1929: Seis relatos (posthumously published short stories)[8]\n1932: El sendero (posthumously published)\n1936: El libro bravo (posthumously published poems)[8]\n1954: Pampa (posthumously published)[8]\n1952: El pájaro blanco (poem)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Previtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Previtali"}],"text":"J.P. Spicer-Escalante, Ricardo Güiraldes's Américas: Reappropriation and Reacculturation in Xaimaca (1923). Studies in Travel Writing 7.1: 9-28.\nJ.P. Spicer, Don Segundo Sombra: en busca del otro. Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 38.2: 361–73.\nRicardo Güiraldes and Don Segundo Sombra; life and works / Giovanni Previtali, 1963\nLanguage, humor, and myth in the frontier novels of the Americas : Wister, Güiraldes, and Amado / Nina M Scott, 1983\nMartín Fierro, Don Segundo Sombra, ambassadors of the New World / Edward Larocque Tinker, 1958\nRicardo Güiraldes : argentino (1886-1927) / Harry Weiss, 1955","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Ricardo Güiraldes (c.1906)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RicardoGuiraldes.JPG/220px-RicardoGuiraldes.JPG"},{"image_text":"A room of the Güiraldes' house in San Antonio de Areco, currently a gaucho museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ricardo_G%C3%BCiraldes_-_interior_de_su_casa_en_San_Antonio_de_Areco_en_1928.jpg/250px-Ricardo_G%C3%BCiraldes_-_interior_de_su_casa_en_San_Antonio_de_Areco_en_1928.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first edition of Don Segundo Sombra (1926).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Donsegundosombra_first_1926.jpg/180px-Donsegundosombra_first_1926.jpg"},{"image_text":"The home of Alfredo González Garaño, now the Güiraldes Museum, in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Museoguiraldes.JPG/300px-Museoguiraldes.JPG"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_KLR650
Kawasaki KLR650
["1 First Generation (1987–2007)","2 Second Generation (2008–2018)","3 Third Generation (2022–present)","4 References","5 External links"]
Sport motorcycle "KLR" redirects here. For other uses, see KLR (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kawasaki KLR650" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kawasaki KLR650 is a 652 cc (39.8 cu in) dual-sport motorcycle intended for both on-road and off-road riding. It was a long-standing model in Kawasaki's lineup, having been introduced in 1987 to replace the 564 cc (34.4 cu in) 1984–1986 Kawasaki KLR600, and remaining almost unchanged through the 2007 model. The 2008 model was the first significant redesign of the KLR650 since its inception. It was built with a 652 cc four-stroke, DOHC, dual-counterbalanced, single-cylinder, water-cooled engine. The second significant redesign in 2022 added new features such as electronic fuel injection and an anti-lock braking system. The KLR is widely used as an inexpensive adventure/touring bike. The addition of luggage and personalized modifications (GPS, heated handgrips, larger windscreens) make it more functional on long trips. The bikes have been used for long distance and intercontinental trips, as well as full global circumnavigation rides e.g., by Dr. Gregory Frazier in 2001 and 2002. First Generation (1987–2007) Type of motorcycle Kawasaki KLR6501995 KLR650ManufacturerKawasakiProduction1987–2007AssemblyJapan (1987–2001)Rayong, Thailand (2001–2007)Engine652 cc single, liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, DOHC, 4-valvesBore / stroke100 mm × 83 mm (3.9 in × 3.3 in)Compression ratio9.5 : 1Power36.5 hp (27.2 kW) @ 6,100 rpmTorque35.2 lb⋅ft (47.7 N⋅m) @ 4,600 rpmIgnition typeElectric startTransmissionwet, 5 speedSuspensionFront 38mm Telescoping; Rear: Uni-Trak swingarmBrakesFront: discRear: discRake, trail28°, 111 mm (4.4 in)Wheelbase9.4 in (240 mm)DimensionsL: 2,295 mm (90.4 in) W: 960 mm (38 in) H: 1,350 mm (53 in)Seat height35 in (890 mm)Weight337 lb (153 kg) (dry)416 lb (189 kg) (wet)Fuel capacity6.1 US gal (23 L; 5.1 imp gal)Oil capacity2.6 US qt (2,500 ml) 1998 KLR650 in its environment (the luggage is not standard)US Marine Corps KLR650 preparing to load onto a helicopter, 2003. Variants KLR650-A: The "A" model was introduced in 1987, based on its KLR600 predecessor (1984 to 1986). The "A" model remained nearly unchanged until the introduction of the 2008 model in USA, Canada, Australia and South Africa. It is not sold in Europe due to emission regulations. KLR650-B or Tengai: The Tengai got Adventure/Dakar styling, a full fairing blending into the tank, different sidepanels, and an unsprung front mudguard. It was sold in the US starting 1990 and in other countries for two years afterward – this could be classified as a separate model in its own right as the others are more trail bike orientated. Its name "Tengai" is a traditional Japanese saying which means "The End of The Sky." KLR650-C: The "C" model gets completely new bodywork and is a more dirt-oriented motorcycle fitted with stiffer 41 mm (1.6 in) front forks, improved brakes, tubular engine guard, smaller 14 L (3.1 imp gal; 3.7 US gal) fuel tank, and steel wheel rims. Lacking a temperature gauge, it has an over-heat lamp. The U.S. Military has KLR650s modified by Hayes Diversified Technologies to burn military-spec fuels including diesel. (M1030M1) All-new engines were designed to replace the 4-stroke gasoline engines. The new engines employ the original unit-construction main cases and transmission, but with new piston, cylinder, and other components. The balancing system that is used in the gasoline KLR650 engines (to reduce engine vibration) was removed from the military diesel KLR engines. Some components of the military diesel version can be applied to "civilian" KLR650 models, such as the nonspillable absorbed glass mat battery which offers several advantages over the conventional unsealed KLR batteries. Incremental changes Aside from livery/colors, the 1st Generation KLR650 did not change much between its 1987 introduction and the 2008 redesign. The key differences are: 1987: Crankshaft is unique to this year. 1988: Beefed up the engine cases with extra bolts between the crank and countershaft; crank has a different part number, and may be lighter. 1990: Countershaft improved with longer splines for increased engagement with sprocket. 1992: Changes to front brake master cylinder. Mid-1996: Changed valve cover, added bracket to hold cam chain bumper; changed crank to heavier unit; improved clutch basket with 1 more clutch plate; changed countershaft sprocket retainer from slotted plate to large nut; changed second and third gear ratios. Kickstarter no longer fits with new clutch basket. At least some early 1996 models had the matte black engine cases and covers rather than the later hammer-finished dark gray coloration found in the 1997 and later models. 2001: Around this time final assembly moved from Japan to Thailand. All major parts still made in Japan. 2007: New shift lever Second Generation (2008–2018) Type of motorcycle Kawasaki KLR6502009 KLR650ManufacturerKawasakiProduction2008–2018AssemblyRayong, Thailand (2008–2018)Engine652 cc single, liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, DOHC, 4-valvesBore / stroke100 mm × 83 mm (3.9 in × 3.3 in)Compression ratio9.5 : 1Power36.5 hp (27.2 kW) @ 6,100 rpmTorque35.2 lb⋅ft (47.7 N⋅m) @ 4,600 rpmIgnition typeElectric startTransmissionwet, 5 speedSuspensionFront 38mm Telescoping; Rear: Uni-Trak swingarmBrakesFront: discRear: discRake, trail28°, 111 mm (4.4 in)Wheelbase58.3 in (1,480 mm)DimensionsL: 2,295 mm (90.4 in) W: 960 mm (38 in) H: 1,350 mm (53 in)Seat height35 in (890 mm)Weight337 lb (153 kg) (dry)432.1 lb (196.0 kg) (wet)Fuel capacity6.1 US gal (23 L; 5.1 imp gal)Oil capacity2.6 US qt (2,500 ml) In 2008 the KLR650 was extensively redesigned compared to the minor year over year updates seen throughout the first generation. A vast majority of the changes are comfort and quality of life improvements, rather than performance-related changes. Changes from first generation New trim, fairings, and turn signals New instrument panel and gauge cluster Redesigned handlebar control switches Twin-piston rear brake caliper (previously single piston) Alternator upgraded to 17 A output, providing 36  additional watts Reinforced idler-shaft lever (called the doohickey by KLR riders). Fork diameter increased from 38 to 41 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in) New rear swingarm Larger petal-style vented brake rotors (280mm/240mm) Increased radiator capacity Other minor changes were also done, such as a dual beam headlight, larger luggage rack, firmer seat and larger-diameter wheel spokes. With the numerous changes and improvements, the second generation KLR gained 16 lb (7.3 kg) of dry weight to the bike. Incremental changes During production of the second generation of KLR, the following changes were made: 2009: New piston rings are thinner and have more tension, resulting in a significant reduction in oil consumption. Mid-2011: New clutch basket with only 6 clutch plates (vs 7 since 1996). The change starts at engine number KL650AEA72320. 2014 1/2: (Mid year) The 41mm forks were upgraded to make the springs 40% firmer and to increase the firmness of the rebound damping by 27%. The Uni-Trak rear linkage suspension were upgraded to provide a 63% increase spring rate and to increase the firmness of the rebound damping by 83%. Changes to the seat were made to make it narrower with a more tapered front. The width of the rear of the seat has been increased and has become less tapered. Third Generation (2022–present) Type of motorcycle Kawasaki KLR650ManufacturerKawasakiProduction2022–presentAssemblyRayong, ThailandEngine652 cc single, liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, DOHC, 4-valvesBore / stroke100 mm × 83 mm (3.9 in × 3.3 in)Compression ratio9.5 : 1Power40 hp (30 kW) @ 6,100 rpmTorque39.1 lb⋅ft (53.0 N⋅m) @ 4,500 rpmIgnition typeElectric startTransmissionwet, 5 speedSuspensionFront 41mm Telescoping; Rear: Uni-Trak swingarmBrakesFront: discRear: discRake, trail28°, 111 mm (4.4 in)Wheelbase60.6 in (1,540 mm)DimensionsL: 2,295 mm (90.4 in) W: 960 mm (38 in) H: 1,350 mm (53 in)Seat height35 in (890 mm)WeightNon-ABS: 456.2 lb (206.9 kg),ABS: 460.6 lb (208.9 kg) (wet)Fuel capacity6.1 US gal (23 L; 5.1 imp gal)Oil capacity2.6 US qt (2,500 ml) After 3 years of being out of production, the third generation of the KLR 650 was redesigned and unveiled on January 26, 2021. The KLR650 was released at a price of ฿268,500 (US$8,395.87) in Thailand. Changes from second generation Carburetor replaced for electronic fuel injector system ABS added (optional) New bodywork, trim, and fairings Adjustable windshield LCD gauge cluster Larger front disk brake Alternator upgraded to 26 A output Other minor changes include new exhaust pipe diameter, revised cam profiles, and a new catalyzer. The third generation KLR gained 24 lb (11 kg) of dry weight to the bike. Variants KLR650-S: Introduced in 2023, this variation offers shorter foot pegs, higher hand grips, and a slightly slimmer seat. References ^ USA – American Roadkill, Shipping Bikes and BIG DOGS, August 30, 2002, retrieved 2008-01-27 ^ HDT KLR650s ^ a b "KLR Timeline – 'A' and 'E' models" (PDF). Watt-man. September 3, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-16. Retrieved May 16, 2019. ^ a b Branch, Ben (2017-03-20). "A Brief History of the Kawasaki KLR650". Silodrome. Retrieved 2019-05-16. ^ Catterson, Brian (April 24, 2014), "2014.5 Kawasaki KLR650 New Edition, First Ride; Getting Better With Age", Motorcyclist, retrieved June 21, 2015 ^ "It's Back! All-New Kawasaki KLR 650 Is Unveiled". ^ "Kawasaki Motors Thailand – คาวาซากิ มอเตอร์ เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์ (ประเทศไทย)". www.kawasaki.co.th. ^ KLR650 on Kawasaki.com ^ "2023 Kawasaki KLR650 S First Look". External links This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Miscellaneous commentary and citations need to be moved up into the article body. Please help improve this section if you can. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kawasaki KLR 650. Offroadpioneers.com 2023 KLR650 Review KLR650 on Kawasaki's website Hayes Diversified Technologies is building the M103M1 for the United States Marine Corps. vte« previous - Kawasaki motorcycle timeline, 1990–present YearType 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Naked/Adventure touring W175 Estrella W250 W650 W800 W800 Versys-X 250 Versys-X 300 KLE500 Versys 650 Versys 1000 Z125 PRO Z125 Z250SL Z250 Z300 Z400 ER-5 Ninja 650/ER-6f/ER-6n Ninja 650/Z650 ZR750 Zephyr ZR-7 Z750 Z800 Z900 Z900RS Zephyr 400/550/1100 Z1000 ZRX1100 ZRX1200R Dual-sport KL250 Super Sherpa KLR250 KLX250S KLX450R KLR650 Sport Ninja 125 Ninja 250SL Ninja 250R Ninja 400 Ninja 300 Ninja 400 Ninja ZX-2R/Ninja ZXR250 ZXR400 EX500/GPZ500/Ninja 500 ZX600C-E/Ninja ZX-6 ZX600F-J/Ninja ZX-6R Ninja ZX750F ZXR750/Ninja ZX-7R GPZ900R Ninja 1000 ZX900/Ninja ZX-9R Ninja ZX-10R Ninja H2/H2R ZX-10 Tomcat Ninja ZX-12R Sport touring ZZR600 GPZ1100/ZX1100E ZZR1100C/Ninja ZX-11C ZZR1100D/Ninja ZX-11D ZZR1200/ZX-12C ZZR1400/Ninja ZX-14 Ninja H2 SX Touring GTR1000/Concours 1400GTR/Concours 14 Cruiser EL250 EL125/Eliminator 454 LTD Vulcan VN500C Vulcan EN500A Vulcan S Vulcan VN750 Vulcan VN800A/Vulcan Classic VN800B Vulcan VN900 Classic/VN900B Vulcan 800/1500 Drifter Vulcan VN1500 Vulcan VN1600 Vulcan VN1700 Vulcan VN2000 MotoGP Ninja ZX-RR
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KLR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLR_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"dual-sport motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-sport_motorcycle"},{"link_name":"on-road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street-legal_vehicle"},{"link_name":"off-road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-roading"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_motorcycles"},{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"water-cooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-cooled"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"anti-lock braking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"KLR\" redirects here. For other uses, see KLR (disambiguation).The Kawasaki KLR650 is a 652 cc (39.8 cu in) dual-sport motorcycle intended for both on-road and off-road riding. It was a long-standing model in Kawasaki's lineup, having been introduced in 1987 to replace the 564 cc (34.4 cu in) 1984–1986 Kawasaki KLR600, and remaining almost unchanged through the 2007 model. The 2008 model was the first significant redesign of the KLR650 since its inception. It was built with a 652 cc four-stroke, DOHC, dual-counterbalanced, single-cylinder, water-cooled engine. The second significant redesign in 2022 added new features such as electronic fuel injection and an anti-lock braking system.The KLR is widely used as an inexpensive adventure/touring bike. The addition of luggage and personalized modifications (GPS, heated handgrips, larger windscreens) make it more functional on long trips. The bikes have been used for long distance and intercontinental trips, as well as full global circumnavigation rides e.g., by Dr. Gregory Frazier in 2001 and 2002.[1]","title":"Kawasaki KLR650"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klr650.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030212-N-2379C-010_A_member_of_the_15th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_(MEU)_Special_Operations_Capable_(SOC)_waits_his_turn_to_onload_his_motorcycle_for_a_helicopter_flight_into_Kuwait.jpg"},{"link_name":"M1030M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_motorcycle#Hayes_Diversified_Technologies_M1030M1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"Type of motorcycle1998 KLR650 in its environment (the luggage is not standard)US Marine Corps KLR650 preparing to load onto a helicopter, 2003.VariantsKLR650-A: The \"A\" model was introduced in 1987, based on its KLR600 predecessor (1984 to 1986). The \"A\" model remained nearly unchanged until the introduction of the 2008 model in USA, Canada, Australia and South Africa. It is not sold in Europe due to emission regulations.\nKLR650-B or Tengai: The Tengai got Adventure/Dakar styling, a full fairing blending into the tank, different sidepanels, and an unsprung front mudguard. It was sold in the US starting 1990 and in other countries for two years afterward – this could be classified as a separate model in its own right as the others are more trail bike orientated. Its name \"Tengai\" is a traditional Japanese saying which means \"The End of The Sky.\"\nKLR650-C: The \"C\" model gets completely new bodywork and is a more dirt-oriented motorcycle fitted with stiffer 41 mm (1.6 in) front forks, improved brakes, tubular engine guard, smaller 14 L (3.1 imp gal; 3.7 US gal) fuel tank, and steel wheel rims. Lacking a temperature gauge, it has an over-heat lamp.\nThe U.S. Military has KLR650s modified by Hayes Diversified Technologies to burn military-spec fuels including diesel. (M1030M1) All-new engines were designed to replace the 4-stroke gasoline engines.[2] The new engines employ the original unit-construction main cases and transmission, but with new piston, cylinder, and other components. The balancing system that is used in the gasoline KLR650 engines (to reduce engine vibration) was removed from the military diesel KLR engines. Some components of the military diesel version can be applied to \"civilian\" KLR650 models, such as the nonspillable absorbed glass mat battery which offers several advantages over the conventional unsealed KLR batteries.Incremental changesAside from livery/colors, the 1st Generation KLR650 did not change much between its 1987 introduction and the 2008 redesign. The key differences are:[3][4]1987: Crankshaft is unique to this year.\n1988: Beefed up the engine cases with extra bolts between the crank and countershaft; crank has a different part number, and may be lighter.\n1990: Countershaft improved with longer splines for increased engagement with sprocket.\n1992: Changes to front brake master cylinder.\nMid-1996: Changed valve cover, added bracket to hold cam chain bumper; changed crank to heavier unit; improved clutch basket with 1 more clutch plate; changed countershaft sprocket retainer from slotted plate to large nut; changed second and third gear ratios. Kickstarter no longer fits with new clutch basket. At least some early 1996 models had the matte black engine cases and covers rather than the later hammer-finished dark gray coloration found in the 1997 and later models.\n2001: Around this time final assembly moved from Japan to Thailand. All major parts still made in Japan.\n2007: New shift lever","title":"First Generation (1987–2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)"},{"link_name":"doohickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doohickey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catterson2014-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Uni-Trak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni-Trak"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleIn 2008 the KLR650 was extensively redesigned compared to the minor year over year updates seen throughout the first generation. A vast majority of the changes are comfort and quality of life improvements, rather than performance-related changes.Changes from first generationNew trim, fairings, and turn signals\nNew instrument panel and gauge cluster\nRedesigned handlebar control switches\nTwin-piston rear brake caliper (previously single piston)\nAlternator upgraded to 17 A output, providing 36  additional watts\nReinforced idler-shaft lever (called the doohickey by KLR riders).[5]\nFork diameter increased from 38 to 41 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in)\nNew rear swingarm\nLarger petal-style vented brake rotors (280mm/240mm)\nIncreased radiator capacityOther minor changes were also done, such as a dual beam headlight, larger luggage rack, firmer seat and larger-diameter wheel spokes. With the numerous changes and improvements, the second generation KLR gained 16 lb (7.3 kg) of dry weight to the bike.Incremental changesDuring production of the second generation of KLR, the following changes were made:[3][4]2009: New piston rings are thinner and have more tension, resulting in a significant reduction in oil consumption.\nMid-2011: New clutch basket with only 6 clutch plates (vs 7 since 1996). The change starts at engine number KL650AEA72320.\n2014 1/2: (Mid year) The 41mm forks were upgraded to make the springs 40% firmer and to increase the firmness of the rebound damping by 27%. The Uni-Trak rear linkage suspension were upgraded to provide a 63% increase spring rate and to increase the firmness of the rebound damping by 83%. Changes to the seat were made to make it narrower with a more tapered front. The width of the rear of the seat has been increased and has become less tapered.","title":"Second Generation (2008–2018)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"฿","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleAfter 3 years of being out of production, the third generation of the KLR 650 was redesigned and unveiled on January 26, 2021.[6] The KLR650 was released at a price of ฿268,500 (US$8,395.87) in Thailand.[7]Changes from second generation[8]Carburetor replaced for electronic fuel injector system\nABS added (optional)\nNew bodywork, trim, and fairings\nAdjustable windshield\nLCD gauge cluster\nLarger front disk brake\nAlternator upgraded to 26 A outputOther minor changes include new exhaust pipe diameter, revised cam profiles, and a new catalyzer. The third generation KLR gained 24 lb (11 kg) of dry weight to the bike.VariantsKLR650-S: Introduced in 2023, this variation offers shorter foot pegs, higher hand grips, and a slightly slimmer seat.[9]","title":"Third Generation (2022–present)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"USA – American Roadkill, Shipping Bikes and BIG DOGS, August 30, 2002, retrieved 2008-01-27","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horizonsunlimited.com/gregfrazier/news/2002-08-30.shtml","url_text":"USA – American Roadkill, Shipping Bikes and BIG DOGS"}]},{"reference":"\"KLR Timeline – 'A' and 'E' models\" (PDF). Watt-man. September 3, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-16. Retrieved May 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190516203452/http://watt-man.com/uploads/KLR_Timeline.pdf","url_text":"\"KLR Timeline – 'A' and 'E' models\""},{"url":"http://watt-man.com/uploads/KLR_Timeline.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Branch, Ben (2017-03-20). \"A Brief History of the Kawasaki KLR650\". Silodrome. Retrieved 2019-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://silodrome.com/brief-history-kawasaki-klr650","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the Kawasaki KLR650\""}]},{"reference":"Catterson, Brian (April 24, 2014), \"2014.5 Kawasaki KLR650 New Edition, First Ride; Getting Better With Age\", Motorcyclist, retrieved June 21, 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/blogs/20145-kawasaki-klr650-new-edition-first-ride","url_text":"\"2014.5 Kawasaki KLR650 New Edition, First Ride; Getting Better With Age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclist_(magazine)","url_text":"Motorcyclist"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Back! All-New Kawasaki KLR 650 Is Unveiled\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/new-kawasaki-klr-650/","url_text":"\"It's Back! All-New Kawasaki KLR 650 Is Unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kawasaki Motors Thailand – คาวาซากิ มอเตอร์ เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์ (ประเทศไทย)\". www.kawasaki.co.th.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawasaki.co.th/en/download","url_text":"\"Kawasaki Motors Thailand – คาวาซากิ มอเตอร์ เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์ (ประเทศไทย)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Kawasaki KLR650 S First Look\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatemotorcycling.com/2022/10/04/2023-kawasaki-klr650-s-first-look-6-lowered-fast-facts","url_text":"\"2023 Kawasaki KLR650 S First Look\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22","external_links_name":"\"Kawasaki KLR650\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kawasaki+KLR650%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.horizonsunlimited.com/gregfrazier/news/2002-08-30.shtml","external_links_name":"USA – American Roadkill, Shipping Bikes and BIG DOGS"},{"Link":"http://www.hdtusa.com/military.htm#bike1","external_links_name":"HDT KLR650s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190516203452/http://watt-man.com/uploads/KLR_Timeline.pdf","external_links_name":"\"KLR Timeline – 'A' and 'E' models\""},{"Link":"http://watt-man.com/uploads/KLR_Timeline.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://silodrome.com/brief-history-kawasaki-klr650","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of the Kawasaki KLR650\""},{"Link":"http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/blogs/20145-kawasaki-klr650-new-edition-first-ride","external_links_name":"\"2014.5 Kawasaki KLR650 New Edition, First Ride; Getting Better With Age\""},{"Link":"https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/new-kawasaki-klr-650/","external_links_name":"\"It's Back! All-New Kawasaki KLR 650 Is Unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawasaki.co.th/en/download","external_links_name":"\"Kawasaki Motors Thailand – คาวาซากิ มอเตอร์ เอ็นเตอร์ไพรส์ (ประเทศไทย)\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawasaki.com/en-us/motorcycle/klr/dual-sport/klr650","external_links_name":"KLR650 on Kawasaki.com"},{"Link":"https://www.ultimatemotorcycling.com/2022/10/04/2023-kawasaki-klr650-s-first-look-6-lowered-fast-facts","external_links_name":"\"2023 Kawasaki KLR650 S First Look\""},{"Link":"https://offroadpioneers.com/kawasaki-klr650-review-the-best-klr/","external_links_name":"Offroadpioneers.com 2023 KLR650 Review"},{"Link":"https://www.kawasaki.com/motorcycle/klr-klx/on-off-road/klr-650?cm_re=GLOBALNAV-_-PRODUCTGROUPLIST-_-MPP","external_links_name":"KLR650 on Kawasaki's website"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/automobiles/24KAWASAKI.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=diesel+motorcycle&st=nyt&oref=slogin","external_links_name":"Hayes Diversified Technologies is building the M103M1 for the United States Marine Corps."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valashabad
Valashabad
["1 Sources"]
Map of the southwestern part of the Sasanian Empire. Valashabad (also spelled as Valakhshkert, Valakhshgerd and Valakhshkard), known in Greek sources as Vologesocerta, and in Arabic sources as Sabat (ساباط), was an ancient city in present-day Iraq, and formed a suburb of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian Empire and their successors, the Sasanian Empire. The city was founded by the Parthian king Vologases I (r. 51-78) and was captured in 226 by the Sasanians. In 636, the city was attacked by Muslim Arabs under the Arab general Khalid ibn Urfuta. At Valashabad stood a force of troops, which the former Sasanian monarch Borandukht saw as an important part of the survival of the Sasanian Empire, were annihilated by the Arabs, who were joined by the former Sasanian general Shirzadh, who aided them in capturing Veh-Ardashir, another suburb of Ctesiphon. Sources Chaumont, M. L. (1988). "BALĀŠ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580. Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4. Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. Kröger, Jens (1993). "CTESIPHON". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 446–448. Morony, Michael (2009). "MADĀʾEN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0199875757.   This Iranian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vologases I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"the city was attacked by Muslim Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn Urfuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Urfuta"},{"link_name":"Borandukht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boran"},{"link_name":"Veh-Ardashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh-Ardashir"}],"text":"Valashabad (also spelled as Valakhshkert, Valakhshgerd and Valakhshkard), known in Greek sources as Vologesocerta, and in Arabic sources as Sabat (ساباط), was an ancient city in present-day Iraq, and formed a suburb of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian Empire and their successors, the Sasanian Empire.The city was founded by the Parthian king Vologases I (r. 51-78) and was captured in 226 by the Sasanians. In 636, the city was attacked by Muslim Arabs under the Arab general Khalid ibn Urfuta. At Valashabad stood a force of troops, which the former Sasanian monarch Borandukht saw as an important part of the survival of the Sasanian Empire, were annihilated by the Arabs, who were joined by the former Sasanian general Shirzadh, who aided them in capturing Veh-Ardashir, another suburb of Ctesiphon.","title":"Valashabad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balas-proper-name##5"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=papa&pg=PA931"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-24693-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4"},{"link_name":"Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84511-645-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area"},{"link_name":"Daryaee, Touraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199875757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199875757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"Iranian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valashabad&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iran-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iran-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran-hist-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Iraq.svg"},{"link_name":"Iraq geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valashabad&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iraq-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq-geo-stub"}],"text":"Chaumont, M. L. (1988). \"BALĀŠ\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.\nFisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.\nPourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.\nKröger, Jens (1993). \"CTESIPHON\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 446–448.\nMorony, Michael (2009). \"MADĀʾEN\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.\nDaryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0199875757.This Iranian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the southwestern part of the Sasanian Empire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg/300px-Southwestern_part_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chaumont, M. L. (1988). \"BALĀŠ\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balas-proper-name##5","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=papa&pg=PA931","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4","url_text":"978-0-521-24693-4"}]},{"reference":"Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3","url_text":"978-1-84511-645-3"}]},{"reference":"Kröger, Jens (1993). \"CTESIPHON\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 446–448.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4"}]},{"reference":"Morony, Michael (2009). \"MADĀʾEN\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0199875757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee","url_text":"Daryaee, Touraj"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199875757","url_text":"978-0199875757"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balas-proper-name##5","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=papa&pg=PA931","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valashabad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valashabad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyhalofop
Phenoxy herbicide
["1 Auxins","2 ACCase inhibitors","3 Resistance","4 References"]
Class of herbicide Phenoxyacetic acid, the partial structure which many of these herbicides have in common Phenoxy herbicides (or "phenoxies") are two families of chemicals that have been developed as commercially important herbicides, widely used in agriculture. They share the part structure of phenoxyacetic acid. Auxins The first group to be discovered act by mimicking the auxin growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). When sprayed on broad-leaf plants they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth ("growing to death"). Thus when applied to monocotyledonous crops such as wheat or maize (corn), they selectively kill broad-leaf weeds, leaving the crops relatively unaffected. IAA MCPA 2,4-D 2,4,5-T Introduced in 1946, these herbicides were in widespread use in agriculture by the middle of the 1950s. The best known phenoxy herbicides are (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Analogues of each of these three compounds, with an extra methyl group attached next to the carboxylic acid, were subsequently commercialised as mecoprop, dichlorprop and fenoprop. The addition of the methyl group creates a chiral centre in these molecules and biological activity is found only in the (2R)-isomer (illustrated for dichlorprop). Mecoprop (2R)-Dichlorprop Fenoprop 2,4-DB MCPB Other members of this group include 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butyric acid (MCPB) which act as propesticides for 2,4-D and MCPA respectively: that is, they are converted in plants to these active ingredients. All the auxin herbicides retain activity when applied as salts and esters since these are also capable of producing the parent acid in situ. US Geological Survey estimate of 2,4-D use in the USA to 2019 The use of herbicides in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey. As of 2019, 2,4-D was the most used of the auxins. 45,000,000 pounds (20,000,000 kg) were sprayed that year, compared to 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of the next most heavily applied, MCPA. The other auxin now used in comparable amounts to 2,4-D is dicamba, where the 2019 figure was 30,000,000 pounds (14,000,000 kg). It is a benzoic acid rather than a phenoxyacetic acid whose use has grown rapidly since 2016 as crops genetically modified to be resistant to it have been cultivated. ACCase inhibitors In the 1970s, agrochemical companies were working to develop new herbicides to be complementary to the auxins. The aim was to find materials which would selectively control grass weeds in broad-leaf crops such as cotton and soybean. Cyhalofop: X=CH, R1=CN, R2=F Diclofop: X=CH, R1=R2=Cl Chlorazifop: X=N, R1=R2=Cl Fluazifop: X=N, R1=CF3, R2=H Haloxyfop: X=N, R1=CF3, R2=Cl In 1973, Hoechst AG filed patents on a new class of compound, the aryloxphenoxypropionates, which showed such selectivity and led to the commercialisation of diclofop. Then the Japanese company Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha (ISK) found improved biological activity in an analogue, chlorazifop, which replaced the aryloxy portion of diclofop with a pyridine ring containing the same two chlorine substituents. This area of research became very competitive and within three weeks of one another in 1977 ISK, Dow Chemicals and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) all filed patents covering another group of analogues, with a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group in place of one of the chlorine atoms in the pyridine. Subsequently, ISK and ICI cross-licensed their intellectual property and first marketed fluazifop as its butyl ester in 1981 under the brand name Fusilade while Dow marketed haloxyfop as its methyl ester. All these compounds have an additional oxygen-linked aromatic group in the para position of the phenyl ring with its OCH(CH3)COOH group and as a class are called "fops", referring to their common fenoxy-phenoxy feature. This group of herbicides acts by inhibiting plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), a completely different mechanism of action to that of the auxins. Their selectivity for grasses arises because they target the isoform of the enzyme present only in the plastids of these species, making them ineffective on broad-leaf weeds and other organisms including mammals. When applied as an ester, metabolism in the target plant leads to the parent acid which is responsible for the herbicidal action. It is a coincidence that it is the (2R) stereoisomer which binds to plant ACCase, just as that isomer is responsible for the activity of dichlorprop as an auxin. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl US Geological Survey estimate of fluazifop use in the USA to 2018 Salts and esters of this class of herbicide are active owing to their ability to metabolise to the corresponding parent acid. For example, fenoxaprop-P ethyl was introduced by Bayer Crop Science and quizalofop-P ethyl by Nissan Chemical Corporation, both in 1989. In 1990, Dow introduced cyhalofop-P butyl for the control of weeds in rice. Fluazifop-P butyl still has significant use in the USA. 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) were applied in 2018 — almost exclusively in soyabean. The "P" in the name of these materials refers to their use now as single enantiomers. Resistance Cummins et al., 1999, 2009, and 2013 find that Alopecurus myocuroides's mechanism of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance reduces hydrogen peroxide concentrations at the application site, while the wild type responds with an increase. References ^ Grossmann, K. (2010). "Auxin herbicides: current status of mechanism and mode of action". Pest Management Science. 66 (2): 2033–2043. doi:10.1002/ps.1860. PMID 19823992. ^ Troyer, James (2001). "In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides". Weed Science. 49 (2): 290–297. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2001)0492.0.CO;2. S2CID 85637273. ^ Wendeborn, S.; Smits, H. (31 December 2012). "Synthetic Auxins". In Erick M. Carreira; Hisashi Yamamoto (eds.). Comprehensive Chirality. Newnes. ISBN 978-0-08-095168-3. ^ Dekker, Jack; Duke, Stephen O. (1995). Herbicide-Resistant Field Crops. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 54. pp. 93–94. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60898-6. ISBN 9780120007547. ^ US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). "Estimated Agricultural Use for 2,4-D, 2019". Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). "Estimated Agricultural Use for MCPA, 2018". Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). "Estimated Agricultural Use for Dicamba, 2019". Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ Gray, Bryce (2016-11-09). "EPA approves Monsanto's less-volatile form of dicamba herbicide". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ a b Evans, D. (1992). "Designing more efficient herbicides" (PDF). Proceeding of the First International Weed Control Congress , Melbourne. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ "Aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides". BCPC. Retrieved 2022-10-06. ^ Walker, K. A.; Ridley, S. M.; Lewis, T.; Harwood, J. L. (1988). "Fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in sensitive plant species". Biochemical Journal. 254 (1): 307–310. doi:10.1042/bj2540307. PMC 1135074. PMID 2902848. ^ Lichtenthaler, Hartmut K. (1990). "Mode of Action of Herbicides Affecting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 45 (5): 521–528. doi:10.1515/znc-1990-0538. S2CID 27124700. ^ Price, Lindsey J.; Herbert, Derek; Moss, Stephen R.; Cole, David J.; Harwood, John L. (2003). "Graminicide insensitivity correlates with herbicide-binding co-operativity on acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoforms". Biochemical Journal. 375 (2): 415–423. doi:10.1042/bj20030665. PMC 1223688. PMID 12859251. ^ Whittingham, William G. (2016). "Herbicidal Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase". Bioactive Carboxylic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals. pp. 325–337. doi:10.1002/9783527693931.ch24. ISBN 9783527339471. ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02. ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Quizalofop-P-ethyl". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02. ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Cyhalofop-butyl". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2022-10-06. ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Fluazifop-P-butyl". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02. ^ US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). "Estimated Agricultural Use for Fluazifop, 2018". Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ Radchenko, M.; Ponomareva, I.; Pozynych, I.; Morderer, Ye. (2021). "Stress and use of herbicides in field crops". Agricultural Science and Practice. 8 (3): 50–70. doi:10.15407/agrisp8.03.050. S2CID 246978319. vtePest control: herbicidesAnilides/anilines acetochlor alachlor asulam benfluralin butachlor diethatyl diflufenican dimethenamid flamprop metazachlor metolachlor oryzalin pendimethalin pretilachlor propachlor propanil trifluralin Aromatic acids aminopyralid chloramben clopyralid dicamba picloram pyrithiobac quinclorac quinmerac Arsenicals cacodylic acid copper arsenate DSMA MSMA HPPD inhbitors flurochloridone isoxaflutole leptospermone mesotrione nitisinone sethoxydim sulcotrione Organophosphorus bensulide bialaphos ethephon fosamine glufosinate glyphosate piperophos PhenoxyAuxins 2,4-D 2,4-DB dichlorprop fenoprop MCPA MCPB mecoprop 2,4,5-T ACCase inhibitorsFOP herbicides chlorazifop cyhalofop diclofop fenoxaprop fluazifop haloxyfop quizalofop DIM herbicides sethoxydim Protox inhibitorsNitrophenyl ethers acifluorfen bifenox fluorodifen fomesafen lactofen nitrofen oxyfluorfen Pyrimidinediones butafenacil saflufenacil Triazolinones carfentrazone sulfentrazone Pyridines dithiopyr fluroxypyr imazapyr thiazopyr triclopyr QuaternaryPhotosystem I inhibitors cyperquat diquat paraquat TriazinesPhotosystem II inhibitors ametryn atrazine cyanazine hexazinone prometon prometryn propazine simazine simetryn terbuthylazine terbutryn UreasPhotosystem II inhibitors chlortoluron DCMU linuron monuron monolinuron tebuthiuron ALS inhibitors chlorsulfuron flazasulfuron metsulfuron-methyl sulfometuron methyl tribenuron Others 3-AT aclonifen aminocyclopyrachlor Bentazon bromoxynil clomazone DCBN dinoseb indaziflam juglone methazole metam sodium metamitron metribuzin pyribenzoxim Ziram
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They share the part structure of phenoxyacetic acid.","title":"Phenoxy herbicide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indoleacetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auxins-1"},{"link_name":"monocotyledonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledonous"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indol-3-ylacetic_acid.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic_acid_200.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic_acid_200.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic_acid_200.svg"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide"},{"link_name":"MCPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCPA"},{"link_name":"2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Analogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analog"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"mecoprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecoprop"},{"link_name":"dichlorprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorprop"},{"link_name":"fenoprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoprop"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mecoprop_structure.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(R)-Dichlorprop_Structural_Formula_V.1a.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenoprop.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic_acid_200.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCPB.png"},{"link_name":"2,4-DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-DB"},{"link_name":"MCPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCPB"},{"link_name":"propesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propesticide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"salts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salts"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2,4-D_usage_USA.png"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenoxy_herbicide&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dicamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicamba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"benzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"genetically modified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first group to be discovered act by mimicking the auxin growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA).[1] When sprayed on broad-leaf plants they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth (\"growing to death\"). Thus when applied to monocotyledonous crops such as wheat or maize (corn), they selectively kill broad-leaf weeds, leaving the crops relatively unaffected.IAA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMCPA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2,4-D\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2,4,5-TIntroduced in 1946, these herbicides were in widespread use in agriculture by the middle of the 1950s. The best known phenoxy herbicides are (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T).[2] Analogues of each of these three compounds, with an extra methyl group attached next to the carboxylic acid, were subsequently commercialised as mecoprop, dichlorprop and fenoprop. The addition of the methyl group creates a chiral centre in these molecules and biological activity is found only in the (2R)-isomer (illustrated for dichlorprop).[3]Mecoprop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t(2R)-Dichlorprop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFenoprop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2,4-DB\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMCPBOther members of this group include 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butyric acid (MCPB) which act as propesticides for 2,4-D and MCPA respectively: that is, they are converted in plants to these active ingredients.[4] All the auxin herbicides retain activity when applied as salts and esters since these are also capable of producing the parent acid in situ.US Geological Survey estimate of 2,4-D use in the USA to 2019The use of herbicides in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey. As of 2019[update], 2,4-D was the most used of the auxins. 45,000,000 pounds (20,000,000 kg) were sprayed that year,[5] compared to 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of the next most heavily applied, MCPA.[6] The other auxin now used in comparable amounts to 2,4-D is dicamba, where the 2019 figure was 30,000,000 pounds (14,000,000 kg).[7] It is a benzoic acid rather than a phenoxyacetic acid whose use has grown rapidly since 2016 as crops genetically modified to be resistant to it have been cultivated.[8]","title":"Auxins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"soybean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aryloxyphenoxypropionate.svg"},{"link_name":"Hoechst AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoechst_AG"},{"link_name":"pyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine"},{"link_name":"Dow Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemicals"},{"link_name":"Imperial Chemical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"fluazifop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluazifop"},{"link_name":"brand name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_name"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic"},{"link_name":"para position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_substitution_pattern"},{"link_name":"phenyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"acetyl-CoA carboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase"},{"link_name":"mechanism of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"isoform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"plastids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"stereoisomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl_200.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluazifop_use_USA.png"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bayer Crop Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_Crop_Science"},{"link_name":"Nissan Chemical Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Chemical_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"enantiomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomers"}],"text":"In the 1970s, agrochemical companies were working to develop new herbicides to be complementary to the auxins. The aim was to find materials which would selectively control grass weeds in broad-leaf crops such as cotton and soybean.Cyhalofop: X=CH, R1=CN, R2=F Diclofop: X=CH, R1=R2=Cl Chlorazifop: X=N, R1=R2=Cl Fluazifop: X=N, R1=CF3, R2=H Haloxyfop: X=N, R1=CF3, R2=ClIn 1973, Hoechst AG filed patents on a new class of compound, the aryloxphenoxypropionates, which showed such selectivity and led to the commercialisation of diclofop. Then the Japanese company Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha (ISK) found improved biological activity in an analogue, chlorazifop, which replaced the aryloxy portion of diclofop with a pyridine ring containing the same two chlorine substituents. This area of research became very competitive and within three weeks of one another in 1977 ISK, Dow Chemicals and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) all filed patents covering another group of analogues, with a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group in place of one of the chlorine atoms in the pyridine. Subsequently, ISK and ICI cross-licensed their intellectual property and first marketed fluazifop as its butyl ester in 1981 under the brand name Fusilade while Dow marketed haloxyfop as its methyl ester.[9]\nAll these compounds have an additional oxygen-linked aromatic group in the para position of the phenyl ring with its OCH(CH3)COOH group and as a class are called \"fops\", referring to their common fenoxy-phenoxy [sic] feature.[10]This group of herbicides acts by inhibiting plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), a completely different mechanism of action to that of the auxins.[11][12] Their selectivity for grasses arises because they target the isoform of the enzyme present only in the plastids of these species, making them ineffective on broad-leaf weeds and other organisms including mammals.[13] When applied as an ester, metabolism in the target plant leads to the parent acid which is responsible for the herbicidal action.[9][14] It is a coincidence that it is the (2R) stereoisomer which binds to plant ACCase, just as that isomer is responsible for the activity of dichlorprop as an auxin.Fenoxaprop-P-ethylUS Geological Survey estimate of fluazifop use in the USA to 2018Salts and esters of this class of herbicide are active owing to their ability to metabolise to the corresponding parent acid. For example, fenoxaprop-P ethyl[15] was introduced by Bayer Crop Science and quizalofop-P ethyl by Nissan Chemical Corporation, both in 1989.[16] In 1990, Dow introduced cyhalofop-P butyl for the control of weeds in rice.[17] Fluazifop-P butyl[18] still has significant use in the USA. 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) were applied in 2018 — almost exclusively in soyabean.[19] The \"P\" in the name of these materials refers to their use now as single enantiomers.","title":"ACCase inhibitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alopecurus myocuroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alopecurus_myocuroides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide_resistance"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Cummins et al., 1999, 2009, and 2013 find that Alopecurus myocuroides's mechanism of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance reduces hydrogen peroxide concentrations at the application site, while the wild type responds with an increase.[20]","title":"Resistance"}]
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[{"reference":"Grossmann, K. (2010). \"Auxin herbicides: current status of mechanism and mode of action\". Pest Management Science. 66 (2): 2033–2043. doi:10.1002/ps.1860. PMID 19823992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.1860","url_text":"10.1002/ps.1860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19823992","url_text":"19823992"}]},{"reference":"Troyer, James (2001). \"In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides\". Weed Science. 49 (2): 290–297. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85637273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed_Science_(journal)","url_text":"Weed Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1614%2F0043-1745%282001%29049%5B0290%3AITBTMD%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85637273","url_text":"85637273"}]},{"reference":"Wendeborn, S.; Smits, H. (31 December 2012). \"Synthetic Auxins\". In Erick M. Carreira; Hisashi Yamamoto (eds.). Comprehensive Chirality. Newnes. ISBN 978-0-08-095168-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/dichlorprop","url_text":"Comprehensive Chirality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-095168-3","url_text":"978-0-08-095168-3"}]},{"reference":"Dekker, Jack; Duke, Stephen O. (1995). Herbicide-Resistant Field Crops. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 54. pp. 93–94. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60898-6. ISBN 9780120007547.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=agron_pubs","url_text":"Herbicide-Resistant Field Crops"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2113%2808%2960898-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60898-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120007547","url_text":"9780120007547"}]},{"reference":"US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). \"Estimated Agricultural Use for 2,4-D, 2019\". Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2017&map=24D&hilo=L&disp=2,4-D","url_text":"\"Estimated Agricultural Use for 2,4-D, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). \"Estimated Agricultural Use for MCPA, 2018\". Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=MCPA&hilo=L","url_text":"\"Estimated Agricultural Use for MCPA, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). \"Estimated Agricultural Use for Dicamba, 2019\". Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2019&map=DICAMBA&hilo=L","url_text":"\"Estimated Agricultural Use for Dicamba, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Gray, Bryce (2016-11-09). \"EPA approves Monsanto's less-volatile form of dicamba herbicide\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/epa-approves-monsanto-s-less-volatile-form-of-dicamba-herbicide/article_391a036d-fc66-55e3-804c-0f261d03ac11.html","url_text":"\"EPA approves Monsanto's less-volatile form of dicamba herbicide\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, D. (1992). \"Designing more efficient herbicides\" (PDF). Proceeding of the First International Weed Control Congress , Melbourne. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caws.org.nz/old-site/awc/1992/awc199210341.pdf","url_text":"\"Designing more efficient herbicides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides\". BCPC. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://pesticidecompendium.bcpc.org/class_herbicides.html#aryloxyphenoxypropionic_herbicides","url_text":"\"Aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crop_Production_Council","url_text":"BCPC"}]},{"reference":"Walker, K. A.; Ridley, S. M.; Lewis, T.; Harwood, J. L. (1988). \"Fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in sensitive plant species\". Biochemical Journal. 254 (1): 307–310. doi:10.1042/bj2540307. PMC 1135074. PMID 2902848.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1135074","url_text":"\"Fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in sensitive plant species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2540307","url_text":"10.1042/bj2540307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1135074","url_text":"1135074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2902848","url_text":"2902848"}]},{"reference":"Lichtenthaler, Hartmut K. (1990). \"Mode of Action of Herbicides Affecting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis\". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 45 (5): 521–528. doi:10.1515/znc-1990-0538. S2CID 27124700.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznc-1990-0538","url_text":"\"Mode of Action of Herbicides Affecting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznc-1990-0538","url_text":"10.1515/znc-1990-0538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27124700","url_text":"27124700"}]},{"reference":"Price, Lindsey J.; Herbert, Derek; Moss, Stephen R.; Cole, David J.; Harwood, John L. (2003). \"Graminicide insensitivity correlates with herbicide-binding co-operativity on acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoforms\". Biochemical Journal. 375 (2): 415–423. doi:10.1042/bj20030665. PMC 1223688. PMID 12859251.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223688","url_text":"\"Graminicide insensitivity correlates with herbicide-binding co-operativity on acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoforms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj20030665","url_text":"10.1042/bj20030665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223688","url_text":"1223688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12859251","url_text":"12859251"}]},{"reference":"Whittingham, William G. (2016). \"Herbicidal Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase\". Bioactive Carboxylic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals. pp. 325–337. doi:10.1002/9783527693931.ch24. ISBN 9783527339471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527693931.ch24","url_text":"10.1002/9783527693931.ch24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527339471","url_text":"9783527339471"}]},{"reference":"Pesticide Properties Database. \"Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl\". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/303.htm","url_text":"\"Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl\""}]},{"reference":"Pesticide Properties Database. \"Quizalofop-P-ethyl\". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/583.htm","url_text":"\"Quizalofop-P-ethyl\""}]},{"reference":"Pesticide Properties Database. \"Cyhalofop-butyl\". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/193.htm","url_text":"\"Cyhalofop-butyl\""}]},{"reference":"Pesticide Properties Database. \"Fluazifop-P-butyl\". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/324.htm","url_text":"\"Fluazifop-P-butyl\""}]},{"reference":"US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). \"Estimated Agricultural Use for Fluazifop, 2018\". Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2018&map=FLUAZIFOP&hilo=L&disp=Fluazifop","url_text":"\"Estimated Agricultural Use for Fluazifop, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Radchenko, M.; Ponomareva, I.; Pozynych, I.; Morderer, Ye. (2021). \"Stress and use of herbicides in field crops\". Agricultural Science and Practice. 8 (3): 50–70. doi:10.15407/agrisp8.03.050. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KERW
KERW
["1 History","1.1 KSTT-FM","1.2 KERW","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°21′36″N 120°39′22″W / 35.360°N 120.656°W / 35.360; -120.656Radio station in Los Osos-Baywood Park, CaliforniaKERWSimulcasts KCRW-HD2, Santa MonicaLos Osos-Baywood Park, CaliforniaBroadcast areaSan Luis Obispo, CaliforniaSanta Maria–Lompoc, CaliforniaFrequency101.3 MHzBrandingEclectic 24ProgrammingFormatEclecticOwnershipOwnerSanta Monica College(Santa Monica Community College District)Sister stationsKCRI, KCRU, KCRY, KDRWHistoryFirst air date1987; 37 years ago (1987)Former call signsKEDZ (1986–1987)KLZZ (1987–1990)KSTT-FM (1990–2016)KJRW (2016)Call sign meaningDisambiguation of parent station KCRWTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID63523ClassBERP3,600 wattsHAAT502 meters (1,647 ft)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen LiveWebsiteKCRW.com KERW (101.3 FM) is a non-commercial radio station that is licensed to Los Osos-Baywood Park, California and broadcasts to the San Luis Obispo, California area. The public radio station is owned by Santa Monica College and broadcasts an eclectic music format known as "Eclectic 24". The KERW transmitter is located off TV Towers Road on Cuesta Peak in Santa Margarita. History The station at 101.3 FM first signed on the air in 1987 as KEDZ, but it soon changed its call sign to KLZZ. It broadcast an adult contemporary music format from the beginning. KSTT-FM On March 9, 1989, Diaz Broadcasting sold KLZZ to Stratosphere Broadcasting L.P. (later Mondosphere Broadcasting Inc.) for $1.3 million. On December 1, 1990, the station changed its call letters to KSTT-FM. The ownership of KSTT-FM changed several times during the 2000s. In September 2000, Mondosphere Broadcasting sold 11 stations throughout Central California, including KSTT-FM, plus a construction permit for a twelfth station, to Clear Channel Communications Inc. for $45 million. In July 2007, the station was one of 16 Clear Channel outlets in California and Arizona purchased by El Dorado Broadcasters for $40 million. KERW In early 2016, El Dorado Broadcasters began divesting its stations on the Central Coast. On May 31, the company sold the intellectual property of KSTT-FM, branded "Coast 101.3", to American General Media, who placed the call letters and AC format on KIQO (102.5 FM). The 101.3 FM frequency itself was not sold but remained with El Dorado and adopted the call sign KJRW. In July 2016, El Dorado donated KJRW to Santa Monica College, owner of public radio station KCRW. The last in a series of divestments by El Dorado, the donation was consummated on September 15. On November 7, KERW began simulcasting "Eclectic 24", KCRW's adult album alternative-formatted HD2 subchannel. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for KERW". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ "Predicted Coverage Area for KERW 101.3 FM". Radio-Locator.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ a b c "Call Sign History: KERW". FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "Directory of Radio Stations in the U.S." (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Market Place 1992. Broadcasting Publications Inc. 1992. p. A-39. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "For the Record" (PDF). Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Inc. April 3, 1989. p. 81. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "For the Record" (PDF). Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Inc. December 31, 1990. p. 81. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. R.R. Bowker. September 18, 2000. p. 39. Retrieved July 26, 2018. ^ "Price For 16 AZ, CA Clear Channel Stations: $40 Million". All Access. All Access Music Group. July 11, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2018. ^ Venta, Lance (June 24, 2016). "KSTT San Luis Obispo IP to Move to 104.5 KIQO". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved July 26, 2018. ^ Venta, Lance (July 25, 2016). "KJRW San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved July 26, 2018. ^ "KJRW 101.3 FM San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW". Radio Discussions. ^ "New York Times Features El Dorado Donation Of KERW/San Luis Obispo To KCRW In Report On Unusual Charitable Donations". All Access. All Access Music Group. December 2, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2018. External links Official website (KCRW) KERW in the FCC FM station database KERW in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in San Luis Obispo, California (San Luis Obispo County)By AM frequency 890 920 1030 1280 1340 1400 By FM frequency 88.5 89.3 90.1 91.3 92.5 93.3 94.1 94.9 95.3 96.1 98.1 99.7 100.5 101.3 103.1 103.5 104.5 105.3 106.1 107.3 Translators 90.7 90.9 K215AF K215AH 91.1 92.1 92.9 93.7 96.5 97.1 98.5 100.9 101.7 101.9 104.9 106.5 107.7 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 90.1-1 106.1-1 106.1-2 106.1-3 By call sign K214ET K215AF K215AH K216AG K221FV K225BQ K229AK K243CL K246BO K253BR K265FI K269GY K270AF K285EW K293AW K299BE KARQ KCBX KCJZ KCPR KERW KESC KIHC KJDJ KKAL KKJG KKJL KLFF KLMM KLUN KMLM-FM KPYG KSLY KSTT-FM KTEA KVEC KWWV HD2 HD3 KXDZ KXTK KXTZ KYNS KZOZ Radio stations on or near the Central Coast Monterey-Salinas-Santa Cruz Oxnard-Ventura San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara Santa Maria-Lompoc Other nearby regions Bakersfield Fresno Visalia-Tulare-Hanford See also List of radio stations in California 35°21′36″N 120°39′22″W / 35.360°N 120.656°W / 35.360; -120.656
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The public radio station is owned by Santa Monica College and broadcasts an eclectic music format known as \"Eclectic 24\". The KERW transmitter is located off TV Towers Road on Cuesta Peak in Santa Margarita.[2]","title":"KERW"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Callsign_KERW-3"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC_YB_1992-4"}],"text":"The station at 101.3 FM first signed on the air in 1987 as KEDZ, but it soon changed its call sign to KLZZ.[3] It broadcast an adult contemporary music format from the beginning.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Callsign_KERW-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Central California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_California"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_permission#Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"KSTT-FM","text":"On March 9, 1989, Diaz Broadcasting sold KLZZ to Stratosphere Broadcasting L.P. (later Mondosphere Broadcasting Inc.) for $1.3 million.[5] On December 1, 1990, the station changed its call letters to KSTT-FM.[3][6]The ownership of KSTT-FM changed several times during the 2000s. In September 2000, Mondosphere Broadcasting sold 11 stations throughout Central California, including KSTT-FM, plus a construction permit for a twelfth station, to Clear Channel Communications Inc. for $45 million.[7] In July 2007, the station was one of 16 Clear Channel outlets in California and Arizona purchased by El Dorado Broadcasters for $40 million.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"American General Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_General_Media"},{"link_name":"KIQO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTT-FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC_Callsign_KERW-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_College"},{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"KCRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"simulcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"adult album alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_album_alternative"},{"link_name":"HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"KERW","text":"In early 2016, El Dorado Broadcasters began divesting its stations on the Central Coast. On May 31, the company sold the intellectual property of KSTT-FM, branded \"Coast 101.3\", to American General Media, who placed the call letters and AC format on KIQO (102.5 FM). The 101.3 FM frequency itself was not sold but remained with El Dorado and adopted the call sign KJRW.[3][9]In July 2016, El Dorado donated KJRW to Santa Monica College, owner of public radio station KCRW.[10] The last in a series of divestments by El Dorado, the donation was consummated on September 15. On November 7, KERW began simulcasting \"Eclectic 24\", KCRW's adult album alternative-formatted HD2 subchannel.[11][12]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KERW\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=63523","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KERW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Predicted Coverage Area for KERW 101.3 FM\". Radio-Locator.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/patg?id=KERW-FM","url_text":"\"Predicted Coverage Area for KERW 101.3 FM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call Sign History: KERW\". FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=63523&Callsign=KERW","url_text":"\"Call Sign History: KERW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Directory of Radio Stations in the U.S.\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Market Place 1992. Broadcasting Publications Inc. 1992. p. A-39. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Annuals/Archive-BC-YB-IDX/90s-OCR-YB/1992-YB/1992-BC-YB-OCR-Page-0117.pdf","url_text":"\"Directory of Radio Stations in the U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the Record\" (PDF). Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Inc. April 3, 1989. p. 81. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/89-OCR/BC-1989-04-03-OCR-Page-0085.pdf","url_text":"\"For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the Record\" (PDF). Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Inc. December 31, 1990. p. 81. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/90-OCR/BC-1990-12-30-OCR-Page-0081.pdf","url_text":"\"For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changing Hands\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. R.R. Bowker. September 18, 2000. p. 39. Retrieved July 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/00-OCR/BC-2000-09-18-OCR-Page-0039.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing Hands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Price For 16 AZ, CA Clear Channel Stations: $40 Million\". All Access. All Access Music Group. July 11, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/27344/price-for-16-az-ca-clear-channel-stations-40-milli","url_text":"\"Price For 16 AZ, CA Clear Channel Stations: $40 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (June 24, 2016). \"KSTT San Luis Obispo IP to Move to 104.5 KIQO\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved July 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/106554/american-general-media-acquires-kstt-intellectual-property/","url_text":"\"KSTT San Luis Obispo IP to Move to 104.5 KIQO\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (July 25, 2016). \"KJRW San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved July 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/107410/kjrw-san-luis-obispo-donated-to-kcrw/","url_text":"\"KJRW San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\""}]},{"reference":"\"KJRW 101.3 FM San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\". Radio Discussions.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiodiscussions.com/showthread.php?695945-KJRW-101-3-FM-San-Luis-Obispo-Donated-To-KCRW","url_text":"\"KJRW 101.3 FM San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times Features El Dorado Donation Of KERW/San Luis Obispo To KCRW In Report On Unusual Charitable Donations\". All Access. All Access Music Group. December 2, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/160361/new-york-times-features-el-dorado-donation-of-kerw","url_text":"\"New York Times Features El Dorado Donation Of KERW/San Luis Obispo To KCRW In Report On Unusual Charitable Donations\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KERW&params=35.360_N_120.656_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"35°21′36″N 120°39′22″W / 35.360°N 120.656°W / 35.360; -120.656"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/KERW","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=63523","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.kcrw.com/music/shows/eclectic24","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://www.kcrw.com/","external_links_name":"KCRW.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=63523","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KERW\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/patg?id=KERW-FM","external_links_name":"\"Predicted Coverage Area for KERW 101.3 FM\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=63523&Callsign=KERW","external_links_name":"\"Call Sign History: KERW\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Annuals/Archive-BC-YB-IDX/90s-OCR-YB/1992-YB/1992-BC-YB-OCR-Page-0117.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Directory of Radio Stations in the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/89-OCR/BC-1989-04-03-OCR-Page-0085.pdf","external_links_name":"\"For the Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/90-OCR/BC-1990-12-30-OCR-Page-0081.pdf","external_links_name":"\"For the Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/00-OCR/BC-2000-09-18-OCR-Page-0039.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Changing Hands\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/27344/price-for-16-az-ca-clear-channel-stations-40-milli","external_links_name":"\"Price For 16 AZ, CA Clear Channel Stations: $40 Million\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/106554/american-general-media-acquires-kstt-intellectual-property/","external_links_name":"\"KSTT San Luis Obispo IP to Move to 104.5 KIQO\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/107410/kjrw-san-luis-obispo-donated-to-kcrw/","external_links_name":"\"KJRW San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiodiscussions.com/showthread.php?695945-KJRW-101-3-FM-San-Luis-Obispo-Donated-To-KCRW","external_links_name":"\"KJRW 101.3 FM San Luis Obispo Donated To KCRW\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/160361/new-york-times-features-el-dorado-donation-of-kerw","external_links_name":"\"New York Times Features El Dorado Donation Of KERW/San Luis Obispo To KCRW In Report On Unusual Charitable Donations\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcrw.com/","external_links_name":"Official website (KCRW)"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KERW","external_links_name":"KERW"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KERW","external_links_name":"KERW"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KERW&params=35.360_N_120.656_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"35°21′36″N 120°39′22″W / 35.360°N 120.656°W / 35.360; -120.656"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banned
The Banned
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References"]
Not to be confused with The Band. For the fictional band, see The Banned (EastEnders). The BannedOriginCroydon, London, EnglandGenresPunk rockYears active1977–1978, 2009LabelsHarvestPast membersPaul SordidPete FreshJohn ThomasRick MansworthBen DoverTommy StealDavid Owen Smith The Banned were an English punk/new wave band active in the late 1970s. History The Banned had a minor UK hit in 1977 with "Little Girl", a cover version of a 1966 U.S. hit song by the Syndicate of Sound. The Banned's original home pressing on Can't Eat Records (Eat Up 1) was taken up by EMI's Harvest label. The Banned originated from Tooting and Camberwell in London. Originally the Banned were: Paul Sordid - Drums/vocals (real name Paul Aitken) John Thomas - Bass (real name Jonathan Davie) Rik Mansworth - Guitar/vocals (real name Richard Harvey) Pete Fresh - Guitar/vocals (real name Pete Airey) Harvey and Davie had previously been members of the progressive rock/folk band, Gryphon. Aitken had been a member of Precious Little. They recorded "Little Girl" in an attempt to take advantage of the popularity of punk rock, or in Aitken's words to "work a scam to do this punk thing". The line-up changed in the first few months with Tommy Steal (real name Jimmy Hughes) replacing Davie on bass and Ben Dover (Ben Grove) replacing Harvey on guitar. This line-up recorded the second single "Him or Me" with "You Dirty Rat" on the B-side. For their Top of the Pops performance of "Little Girl" in December 1977, Sordid, Fresh and Steal were joined by Sugar Kane (real name David Owen Smith) on 12 string guitar. Due to management problems the band folded six months later, but Aitken and Grove continued working together in a band called The Retros. Paul Sordid appeared on Never Mind The Buzzcocks in 2004. Jimmy Hughes joined the electronic pop band Cowboys International. The Banned reformed in 2009 and played at the 12 Bar Club in London, and the Rebellion Festival in Blackpool. The track "Little Girl" is on a number of compilation albums - notably The Best Punk Album in The World Ever 2, Totally Sensational 70s, and Rare Stuff. A historical CD of their recordings was released by Cherry Red Records in 2004, including tracks by Precious Little and The Retros. With only one single making the UK Singles Chart (No. 36 in December 1977 for "Little Girl"), the Banned join the list of one-hit wonders; a list that includes other UK punk or new wave acts such as John Cooper Clarke, Jilted John, 999, the Radio Stars, the Rich Kids and The Vibrators. Discography Albums Little Girl (2004), Cherry Red Singles "Little Girl" / "C.P.G.J.'s" (1977), Can't Eat - reissued on Harvest Records, UK No. 36 "Him or Me" / "You Dirty Rat" (1978), Harvest References ^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, ISBN 1-84195-335-0, p. 11 ^ a b c d e Ogg, Alex (2006) No More Heroes: a Complete History of UK Punk from 1976 to 1980, Cherry Red Books, ISBN 1-901447-65-0, p. 78-9 ^ Archived 18 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 42. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"The Banned (EastEnders)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banned_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Band.For the fictional band, see The Banned (EastEnders).The Banned were an English punk/new wave band active in the late 1970s.","title":"The Banned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"Little Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Girl_(Syndicate_of_Sound_song)"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"Syndicate of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-1"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Records"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-1"},{"link_name":"Tooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting"},{"link_name":"Camberwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Davie"},{"link_name":"Richard Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harvey_(composer)"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Gryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryphon_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogg-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogg-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogg-2"},{"link_name":"Tommy Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Sugar Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Kane"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogg-2"},{"link_name":"Never Mind The Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Mind_The_Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cowboys International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys_International"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogg-2"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"one-hit wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonder"},{"link_name":"John Cooper Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Jilted John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Fellows"},{"link_name":"999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(band)"},{"link_name":"Radio Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Stars"},{"link_name":"Rich Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kids"},{"link_name":"The Vibrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vibrators"}],"text":"The Banned had a minor UK hit in 1977 with \"Little Girl\", a cover version of a 1966 U.S. hit song by the Syndicate of Sound.[1] The Banned's original home pressing on Can't Eat Records (Eat Up 1) was taken up by EMI's Harvest label.[1] The Banned originated from Tooting and Camberwell in London.Originally the Banned were:Paul Sordid - Drums/vocals (real name Paul Aitken)\nJohn Thomas - Bass (real name Jonathan Davie)\nRik Mansworth - Guitar/vocals (real name Richard Harvey)\nPete Fresh - Guitar/vocals (real name Pete Airey)Harvey and Davie had previously been members of the progressive rock/folk band, Gryphon.[2] Aitken had been a member of Precious Little.[2] They recorded \"Little Girl\" in an attempt to take advantage of the popularity of punk rock, or in Aitken's words to \"work a scam to do this punk thing\".[2] The line-up changed in the first few months with Tommy Steal (real name Jimmy Hughes) replacing Davie on bass and Ben Dover (Ben Grove) replacing Harvey on guitar. This line-up recorded the second single \"Him or Me\" with \"You Dirty Rat\" on the B-side.[3] For their Top of the Pops performance of \"Little Girl\" in December 1977, Sordid, Fresh and Steal were joined by Sugar Kane (real name David Owen Smith) on 12 string guitar.Due to management problems the band folded six months later, but Aitken and Grove continued working together in a band called The Retros.[2] Paul Sordid appeared on Never Mind The Buzzcocks in 2004. Jimmy Hughes joined the electronic pop band Cowboys International.The Banned reformed in 2009 and played at the 12 Bar Club in London, and the Rebellion Festival in Blackpool.The track \"Little Girl\" is on a number of compilation albums - notably The Best Punk Album in The World Ever 2, Totally Sensational 70s, and Rare Stuff. A historical CD of their recordings was released by Cherry Red Records in 2004, including tracks by Precious Little and The Retros.[2]With only one single making the UK Singles Chart (No. 36 in December 1977 for \"Little Girl\"),[4] the Banned join the list of one-hit wonders; a list that includes other UK punk or new wave acts such as John Cooper Clarke, Jilted John, 999, the Radio Stars, the Rich Kids and The Vibrators.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Little Girl (2004), Cherry Red","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Little Girl\" / \"C.P.G.J.'s\" (1977), Can't Eat - reissued on Harvest Records, UK No. 36\n\"Him or Me\" / \"You Dirty Rat\" (1978), Harvest","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 42. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.the-banned.com/history.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080118131719/http://www.the-banned.com/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000469985442","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8dff593b-28e0-484f-b3d5-ada003edeebc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Wright
Major Wright
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Chicago Bears","3.2 Tampa Bay Buccaneers","3.3 NFL statistics","4 Subsequent activities","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American football player (born 1988) American football player Major WrightWright playing for the Bears in 2013No. 27, 21, 31Position:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1988-07-01) July 1, 1988 (age 35)Lauderdale Lakes, Florida, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:204 lb (93 kg)Career informationHigh school:St. Thomas Aquinas(Fort Lauderdale, Florida)College:FloridaNFL draft:2010 / Round: 3 / Pick: 75Career history Chicago Bears (2010–2013) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014–2016) Career highlights and awards BCS national champion (2008) Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:326Forced fumbles:3Fumble recoveries:2Pass deflections:22Interceptions:9Defensive touchdowns:3Player stats at PFR Major Wright (born July 1, 1988) is a former American football safety. He played college football for the University of Florida, and was a member of a BCS National Championship team. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. Early years Wright was born in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. He attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, where he played high school football for the St. Thomas Aquinas Raiders and ran track. As a junior, he recorded 58 tackles with six interceptions and as a sophomore had 71 tackles and 10 interceptions. As a senior, he was a finalist for the Hall Trophy (U.S. Army Player of the Year Award) after he recorded 72 tackles and three interceptions. He played in the 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Wright was an All-state selection both years. In track & field, Wright posted personal-bests of 11.1 in the 100-meter dash, 22.8 in the 200-meter dash and 41.32 in the 4×100-meter relay. US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40‡ Commit date Major Wright Safety Fort Lauderdale St. Thomas Aquinas 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 4.5 Jan 30, 2007  Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: N/A    ESPN grade: 80 Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 1   Rivals: 4 Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: "2007 Florida Football Commitment List". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012. "Florida College Football Recruiting Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012. "2007 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012. "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012. "2007 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012. College career Wright with the Florida Gators in 2008 Wright accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2007 to 2009. As a freshman in 2007, Wright started seven of 13 games for the Gators at free safety, recording 67 tackles, four forced fumbles and an interception. He was a first-team freshman All-American by CollegeFootballNews.com and second-team freshman All-American by Rivals.com. As a sophomore in 2008, Wright started all 14 games at free safety, recording 66 tackles and four interceptions, with one returned for a touchdown. He had nine tackles and an interception in the Gators win over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game. After his junior season, Wright decided to forgo his senior year and enter the NFL Draft. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 5 ft 11+1⁄2 in(1.82 m) 206 lb(93 kg) 31 in(0.79 m) 9+3⁄4 in(0.25 m) 4.48 s 1.55 s 2.60 s 4.36 s 6.95 s 37.5 in(0.95 m) 9 ft 11 in(3.02 m) 14 reps All values from NFL Combine Chicago Bears The Chicago Bears selected Wright in the third round (75th overall pick) of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was predicted to be a future starter by former Bears general manager Jerry Angelo. During his rookie season, Wright played in eleven of sixteen regular season games. He recorded his first career interception in 2011 off a Michael Vick pass against the Philadelphia Eagles, when a pass by Vick squirted through linebacker Lance Briggs's hands into Wright, who was able to return the ball 39 yards. A week later against the Detroit Lions, Wright intercepted a Matthew Stafford lob and returned it 24 yards for a touchdown, which was the first pick-six of his career. In the 2012 season Wright started all 16 games for the Bears at Strong Safety, recording four interceptions along with 52 tackles for the year. During the Week 3 match up against the St. Louis Rams he returned an interception 45 yards for a defensive touchdown. Tampa Bay Buccaneers On April 4, 2014, Wright agreed to a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, reuniting with his former Bears head coach Lovie Smith. Wright was cut by the Buccaneers on August 30, 2014. Wright rejoined the team on September 3, 2014. Wright re-signed with the Buccaneers on March 7, 2015. On December 30, 2015, Wright was placed on injured reserve. On August 28, 2016, Wright was waived by the Buccaneers. He was re-signed by the Buccaneers on November 29, 2016. He was released again on December 13, 2016. NFL statistics Year Team GP COMB TOTAL AST SACK FF FR FR YDS INT IR YDS AVG IR LNG TD PD 2010 CHI 11 24 20 4 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2011 CHI 12 58 42 16 0.0 0 0 0 3 60 20 36 1 7 2012 CHI 16 71 52 19 0.0 1 2 0 4 45 11 45 1 8 2013 CHI 15 100 78 22 0.0 2 0 0 2 46 23 38 1 3 2014 TB 12 51 34 17 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2015 TB 9 25 16 9 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2016 TB 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career 77 329 242 87 0.0 3 2 0 9 151 17 45 3 22 Subsequent activities On May 8, 2020, Wright announced his first book called Major Pain: Confessions Of A Smash-Mouth Safety. In 2021 Major Wright launched the Wright Way Charities to provide support and hope single mothers in Ft. Lauderdale, FL. WWC assists with finding jobs, housing, insurance and provides financial literacy teachings. In 2022, Wright wrote his second book, Good Deed Tuesday, a modern day superhero who gets his superpowers by helping others. Written to inspire kindness in 5-10 year olds, Wright created a school program to bring the positive lessons to the classroom. Recognized as a gifted communicator, Wright holds engaging assemblies in elementary schools to promote kindness and empathy to peers, teachers and family members. Wright resides in the Ft. Lauderdale area and continues to hold community building events in the neighborhood he grew up in, recognizing the need for positive role models in underserved areas. See also American football portalCollege football portal List of Chicago Bears players List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft References ^ Pro-Football-Reference.com, Players, Major Wright. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h GatorZone.com, Football History, 2009 Roster, Major Wright Archived April 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 7, 2011. ^ "Major Wright | Florida | Bears DB". Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014. ^ a b 2011 Florida Gators Football Media Guide Archived April 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, University Athletic Association, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 89, 99, 154, 186 (2011). Retrieved September 1, 2011. ^ "Three Gators enter NFL draft," ESPN.com (January 11, 2010). Retrieved May 19, 2011. ^ "Major Wright Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved February 25, 2022. ^ "Major Wright, Florida, FS, 2010 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football". draftscout.com. Retrieved February 25, 2022. ^ "2010 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ Jeff Dickerson, "Bears make Major decision," ESPN.com (April 24, 2010). Retrieved May 19, 2011. ^ "Bears hit the ground running once again". Chicagobears.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012. ^ "Defense fuels Bears to victory over Lions". Chicagobears.com. November 13, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012. ^ Wesseling, Chris (April 4, 2014). "Major Wright, Tampa Bay Buccaneers agree to contract". NFL.com. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ Sessler, Marc (March 7, 2015). "Buccaneers agree to terms with safety Major Wright". NFL.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015. ^ "Vincent Jackson, Major Wright Head to IR". www.buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016. ^ Smith, Scott (August 28, 2016). "Jacob Schum, Major Wright Among 12 Cuts". Buccaneers.com. ^ Smith, Scott (November 29, 2016). "Major Wright Returns Amid Week 12 Moves". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ Smith, Scott (December 13, 2016). "John Hughes Returns, Major Wright Released". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. ^ "Major Wright Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 9, 2015. ^ Harvey, Demetrius (May 10, 2020). "Former Gators DB Major Wright Helps Others Overcome Obstacles In New Book". SI.com. Retrieved May 11, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Major Wright. Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio Chicago Bears bio Florida Gators bio vte2008 Florida Gators football—consensus national champions Ahmad Black John Brantley John Brown Riley Cooper Jermaine Cunningham Torrey Davis Jeff Demps Carlos Dunlap Marcus Gilbert Percy Harvin Joe Haden Frankie Hammond Chas Henry Aaron Hernandez Will Hill Jaye Howard Maurice Hurt Cornelius Ingram Brandon James Janoris Jenkins Emmanuel Moody Louis Murphy David Nelson Cam Newton Maurkice Pouncey Mike Pouncey Chris Rainey Brandon Spikes Caleb Sturgis Tim Tebow Deonte Thompson Justin Trattou Phil Trautwein Jason Watkins Major Wright Head coach Urban Meyer Assistant coaches Steve Addazio Vance Bedford Kenny Carter Billy Gonzales Chuck Heater John Hevesy Mickey Marotti Dan McCarney Dan Mullen Charlie Strong vteChicago Bears 2010 NFL draft selections Major Wright Corey Wootton Joshua Moore Dan LeFevour J'Marcus Webb Harvey Unga (supp.)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_and_Canadian_football_position)"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"},{"link_name":"BCS National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"2010 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NFL_Draft"}],"text":"American football playerMajor Wright (born July 1, 1988) is a former American football safety. He played college football for the University of Florida, and was a member of a BCS National Championship team. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft.","title":"Major Wright"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauderdale Lakes, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauderdale_Lakes,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfrprofile-1"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Aquinas High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas_High_School_(Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Ft. Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft._Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"Hall Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Trophy"},{"link_name":"tackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"interceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptions"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army All-American Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_All-American_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"track & field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_%26_field"},{"link_name":"100-meter dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-meter_dash"},{"link_name":"200-meter dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200-meter_dash"},{"link_name":"4×100-meter relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_x_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Wright was born in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida.[1] He attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, where he played high school football for the St. Thomas Aquinas Raiders and ran track.[2] As a junior, he recorded 58 tackles with six interceptions and as a sophomore had 71 tackles and 10 interceptions.[2] As a senior, he was a finalist for the Hall Trophy (U.S. Army Player of the Year Award) after he recorded 72 tackles and three interceptions. He played in the 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.[2] Wright was an All-state selection both years.[2] In track & field, Wright posted personal-bests of 11.1 in the 100-meter dash, 22.8 in the 200-meter dash and 41.32 in the 4×100-meter relay.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_Wright_(October_4,_2008).jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"Urban Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufmediaguide-4"},{"link_name":"fumbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumbles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American"},{"link_name":"CollegeFootballNews.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_News"},{"link_name":"Rivals.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivals.com"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufmediaguide-4"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"2009 BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufprofile-2"},{"link_name":"NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wright with the Florida Gators in 2008Wright accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida,[2] where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2007 to 2009.[4] As a freshman in 2007, Wright started seven of 13 games for the Gators at free safety, recording 67 tackles, four forced fumbles and an interception.[2] He was a first-team freshman All-American by CollegeFootballNews.com and second-team freshman All-American by Rivals.com.[4] As a sophomore in 2008, Wright started all 14 games at free safety, recording 66 tackles and four interceptions, with one returned for a touchdown.[2] He had nine tackles and an interception in the Gators win over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game.[2]After his junior season, Wright decided to forgo his senior year and enter the NFL Draft.[5]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"2010 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jerry Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Angelo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Vick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Vick"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Lance Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Briggs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Matthew Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2012 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Bears","text":"The Chicago Bears selected Wright in the third round (75th overall pick) of the 2010 NFL Draft.[8] He was predicted to be a future starter by former Bears general manager Jerry Angelo.[9] During his rookie season, Wright played in eleven of sixteen regular season games. He recorded his first career interception in 2011 off a Michael Vick pass against the Philadelphia Eagles, when a pass by Vick squirted through linebacker Lance Briggs's hands into Wright, who was able to return the ball 39 yards.[10] A week later against the Detroit Lions, Wright intercepted a Matthew Stafford lob and returned it 24 yards for a touchdown, which was the first pick-six of his career.[11]In the 2012 season Wright started all 16 games for the Bears at Strong Safety, recording four interceptions along with 52 tackles for the year. During the Week 3 match up against the St. Louis Rams he returned an interception 45 yards for a defensive touchdown.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Lovie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovie_Smith"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","text":"On April 4, 2014, Wright agreed to a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, reuniting with his former Bears head coach Lovie Smith.[12] Wright was cut by the Buccaneers on August 30, 2014. Wright rejoined the team on September 3, 2014.Wright re-signed with the Buccaneers on March 7, 2015.[13] On December 30, 2015, Wright was placed on injured reserve.[14]On August 28, 2016, Wright was waived by the Buccaneers.[15] He was re-signed by the Buccaneers on November 29, 2016.[16] He was released again on December 13, 2016.[17]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-18"}],"sub_title":"NFL statistics","text":"[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Good Deed Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Good-Deed-Tuesday-kindness-compassion/dp/173458694X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=KMR8QZADMW9G&keywords=good+deed+tuesday&qid=1679349647&sprefix=good+deed+tuesday%2Caps%2C125&sr=8-1"},{"link_name":"lessons to the classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gooddeedtuesday.com/sponsor-a-classroom/#classroom"}],"text":"On May 8, 2020, Wright announced his first book called Major Pain: Confessions Of A Smash-Mouth Safety.[19]In 2021 Major Wright launched the Wright Way Charities to provide support and hope single mothers in Ft. Lauderdale, FL. WWC assists with finding jobs, housing, insurance and provides financial literacy teachings. \nIn 2022, Wright wrote his second book, Good Deed Tuesday, a modern day superhero who gets his superpowers by helping others. Written to inspire kindness in 5-10 year olds, Wright created a school program to bring the positive lessons to the classroom. Recognized as a gifted communicator, Wright holds engaging assemblies in elementary schools to promote kindness and empathy to peers, teachers and family members.Wright resides in the Ft. Lauderdale area and continues to hold community building events in the neighborhood he grew up in, recognizing the need for positive role models in underserved areas.","title":"Subsequent activities"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2007 Florida Football Commitment List\". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://florida.rivals.com/commitments/football/2007","url_text":"\"2007 Florida Football Commitment List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida College Football Recruiting Commits\". Scout.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://scout.com/a.z?s=168&p=9&c=8&yr=2007","url_text":"\"Florida College Football Recruiting Commits\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Player Commits\". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/college-football/recruiting/school/_/id/57/class/2007","url_text":"\"2007 Player Commits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings\". Scout.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://scout.scout.com/a.z?s=168&p=9&c=14&yr=2007","url_text":"\"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Team Ranking\". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.rivals.com/team_rankings/2007","url_text":"\"2007 Team Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Wright | Florida | Bears DB\". Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141223173859/https://www.trackingfootball.com/players/major-wright-4035/","url_text":"\"Major Wright | Florida | Bears DB\""},{"url":"https://www.trackingfootball.com/players/major-wright-4035/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Wright Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved February 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/major-wright/32005752-4955-6864-7e8f-ea6b419fc189","url_text":"\"Major Wright Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Wright, Florida, FS, 2010 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\". draftscout.com. Retrieved February 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=72571&DraftYear=2010","url_text":"\"Major Wright, Florida, FS, 2010 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2010/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2010 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bears hit the ground running once again\". Chicagobears.com. Retrieved August 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobears.com/news/NewsStory.asp?story_id=8326","url_text":"\"Bears hit the ground running once again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defense fuels Bears to victory over Lions\". Chicagobears.com. November 13, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobears.com/news/NewsStory.asp?story_id=8347","url_text":"\"Defense fuels Bears to victory over Lions\""}]},{"reference":"Wesseling, Chris (April 4, 2014). \"Major Wright, Tampa Bay Buccaneers agree to contract\". NFL.com. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/major-wright-tampa-bay-buccaneers-agree-to-contract-0ap2000000339516","url_text":"\"Major Wright, Tampa Bay Buccaneers agree to contract\""}]},{"reference":"Sessler, Marc (March 7, 2015). \"Buccaneers agree to terms with safety Major Wright\". NFL.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/buccaneers-agree-to-terms-with-safety-major-wright-0ap3000000477214","url_text":"\"Buccaneers agree to terms with safety Major Wright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Jackson, Major Wright Head to IR\". www.buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160101194312/http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-smith/Vincent-Jackson-Major-Wright-Head-to-IR/805a7a18-83c5-42b7-8a15-48d3dda95563","url_text":"\"Vincent Jackson, Major Wright Head to IR\""},{"url":"http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-smith/Vincent-Jackson-Major-Wright-Head-to-IR/805a7a18-83c5-42b7-8a15-48d3dda95563","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Scott (August 28, 2016). \"Jacob Schum, Major Wright Among 12 Cuts\". Buccaneers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buccaneers.com/news/jacob-schum-major-wright-among-12-cuts-17574197","url_text":"\"Jacob Schum, Major Wright Among 12 Cuts\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Scott (November 29, 2016). \"Major Wright Returns Amid Week 12 Moves\". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111819/http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-1/Major-Wright-Returns-Amid-Week-12-Moves/64155c15-db68-4535-aa99-5608f2955aa8","url_text":"\"Major Wright Returns Amid Week 12 Moves\""},{"url":"http://www.buccaneers.com/news/article-1/Major-Wright-Returns-Amid-Week-12-Moves/64155c15-db68-4535-aa99-5608f2955aa8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Scott (December 13, 2016). \"John Hughes Returns, Major Wright Released\". Buccaneers.com. 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Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/florida/football/former-florida-gators-safety-major-wright-book","url_text":"\"Former Gators DB Major Wright Helps Others Overcome Obstacles In New Book\""}]}]
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original"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/13307/major-wright","external_links_name":"\"Major Wright Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/florida/football/former-florida-gators-safety-major-wright-book","external_links_name":"\"Former Gators DB Major Wright Helps Others Overcome Obstacles In New Book\""},{"Link":"http://www.buccaneers.com/team-and-stats/roster/Major-Wright/f555a7fe-de5e-4b88-8955-fc597787f106","external_links_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130815031643/http://www.chicagobears.com/team/roster/major-wright/80ebec30-7ae6-454c-8a0a-72410355468e/","external_links_name":"Chicago Bears bio"},{"Link":"http://www.gatorzone.com/football/bios.php?year=2007&player_id=150","external_links_name":"Florida Gators bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nature_(Katherine_Jenkins_album)
Second Nature (Katherine Jenkins album)
["1 Track listing","1.1 Canadian track listing","2 Certifications","3 References"]
2004 studio album by Katherine Jenkins Second NatureStudio album by Katherine JenkinsReleased18 October 2004 (2004-10-18)2005 (La Diva)Recorded2004GenreClassical crossoverLabelUniversal Classics and JazzKatherine Jenkins chronology Premiere(2004) Second Nature(2004) Living a Dream(2005) La Diva coverNorth American cover Second Nature is the second studio album by Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins, released on 18 October 2004, in the UK. It charted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart and at number 1 on the UK Classical Album Chart. The album was released as La Diva in 2005 in the US and Canada. It peaked at #16 on the US Classical Albums chart. Track listing "Time to Say Goodbye" "Caruso" "Va Pensiero" "House of No Regrets" "O Sole Mio" "En Aranjuez con tu Amor" "Seguidilla" "Song to the Moon" "Vide Cor Meum" (with Rhys Meirion) "Calon Lân" "Hymn to the Fallen" "Barcarolle" "Laudate Dominum" "O Holy Night" "You'll Never Walk Alone" Canadian track listing "Time To Say Goodbye" "Caruso" "Va Pensiero" "House of No Regrets" "O Sole Mio" "En Aranjuez Con Tu Amor" "Séguédilla" "Song to the Moon" "Calon Lan" "Hymn to the Fallen" "Laudate Dominum" "You'll Never Walk Alone" Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 300,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "UK Top 40 database". everyhit.co.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2006. ^ Billboard Classical Albums chart history for Katherine Jenkins, Billboard.com, accessed 17 May 2012 ^ "British album certifications – Katherine Jenkins – Second Nature". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 June 2022. vteKatherine JenkinsDiscographyStudio albums Première Second Nature Living a Dream Serenade Rejoice Sacred Arias Believe Daydream This Is Christmas Home Sweet Home Other albums La Diva From the Heart The Ultimate Collection Sweetest Love One Fine Day Singles "Time to Say Goodbye" "Green, Green Grass of Home" "Bring Me to Life" Video albums Live at Llangollen Viva la Diva Related content Time to Say Hello: The Autobiography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Goldfein
Stephen M. Goldfein
["1 Career","2 Flight Information","3 Effective dates of promotion","4 References"]
This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Stephen M. GoldfeinMajor General Stephen M. GoldfeinAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1978–2008RankMajor GeneralCommands heldVice Director of the Joint StaffVice Commander, Air Combat CommandCommander, United States Air Force Warfare CenterBattles/warsGulf WarOperation Allied ForceAwardsDefense Distinguished Service MedalDefense Superior Service Medal Legion of MeritRelationsDavid L. Goldfein (Brother) Stephen M. Goldfein is a retired Major General in the United States Air Force who previously served as Vice Director of the Joint Staff and Vice Commander of Air Combat Command. Goldfein is the brother of the 21st Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force General David L. Goldfein. Career Major General Stephen M. Goldfein began his career in the United States Air Force in 1978 following his graduation from the United States Air Force Academy and was commissioned in 1978. In 1998, Goldfein commanded its fellow Airmen from 10 bases within the Pacific theater on the first Air Expeditionary Force deployment which provide precision air-strike capability from Kwang-Ju, South Korea. Goldfein oversaw the conversion of a bare base to a full F-15E fighter wing operation. In 1999, Goldfein assisted Air Force Chiefs of Staff Michael E. Ryan in Operation Allied Force strategic planning and direction. During the September 11, 2001, attacks, Goldfein was the commander of the 1st Fighter Wing and was the first active-duty to response to the terrorist attacks at that time. The following year in 2002, Goldfein conducted early strategic planning exercises for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Richard B. Myers, for Operations Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2004 Goldfein was appointed as the Commander of the United States Air Force Warfare Center and oversaw all Predator operations in support of operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom as well as supervising all training and development programs. In 2006 Goldfein was appointed as the Vice Commander of Air Combat Command which was the primary provider of air combat forces for the Air Force. In 2007 Goldfein was appointed as Vice Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and was assigned in The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. On August 10, 2008, Goldfein retired from active-duty service in the United States Air Force, following 30 years of service. Flight Information Rating: Command pilot Flight Hours: 3,900 Aircraft flown: T-41, T-37, T-38, F-15 A/B/C/D, F-15E, F-18F, C-12, C-130, E-3B, B-2 and B-1B Effective dates of promotion Rank Date Second lieutenant June 1, 1978 First lieutenant June 1, 1980 Captain June 1, 1982 Major April 1, 1987 Lieutenant colonel July 1, 1991 Colonel February 1, 1995 Brigadier general April 1, 2002 Major general September 1, 2005 References ^ a b c d e f g h i "MAJOR GENERAL STEPHEN M. GOLDFEIN". www.af.mil. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_province
San José Province
["1 Subdivisions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 9°36′N 83°57′W / 9.6°N 83.95°W / 9.6; -83.95Province of Costa Rica Province in Costa RicaSan JoséProvince FlagSealCoordinates: 9°36′N 83°57′W / 9.6°N 83.95°W / 9.6; -83.95CountryCosta RicaCapital citySan José (pop. 333,288)Area • Total4,966 km2 (1,917 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total1,635,144ISO 3166 codeCR-SJHDI (2019)0.828very high · 2nd of 7 Blanco River, county of Pérez Zeledón. Most rivers in the province of San José are shallow, narrow and often run through mountainous terrain, making them impossible to navigate. Cerro de la Muerte, southeast of the province San José (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country, and borders (clockwise beginning in the north) the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas. The provincial and national capital is San José. The province covers an area of 4,965.9 km². and has a population of 1,404,242. Subdivisions The province of San José is subdivided into 20 cantons. Canton (Capital): San José (San José) Escazú (Escazú) Desamparados (Desamparados) Puriscal (Santiago) Tarrazú (San Marcos) Aserrí (Aserrí) Mora (Colón) Goicoechea (Guadalupe) Santa Ana (Santa Ana) Alajuelita (Alajuelita) Vázquez de Coronado (San Isidro) Acosta (San Ignacio) Tibás (San Juan) Moravia (San Vicente) Montes de Oca (San Pedro) Turrubares (San Pablo) Dota (Santa María) Curridabat (Curridabat) Pérez Zeledón (San Isidro de El General) León Cortés Castro (San Pablo) See also Provinces of Costa Rica Greater Metropolitan Area. References ^ inec. "Anuario Estadístico | Instituto Nacional De Estadistica Y Censos" (in Spanish). Inec.cr. Retrieved 2022-04-12. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), 2001, ^ Resultados Generales Censo 2011 Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine p. 22 External links Media related to San José Province at Wikimedia Commons vteProvinces and cantons of Costa RicaAlajuela Alajuela Atenas Grecia Guatuso Los Chiles Naranjo Orotina Palmares Poás San Carlos San Mateo San Ramón Upala Sarchí Río Cuarto Zarcero Costa Rica portalCartago Alvarado Cartago El Guarco Jiménez La Unión Oreamuno Paraíso Turrialba Guanacaste Abangares Bagaces Cañas Carrillo Hojancha La Cruz Liberia Nandayure Nicoya Santa Cruz Tilarán Heredia Barva Belén Flores Heredia San Isidro San Pablo San Rafael Santa Bárbara Santo Domingo Sarapiquí Limón Guácimo Limón Matina Pococí Siquirres Talamanca Puntarenas Buenos Aires Corredores Coto Brus Esparza Garabito Golfito Montes de Oro Monteverde Osa Parrita Puerto Jiménez Puntarenas Quepos San José Acosta Alajuelita Aserrí Curridabat Desamparados Dota Escazú Goicoechea León Cortés Castro Montes de Oca Mora Moravia Pérez Zeledón Puriscal San José Santa Ana Tarrazú Tibás Turrubares Vázquez de Coronado Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA This Costa Rican location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Most rivers in the province of San José are shallow, narrow and often run through mountainous terrain, making them impossible to navigate.Cerro de la Muerte, southeast of the provinceSan José (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ xoˈse]) is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country, and borders (clockwise beginning in the north) the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas. The provincial and national capital is San José. The province covers an area of 4,965.9 km².[3] and has a population of 1,404,242.[4]","title":"San José Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Escazú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaz%C3%BA_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Escazú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaz%C3%BA_District"},{"link_name":"Desamparados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desamparados_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Desamparados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desamparados"},{"link_name":"Puriscal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriscal_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Puriscal"},{"link_name":"Tarrazú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarraz%C3%BA_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Tarraz%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Aserrí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserr%C3%AD_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Aserrí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserr%C3%AD_District"},{"link_name":"Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Goicoechea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goicoechea_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_District,_Goicoechea"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_San_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alajuelita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alajuelita_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Alajuelita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alajuelita_District"},{"link_name":"Vázquez de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Isidro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isidro,_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acosta_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Ignacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ignacio_District,_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Tibás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A1s_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_District,_Tib%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente_de_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Montes de Oca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_de_Oca_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Montes_de_Oca"},{"link_name":"Turrubares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrubares_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_District,_Turrubares"},{"link_name":"Dota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Dota"},{"link_name":"Curridabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curridabat_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Curridabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curridabat_de_San_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pérez Zeledón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Zeled%C3%B3n_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Isidro de El General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isidro_de_El_General"},{"link_name":"León Cortés Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cort%C3%A9s_(canton)"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_District,_Le%C3%B3n_Cort%C3%A9s_Castro"}],"text":"The province of San José is subdivided into 20 cantons.Canton (Capital):San José (San José)\nEscazú (Escazú)\nDesamparados (Desamparados)\nPuriscal (Santiago)\nTarrazú (San Marcos)\nAserrí (Aserrí)\nMora (Colón)\nGoicoechea (Guadalupe)\nSanta Ana (Santa Ana)\nAlajuelita (Alajuelita)\nVázquez de Coronado (San Isidro)\nAcosta (San Ignacio)\nTibás (San Juan)\nMoravia (San Vicente)\nMontes de Oca (San Pedro)\nTurrubares (San Pablo)\nDota (Santa María)\nCurridabat (Curridabat)\nPérez Zeledón (San Isidro de El General)\nLeón Cortés Castro (San Pablo)","title":"Subdivisions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Conflans
Treaty of Conflans
["1 Details","2 Aftermath","3 References","4 Sources","5 See also","6 External links"]
1465 treaty between France and Count Charles of Charolais The Treaty of Conflans (or the Peace of Conflans) was signed on 5 October 1465 between King Louis XI of France and Count Charles of Charolais. This treaty was signed months after the Battle of Montlhéry (13 July 1465), where the French dukes of Alençon, Burgundy, Berry, Bourbon and Lorraine fought King Louis to a standstill. Details The dukes forced King Louis to sign the agreement, which officially ended the League of the Public Weal. Based on the terms of the treaty, Normandy was restored to the Duke of Berry and Burgundy reclaimed Boulogne and Ponthieu. The treaty confirmed female inheritance for Macon, Auxerre, Bar-sur-Seine, Boulogne, and the Somme. Aftermath Months later, King Louis declared to the Parlement at Paris that the treaties of Conflans and Saint Maur were null and void, having been signed under duress. Consequently, Louis would attempt to avoid the treaty, as well as to split the French dukes by diplomatic means. References ^ a b Potter 1993, p. 31. ^ Bradbury 2004, p. 203. ^ a b c Saenger 1977, p. 8. ^ Saenger 1977, p. 9. ^ Potter 1993, p. 32. Sources Bradbury, Jim (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. Potter, David (1993). War and Government in the French Provinces, Picardy 1470-1560. Cambridge University Press. Saenger, Paul (Spring 1977). "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI". French Historical Studies. 10 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/286114. JSTOR 286114. See also List of treaties External links Chronology of More Recent Times 1401 A.D. to 1500 A.D. The Catholic Encyclopedia - Burgundy
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[]
[{"title":"List of treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Both_(mountain)
Pieter Both (mountain)
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 20°11′32″S 57°33′19″E / 20.1923°S 57.5552°E / -20.1923; 57.5552Mountain Pieter BothPeter Botte MountainPieter Both Mountain in 2009Highest pointElevation820 m (2,690 ft)Prominence820 m (2,690 ft)ListingCountry high pointCoordinates20°11′32″S 57°33′19″E / 20.1923°S 57.5552°E / -20.1923; 57.5552GeographyPieter BothLocation of Pieter Both in Mauritius LocationMauritius, East AfricaClimbingFirst ascent7 September 1832 by Pieter Both, sometimes referred to as Peter Botte Mountain, is the second highest mountain of Mauritius, at 820 metres (2,690 ft) tall. The mountain is slightly shorter than Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire by eight metres. It is named after Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. It is located in the Moka Range. The notable feature of this mountain is the gigantic rock formation at the very top of it, which resembles a human head. The palm species Hyophorbe amaricaulis, famous for being the world's rarest palm today, was once a common sight on this mountain. The first ascent of Pieter Both was by Captain Lloyd, Lieutenant Phillpotts, of the 29th Reg., Lieutenant Keppel, R.N., and Lieutenant Taylor on 7 September 1832. To climb the mountain following the main ridge takes about an hour, and is mildly difficult. It is mainly a scramble, and being exposed, a rope is advised. The dramatic boulder on the pinnacle is about nine metres in diameter, and has several iron spikes fixed to it to aid climbing to the top. The top is flat and about two metres across. Gallery Mauritius Port Louis Vallée des Prêtres Mountains - panoramio - pyraniton Pieter Both View from Le Pouce facing Pieter Both References ^ Chamers, William; Chambers, Robert (28 July 1877). "Peter Botte". Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts. Vol. 4, no. 709. W. & R. Chambers Publishers. p. 465. ^ Bhayro, Thunkoomar (30 July 2013). The Life and Times of a Mauritian Expatriate. Lulu.com. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-291-49267-5. ^ Schürmann, Felix (3 April 2023). "A Dream Destination and a Danger Zone". The Grey Undercurrent: Whalers and Littoral Societies at the Deep Beaches of Africa (1770–1920). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-075991-4. ^ Maunder, Mike; Page, Wayne; Mauremootoo, John; Payendee, Richard; Mungroo, Yousoof; Maljkovic, Aleks; Vericel, Christian; Lyte, Ben (January 2002). "The decline and conservation management of the threatened endemic palms of the Mascarene Islands". Oryx. 36 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1017/S0030605302000091. ISSN 1365-3008. ^ Lieutenant Taylor (1833). "Account of the Ascent of the Peter Botte Mountain, Mauritius, on the 7th September, 1832". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 3: 99–104. doi:10.2307/1797600. JSTOR 1797600. ^ Jahp, Alex (24 July 2016). "Pieter Both". Explore Mauritius. Further reading Macmillan, Allister (1914). Mauritius: Illustrated. Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, and Resources. W.H. & L. Collingridge. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Pieter Both, Mountain. This Mauritius location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piton_de_la_Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire"},{"link_name":"Pieter Both","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Both"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Moka Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moka_Range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hyophorbe amaricaulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyophorbe_amaricaulis"},{"link_name":"world's rarest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"MountainPieter Both, sometimes referred to as Peter Botte Mountain,[1] is the second highest mountain of Mauritius, at 820 metres (2,690 ft) tall.[2] The mountain is slightly shorter than Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire by eight metres. It is named after Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. It is located in the Moka Range.[3]The notable feature of this mountain is the gigantic rock formation at the very top of it, which resembles a human head. The palm species Hyophorbe amaricaulis, famous for being the world's rarest palm today, was once a common sight on this mountain.[4]The first ascent of Pieter Both was by Captain Lloyd, Lieutenant Phillpotts, of the 29th Reg., Lieutenant Keppel, R.N., and Lieutenant Taylor on 7 September 1832.[5]To climb the mountain following the main ridge takes about an hour, and is mildly difficult. It is mainly a scramble, and being exposed, a rope is advised. The dramatic boulder on the pinnacle is about nine metres in diameter, and has several iron spikes fixed to it to aid climbing to the top. The top is flat and about two metres across.[6]","title":"Pieter Both (mountain)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-06-26_08-21-57_Mauritius_Port_Louis_Vall%C3%A9e_des_Pr%C3%AAtres.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountains_-_panoramio_-_pyraniton.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Both_(6021044459).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View-from-Le-Pouce-facing-Pieter-Both-2017-Luka-Peternel.jpg"}],"text":"Mauritius Port Louis Vallée des Prêtres\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMountains - panoramio - pyraniton\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPieter Both\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Le Pouce facing Pieter Both","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mauritius: Illustrated. Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, and Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QpQPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Pieter+Both%22+second+highest+mountain+of+Mauritius,+at+820+metres"},{"link_name":"Category:Pieter Both, Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pieter_Both,_Mountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Both_(mountain)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mauritius-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mauritius-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mauritius-geo-stub"}],"text":"Macmillan, Allister (1914). Mauritius: Illustrated. Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, and Resources. W.H. & L. Collingridge.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Pieter Both, Mountain.This Mauritius location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Chamers, William; Chambers, Robert (28 July 1877). \"Peter Botte\". Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts. Vol. 4, no. 709. W. & R. Chambers Publishers. p. 465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chambers_(publisher)","url_text":"Chamers, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher,_born_1802)","url_text":"Chambers, Robert"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=16PQAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Pieter+Both%22&pg=PA465","url_text":"\"Peter Botte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal","url_text":"Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._%26_R._Chambers_Publishers","url_text":"W. & R. Chambers Publishers"}]},{"reference":"Bhayro, Thunkoomar (30 July 2013). The Life and Times of a Mauritian Expatriate. Lulu.com. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-291-49267-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iRDhBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pieter+Both%22+second+highest+mountain+of+Mauritius,+at+820+metres&pg=PA328","url_text":"The Life and Times of a Mauritian Expatriate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-49267-5","url_text":"978-1-291-49267-5"}]},{"reference":"Schürmann, Felix (3 April 2023). \"A Dream Destination and a Danger Zone\". The Grey Undercurrent: Whalers and Littoral Societies at the Deep Beaches of Africa (1770–1920). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-075991-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kba1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pieter+Both%22+second+highest+mountain+of+Mauritius,+at+820+metres&pg=PA285","url_text":"\"A Dream Destination and a Danger Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075991-4","url_text":"978-3-11-075991-4"}]},{"reference":"Maunder, Mike; Page, Wayne; Mauremootoo, John; Payendee, Richard; Mungroo, Yousoof; Maljkovic, Aleks; Vericel, Christian; Lyte, Ben (January 2002). \"The decline and conservation management of the threatened endemic palms of the Mascarene Islands\". Oryx. 36 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1017/S0030605302000091. ISSN 1365-3008.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605302000091","url_text":"\"The decline and conservation management of the threatened endemic palms of the Mascarene Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605302000091","url_text":"10.1017/S0030605302000091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3008","url_text":"1365-3008"}]},{"reference":"Lieutenant Taylor (1833). \"Account of the Ascent of the Peter Botte Mountain, Mauritius, on the 7th September, 1832\". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 3: 99–104. doi:10.2307/1797600. JSTOR 1797600.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797600","url_text":"\"Account of the Ascent of the Peter Botte Mountain, Mauritius, on the 7th September, 1832\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1797600","url_text":"10.2307/1797600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797600","url_text":"1797600"}]},{"reference":"Jahp, Alex (24 July 2016). \"Pieter Both\". Explore Mauritius.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exploremauritius.org/?page_id=843","url_text":"\"Pieter Both\""}]},{"reference":"Macmillan, Allister (1914). Mauritius: Illustrated. Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, and Resources. W.H. & L. Collingridge.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QpQPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Pieter+Both%22+second+highest+mountain+of+Mauritius,+at+820+metres","url_text":"Mauritius: Illustrated. Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, and Resources"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Leeman
Cliff Leeman
["1 References","2 External links"]
American jazz musician Cliff Leeman (September 10, 1913 – April 26, 1986) was an American jazz drummer. His nickname was "Mr. Time". Leeman, born in Portland, Maine, United States, played percussion with the Portland Symphony Orchestra at age 13, and toured as a xylophonist on the vaudeville circuit late in the 1920s. He first made his name in the jazz world working in the swing bands of Artie Shaw (1938–39), Glenn Miller (1939), Tommy Dorsey (1939), Charlie Barnet (1940–43), Johnny Long, and Woody Herman (1943–44). After a stint in the Army in 1944, he worked with Don Byas, John Kirby (1944–45), Raymond Scott, Jimmy Dorsey, and Ben Webster. He left the music industry briefly before joining the Casa Loma Orchestra in 1947, later moving on to Charlie Barnet's orchestra (1949) and Bob Chester's big band ensemble (1949–50). He played on radio and television in the 1950s, in addition to playing live often with Eddie Condon and Bobby Hackett. Later associations include Pee Wee Erwin, Yank Lawson/Bob Haggart, Ralph Sutton, Billy Butterfield, Bob Crosby (1960), Wild Bill Davison (1962), Dukes of Dixieland (1963–64), Peanuts Hucko, Joe Venuti, The Kings of Jazz (1974), Bud Freeman, Don Ewell, the World's Greatest Jazz Band (1976–77), and Jimmy McPartland. He recorded several albums for Fat Cat Jazz in the 1970s. His drumming can also be heard on some of the early recorded hits of Bill Haley & His Comets. References Footnotes ^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1454. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. General references Scott Yanow, Cliff Leeman at AllMusic External links Cliff Leeman recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC
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His nickname was \"Mr. Time\".Leeman, born in Portland, Maine, United States,[1] played percussion with the Portland Symphony Orchestra at age 13, and toured as a xylophonist on the vaudeville circuit late in the 1920s. He first made his name in the jazz world working in the swing bands of Artie Shaw (1938–39), Glenn Miller (1939), Tommy Dorsey (1939), Charlie Barnet (1940–43), Johnny Long, and Woody Herman (1943–44).[1] After a stint in the Army in 1944, he worked with Don Byas, John Kirby (1944–45), Raymond Scott, Jimmy Dorsey, and Ben Webster.[1]He left the music industry briefly before joining the Casa Loma Orchestra in 1947, later moving on to Charlie Barnet's orchestra (1949)[1] and Bob Chester's big band ensemble (1949–50). He played on radio and television in the 1950s, in addition to playing live often with Eddie Condon and Bobby Hackett.[1] Later associations include Pee Wee Erwin, Yank Lawson/Bob Haggart, Ralph Sutton, Billy Butterfield, Bob Crosby (1960), Wild Bill Davison (1962), Dukes of Dixieland (1963–64), Peanuts Hucko, Joe Venuti, The Kings of Jazz (1974), Bud Freeman, Don Ewell, the World's Greatest Jazz Band (1976–77), and Jimmy McPartland. He recorded several albums for Fat Cat Jazz in the 1970s.His drumming can also be heard on some of the early recorded hits of Bill Haley & His Comets.","title":"Cliff Leeman"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cabana_do_Pai_Tom%C3%A1s
A Cabana do Pai Tomás
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
Brazilian television series A Cabana do Pai TomásGenreTelenovelaCreated byHedy MaiaGlória MagadanWalther NegrãoDirected byFábio SabagDaniel FilhoWalter CamposRégis CardosoStarring Sérgio Cardoso Ruth de Souza Paulo Goulart Miriam Mehler Opening theme"Cabana do Pai Tomás" by Lyrio PanicaliCountry of originBrazilOriginal languagePortugueseNo. of episodes204ProductionRunning time45 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkTV GloboRelease7 July 1969 (1969-07-07) –28 February 1970 (1970-02-28) A Cabana do Pai Tomás is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by TV Globo. It is based on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. It premiered on 7 July 1969 and ended on 28 February 1970, with a total of 205 episodes. It was the sixth "novela das sete" to be aired at the timeslot. It was created by Hedy Maia, Glória Magadan, Walther Negrão and directed by Fábio Sabag. Cast Ator Character Sérgio Cardoso Pai Tomás / Dimitrius / Abraham Lincoln Ruth de Souza Cloé Paulo Goulart Pierre Saint Clair Miriam Mehler Bárbara Morrison Milton Gonçalves Hasan (Onça) Rachel Martins Martha Saint Clair Turíbio Ruiz Mr. Shelby Maria Luíza Castelli Ofélia Felipe Carone Arquibaldo Morrison Norah Fontes Jessica Morrison Germano Filho Natanié Isaura Bruno Betsy Jonas Mello Jimmy Jacyra Silva Cassie Edney Giovenazzi Mr. Legris Eloísa Mafalda Emily Renato Master David Luiz Pini Aramis Grend Lola Brah Andressa Grend Gésio Amadeu Sam Isabella Cerqueira Eleonora Macedo Neto Rudi Nívea Maria Elisa Jorge Coutinho Angelus Chica Xavier Lica Haroldo de Oliveira]l Jonas Ivete Bonfá Cláudia Grend Regina Macedo Ruth Érico Freitas George Terezinha Cubana Piggy References ^ "Diiscografia de Lyrio Panicali". Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-06-25. ^ Panicali e as Novelas ^ "A Cabana do Pai Tomás - Curiosidades". Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2016-06-25. ^ "A Cabana do Pai Tomás". Teledramaturgia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ a b "A Cabana do Pai Tomás - Elenco". Teledramaturgia. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015. ^ a b "Ficha Técnica". Memória Globo. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015. External links A Cabana do Pai Tomás at IMDb vteTV Globo telenovelas1960s debuts O Ébrio (1965) Rosinha do Sobrado (1965) A Moreninha (1965) Padre Tião (1965) O Rei dos Ciganos (1966) A Sombra de Rebecca (1967) Anastácia, a Mulher sem Destino (1967) Sangue e Areia (1967) O Santo Mestiço (1968) Passo dos Ventos (1968) A Grande Mentira (1968) Rosa Rebelde (1969) A Cabana do Pai Tomás (1969) Véu de Noiva (1969) 1970s debuts Irmãos Coragem (1970) Pigmalião 70 (1970) A Próxima Atração (1970) O Homem Que Deve Morrer (1971) Minha Doce Namorada (1971) Selva de Pedra (1972) O Primeiro Amor (1972) Uma Rosa com Amor (1972) O Bem-Amado (1973) Cavalo de Aço (1973) Carinhoso (1973) O Semideus (1973) Supermanoela (1974) Corrida do Ouro (1974) Fogo sobre Terra (1974) Cuca Legal (1975) Escalada (1975) Bravo! (1975) Gabriela (1975) Pecado Capital (1975) Escrava Isaura (1976) Anjo Mau (1976) Saramandaia (1976) O Casarão (1976) Estúpido Cupido (1976) Duas Vidas (1976) Espelho Mágico (1977) O Astro (1977) Locomotivas (1977) Sem Lenço, sem Documento (1977) Dancin' Days (1978) A Sucessora (1978) Te Contei? (1978) Pecado Rasgado (1978) Pai Herói (1979) Feijão Maravilha (1979) Os Gigantes (1979) Marron Glacê (1979) 1980s debuts Água Viva (1980) Coração Alado (1980) Baila Comigo (1981) Brilhante (1981) Sétimo Sentido (1982) Elas por Elas (1982) Sol de Verão (1982) Louco Amor (1983) Champagne (1983) Partido Alto (1984) Amor com Amor Se Paga (1984) Corpo a Corpo (1984) Roque Santeiro (1985) Selva de Pedra (1986) Sinhá Moça (1986) Roda de Fogo (1986) O Outro (1987) Mandala (1987) Direito de Amar (1987) Bambolê (1987) Vale Tudo (1988) Bebê a Bordo (1988) Que Rei Sou Eu? (1989) O Salvador da Pátria (1989) Tieta (1989) Top Model (1989) O Sexo dos Anjos (1989) 1990s debuts Rainha da Sucata (1990) Barriga de Aluguel (1990) Meu Bem, Meu Mal (1990) O Dono do Mundo (1991) Vamp (1991) Felicidade (1991) Pedra sobre Pedra (1992) Perigosas Peruas (1992) Despedida de Solteiro (1992) De Corpo e Alma (1992) Mulheres de Areia (1993) Renascer (1993) O Mapa da Mina (1993) Olho no Olho (1993) Sonho Meu (1993) Fera Ferida (1993) A Viagem (1994) Tropicaliente (1994) Pátria Minha (1994) Quatro por Quatro (1994) A Próxima Vítima (1995) História de Amor (1995) Explode Coração (1995) Quem É Você? (1996) O Fim do Mundo (1996) O Rei do Gado (1996) Salsa e Merengue (1996) Anjo de Mim (1996) A Indomada (1997) O Amor Está no Ar (1997) Zazá (1997) Anjo Mau (1997) Por Amor (1997) Corpo Dourado (1998) Era Uma Vez (1998) Torre de Babel (1998) Meu Bem Querer (1998) Suave Veneno (1999) Andando nas Nuvens (1999) Força de um Desejo (1999) Terra Nostra (1999) Vila Madalena (1999) 2000s debuts Esplendor (2000) Uga-Uga (2000) Laços de Família (2000) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000) Um Anjo Caiu do Céu (2001) Porto dos Milagres (2001) Estrela-Guia (2001) A Padroeira (2001) As Filhas da Mãe (2001) O Clone (2001) Desejos de Mulher (2002) Coração de Estudante (2002) Esperança (2002) O Beijo do Vampiro (2002) Sabor da Paixão (2002) Mulheres Apaixonadas (2003) Agora É que São Elas (2003) Kubanacan (2003) Chocolate com Pimenta (2003) Celebridade (2003) Da Cor do Pecado (2004) Cabocla (2004) Senhora do Destino (2004) Começar de Novo (2004) Como uma Onda (2004) América (2005) Alma Gêmea (2005) Bang Bang (2005) Belíssima (2005) Cobras & Lagartos (2006) Páginas da Vida (2006) Sinhá Moça (2006) O Profeta (2006) Pé na Jaca (2006) Paraíso Tropical (2007) Eterna Magia (2007) Sete Pecados (2007) Duas Caras (2007) Desejo Proibido (2007) Beleza Pura (2008) A Favorita (2008) Três Irmãs (2008) Negócio da China (2008) Caminho das Índias (2009) Paraíso (2009) Caras & Bocas (2009) Viver a Vida (2009) Cama de Gato (2009) 2010s debuts Tempos Modernos (2010) Escrito nas Estrelas (2010) Passione (2010) Ti Ti Ti (2010) Araguaia (2010) Insensato Coração (2011) Morde & Assopra (2011) Cordel Encantado (2011) O Astro (2011) Fina Estampa (2011) A Vida da Gente (2011) Aquele Beijo (2011) Amor Eterno Amor (2012) Avenida Brasil (2012) Cheias de Charme (2012) Gabriela (2012) Lado a Lado (2012) Guerra dos Sexos (2012) Salve Jorge (2012) Flor do Caribe (2013) Sangue Bom (2013) Amor à Vida (2013) Saramandaia (2013) Joia Rara (2013) Além do Horizonte (2013) Em Família (2014) Meu Pedacinho de Chão (2014) Geração Brasil (2014) O Rebu (2014) Império (2014) Boogie Oogie (2014) Alto Astral (2014) Sete Vidas (2015) Babilônia (2015) I Love Paraisópolis (2015) Verdades Secretas (2015) Além do Tempo (2015) A Regra do Jogo (2015) Totalmente Demais (2015) Êta Mundo Bom! (2016) Velho Chico (2016) Liberdade, Liberdade (2016) Haja Coração (2016) Sol Nascente (2016) A Lei do Amor (2016) Rock Story (2016) Os Dias Eram Assim (2017) Novo Mundo (2017) A Força do Querer (2017) Pega Pega (2017) Tempo de Amar (2017) O Outro Lado do Paraíso (2017) Onde Nascem os Fortes (2018) Deus Salve o Rei (2018) Orgulho e Paixão (2018) Segundo Sol (2018) O Tempo Não Para (2018) Espelho da Vida (2018) O Sétimo Guardião (2018) Verão 90 (2019) Órfãos da Terra (2019) A Dona do Pedaço (2019) Bom Sucesso (2019) Éramos Seis (2019) Amor de Mãe (2019) 2020s debuts Salve-se Quem Puder (2020) Nos Tempos do Imperador (2021) Um Lugar ao Sol (2021) Quanto Mais Vida, Melhor! (2021) Além da Ilusão (2022) Pantanal (2022) Cara e Coragem (2022) Mar do Sertão (2022) Travessia (2022) Todas as Flores (2022) Vai na Fé (2023) Amor Perfeito (2023) Terra e Paixão (2023) Fuzuê (2023) Elas por Elas (2023) Current Renascer (since 2024) Família é Tudo (since 2024) No Rancho Fundo (since 2024) Category
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_dryness
Vaginal lubrication
["1 Vaginal discharge","1.1 Composition","1.2 Production","2 Vaginal dryness","3 Artificial lubricants","4 Dry sex","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Natural lubrication of the vagina during sexual arousalThis article is about natural lubrication. For artificial lubrication, see Personal lubricant.Left: The shaved vulva unaroused. Right: Vaginal lubrication sometimes becomes visible after sexual arousal. Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates the vagina. Vaginal lubrication is always present, but production increases significantly near ovulation and during sexual arousal in anticipation of sexual intercourse. Vaginal dryness is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient, and sometimes artificial lubricants are used to augment it. Without sufficient lubrication, sexual intercourse can be painful. The vaginal lining has no glands, and therefore the vagina must rely on other methods of lubrication. Plasma from the vaginal walls due to vascular engorgement is considered to be the chief lubrication source, and the Bartholin's glands, located slightly below and to the left and right of the introitus (vaginal opening), also secrete mucus to augment vaginal wall secretions. Near ovulation, cervical mucus provides additional lubrication. Vaginal discharge Main article: Vaginal discharge Composition Vaginal fluid is slightly acidic and can become more acidic with certain sexually transmitted infections. The normal pH of vaginal fluid is between 3.8 and 4.5, contrasting with male semen which is typically between 7.2 and 7.8 (neutral pH is 7.0). During arousal, vaginal lubrication, also sometimes called "arousal fluid", is produced. This is clear, thin, and slippery. It typically only lasts up to an hour. Production The human vagina is serviced by nerves that respond to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). As a result, VIP induces an increase in vaginal blood flow accompanied by an increase in vaginal lubrication. The findings suggest that VIP may participate in the control of the local physiological changes observed during sexual arousal: genital vasodilation and increase in vaginal lubrication. Vaginal dryness Insufficient lubrication or vaginal dryness can cause dyspareunia, which is a type of sexual pain disorder. While vaginal dryness is considered an indicator for sexual arousal disorder, vaginal dryness may also result from insufficient excitement and stimulation or from hormonal changes caused by menopause (potentially causing atrophic vaginitis), pregnancy, or breast-feeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal dryness can also be a symptom of Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys moisture-producing glands. Certain medications, including some over-the-counter antihistamines, as well as life events such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, aging or diseases such as diabetes, will inhibit lubrication. Medicines with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic effects will dry out the mucosal or "wet" tissues of the vagina. Such medicines include many common drugs for allergenic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions. Oral contraceptives may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication. In seemingly rare cases, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to cause a long-lasting iatrogenic disorder known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the symptoms of which include reduced vaginal lubrication in females. Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness. Artificial lubricants Main article: Personal lubricant When a woman is experiencing vaginal dryness before sexual activity, sexual intercourse may be uncomfortable or painful for her. A personal lubricant can be applied to the vaginal opening, the penis (or other penetrating object such as fingers or a dildo), or both, to augment the naturally produced lubrication and prevent or reduce the discomfort or pain. More rarely, a vaginal suppository may be inserted prior to intercourse. Oil-based lubricants can weaken latex and reduce the effectiveness of condoms, latex gloves, or dental dams as either forms of birth control or for protection from sexually transmitted infections, so water- or silicone-based lubricants are often used instead. The use of an artificial lubricant can make sexual intercourse less painful for a woman, but does not address the underlying cause of the vaginal dryness itself. Dry sex Some people practice dry sex, which involves the removal of vaginal lubrication in some way. The rationale for the practice seems to be for cleansing purposes and to enhance the sexual pleasure of the penetrating partner. However, besides making sexual intercourse painful for the female, the practice is believed to increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections for both partners, such as HIV, whose risk of transmission is increased by lacerations in the vaginal tissue resulting from the lack of lubrication. See also Female ejaculation G-spot Pre-ejaculate Skene's gland Spinnbarkeit, the stretchiness of cervical mucus associated with ovulation; one property of this secretion is to lubricate the vagina Toxic shock syndrome, linked to the use of tampons. Urethral sponge Vabbing WAP (song) References ^ "Semen analysis". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. ^ "Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive". www.med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-22. ^ "Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge". helloclue.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22. ^ Ottesen, B.; Pedersen, B.; Nielsen, J.; Dalgaard, D.; Wagner, G.; Fahrenkrug, J. (September 1987). "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women". Peptides. 8 (5): 797–800. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1. ^ "SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING". sexualityandu.ca. 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2010. ^ International Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998, Vaginal Drying Agents and HIV Transmission by Karen E. Kun. ^ Ray, Sunanda; Gumbo, Nyasha; Mbizvo, Michael (28 May 1996). "Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex". Reproductive Health Matters. 4 (7): 34–45. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x. JSTOR 3775349. ^ a b "Concern voiced over "dry sex" practices in South Africa". www.cirp.org. ^ ""Dry sex" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa". 10 December 1999. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vaginal lubrication. Vaginal dryness – Mayo Clinic vteOutline of human sexualityPhysiology and biology Clitoral erection Erogenous zones Insemination Intersex Libido Nocturnal emission Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pelvic thrust Penile erection Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Sexual response cycle Sexual stimulation Vaginal lubrication Health andeducation Birth control Condom Male contraceptive Masters and Johnson Obesity and sexuality Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy (PLISSIT model) Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Rape Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual slavery Sexual violence Revenge pornography History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love/sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Free love Marriage Modesty Orgasm gap Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sex-positive movement Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang Split attraction model By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Conventional sex Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Creampie Edging Erotic sexual denial Facial Fetishism Fisting Foot fetishism Footjob Forced orgasm Frot Gang bang Group sex Mammary intercourse Manual sex Anal fingering Fingering Handjob Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sexercise Sex in space Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sumata Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Erotic talk Wet T-shirt contest Sex industry Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Sacred Survival sex Red-light district Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy Doll Strip club Webcam model Religion andsexuality Buddhism and Hinduism Tantric sex Christian demonology Clerical celibacy Buddhist monasticism Catholic Church Hindu monasticism Jain monasticism Daoism Islam Judaism LGBT people LGBT-affirming religious groups Mormonism Sacred prostitution Ancient Greece Thelema Sex magic Human sexuality portal vteHuman physiology of sexual reproductionMenstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm Oogenesis oogonium oocyte ootid ovum Germ cell gonocyte gamete Human sexual activity Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Penile Clitoral Orgasm Ejaculation Male Female Insemination Fertilization / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Vaginal lubrication Development of the reproductive system Sexual differentiation Sexual dimorphism Feminization Virilization Puberty Gonadarche Tanner scale Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche Maternal age / Paternal age Menopause Egg Ovum Vivipary Reproductive endocrinologyand infertility Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Development Lactation Breastfeeding Human reproductive system Male Female Diseases and disorders Anorgasmia Dysorgasmia Dyspareunia Erectile dysfunction Hard flaccid syndrome Premature ejaculation Vaginismus
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For artificial lubrication, see Personal lubricant.Left: The shaved vulva unaroused. Right: Vaginal lubrication sometimes becomes visible after sexual arousal.Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates the vagina. Vaginal lubrication is always present, but production increases significantly near ovulation and during sexual arousal in anticipation of sexual intercourse. Vaginal dryness is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient, and sometimes artificial lubricants are used to augment it. Without sufficient lubrication, sexual intercourse can be painful. The vaginal lining has no glands, and therefore the vagina must rely on other methods of lubrication. Plasma from the vaginal walls due to vascular engorgement is considered to be the chief lubrication source, and the Bartholin's glands, located slightly below and to the left and right of the introitus (vaginal opening), also secrete mucus to augment vaginal wall secretions. Near ovulation, cervical mucus provides additional lubrication.","title":"Vaginal lubrication"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vaginal discharge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexually transmitted infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"semen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gettingwet-3"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Vaginal fluid is slightly acidic and can become more acidic with certain sexually transmitted infections. The normal pH of vaginal fluid is between 3.8 and 4.5, contrasting with male semen which is typically between 7.2 and 7.8 (neutral pH is 7.0).[1]During arousal, vaginal lubrication, also sometimes called \"arousal fluid\", is produced. This is clear, thin, and slippery. It typically only lasts up to an hour.[2][3]","title":"Vaginal discharge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"vasoactive intestinal polypeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_polypeptide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"The human vagina is serviced by nerves that respond to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). As a result, VIP induces an increase in vaginal blood flow accompanied by an increase in vaginal lubrication. The findings suggest that VIP may participate in the control of the local physiological changes observed during sexual arousal: genital vasodilation and increase in vaginal lubrication.[4]","title":"Vaginal discharge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dyspareunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspareunia"},{"link_name":"sexual pain disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_pain_disorder"},{"link_name":"sexual arousal disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_disorder"},{"link_name":"menopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause"},{"link_name":"atrophic vaginitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Sjögren syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome"},{"link_name":"chronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_condition"},{"link_name":"autoimmune disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glands"},{"link_name":"antihistamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"lactation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation"},{"link_name":"menopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause"},{"link_name":"aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"sympathomimetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathomimetic"},{"link_name":"Oral contraceptives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill"},{"link_name":"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"iatrogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenesis"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexualityandu.ca-5"}],"text":"Insufficient lubrication or vaginal dryness can cause dyspareunia, which is a type of sexual pain disorder. While vaginal dryness is considered an indicator for sexual arousal disorder, vaginal dryness may also result from insufficient excitement and stimulation or from hormonal changes caused by menopause (potentially causing atrophic vaginitis), pregnancy, or breast-feeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal dryness can also be a symptom of Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys moisture-producing glands.Certain medications, including some over-the-counter antihistamines, as well as life events such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, aging or diseases such as diabetes, will inhibit lubrication. Medicines with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic effects will dry out the mucosal or \"wet\" tissues of the vagina. Such medicines include many common drugs for allergenic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions. Oral contraceptives may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication.In seemingly rare cases, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to cause a long-lasting iatrogenic disorder known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the symptoms of which include reduced vaginal lubrication in females.Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness.[5]","title":"Vaginal dryness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dildo"},{"link_name":"suppository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppository"},{"link_name":"Oil-based lubricants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_lubricant#Oil-based"},{"link_name":"condoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"latex gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_glove"},{"link_name":"dental dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_dam"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"water-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_lubricant#Water-based"},{"link_name":"silicone-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_lubricant#Silicone-based"}],"text":"When a woman is experiencing vaginal dryness before sexual activity, sexual intercourse may be uncomfortable or painful for her. A personal lubricant can be applied to the vaginal opening, the penis (or other penetrating object such as fingers or a dildo), or both, to augment the naturally produced lubrication and prevent or reduce the discomfort or pain. More rarely, a vaginal suppository may be inserted prior to intercourse.Oil-based lubricants can weaken latex and reduce the effectiveness of condoms, latex gloves, or dental dams as either forms of birth control or for protection from sexually transmitted infections, so water- or silicone-based lubricants are often used instead. The use of an artificial lubricant can make sexual intercourse less painful for a woman, but does not address the underlying cause of the vaginal dryness itself.","title":"Artificial lubricants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dry sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_sex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPP-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cirp.org-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cirp.org-8"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Some people practice dry sex, which involves the removal of vaginal lubrication in some way.[6] The rationale for the practice seems to be for cleansing purposes and to enhance the sexual pleasure of the penetrating partner.[7] However, besides making sexual intercourse painful for the female,[8] the practice is believed to increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections for both partners,[8] such as HIV, whose risk of transmission is increased by lacerations in the vaginal tissue resulting from the lack of lubrication.[9]","title":"Dry sex"}]
[{"image_text":"Left: The shaved vulva unaroused. Right: Vaginal lubrication sometimes becomes visible after sexual arousal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Female_sexual_arousal.JPG/220px-Female_sexual_arousal.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Female ejaculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_ejaculation"},{"title":"G-spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-spot"},{"title":"Pre-ejaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-ejaculate"},{"title":"Skene's gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene%27s_gland"},{"title":"Spinnbarkeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnbarkeit"},{"title":"Toxic shock syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome"},{"title":"Urethral sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethral_sponge"},{"title":"Vabbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabbing"},{"title":"WAP (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAP_(song)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Semen analysis\". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017033415/http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.html","url_text":"\"Semen analysis\""},{"url":"http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive\". www.med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.med.unc.edu/timetoconceive/study-participant-resources/cervical-mucus-testing-information/","url_text":"\"Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge\". helloclue.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/getting-wet-cervical-fluid-vs-arousal-fluid-vs-discharge","url_text":"\"Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge\""}]},{"reference":"Ottesen, B.; Pedersen, B.; Nielsen, J.; Dalgaard, D.; Wagner, G.; Fahrenkrug, J. (September 1987). \"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women\". Peptides. 8 (5): 797–800. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0196-9781%2887%2990061-1","url_text":"10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1"}]},{"reference":"\"SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING\". sexualityandu.ca. 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sexualityandu.ca/health-care-professionals/sexuality-in-older-women-and-their-partners/age-related-health-changes","url_text":"\"SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING\""}]},{"reference":"Ray, Sunanda; Gumbo, Nyasha; Mbizvo, Michael (28 May 1996). \"Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex\". Reproductive Health Matters. 4 (7): 34–45. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x. JSTOR 3775349.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2896%2990004-x","url_text":"\"Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2896%2990004-x","url_text":"10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3775349","url_text":"3775349"}]},{"reference":"\"Concern voiced over \"dry sex\" practices in South Africa\". www.cirp.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/baleta1/","url_text":"\"Concern voiced over \"dry sex\" practices in South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dry sex\" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa\". 10 December 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/1999/12/10/drysex/","url_text":"\"\"Dry sex\" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017033415/http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.html","external_links_name":"\"Semen analysis\""},{"Link":"http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.med.unc.edu/timetoconceive/study-participant-resources/cervical-mucus-testing-information/","external_links_name":"\"Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive\""},{"Link":"https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/getting-wet-cervical-fluid-vs-arousal-fluid-vs-discharge","external_links_name":"\"Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0196-9781%2887%2990061-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1"},{"Link":"http://sexualityandu.ca/health-care-professionals/sexuality-in-older-women-and-their-partners/age-related-health-changes","external_links_name":"\"SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING\""},{"Link":"http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2409398.html","external_links_name":"Vaginal Drying Agents and HIV Transmission"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2896%2990004-x","external_links_name":"\"Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2896%2990004-x","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3775349","external_links_name":"3775349"},{"Link":"http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/baleta1/","external_links_name":"\"Concern voiced over \"dry sex\" practices in South Africa\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/1999/12/10/drysex/","external_links_name":"\"\"Dry sex\" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/basics/definition/sym-20151520","external_links_name":"Vaginal dryness"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonovskaya
Afonovskaya
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaAfonovskaya АфоновскаяVillageAfonovskayaShow map of Vologda OblastAfonovskayaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°25′N 43°37′E / 60.417°N 43.617°E / 60.417; 43.617CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictTarnogsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Afonovskaya (Russian: Афоновская) is a rural locality (a village) in Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 147 as of 2002. There are 2 streets. Geography Afonovskaya is located 10 km southeast of Tarnogsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bovytinskaya is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Афоновская деревня на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Афоновская деревня на карте ^ Расстояние от Афоновской до Тарногского Городка vteRural localities in Tarnogsky DistrictA-M Abbakumovskaya Afonovskaya Agapitovskaya Aksyutinskaya Akulovskaya Ananikha Ananyevskaya Anikin Pochinok Anosovskaya Antropikha Antusheva Gora Ayga Bakrylovo Baranskaya Baryshevskaya Bashevskaya Belovskaya Belyayevskaya Bereznik Bobrovitsa Bolshaya Semyonovskaya Bolshaya Verkhotina Bolshoy Gorokh Borisovskaya Borok Boyarskaya Braginskaya Budrinskaya Budrinskaya-1 Burmasovo Burtsevskaya Chalovskaya Chasovnoye Cherepanikha Cherniyevo Chernyakovo Chernyatinskaya Chernyshovo Chobotovo Churilovka Danilov Pochinok Davydikha Davydovskaya Dementyevskaya Demidovskaya Denisovskaya Deshevikha Desyatina Dmitriyevskaya Dor Doroninskaya Durnevskaya Fatyanovo Fednevskaya Fedorovskaya Feofilatovskaya Filimonovskaya Filyakovo Gagarikha Galitskaya Gavrilovskaya Gavshino Golchevskaya Golebatovo Gorka-2 Goryayevskaya Gribovskaya Grigoryevskaya Gusikha Ignatikha Ignatovskaya Igumnovskaya Ikhomovo Ilezsky Pogost Ilyinskaya Ilyukhinskaya Isachkovo Isainskaya Isakovskaya Ivanovskaya Kalininskoye Kamchuga Kamchuga Kameshkurye Kanskoye Kapelino Kaplinskaya Karchevskaya Karelinskaya-2 Karitsa Karpovskaya Kashinskoye Katerinino Kharitonovskaya Kholkin Konets Khom Kichiginskaya Kirivanovskaya Kiyanskaya Klenovaya Klevtsovskaya Klimovo Klyzhovo Knyazhaya Knyazhikha Kobylye Kochenga Kochurovo Kokorikha Komaritsa Kondratyevskaya Kon-Gora Kontorka Kontsevskaya Konyukhovskaya Korchazhinskaya Kormakino Korolikha Korotkovskaya Kostaikha Kovrizhinskaya Kozhevnikovskaya Kozhinskaya Krasnoye Krasny Bor Kremlevo Kriulya Krivosheinskaya Krotovskaya Krutaya Osyp Kurevino Kurkovskaya Kuryanikha Kuznecheyevskaya Kvashninskaya Lavy Lesnikovo Levinskoye Lodygino Lomovo Lukinskaya Lyapinskaya Lychnaya Lyginskaya Lyubavchikha Makaryino Maklinskaya Malakhovsky Bor Malaya Gora Malaya Popovskaya Malaya Semyonovskaya Malaya Verkhotina Malchevskaya Maloye Voronino Manylovitsa Manylovo Manylovsky Pogost Manyukovskaya Marachevskaya Martyanovskaya Maslikha Matveyevskaya Maurnikovskaya Maximovskaya Meleshovo Mesto Alexandrovo Mikhaylovka Mikhaylovskaya Mikheyevskaya Milogorskaya Mishukovo Mitinskaya N-Z Nefedikha Nefedovskaya Nefedyevo Neklyudikha Nelyubino Nesterikha Nikiforovskaya Nikitikha Nikitin Pochinok Nikolayevskaya Nikonovskaya Nizhnepauninskaya Nizhnyaya Pechenga Novgorodskaya Okatovskaya Okulovskaya Olikhovskaya Osilkovo Osovaya Ostankovo Ostashevskaya Ovsyannikovskaya Ozhiginskaya Pakhotino Pakhtusovo Pakutino Palkinskaya Panikha Par Patrakeyevskaya Pavlomatveyevskaya Pershinskaya Pershinskaya-1 Pershinskaya-2 Petrilovo Petrishcheva Gora Petryayevskaya Ploshilovskaya Podlipnoye Pogonyayevskaya Pogoreltsevo Pogost Luka Pogost Pomazikha Pominovskaya Porokhovo Pospelovskaya Posyolok Myasokombinata Potepalovo Pritykino Prokopyevskaya Pronevskaya Puzovka Pyatovskaya Radchino Ramenye Regishevskaya Rodnaya Romashevsky Pogost Rudino Rudnovskaya Ryazanka Rykalovskaya Rylkovskaya Samsonovskaya Savinskaya Semenovskaya Semerninskoye Semichayevskaya Senskaya Senyukovskaya Seredskaya Sergeyevskoye Sergiyevskaya Shelkovo Shelovskaya Shershukovskaya Shkulevskaya Shulevo Sinyakovo Sinyakovskaya Skoryatenskoye Slastnichikha Slobodinskaya Slobodka Sluda Sludka Smetanino Snezhurovo Spassky Pogost Spichenskaya Srodino Stafilovo Stary Dvor Stepushino Strukovo Sukhaya Veret Surovchikha Surovtsovo Sverchkovskaya Sverdlovskaya Tabory Tarasovskaya Tarnogsky Gorodok Tekstilshchiki Telpino Tikhonikha Timoshinskaya Tiunovskaya Toporikha Toropovskaya Tryznovo Tsaryova Tselkovskaya Tsybuninskaya Tyrlyninskaya Tyuprikha Tyurdinskaya Uglitskaya Ugryumovskaya Ukhtanga Ulyanovskaya Uspenye Ust-Tsareva Ust-Yedenga Uvarovskaya Vanevskaya Varnitsy Vasyutkino Vaulovo Velikaya Verigino Verkhnepauninskaya Verkhovny Pogost Vershininskaya Vidernikovskaya Volodinskaya Vorlygino Voroninskaya Vorotishna Voshchar Vyazutinskaya Vydrino Yafanovskaya Yakinskaya Yakunikha Yakurino Yakushevskaya Yarinskaya Yarygino Yedovinskaya Yefimovskaya Yekimikha Yelifanovskaya Vystavka Yelifanovskaya Yeltsino Yemelyanovskaya Yepifanovskaya Yerino Yermakovskaya Yermolinskaya Yermolitsa Yevseyevskaya Yezovo Yugra Yurenino Zapolnaya Zubarevo Zuikha Zykov Konets This Tarnogsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Tarnogsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Afonovskaya (Russian: Афоновская) is a rural locality (a village) in Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 147 as of 2002.[2] There are 2 streets.[3]","title":"Afonovskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarnogsky Gorodok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogsky_Gorodok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Afonovskaya is located 10 km southeast of Tarnogsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bovytinskaya is the nearest rural locality.[4]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksha_Dagar
Diksha Dagar
["1 Early life","2 Amateur career","3 Professional career","4 Honours","5 Amateur wins","6 Professional wins (3)","6.1 Ladies European Tour wins (2)","6.2 Other wins (1)","7 Team appearances","8 References","9 External links"]
Indian female professional deaf golfer In this Indian name, the name Dagar is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Diksha. Diksha DagarPersonal informationBorn (2000-12-14) 14 December 2000 (age 23)Chappar, Jhajjar, Haryana, IndiaHeight5 ft 9 in (175 cm)Sporting nationality IndiaCareerTurned professional2019Current tour(s)Ladies European TourProfessional wins3Number of wins by tourLadies European Tour2Other1Best results in LPGA major championshipsChevron ChampionshipDNPWomen's PGA C'shipDNPU.S. Women's OpenDNPWomen's British OpenT21: 2023Evian ChampionshipCUT: 2019, 2023 Medal record Deaflympics 2021 Caxias do Sul Individual 2017 Samsun Individual Diksha Dagar (born 14 December 2000) is an Indian professional golfer who is also hearing-impaired. She became the leading amateur ladies golfer in India from November 2015. Diksha Dagar represented India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics where golf was included in the Summer Deaflympics for the very first time and competed in the women's individual golf event securing a silver medal. Diksha also qualified to represent India at the 2018 Asian Games. She is also considered one of the emerging amateur golfers in India. In 2019, she became only the second Indian female golfer after Aditi Ashok to win on the Ladies European Tour and became the youngest Indian woman to do so at the age of 18. In July 2021, she received a surprise invitation from the International Golf Federation to compete in the women's individual event at the 2020 Summer Olympics following a late withdrawal of South African golfer Paula Reto. She eventually became the first golfer ever in history to have competed in both Olympics and Deaflympics. Early life Diksha was born on 14 December 2000 and started to wear hearing aids at the age of six. She started playing golf since the age of seven, along with her brother Yogesh Dagar, who is also profoundly hearing-impaired. She was coached by her father Col Narinder Dagar, a former scratch golfer who serves in the Army. She considers Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic and American golfer Tiger Woods as her inspirational role models. Amateur career She started playing golf as a left-hander in the amateur level in 2012 and noted for her clean long striking during her early career. In November 2015, she was the low amateur at the Hero Women's Indian Open on the Ladies European Tour. She has won several amateur golf professional tournaments since entering into amateur circuit in 2012. In 2016, she became the only Indian golfer to be ranked within top 500 in the world rankings for U18 category. In 2017, she won her maiden professional event at the Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour. In March 2018, she won the Singapore Ladies Amateur Open. Diksha Dagar also registered the best score by an Indian at the Thailand's Queen Sirikit Cup history when she achieved it in June 2018 with a score of three under 69 and helped the Indian team to finish sixth in the women's team event. She also totalled four-under over the three days, the lowest any Indian had gone in the Queen Sirikit Cup history. Diksha was one of the medal winners as a part of the Indian delegation at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics, where she clinched a silver medal in the women's individual golf event and also became the first Indian to claim a Deaflympic medal in the sport of golf. In April 2018, she was approved to take part in the 2018 Asian Games along with six other golfers who were named in the Indian squad and competed in both women's individual and team event as a part of the golf competition. Professional career Dagar turned professional in early 2019. In March 2019, she emerged as winner of the 2019 Investec South African Women's Open, a tournament on the 2019 Ladies European Tour. This was her first win as a professional, becoming India's youngest woman to clinch a Ladies European Tour title at the age of 18. She defeated South Africa's three-time champion, Lee-Anne Pace, by one shot. She became the first Indian to clinch the South African Women's Open title and second Indian female overall to claim the Ladies European Tour Title. In November 2020, she competed at the 2020 Dubai Omega Moonlight Classic tournament. During the 2020 Ladies Scottish Open, she along with two fellow Indian golfers Aditi Ashok and Tvesa Malik became the first trio of golfers from India to take part in a single event at the Ladies European Tour. Diksha won the Aramco Team Series – London as part of the 2021 Ladies European Tour and became only the second Indian female golfer after Aditi Ashok to win Ladies European Tour more than once. She represented India at the 2020 Summer Olympics which also marked her maiden appearance at the Olympics. Prior to earning an invitation to take part in the Olympics, she was supposed to participate at the ISPS Handa World Invitational Tournament in the Northern Ireland which started on 29 July 2021. She became one of the fewest deaf people to have competed at the Olympics and she was also the first Indian deaf sportsperson to have represented India at the Olympics. She qualified to compete at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics (held in May 2022) representing India which also marked her second Deaflympic appearance. She claimed the gold medal in the women's individual event during the 2021 Summer Deaflympics after defeating USA's Ashlyn Grace in the final. She also went onto become the first and only golfer in Deaflympics history to secure two Deaflympic medals in golf since the introduction of sport to Deaflympics in 2017. Honours She was conferred the Arjuna Award for the year 2023. Earlier in 2020, the Indian Golf Union nominated her as a candidate for the Arjuna Award. Amateur wins 2015 Eastern India Ladies & Junior Girls - Faldo Series India 2016 Chandigarh Ladies & Junior Girls Championship, Faldo Series India Championship, Western India Ladies & Girls Championship, Eastern India Ladies & Junior Girls 2017 Telangana Ladies & Junior Girls Championship, Northern India Ladies & Girls, Western India Ladies & Girls Championship 2018 Singapore Ladies Amateur Open Championship Source: Professional wins (3) Ladies European Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 16 Mar 2019 Investec South African Women's Open 76-66-69=211 −5 1 stroke Lee-Anne Pace 2 25 Jun 2023 Tipsport Czech Ladies Open 69-65-69=203 −13 4 strokes Trichat Cheenglab 1 Co-sanctioned by the Sunshine Ladies Tour. Other wins (1) 2017 Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour Leg 16 Team appearances Espirito Santo Trophy (representing India): 2016, 2018 References ^ "Diksha Dagar". www.deaflympics.com. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Jordan Masters: Diksha Dagar looking forward to making history". Sportstar. 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ a b c d "Diksha Dagar". World Amateur Golf Ranking. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Indian amateur golfer Diksha Dagar credits dad for her silver win at Deaflympics". Hindustan Times. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Bhattacharya, Arka (12 August 2018). "Go to US college or turn pro: India's No. 1 amateur golfer Diksha Dagar ponders life beyond Asiad". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "India at Asian Games 2018: Full squad". India Today. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Bhaduri, Tushar (13 August 2018). "Diksha Dagar, 17, overcomes disability to pursue golf". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ a b c "Teenaged Diksha Dagar creates history, wins South African Women's Open". The Times of India. 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ a b Krishnaswamy, V. (17 March 2019). "Diksha Dagar becomes youngest Indian woman to win on Ladies European Tour". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ Selvaraj, Jonathan (17 March 2019). "The right clubs changed everything for left-handed Diksha Dagar". ESPN. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ "Diksha Dagar to defend title at South African Women's Open". Hindustan Times. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Chhabria, Vinay (28 July 2021). "India's Diksha Dagar secures Tokyo Olympics qualification after South African golfer withdraws". www.sportskeeda.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Golfer Diksha Dagar leaves for Tokyo after last-minute Olympic entry". The Hindu. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b "Diksha Dagar claims gold medal at Deaflympics Caxias". The Indian Express. 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ "Dagar Diksha". Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ Bora, Moushumi (2 October 2019). "For Diksha Dagar, it's about the winning attitude". Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Diksha Dagar". Forbes. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "महिला गोल्फर दीक्षा ने कहा- पिता को जाता है मेरी सफलता का श्रेय". Zee News Hindi (in Hindi). 12 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Who is Diksha Dagar: Five things to know about the Indian golfer". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "Diksha Dagar leading amateur in India". Ladies European Tour. 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Diksha Dagar takes the quiet fairway in quest of sporting dream". Hindustan Times. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Datla, Anand (14 May 2018). "Diksha Dagar does well in Queen Sirikit Cup". Golfing Indian. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Kohli, Sharad (13 May 2018). "Haryana girl Diksha Dagar notches up best score by an Indian at Thailand's Queen Sirikit Cup". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Meet the Athletes Who Won 5 Medals at the Summer Deaflympics in Turkey, Making India Proud". The Better India. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Deaflympics 2017: India bag gold, silver and two bronze medals in Turkey". Scroll.in. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Seven young Indian golfers qualify for Asian Games". The Times of India. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Strong and young Indian team for golf in 2018 Asian Games". Hindustan Times. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ Kohli, Sharad (8 August 2018). "Diksha tees up for Asiad after back-to-back wins". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ^ "Diksha Dagar Lands Maiden LET Title in Cape Town". Ladies European Tour. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ Stander, Lali (17 March 2019). "Diksha drives to victory in Investec SA Women's Open". The Leader Newspaper. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ "Diksha Dagar becomes youngest Indian woman to win on LET". Ladies European Tour. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Jackson, Keith (16 March 2019). "Diksha Dagar wins South African crown". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ "Meet Diksha Dagar, a hearing-impaired golfer who won her first professional title at 18". Scroll.in. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ "Diksha Dagar wins South African Women's Open". ESPN. 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ Krishnaswamy, V. (19 October 2020). "Golf has been anchor in my life, says Diksha Dagar as she focuses on Dubai". @businessline. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Three Indians in LPGA event for first time; Aditi Ashok, Diksha Dagar, Tvesa Malik to play at Ladies Scottish Open". The Indian Express. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Three Indians at a Major: Aditi Ashok, Diksha Dagar, Tvesa Malik at Women's Open". The Indian Express. 16 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "Diksha Dagar finishes strong, helps her team win Aramco Team Series". Sportstar. 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "India's Aditi Ashok and Diksha Dagar set to begin Olympic campaign". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ Gallagher, Paul. "Women's Entry List Final". ISPS Handa World Invitational. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ "India's Diksha Dagar earns late entry for women's competition". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ Sportstar, Team (26 April 2022). "Sixty-five Indian athletes to participate in Deaflympics". Sportstar. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ Judge, Shahid (May 2022). "Explainer: India at Deaflympics – here's what you need to know about the quadrennial event". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Diksha Dagar tops stroke-play, enters last eight in Deaflympics". The Indian Express. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ PTI (12 May 2022). "Diksha Dagar claims gold medal at Deaflympics". Sportstar. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ "I will do my best at Paris Olympics: Golfer Diksha Dagar after Arjuna Award confirmation". The Times of India. 20 December 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ "Rashid Khan, Aditi Ashok And Diksha Dagar Nominated For Arjuna Award". NDTVSports.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021. External links Diksha Dagar at the WPGA Tour Australasia official site Diksha Dagar at the ALPG Tour official site (archived) Diksha Dagar at Olympedia Diksha Dagar at Olympics.com Diksha Dagar at Deaflympics Diksha Dagar on X
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagr-3"},{"link_name":"India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2017_Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"Summer Deaflympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"India at the 2018 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aditi Ashok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditi_Ashok"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"International Golf Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Golf_Federation"},{"link_name":"women's individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paula Reto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Reto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"text":"In this Indian name, the name Dagar is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Diksha.Diksha Dagar (born 14 December 2000) is an Indian professional golfer who is also hearing-impaired.[1][2] She became the leading amateur ladies golfer in India from November 2015.[3] Diksha Dagar represented India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics where golf was included in the Summer Deaflympics for the very first time and competed in the women's individual golf event securing a silver medal.[4] Diksha also qualified to represent India at the 2018 Asian Games.[5][6] She is also considered one of the emerging amateur golfers in India.[7] In 2019, she became only the second Indian female golfer after Aditi Ashok to win on the Ladies European Tour and became the youngest Indian woman to do so at the age of 18.[8][9][10][11]In July 2021, she received a surprise invitation from the International Golf Federation to compete in the women's individual event at the 2020 Summer Olympics following a late withdrawal of South African golfer Paula Reto.[12][13] She eventually became the first golfer ever in history to have competed in both Olympics and Deaflympics.[14]","title":"Diksha Dagar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Novak Djokovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novak_Djokovic"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Diksha was born on 14 December 2000 and started to wear hearing aids at the age of six.[15] She started playing golf since the age of seven, along with her brother Yogesh Dagar, who is also profoundly hearing-impaired.[16][17] She was coached by her father Col Narinder Dagar, a former scratch golfer who serves in the Army.[18] She considers Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic and American golfer Tiger Woods as her inspirational role models.[19]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hero Women's Indian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Women%27s_Indian_Open"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Queen Sirikit Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Cup"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2017 Summer Deaflympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2018 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual"},{"link_name":"team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team"},{"link_name":"golf competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"She started playing golf as a left-hander in the amateur level in 2012 and noted for her clean long striking during her early career. In November 2015, she was the low amateur at the Hero Women's Indian Open on the Ladies European Tour. She has won several amateur golf professional tournaments since entering into amateur circuit in 2012.[20] In 2016, she became the only Indian golfer to be ranked within top 500 in the world rankings for U18 category.[21]In 2017, she won her maiden professional event at the Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour. In March 2018, she won the Singapore Ladies Amateur Open. Diksha Dagar also registered the best score by an Indian at the Thailand's Queen Sirikit Cup history when she achieved it in June 2018 with a score of three under 69 and helped the Indian team to finish sixth in the women's team event.[22] She also totalled four-under over the three days, the lowest any Indian had gone in the Queen Sirikit Cup history.[23]Diksha was one of the medal winners as a part of the Indian delegation at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics, where she clinched a silver medal in the women's individual golf event and also became the first Indian to claim a Deaflympic medal in the sport of golf.[24][25]In April 2018, she was approved to take part in the 2018 Asian Games along with six other golfers who were named in the Indian squad and competed in both women's individual and team event as a part of the golf competition.[26][27][28]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Investec South African Women's Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investec_South_African_Women%27s_Open"},{"link_name":"2019 Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lee-Anne Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-Anne_Pace"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ladies Scottish Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Scottish_Open"},{"link_name":"Tvesa Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvesa_Malik"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Aramco Team Series – London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramco_Team_Series_%E2%80%93_London"},{"link_name":"2021 Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"India at the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"deaf people to have competed at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_people_in_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"India at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2021 Summer Deaflympics (held in May 2022) representing India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2021_Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"2021 Summer Deaflympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"Ashlyn Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashlyn_Grace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Dagar turned professional in early 2019.[8] In March 2019, she emerged as winner of the 2019 Investec South African Women's Open, a tournament on the 2019 Ladies European Tour.[29][30] This was her first win as a professional, becoming India's youngest woman to clinch a Ladies European Tour title at the age of 18.[31] She defeated South Africa's three-time champion, Lee-Anne Pace, by one shot.[32][33][34][9] She became the first Indian to clinch the South African Women's Open title and second Indian female overall to claim the Ladies European Tour Title.[8] In November 2020, she competed at the 2020 Dubai Omega Moonlight Classic tournament.[35] During the 2020 Ladies Scottish Open, she along with two fellow Indian golfers Aditi Ashok and Tvesa Malik became the first trio of golfers from India to take part in a single event at the Ladies European Tour.[36][37]Diksha won the Aramco Team Series – London as part of the 2021 Ladies European Tour and became only the second Indian female golfer after Aditi Ashok to win Ladies European Tour more than once.[38] She represented India at the 2020 Summer Olympics which also marked her maiden appearance at the Olympics.[39] Prior to earning an invitation to take part in the Olympics, she was supposed to participate at the ISPS Handa World Invitational Tournament in the Northern Ireland which started on 29 July 2021.[40][41] She became one of the fewest deaf people to have competed at the Olympics and she was also the first Indian deaf sportsperson to have represented India at the Olympics.She qualified to compete at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics (held in May 2022) representing India which also marked her second Deaflympic appearance.[42][43] She claimed the gold medal in the women's individual event during the 2021 Summer Deaflympics after defeating USA's Ashlyn Grace in the final.[44][14] She also went onto become the first and only golfer in Deaflympics history to secure two Deaflympic medals in golf since the introduction of sport to Deaflympics in 2017.[45]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjuna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna_Award"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Indian Golf Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Golf_Union"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"She was conferred the Arjuna Award for the year 2023.[46] Earlier in 2020, the Indian Golf Union nominated her as a candidate for the Arjuna Award.[47]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagr-3"}],"text":"2015 Eastern India Ladies & Junior Girls - Faldo Series India\n2016 Chandigarh Ladies & Junior Girls Championship, Faldo Series India Championship, Western India Ladies & Girls Championship, Eastern India Ladies & Junior Girls\n2017 Telangana Ladies & Junior Girls Championship, Northern India Ladies & Girls, Western India Ladies & Girls Championship\n2018 Singapore Ladies Amateur Open ChampionshipSource: [3]","title":"Amateur wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (3)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note11"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Ladies Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Ladies_Tour"}],"sub_title":"Ladies European Tour wins (2)","text":"1 Co-sanctioned by the Sunshine Ladies Tour.","title":"Professional wins (3)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagr-3"}],"sub_title":"Other wins (1)","text":"2017 Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour Leg 16[3]","title":"Professional wins (3)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Espirito Santo Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirito_Santo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Espirito_Santo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Espirito_Santo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagr-3"}],"text":"Espirito Santo Trophy (representing India): 2016, 2018[3]","title":"Team appearances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Diksha Dagar\". www.deaflympics.com. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/eDRzUTY3R1MwOWNIMEJwUDJFcFJzQT09","url_text":"\"Diksha Dagar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Masters: Diksha Dagar looking forward to making history\". Sportstar. 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/golf/jordan-masters-diksha-dagar-aditi-ashok/article26724465.ece","url_text":"\"Jordan Masters: Diksha Dagar looking forward to making history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210728193041/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/golf/jordan-masters-diksha-dagar-aditi-ashok/article26724465.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Diksha Dagar\". World Amateur Golf Ranking. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wagr.com/playerprofile/diksha-dagar-21434","url_text":"\"Diksha Dagar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131537/https://www.wagr.com/playerprofile/diksha-dagar-21434","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian amateur golfer Diksha Dagar credits dad for her silver win at Deaflympics\". Hindustan Times. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/indian-amateur-golfer-diksha-dagar-credits-dad-for-her-silver-win-at-deaflympics/story-ZQUIqD3vOP6UPUVb4f7rfO.html","url_text":"\"Indian amateur golfer Diksha Dagar credits dad for her silver win at Deaflympics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/indian-amateur-golfer-diksha-dagar-credits-dad-for-her-silver-win-at-deaflympics/story-ZQUIqD3vOP6UPUVb4f7rfO.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhattacharya, Arka (12 August 2018). \"Go to US college or turn pro: India's No. 1 amateur golfer Diksha Dagar ponders life beyond Asiad\". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley
Moseley
["1 History","2 Literature","3 Sport","4 Present","5 Education","6 Notable residents","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°26′48″N 1°53′17″W / 52.44671°N 1.88814°W / 52.44671; -1.88814For other uses, see Moseley (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Moseley" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human settlement in EnglandMoseleyMoseley centreMoseleyLocation within the West MidlandsOS grid referenceSP077832Metropolitan boroughBirminghamShire countyWorcestershireMetropolitan countyWest MidlandsRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBIRMINGHAMPostcode districtB13Dialling code0121PoliceWest MidlandsFireWest MidlandsAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentBirmingham Hall Green List of places UK England West Midlands 52°26′48″N 1°53′17″W / 52.44671°N 1.88814°W / 52.44671; -1.88814 Moseley (/ˈmoʊzliː/ MOZE-lee) is an affluent suburb of south Birmingham, England, three miles (five kilometres) south of the city centre. It is located within the Moseley ward of the city, in the constituency of Hall Green. Historically it lay within Worcestershire. History Moseley was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Museleie. St. Mary's Church, Moseley was licensed by the Bishop of Worcester (authorised by Pope Innocent VII) in February 1405, and the 600th anniversary was celebrated in 2005 with a series of special events. In 2012 the church bells which had been named as the worst sounding in the country were replaced. Moseley itself developed around a Victorian shopping area known as Moseley Village. Moseley Hall was rebuilt in parkland in the late 1700s and rebuilt by 1795 after being set on fire during rioting in 1791. It was donated in 1891 to the City of Birmingham by Richard Cadbury and now forms part of Moseley Hall Hospital. Spring Hill College (Moseley School), a Gothic revival construction built in 1857, is located in the south of the district. Former pupils include comedian Jasper Carrott and musician Bev Bevan of the Electric Light Orchestra. St Anne's Church, Moseley was opened in 1874. Moseley was served by Moseley railway station from 1867 to 1941. It was opened by the Midland Railway on the Camp Hill line. A previously named Moseley Station on the same line changed its name to Kings Heath Station upon the opening of the station. Moseley and the surrounding areas were much developed after 1910, being built upon the once extensive farm land that was predominant in this area. The new properties being mostly of large houses, designed to cater for the Edwardian middle-class families that settled in the suburbs surrounding Birmingham's industrial centre. These large houses relied upon at least one servant or "tweeny" as they were often termed, to help the lady of the house run the household. With the advent of the First World War, staff were hard to find to maintain houses of this size. The heating bills and high maintenance made them unpopular after the war and many were split into flats to cater for the requirements of the expanding working population who moved from the city centre as extensive redevelopment took place in the 1960s. In some respects Moseley and the surrounding area suffered a serious decline in the last part of the 20th century. Much property fell into neglect, and problems with crime, drugs and prostitution became commonplace in the areas bordering Balsall Heath. During this same period, however, with a great deal of cheap accommodation on offer, it is arguable that Moseley also enjoyed its most creative and cosmopolitan phase as the focus of artistic and student communities. In 1970s, the small triangular shaped green in the heart of Moseley village, which was then home to the underground public toilets, was a convenient meeting place for local youth, and was known as "Bog Island". Local band Ocean Colour Scene were active in the mid-1990s British Britpop–indie scene with songs such as "The Riverboat Song", inspired by locations within the suburb of Moseley. Their most successful album (in terms of weeks on chart) was Moseley Shoals. Moseley is also the birthplace of Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran. The politician Joseph Chamberlain had his Birmingham residence at Highbury, on the edge of Moseley. The property was entrusted to the city after Chamberlain's death and is currently used as a conference venue and location for civil ceremonies. Literature J. R. R. Tolkien spent his early years in Moseley, living close to Sarehole Mill in Hall Green before moving to the site now occupied by Shades Music off the Alcester Road. Sarehole Mill is believed to have been his inspiration for the tranquil Shire in The Lord of the Rings. He also drew inspiration from Moseley Bog for the landscape of Middle-earth. Sport Moseley has a rich history of success in Rugby Union. Its most famous team is Moseley Rugby Football Club, who were one of Europe's best teams in the late 1960s to the 1980s. Notable players include Sam Doble, J. F. Byrne, Peter Cranmer, Alain Rolland, Mike Teague and Victor Ubogu. The Moseley Wanderers team of 1900 won the Silver Medal in the Rugby Union competition at the 1900 Olympics. Present Today, a monthly Farmers' Market in Moseley - set up by the Moseley Neighbourhood Forum- has won various awards including best FARMA Certified Urban Farmers' Market 2009 and in 2009 local farmer Dominic Butler won the Most Unique Produce award with his micro blue beetroots. Similarly, Moseley has a well defined and established community spirit and ethos, exemplified by Moseley Neighbourhood Forum - a neighbourhood forum - that works to develop the area for the betterment of everyone. The Moseley Society exists to protect the heritage of the area; meetings of the Society discuss and debate a wide range of local issues and the interests of its residents. The Moseley Community Development Trust (CDT) invests in the social and physical capital of the area. Established with funding from charitable trust funds and with the support of the Moseley and Kings Heath Ward Committee, the CDT is now managing a series of initiatives to improve the environment of Moseley. It has its own monthly magazine, Moseley B13 (formerly Birmingham 13), reporting on local events and personalities. It has been printing as of May 1973. A group of volunteers have formed Moseley in Bloom (MiB). Much like the Moseley Community Development Trust, the group undertake many projects which look at the greener issues around Moseley. Many projects take place throughout the year to enhance the landscape of Moseley as well as renovate dilapidated areas. Every summer Moseley hosts Moseley Festival, a festival of arts and culture that sees people in the community come together and hold a series of music, art, food, cultural and sporting events. Moseley Folk Festival happens later in the year, and attracts big names from the world of folk. Moseley Jazz, Funk & Soul Festival takes place in Moseley Park during the summer as well. Moseley also has its own literary festival, Pow-Wow LitFest, which has taken place annually at the Prince of Wales pub as of 2011. Moseley is also home to many pubs, restaurants and cafés. In 2015 Moseley was named as the "best urban place to live" by The Sunday Times, with the newspaper citing its 'Arts and Crafts', 'Bohemian culture' and 'Victorian Architecture' as reasons to live in the suburb. This award followed its being highlighted by The Guardian in 2013 as a place to move, with similar reasons being cited. Education Moseley has two secondary schools, Moseley School, a language college and Queensbridge School, an Arts College. It also has several Primary schools such as Moseley C of E Primary School a one form entry school that has connections with St. Mary's Church and Park Hill Primary School on Alcester Road and St Martin de Porres Catholic Primary School. Moseley is also home to Uffculme School, an all age special school for children on the autism spectrum. Moseley also has Fox Hollies School. Notable residents Many people who have been born, lived or worked in Moseley have made important contributions, a few of the more high-profile ones are: Kabir Ali, Worcestershire & England cricketer Edward Bach, doctor, best known for developing a range of remedies called the Bach flower remedies Dan Bull, rapper and songwriter Ali Campbell, singer in UB40 Austen Chamberlain MP, statesman, Lord Mayor of Birmingham, philanthropist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister, MP and Lord Mayor of Birmingham (declared World War II) Carl Chinn, historian, radio presenter, newspaper columnist, and media personality Alan Cottrell, metallurgist and physicist Fyfe Dangerfield, musician, solo artist and lead singer of the Guillemots Roger Jon Ellory, author Simon Fowler, musician and lead singer of Ocean Colour Scene Claudia Jessie, actress Trish Keenan, songwriter, musician and lead singer of Broadcast Frederick W. Lanchester, pioneer of the motor car Joanne Malin, TV presenter, co-presenter of Central Tonight Herbert Mason MC, film director, producer, actor, stage manager, choreographer, production manager and army officer in World War I Nick Rhodes, keyboardist in Duran Duran Brian Travers, saxophonist in UB40 J. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings See also Moseley Conservation Area St Agnes Moseley Conservation Area References ^ "Great Britain and Ireland - interactive county map". ^ "Place name: Moseley, Birmingham, Warwickshire, Worcestershire Folio: 172r Great..." nationalarchives.gov.uk. ^ "Moseley Station". railaroundbirmingham.co.uk. ^ Ocean Colour Scene full Official Chart History, Official Charts Company, retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ Middleton, Christopher (15 December 2007). "Birmingham Lord of the Rings Tour". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ "Moseley Community Development Trust". moseleyCDT.com. ^ "Moseley B13 Magazine". moseleyb13.com. ^ "Moseley Festival". moseleyfestival.org.uk. ^ "Moseley Folk". ^ "Mostly Jazz, Funk & Soul Festival -8th - 10th July 2016 -Birmingham, UK". Mostly Jazz, Funk and Soul Festival. ^ "Pow-Wow Litfest 2013". pow-wow.org.uk. ^ "The winner: Birmingham, Moseley". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Let's move to: Moseley, Birmingham". The Guardian. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Let's walk and talk". ^ "UB40 Homepage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. ^ "Joseph Chamberlain, Moseley CDT". ^ "Number10.gov.uk". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. ^ "Fyfe Dangerfield, Moseley Folk Festival". Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. ^ "RJ Ellory Profile". ^ "Herbert Mason". explore.bfi.org.uk. explore.bfi.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015. ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette, 14 November 1916". The Gazette. The London Gazette. 14 November 1916. p. 11060. Retrieved 19 March 2015. For conspicuous gallantry in action. He brought up machine-guns under intense fire, and organised the machine-gun section defence of each object as gained, displaying great courage and initiative. He greatly assisted our holding the position when gained ^ "UB40 Homepage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Moseley. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moseley. Moseley Society Moseley Forum - the neighbourhood forum for the village of Moseley Moseley in Bloom - Moseley volunteers growing a cleaner, greener community Moseley in the Domesday Book vte Areas of BirminghamSuburbs Acocks Green Alum Rock Ashted Aston Austin Village Balsall Heath Bartley Green Beech Lanes Billesley Birches Green Birchfield Bickenhill Birmingham City Centre Bordesley Bordesley Green Bordesley Green East Bournbrook Bournville Brandwood End Bromford Buckland End California Camp Hill Castle Vale Chad Valley Cofton Common Colehall Cotteridge Deritend Digbeth Druids Heath Duddeston Edgbaston Erdington Falcon Lodge Fox Hollies Garretts Green Gilbertstone Glebe Farm Gosta Green Gravelly Hill Great Barr Greet Hall Green Hamstead Handsworth Handsworth Wood Harborne Hawkesley Hay Mills Hazelwell Highgate Highter's Heath Hockley Hodge Hill Jewellery Quarter Kings Heath Kings Norton Kingstanding Kitts Green Ladywood Lea Hall Little Bromwich Longbridge Lozells Lyndon Green Minworth Moor Pool Moseley Nechells New Frankley New Oscott Northfield Oscott Perry Barr Pype Hayes Quinton Rednal Rotton Park Roughley Rubery Saltley Selly Oak Selly Park Shard End Sheldon Small Heath Smithfield South Yardley Sparkbrook Sparkhill Stechford Stirchley Stockfield Summerfield Sutton Coldfield Tile Cross Turves Green Tyburn Tyseley Walker's Heath Walmley Ward End Warstock Washwood Heath Weoley Castle West Heath Winson Green Witton Woodgate Yardley Yardley Fields Yardley Wood Wards Constituencies Governance Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moseley (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈmoʊzliː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"MOZE-lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Hall Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Green"},{"link_name":"Historically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Moseley (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandMoseley (/ˈmoʊzliː/ MOZE-lee) is an affluent suburb of south Birmingham, England, three miles (five kilometres) south of the city centre.It is located within the Moseley ward of the city, in the constituency of Hall Green. Historically it lay within Worcestershire.[1]","title":"Moseley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church, Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Moseley"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Moseley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Hall,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Moseley School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_School"},{"link_name":"Gothic revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival"},{"link_name":"Jasper Carrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Carrott"},{"link_name":"Bev Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"St Anne's Church, Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Moseley"},{"link_name":"Moseley railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kings Heath Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Heath_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Balsall Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsall_Heath"},{"link_name":"Ocean Colour Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"The Riverboat Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riverboat_Song"},{"link_name":"Moseley Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Shoals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nick Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury,_Birmingham"}],"text":"Moseley was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Museleie.[2]St. Mary's Church, Moseley was licensed by the Bishop of Worcester (authorised by Pope Innocent VII) in February 1405, and the 600th anniversary was celebrated in 2005 with a series of special events. In 2012 the church bells which had been named as the worst sounding in the country were replaced. Moseley itself developed around a Victorian shopping area known as Moseley Village.Moseley Hall was rebuilt in parkland in the late 1700s and rebuilt by 1795 after being set on fire during rioting in 1791. It was donated in 1891 to the City of Birmingham by Richard Cadbury and now forms part of Moseley Hall Hospital.Spring Hill College (Moseley School), a Gothic revival construction built in 1857, is located in the south of the district. Former pupils include comedian Jasper Carrott and musician Bev Bevan of the Electric Light Orchestra.St Anne's Church, Moseley was opened in 1874.Moseley was served by Moseley railway station from 1867 to 1941. It was opened by the Midland Railway on the Camp Hill line. A previously named Moseley Station on the same line changed its name to Kings Heath Station upon the opening of the station.[3]Moseley and the surrounding areas were much developed after 1910, being built upon the once extensive farm land that was predominant in this area. The new properties being mostly of large houses, designed to cater for the Edwardian middle-class families that settled in the suburbs surrounding Birmingham's industrial centre. These large houses relied upon at least one servant or \"tweeny\" as they were often termed, to help the lady of the house run the household. With the advent of the First World War, staff were hard to find to maintain houses of this size. The heating bills and high maintenance made them unpopular after the war and many were split into flats to cater for the requirements of the expanding working population who moved from the city centre as extensive redevelopment took place in the 1960s.In some respects Moseley and the surrounding area suffered a serious decline in the last part of the 20th century. Much property fell into neglect, and problems with crime, drugs and prostitution became commonplace in the areas bordering Balsall Heath. During this same period, however, with a great deal of cheap accommodation on offer, it is arguable that Moseley also enjoyed its most creative and cosmopolitan phase as the focus of artistic and student communities. In 1970s, the small triangular shaped green in the heart of Moseley village, which was then home to the underground public toilets, was a convenient meeting place for local youth, and was known as \"Bog Island\".Local band Ocean Colour Scene were active in the mid-1990s British Britpop–indie scene with songs such as \"The Riverboat Song\", inspired by locations within the suburb of Moseley. Their most successful album (in terms of weeks on chart) was Moseley Shoals.[4] Moseley is also the birthplace of Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran.The politician Joseph Chamberlain had his Birmingham residence at Highbury, on the edge of Moseley. The property was entrusted to the city after Chamberlain's death and is currently used as a conference venue and location for civil ceremonies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Sarehole Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarehole_Mill"},{"link_name":"Hall Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Green"},{"link_name":"Sarehole Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarehole_Mill"},{"link_name":"Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Moseley Bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Bog"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"J. R. R. Tolkien spent his early years in Moseley, living close to Sarehole Mill in Hall Green before moving to the site now occupied by Shades Music off the Alcester Road. Sarehole Mill is believed to have been his inspiration for the tranquil Shire in The Lord of the Rings. He also drew inspiration from Moseley Bog for the landscape of Middle-earth.[5]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Moseley Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sam Doble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Doble"},{"link_name":"J. F. Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Byrne"},{"link_name":"Peter Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"Alain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Mike Teague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Teague"},{"link_name":"Victor Ubogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ubogu"},{"link_name":"Moseley Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Silver Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Medal"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"}],"text":"Moseley has a rich history of success in Rugby Union. Its most famous team is Moseley Rugby Football Club, who were one of Europe's best teams in the late 1960s to the 1980s. Notable players include Sam Doble, J. F. Byrne, Peter Cranmer, Alain Rolland, Mike Teague and Victor Ubogu.The Moseley Wanderers team of 1900 won the Silver Medal in the Rugby Union competition at the 1900 Olympics.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moseley Neighbourhood Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Neighbourhood_Forum"},{"link_name":"Moseley Neighbourhood Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Neighbourhood_Forum"},{"link_name":"charitable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organisation"},{"link_name":"Moseley and Kings Heath Ward Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_and_Kings_Heath_Ward_Committee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moseley&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moseley&action=edit"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"cafés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suntimes-12"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardi-13"}],"text":"Today, a monthly Farmers' Market in Moseley - set up by the Moseley Neighbourhood Forum- has won various awards including best FARMA Certified Urban Farmers' Market 2009 and in 2009 local farmer Dominic Butler won the Most Unique Produce award with his micro blue beetroots. Similarly, Moseley has a well defined and established community spirit and ethos, exemplified by Moseley Neighbourhood Forum - a neighbourhood forum - that works to develop the area for the betterment of everyone. The Moseley Society exists to protect the heritage of the area; meetings of the Society discuss and debate a wide range of local issues and the interests of its residents.The Moseley Community Development Trust (CDT) invests in the social and physical capital of the area. Established with funding from charitable trust funds and with the support of the Moseley and Kings Heath Ward Committee, the CDT is now managing a series of initiatives to improve the environment of Moseley.[6]It has its own monthly magazine, Moseley B13 (formerly Birmingham 13), reporting on local events and personalities. It has been printing as of May 1973[update].[7]A group of volunteers have formed Moseley in Bloom (MiB). Much like the Moseley Community Development Trust, the group undertake many projects which look at the greener issues around Moseley. Many projects take place throughout the year to enhance the landscape of Moseley as well as renovate dilapidated areas.Every summer Moseley hosts Moseley Festival,[8] a festival of arts and culture that sees people in the community come together and hold a series of music, art, food, cultural and sporting events.Moseley Folk Festival[9] happens later in the year, and attracts big names from the world of folk. Moseley Jazz, Funk & Soul Festival[10] takes place in Moseley Park during the summer as well. Moseley also has its own literary festival, Pow-Wow LitFest,[11] which has taken place annually at the Prince of Wales pub as of 2011[update].Moseley is also home to many pubs, restaurants and cafés.In 2015 Moseley was named as the \"best urban place to live\" by The Sunday Times, with the newspaper citing its 'Arts and Crafts', 'Bohemian culture' and 'Victorian Architecture' as reasons to live in the suburb.[12] This award followed its being highlighted by The Guardian in 2013 as a place to move, with similar reasons being cited.[13]","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moseley School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_School"},{"link_name":"Queensbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensbridge_School"},{"link_name":"Arts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_College"},{"link_name":"St Martin de Porres Catholic Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Martin_de_Porres_Catholic_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"special school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education_in_England"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Fox Hollies School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_Hollies_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Moseley has two secondary schools, Moseley School, a language college and Queensbridge School, an Arts College. It also has several Primary schools such as Moseley C of E Primary School a one form entry school that has connections with St. Mary's Church and Park Hill Primary School on Alcester Road and St Martin de Porres Catholic Primary School.Moseley is also home to Uffculme School, an all age special school for children on the autism spectrum.Moseley also has Fox Hollies School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabir Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir_Ali"},{"link_name":"Edward Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bach"},{"link_name":"Bach flower remedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies"},{"link_name":"Dan Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bull"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ali Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Campbell"},{"link_name":"UB40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB40"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Austen Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Neville Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Number10.gov.uk-17"},{"link_name":"Carl Chinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Chinn"},{"link_name":"Alan Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cottrell"},{"link_name":"Fyfe Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyfe_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Guillemots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillemots_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Roger Jon Ellory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Ellory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Simon Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Ocean Colour Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene"},{"link_name":"Claudia Jessie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Jessie"},{"link_name":"Trish Keenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trish_Keenan"},{"link_name":"Broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Lanchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Lanchester"},{"link_name":"Joanne Malin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Malin"},{"link_name":"Central Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Herbert Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Mason"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nick Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Brian Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Travers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"}],"text":"Many people who have been born, lived or worked in Moseley have made important contributions, a few of the more high-profile ones are:Kabir Ali, Worcestershire & England cricketer\nEdward Bach, doctor, best known for developing a range of remedies called the Bach flower remedies\nDan Bull, rapper and songwriter[14]\nAli Campbell, singer in UB40[15]\nAusten Chamberlain MP, statesman, Lord Mayor of Birmingham, philanthropist[16] and Nobel Peace Prize winner\nNeville Chamberlain, Prime Minister, MP and Lord Mayor of Birmingham (declared World War II)[17]\nCarl Chinn, historian, radio presenter, newspaper columnist, and media personality\nAlan Cottrell, metallurgist and physicist\nFyfe Dangerfield, musician, solo artist and lead singer of the Guillemots[18]\nRoger Jon Ellory, author[19]\nSimon Fowler, musician and lead singer of Ocean Colour Scene\nClaudia Jessie, actress\nTrish Keenan, songwriter, musician and lead singer of Broadcast\nFrederick W. Lanchester, pioneer of the motor car\nJoanne Malin, TV presenter, co-presenter of Central Tonight\nHerbert Mason MC, film director, producer, actor, stage manager, choreographer, production manager and army officer in World War I[20][21]\nNick Rhodes, keyboardist in Duran Duran\nBrian Travers, saxophonist in UB40[22]\nJ. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings","title":"Notable residents"}]
[]
[{"title":"Moseley Conservation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley_Conservation_Area"},{"title":"St Agnes Moseley Conservation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Agnes_Moseley_Conservation_Area"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%91enica
Kađenica
["1 References","2 See also"]
KađenicaKađenica chapelReligionAffiliationSerbian OrthodoxyLeadershipSerbian Orthodox ChurchLocationLocationDljin, (Čačak),  SerbiaArchitectureTypeCave-churchMaterialsStone The Smoke Cave or Kađenica is a cave-church located in the village of Dljin near Čačak on the right bank of the Zapadna Morava, one kilometre upstream from Ovčar Banja, Serbia. During the Hadži Prodan's revolt in 1814, people found refuge in the cave. Turks discovered their hiding place and using straw and wood set it on fire, suffocating everyone inside. This incident also gave the name to the cave. In 1936 the remains were retrieved, fully cremated and buried in two stone sarcophagi. They were placed in the cave's church altar apse, under the representation of Jesus' Crucifixion. References ^ "Pećina Kađenica". www.klubputnika.org. ^ "CRKVA-PEĆINA KAĐENICA". www.ovcarbanja.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. See also List of caves in Serbia vteSerbian Orthodox church buildingsSerbiaBelgrade Church of Saint Sava St. Michael's Cathedral St. George, Banovo Brdo Ružica St. Mark's Church St. Basil of Ostrog Church of the Ascension Rakovica Monastery Chapel of Saint Petka Holy Apostles Peter and Paul St. Alexander Nevsky Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Batajnica) St. Nicholas (Dobanovci) Holy Virgin (Zemun) Vojvodina St. Nicholas (Bačinci) St. George (Banoštor) St. George (Bečej) St. Peter and Paul (Berkasovo) St. Nicholas (Erdevik) St. Elijah (Ilinci) Dormition of the Theotokos (Irig) St. Nicholas (Irig) St. Theodore Tiron (Irig) Holy Apostle Luke (Kupinovo) Saint George's Cathedral (Novi Sad) St. Nicholas (Sibač) St. Nicholas (Sivac) St. George (Sombor) Epiphany of the Lord (Srbobran) Nativity of the Theotokos (Sremska Kamenica) Sremski Karlovci Orthodox Cathedral (Sremski Karlovci) St. Nicholas (Šid) Dormition of the Theotokos (Titel) Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas (Turija) Assumption (Zrenjanin) Central Serbia St. Achillius (Arilje) Kađenica (Dljin) Holy Ascension (Krupanj) Lazarica (Kruševac) Odžaklija (Leskovac) Cave Church (Lukovo) St. George (Lukovo) Štava Church (Lukovska Banja) Holy Trinity Cathedral (Niš) Apostles Peter and Paul (Stari Ras) Oplenac (Topola) St. Mark (Užice) Kosovo* (status) Nativity of the Theotokos (Obilić) Christ the Saviour (Pristina) Our Lady of Ljeviš (Prizren) St. Elijah (Podujevo) Saint George (Prizren) St. Nicholas (Prizren) Virgin Hodegetria (Mušutište) Montenegro St. Jovan Vladimir (Bar) Cetinje Monastery (Cetinje) Court Church (Cetinje) Vlah Church (Cetinje) St. Nicholas (Kotor) Podgorica Cathedral (Podgorica) Morača Ostrog Monastery Savina Monastery Bosnia andHerzegovinaRepublika Srpska Banja Luka Cathedral (Banja Luka) St. Nikola (Dobrelji) St. Nicholas (Dobrljin) St. Nicholas (Javorani) St. Nicholas (Rijeka) St. Nicholas (Romanovci) St. George (Sopotnica) St. Nicholas (Srđevići) St. Archangel Michael (Veličani) Federation B&H Holy Trinity (Mostar) Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Sarajevo) Holy Transfiguration (Sarajevo) Nativity of the Theotokos (Sarajevo) Croatia Holy Venerable Mother Parascheva (Banovci) Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas (Bijelo Brdo) St. George (Bobota) St. Peter and Paul (Bolman) St. Stephen (Borovo) Ascension of the Lord (Cetina) Presentation of Mary (Čakovci) Dalj Cathedral (Dalj) Saint Archangel Michael (Darda) Nativity of the Theotokos (Drežnica) Holy Annunciation (Dubrovnik) Nativity of the Theotokos (Gaboš) St. George (Grubišno Polje) St. Michael the Archangel (Ilok) St. Nicholas (Jagodnjak) St. Stefan Štiljanović (Karanac) St. Nicholas (Karlovac) St. George (Kneževo) Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Knin) Pentecost (Markušica) St. Nicholas (Mikluševci) St. Nicholas (Mirkovci) St. Panteleimon (Mirkovci) Transfiguration of the Lord (Mohovo) Dormition of the Theotokos (Negoslavci) St. Elijah (Novi Jankovci) St. George (Opatovac) St. Peter and Paul (Orolik) Dormition of the Mother of God (Osijek) Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (Ostrovo) St. Nicholas (Pačetin) St. Spyridon (Peroj) Presentation of Mary (Popovac) St. Nicholas (Rijeka) Saint Parascheva (Slabinja) Nativity of the Theotokos (Srijemske Laze) Transfiguration of the Lord (Šarengrad) Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (Štikada) Church of St. Peter and Paul, Tepljuh (Tepljuh) St. George (Tovarnik) Transfiguration of the Lord (Trpinja) St. George (Varaždin) Pentecost (Vinkovci) St. Nicholas (Vrlika) St. Nicholas (Vukovar) Serbian Orthodox Cathedral (Zagreb) Hungary St. George (Budapest) Annunciation Church (Szentendre) Dormition of the Theotokos (Szentendre) Požarevac Church (Szentendre) St. Nicholas (Szeged) Transfiguration Church (Szentendre) United Kingdom Holy Prince Lazar (Birmingham) Serbian Orthodox Church (Halifax) St. Nicholas (West Wycombe) United States Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church, Galveston Trinity Chapel Complex, Manhattan Saint Sava Church, Jackson, California Saint Sava Church, Merrillville, Indiana Saint Sava Cathedral, Milwaukee Canada Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Hamilton Saint Sava Church, Toronto All Serbian Saints Church, Mississauga Saint Arsenije Sremac Church, Whitby Saint Michael the Archangel Church, Toronto Othercountries Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church, Slovenia Serbian Church in Arad, Romania Serbian Orthodox Cathedral, Timișoara, Romania St. Nicholas Serbian Church, Timișoara, Romania St. George Serbian Church, Timișoara, Romania St. Sava Church, Paris, France Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste, Italy Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Stockholm, Sweden Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Komárno, Slovakia (in care of OCLS) Notes* indicate churches in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and Kosovo. This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Serbia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cave-church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave-church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dljin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dljin"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Zapadna Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Morava"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hadži Prodan's revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Prodanova_buna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagi"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"}],"text":"The Smoke Cave or Kađenica is a cave-church[1] located in the village of Dljin near Čačak on the right bank of the Zapadna Morava, one kilometre upstream from Ovčar Banja, Serbia.During the Hadži Prodan's revolt in 1814, people found refuge in the cave. Turks discovered their hiding place and using straw and wood set it on fire, suffocating everyone inside. This incident also gave the name to the cave. In 1936 the remains were retrieved,[2] fully cremated and buried in two stone sarcophagi. They were placed in the cave's church altar apse, under the representation of Jesus' Crucifixion.","title":"Kađenica"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of caves in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Serbia"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serbian_Orthodox_church_buildings"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serbian_Orthodox_church_buildings"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbian_Orthodox_church_buildings"},{"title":"Serbian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Serbia"},{"title":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"title":"Church of Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava"},{"title":"St. Michael's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade"},{"title":"St. George, Banovo 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George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Be%C4%8Dej"},{"title":"Bečej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%8Dej"},{"title":"St. Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Berkasovo"},{"title":"Berkasovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkasovo"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Erdevik"},{"title":"Erdevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdevik"},{"title":"St. Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Elijah,_Ilinci"},{"title":"Ilinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinci"},{"title":"Dormition of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Theotokos,_Irig"},{"title":"Irig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irig,_Serbia"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Irig"},{"title":"Irig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irig,_Serbia"},{"title":"St. Theodore Tiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Theodore_Tiron,_Irig"},{"title":"Irig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irig,_Serbia"},{"title":"Holy Apostle Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostle_Luke,_Kupinovo"},{"title":"Kupinovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupinovo"},{"title":"Saint George's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cathedral_(Novi_Sad)"},{"title":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Siba%C4%8D"},{"title":"Sibač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siba%C4%8D"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Sivac"},{"title":"Sivac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivac"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sombor"},{"title":"Sombor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombor"},{"title":"Epiphany of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Epiphany_of_the_Lord,_Srbobran"},{"title":"Srbobran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srbobran"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Sremska_Kamenica"},{"title":"Sremska Kamenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Kamenica"},{"title":"Sremski Karlovci Orthodox Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci_Orthodox_Cathedral"},{"title":"Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_%C5%A0id"},{"title":"Šid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0id"},{"title":"Dormition of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Theotokos,_Titel"},{"title":"Titel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titel"},{"title":"Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfer_of_the_relics_of_the_Holy_Father_Nicholas,_Turija"},{"title":"Turija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turija,_Srbobran"},{"title":"Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Assumption,_Zrenjanin"},{"title":"Zrenjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenjanin"},{"title":"Central Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Serbia"},{"title":"St. Achillius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Achillius,_Arilje"},{"title":"Arilje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arilje"},{"title":"Kađenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Dljin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dljin"},{"title":"Holy Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Ascension,_Krupanj"},{"title":"Krupanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupanj"},{"title":"Lazarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarica_Church"},{"title":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"title":"Odžaklija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%BEaklija"},{"title":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"title":"Cave Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Church,_Lukovo"},{"title":"Lukovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukovo,_Kur%C5%A1umlija"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Lukovo"},{"title":"Lukovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukovo,_Kur%C5%A1umlija"},{"title":"Štava Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tava_Church"},{"title":"Lukovska Banja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukovo,_Kur%C5%A1umlija"},{"title":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Ni%C5%A1)"},{"title":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"title":"Apostles Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul,_Ras"},{"title":"Stari Ras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Ras"},{"title":"Oplenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplenac"},{"title":"Topola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topola"},{"title":"St. Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church,_U%C5%BEice"},{"title":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEice"},{"title":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"title":"status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Obiliq"},{"title":"Obilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiliq"},{"title":"Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_the_Saviour,_Pristina"},{"title":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"title":"Our Lady of Ljeviš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ljevi%C5%A1"},{"title":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"title":"St. Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Elijah,_Podujevo"},{"title":"Podujevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podujevo"},{"title":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Prizren"},{"title":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Prizren"},{"title":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"title":"Virgin Hodegetria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_Hodegetria,_Mu%C5%A1uti%C5%A1te"},{"title":"Mušutište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%A1uti%C5%A1te"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lazarica_Krusevac_1.jpg"},{"title":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro"},{"title":"St. Jovan Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Jovan_Vladimir,_Bar"},{"title":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"},{"title":"Cetinje Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje_Monastery"},{"title":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"title":"Court Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Church_(Cetinje)"},{"title":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"title":"Vlah Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlah_Church"},{"title":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Kotor"},{"title":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"title":"Podgorica Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Resurrection_of_Christ,_Podgorica"},{"title":"Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica"},{"title":"Morača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C4%8Da_(monastery)"},{"title":"Ostrog Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrog_Monastery"},{"title":"Savina Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savina_Monastery,_Montenegro"},{"title":"Bosnia andHerzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"title":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"title":"Banja Luka Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour,_Banja_Luka"},{"title":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"title":"St. Nikola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nikola,_Dobrelja"},{"title":"Dobrelji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrelji"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Dobrljin"},{"title":"Dobrljin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrljin"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Javorani"},{"title":"Javorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javorani,_Kne%C5%BEevo"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Church,_%C4%8Celebi%C4%87i_(Fo%C4%8Da)"},{"title":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka,_Fo%C4%8Da"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Romanovci"},{"title":"Romanovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovci"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sopotnica"},{"title":"Sopotnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopotnica_(Novo_Gora%C5%BEde)"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Sr%C4%91evi%C4%87i"},{"title":"Srđevići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91evi%C4%87i,_Gacko"},{"title":"St. Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Archangel_Michael,_Veli%C4%8Dani"},{"title":"Veličani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli%C4%8Dani"},{"title":"Federation B&H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_B%26H"},{"title":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Mostar"},{"title":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"title":"Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels_Michael_and_Gabriel,_Sarajevo"},{"title":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"title":"Holy Transfiguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Transfiguration,_Sarajevo"},{"title":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Sarajevo"},{"title":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"title":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Croatia"},{"title":"Holy Venerable Mother Parascheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Venerable_Mother_Parascheva"},{"title":"Banovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banovci,_Vukovar-Syrmia_County"},{"title":"Transfer of the relics of the Holy Father Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfer_of_the_relics_of_the_Holy_Father_Nicholas,_Bijelo_Brdo"},{"title":"Bijelo Brdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_Brdo,_Croatia"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Bobota"},{"title":"Bobota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobota,_Croatia"},{"title":"St. Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Bolman"},{"title":"Bolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolman"},{"title":"St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Stephen,_Borovo"},{"title":"Borovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovo,_Croatia"},{"title":"Ascension of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension_of_the_Lord,_Cetina"},{"title":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina,_Croatia"},{"title":"Presentation of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Presentation_of_Mary,_%C4%8Cakovci"},{"title":"Čakovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cakovci"},{"title":"Dalj Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Demetrius,_Dalj"},{"title":"Dalj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalj"},{"title":"Saint Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Saint_Archangel_Michael,_Darda"},{"title":"Darda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darda,_Croatia"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Dre%C5%BEnica"},{"title":"Drežnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre%C5%BEnica,_Croatia"},{"title":"Holy Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Annunciation,_Dubrovnik"},{"title":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Gabo%C5%A1"},{"title":"Gaboš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabo%C5%A1"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Grubi%C5%A1no_Polje"},{"title":"Grubišno Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grubi%C5%A1no_Polje"},{"title":"St. Michael the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael_the_Archangel,_Ilok"},{"title":"Ilok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilok"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Jagodnjak"},{"title":"Jagodnjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagodnjak"},{"title":"St. Stefan 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Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Miklu%C5%A1evci"},{"title":"Mikluševci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklu%C5%A1evci"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Mirkovci"},{"title":"Mirkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirkovci,_Croatia"},{"title":"St. Panteleimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon,_Mirkovci"},{"title":"Mirkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirkovci,_Croatia"},{"title":"Transfiguration of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfiguration_of_the_Lord,_Mohovo"},{"title":"Mohovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohovo"},{"title":"Dormition of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Theotokos,_Negoslavci"},{"title":"Negoslavci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negoslavci"},{"title":"St. Elijah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Elijah,_Novi_Jankovci"},{"title":"Novi Jankovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Jankovci"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Opatovac"},{"title":"Opatovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatovac,_Vukovar-Syrmia_County"},{"title":"St. Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Orolik"},{"title":"Orolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orolik"},{"title":"Dormition of the Mother of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God,_Osijek"},{"title":"Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek"},{"title":"Nativity of Saint John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Ostrovo"},{"title":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovo,_Croatia"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Pa%C4%8Detin"},{"title":"Pačetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C4%8Detin"},{"title":"St. Spyridon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Spyridon_Church,_Peroj"},{"title":"Peroj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroj"},{"title":"Presentation of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Presentation_of_Mary,_Popovac"},{"title":"Popovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovac,_Osijek-Baranja_County"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Rijeka"},{"title":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"title":"Saint Parascheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Parascheva,_Slabinja"},{"title":"Slabinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slabinja"},{"title":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Srijemske_Laze"},{"title":"Srijemske Laze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srijemske_Laze"},{"title":"Transfiguration of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfiguration_of_the_Lord,_%C5%A0arengrad"},{"title":"Šarengrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arengrad"},{"title":"Holy Apostles Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul,_%C5%A0tikada"},{"title":"Štikada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tikada"},{"title":"Church of St. Peter and Paul, Tepljuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Tepljuh"},{"title":"Tepljuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepljuh"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Tovarnik"},{"title":"Tovarnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovarnik"},{"title":"Transfiguration of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfiguration_of_the_Lord,_Trpinja"},{"title":"Trpinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpinja"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Vara%C5%BEdin"},{"title":"Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin"},{"title":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Pentecost,_Vinkovci"},{"title":"Vinkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinkovci"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Vrlika"},{"title":"Vrlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlika"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Vukovar"},{"title":"Vukovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukovar"},{"title":"Serbian Orthodox Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Zagreb"},{"title":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"title":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Hungary"},{"title":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Budapest"},{"title":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"title":"Annunciation Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Church,_Szentendre"},{"title":"Szentendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre"},{"title":"Dormition of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Theotokos,_Szentendre"},{"title":"Szentendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre"},{"title":"Požarevac Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac_Church,_Szentendre"},{"title":"Szentendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Szeged"},{"title":"Szeged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged"},{"title":"Transfiguration Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_Church,_Szentendre"},{"title":"Szentendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre"},{"title":"Holy Prince Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Prince_Lazar,_Birmingham"},{"title":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"title":"Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church,_Halifax"},{"title":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"title":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_West_Wycombe"},{"title":"West Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wycombe"},{"title":"Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church, Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Constantine_and_Helen_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Trinity Chapel Complex, Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Chapel_Complex"},{"title":"Saint Sava Church, Jackson, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_(Jackson,_California)"},{"title":"Saint Sava Church, Merrillville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_(Merrillville,_Indiana)"},{"title":"Saint Sava Cathedral, Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Milwaukee)"},{"title":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Canada"},{"title":"Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Serbian_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Hamilton,_Ontario)"},{"title":"Saint Sava Church, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_(Toronto)"},{"title":"All Serbian Saints Church, Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Serbian_Saints_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_(Mississauga)"},{"title":"Saint Arsenije Sremac Church, Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Arsenije_Sremac_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Saint Michael the Archangel Church, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_(Toronto)"},{"title":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Cyril_and_Methodius_Church_(Ljubljana)"},{"title":"Serbian Church in Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Church_in_Arad"},{"title":"Serbian Orthodox Cathedral, Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"title":"St. Nicholas Serbian Church, Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Serbian_Church,_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"title":"St. George Serbian Church, Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Serbian_Church,_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"title":"St. Sava Church, Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sava_Church,_Paris"},{"title":"Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Spyridon_Church,_Trieste"},{"title":"Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava_Serbian_Orthodox_Church,_Stockholm"},{"title":"Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Komárno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_the_Theotokos,_Kom%C3%A1rno"},{"title":"OCLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia"},{"title":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%91enica&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serbia-church-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serbia-church-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia-church-stub"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B34
Telephone numbers in Spain
["1 History","2 Current numbering plan","2.1 Mobile phones","2.2 Personal numbering","2.3 Other numbers","3 Area codes","4 References","5 External links"]
Telephone numbers in SpainLocationCountrySpainContinentEuropeRegulatorCMTTypeclosedAccess codesCountry code+34International access00Long-distancenone The Spanish telephone numbering plan is the allocation of telephone numbers in Spain. It was previously regulated by the Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones (CMT), but is now regulated by the Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC). History Before 1998, local telephone calls could be made using only the subscriber's number without the area code, while the trunk code '9' was omitted when calling from outside Spain, e.g.: xx xx xx (within the same province) 9xx xxx xxx (within Spain) +34 xx xxx xxx (outside Spain) International calls were made by dialling the international access code 07, waiting for a tone, and then dialling the country code. However, calls to Gibraltar were made using the prefix '956' for the province of Cádiz, followed by the digit '7', instead of the country code +350, e.g.: 7 xx xxx (from Cádiz) 956 7 xx xxx (from the rest of Spain) Similarly, calls to Andorra were made using the prefix '973' for the province of Lleida followed by the digit '8', e.g.: 8 xx xxx (from Lleida) 9738 xx xxx (from Spain) It was also possible to call Andorra from other countries via Spain using the prefix +34 738 instead of via France using the prefix +33 628. However, on 17 December 1994, Andorra adopted its own country code +376, with '8' being added to the subscriber's five-digit number, meaning that international dialling was required from Spain, e.g.: 9738 xx xxx (before 17 December 1994) 07376 8xx xxx (after 17 December 1994) Mobile phone numbers began with the prefix '90x' or '9x9', e.g.: 9x9 xxx xxx (within Spain) +34 x9 xxx xxx (outside Spain) Current numbering plan On 1 December 1998, Spain changed to a new telephone numbering plan. Under the closed numbering plan with the trunk prefix '9' being incorporated into the subscriber's number, so that a nine-digit number was used for all calls, e.g.: 9xx xxx xxx (within Spain) +34 9xx xxx xxx (outside Spain) Mobiles similarly changed, and were now prefixed with the digit '6': 608 xxx xxx (within Spain before 1998) +34 08 xxx xxx (outside Spain before 1998) +34 608 xxx xxx (since 1998) New numbering ranges have also since been introduced: 10xx Carrier selection codes 5xx xxx xxx Personal Numbering 7yx xxx xxx (since 2009–2010; note y cannot be 0 (zero) because this is allocated as a personal number, see below) 8xx xxx xxx Geographic expansion 800 xxx xxx Freephone 900 xxx xxx Freephone 80x xxx xxx Shared-cost 90x xxx xxx Shared-cost Spain's international access code also changed from 07 to 00, but this did not affect dialling arrangements for calls to Gibraltar, with the 9567 prefix being retained. In addition, it was possible to call Gibraltar from other countries via Spain using the prefix +34 9567. However, on 10 February 2007, Spain adopted the international prefix 00350 for all calls to Gibraltar, thereby bringing end to a dispute between Gibraltar and Spain. Consequently, numbers with the prefix 9567 were withdrawn from use, and made available for reassignment to subscribers in Spain. Mobile phones Mobile phone numbers begin with 6 or 7, followed by 8 digits (6xx xxx xxx or 7yx xxx xxx), where y can be 1 to 9, not 0 (zero). Note, numbers starting with 70 are personal numbers which can be re-directed to any other number by the personal owner. Since the blocks of mobile phone numbers are allocated according to demand from the service providers, there is not necessarily a unique service provider indicated by the three digit numbering group (6xx or 7yx). In October 2009, new legislation was approved to grant the allocation of up to 80,000,000 new numbers beginning with number 7 (followed by 8 digits) to supplement the existing group beginning with number 6 (followed by 8 digits); due to the lack of available numbers to satisfy the increasing demand for mobile phone and other mobile / wireless services. Personal numbering Personal numbers are used as redirection IDs. The owner of a personal number may request, for example, any call to its personal number to be redirected to any other number it wants. Personal numbers begin with 5, followed by 8 digits. Other numbers Numbers starting with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 99 are reserved. Numbers starting with 0 and 1 are used to compose short numbers or for prefixes. For example, three-digit numbers starting with 0 are for emergency and services to the citizen. Non-emergency numbers are 010 for requesting information to the city council, 012 to the regional government, and 060 to the national government. 016, implemented in 2007 by the national government, is a telephone number meant for reporting cases of violence against women. Calls to this number do not appear in the phone bill. 112 is the generic emergency number. Specific emergency numbers are 061 for medical emergencies (only some of the autonomous communities offer this number, elsewhere 112 must be called), 062 for the Civil Guard, 080 or 085 for the fire brigade (depending on the province), 091 for the National Police, 092 for the municipal police. Five-digit numbers starting with 118 are information numbers. Numbers starting with 80 and 90, then a number different from 0, are used for premium rates, toll free, and internet access numbers. 905 numbers are supposed to be used for voting systems. Calls have a limited duration (typically 3 minutes), and are charged a fixed rate per call. They are often used in TV shows as a substitutive of 80 numbers, both for image reasons and because operators are not obliged to block them on a user request, as 80 numbers are. Until 2003, 906 used to be the prefix for premium rate calls, where the calling party pays a fixed amount of money per minute and are lucrative for the called party. In that year, 906 was discontinued and split in three: 803 for phone sex, 806 for entertainment, gambling and various services such as divination, and 807 for professional services such as legal and medical advice. 908 and 909 were designed to be the numbers for dial-up Internet access. However, they have been widely replaced by digital subscriber line and faster Internet access technologies. 907 was the prefix for dial-up access to premium rate websites. 800 and 900 numbers are freephone numbers in Spain. The called party pays the cost of the call. 901 and 902 numbers are Non Geographic Numbers. These have been widely introduced by the call centres of large multinational European businesses. Unlike other normal Spanish phone numbers beginning 910 onwards, 901 and 902 numbers are always excluded from inclusive call bundles on Spanish landlines and mobiles. In 901 lines, the cost of the call is shared between the calling party and the receiver; in a 902, the calling party pays all the cost of the call. 902 numbers are extremely expensive to call from Spanish mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are also premium rated if calling Spain from overseas and low cost international call carriers to Spain normally refuse to connect calls to 901 and 902 numbers. Area codes Spanish prefix map Dialling codes of Spain in the early 1990s Area codes in Spain National Destination Code Max length Min length Category or province 0 3 3 Short Number 00 2 2 International Prefix 1 4 4 Short Number 103 6 4 Operator Selection 104 6 4 Operator Selection 105 6 4 Operator Selection 107 6 4 Operator Selection 112 3 3 Emergency Services 118 5 5 Directory assistance 5 9 9 Personal Numbering System 6 9 9 Mobile phones 70 9 9 Personal Numbering System 71 9 9 Mobile phones 72 9 9 Mobile phones 73 9 9 Mobile phones 74 9 9 Mobile phones 75 9 9 Mobile phones 76 9 9 Mobile phones 77 9 9 Mobile phones 78 9 9 Mobile phones 79 9 9 Mobile phones 800 9 9 Toll Free 803 9 9 Premium Rate (adult services) 806 9 9 Premium Rate (entertaining service) 807 9 9 Premium Rate (professional services) 822 9 9 Santa Cruz de Tenerife 824 9 9 Badajoz 828 9 9 Las Palmas 843 9 9 Gipuzkoa 848 9 9 Navarre 850 9 9 Almería 856 9 9 Cádiz 858 9 9 Granada 868 9 9 Murcia 871 9 9 Balearic Islands 872 9 9 Girona 873 9 9 Lleida 876 9 9 Zaragoza 877 9 9 Tarragona 881 9 9 A Coruña 882 9 9 Lugo 886 9 9 Pontevedra 900 9 9 Toll Free 901 9 9 Shared-cost call 902 9 9 National Rate 905 9 9 Telephone Voting System 907 9 9 Premium Rate (data systems) 908 9 9 Internet Access 909 9 9 Internet Access 911 9 9 Madrid (Segovia and Guadalajara until 1993) 912 9 9 Madrid 913 9 9 Madrid 914 9 9 Madrid 915 9 9 Madrid 916 9 9 Madrid 917 9 9 Madrid 918 9 9 Madrid (Ávila until 1993) 920 9 9 Ávila 921 9 9 Segovia 922 9 9 Santa Cruz de Tenerife 923 9 9 Salamanca 924 9 9 Badajoz 925 9 9 Toledo 926 9 9 Ciudad Real 927 9 9 Cáceres 928 9 9 Las Palmas 931 9 9 Barcelona 932 9 9 Barcelona 933 9 9 Barcelona 934 9 9 Barcelona 935 9 9 Barcelona 936 9 9 Barcelona 937 9 9 Barcelona 938 9 9 Barcelona 940 9 9 Pager Services 941 9 9 La Rioja 942 9 9 Cantabria 943 9 9 Gipuzkoa 944 9 9 Biscay 945 9 9 Álava 946 9 9 Biscay 947 9 9 Burgos 948 9 9 Navarre 949 9 9 Guadalajara 950 9 9 Almería 951 9 9 Málaga 952 9 9 Málaga 953 9 9 Jaén 954 9 9 Seville 955 9 9 Seville 956 9 9 Cádiz 957 9 9 Córdoba 958 9 9 Granada 959 9 9 Huelva 960 9 9 Valencia 961 9 9 Valencia, Center of province 962 9 9 Valencia, South of province 963 9 9 Valencia, City and surroundings 964 9 9 Castellón 965 9 9 Alicante 966 9 9 Alicante 967 9 9 Albacete 968 9 9 Murcia 969 9 9 Cuenca 971 9 9 Balearic Islands 972 9 9 Girona 973 9 9 Lleida 974 9 9 Huesca 975 9 9 Soria 976 9 9 Zaragoza 977 9 9 Tarragona 978 9 9 Teruel 979 9 9 Palencia 980 9 9 Zamora 981 9 9 A Coruña 982 9 9 Lugo 983 9 9 Valladolid 984 9 9 Asturias 985 9 9 Asturias 986 9 9 Pontevedra 987 9 9 León 988 9 9 Ourense References ^ Hobbs, A. Hoyt; Adzigian, Joy (1 February 1994). Spain & Portugal, 1994: The Most In-Depth Guide to the Spectacle and Romance of Spain & Portugal. Fielding Worldwide. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-56952-021-5. ^ Uriz, Francisco J.; Harling, Birgit (1990). In Spain. EMC Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8219-0744-3. ^ Gold, Peter (2005). Gibraltar: British Or Spanish?. Psychology Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-415-34795-2. ^ Fodor's (1987). Fodor's Spain, 1987. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-679-01410-2. ^ Mediterranean Europe Archived 26 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Lonely Planet, 1995, page 104 ^ Fodor's Europe. Fodor's Travel Publications. 1996. p. 35. ^ Zafra Díaz, Juan Manuel (3 July 1997). "A partir del 4 de abril de 1998 todos los números de teléfono españoles tendrán nueve dígitos". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Official Journal of the European Communities: Legislation. Vol. 40, issues 240-251. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1997. ^ Garwood, Duncan (2005). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-74059-778-4. ^ Lloyd's Ports of the World. Lloyd's of London Press. 2000. p. 788. ISBN 978-1-85978-664-2. ^ Dubey, Bikram Grewal manjulika; Guides, Insight; Stannard, Dorothy (December 1998). Southern Spain. Insight Guides. ISBN 978-0-88729-142-5. ^ Danmarks posten Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 83, Dansk Samvirke, 2002, page 40 ^ "GRA - Home Page". 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ "Gibraltar.- Las llamadas telefónicas al Peñón introducen a partir de mañana el prefijo internacional sin coste adicional". Europa Press. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ "Los nuevos números de móvil empezarán por siete cuando se agoten los encabezados por seis | Navegante | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ El Mundo Archived 15 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. El 016, el teléfono confidencial para maltratadas que no deja huella ^ Unión de Consumidores de España (UCE) denuncia los números 905, Diputación de Huelva, 24 October 2007 ^ "Los teléfonos 906 se convierten desde hoy en 806 salvo para acceder a la Red". El País (in Spanish). 1 October 2003. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ a b c "¿Cuál es el coste de los números de teléfono 900, 901, 902 y 800?". Rebeldes con causa, el blog de reclamador.es (in Spanish). 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2023. External links CMNC - National Commission of Markets and Competition (Spanish) Spanish Numbering plan from CMT/Previous Spanish Communications Regulator (Spanish) Operator codes assigned to each network - Due to portability it can change - Registration Needed Downloadable list of phone numbers (Spanish) Real Decreto 2296/2004, de 10 de diciembre (Spanish) Resolución de 30 de junio de 2005, de la Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones y para la Sociedad de la Información por la que se atribuyen recursos públicos de numeración al servicio telefónico fijo disponible al público y a los servicios vocales nómadas, y se adjudican determinados indicativos provinciales (Spanish) vteTelephone numbers in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telephone numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_los_Mercados_y_la_Competencia"}],"text":"The Spanish telephone numbering plan is the allocation of telephone numbers in Spain. It was previously regulated by the Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones (CMT), but is now regulated by the Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC).","title":"Telephone numbers in Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(province)"},{"link_name":"+350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B350"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-5"},{"link_name":"+376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B376"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Before 1998, local telephone calls could be made using only the subscriber's number without the area code, while the trunk code '9' was omitted when calling from outside Spain, e.g.:[1]xx[x] xx xx (within the same province) \n9xx xxx xxx (within Spain) \n+34 xx xxx xxx (outside Spain)International calls were made by dialling the international access code 07, waiting for a tone, and then dialling the country code.[2] However, calls to Gibraltar were made using the prefix '956' for the province of Cádiz, followed by the digit '7', instead of the country code +350, e.g.:[3]7 xx xxx (from Cádiz)\n956 7 xx xxx (from the rest of Spain)Similarly, calls to Andorra were made using the prefix '973' for the province of Lleida followed by the digit '8',[4] e.g.:8 xx xxx (from Lleida) \n9738 xx xxx (from Spain)It was also possible to call Andorra from other countries via Spain using the prefix +34 738 instead of via France using the prefix +33 628.[5] However, on 17 December 1994, Andorra adopted its own country code +376, with '8' being added to the subscriber's five-digit number, meaning that international dialling was required from Spain, e.g.:[6]9738 xx xxx (before 17 December 1994) \n07376 8xx xxx (after 17 December 1994)Mobile phone numbers began with the prefix '90x' or '9x9', e.g.:[7]9x9 xxx xxx (within Spain) \n+34 x9 xxx xxx (outside Spain)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"closed numbering plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_telephone_numbering_plan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dispute between Gibraltar and Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_dispute_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On 1 December 1998, Spain changed to a new telephone numbering plan.[8] Under the closed numbering plan with the trunk prefix '9' being incorporated into the subscriber's number, so that a nine-digit number was used for all calls, e.g.:[9]9xx xxx xxx (within Spain) \n+34 9xx xxx xxx (outside Spain)Mobiles similarly changed, and were now prefixed with the digit '6':608 xxx xxx (within Spain before 1998)\n +34 08 xxx xxx (outside Spain before 1998) \n +34 608 xxx xxx (since 1998)[10]New numbering ranges have also since been introduced:10xx Carrier selection codes\n 5xx xxx xxx Personal Numbering\n 7yx xxx xxx (since 2009–2010; note y cannot be 0 (zero) because this is allocated as a personal number, see below)\n 8xx xxx xxx Geographic expansion \n 800 xxx xxx Freephone\n 900 xxx xxx Freephone\n 80x xxx xxx Shared-cost \n 90x xxx xxx Shared-costSpain's international access code also changed from 07 to 00, but this did not affect dialling arrangements for calls to Gibraltar, with the 9567 prefix being retained.[11] In addition, it was possible to call Gibraltar from other countries via Spain using the prefix +34 9567.[12] However, on 10 February 2007, Spain adopted the international prefix 00350 for all calls to Gibraltar, thereby bringing end to a dispute between Gibraltar and Spain.[13] Consequently, numbers with the prefix 9567 were withdrawn from use, and made available for reassignment to subscribers in Spain.[14]","title":"Current numbering plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Mobile phones","text":"Mobile phone numbers begin with 6 or 7, followed by 8 digits (6xx xxx xxx or 7yx xxx xxx), where y can be 1 to 9, not 0 (zero). Note, numbers starting with 70 are personal numbers which can be re-directed to any other number by the personal owner. Since the blocks of mobile phone numbers are allocated according to demand from the service providers, there is not necessarily a unique service provider indicated by the three digit numbering group (6xx or 7yx).In October 2009, new legislation was approved to grant the allocation of up to 80,000,000 new numbers beginning with number 7 (followed by 8 digits) to supplement the existing group beginning with number 6 (followed by 8 digits); due to the lack of available numbers to satisfy the increasing demand for mobile phone and other mobile / wireless services.[15]","title":"Current numbering plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Numbering"}],"sub_title":"Personal numbering","text":"Personal numbers are used as redirection IDs. The owner of a personal number may request, for example, any call to its personal number to be redirected to any other number it wants.Personal numbers begin with 5, followed by 8 digits.","title":"Current numbering plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"regional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"national government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"violence against women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"generic emergency number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112_(emergency_telephone_number)"},{"link_name":"emergency numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"medical emergencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_emergency"},{"link_name":"autonomous communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities"},{"link_name":"Civil Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"fire brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_brigade"},{"link_name":"National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"municipal police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_police"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"premium rate calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"calling party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_party"},{"link_name":"called party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_party"},{"link_name":"phone sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_sex"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"professional services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_services"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclamador-19"},{"link_name":"dial-up Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"digital subscriber line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"premium rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclamador-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclamador-19"}],"sub_title":"Other numbers","text":"Numbers starting with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 99 are reserved.\nNumbers starting with 0 and 1 are used to compose short numbers or for prefixes. For example, three-digit numbers starting with 0 are for emergency and services to the citizen.\nNon-emergency numbers are 010 for requesting information to the city council, 012 to the regional government, and 060 to the national government.\n016, implemented in 2007 by the national government, is a telephone number meant for reporting cases of violence against women. Calls to this number do not appear in the phone bill.[16]\n112 is the generic emergency number. Specific emergency numbers are 061 for medical emergencies (only some of the autonomous communities offer this number, elsewhere 112 must be called), 062 for the Civil Guard, 080 or 085 for the fire brigade (depending on the province), 091 for the National Police, 092 for the municipal police.\nFive-digit numbers starting with 118 are information numbers.\nNumbers starting with 80 and 90, then a number different from 0, are used for premium rates, toll free, and internet access numbers.\n905 numbers are supposed to be used for voting systems. Calls have a limited duration (typically 3 minutes), and are charged a fixed rate per call. They are often used in TV shows as a substitutive of 80 numbers, both for image reasons and because operators are not obliged to block them on a user request, as 80 numbers are.[17]\nUntil 2003, 906 used to be the prefix for premium rate calls, where the calling party pays a fixed amount of money per minute and are lucrative for the called party. In that year, 906 was discontinued and split in three: 803 for phone sex, 806 for entertainment, gambling and various services such as divination, and 807 for professional services such as legal and medical advice.[18][19]\n908 and 909 were designed to be the numbers for dial-up Internet access. However, they have been widely replaced by digital subscriber line and faster Internet access technologies. 907 was the prefix for dial-up access to premium rate websites.\n800 and 900 numbers are freephone numbers in Spain. The called party pays the cost of the call.[19]\n901 and 902 numbers are Non Geographic Numbers. These have been widely introduced by the call centres of large multinational European businesses. Unlike other normal Spanish phone numbers beginning 910 onwards, 901 and 902 numbers are always excluded from inclusive call bundles on Spanish landlines and mobiles. In 901 lines, the cost of the call is shared between the calling party and the receiver; in a 902, the calling party pays all the cost of the call.[19] 902 numbers are extremely expensive to call from Spanish mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are also premium rated if calling Spain from overseas and low cost international call carriers to Spain normally refuse to connect calls to 901 and 902 numbers.","title":"Current numbering plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prefijos_telef%C3%B3nicos_en_Espa%C3%B1a.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prefijos_en_Espa%C3%B1a_en_los_a%C3%B1os_90.svg"}],"text":"Spanish prefix mapDialling codes of Spain in the early 1990s","title":"Area codes"}]
[{"image_text":"Spanish prefix map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Prefijos_telef%C3%B3nicos_en_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/450px-Prefijos_telef%C3%B3nicos_en_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dialling codes of Spain in the early 1990s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Prefijos_en_Espa%C3%B1a_en_los_a%C3%B1os_90.svg/450px-Prefijos_en_Espa%C3%B1a_en_los_a%C3%B1os_90.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hobbs, A. Hoyt; Adzigian, Joy (1 February 1994). Spain & Portugal, 1994: The Most In-Depth Guide to the Spectacle and Romance of Spain & Portugal. Fielding Worldwide. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-56952-021-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UIaKkIpggDMC&q=%2234+for+Spain%22","url_text":"Spain & Portugal, 1994: The Most In-Depth Guide to the Spectacle and Romance of Spain & Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56952-021-5","url_text":"978-1-56952-021-5"}]},{"reference":"Uriz, Francisco J.; Harling, Birgit (1990). In Spain. EMC Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8219-0744-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dRNxltefXPcC&q=%22When+you+make+an+international+call+from+Spain+you+start+by+dialling+07+and+wait+for+the+tone%22","url_text":"In Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8219-0744-3","url_text":"978-0-8219-0744-3"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Peter (2005). Gibraltar: British Or Spanish?. Psychology Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-415-34795-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b6SgDQvP3zMC&q=%229567%22&pg=PA359","url_text":"Gibraltar: British Or Spanish?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34795-2","url_text":"978-0-415-34795-2"}]},{"reference":"Fodor's (1987). Fodor's Spain, 1987. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-679-01410-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qwcqqqyf_A4C&q=%229738+%22Andorra%22","url_text":"Fodor's Spain, 1987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-01410-2","url_text":"978-0-679-01410-2"}]},{"reference":"Fodor's Europe. Fodor's Travel Publications. 1996. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jPWzAAAAIAAJ&q=%2207+376%22","url_text":"Fodor's Europe"}]},{"reference":"Zafra Díaz, Juan Manuel (3 July 1997). \"A partir del 4 de abril de 1998 todos los números de teléfono españoles tendrán nueve dígitos\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/1997/07/03/economia/867880803_850215.html?event_log=go","url_text":"\"A partir del 4 de abril de 1998 todos los números de teléfono españoles tendrán nueve dígitos\""}]},{"reference":"Official Journal of the European Communities: Legislation. Vol. 40, issues 240-251. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=34UNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22implementation+of+the+new+national+numbering+plan+by+1+December+1998%22","url_text":"Official Journal of the European Communities: Legislation"}]},{"reference":"Garwood, Duncan (2005). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-74059-778-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GqCn390Q2S8C&q=%22you+just+dial+that+nine-digit+number,+wherever+in+the+country+you+are+calling+from%22","url_text":"Mediterranean Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-778-4","url_text":"978-1-74059-778-4"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Ports of the World. Lloyd's of London Press. 2000. p. 788. ISBN 978-1-85978-664-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYMsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+34+608%22","url_text":"Lloyd's Ports of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85978-664-2","url_text":"978-1-85978-664-2"}]},{"reference":"Dubey, Bikram Grewal manjulika; Guides, Insight; Stannard, Dorothy (December 1998). Southern Spain. Insight Guides. ISBN 978-0-88729-142-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YLxmaD_Bl-wC&q=%229567%22+","url_text":"Southern Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88729-142-5","url_text":"978-0-88729-142-5"}]},{"reference":"\"GRA - Home Page\". 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191238/http://www.gra.gi/index.php?article=15","url_text":"\"GRA - Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.gra.gi/index.php?article=15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibraltar.- Las llamadas telefónicas al Peñón introducen a partir de mañana el prefijo internacional sin coste adicional\". Europa Press. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-gibraltar-llamadas-telefonicas-penon-introducen-partir-manana-prefijo-internacional-coste-adicional-20070209133344.html","url_text":"\"Gibraltar.- Las llamadas telefónicas al Peñón introducen a partir de mañana el prefijo internacional sin coste adicional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los nuevos números de móvil empezarán por siete cuando se agoten los encabezados por seis | Navegante | elmundo.es\". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/10/19/navegante/1255933494.html","url_text":"\"Los nuevos números de móvil empezarán por siete cuando se agoten los encabezados por seis | Navegante | elmundo.es\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los teléfonos 906 se convierten desde hoy en 806 salvo para acceder a la Red\". El País (in Spanish). 1 October 2003. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2003/10/01/actualidad/1064996881_850215.html","url_text":"\"Los teléfonos 906 se convierten desde hoy en 806 salvo para acceder a la Red\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","url_text":"1134-6582"}]},{"reference":"\"¿Cuál es el coste de los números de teléfono 900, 901, 902 y 800?\". Rebeldes con causa, el blog de reclamador.es (in Spanish). 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reclamador.es/blog/coste-llamadas-900-901-902-800/","url_text":"\"¿Cuál es el coste de los números de teléfono 900, 901, 902 y 800?\""}]}]
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National Commission of Markets and Competition (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220041737/http://www.cmt.es/cmt_ptl_ext/SelectOption.do?nav=numeracion","external_links_name":"Spanish Numbering plan from CMT/Previous Spanish Communications Regulator (Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.gsmspain.com/down.php?id=0&tipo=descargas&carpeta=varios&file=lista_prefijos.pdf","external_links_name":"Operator codes assigned to each network - Due to portability it can change - Registration Needed"},{"Link":"https://numeracionyoperadores.cnmc.es/numeracion","external_links_name":"Downloadable list of phone numbers (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231746/http://www.mityc.es/setsi/legisla/numera/rd229604/dispo.htm","external_links_name":"Real Decreto 2296/2004, de 10 de diciembre (Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/08/18/pdfs/A28868-28871.pdf","external_links_name":"Resolución de 30 de junio de 2005, de la Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones y para la Sociedad de la Información por la que se atribuyen recursos públicos de numeración al servicio telefónico fijo disponible al público y a los servicios vocales nómadas, y se adjudican determinados indicativos provinciales (Spanish)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Circle
The Chalk Circle
["1 Plot","2 Adaptations","3 References","4 External links"]
Chinese play This article is about the original Chinese play. For other uses, see Chalk Circle (disambiguation). The Chalk CircleWritten byLi QianfuCharactersZhang HaitangMa JunqingLady LiuZhang LinBao ZhengOriginal languageClassical ChineseSubjectJudge Bao fictionGenrezaju The Chalk CircleTraditional Chinese灰闌記Simplified Chinese灰阑记Literal meaningstory of the boundary of limeTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinhuī lán jì The Chalk Circle (sometimes translated The Circle of Chalk), by Li Qianfu, is a Yuan dynasty (1259–1368) Chinese classical zaju verse play and gong'an crime drama, in four acts with a prologue. It was preserved in a collection entitled Yuan-chu-po-cheng, or The Hundred Pieces. The Chinese language original is known for the beauty of its lyrical verse, and considered a Yuan masterpiece; a series of translations and revisions inspired several popular modern plays. Plot A beautiful sixteen-year-old girl, Hai-tang (also transliterated Hai-t'ang, Hi-tang, or Chang-hi-tang), is sold into a house of prostitution by her impoverished family, after her father's death. There she is befriended by Ma Chun-shing, a wealthy and childless tax collector, who takes her into his house as his second wife. She bears him a son, Shoulang, but earns the jealousy of his first wife, Ah-Siu. Ah-Siu accuses Hai-tang of adultery, poisons Ma, blaming Hai-tang for the crime, and claims to a court that Shoulang is her own child, so that she can inherit Ma's fortune. Hai-tang is arrested, and beaten until she confesses. As Hai-tang is about to be hanged, she is rescued by Bao Zheng in a scene similar to the Judgment of Solomon: Shoulang is placed in a circle of chalk between the two women, and each is ordered to pull the child toward her; as Hai-tang cannot bear to hurt her child, she gives up the attempt —and so is judged his true mother. Adaptations The play became first known in the Western world in a French language translation by Stanislas Julien, published in London in 1832 as Le Cercle de Craie. This was liberally re-translated into German by Klabund as Der Kreidekreis in 1924, which was very popular. In Klabund's version, the Emperor marries the heroine at the end of the play, while in the original she returns to live with her brother, who is now a court official. Based on Klabund's play, the Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky adapted a libretto for his Der Kreidekreis, performed in Zurich in 1933. Klabund's version was translated into English by James Laver as The Circle of Chalk, in five acts, published in London by William Heinemann in 1929. It was put on stage in March of that year, produced by Basil Dean, starring the American actress Anna May Wong, Australian actress Rose Quong, and British actor Laurence Olivier. As of 2008, this version is still being produced by various theatre groups. In 1940, Bertolt Brecht wrote Der Augsburger Kreidekreis, a short story based on Der Kreidekreis, which reworks the story by omitting any Imperial intervention and making the first wife the biological mother, but having her abandon the child. The heroine is a serving girl who rescues and raises him, becoming the "real" mother. In 1944, he further reworked the story as the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, moving the events to medieval Georgia, adding a prologue set in Soviet Georgia, and greatly elaborating the narrative. In 2000, The Caucasian Chalk Circle in turn was rewritten as Full Circle, or The Berlin Circle, by Charles L. Mee, set in 1989 East Germany after the fall of Communism. The famous Kyrgyz author and novelist Chinghiz Aitmatov was also indirectly inspired from the Chalk Circle, while writing his 1960 book, The Red Scarf. He used some indirect elements from the tale very loosely. The plot of the 1977 Turkish film "Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım" was based on The Red Scarf. The movie is one of the best known films in Turkish cinema . In 2018, Claire Conceison wrote and directed a play called The Chalk Cycle based on the original Yuan drama The Chalk Circle, the Brecht adaptation The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and the Custody battle for Anna Mae He. References ^ a b "Chalk Circle, The (Hui-Lan Ji)", Oxford Dictionary of Plays, online at Enotes.com. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ a b c "The Circle of Chalk" Masterplots, Definitive Revised Edition, online at Enotes.com. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ a b Das Fremde und das Vertraute: Studien zur musiktheoretischen und musikdramatischen Ostasienrezeption, by Peter Revers, Published 1997 Franz Steiner Verlag, ISBN 3-515-07133-4, pages 212, 213. Online excerpt at Google Books retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ "Historicity and Contemporaneity: Adaptations of Yuan Plays in the 1990s", Wenwei Du, Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 18, Number 2, Fall 2001, pp. 222-237. ^ "The Circle of Chalk Character Analysis", Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, online at Enotes.com. Retrieved May 28, 2008. ^ a b "The Circle of Chalk", website for UK staging of Klabund adaptation. Retrieved May 28, 2008. ^ a b Anna May Wong: From Laundryman's Daughter to Hollywood Legend, by Graham Russell Hodges, Published 2004, Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-29319-4, page 96. Online excerpt at Google Books retrieved May 28, 2008. ^ a b ""Solomon's Judgment, Mahosadha, and the Hoei-Kan-Li"". (260 KB), Paul G. Brewster, Folklore Studies, Vol. 21, (1962), pp. 236-240, Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University. Online version accessed June 23, 2015. ^ "Klabund", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008. ^ This was possibly Laurence Olivier's first West End theatre role; Hodges (above), claims it was, but his work wasn't really focused on Olivier, rather on Wong. Our article Laurence Olivier chronology of stage and film performances differs. ^ "All About Mee", Gideon Lester, January 2000, American Repertory Theatre. ^ "The Chalk Cycle at MIT". MCLC Resource Center. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30. External links Full Circle, script by Charles L. Mee at his site. vteYuan dynasty topicsHistory Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu–Kublai war Kublai Khan's campaigns Mongol conquest of China anti-Mongol fortresses conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Sakhalin Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Java invasion Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellions Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion Government Emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia Manchuria Tibet Dpon-chen Goryeo under Mongol rule Science and technology Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns Jiaochao Coinage Shiyi Dexiaofang Nong Shu Architecture Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque Society and culture Yuan poetry History of Liao Jin Song Shilin Guangji Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam Fashion Other topics Mongols Mongol Empire Borjigin ʼPhags-pa script History of Yuan Khanbaliq Shangdu Northern Yuan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalk Circle (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Circle_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Li Qianfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qianfu"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"zaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaju"},{"link_name":"gong'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterplots-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revers-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterplots-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Du-4"}],"text":"This article is about the original Chinese play. For other uses, see Chalk Circle (disambiguation).The Chalk Circle (sometimes translated The Circle of Chalk), by Li Qianfu, is a Yuan dynasty (1259–1368) Chinese classical zaju verse play and gong'an crime drama, in four acts with a prologue.[1][2] It was preserved in a collection entitled Yuan-chu-po-cheng, or The Hundred Pieces.[3] The Chinese language original is known for the beauty of its lyrical verse, and considered a Yuan masterpiece;[2][4] a series of translations and revisions inspired several popular modern plays.","title":"The Chalk Circle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"house of prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_prostitution"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"confesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_confession"},{"link_name":"Bao Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Zheng"},{"link_name":"Judgment of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopedia-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coc.co.uk-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brewster-8"}],"text":"A beautiful sixteen-year-old girl, Hai-tang (also transliterated Hai-t'ang, Hi-tang, or Chang-hi-tang), is sold into a house of prostitution by her impoverished family, after her father's death. There she is befriended by Ma Chun-shing, a wealthy and childless tax collector, who takes her into his house as his second wife. She bears him a son, Shoulang, but earns the jealousy of his first wife, Ah-Siu. Ah-Siu accuses Hai-tang of adultery, poisons Ma, blaming Hai-tang for the crime, and claims to a court that Shoulang is her own child, so that she can inherit Ma's fortune. Hai-tang is arrested, and beaten until she confesses. As Hai-tang is about to be hanged, she is rescued by Bao Zheng in a scene similar to the Judgment of Solomon: Shoulang is placed in a circle of chalk between the two women, and each is ordered to pull the child toward her; as Hai-tang cannot bear to hurt her child, she gives up the attempt —and so is judged his true mother.[1][5][6][7][8]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Julien"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Klabund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klabund"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brewster-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbia-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterplots-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revers-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Zemlinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky"},{"link_name":"Der Kreidekreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kreidekreis_(opera)"},{"link_name":"James Laver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laver"},{"link_name":"William Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heinemann"},{"link_name":"Basil Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dean"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anna May Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_May_Wong"},{"link_name":"Rose Quong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Quong"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodges-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olivier-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coc.co.uk-6"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Der Augsburger Kreidekreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Augsburger_Kreidekreis"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"The Caucasian Chalk Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Mee"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"fall of Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amrep-11"},{"link_name":"Chinghiz Aitmatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinghiz_Aitmatov"},{"link_name":"The Red Scarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Red_Scarf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvi_Boylum_Al_Yazmal%C4%B1m"},{"link_name":"Turkish cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cinema"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Custody battle for Anna Mae He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_battle_for_Anna_Mae_He"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The play became first known in the Western world in a French language translation by Stanislas Julien, published in London in 1832 as Le Cercle de Craie. This was liberally re-translated into German by Klabund as Der Kreidekreis in 1924, which was very popular.[8][9] In Klabund's version, the Emperor marries the heroine at the end of the play, while in the original she returns to live with her brother, who is now a court official.[2][3] Based on Klabund's play, the Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky adapted a libretto for his Der Kreidekreis, performed in Zurich in 1933.Klabund's version was translated into English by James Laver as The Circle of Chalk, in five acts, published in London by William Heinemann in 1929. It was put on stage in March of that year, produced by Basil Dean, starring the American actress Anna May Wong, Australian actress Rose Quong, and British actor Laurence Olivier.[7][10] As of 2008, this version is still being produced by various theatre groups.[6]In 1940, Bertolt Brecht wrote Der Augsburger Kreidekreis, a short story based on Der Kreidekreis, which reworks the story by omitting any Imperial intervention and making the first wife the biological mother, but having her abandon the child. The heroine is a serving girl who rescues and raises him, becoming the \"real\" mother. In 1944, he further reworked the story as the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, moving the events to medieval Georgia, adding a prologue set in Soviet Georgia, and greatly elaborating the narrative. In 2000, The Caucasian Chalk Circle in turn was rewritten as Full Circle, or The Berlin Circle, by Charles L. Mee, set in 1989 East Germany after the fall of Communism.[11]The famous Kyrgyz author and novelist Chinghiz Aitmatov was also indirectly inspired from the Chalk Circle, while writing his 1960 book, The Red Scarf. He used some indirect elements from the tale very loosely. The plot of the 1977 Turkish film \"Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım\" was based on The Red Scarf. The movie is one of the best known films in Turkish cinema [citation needed].In 2018, Claire Conceison wrote and directed a play called The Chalk Cycle based on the original Yuan drama The Chalk Circle, the Brecht adaptation The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and the Custody battle for Anna Mae He.[12]","title":"Adaptations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Timoteo_Vandor
Augusto Vandor
["1 Career","2 Assassination","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Bibliography"]
Argentine trade unionist leader, naval non-commissioned officer and politician Augusto Vandor in February 1968. Augusto Timoteo Vandor (1923–1969) was an Argentine trade unionist leader, naval non-commissioned officer and politician who was assassinated. Career Vandor was born in Bovril, Entre Ríos Province, to a Dutch father and a French mother, in 1923. He enlisted in the Argentine Navy in 1941, and later became a non-commissioned officer aboard the minesweeper ARA Comodoro Py. He left the Navy in 1947, however, and joined the new Philips factory in the Saavedra neighborhood of Buenos Aires. There, he met his future wife, and gained a reputation for strategic thinking that earned him the nickname of El Lobo (the Wolf). He became the steward of the Phillips factory UOM local and in 1954, led a strike for better pay at the facility. Its success made him prominent in the UOM (the steelworkers' union within the CGT, the paramount trade union in Argentina), but led to his arrest following a 1955 military coup that overthrew the populist administration of Juan Perón. Introduced to the exiled Perón in Santo Domingo in 1958, Vandor cultivated good relations with amenable figures in management and the military, and on the lifting of government receivership over the CGT in 1961, Vandor was elected Secretary General of the UOM, the largest of the CGT's 62 unions. He represented labor as part of the troika of Perón's official delegates in Argentina, and as such helped negotiate potential endorsements ahead of the 1963 elections. As the leading CGT political strategist, he was at least as influential in the Peronist movement as CGT Secretary General José Alonso, and helped plan "Operation Return", a 1964 mission to slip Perón into Argentina. The mission's failure, and Alonso's support for a military coup against President Arturo Illia made opponents of Alonso and Vandor, and the two labor leaders backed opposing candidates in a Mendoza Province gubernatorial race in the 1965 elections. Vandor became increasingly critical of Perón, in part from a conviction that the aging leader might never return to Argentina. His vocal challenge to Perón's influence reached a high pitch during the Mendoza campaign, with slogans such as "For a Peronism without Perón," and "to save Perón, one has to be against Perón," and led the exiled leader to send his wife, Isabel, to promote Alonso's candidate. This resulted in the defeat of both Peronist candidates, however, and a conservative candidate was ultimately elected. Vandor had the CGT leader ousted in February 1966, after which Alonso formed the "62 Organizations Standing with Perón" faction of the CGT. The military dictatorship installed that June and headed by General Juan Carlos Onganía lost Alonso's support by the end of 1966, and the two leaders found common cause in both their support for a "participationist" point of view (in favor of negotiations with the regime rather than for headfront opposition), and in their opposition to the more confrontational Raimundo Ongaro. These developments came to a head in March 1968, when Ongaro, head of the Graphists' Union, and Vandor both sought the post of CGT Secretary General. Perón, wary of Vandor, supported the graphist leader, and Ongaro was elected to the post. The CGT elections were annulled by Labor Minister Rubens San Sebastián, however, leading to a temporary schism within the CGT. Vandor thereafter reconciled himself with Perón, who favored a moderately critical stance towards the junta, opting for the participationist stance. Assassination Augusto Vandor was shot five times on 30 June 1969, at his UOM offices, in what was codenamed Operation Judas. The perpetrators left a bomb, which upon exploding, destroyed part of the building. A far-left Peronist group, the Ejército Nacional Revolucionario claimed responsibility for the attack in February 1971. On the other hand, various authors point to figures and groups such as Dardo Cabo and the CGT de los Argentinos as responsible for the murder. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augusto Vandor. References ^ UOM Tres de Febrero: Augusto Vandor Archived March 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) ^ a b Potash, Robert. The Army and Politics in Argentina. Stanford University Press, 1996. ^ a b Page, Joseph. Perón: A Biography. Random House, 1983. ^ La masacre de Ezeiza (in Spanish) ^ Clarín (Ñ): Augusto Vandor (in Spanish) Bibliography Álvaro Abós. Cinco balas para Augusto Vandor. Editorial Sudamericana, 2005. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Argentina Israel United States Other IdRef
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He enlisted in the Argentine Navy in 1941, and later became a non-commissioned officer aboard the minesweeper ARA Comodoro Py. He left the Navy in 1947, however, and joined the new Philips factory in the Saavedra neighborhood of Buenos Aires. There, he met his future wife, and gained a reputation for strategic thinking that earned him the nickname of El Lobo (the Wolf). He became the steward of the Phillips factory UOM local and in 1954, led a strike for better pay at the facility. Its success made him prominent in the UOM (the steelworkers' union within the CGT, the paramount trade union in Argentina), but led to his arrest following a 1955 military coup that overthrew the populist administration of Juan Perón.[1]Introduced to the exiled Perón in Santo Domingo in 1958, Vandor cultivated good relations with amenable figures in management and the military, and on the lifting of government receivership over the CGT in 1961, Vandor was elected Secretary General of the UOM, the largest of the CGT's 62 unions. He represented labor as part of the troika of Perón's official delegates in Argentina, and as such helped negotiate potential endorsements ahead of the 1963 elections.[2] As the leading CGT political strategist, he was at least as influential in the Peronist movement as CGT Secretary General José Alonso, and helped plan \"Operation Return\", a 1964 mission to slip Perón into Argentina.[3]The mission's failure, and Alonso's support for a military coup against President Arturo Illia made opponents of Alonso and Vandor, and the two labor leaders backed opposing candidates in a Mendoza Province gubernatorial race in the 1965 elections. Vandor became increasingly critical of Perón, in part from a conviction that the aging leader might never return to Argentina. His vocal challenge to Perón's influence reached a high pitch during the Mendoza campaign, with slogans such as \"For a Peronism without Perón,\" and \"to save Perón, one has to be against Perón,\" and led the exiled leader to send his wife, Isabel, to promote Alonso's candidate. This resulted in the defeat of both Peronist candidates, however, and a conservative candidate was ultimately elected.[4]Vandor had the CGT leader ousted in February 1966, after which Alonso formed the \"62 Organizations Standing with Perón\" faction of the CGT.[2] The military dictatorship installed that June and headed by General Juan Carlos Onganía lost Alonso's support by the end of 1966, and the two leaders found common cause in both their support for a \"participationist\" point of view (in favor of negotiations with the regime rather than for headfront opposition), and in their opposition to the more confrontational Raimundo Ongaro. These developments came to a head in March 1968, when Ongaro, head of the Graphists' Union, and Vandor both sought the post of CGT Secretary General. Perón, wary of Vandor, supported the graphist leader, and Ongaro was elected to the post. The CGT elections were annulled by Labor Minister Rubens San Sebastián, however, leading to a temporary schism within the CGT. Vandor thereafter reconciled himself with Perón, who favored a moderately critical stance towards the junta, opting for the participationist stance.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CGT de los Argentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_of_the_Argentines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Augusto Vandor was shot five times on 30 June 1969, at his UOM offices, in what was codenamed Operation Judas. The perpetrators left a bomb, which upon exploding, destroyed part of the building. A far-left Peronist group, the Ejército Nacional Revolucionario claimed responsibility for the attack in February 1971. On the other hand, various authors point to figures and groups such as Dardo Cabo and the CGT de los Argentinos as responsible for the murder.[5]","title":"Assassination"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-65_(Michigan_highway)
M-65 (Michigan highway)
["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 Previous routing","2.2 Current routing","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: State highway in Michigan, United States M-65M-65 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MDOTLength103.176 mi (166.046 km)Existed1930–presentTouristroutes River Road National Scenic BywayMajor junctionsSouth end US 23 near OmerMajor intersections M-55 near Whittemore M-72 near Curran M-32 near Lachine North end US 23 near Rogers City LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountiesArenac, Iosco, Alcona, Alpena, Presque Isle Highway system Michigan State Trunkline Highway System Interstate US State Byways ← M-64→ M-66 M-65 is a 103.176-mile-long (166.046 km) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The highway runs between termini on US Highway 23 (US 23) near Omer and Rogers City in the northeastern Lower Peninsula of the state. M-65 runs inland through several small communities in the region, passing through forests and fields along its course. M-65 crosses several watercourses, including the Au Sable River where it runs along the River Road National Scenic Byway. The region also includes the Huron National Forest and the Mackinaw State Forest areas. The original M-65 was created by 1919 on a discontinuous series of roads between the Ohio state line and Flint; the two sections were later joined together before the highway was replaced by US 23 in 1926. The current M-65 was created in 1930 in Iosco County. When US 23 near Omer was moved in 1932, M-65 was extended southward to encompass a roadway formerly part of US 23. A second segment in Alpena County was added to M-65 later in the 1930s. A second extension at the end of that decade added another former US 23 segment to the highway. The two sections of M-65 were connected in the late 1940s, and the highway was completely paved by the early 1960s. The National Forest Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway designations were added in 1988 and 2005 respectively. Route description M-65 begins at an intersection with US 23 (Huron Road) near the town of Omer. The highway runs north along Hale Road through a mixed forest and agricultural area inland of the Saginaw Bay in Arenac County. As the road passes through the community of Twining, it crosses a branch of the Lake State Railway. South of Whittemore, the trunkline crosses a tributary of the Au Gres River. M-65 follows Bullock Street through Whittemore, running near the Whittemore Speedway in town. North of town, the highway crosses the main channel of the Au Gres River before it intersects M-55 in a rural area of Iosco County about 15 miles (24 km) west of Tawas City. From there, the road continues due north through fields until reaching the edge of Huron National Forest in the northern part of the county. Looking east in the Huron National Forest Just north of the community of Hale the road enters the Huron National Forest near Loon Lake. The trunkline takes a turn to the east as it passes along the Au Sable River. The River Road National Scenic Byway starts on M-65 at Rollways Road, and the highway generally follows the river as it passes by a former logging community which is commemorated by Lumberman's Monument. At the intersection with River Road, M-65 turns north to cross the Au Sable, and the byway designation continues east along River Road to follow the river to Oscoda. The M-65 bridge over the Au Sable is just downstream of the Five Channels Dam, crossing high above the water below. The highway turns northwesterly through forest land to cross into Alcona County. North of the county line, the trunkline follows Baker and State roads near Vaughn and Hunters lakes. M-65 meets the western terminus of county road F-30 in the community of Glennie. The highway also crosses the South Branch of the Pine River. M-65 just north of the Au Sable River North of Glennie, the highway passes Clear Lake as it continues through rural Alcona County. Near the West Branch of the Pine River, M-65 merges with M-72. The two trunklines run concurrently curving to the northwest past the eastern terminus of county road F-32 into Curran. North of town, they separate as M-72 turns westward and M-65 continues north, exiting the Huron National Forest. The highway jogs along the Alcona–Alpena County line and crosses the Beaver Creek in the process. The trunkline runs to the east of Beaver Lake as it runs north through mixed forest and fields toward the community of Lachine. Southeast of that town, M-65 turns eastward along M-32 for a short distance before turning north into town. North of Lachine, the highway crosses the Thunder Bay River near the community of Long Rapids. As M-65 runs through the northern portion of Alpena County, it runs through the Mackinaw State Forest. The highway passes through the community of Posen in eastern Presque Isle County. The road continues due north to its terminus at an intersection with US 23; the junction is inland from Lake Huron near Big and Little Trout lakes southeast of Rogers City. M-65 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) like all other state highways. As a part of these responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic using the roads under its jurisdiction. They use a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. In 2009, MDOT's surveys calculated that the highest volume of traffic along M-65 was 6,699 cars north of the M-55 junction; the highest commercial AADT was 310 trucks along the River Road National Scenic Byway segment north to the F-30 junction in Glennie. The lowest traffic counts were the 947 cars and 107 trucks near the northern terminus in Presque Isle County. The section of M-65 concurrent with M-32 has been listed as a part of the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. History Previous routing On July 1, 1919, the M-65 designation was used on two, discontinuous roads in the southern part of the Lower Peninsula. The southern segment ran from the Ohio state line north to the Dundee area in Monroe County; the northern section ran between Ann Arbor and Flint by way of Brighton and Fenton. The gap between the two segments was eliminated by the middle of 1926. When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11, 1926, the original M-65 was redesignated as part of US 23. Current routing In 1930, the first segment of the current routing of M-65 was designated. At the time, the road ran from an intersection with US 23 and M-55 near Whittemore and ran north to Hale. US 23 was moved from its inland routing to follow a shoreline alignment along Saginaw Bay around 1932. The former route through Twining and Whittemore became an extension of M-65 as a part of these changes. By 1936, the highway was lengthened northwards to end in Glennie; a second segment was also added that ran north from the Alcona–Alpena county line to Lachine. Around the end of the decade, US 23's routing was moved in another location to follow the lakeshore; this time the highway was rerouted between Alpena and Rogers City. M-65 was extended northwards from Lachine through Posen to terminate at M-91 downtown Rogers City. By 1945, this northernmost segment downtown was redesignated Business US 23, and M-65 was truncated to its junction with US 23 southeast of town. In 1947 or early 1948, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) closed the gap between the northern and southern segments of M-65 by adding two "earth" roadways: one between Glennie and M-72 near Curran and a second between Curran and the Alcona–Alpena county line. By the next year, the northern end of the highway near Posen was moved to eliminate several zig-zagging segments of roadway from the routing; M-65 ran due north to terminate at US 23 after the change. In the middle of 1953, the section of M-65/M-72 in Alcona County was straightened and paved. The MSHD realigned M-65 from a series of zig-zagging roads to a single set of curves along the Alcona–Alpena county line in late 1961. At the time this project was completed, all of M-65 was paved. Entrance sign for the River Road National Scenic Byway and the Huron National Forest On December 20, 1988, the National Forest Service designated the River Road National Forest Scenic Byway along a section of M-65 in Iosco County. A second designation was added on September 22, 2005, when the Federal Highway Administration listed the roadway as the River Road National Scenic Byway. Beginning in 1999, MDOT spent substantial sums of money over a five-year program to upgrade M-65 and US 23 by refurbishing and replacing bridges and adding more passing lanes. During the same timeframe, the community of Hale embarked on a project to beautify the length of M-65 in town. The project cost $877,929 and installed park benches, new lighting, sidewalks and plantings along the highway. Funding for the venture came from the federal government and MDOT. In particular, MDOT restored the old truss bridge over the Au Sable River in Iosco County, and then built a new parallel and upgraded bridge next to it. The latter straightened and leveled the roadway, so that it no longer dips deep into the river valley. This change improved the safety of the highway in the area. The new bridge was opened to traffic on October 13, 2004, and the original bridge was left in place for recreational uses. The original structure is a Parker truss bridge with two 120-foot (37 m) spans that was built in 1930. Its total length of 320 feet (98 m) makes it one of the longest of its type in Michigan. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes ArenacOmer0.0000.000 US 23 / LHCT – Standish, Tawas CityRoadway continues from the south as Hale Road IoscoReno Township15.87025.540 M-55 – West Branch, Tawas City Plainfield Township29.53747.535 River Road National Scenic Byway eastRollways RoadWestern terminus of River Road National Scenic Byway at western end of concurrency Oscoda Township33.85454.483 River Road National Scenic Byway east – OscodaEastern end of River Road National Scenic Byway concurrency AlconaGlennie42.80568.888 F-30 east (Bamfield Road) – GreenbushWestern terminus of F-30 Millen Township49.67479.943 M-72 east – HarrisvilleSouthern end of M-72 concurrency Curran54.89388.342 F-32 west (Aspen Alley Road) – McKinleyEastern terminus of F-32 56.68191.219 M-72 west – Mio, GraylingNorthern end of M-72 concurrency AlpenaGreen Township82.215132.312 M-32 west – Atlanta, GaylordWestern end of M-32 concurrency 83.826134.905 M-32 east – AlpenaEastern end of M-32 concurrency Presque IslePulawski Township103.176166.046 US 23 / LHCT – Rogers City, Cheboygan, Alpena 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus See also Michigan Highways portal References ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (July 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (November 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957. ^ a b c d Michigan Department of Transportation (2010). Uniquely Michigan: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ E12–I12. OCLC 42778335, 639960603. ^ a b c d Google (April 6, 2011). "Overview Map of M-65" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 2009). Michigan's Railroad System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 14, 2010. ^ a b Rand McNally (2008). "Michigan" (Map). The Road Atlas (2008 ed.). 1 in:20 mi. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–1. § H11–L10. ISBN 0-528-93981-5. ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2008). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not give. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (September 1, 1926). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1931). Official Highway Service Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ H12–I12. OCLC 12701053. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1932). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ H12–I12. OCLC 12701053. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F12–I12. OCLC 12701143. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–F12. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1940). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–F12. OCLC 12701143. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1945). Official Highway Map of Michigan (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E12. OCLC 554645076. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1947). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § G12. OCLC 12701120, 494733404. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1948). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12, G12. OCLC 12701120. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1949). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E12. OCLC 12701120. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1953). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § G12. OCLC 12701120. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1953). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § G12. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1961). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–I12. OCLC 12701120, 51857665. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1961) ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). . Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–I12. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. ^ Staff (n.d.). "River Road Scenic Byway: Official Designations". America's Byways. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Naeyaert, Gary G. (February 23, 1999). "MDOT Announces Plans For US 23 & M-65 Corridors in Northeast Michigan" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007. ^ Shreck, Bill (April 12, 2001). "$230 Million in Road And Bridge Work Headed to Northern Michigan over Next Five Years" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007. ^ Morris, John (October 20, 2004). "Hale Beautification Project Dedicated". Iosco County News-Herald. East Tawas, MI. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Dunn, Jim (October 20, 2004). "New M-65 Bridge Opens with Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony". Oscoda Times. Archived from the original on December 17, 2004. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8143-2448-7. OCLC 27011079. Retrieved September 7, 2019 – via Archive.org. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to M-65. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/M-65 (Michigan highway)KML is from Wikidata M-65 at Michigan Highways M-65–AuSable River Bridge at MDOT's Historic Bridges listing M-65 truss bridge at Historic Bridges
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"state trunkline highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"US Highway 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Rogers City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lower Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Au Sable River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"River Road National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Road_National_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"Huron National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mackinaw State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinaw_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Iosco County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Alpena County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"National Forest Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway"}],"text":"State highway in Michigan, United StatesM-65 is a 103.176-mile-long (166.046 km) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The highway runs between termini on US Highway 23 (US 23) near Omer and Rogers City in the northeastern Lower Peninsula of the state. M-65 runs inland through several small communities in the region, passing through forests and fields along its course. M-65 crosses several watercourses, including the Au Sable River where it runs along the River Road National Scenic Byway. The region also includes the Huron National Forest and the Mackinaw State Forest areas.The original M-65 was created by 1919 on a discontinuous series of roads between the Ohio state line and Flint; the two sections were later joined together before the highway was replaced by US 23 in 1926. The current M-65 was created in 1930 in Iosco County. When US 23 near Omer was moved in 1932, M-65 was extended southward to encompass a roadway formerly part of US 23. A second segment in Alpena County was added to M-65 later in the 1930s. A second extension at the end of that decade added another former US 23 segment to the highway. The two sections of M-65 were connected in the late 1940s, and the highway was completely paved by the early 1960s. The National Forest Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway designations were added in 1988 and 2005 respectively.","title":"M-65 (Michigan highway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Bay"},{"link_name":"Arenac County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Twining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twining,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"},{"link_name":"Lake State Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_State_Railway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT-RR-6"},{"link_name":"Whittemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittemore,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Au Gres River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_Gres_River"},{"link_name":"M-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-55_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Tawas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawas_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Huron National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-65_looking_east.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMN08-7"},{"link_name":"River Road National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Road_National_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"Lumberman's Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberman%27s_Monument"},{"link_name":"Oscoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscoda,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Alcona County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcona_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"F-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-30_(Michigan_county_highway)"},{"link_name":"Glennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glennie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Pine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_River_(Alcona_County,_Michigan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-65_North_Road_Photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"M-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-72_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"run concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"F-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-32_(Michigan_county_highway)"},{"link_name":"Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curran,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMN08-7"},{"link_name":"Lachine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-32_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_River"},{"link_name":"Long Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Presque Isle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDOT10-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"},{"link_name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"average annual daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_annual_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMIS-8"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-MI-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-10"}],"text":"M-65 begins at an intersection with US 23 (Huron Road) near the town of Omer. The highway runs north along Hale Road through a mixed forest and agricultural area inland of the Saginaw Bay in Arenac County. As the road passes through the community of Twining,[4][5] it crosses a branch of the Lake State Railway.[6] South of Whittemore, the trunkline crosses a tributary of the Au Gres River. M-65 follows Bullock Street through Whittemore, running near the Whittemore Speedway in town. North of town, the highway crosses the main channel of the Au Gres River before it intersects M-55 in a rural area of Iosco County about 15 miles (24 km) west of Tawas City. From there, the road continues due north through fields until reaching the edge of Huron National Forest in the northern part of the county.[4][5]Looking east in the Huron National ForestJust north of the community of Hale the road enters the Huron National Forest near Loon Lake.[7] The trunkline takes a turn to the east as it passes along the Au Sable River. The River Road National Scenic Byway starts on M-65 at Rollways Road, and the highway generally follows the river as it passes by a former logging community which is commemorated by Lumberman's Monument. At the intersection with River Road, M-65 turns north to cross the Au Sable, and the byway designation continues east along River Road to follow the river to Oscoda. The M-65 bridge over the Au Sable is just downstream of the Five Channels Dam, crossing high above the water below. The highway turns northwesterly through forest land to cross into Alcona County. North of the county line, the trunkline follows Baker and State roads near Vaughn and Hunters lakes. M-65 meets the western terminus of county road F-30 in the community of Glennie. The highway also crosses the South Branch of the Pine River.[4][5]M-65 just north of the Au Sable RiverNorth of Glennie, the highway passes Clear Lake as it continues through rural Alcona County. Near the West Branch of the Pine River, M-65 merges with M-72. The two trunklines run concurrently curving to the northwest past the eastern terminus of county road F-32 into Curran. North of town, they separate as M-72 turns westward and M-65 continues north, exiting the Huron National Forest. The highway jogs along the Alcona–Alpena County line and crosses the Beaver Creek in the process.[7] The trunkline runs to the east of Beaver Lake as it runs north through mixed forest and fields toward the community of Lachine. Southeast of that town, M-65 turns eastward along M-32 for a short distance before turning north into town. North of Lachine, the highway crosses the Thunder Bay River near the community of Long Rapids. As M-65 runs through the northern portion of Alpena County, it runs through the Mackinaw State Forest. The highway passes through the community of Posen in eastern Presque Isle County. The road continues due north to its terminus at an intersection with US 23; the junction is inland from Lake Huron near Big and Little Trout lakes southeast of Rogers City.[4][5]M-65 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) like all other state highways. As a part of these responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic using the roads under its jurisdiction. They use a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. In 2009, MDOT's surveys calculated that the highest volume of traffic along M-65 was 6,699 cars north of the M-55 junction; the highest commercial AADT was 310 trucks along the River Road National Scenic Byway segment north to the F-30 junction in Glennie. The lowest traffic counts were the 947 cars and 107 trucks near the northern terminus in Presque Isle County.[8] The section of M-65 concurrent with M-32 has been listed as a part of the National Highway System,[9] a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[10]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD19LP-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD26-09-12"},{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USH-13"}],"sub_title":"Previous routing","text":"On July 1, 1919, the M-65 designation was used on two, discontinuous roads in the southern part of the Lower Peninsula. The southern segment ran from the Ohio state line north to the Dundee area in Monroe County; the northern section ran between Ann Arbor and Flint by way of Brighton and Fenton.[11] The gap between the two segments was eliminated by the middle of 1926.[12] When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11, 1926, the original M-65 was redesignated as part of US 23.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD30-07-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD30-11-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD31-10-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD32-10-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD36-06-16"},{"link_name":"Alpena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-91_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD39-12-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD40-04-18"},{"link_name":"Business US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Rogers_City,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD45-10-19"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Highway Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Highway_Department"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD47-05-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD48-04-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD48-04-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD49-07-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD53-04-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD53-10-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD61-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHD62-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_River_Road.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSB-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Parker truss bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge#Parker_(camelback)_truss"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde-32"}],"sub_title":"Current routing","text":"In 1930, the first segment of the current routing of M-65 was designated. At the time, the road ran from an intersection with US 23 and M-55 near Whittemore and ran north to Hale.[2][3] US 23 was moved from its inland routing to follow a shoreline alignment along Saginaw Bay around 1932. The former route through Twining and Whittemore became an extension of M-65 as a part of these changes.[14][15] By 1936, the highway was lengthened northwards to end in Glennie; a second segment was also added that ran north from the Alcona–Alpena county line to Lachine.[16] Around the end of the decade, US 23's routing was moved in another location to follow the lakeshore; this time the highway was rerouted between Alpena and Rogers City. M-65 was extended northwards from Lachine through Posen to terminate at M-91 downtown Rogers City.[17][18] By 1945, this northernmost segment downtown was redesignated Business US 23, and M-65 was truncated to its junction with US 23 southeast of town.[19]In 1947 or early 1948, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) closed the gap between the northern and southern segments of M-65 by adding two \"earth\" roadways: one between Glennie and M-72 near Curran and a second between Curran and the Alcona–Alpena county line.[20][21] By the next year, the northern end of the highway near Posen was moved to eliminate several zig-zagging segments of roadway from the routing; M-65 ran due north to terminate at US 23 after the change.[21][22] In the middle of 1953, the section of M-65/M-72 in Alcona County was straightened and paved.[23][24] The MSHD realigned M-65 from a series of zig-zagging roads to a single set of curves along the Alcona–Alpena county line in late 1961. At the time this project was completed, all of M-65 was paved.[25][26]Entrance sign for the River Road National Scenic Byway and the Huron National ForestOn December 20, 1988, the National Forest Service designated the River Road National Forest Scenic Byway along a section of M-65 in Iosco County. A second designation was added on September 22, 2005, when the Federal Highway Administration listed the roadway as the River Road National Scenic Byway.[27]Beginning in 1999, MDOT spent substantial sums of money over a five-year program to upgrade M-65 and US 23 by refurbishing and replacing bridges and adding more passing lanes.[28][29] During the same timeframe, the community of Hale embarked on a project to beautify the length of M-65 in town. The project cost $877,929 and installed park benches, new lighting, sidewalks and plantings along the highway. Funding for the venture came from the federal government and MDOT.[30]In particular, MDOT restored the old truss bridge over the Au Sable River in Iosco County, and then built a new parallel and upgraded bridge next to it. The latter straightened and leveled the roadway, so that it no longer dips deep into the river valley. This change improved the safety of the highway in the area. The new bridge was opened to traffic on October 13, 2004, and the original bridge was left in place for recreational uses.[31] The original structure is a Parker truss bridge with two 120-foot (37 m) spans that was built in 1930. Its total length of 320 feet (98 m) makes it one of the longest of its type in Michigan.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"Looking east in the Huron National Forest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M-65_looking_east.jpg/290px-M-65_looking_east.jpg"},{"image_text":"M-65 just north of the Au Sable River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/M-65_North_Road_Photo.jpg/290px-M-65_North_Road_Photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance sign for the River Road National Scenic Byway and the Huron National Forest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Entrance_River_Road.jpg/290px-Entrance_River_Road.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Michigan Highways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan_Highways"}]
[{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Michigan Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://mdotgis.state.mi.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=c3aa2462a1e24e37a33184a33e5976aa","url_text":"Next Generation PR Finder"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (July 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha","url_text":"H.M. Gousha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12701195","url_text":"12701195"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79754957","url_text":"79754957"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (November 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12701195","url_text":"12701195"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79754957","url_text":"79754957"}]},{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (2010). Uniquely Michigan: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ E12–I12. OCLC 42778335, 639960603.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42778335","url_text":"42778335"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/639960603","url_text":"639960603"}]},{"reference":"Google (April 6, 2011). \"Overview Map of M-65\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=M-65+N%2FN+Hale+Rd&daddr=M-65+N&hl=en&geocode=FUYhoAIdRjYB-w%3BFcHUswIdCdcC-w&mra=prv&sll=44.694275,-83.75016&sspn=1.825527,1.862183&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=9","url_text":"\"Overview Map of M-65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (April 2009). Michigan's Railroad System (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Official_Rail_130897_7.pdf","url_text":"Michigan's Railroad System"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2008). \"Michigan\" (Map). The Road Atlas (2008 ed.). 1 in:20 mi. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–1. § H11–L10. ISBN 0-528-93981-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally","url_text":"Rand McNally"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-528-93981-5","url_text":"0-528-93981-5"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Transportation Planning (2008). \"Traffic Monitoring Information System\". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdotnetpublic.state.mi.us/tmispublic/","url_text":"\"Traffic Monitoring Information System\""}]},{"reference":"Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not give. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004040152/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_Statewide_150626_7.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System, Michigan"},{"url":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_NHS_Statewide_150626_7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). \"What is the National Highway System?\". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"\"What is the National Highway System?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/digitalFile_e810cb56-cee6-4b6b-884d-0d3e9bbba3c2/","url_text":"State of Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15607244","url_text":"15607244"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department (September 1, 1926). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Roads","url_text":"Bureau of Public Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway Officials"},{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg","url_text":"United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32889555","url_text":"32889555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1931). 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(February 23, 1999). \"MDOT Announces Plans For US 23 & M-65 Corridors in Northeast Michigan\" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211233628/http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0%2C1607%2C7-151-9620_11057-89542--%2C00.html","url_text":"\"MDOT Announces Plans For US 23 & M-65 Corridors in Northeast Michigan\""},{"url":"http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9620_11057-89542--,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shreck, Bill (April 12, 2001). \"$230 Million in Road And Bridge Work Headed to Northern Michigan over Next Five Years\" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. 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Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050115051728/http://www.iosconews.com/articles/2004/10/20/news/news01.txt","url_text":"\"Hale Beautification Project Dedicated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosco_County_News-Herald","url_text":"Iosco County News-Herald"},{"url":"http://www.iosconews.com/articles/2004/10/20/news/news01.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Jim (October 20, 2004). \"New M-65 Bridge Opens with Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony\". Oscoda Times. Archived from the original on December 17, 2004. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041217184546/http://www.oscodapress.com/articles/2004/10/20/news/news01.txt","url_text":"\"New M-65 Bridge Opens with Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony\""},{"url":"http://www.oscodapress.com/articles/2004/10/20/news/news01.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merivale_Molyneux
Merivale Molyneux
["1 Family and education","2 Early ministry","3 Melanesia","4 Return to Britain","5 References"]
British Anglican bishop Merivale MolyneuxBishop of MelanesiaDioceseDiocese of MelanesiaIn office1928–1931PredecessorJohn StewardSuccessorWalter BaddeleyOther post(s)Assistant Bishop of Melanesia (1924–1928)OrdersOrdination1909 (deacon); 1911 (priest)by William Boyd CarpenterConsecration9 August 1925by Alfred AverillPersonal detailsBorn(1885-05-10)10 May 1885Bransgore, Hampshire, UKDied20 November 1948(1948-11-20) (aged 63)Royal Victoria Hospital, BoscombeBuriedBransgore, Hampshire, UKNationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanParentsFrederick (a priest)Alma materKeble College, Oxford Frederick Merivale Molyneux (called Merivale; 10 May 1885 – 20 November 1948) was a British Anglican bishop who served as Bishop of Melanesia. Family and education Born at Bransgore, Molyneux was the son of Rosa and Frederick Molyneux (a priest) and grandson of lawyer Echlin Molyneux; he was younger brother to Ernest, also a priest, who served as his commissary in Britain (1928–1932). Merivale was educated at Rossall School, and Keble College, Oxford (he graduated Bachelor of Arts {BA} in 1908 and proceeded Master of Arts (Oxford) {MA Oxon} in 1913), and trained for the ministry at Cuddesdon College. Early ministry He was made deacon at Advent 1909 (18 December) and ordained priest at Lent 1911 (12 March) — both times by William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, at Ripon Cathedral. His title (curacy) was of All Souls' Leeds, until 1913, when he returned to Cuddesdon as college Chaplain. During this time (the Great War), he was also a Chaplain to the Forces (CF) in Mesopotamia (1916–19): for which he was mentioned in despatches, made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (3 June 1918) and an honorary chaplain to the forces (Hon CF) in 1919. He had been in Mesopotamia for 3 years other than for 6 months leave in 1918 spent in Ceylon. He had spent much of his commission working in hospitalsHe served as Vicar of High Wycombe from 1920. Melanesia On 14 July 1924, the Melanesian Mission committee in England recommended Molyneux to the New Zealand bishops and John Steward, Bishop of Melanesia, for appointment as an assistant bishop of that diocese; by April 1925, when Thomas Strong, Bishop of Oxford, presented him with a crozier at High Wycombe, that recommendation had been accepted, and he was duly consecrated a bishop on 9 August 1925 by Alfred Averill, Archbishop of New Zealand in St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Wellington. Molyneux then served as Assistant Bishop of Melanesia from 1925 to 1928: initially, he had responsibility for the Southern Archdeaconery (based in Lolowai, Aoba (now called Ambae), but lived primarily in the Banks Islands; however, as Steward's health declined, Molyneux increasingly assisted him throughout the diocese. Steward having announced his imminent resignation (due to ill-health), on 13 June 1928 the diocesan synod unanimously chose to nominate Molyneux for the diocesan See; Steward having resigned effective 1 August, the New Zealand bishops elected Molyneux on 16 August, and he was enthroned at St Luke's Cathedral, Siota on 13 November. His assistant bishop Edward Wilton having resigned 1 July 1929, Molyneux he wrote to the Mission committee on 8 October 1930 to ask for a new assistant bishop; in 1931, John Dickinson became assistant bishop for the Southern area. Return to Britain In the midst of allegations of "improper conduct with young men" and "concerns about erotic involvements with men", he experienced a "complete nervous breakdown", resigned his See in November 1931, and left the Solomon Islands. He arrived back in Britain in January 1932, where he retired to Hampshire — initially with his father at Martyr Worthy rectory. Cyril Garbett, Bishop of Winchester, declined to license the younger Molyneux to any ministry; he became a farmer. He died at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Boscombe and was buried at Bransgore. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Blain, Michael. Blain Biographical Directory of Anglican clergy in the South Pacific – ordained before 1932 (2019) pp. 1064–8 (Accessed at Project Canterbury, 27 June 2019) ^ a b c d e f "Molyneux, Frederick Merivale". Who's Who. A & C Black. December 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b "Molyneux, Frederick Merivale - Biographical entry - Solomon Islands Encyclopaedia, 1893-1978". ^ "The Advent ordinations". Church Times. No. 2448. 23 December 1909. p. 862. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 27 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "Lent ordinations". Church Times. No. 2512. 17 March 1911. p. 365. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 27 June 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "No. 13355". The Edinburgh Gazette. 22 November 1918. p. 4276. ^ TNA Service Record WO374/48337 ^ Blain. p. 1461. ^ Blain. pp. 1716–18. ^ Blain. p. 426. Anglican Communion titles Preceded byJohn Steward Bishop of Melanesia 1928–1931 Succeeded byWalter Baddeley vteBishops and Archbishops of MelanesiaBishops John Patteson John Selwyn Cecil Wilson Cecil Wood John Steward Merivale Molyneux Walter Baddeley Sydney Caulton Alfred Hill John Chisholm Archbishops John Chisholm Norman Palmer Amos Waiaru Ellison Pogo David Vunagi George Takeli Leonard Dawea Assistant bishops Merivale Molyneux Edward Wilton John Dickinson Dudley Tuti Leonard Alufurai Casper Uka Derek Rawcliffe Othnielson Gamutu
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Melanesia"}],"text":"Frederick Merivale Molyneux (called Merivale;[1] 10 May 1885 – 20 November 1948)[2] was a British Anglican bishop who served as Bishop of Melanesia.","title":"Merivale Molyneux"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bransgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bransgore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sol-3"},{"link_name":"commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissary#Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Rossall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"Keble College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts (Oxford)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"Cuddesdon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddesdon_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"}],"text":"Born at Bransgore,[1] Molyneux was the son of Rosa[3] and Frederick Molyneux (a priest) and grandson of lawyer Echlin Molyneux; he was younger brother to Ernest, also a priest, who served as his commissary in Britain (1928–1932). Merivale was educated at Rossall School, and Keble College, Oxford[2] (he graduated Bachelor of Arts {BA} in 1908 and proceeded Master of Arts (Oxford) {MA Oxon} in 1913),[1] and trained for the ministry at Cuddesdon College.[2]","title":"Family and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"William Boyd Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyd_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ripon_(modern_diocese)"},{"link_name":"Ripon Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"All Souls' Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Church,_Blackman_Lane"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_War"},{"link_name":"Chaplain to the Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_to_the_Forces"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"}],"text":"He was made deacon at Advent 1909 (18 December)[4] and ordained priest at Lent 1911 (12 March) — both times by William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon, at Ripon Cathedral.[5] His title (curacy) was of All Souls' Leeds, until 1913, when he returned to Cuddesdon as college Chaplain. During this time (the Great War), he was also a Chaplain to the Forces (CF) in Mesopotamia (1916–19): for which he was mentioned in despatches,[2] made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (3 June 1918)[6] and an honorary chaplain to the forces (Hon CF) in 1919. He had been in Mesopotamia for 3 years other than for 6 months leave in 1918 spent in Ceylon. He had spent much of his commission working in hospitals[7]He served as Vicar of High Wycombe from 1920.[2]","title":"Early ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melanesian Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_Mission"},{"link_name":"John Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steward"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Strong_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozier"},{"link_name":"Alfred Averill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Averill"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"Assistant Bishop of Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Bishop_of_Melanesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-2"},{"link_name":"Ambae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambae"},{"link_name":"Banks Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St Luke's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Luke%27s_Cathedral,_Siota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wilton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"John Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 14 July 1924, the Melanesian Mission committee in England recommended Molyneux to the New Zealand bishops and John Steward, Bishop of Melanesia, for appointment as an assistant bishop of that diocese; by April 1925, when Thomas Strong, Bishop of Oxford, presented him with a crozier at High Wycombe, that recommendation had been accepted, and he was duly consecrated a bishop on 9 August 1925 by Alfred Averill, Archbishop of New Zealand in St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Wellington.[1] Molyneux then served as Assistant Bishop of Melanesia from 1925 to 1928:[2] initially, he had responsibility for the Southern Archdeaconery (based in Lolowai, Aoba (now called Ambae), but lived primarily in the Banks Islands; however, as Steward's health declined, Molyneux increasingly assisted him throughout the diocese.[1]Steward having announced his imminent resignation (due to ill-health), on 13 June 1928 the diocesan synod unanimously chose to nominate Molyneux for the diocesan See;[1] Steward having resigned effective 1 August,[8] the New Zealand bishops elected Molyneux on 16 August, and he was enthroned at St Luke's Cathedral, Siota on 13 November. His assistant bishop Edward Wilton having resigned 1 July 1929,[9] Molyneux he wrote to the Mission committee on 8 October 1930 to ask for a new assistant bishop;[1] in 1931, John Dickinson became assistant bishop for the Southern area.[10]","title":"Melanesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Martyr Worthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr_Worthy"},{"link_name":"Cyril Garbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Garbett"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sol-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Victoria Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Boscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscombe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blain-1"}],"text":"In the midst of allegations of \"improper conduct with young men\" and \"concerns about erotic involvements with men\", he experienced a \"complete nervous breakdown\", resigned his See in November 1931, and left the Solomon Islands. He arrived back in Britain in January 1932, where he retired to Hampshire — initially with his father at Martyr Worthy rectory. Cyril Garbett, Bishop of Winchester, declined to license the younger Molyneux to any ministry;[1] he became a farmer.[3] He died at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Boscombe and was buried at Bransgore.[1]","title":"Return to Britain"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ulma
Ulma family
["1 Biography","1.1 Józef Ulma","1.2 Wiktoria Ulma","2 Holocaust rescue","3 Arrest and execution","4 Commemoration","5 Cause of beatification","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Polish Righteous Among the Nations, Catholic martyrs and Blesseds BlessedUlma familyPhotograph of the Ulma family, circa 1943.MartyrsBorn2 March 1900 (Józef)10 December 1912 (Wiktoria)18 July 1936 (Stanisława)6 October 1937 (Barbara)5 December 1938 (Władysław) 3 April 1940 (Franciszek)6 June 1941 (Antoni)16 September 1942 (Maria)24 March 1944 (unborn child)Markowa, Congress Poland, Russian EmpireDied24 March 1944Markowa, Occupied Poland, Nazi GermanyCause of deathExecutionVenerated inCatholic ChurchBeatified10 September 2023, Ludowy Klub Sportowy Markovia, Markowa, Poland by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro (on behalf of Pope Francis)Major shrineChurch of Saint Dorothy, Markowa, PolandFeast7 July RighteousAmong the Nations The Holocaust Rescuers of Jews Righteousness Seven Laws of Noah Yad Vashem By country Austrian Croatian German Hungarian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish (list) Romanian Serbian Ukrainian vte The Ulma family (Polish: Rodzina Ulmów) or Józef and Wiktoria Ulma with Seven Children (Polish: Józef i Wiktoria Ulmowie z Siedmiorgiem Dzieci) were a Polish Catholic family in Markowa, Poland, during the Nazi German occupation in World War II who attempted to rescue Polish Jewish families by hiding them in their own home during the Holocaust. They and their children were summarily executed on 24 March 1944 for doing so. Notably, despite the murder of the Ulmas — meant to strike fear into the hearts of villagers — their neighbours continued to hide Jewish fugitives until the end of World War II in Europe. At least 21 Polish Jews survived in Markowa during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany. In 1995 the adult Ulmas have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations. They are venerated in the Catholic Church as martyrs following their beatification by Pope Francis in 2023; their feast day is celebrated on 7 July (day of the anniversary of Józef and Wiktoria's wedding). Biography Józef Ulma Józef Ulma (2 March 1900 – 24 March 1944) from the Village of Markowa near in Przemyśl, son of Marcin Ulma and Franciszka Ulma (née Kluz), well-off farmers. In 1911, he took short courses in a general school. In his youth, he became involved in social activities. At the age of seventeen, he was a member of the association in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Przemyśl, whose purpose, apart from prayer, was to collect funds for the construction and maintenance of churches and chapels. In addition, he became an active member of the Catholic Youth Association and later the Rural Youth Association. At this time he worked as a librarian and photographer. In 1921 to 1922, he completed his compulsory military service in Grodno. From 1 November 1929 to 31 March 1930, he studied at the National Agricultural School in Plzeň. After obtaining a diploma, he became a market gardener, growing fruit trees, raising bees and silkworms. In 1933, he received an award from the Przeworsk District Agricultural Society for these activities. He was the first to introduce electricity to Markowa. Furthermore, he was passionate about photography, and indulged in it during cultural events in his village and during family celebrations. He also wrote articles for a local weekly newspaper. In addition, he was a member of the Agricultural Circle and other organizations. Wiktoria Ulma Wiktoria Ulma, née Niemczak, (10 December 1912 – 24 March 1944) from the Village of Markowa near in Łańcut, daughter of Jan Niemczak and Franciscka Niemczak (née Homa). Her mother died when she was six years old. She completed her primary and secondary education in her hometown, after which she took courses at the People's University in Gać. In her hometown, she was a member of an amateur theater troupe. Wiktoria was an educated housewife, taking care of the home and the children. Through hard work, persistence and determination, the Ulmas were able to purchase a bigger farm (5 hectares (12 acres) in size) in Wojsławice near Sokal (now Ukraine), and had already begun planning a relocation when the war began. Józef and Wiktoria married on 7 July 1935. After their marriage, they earned their living as farmers on a small farm they owned. Together they had six children and were expecting their seventh: Stanisława (born 18 July 1936), aged 8 Barbara (born 6 October 1937), aged 7 Władysław (born 5 December 1938), aged 6 Franciszek (born 3 April 1940), aged 4 Antoni (born 6 June 1941), aged 3 Maria (born 16 September 1942), aged 2 Unborn child, aged 8 months The couple were active members in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa. They deepened their faith through family prayer and participation in the sacramental life of the church. They both belonged to the Association of the Living Rosary. After the outbreak of World War II, Józef was mobilized and took part in the Polish campaign. Holocaust rescue In the summer and autumn of 1942, the Nazi police deported several Jewish families of Markowa as part of Operation Reinhard, the Nazi plan to exterminate Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland. Only those who were hidden in Polish peasants' homes survived. Eight Jews found shelter with the Ulmas: six members of the Szall (Szali) family from Łańcut including father, mother and four sons, as well as the two daughters of Chaim Goldman, Golda (Gienia) and Layka (Lea) Didner. Józef Ulma put all eight Jews in the attic. They learned to help him with supplementary jobs while in hiding, to ease the incurred expenses. Arrest and execution The Ulma family were denounced by Włodzimierz Leś, a member of the Blue Police, who had taken possession of the Szall (Szali) family's real estate in Łańcut in spring 1944 and wanted to get rid of its rightful owners. In the early morning hours of 24 March 1944 a patrol of German police from Łańcut under Lieutenant Eilert Dieken came to the Ulmas' house which was on the outskirts of the village. The Germans surrounded the house and caught all eight Jews belonging to the Szali and Goldman families. They shot them in the back of the head according to eyewitness Edward Nawojski and others, who were ordered to watch the executions. Then the German gendarmes killed the pregnant Wiktoria and her husband so that the villagers would see what punishment awaited them for hiding Jews. The six children began to scream at the sight of their parents' bodies. After consulting with his superior, twenty-three year old Jan Kokott, a Czech Volksdeutscher from Sudetenland serving with the German police, shot three or four of the Polish children while the other Polish children were murdered by the remaining gendarmes. Within several minutes 17 people were killed. It is likely that during the mass execution Wiktoria went into labour because the witness to her exhumation testified that he saw a head of a newborn baby between her legs. The names of the other Nazi executioners are also known from their frequent presence in the village (Eilert Dieken, Michael Dziewulski and Erich Wilde). The village Vogt (Polish: Wójt) Teofil Kielar was ordered to bury the victims with the help of other witnesses. He asked the German commander, whom he had known from prior inspections and food acquisitions, why the children too had been killed. Dieken answered in German, "So that you would not have any problems with them." On 11 January 1945, in defiance of the Nazi prohibition, relatives of the Ulmas exhumed the bodies, which were originally buried in front of the house, and found Wiktoria's seventh child, emerged from her womb, in the parents' grave pit. A funeral was later held in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa and the family's remains were then buried in Markowa cemetery. Commemoration Monument in Markowa (Poland) to those shot in 1944 On 13 September 1995, Józef and Wiktoria Ulma were posthumously bestowed the titles of Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Their medals of honor were presented to Józef's surviving brother, Władysław Ulma. Their certificate states that they tried to save Jews at the risk of their lives, but fails to mention that they died for them, as noted in the book Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny. On 24 March 2004, the 60th anniversary of their execution, a stone memorial was erected in the village of Markowa to honor the memory of the Ulma family. The inscription on the memorial reads: Saving the lives of others they laid down their own lives. Hiding eight elder brothers in faith, they were killed with them. May their sacrifice be a call for respect and love to every human being! They were the sons and daughters of this land; they will remain in our hearts. At the unveiling of the monument, the Archbishop of Przemyśl, Archbishop Józef Michalik – the President of the Polish Bishops' Conference – celebrated a solemn Mass. The local diocesan level of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland initiated the Ulmas' beatification process in 2003. The Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone spoke in Rome of the heroic Polish family on 24 January 2007 during the inauguration of the Italian edition of Martin Gilbert's book I giusti. Gli eroi sconosciuti dell'Olocausto ("The Righteous. Unknown Heroes of the Holocaust"). Special commemorations were held in Markowa on 24 March 2007 – 63 years after the Ulma, Szall and Goldman families were massacred. Mass was celebrated, followed by the Way of the Cross with the intention of the Ulma family's beatification. Among the guests was the President of the Council of Kraków, who laid flowers at the monument to the dead. The students of the local high school presented their own interpretation of the Ulmas' family decision to hide Jews in a short performance entitled Eight Beatitudes. There was also an evening of poetry dedicated to the memory of the murdered. Older neighbors and relatives who knew them spoke about the life of the Ulmas. One historian from the Institute of National Remembrance presented archival documents; and, the Catholic diocesan postulator explained the requirements of the beatification process. On 24 May 2011, the completed documentation of their martyrdom was passed on to Rome for completion of the beatification process. The fate of the Ulmas became a symbol of martyrdom of Poles killed by the Germans for helping Jews. A new Polish "National day of the Ulma family" has first been suggested by the former Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński. Subsequently, the growing support for a more formal commemoration inspired the Sejmik of Podkarpackie Voivodeship to name 2014 the Year of the Ulma family (Rok Rodziny Ulmów). The new Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II was scheduled to be completed in 2015. On 17 March 2016, The Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II was opened in Markowa in presence of the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda. Cause of beatification New altar tomb of the Ulma family at the Church of Saint Dorothy, Markowa, Poland On 17 September 2003, the Diocese of Pelplin, Bishop Jan Bernard Szlaga initiated the beatification process of 122 Polish martyrs who died during World War II, including Józef and Wiktoria Ulma with their seven children among the others. On 20 February 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints was allowed to take over management of the process of Ulma family by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Przemyśl. On 18 December 2022, Pope Francis declared the entire family to be martyrs and determined that they would be beatified on 10 September 2023, a celebration that was held in their native Markowa and presided over by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro on the Pope's behalf. Between 30 March and 1 April 2023, the remains of the Ulma family were exhumed in preparation for their beatification, after which they would be placed in a sarcophagus, prepared in advance, in the side altar dedicated in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa. The beatification of the Ulma family is unique within the Catholic Church, as they are the first family to be beatified together in the history of the church in 21st century. After some news reports suggested that the beatification would represent the first beatification of an unborn or pre-born child, the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints released an official clarification on 5 September 2023, stating that "this son was delivered at the time of his mother's martyrdom" (based on the evidence that his remains were found emerged from his mother's womb in the original grave), and he was therefore included with the other martyred Ulma children, under the Catholic doctrine of baptism of blood. See also List of saints of Poland Polish Righteous Among the Nations References ^ Mateusz Szpytma, "The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma" Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of National Remembrance, Poland. ^ (in Polish) Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war - most of us already know that."); accessed 8 November 2008. ^ Polish Press Agency PAP. "Commemorations in Markowa, on the 71st anniversary of the murder of Ulma family" . Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2018-02-22 – via Internet Archive. ^ Guzik, Paulina (2023-09-10). "As entire Ulma family beatified in Poland, pope hails them as 'ray of light in the darkness'". www.oursundayvisitor.com. Retrieved 2023-09-10. ^ a b "Samarytanie z Markowej. Słudzy Boży Ulmowie – rodzina, która oddała swoje życie za pomoc Żydom – Narodowy Instytut Kultury i Dziedzictwa Wsi". 2023-09-06. Archived from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Poland (25 February 2018). "The Ulma Family: Symbol of Polish Heroism in the Face of Nazi German Brutalities". German Camps, Polish Heroes. Instytut Lukasiewicza. What Was the Truth? Project under the honorary patronage of the President of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Duda. Project coordinators: Auschwitz Memorial and State Museum in Oświęcim, and Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. ^ a b c d e Teresa Tyszkiewicz. "Rodzina Ulmów. Miłość silniejsza niż strach". Adonai.pl (in Polish). Bibliography: M. Szpytma: "Żydzi i ofiara rodziny Ulmów z Markowej podczas okupacji niemieckiej" W gminie Markowa, Vol. 2, Markowa 2004, p. 35; M. Szpytma, J. Szarek: Sprawiedliwi wśród narodów świata, Kraków 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c Mateusz Szpytma (2006-03-25). "Lay down their lives for their fellow man. Heroic family who perished for hiding Jews" . Nasz Dziennik. 72 (2482). Archived from the original on 2014-03-08 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Small Polish town gears up for beatification of entire family killed for saving Jews". Crux. 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-13. ^ Soler, Ignacy (2022-12-20). "The Ulma family of Markowa: martyrs of the Christian faith". Omnes. Retrieved 2023-09-13. ^ "The Ulma family: Polish martyrs who saved Jews". TheArticle. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-13. ^ a b c d e f g Wlodzimierz Redzioch, interview with Mateusz Szpytma, historian from the Institute of National Remembrance (4 March 2016), "They gave up their lives." Tygodnik Niedziela weekly, 16/2007, Editor-in-chief: Fr Ireneusz Skubis Częstochowa, Poland. Internet Archive. ^ "Saving Jews: Polish Righteous". 2008-01-20. Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2023-09-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Israel Gutman (red.): Księga Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata. Ratujący Żydów podczas Holocaustu: Polska. T. II. Kraków: Jad Waszem, 2009, s. 777. ISBN 978-83-87832-59-9. ^ "Jozef and Wiktoria Ulma | Paying the Ultimate Price | Themes | A Tribute to the Righteous Among the Nations". www.YadVashem.org. Retrieved 2018-02-22. ^ Jolanta Chodorska, Alicja Augustyniak, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Wyd. Sióstr Loretanek (publishing), 2002, Warsaw, Poland; ISBN 83-7257-102-3. ^ Joe Riesenbach, "The Story of Survival". Footnote by Richard Tyndorf ^ Anna Domin (2015), Słudzy Boży - Józef i Wiktoria Ulmowie z Dziećmi. Nasi patronowie. Stowarzyszenie Szczęśliwy Dom. Internet Archive. ^ Fight Hatred (27 May 2011), "Sainthood for Martyred Polish Jew-Defenders", Jabotinsky International Center; accessed 30 August 2016. ^ Potocka, Katarzyna. "Rok Rodziny Ulmów", Wrota Podkarpackie, 2014 ^ Polskie Radio (24 March 2014), Ulmowie poświęcili życie by ratować Żydów. 70. rocznica niemieckiej zbrodni (On the 70th Anniversary of the Ulma Martyrdom); PolskieRadio.pl; accessed 30 August 2016. ^ "Uroczystość otwarcia Muzeum Polaków Ratujących Żydów im. Rodziny Ulmów w Markowej". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-02-22. ^ "Proces beatyfikacyjny Rodziny Ulmów będzie prowadzony przez Archidiecezję Przemyską | Archidiecezja Przemyska". Archidiecezja Przemyska (in Polish). 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-22. ^ "Church to beatify Polish family killed for helping Jews in WW2 - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 2022-12-17. Retrieved 2022-12-18. ^ CNA. "A married couple with seven children to be beatified by the Catholic Church for martyrdom by Nazis". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2022-12-20. ^ "Bodies of Ulma Family Exhumed: Beatification for Poles Who Helped Jews Escape Nazis Set for Sept. 2023". ChurchPOP. 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2023-09-10. ^ Coppen, Luke (2023-09-05). "Here's what's special about the Ulma family beatification". The Pillar. Retrieved 2023-09-10. Bibliography The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of National Remembrance, Poland Gisele Hildebrandt, Otto Adamski. "Markowa" Dorfimfersuchungen in dem alten deutsch-ukrainischen Grenzbereich von Landshuf. 1943. Kraków. (in Polish) Interview with the President of the Committee for the Monument in Markowa Józef and Wiktoria Ulma at the Israeli Holocaust memorial – Yad Vashem Martyred and Blessed Together: The Extraordinary Story of the Ulma Family External links Heroic Ulma family beatified WATCH The saintly lives and heroic deaths of the Ulma family Wikimedia Commons has media related to Józef and Wiktoria Ulma. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Markowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"rescue Polish Jewish families by hiding them in their own home during the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPN273-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPN-2"},{"link_name":"end of World War II in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"occupation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAP-3"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"venerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ulma family (Polish: Rodzina Ulmów) or Józef and Wiktoria Ulma with Seven Children (Polish: Józef i Wiktoria Ulmowie z Siedmiorgiem Dzieci) were a Polish Catholic family in Markowa, Poland, during the Nazi German occupation in World War II who attempted to rescue Polish Jewish families by hiding them in their own home during the Holocaust. They and their children were summarily executed on 24 March 1944 for doing so.[1][2]Notably, despite the murder of the Ulmas — meant to strike fear into the hearts of villagers — their neighbours continued to hide Jewish fugitives until the end of World War II in Europe. At least 21 Polish Jews survived in Markowa during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany.[3] In 1995 the adult Ulmas have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations. They are venerated in the Catholic Church as martyrs following their beatification by Pope Francis in 2023; their feast day is celebrated on 7 July (day of the anniversary of Józef and Wiktoria's wedding).[4]","title":"Ulma family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Catholic Youth Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_School"},{"link_name":"Rural Youth Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_M%C5%82odzie%C5%BCy_Wiejskiej_RP_%E2%80%9EWici%E2%80%9D"},{"link_name":"librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"},{"link_name":"Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88"}],"sub_title":"Józef Ulma","text":"Józef Ulma (2 March 1900 – 24 March 1944) from the Village of Markowa near in Przemyśl, son of Marcin Ulma and Franciszka Ulma (née Kluz), well-off farmers. In 1911, he took short courses in a general school. In his youth, he became involved in social activities. At the age of seventeen, he was a member of the association in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Przemyśl, whose purpose, apart from prayer, was to collect funds for the construction and maintenance of churches and chapels.[5] In addition, he became an active member of the Catholic Youth Association and later the Rural Youth Association. At this time he worked as a librarian and photographer.In 1921 to 1922, he completed his compulsory military service in Grodno.[5] From 1 November 1929 to 31 March 1930, he studied at the National Agricultural School in Plzeň. After obtaining a diploma, he became a market gardener, growing fruit trees, raising bees and silkworms. In 1933, he received an award from the Przeworsk District Agricultural Society for these activities. He was the first to introduce electricity to Markowa. Furthermore, he was passionate about photography, and indulged in it during cultural events in his village and during family celebrations. He also wrote articles for a local weekly newspaper. In addition, he was a member of the Agricultural Circle and other organizations.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Markowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa"},{"link_name":"Łańcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWTT-6"},{"link_name":"People's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_high_school"},{"link_name":"Gać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C4%87,_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-7"},{"link_name":"amateur theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_theatre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma2006-8"},{"link_name":"Sokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokal"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Association of the Living Rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_Living_Rosary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Wiktoria Ulma","text":"Wiktoria Ulma, née Niemczak, (10 December 1912 – 24 March 1944) from the Village of Markowa near in Łańcut, daughter of Jan Niemczak and Franciscka Niemczak (née Homa). Her mother died when she was six years old.[6] She completed her primary and secondary education in her hometown, after which she took courses at the People's University in Gać.[7] In her hometown, she was a member of an amateur theater troupe. Wiktoria was an educated housewife, taking care of the home and the children.[8] Through hard work, persistence and determination, the Ulmas were able to purchase a bigger farm (5 hectares (12 acres) in size) in Wojsławice near Sokal (now Ukraine), and had already begun planning a relocation when the war began.[7]Józef and Wiktoria married on 7 July 1935. After their marriage, they earned their living as farmers on a small farm they owned. Together they had six children and were expecting their seventh:Stanisława (born 18 July 1936), aged 8\nBarbara (born 6 October 1937), aged 7\nWładysław (born 5 December 1938), aged 6\nFranciszek (born 3 April 1940), aged 4\nAntoni (born 6 June 1941), aged 3\nMaria (born 16 September 1942), aged 2\nUnborn child, aged 8 monthsThe couple were active members in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa. They deepened their faith through family prayer and participation in the sacramental life of the church.[9] They both belonged to the Association of the Living Rosary.[10] After the outbreak of World War II, Józef was mobilized and took part in the Polish campaign.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Operation Reinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Reinhard"},{"link_name":"Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-7"},{"link_name":"Łańcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-7"}],"text":"In the summer and autumn of 1942, the Nazi police deported several Jewish families of Markowa as part of Operation Reinhard, the Nazi plan to exterminate Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland.[7] Only those who were hidden in Polish peasants' homes survived. Eight Jews found shelter with the Ulmas: six members of the Szall (Szali) family from Łańcut including father, mother and four sons, as well as the two daughters of Chaim Goldman, Golda (Gienia) and Layka (Lea) Didner.[12] Józef Ulma put all eight Jews in the attic. They learned to help him with supplementary jobs while in hiding, to ease the incurred expenses.[7]","title":"Holocaust rescue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Police"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-7"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma2006-8"},{"link_name":"Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"Markowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Ulma family were denounced by Włodzimierz Leś, a member of the Blue Police, who had taken possession of the Szall (Szali) family's real estate in Łańcut in spring 1944 and wanted to get rid of its rightful owners.[7] In the early morning hours of 24 March 1944 a patrol of German police from Łańcut under Lieutenant Eilert Dieken came to the Ulmas' house which was on the outskirts of the village. The Germans surrounded the house and caught all eight Jews belonging to the Szali and Goldman families. They shot them in the back of the head according to eyewitness Edward Nawojski and others, who were ordered to watch the executions. Then the German gendarmes killed the pregnant Wiktoria and her husband so that the villagers would see what punishment awaited them for hiding Jews. The six children began to scream at the sight of their parents' bodies. After consulting with his superior, twenty-three year old Jan Kokott, a Czech Volksdeutscher from Sudetenland serving with the German police, shot three or four of the Polish children while the other Polish children were murdered by the remaining gendarmes.[12] Within several minutes 17 people were killed. It is likely that during the mass execution Wiktoria went into labour because the witness to her exhumation testified that he saw a head of a newborn baby between her legs.[8]The names of the other Nazi executioners are also known from their frequent presence in the village (Eilert Dieken, Michael Dziewulski and Erich Wilde). The village Vogt (Polish: Wójt) Teofil Kielar was ordered to bury the victims with the help of other witnesses. He asked the German commander, whom he had known from prior inspections and food acquisitions, why the children too had been killed. Dieken answered in German, \"So that you would not have any problems with them.\"[12]On 11 January 1945, in defiance of the Nazi prohibition, relatives of the Ulmas exhumed the bodies, which were originally buried in front of the house, and found Wiktoria's seventh child, emerged from her womb, in the parents' grave pit. A funeral was later held in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa and the family's remains were then buried in Markowa cemetery.[13]","title":"Arrest and execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Markowa_pomnik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma2006-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Józef Michalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Michalik"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"diocesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domin-18"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Tarcisio Bertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone"},{"link_name":"Martin Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"Way of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"postulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szpytma-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fighthatred-19"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Kaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Podkarpackie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa_Ulma-Family_Museum_of_Poles_Who_Saved_Jews_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70-rocznica-21"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Monument in Markowa (Poland) to those shot in 1944On 13 September 1995, Józef and Wiktoria Ulma were posthumously bestowed the titles of Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.[14][15] Their medals of honor were presented to Józef's surviving brother, Władysław Ulma. Their certificate states that they tried to save Jews at the risk of their lives, but fails to mention that they died for them, as noted in the book Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny.[16]On 24 March 2004, the 60th anniversary of their execution, a stone memorial was erected in the village of Markowa to honor the memory of the Ulma family.[8][17] The inscription on the memorial reads:Saving the lives of others they laid down their own lives. Hiding eight elder brothers in faith, they were killed with them. May their sacrifice be a call for respect and love to every human being! They were the sons and daughters of this land; they will remain in our hearts.[12]At the unveiling of the monument, the Archbishop of Przemyśl, Archbishop Józef Michalik – the President of the Polish Bishops' Conference – celebrated a solemn Mass.[12]The local diocesan level of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland initiated the Ulmas' beatification process in 2003.[18] The Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone spoke in Rome of the heroic Polish family on 24 January 2007 during the inauguration of the Italian edition of Martin Gilbert's book I giusti. Gli eroi sconosciuti dell'Olocausto (\"The Righteous. Unknown Heroes of the Holocaust\").[12]Special commemorations were held in Markowa on 24 March 2007 – 63 years after the Ulma, Szall and Goldman families were massacred. Mass was celebrated, followed by the Way of the Cross with the intention of the Ulma family's beatification. Among the guests was the President of the Council of Kraków, who laid flowers at the monument to the dead. The students of the local high school presented their own interpretation of the Ulmas' family decision to hide Jews in a short performance entitled Eight Beatitudes. There was also an evening of poetry dedicated to the memory of the murdered. Older neighbors and relatives who knew them spoke about the life of the Ulmas. One historian from the Institute of National Remembrance presented archival documents; and, the Catholic diocesan postulator explained the requirements of the beatification process.[12] On 24 May 2011, the completed documentation of their martyrdom was passed on to Rome for completion of the beatification process.[19]The fate of the Ulmas became a symbol of martyrdom of Poles killed by the Germans for helping Jews. A new Polish \"National day of the Ulma family\" has first been suggested by the former Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński. Subsequently, the growing support for a more formal commemoration inspired the Sejmik of Podkarpackie Voivodeship to name 2014 the Year of the Ulma family (Rok Rodziny Ulmów).[20] The new Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II was scheduled to be completed in 2015.[21] On 17 March 2016, The Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II was opened in Markowa in presence of the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda.[22]","title":"Commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_New_Altar_tomb_of_the_Ulma_Family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Pelplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin"},{"link_name":"Jan Bernard Szlaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bernard_Szlaga"},{"link_name":"beatification process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification_and_canonization_process_prior_to_1983"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Causes of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venerable"},{"link_name":"Markowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa"},{"link_name":"Marcello Semeraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafia_%C5%9Bw._Doroty_w_Markowej"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"baptism of blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_blood"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coppen-27"}],"text":"New altar tomb of the Ulma family at the Church of Saint Dorothy, Markowa, PolandOn 17 September 2003, the Diocese of Pelplin, Bishop Jan Bernard Szlaga initiated the beatification process of 122 Polish martyrs who died during World War II, including Józef and Wiktoria Ulma with their seven children among the others. On 20 February 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints was allowed to take over management of the process of Ulma family by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Przemyśl.[23]On 18 December 2022, Pope Francis declared the entire family to be martyrs and determined that they would be beatified on 10 September 2023, a celebration that was held in their native Markowa and presided over by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro on the Pope's behalf.[24][25] Between 30 March and 1 April 2023, the remains of the Ulma family were exhumed in preparation for their beatification, after which they would be placed in a sarcophagus, prepared in advance, in the side altar dedicated in the Church of Saint Dorothy in Markowa.[26]The beatification of the Ulma family is unique within the Catholic Church, as they are the first family to be beatified together in the history of the church in 21st century. After some news reports suggested that the beatification would represent the first beatification of an unborn or pre-born child, the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints released an official clarification on 5 September 2023, stating that \"this [unnamed] son was delivered at the time of his mother's martyrdom\" (based on the evidence that his remains were found emerged from his mother's womb in the original grave), and he was therefore included with the other martyred Ulma children, under the Catholic doctrine of baptism of blood.[27]","title":"Cause of beatification"}]
[{"image_text":"Monument in Markowa (Poland) to those shot in 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Markowa_pomnik.jpg/250px-Markowa_pomnik.jpg"},{"image_text":"New altar tomb of the Ulma family at the Church of Saint Dorothy, Markowa, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_New_Altar_tomb_of_the_Ulma_Family.jpg/221px-The_New_Altar_tomb_of_the_Ulma_Family.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of saints of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Poland"},{"title":"Polish Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations"}]
[{"reference":"Polish Press Agency PAP. \"Commemorations in Markowa, on the 71st anniversary of the murder of Ulma family\" [W Markowej uczczono 71. rocznicę zamordowania Ulmów i ukrywanych przez nich Żydów]. Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2018-02-22 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Press_Agency","url_text":"Polish Press Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827122045/http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/w-markowej-uczczono-71-rocznice-zamordowania-ulmow-i-ukrywanych-przez-nich-zydow","url_text":"\"Commemorations in Markowa, on the 71st anniversary of the murder of Ulma family\""},{"url":"http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/w-markowej-uczczono-71-rocznice-zamordowania-ulmow-i-ukrywanych-przez-nich-zydow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guzik, Paulina (2023-09-10). \"As entire Ulma family beatified in Poland, pope hails them as 'ray of light in the darkness'\". www.oursundayvisitor.com. Retrieved 2023-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursundayvisitor.com/as-entire-ulma-family-beatified-in-poland-pope-hails-them-as-ray-of-light-in-the-darkness/","url_text":"\"As entire Ulma family beatified in Poland, pope hails them as 'ray of light in the darkness'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samarytanie z Markowej. Słudzy Boży Ulmowie – rodzina, która oddała swoje życie za pomoc Żydom – Narodowy Instytut Kultury i Dziedzictwa Wsi\". 2023-09-06. Archived from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230906134019/https://nikidw.edu.pl/2023/09/01/samarytanie-z-markowej-sludzy-bozy-ulmowie-rodzina-ktora-oddala-swoje-zycie-za-pomoc-zydom/","url_text":"\"Samarytanie z Markowej. Słudzy Boży Ulmowie – rodzina, która oddała swoje życie za pomoc Żydom – Narodowy Instytut Kultury i Dziedzictwa Wsi\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Poland (25 February 2018). \"The Ulma Family: Symbol of Polish Heroism in the Face of Nazi German Brutalities\". German Camps, Polish Heroes. Instytut Lukasiewicza. What Was the Truth? Project under the honorary patronage of the President of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Duda. Project coordinators: Auschwitz Memorial and State Museum in Oświęcim, and Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190424195530/http://whatwasthetruth.org/the-ulma-family-symbol-of-polish-heroism-in-the-face-of-nazi-german-brutalities/","url_text":"\"The Ulma Family: Symbol of Polish Heroism in the Face of Nazi German Brutalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"Institute of National Remembrance"},{"url":"http://whatwasthetruth.org/the-ulma-family-symbol-of-polish-heroism-in-the-face-of-nazi-german-brutalities/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Teresa Tyszkiewicz. \"Rodzina Ulmów. Miłość silniejsza niż strach\". Adonai.pl (in Polish). Bibliography: M. Szpytma: \"Żydzi i ofiara rodziny Ulmów z Markowej podczas okupacji niemieckiej\" [in:] W gminie Markowa, Vol. 2, Markowa 2004, p. 35; M. Szpytma, J. Szarek: Sprawiedliwi wśród narodów świata, Kraków 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224192224/http://adonai.pl/ludzie/drukuj.php?id=168","url_text":"\"Rodzina Ulmów. Miłość silniejsza niż strach\""},{"url":"http://adonai.pl/ludzie/drukuj.php?id=168","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mateusz Szpytma (2006-03-25). \"Lay down their lives for their fellow man. Heroic family who perished for hiding Jews\" [Oddali życie za bliźnich. Bohaterska rodzina Ulmów zginęła za ukrywanie Żydów]. Nasz Dziennik. 72 (2482). Archived from the original on 2014-03-08 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140308164002/http://mtrojnar.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/swieci/ulmowie/oddali.htm","url_text":"\"Lay down their lives for their fellow man. Heroic family who perished for hiding Jews\""},{"url":"http://mtrojnar.rzeszow.opoka.org.pl/swieci/ulmowie/oddali.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Small Polish town gears up for beatification of entire family killed for saving Jews\". Crux. 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://cruxnow.com/church-in-europe/2023/09/small-polish-town-gears-up-for-beatification-of-entire-family-killed-for-saving-jews/","url_text":"\"Small Polish town gears up for beatification of entire family killed for saving Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Soler, Ignacy (2022-12-20). \"The Ulma family of Markowa: martyrs of the Christian faith\". Omnes. Retrieved 2023-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://omnesmag.com/en/focus/jozef-wiktoria-ulma/","url_text":"\"The Ulma family of Markowa: martyrs of the Christian faith\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ulma family: Polish martyrs who saved Jews\". TheArticle. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thearticle.com/the-ulma-family-polish-martyrs-who-saved-jews","url_text":"\"The Ulma family: Polish martyrs who saved Jews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saving Jews: Polish Righteous\". 2008-01-20. Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2023-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120153213/http://savingjews.org/righteous/uv.htm","url_text":"\"Saving Jews: Polish Righteous\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jozef and Wiktoria Ulma | Paying the Ultimate Price | Themes | A Tribute to the Righteous Among the Nations\". www.YadVashem.org. Retrieved 2018-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/righteous/ulma.asp","url_text":"\"Jozef and Wiktoria Ulma | Paying the Ultimate Price | Themes | A Tribute to the Righteous Among the Nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uroczystość otwarcia Muzeum Polaków Ratujących Żydów im. Rodziny Ulmów w Markowej\". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/uroczystosc-otwarcia-muzeum-polakow-ratujacych-zydow-im-rodziny-ulmow-w-markowej","url_text":"\"Uroczystość otwarcia Muzeum Polaków Ratujących Żydów im. Rodziny Ulmów w Markowej\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proces beatyfikacyjny Rodziny Ulmów będzie prowadzony przez Archidiecezję Przemyską | Archidiecezja Przemyska\". Archidiecezja Przemyska (in Polish). 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://przemyska.pl/2017/03/08/proces-beatyfikacyjny-rodziny-ulmow-bedzie-prowadzony-przez-archidiecezje-przemyska/","url_text":"\"Proces beatyfikacyjny Rodziny Ulmów będzie prowadzony przez Archidiecezję Przemyską | Archidiecezja Przemyska\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church to beatify Polish family killed for helping Jews in WW2 - Vatican News\". www.vaticannews.va. 2022-12-17. Retrieved 2022-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-12/polish-family-killed-for-helping-jews-set-to-be-beatified.html","url_text":"\"Church to beatify Polish family killed for helping Jews in WW2 - Vatican News\""}]},{"reference":"CNA. \"A married couple with seven children to be beatified by the Catholic Church for martyrdom by Nazis\". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2022-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/253104/a-married-couple-with-seven-children-to-be-beatified-by-the-catholic-church-for-martyrdom-by-nazis","url_text":"\"A married couple with seven children to be beatified by the Catholic Church for martyrdom by Nazis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bodies of Ulma Family Exhumed: Beatification for Poles Who Helped Jews Escape Nazis Set for Sept. 2023\". ChurchPOP. 2023-04-17. 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Rodziny Ulmów w Markowej\""},{"Link":"http://przemyska.pl/2017/03/08/proces-beatyfikacyjny-rodziny-ulmow-bedzie-prowadzony-przez-archidiecezje-przemyska/","external_links_name":"\"Proces beatyfikacyjny Rodziny Ulmów będzie prowadzony przez Archidiecezję Przemyską | Archidiecezja Przemyska\""},{"Link":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-12/polish-family-killed-for-helping-jews-set-to-be-beatified.html","external_links_name":"\"Church to beatify Polish family killed for helping Jews in WW2 - Vatican News\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/253104/a-married-couple-with-seven-children-to-be-beatified-by-the-catholic-church-for-martyrdom-by-nazis","external_links_name":"\"A married couple with seven children to be beatified by the Catholic Church for martyrdom by Nazis\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchpop.com/bodies-of-ulma-family-exhumed-beatification-for-poles-who-helped-jews-escape-nazis-set-for-sept-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Bodies of Ulma Family Exhumed: Beatification for Poles Who Helped Jews Escape Nazis Set for Sept. 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-special-about-the-ulma-family","external_links_name":"\"Here's what's special about the Ulma family beatification\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/3/273/The_Righteous_and_their_world_Markowa_through_the_lens_of_Jozef_Ulma_by_Mateusz_.html","external_links_name":"The Righteous and their world. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Wight
Marcus Wight
["1 References","2 External links"]
English cricketer Marcus WightPersonal informationFull nameRobert Marcus WightBorn (1969-09-12) 12 September 1969 (age 54)Kensington, London, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakDomestic team information YearsTeam1993–1994Gloucestershire1992Cambridge University Career statistics Competition First-class List A Matches 19 12 Runs scored 593 51 Batting average 22.80 7.28 100s/50s –/3 –/– Top score 62* 18 Balls bowled 2,807 426 Wickets 33 9 Bowling average 44.12 31.00 5 wickets in innings – – 10 wickets in match – – Best bowling 3/65 2/28 Catches/stumpings 11/– 5/–Source: Cricinfo, 22 September 2011 Robert Marcus Wight (born 12 September 1969) is a former English cricketer. Wight was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Kensington, London and later undertook further education at Exeter University, before attending Cambridge University. While studying at Cambridge, Wight made his first-class debut for Cambridge University Cricket Club against Leicestershire in 1992. He made eight further first-class appearances for the university in that season, the last of which came against Oxford University at Lord's. In his nine first-class appearances for the university, he scored 366 runs at an average of 28.15, with a high score of 62 not out. This score, which was one of two fifties he made for the university, came against Oxford University. With the ball, he took 18 wickets at a bowling average of 37.61, with best figures of 3/65. He also made a single first-class appearance for a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities team against the touring Pakistanis in that season. Following his studies, he joined Gloucestershire for the 1993 season, making his debut for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1993 County Championship. He made eight further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the touring New Zealanders. In his nine first-class appearances for Gloucestershire, he scored a total of 205 runs at an average of 17.08, with a high score of 54. This score, which was his only first-class half century for Gloucestershire, came against Leicestershire in 1993. In his debut season with Gloucestershire, he also made his List A debut against Kent in the AXA Equity & Law League. Wight made eleven further List A appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 1994 AXA Equity & Law League. In his twelve List A appearances, he scored 51 runs at an average of 7.28, with a high score of 18. With the ball, he took 9 wickets at an average of 31.00, with best figures of 2/28. He left Gloucestershire at the end of the 1994 season. References ^ "Teams Marcus Wight played for". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ a b c "First-Class Matches played by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ a b "First-class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "First-Class Matches played by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "First-class Bowling For Each Team by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "Leicestershire v Gloucestershire, 1993 County Championship". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "List A Matches played by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "List A Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "List A Bowling For Each Team by Marcus Wight". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2011. External links Marcus Wight at ESPNcricinfo Marcus Wight at CricketArchive
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Wight was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Kensington, London and later undertook further education at Exeter University, before attending Cambridge University.[1]While studying at Cambridge, Wight made his first-class debut for Cambridge University Cricket Club against Leicestershire in 1992. He made eight further first-class appearances for the university in that season, the last of which came against Oxford University at Lord's.[2] In his nine first-class appearances for the university, he scored 366 runs at an average of 28.15, with a high score of 62 not out.[3] This score, which was one of two fifties he made for the university, came against Oxford University.[4] With the ball, he took 18 wickets at a bowling average of 37.61, with best figures of 3/65.[5] He also made a single first-class appearance for a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities team against the touring Pakistanis in that season.[2]Following his studies, he joined Gloucestershire for the 1993 season, making his debut for the county against Northamptonshire in the 1993 County Championship. He made eight further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the touring New Zealanders.[2] In his nine first-class appearances for Gloucestershire, he scored a total of 205 runs at an average of 17.08, with a high score of 54.[3] This score, which was his only first-class half century for Gloucestershire, came against Leicestershire in 1993.[6] In his debut season with Gloucestershire, he also made his List A debut against Kent in the AXA Equity & Law League. Wight made eleven further List A appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 1994 AXA Equity & Law League.[7] In his twelve List A appearances, he scored 51 runs at an average of 7.28, with a high score of 18.[8] With the ball, he took 9 wickets at an average of 31.00, with best figures of 2/28.[9] He left Gloucestershire at the end of the 1994 season.","title":"Marcus Wight"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_England
1945 in England
["1 Incumbent","2 Events","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 See also","6 References"]
List of events ← 1944 1943 1942 1945 in England → 1946 1947 1948 Centuries: 18th 19th 20th 21st Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s See also:1944–45 in English football1945–46 in English football1945 in the United KingdomOther events of 1945 Events from 1945 in England Incumbent Further information: Politics of England Events January February March April May 8 May – V-E Day is celebrated throughout the UK. Prime Minister Winston Churchill makes a victory speech and appears on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with George VI, Queen Elizabeth and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. Street parties take place throughout the country. June July August September October November December Births 26 July – Helen Mirren, actress 30 November – Hilary Armstrong, politician 17 December – Jacqueline Wilson, children's novelist Tom O'Carroll, paedophilia advocate Deaths See also 1945 in Northern Ireland 1945 in Scotland 1945 in Wales References ^ "The Lost Decade Timeline". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2020-04-02. ^ "Helen Mirren | Biography, Movies, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ "Hilary Armstrong". BBC News. 17 October 2002. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ Ferguson, Donna (24 September 2016). "My parents at war: Jacqueline Wilson opens up about unhappy early life". The Observer. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(2011_TV_series)
Leonardo (2011 TV series)
["1 Premise","1.1 Series 1","1.2 Series 2","2 Characters","3 Production","4 Historical accuracy","5 Episodes","5.1 Series 1 (2011)","5.2 Series 2 (2012)","6 Spin-off online game","7 Accolades","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
British adventure series LeonardoGenreAction / AdventureStarringJonathan BaileyFlora Spencer-LonghurstAkemnji NdifornyenColin Ryan Alistair McGowanJames ClydeTheme music composerMark RussellCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes26 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersAnne Brogan, Melanie StokesProducerBernard KrichefskiCinematographyDirk NelEditorsSue Wyatt, Philip HookwayProduction companyKindle EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkCBBCRelease11 April 2011 (2011-04-11) –6 December 2012 (2012-12-06) Leonardo is a British action-adventure television series which aired on the CBBC for two series between 2011 and 2012. Set in 15th-century Florence, the show follows the adventures of a teenage Leonardo da Vinci played by Jonathan Bailey. Premise Series 1 An exciting action-packed 13-episode series full of mystery, adventure and an unfolding love story, which steps back in time 500 years. Set against the breathtaking backdrop of Renaissance Florence, Leonardo is far from a typical period drama. It's fast-paced with modern music and language, and a fashion sense that is more high street than high culture. At the heart of the group is the young Leonardo da Vinci, or simply Leo, played by Jonathan Bailey. Working as an apprentice, he's not just a genius; he's an unstoppable, free-thinking creative force who's always ten steps ahead of the rest. Series 2 With the threat of Pietro de' Medici hanging over them, Leonardo (Jonathan Bailey) and his friends are determined to keep their heads down. But not for long. The second series of the hit show kicks off from start to finish as Florence plunges into an unjustified war. Secrets, murders and family loyalties fly everywhere as the story line unfolds to its epic climax. Characters Leonardo da Vinci played by Jonathan Bailey Also known as Leo, he is an artist at Verrocchio's workshop. He loves painting, inventing, and creating new things. Tomaso/Lisa Gherardini played by Flora Spencer-Longhurst "Tom" is a girl who lives disguised as a male apprentice. She changed her name to Tomaso (her father's name) and ran away to join Verrocchio's workshop in Florence, in defiance of the 15th-century laws that banned women from becoming artists. She is the subject of the Mona Lisa and earlier versions. Niccolò Machiavelli played by Akemnji Ndifornyen Niccolò or "Mac" is the number one man when it come to fraud or theft and has a network of urchin spies and cut-purses throughout the city. He likes money-making schemes, chariot-racing and mingling with the rich and famous. Leo sometimes has to get him out of trouble. Lorenzo de' Medici played by Colin Ryan A wealthy boy, part of Florence's prestigious Medici family, he is largely bored by his life of luxury and enjoys sneaking away to join his friends. He is anxious to please his father whom he greatly admires. Piero de' Medici played by Alistair McGowan (series 1) and James Clyde (series 2) An ambitious man and cousin to the Duke of Florence, Piero keeps a close eye on all happenings in Florence, especially those that concern his son Lorenzo and his friends. He heads the mysterious secret society, the Luminari. Maestro Verrocchio played by James Cuningham Leo and Tom's maestro, Verrocchio is very strict and becomes impatient if his apprentices waste time. Leonardo is very loyal to his Maestro. Cosimo played by Thembalethu Ntuli A servant at Verrocchio's workshop Teresa de' Medici played by Camilla Waldman Lorenzo's doting mother Placidi played by Bart Fouche Head of Security at the Medici Palace and Piero's right-hand man in series 2 Angelica Visconti played by Roxane Hayward The rich and beautiful daughter of the wealthy Visconti family and Lorenzo's fiancée in series 2 Rocco de' Medici played by Clayton Boyd The hot-headed long-lost son of the Duke of Florence in series 2 Production Leonardo began as a novel outline by Tom Mason and Dan Danko portraying Leonardo da Vinci as a "teenage Renaissance Batman". Although never actually used in a book, Mason and Danko were able to interest the BBC in their unpublished story idea. It was optioned by the BBC in late 2009 and the pre-production was completed by summer 2010. The first series of Leonardo was shot on location in South Africa throughout the second half of 2010. A second series was completed on location in Cape Town and was aired in 2012. Roxane Hayward, Bart Fouche, Katie McGlynn and Pam St. Clement guest-starred in the second series. A second series premiered on the CBBC on 20 September 2012, starting with episodes one and two being shown back to back as an hour-long instalments called Illusion. For Series 2, actor James Clyde replaced Alistair McGowan in the role of Piero de' Medici. Historical accuracy A Friday Download promotion for Leonardo suggested that the series is factual, but the series is misleading in certain respects. For example, in series 1, episode 5 the eponymous hero falls in love with a girl called Valentina. Art historians, including Kenneth Clark, have argued that Leonardo da Vinci was homosexual, and had no romantic interest in women. Another problem is that the action is said to take place in Florence in 1467. However, in episode 8 Leonardo is shown in competition with Michelangelo, who was not even born until 1475. In an interview with C21 Media, co-director Melanie Stokes said that "we play fast and loose with history and it's not the job of a drama to give facts... but to inspire imagination." Episode 8 accurately references Leonardo's vegetarianism and love of nature (buying caged birds to release them). The portrayal of Piero de' Medici as scheming to overthrow the Duke of Florence is misleading; in 1467, Medici was the de facto ruler of Florence, and the city state would only acquire a Duke in 1532, when the title was given to Piero's descendant Alessandro de' Medici. The character of Niccolò Machiavelli is portrayed by Akemnji Ndifornyen, a black actor, whereas the real Niccolò Machiavelli was white. Furthermore, there appears to be no discernible age difference between his character and that of Leonardo, who was in reality 17 years his senior. The characters all speak modern English, occasionally exclaiming "bella!" or "magnifico!" to remind the audience that they are supposed to be Italians. Contemporary pop songs are used for the music soundtrack. Leonardo is frequently shown inventing things that are ahead of their time, most notably a wooden bicycle (actually invented 1817; Leo's design is close to a BMX, invented in the 1970s), which first appears in "Anything is Possible" and is later given a gunpowder engine (invented 1600s). The series one finale involves an indestructible suit of mechanical armour, and the series two ended with a "superweapon" – a mobile armoured tank with a cannon mounted in a rotating turret, an exaggeration of Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle. Leonardo's costume is also rather anachronistic, with his sneakers and chinos being more reminiscent of modern-day clothing than that of 15th-century Florence. Episodes SeriesEpisodesOriginally released11311 April 201121320 September 2012 Series 1 (2011) No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Anything Is Possible"Beryl RichardsTom Mason, Dan Danko, Pia Ashberry11 April 2011 (2011-04-11) Leonardo has invented the bicycle, which he calls "a velocerotor". When he takes the bike out for the first time he crashes into a street artist named Tomaso, who soon gets himself an apprenticeship with Leonardo at Verrocchio's workshop. After Leonardo and his friends find out that Tom has stolen Leonardo's notebook, he claims he was forced to steal it by a sinister secret society called the Luminari. But there is more to Tom than first meets the eye. 22"Da Vinci's Code"Beryl RichardsAlex Perrin11 April 2011 (2011-04-11) Piero has Leonardo's notebook but as the notebook is written entirely in code he finds his plans thwarted. Professor Pico is asked to decipher the code. After Leo finds out that Pico is linked to the theft, Pico is able to convince him that he just a victim of Luminari's schemes and attempts to convince him to tell him the secret code. 33"Wing and a Prayer"Beryl RichardsTom Mason, Dan Danko, Pia Ashberry18 April 2011 (2011-04-18) Leonardo's latest invention sees him flying high, but he ends up being brought down to earth with a bump after he attempts to assist Mac out of a tricky situation. 44"Something Wicked"Luke WatsonBrian Jordan25 February 2011 (2011-02-25) Leonardo and his group of friends attempt to save an unhappy bride from her villainous fiancé. He has taken Petronella as payment for her father's debts and unknown to Leonardo he also works for the mysterious Luminari. 55"It Must Be Love"Beryl RichardsBrian Jordan2 May 2011 (2011-05-02) Romance is in the air, but complications arise because the feelings are not mutual, and first looks deceive. 66"The Lightning Box"Luke WatsonKirstie Falkous9 May 2011 (2011-05-09) Piero is to hold an exhibition of the greatest treasures in Europe and Lorenzo is able to sneak Leo in for a look around. After somebody from Mac's past shows up with his own designs, Leo ends up begging Lorenzo for a chance to borrow the exhibit which causes friction amongst his friends. 77"Time Waits"Beryl RichardsAlexander Perrin16 May 2011 (2011-05-16) Leo and his friends end up facing a race against time after they find an unusual watch. They attempt to unlock the watch's secrets before Piero's men find them. 88"Angels and Cherubs"Luke WatsonPia Ashberry, Dan Danko, Tom Mason23 May 2011 (2011-05-23) Tensions end up running high when Leonardo finds himself pitted in an artistic battle against his rival Michelangelo. 99"Lost and Found"Luke WatsonAlexander Perrin6 June 2011 (2011-06-06) The truth about Lisa's double life is close to being revealed after she receives a visitor she was not expecting. 1010"Servants of Florence"Beryl RichardsBrian Lynch13 June 2011 (2011-06-13) A startling discovery is made by Lisa after she gate-crashes a party to catch a glimpse of a champion sportsman. After Lisa hears Piero talking she makes a connection with the shadowy figure she saw in the catacombs and realises who he is. 1111"Bandit Queen"Beryl RichardsBrian Lynch20 June 2011 (2011-06-20) After Lorenzo falls in love he soon finds out that following his heart could end up seeing both himself and his friends being led into danger. 1212"Fireball"Luke WatsonDanny Peake27 June 2011 (2011-06-27) Leo and Lisa are summoned to the Medici Palace to undertake a special commission. Since they have stolen back Leo's notebook and Piero knows Lisa is a girl, they fear the worst. However Piero is charming and explains that he wants Leo to join forces with him for the good of Florence, and when he discovers that Piero has had all his designs built, Leo is completely taken in. But it turns out that Piero intends using one of Leo's inventions to assassinate the Duke and now it is Leo's word against a Medici—in a matter of life or death. 1313"Enter the Robot"Luke WatsonBrian Lynch4 July 2011 (2011-07-04) Piero puts his sinister plan into action when his large robot based on one of Leo's designs begins terrorizing the city and Leo and his friends must stop it before it is too late. Series 2 (2012) No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date141"Framed/Illusion"Rob EvansPia Ashberry20 September 2012 (2012-09-20) Tom and Mac shadow Leonardo to protect him from Piero's threats, but it is Verrocchio who becomes the target of his schemes. 152"Perspective/Illusion"Rob EvansPia Ashberry20 September 2012 (2012-09-20) With Verrocchio framed for murder and Leo's dad on Piero's side, time is running out. Leo gets himself arrested so he can be with Verrocchio and they put up a canvas to make it look like they have broken out when in actual fact they are behind the canvas, they both run away to where Lorenzo's horse is waiting outside the gates, but the guards catch up with them, arresting both of them. The trial goes ahead with the judge asking if Leonardo should be executed along with Verrocchio for trying to help him escape, but Leo's dad convinces everyone he is only a boy and should be saved, then at the last minute, Piero gives evidence that clears Verrocchio's name, he later reveals to Placidi that this was always his plan, for a much bigger scheme. 163"The Betrothal Ball"Rob EvansPia Ashberry27 September 2012 (2012-09-27) There is an evening of surprises and danger in store when the Medici throw a lavish masked ball in Lorenzo's honour. The Medici want to announce Lorenzo's marriage to Angelica, who has come to the masked ball in exactly the same costume as Lisa. Piero has made plans to have Lorenzo and Angelica kidnapped as part of his plan to blame Milan, but this goes awry when Lisa and Lorenzo are kidnapped instead. Meanwhile, Leo puts on Lorenzo's mask and Mac tells him that he likes Lisa but Lisa only has eyes for Leo, which shocks him as he had no idea! Thanks to Lisa, Lorenzo and herself are rescued and return to the Palace where Piero is playing the worried father. Leo asks Lisa if she likes him but she denies it! 174"Cat and Mouse"Rob EvansPia Ashberry4 October 2012 (2012-10-04) Lorenzo decides to live life on the wild side when he meets the fun-loving, carefree Bruno, but Mac is convinced Bruno is bad news. Bruno ends up using Lorenzo as an alibi as he steals from his former employer, this leads Lorenzo to discover who his true friends are and be grateful that someone is always watching his back. Guest starring Pam St. Clement as Mazzola. 185"Diabolical Acts"Rob EvansPia Ashberry11 October 2012 (2012-10-11) When a travelling theatre group comes to Florence, the whole city is excited, especially Leo and Tom, who get starring roles in the play. But when the performance gets underway, something sinister is going on behind the scenes. The other two actors are planning on stealing the priceless Medici Sapphire and when Leo works out what they are doing, he gets tied up, leaving Lisa continuing to act alone on stage with no idea of what is going on beneath her. 196"Dragon Hunt"Rob EvansDaniel Peak18 October 2012 (2012-10-18) A mysterious man asks Leo for help, claiming that he knows the location of a huge treasure and that his brother went missing trying to find it. Leo follows the cryptic clues across the city, whilst Lisa and Mac become concerned that the man is lying, they too try and follow the clues, failing at the first one and going hopelessly in the wrong direction. Once they are returning to the workshop, they again find the man who went off with Leo, he tells them that Leo has died on the hunt (which is a lie and both Lisa and Mac realise this) so they trick him into leading them back to Leonardo and go on a rescue mission for him. Meanwhile, Piero kills his own cousin so that he can be Duke of Florence. 207"The Mask of Death"Rob EvansAlexander Perrin25 October 2012 (2012-10-25) When Leo is given the task of making a death mask of the old Duke, he soon realises the story of his death doesn't add up and begins a dangerous investigation, he approaches the local doctor to do a post-mortem, the doctor then tells Piero of Leo's concerns and Piero has the doctor shot to show Leo that the Milanese do use poison. This deception spurs Leonardo on to building a super weapon to avenge the doctor and fight the Milanese 218"Stupid Cupid"Rob EvansAlexander Perrin1 November 2012 (2012-11-01) Piero prepares for his coronation and Mac lands himself in hot water when he gets Lorenzo's fiancée mixed up with a vengeful smuggler. 229"The Tortoise and the Hare"Steve HughesPia Ashberry8 November 2012 (2012-11-08) Leo's idea for a superweapon could prove fatal when his explosive tests enrage the new Duke of Florence. 2310"By the Sword"Steve HughesDaniel Peak15 November 2012 (2012-11-15) Tom's hot temper lands her in a duel with the world's number one fencing champion, while Leonardo begins work on building his superweapon. The fencing champion humiliates a little boy so Lisa steps up to fight him, he laughs at her not wanting to fight a girl so she returns as Tomaso and fights agrees to fight him at a later date. As she is losing this fight badly, Mac goes to Leo, who is incredibly busy and tells him that Lisa needs his help so Leo drops his work, agreeing to help. he uses light bombs to distract him, allowing Lisa to win the fight.2411"Hitched"Steve HughesBrian Jordan22 November 2012 (2012-11-22) As the countdown to Lorenzo's wedding gets closer, the gang launch a risky scheme to try get him out of his big day. They decide to set Lorenzo up with Lisa with Leo pretending to be her father who supposedly has a bigger dowry than Angelica and Piero arranges for them to marry after Lorenzo and Lisa kiss. Angelica opens up to her father and tells his that she doesn't want to marry Lorenzo. So when Lisa's marriage to him falls through at the last minute. Piero tries to set him up again with Angelica, but this falls through as her father stands up to her. She then leaves Florence, leaving Mac dejected as he was led to believe that they would live together-but Angelica can't face to leave her father. 2512"The Fugitive"Steve HughesBrian Lynch and Pia Ashberry29 November 2012 (2012-11-29) With the city on the brink of war and Piero's plans near completion, Leo risks everything to help a young girl and her grandma when they are accused of being Milanese spies. Guest starring Katie McGlynn as Lucia.2613"The Dogs of War"Steve HughesPia Ashberry, Brian Lynch and Melanie Stokes6 December 2012 (2012-12-06) After being betrayed by his master, Placidi reveals all of Piero's secrets to Leo. Leo and his friends must convince Duke Rocco of Piero's treachery and keep the superweapon from falling into Piero's hands. A plot full of twists and turns sees Leonardo, Mac and Rocco all arrested whilst Lorenzo is fed lies by his father and Lisa is trying to help a severely wounded Placidi. Spin-off online game In 2012 an online game based on the second series was released. Entitled Leonardo, the game allows players to defeat the villain Il Drago who has stolen Leonardo's inventions. The game was nominated for a 2013 KidScreen Award for Best Companion Website. Accolades In 2012, Leonardo won three KidScreen Awards for Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series, Best Music, and Best Design. It was also nominated for the Ivor Novello Award for Best Television Soundtrack, the Best Youth Program Award at the Banff World Media Festival, and the Award for Youth Fiction at the Rose d'Or. It was also nominated for a children's television award at the Prix Jeunesse International Festival in Munich. See also Da Vinci's Demons, another fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci References ^ Mason, Tom. "Leonardo on CBBC". Comix 411. Retrieved 7 July 2011. ^ "New and returning drama". BBC. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ CBBC Friday Download – 6 May 2011 ^ Mason, David (2 April 2012). "Continued LGBT discrimination at the BBC would let down a new generation". Pink News. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ "Reading up on young Da Vinci". C21 Media. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ Dickson, Jeremy (14 September 2012). "BBC commissions Kindle and Plug-in Media for online games". Kidscreen. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ Dickson, Jeremy (19 November 2012). "2013 Kidscreen Awards nominees announced". IKids News. ^ Castleman, Lana. "And the 2012 Kidscreen Awards go to…". Kidscreen. ^ "All-female shortlist is a first for Ivor Novello awards". BBC News. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ "2012 Nominee Showcase". Banff World Media Festival. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ "Nominees". Rose d'Or. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ "Prix Jeunesse International Finalists TV". Prix Jeunesse International München. Retrieved 17 April 2012. External links Leonardo at IMDb Leonardo at BBC Online vteLeonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Major works The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ ✻ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta ✻ Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician ✻✻ Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière The Last Supper Sala delle Asse Portrait of Isabella d'Este The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist Buccleuch Madonna ✻ Salvator Mundi ✻✻ Lansdowne Madonna ✻ The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne Mona Lisa La Scapigliata Saint John the Baptist Lost works Medusa The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon) Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing The Battle of Anghiari Leda and the Swan Sculptures Budapest Horse Horse and Rider Sforza Horse (unexecuted) Works on paper Study for the Madonna of the Cat Head of a Bear The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Vitruvian Man Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk Studies for the Virgin of the Rocks Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child Head of the Angel Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist Studies for the Last Supper Head of Christ Studies for the Louvre Saint Anne Christ Child Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm Head of Saint Anne Head of the Virgin Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects Architonnerre Divina proportione (illustrations) Great Kite Harpsichord-viola Aerial screw Crossbow Fighting vehicle Robot Self-propelled cart Octant projection Rapid fire crossbow Sonar Viola organista World Map Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Bernardino de' Conti Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Museums Museo leonardiano di Vinci Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo3 Museum Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan) Related Cultural references Namesakes Portraits of Leonardo Conservation-restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations High Renaissance Mathematics and art The Lost Leonardo Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese) ✻ Collaboration ✻✻ Possible collaboration Category vteKindle EntertainmentTelevision shows My Spy Family Big & Small Jinx Treasure Island Hank Zipzer Mini Beasts Leonardo Get Well Soon Kiss Me First Films Dustbin Baby
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey"}],"text":"Leonardo is a British action-adventure television series which aired on the CBBC for two series between 2011 and 2012. Set in 15th-century Florence, the show follows the adventures of a teenage Leonardo da Vinci played by Jonathan Bailey.","title":"Leonardo (2011 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Florence"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey"},{"link_name":"apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"}],"sub_title":"Series 1","text":"An exciting action-packed 13-episode series full of mystery, adventure and an unfolding love story, which steps back in time 500 years. Set against the breathtaking backdrop of Renaissance Florence, Leonardo is far from a typical period drama. It's fast-paced with modern music and language, and a fashion sense that is more high street than high culture. At the heart of the group is the young Leonardo da Vinci, or simply Leo, played by Jonathan Bailey. Working as an apprentice, he's not just a genius; he's an unstoppable, free-thinking creative force who's always ten steps ahead of the rest.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pietro de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey"}],"sub_title":"Series 2","text":"With the threat of Pietro de' Medici hanging over them, Leonardo (Jonathan Bailey) and his friends are determined to keep their heads down. But not for long. The second series of the hit show kicks off from start to finish as Florence plunges into an unjustified war. Secrets, murders and family loyalties fly everywhere as the story line unfolds to its epic climax.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Verrocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio"},{"link_name":"Lisa Gherardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo"},{"link_name":"Flora Spencer-Longhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Spencer-Longhurst"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Akemnji Ndifornyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akemnji_Ndifornyen"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Colin Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Ryan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Medici family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici"},{"link_name":"Piero de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Alistair McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_McGowan"},{"link_name":"James Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clyde_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Maestro Verrocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio"},{"link_name":"Camilla Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Roxane Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Hayward"}],"text":"Leonardo da Vinci played by Jonathan Bailey\nAlso known as Leo, he is an artist at Verrocchio's workshop. He loves painting, inventing, and creating new things.\nTomaso/Lisa Gherardini played by Flora Spencer-Longhurst\n\"Tom\" is a girl who lives disguised as a male apprentice. She changed her name to Tomaso (her father's name) and ran away to join Verrocchio's workshop in Florence, in defiance of the 15th-century laws that banned women from becoming artists. She is the subject of the Mona Lisa and earlier versions.\nNiccolò Machiavelli played by Akemnji Ndifornyen\nNiccolò or \"Mac\" is the number one man when it come to fraud or theft and has a network of urchin spies and cut-purses throughout the city. He likes money-making schemes, chariot-racing and mingling with the rich and famous. Leo sometimes has to get him out of trouble.\nLorenzo de' Medici played by Colin Ryan\nA wealthy boy, part of Florence's prestigious Medici family, he is largely bored by his life of luxury and enjoys sneaking away to join his friends. He is anxious to please his father whom he greatly admires.\nPiero de' Medici played by Alistair McGowan (series 1) and James Clyde (series 2)\nAn ambitious man and cousin to the Duke of Florence, Piero keeps a close eye on all happenings in Florence, especially those that concern his son Lorenzo and his friends. He heads the mysterious secret society, the Luminari.\nMaestro Verrocchio played by James Cuningham\nLeo and Tom's maestro, Verrocchio is very strict and becomes impatient if his apprentices waste time. Leonardo is very loyal to his Maestro.\nCosimo played by Thembalethu Ntuli\nA servant at Verrocchio's workshop\nTeresa de' Medici played by Camilla Waldman\nLorenzo's doting mother\nPlacidi played by Bart Fouche\nHead of Security at the Medici Palace and Piero's right-hand man in series 2\nAngelica Visconti played by Roxane Hayward\nThe rich and beautiful daughter of the wealthy Visconti family and Lorenzo's fiancée in series 2\nRocco de' Medici played by Clayton Boyd\nThe hot-headed long-lost son of the Duke of Florence in series 2","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mason_(comics)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roxane Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Katie McGlynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_McGlynn"},{"link_name":"Pam St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_St._Clement"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"James Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clyde_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Alistair McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_McGowan"}],"text":"Leonardo began as a novel outline by Tom Mason and Dan Danko portraying Leonardo da Vinci as a \"teenage Renaissance Batman\". Although never actually used in a book, Mason and Danko were able to interest the BBC in their unpublished story idea. It was optioned by the BBC in late 2009 and the pre-production was completed by summer 2010. The first series of Leonardo was shot on location in South Africa throughout the second half of 2010.[1] A second series was completed on location in Cape Town and was aired in 2012.[2] Roxane Hayward, Bart Fouche, Katie McGlynn and Pam St. Clement guest-starred in the second series.A second series premiered on the CBBC on 20 September 2012, starting with episodes one and two being shown back to back as an hour-long instalments called Illusion. For Series 2, actor James Clyde replaced Alistair McGowan in the role of Piero de' Medici.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friday Download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Download"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clark"},{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alessandro de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX_bike"},{"link_name":"gunpowder engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_engine"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_fighting_vehicle."}],"text":"A Friday Download promotion[3] for Leonardo suggested that the series is factual, but the series is misleading in certain respects. For example, in series 1, episode 5 the eponymous hero falls in love with a girl called Valentina.[4] Art historians, including Kenneth Clark, have argued that Leonardo da Vinci was homosexual, and had no romantic interest in women. Another problem is that the action is said to take place in Florence in 1467. However, in episode 8 Leonardo is shown in competition with Michelangelo, who was not even born until 1475. In an interview with C21 Media, co-director Melanie Stokes said that \"we play fast and loose with history and it's not the job of a drama to give facts... but to inspire imagination.\"[5] Episode 8 accurately references Leonardo's vegetarianism and love of nature (buying caged birds to release them).The portrayal of Piero de' Medici as scheming to overthrow the Duke of Florence is misleading; in 1467, Medici was the de facto ruler of Florence, and the city state would only acquire a Duke in 1532, when the title was given to Piero's descendant Alessandro de' Medici.The character of Niccolò Machiavelli is portrayed by Akemnji Ndifornyen, a black actor, whereas the real Niccolò Machiavelli was white. Furthermore, there appears to be no discernible age difference between his character and that of Leonardo, who was in reality 17 years his senior.The characters all speak modern English, occasionally exclaiming \"bella!\" or \"magnifico!\" to remind the audience that they are supposed to be Italians. Contemporary pop songs are used for the music soundtrack.Leonardo is frequently shown inventing things that are ahead of their time, most notably a wooden bicycle (actually invented 1817; Leo's design is close to a BMX, invented in the 1970s), which first appears in \"Anything is Possible\" and is later given a gunpowder engine (invented 1600s). The series one finale involves an indestructible suit of mechanical armour, and the series two ended with a \"superweapon\" – a mobile armoured tank with a cannon mounted in a rotating turret, an exaggeration of Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle.Leonardo's costume is also rather anachronistic, with his sneakers and chinos being more reminiscent of modern-day clothing than that of 15th-century Florence.","title":"Historical accuracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Series_1_(2011)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Series_2_(2012)"}],"text":"SeriesEpisodesOriginally released11311 April 201121320 September 2012","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 1 (2011)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 2 (2012)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2012 an online game based on the second series was released. Entitled Leonardo, the game allows players to defeat the villain Il Drago who has stolen Leonardo's inventions.[6] The game was nominated for a 2013 KidScreen Award for Best Companion Website.[7]","title":"Spin-off online game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ivor Novello Award for Best Television Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Banff World Media Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_World_Media_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rose d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2012, Leonardo won three KidScreen Awards for Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series, Best Music, and Best Design.[8] It was also nominated for the Ivor Novello Award for Best Television Soundtrack,[9] the Best Youth Program Award at the Banff World Media Festival,[10] and the Award for Youth Fiction at the Rose d'Or.[11] It was also nominated for a children's television award at the Prix Jeunesse International Festival in Munich.[12]","title":"Accolades"}]
[]
[{"title":"Da Vinci's Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci%27s_Demons"},{"title":"Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"title":"Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci"}]
[{"reference":"Mason, Tom. \"Leonardo on CBBC\". Comix 411. Retrieved 7 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://comics.gearlive.com/comix411/article/q308-leonardo-on-cbbc/","url_text":"\"Leonardo on CBBC\""}]},{"reference":"\"New and returning drama\". BBC. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/childrens2012/cbbc/drama.html","url_text":"\"New and returning drama\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, David (2 April 2012). \"Continued LGBT discrimination at the BBC would let down a new generation\". Pink News. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/04/02/comment-continued-gay-discrimination-at-the-bbc-would-let-down-a-new-generation/","url_text":"\"Continued LGBT discrimination at the BBC would let down a new generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reading up on young Da Vinci\". C21 Media. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c21media.net/screenings/c21tv/reading-up-on-young-da-vinci","url_text":"\"Reading up on young Da Vinci\""}]},{"reference":"Dickson, Jeremy (14 September 2012). \"BBC commissions Kindle and Plug-in Media for online games\". Kidscreen. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2012/09/14/bbc-commissions-kindle-and-plug-in-media-for-online-games/","url_text":"\"BBC commissions Kindle and Plug-in Media for online games\""}]},{"reference":"Dickson, Jeremy (19 November 2012). \"2013 Kidscreen Awards nominees announced\". IKids News.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2012/11/19/2013-kidscreen-awards-nominees-announced/","url_text":"\"2013 Kidscreen Awards nominees announced\""}]},{"reference":"Castleman, Lana. \"And the 2012 Kidscreen Awards go to…\". Kidscreen.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2012/02/09/and-the-2012-kidscreen-awards-go-to/","url_text":"\"And the 2012 Kidscreen Awards go to…\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-female shortlist is a first for Ivor Novello awards\". BBC News. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17739529","url_text":"\"All-female shortlist is a first for Ivor Novello awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Nominee Showcase\". Banff World Media Festival. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.banffmediafestival.com/showcase.php?cid=133","url_text":"\"2012 Nominee Showcase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees\". Rose d'Or. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301171642/http://www.rosedor.ch/en/competition/nominees","url_text":"\"Nominees\""},{"url":"http://www.rosedor.ch/en/competition/nominees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prix Jeunesse International Finalists TV\". Prix Jeunesse International München. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prixjeunesse.de/","url_text":"\"Prix Jeunesse International Finalists TV\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomevara
Toomevara
["1 Transport","2 Sport and recreation","3 Medieval Toomevara","4 Augustinian Priory","5 Notable people","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°51′00″N 8°02′10″W / 52.85°N 8.036111°W / 52.85; -8.036111Village in County Tipperary Village in Munster, IrelandToomevara Tuaim Uí Mheára (Irish)VillageFormer Church of Ireland church on Toomevara Main StToomevaraLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 52°51′00″N 8°02′10″W / 52.85°N 8.036111°W / 52.85; -8.036111CountryIrelandProvinceMunsterCountyCounty TipperaryPopulation (2016)280Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) Toomevara, officially Toomyvara (Irish: Tuaim Uí Mheára, meaning 'tumulus of the Ó Meadhra's'), is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland, 11 km east of Nenagh. It is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, and is in the historical barony of Ormond Upper. Transport Local Link Tipperary operates bus service No. 854 between Roscrea and Nenagh which stops at Main Street. The service operates seven days a week with three services in each direction. The village is at the junction of the R445 road and the R499 road. The village was bypassed in December 2010 by the M7 Dublin – Limerick motorway. Sport and recreation Toomevara GAA club and Toomevara Camogie Club are based in the area. Toomevara is on the route of the Beara-Breifne Way, a long-distance walking and cycling trail between the Beara Peninsula in County Cork and Blacklion in County Cavan. Medieval Toomevara In the Civil Survey (1654-6) Toomevara is described as 'the sd manor of Tome ye privilege of a Court Leete & a Court Barron, a Fayre twice a yeare, & a markett every Tuesday'. In the centre of the village are the ruins of a possible rectangular church building composed of roughly coursed limestone rubble with a possible priest's chamber at the West end. The wall construction different from that of the nearby priory suggesting a different date for the construction of this building. It may have been a late medieval parish church associated with the village of Toomevara. It is listed in the ecclesiastical taxation of the Diocese of Killaloe in 1302. Augustinian Priory Next to St Joseph's Church are the remains of an Augustinian priory dedicated to St Mary which was founded some time after 1140. The site was possibly an earlier monastic centre dedicated to St Donain. The priory was a daughterhouse of Monaincha and appears to have been strongly associated with the ruling O'Meara dynasty. In 1450 the warden pleaded that, on account of poverty, the value being under 16 marks he and his convent could not be decently maintained, nor repair the cloister and other buildings, most of which had been burnt down during wars. Donogh O'Meara was building a castle here in 1541. In 1597 Miler mac Grath was granted the 'site, circuit and precint of the late priory of Thome' with a 'butt of a ruined castle with certain ruined chambers thatched'. At the dissolution the property of the priory of Toomevara is listed as 'one castle, wall and other buildings on the site'. Notable people See also: Category:People from Toomevara Gallery Nave and Altar of St Joseph's North Wall of Toomyvara Priory Nave of Toomyvara Priory St Joseph's Church References ^ "Sapmap Area: Settlements Toomevara". Census 2016. CSO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Placenames Database of Ireland: Toomyvara". Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2011. ^ Ordnance Survey of Ireland, ed. (1997). Discovery Series 59. ISBN 1-901496-21-X. ^ Parishes of Killaloe Diocese. Archived 2010-02-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ "New daily services from Local Link | Nenagh Guardian". Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019. ^ "Local Link Tipperary announces 2 New Daily Bus Services - Local Link Tipperary". Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019. ^ "Route 854 - Roscrea to Nenagh timetable". Local Link Tipperary. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019. ^ "Toomevara". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. ^ "www.toomecamogie.com". Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Beara Breifne Way | Tracing the Footsteps of O'Sullivan Beare". Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "Archaeological Survey Database SMR No TN022-070". National Monuments Service. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ "Archaeological Survey Database SMR No TN022-070001". National Monuments Service. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ "Archaeological Survey Database SMR No TN022-070002". National Monuments Service. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toomyvara. Toomevara Settlement Plan vtePlaces in County TipperaryCounty town: NenaghTowns Ballina Borrisokane Cahir Carrick-on-Suir Cashel Clonmel Cloughjordan Killenaule Nenagh Roscrea Templemore Thurles Tipperary Villages Ahenny Ardfinnan Ardmayle Ballingarry Ballycommon Ballyclerahan Ballylooby Ballyporeen Ballysheehan Bansha Birdhill Borrisoleigh Cappawhite Carrickbeg Castleiney Clogheen Clonmore Clonoulty Coalbrook Cullen Dolla Donohill Drom Dromineer Dualla Dundrum Emly Fethard Golden Gortnahoe Grange Grangemockler Hollyford Holycross Horse and Jockey Killea Kilsheelan Lattin Lisronagh Littleton Lorrha Loughmore Marlfield Milestone Moycarkey Mullinahone New Birmingham New Inn Newcastle Newport Ninemilehouse Portroe Puckane Rathcabbin Rearcross Rosegreen Rossmore Silvermines Skeheenarinky Terryglass Toomevara Two-Mile Borris Upperchurch Baronies Clanwilliam Eliogarty Iffa and Offa East Iffa and Offa West Ikerrin Kilnamanagh Lower Kilnamanagh Upper Middle Third Ormond Lower Ormond Upper Owney and Arra Slievardagh List of townlands of County Tipperary Category:Mountains and hills of County Tipperary Category:Rivers of County Tipperary Category:Geography of County Tipperary vteRoman Catholic Diocese of KillaloeProvinceRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and EmlyOrdinariesBishop of KillaloeCathedral churchEnnis CathedralParishesTown of Ennis Ennis Cathedral St. Joseph's Cloughleigh Franciscan Friary County Clare Ballynacally-Lissycasey Bodyke (Kilnoe and Tuamgraney) Broadford Carrigaholt Clarecastle (Clare Abbey) Clonlara (Doonas and Truagh) Coolmeen Cooraclare (Kilmacduane) Corofin Cross (Kilballyowen) Crusheen (Inchicronan) Doonbeg (Killard) Doora-Barefield Ruan Ennis (Drumclif) Feakle Inagh and Kilnamona Kildysart Kilfarboy (Miltown Malbay) Kilkee Kilkeedy Killanena & Flagmount Killaloe Killimer and Knockerra Inch and Kilmaley Kilmihil Kilmurry-Ibrickane (Mullagh) Kilmurry McMahon Kilrush Mountshannon (Clonrush) Newmarket-on-Fergus O’Callaghan’s Mills Ogonnelloe Quin Scariff and Moynoe Shannon Sixmilebridge Tulla County Tipperary Bournea (parish) Borrisokane (parish) Cloughjordan (parish) Lorrha (parish) Nenagh (parish) Portroe (parish) Puckane (parish) Roscrea (parish) Silvermines (parish) Templederry (parish) Terryglass (parish) Toomevara (parish) Youghalarra (parish) County Offaly Birr Dunkerrin (parish) Kilcolman (parish) Kinnitty (parish) Shinrone (parish) County Laois Kyle & Knock (parish) County Limerick Castleconnell (parish) Catholicism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"tumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Ó Meadhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Meadhra"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenagh"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Killaloe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ormond Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormond_Upper"}],"text":"Village in County TipperaryVillage in Munster, IrelandToomevara, officially Toomyvara[2][3] (Irish: Tuaim Uí Mheára, meaning 'tumulus of the Ó Meadhra's'), is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland, 11 km east of Nenagh. It is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe,[4] and is in the historical barony of Ormond Upper.","title":"Toomevara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFI_Local_Link"},{"link_name":"Roscrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscrea"},{"link_name":"Nenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenagh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"R445 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R445_road"},{"link_name":"R499 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R499_road"},{"link_name":"M7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M7_motorway_(Ireland)"}],"text":"Local Link Tipperary operates bus service No. 854 between Roscrea and Nenagh which stops at Main Street. The service operates seven days a week with three services in each direction.\n[5][6][7]The village is at the junction of the R445 road and the R499 road. The village was bypassed in December 2010 by the M7 Dublin – Limerick motorway.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Beara-Breifne Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beara-Breifne_Way"},{"link_name":"Beara Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beara_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Blacklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklion"},{"link_name":"County Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Toomevara GAA club and Toomevara Camogie Club are based in the area.[8][9]Toomevara is on the route of the Beara-Breifne Way, a long-distance walking and cycling trail between the Beara Peninsula in County Cork and Blacklion in County Cavan.[10]","title":"Sport and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the Civil Survey (1654-6) Toomevara is described as 'the sd manor of Tome ye privilege of a Court Leete & a Court Barron, a Fayre twice a yeare, & a markett every Tuesday'.[11] In the centre of the village are the ruins of a possible rectangular church building composed of roughly coursed limestone rubble with a possible priest's chamber at the West end. The wall construction different from that of the nearby priory suggesting a different date for the construction of this building. It may have been a late medieval parish church associated with the village of Toomevara. It is listed in the ecclesiastical taxation of the Diocese of Killaloe in 1302.[12]","title":"Medieval Toomevara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monaincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaincha_Church"},{"link_name":"O'Meara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Meadhra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Next to St Joseph's Church are the remains of an Augustinian priory dedicated to St Mary which was founded some time after 1140. The site was possibly an earlier monastic centre dedicated to St Donain. The priory was a daughterhouse of Monaincha and appears to have been strongly associated with the ruling O'Meara dynasty. In 1450 the warden pleaded that, on account of poverty, the value being under 16 marks he and his convent could not be decently maintained, nor repair the cloister and other buildings, most of which had been burnt down during wars. Donogh O'Meara was building a castle here in 1541. In 1597 Miler mac Grath was granted the 'site, circuit and precint of the late priory of Thome' with a 'butt of a ruined castle with certain ruined chambers thatched'. At the dissolution the property of the priory of Toomevara is listed as 'one castle, wall and other buildings on the site'.[13]","title":"Augustinian Priory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Toomevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Toomevara"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Toomevara","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toomyvara_St._Joseph%27s_Church_Nave_and_Altar_2010_09_08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toomyvara_Priory_North_Wall_2010_09_08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toomyvara_Priory_Nave_2010_09_08.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toomyvara_St._Joseph%27s_Church_2010_09_08.jpg"}],"text":"Nave and Altar of St Joseph's\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth Wall of Toomyvara Priory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNave of Toomyvara Priory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Joseph's Church","title":"Gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dodoma
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dodoma
["1 History","2 Special churches","3 Bishops","3.1 Other priest of this diocese who became bishop","4 Suffragan Dioceses","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
Coordinates: 6°11′00″S 35°44′23″E / 6.1833°S 35.7396°E / -6.1833; 35.7396Roman Catholic archdiocese in Tanzania, Africa You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (November 2014) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 666 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Arcidiocesi di Dodoma}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Archdiocese of DodomaArchidioecesis DodomaënsisSt. Paul of the Cross CathedralLocationCountry TanzaniaMetropolitanArchdiocese of DodomaStatisticsArea41,311 km2 (15,950 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)1,831,000381,479 (20.8%)InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteLatin RiteCathedralSaint Paul of the Cross CathedralCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisMetropolitan ArchbishopBeatus Kinyaiya, OFMCap The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dodoma (Latin: Archidioecesis Dodomaënsis) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Tanzania located in the city of Dodoma. History January 28, 1935: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Dodoma from the Apostolic Vicariate of Bagamoyo, Apostolic Prefecture of Iringa and Apostolic Vicariate of Kilima-Njaro May 10, 1951: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Dodoma March 25, 1953: Promoted as Diocese of Dodoma November 6, 2014: Promoted as Archdiocese of Dodoma Special churches The cathedral church is St. Paul of the Cross in Dodoma. Bishops Prefect Apostolic of Dodoma (Roman rite) Fr. Stanislao dell’Addolorata, CP (1937.06.16 – 1941) Vicar Apostolic of Dodoma (Roman rite) Bishop Anthony Jeremiah Pesce, CP (1951.05.10 – 1953.03.25 see below) Bishops of Dodoma (Roman rite) Bishop Anthony Jeremiah Pesce, CP (see above 1953.03.25 – 1971.12.20) Bishop Matthias Joseph Isuja (1972.06.26 – 2005.01.15) Bishop Juda Thadaeus Ruwa’ichi, OFMCap (2005.01.15 - 2010.11.10), appointed Archbishop of Mwanza Bishop Gervas John Mwasikwabhila Nyaisonga (2011.03.19 - 2014.02.17), appointed Bishop of Mpanda Archbishops of Dodoma (Roman rite) Archbishop Beatus Kinyaiya, OFMCap (2014.11.06 -) Other priest of this diocese who became bishop Bernardin Francis Mfumbusa, appointed Bishop of Kondoa in 2011 Suffragan Dioceses Diocese of Kondoa Diocese of Singida See also Roman Catholicism in Tanzania References Sources GCatholic.org Catholic Hierarchy 6°11′00″S 35°44′23″E / 6.1833°S 35.7396°E / -6.1833; 35.7396 This Tanzania-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Stanislao dell’Addolorata, CP (1937.06.16 – 1941)\nVicar Apostolic of Dodoma (Roman rite)\nBishop Anthony Jeremiah Pesce, CP (1951.05.10 – 1953.03.25 see below)\nBishops of Dodoma (Roman rite)\nBishop Anthony Jeremiah Pesce, CP (see above 1953.03.25 – 1971.12.20)\nBishop Matthias Joseph Isuja (1972.06.26 – 2005.01.15)\nBishop Juda Thadaeus Ruwa’ichi, OFMCap (2005.01.15 - 2010.11.10), appointed Archbishop of Mwanza\nBishop Gervas John Mwasikwabhila Nyaisonga (2011.03.19 - 2014.02.17), appointed Bishop of Mpanda\nArchbishops of Dodoma (Roman rite)\nArchbishop Beatus Kinyaiya, OFMCap (2014.11.06 -)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernardin Francis Mfumbusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardin_Francis_Mfumbusa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Other priest of this diocese who became bishop","text":"Bernardin Francis Mfumbusa, appointed Bishop of Kondoa in 2011","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Kondoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kondoa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Singida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Singida"}],"text":"Diocese of Kondoa\nDiocese of Singida","title":"Suffragan Dioceses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCatholic.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dodo0.htm"},{"link_name":"Catholic Hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddodo.html"},{"link_name":"6°11′00″S 35°44′23″E / 6.1833°S 35.7396°E / -6.1833; 35.7396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dodoma&params=6.1833_S_35.7396_E_source:wikidata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dodoma&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tanzania-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tanzania-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanzania-stub"}],"text":"GCatholic.org\nCatholic Hierarchy6°11′00″S 35°44′23″E / 6.1833°S 35.7396°E / -6.1833; 35.7396This Tanzania-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ega%C3%B1a
Mariano Egaña
[]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (June 2015) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Mariano Egaña}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Mariano Egaña. Portrait by Raymond Monvoisin Mariano Egaña Fabres (Santiago, 1793 – Santiago, 1846) was a Chilean lawyer, conservative politician and the main writer of the Chilean Constitution of 1833. Political offices Preceded byJoaquín Echeverría Larraín Minister of the Interiorand Foreign Affairs 1823–1824 Succeeded byFrancisco Antonio Pinto Díaz Preceded byJoaquín Echeverría Larraín Minister of War and Navy 1823 Succeeded by Preceded byPedro José Prado Montaner Minister of Finance 1830 Succeeded byJuan Francisco Meneses Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef This article about a Chilean politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a Chilean academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Nijalingappa_ministry
Third Nijalingappa ministry
["1 Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers","2 Minister of State","3 See also","4 References"]
Ministers in Government of Mysore headed by Chief Minister S. Nijalingappa Third Nijalingappa ministry8th Council of Ministers of Mysore StateSecond Siddaramaiah cabinetS. NijalingappaDate formed21 June 1962Date dissolved28 February 1967People and organisationsHead of stateJayachamarajendra Wadiyar(1 November 1956 – 4 May 1963)S. M. Shrinagesh(4 May 1963 – 2 April 1965)V. V. Giri(2 April 1965 – 13 May 1967)Head of governmentS. NijalingappaMember partiesIndian National CongressStatus in legislatureMajorityOpposition partyPraja Socialist PartyOpposition leaderS. Shivappa (assembly)HistoryElection1962Outgoing election1967Legislature terms6 years (Council) 5 years (Assembly)PredecessorKanthi ministrySuccessorFourth Nijalingappa ministry Third S. Nijalingappa Ministry was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in South India headed by S. Nijalingappa of the Indian National Congress. The ministry had multiple ministers including the Chief Minister. All ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress. S. Nijalingappa became Chief minister after S. R. Kanthi resigned as Chief Minister of Mysore on 20 June 1962. Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers S.No Portfolio Name Portrait Constituency Term of Office Party 1 Chief Minister *Other departments not allocated to any Minister. S. Nijalingappa Shiggaon 21 June 1962 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress 2 Development Panchayat Raj Co-operation Ramakrishna Hegde Sirsi 21 June 1962 June 1965 Indian National Congress 3 Finance Excise and Prohibition Information and Publicity Ramakrishna Hegde Sirsi June 1965 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress 4 Municipal administration Kalastavadi Puttaswamy Mysore 1962 1965 Indian National Congress 5 Co-operation Housing Kalastavadi Puttaswamy Mysore 1965 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress 6 Labour? Transport? Sericulture? Animal Husbandary? D. Devaraj Urs Hunasuru 21 June 1962 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress 7 Public Works Department Veerendra Patil Chincholi 21 June 1962 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress 8 Education S. R. Kanthi Hungund 21 June 1962 28 February 1967 Indian National Congress Minister of State This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2021) See also Mysore Legislative Assembly Mysore Legislative Council Politics of Mysore References ^ "येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). ^ "Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers". Firstpost. 20 August 2019. ^ "S.R. Bommai passes away". The Hindu. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. ^ Sam Rajappa (26 November 2013). "Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021. ^ "Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation". indiatoday. ^ Anita Pratap (21 November 2013). "Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021. ^ a b "RamkrishnaHegade". www.kla.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ a b http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf ^ Baligar, Manu. "ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಸಂಸದೀಯ ಪಟುಗಳ ಬದುಕು ಬರಹಮಾಲಿಕ: ಎಸ್. ಆರ್. ಕಂಠಿ" (PDF). Karnataka Legislative Assembly. kla.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 12 December 2019. vte Karnataka ministriesMysore Reddy Hanumanthaiah Manjappa Nijalingappa I Nijalingappa II Jatti Kanthi Nijalingappa III Nijalingappa IV Patil I Urs I Karnataka11 Urs I 12 Urs II 13 Rao 14 Hegde I 15 Hegde II 16 Hegde III 17 S. R. Bommai 18 Patil II 19 Bangarappa 20 Moily 21 Deve Gowda 22 Patel 23 Krishna 24 Singh 25 Kumaraswamy I 26 Yediyurappa I 27 Yediyurappa II 28 Sadananda Gowda 29 Shettar 30 Siddaramaiah I 31 Yediyurappa III 32 Kumaraswamy II 33 Yediyurappa IV 34 Basavaraj Bommai 35 Siddaramaiah IIKodaguPoonacha
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री\". Amar Ujala (in Hindi).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers","url_text":"\"येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers\". Firstpost. 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html","url_text":"\"Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.R. Bommai passes away\". The Hindu. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220918/http://hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm","url_text":"\"S.R. Bommai passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sam Rajappa (26 November 2013). \"Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy\". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810315-census-work-in-belgaum-threatened-by-language-controversy-772735-2013-11-26","url_text":"\"Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation\". indiatoday.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820515-language-issue-in-karnataka-explodes-into-a-violent-agitation-771772-2013-10-16","url_text":"\"Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation\""}]},{"reference":"Anita Pratap (21 November 2013). \"Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power\". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880131-problems-for-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-after-five-years-in-power-769003-2013-11-21","url_text":"\"Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power\""}]},{"reference":"\"RamkrishnaHegade\". www.kla.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/RankrishneHegade.htm","url_text":"\"RamkrishnaHegade\""}]},{"reference":"Baligar, Manu. \"ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಸಂಸದೀಯ ಪಟುಗಳ ಬದುಕು ಬರಹಮಾಲಿಕ: ಎಸ್. ಆರ್. ಕಂಠಿ\" (PDF). Karnataka Legislative Assembly. kla.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/S%20R%20KANTHI.pdf","url_text":"\"ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಸಂಸದೀಯ ಪಟುಗಳ ಬದುಕು ಬರಹಮಾಲಿಕ: ಎಸ್. ಆರ್. ಕಂಠಿ\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Mohler
Orville Mohler
["1 Head coaching record","2 References","3 External links"]
American football and baseball player (1909–1949) Orville MohlerMohler during the 1930sBiographical detailsBorn(1909-05-29)May 29, 1909Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedNovember 26, 1949(1949-11-26) (aged 40)near Dixiana, Alabama, U.S.Playing careerFootball1930–1932USCBaseball1930–1932USC1933Mission Reds1933Los Angeles Angels Position(s)Quarterback (football)Shortstop (baseball)Coaching career (HC unless noted)Football1943Wright Field Head coaching recordOverall1–0–1Accomplishments and honorsChampionships 2× National (1931, 1932) Awards Second-team All-American (1931) 2× First-team All-PCC (1931, 1932) Second-team All-PCC (1930) Orville Ernest Mohler (May 29, 1909 – November 27, 1949), sometimes referred to as Orv Mohler, was an American football and baseball player. He grew up in Alhambra, California, and attended the University of Southern California (USC). At USC, Mohler was the student council president, shortstop for the USC Trojans baseball team, and quarterback for the USC Trojans football team. He led the 1931 USC Trojans football team to a national championship and a victory in the 1932 Rose Bowl, and, at the end of the 1931 season, he was selected by the Central Press Association as a second-team All-American fullback and by the Associated Press as a third-team All-American quarterback. In 1933, after graduating from USC, Mohler played professional baseball in the Pacific Coast League for the Mission Reds. Mohler was married on August 13, 1933 to Bernadine Olson. In 1927, Mohler became a United States Army Air Corps pilot. In 1943, with the rank of major, he was stationed at Wright Field near Dayton, Ohio. There he was "Chief of the Power Plant unit", which was tasked with testing aircraft engines. Mohler was also head coach of the 1943 Wright Field Kittyhawks football team. He died on November 27, 1949, in the crash of a North American B-25 Mitchell near Dixiana, Alabama. Mohler was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. He was the son of professional baseball player Kid Mohler (1870–1961). Mohler was inducted into the USC Hall of Fame in 1995. Head coaching record Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Wright Field Kittyhawks (Independent) (1943) 1943 Wright Field 1–0–1 Wright Field: 1–0–1 Total: 1–0–1 References ^ "Orville Mohler Looms As Star In Coast Loop: Football Player Follows in the Footsteps of His Father". St. Petersburg Times. May 11, 1933. ^ a b "Orville Mohler to Wed Former U.S.C. Co-Ed Today". Chicago Sunday Tribune. August 13, 1933. p. 1, part 2 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Orville Mohler Is Sick". The Spokesman-Review. October 14, 1931. ^ Bitt, Bill (December 9, 1931). "Real 1931 All-American Team Selected by College Captains". The Evening Independent (Massillon, Ohio). ^ McLemore, Henry (December 4, 1931). "United Press Selects Stellar All-American". The Piqua Daily Call. Ohio. ^ Zimmerman, Bill (June 16, 1943). "Maj. Orv Mohler, Trojan Ace, At Field As Engine Expert". The Dayton Herald. Dayton, Ohio. p. 17. Retrieved April 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Louisville's Beck To Play Against Bombers Today". Courier Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. November 21, 1943. p. 12, section 4. Retrieved April 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "ExUSC Grid Ace, All American Dies In Plane Crash". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. United Press. November 28, 1949. p. 29. Retrieved April 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Last Rites for Mohler Set Friday". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 30, 1949. p. 1, part 4. Retrieved April 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Orv Mohler, Killed In Plane Crash, Recalled As All-American Grid Star, Son of Ex-Seal". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. November 28, 1949. p. 26. Retrieved April 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "USC Athletics Hall of Fame". University of Southern California Athletics. Retrieved April 30, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orville Mohler. Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors) Orville Mohler at Find a Grave vteUSC Trojans starting quarterbacks Harold Galloway (1923) Chet Dolley (1923) John Hawkins (1924) Mort Kaer (1924–1926) Howard Elliott (1925) Morley Drury (1924–1927) Don Williams (1928) Marshall Duffield (1930) Orville Mohler (1931–1932) Cotton Warburton (1933) Davie Davis (1936) Ambrose Schindler (1936–1937, 1939) Grenny Lansdell (1937–1939) Bob Peoples (1940) Bobby Robertson (1939–1941) Bob Musick (1944) Ainslie Bell (1944) Jim Hardy (1942–1944) Jack Musick (1944–1946) George Murphy (1948) Dean Dill (1948) Jim Powers (1948–1949) Wilbur Robertson (1950) Dean Schneider (1949–1951) Rudy Bukich (1952) George Bozanic (1953) Jim Contratto (1953–1955) Jim Conroy (1956–1957) Tom Maudlin (1957–1958) Willie Wood (1957–1959) Ben Charles (1959–1960) Bill Nelsen (1960–1962) Pete Beathard (1960–1963) Craig Fertig (1962–1964) Troy Winslow (1964–1966) Toby Page (1965–1967) Steve Sogge (1966–1968) Jimmy Jones (1969–1971) Mike Rae (1970–1972) Pat Haden (1973–1974) Mike Sanford Sr. (1975) Vince Evans (1975–1976) Rob Hertel (1975, 1977) Rob Preston (1978) Paul McDonald (1978–1979) Gordon Adams (1980) Scott Tinsley (1980, 1982) John Mazur (1981) Sean Salisbury (1982–1985) Kevin McLean (1984) Tim Green (1984) Rodney Peete (1985–1988) Todd Marinovich (1989–1990) Shane Foley (1990) Reggie Perry (1991) Rob Johnson (1991–1994) Kyle Wachholtz (1995) Brad Otton (1994–1996) John Fox (1997, 1999) Mike Van Raaphorst (1997–1999) Carson Palmer (1998–2002) Matt Leinart (2003–2005) John David Booty (2006–2007) Mark Sanchez (2007–2008) Aaron Corp (2009) Matt Barkley (2009–2012) Mitch Mustain (2010) Max Wittek (2012) Cody Kessler (2013–2015) Max Browne (2016) Sam Darnold (2016–2017) Jack Sears (2018) Matt Fink (2019) JT Daniels (2018–2019) Kedon Slovis (2019–2021) Jaxson Dart (2021) Caleb Williams (2022–2023) Miller Moss (2023) vte1931 USC Trojans football—national champions 17 Erny Pinckert 30 Johnny Baker Garrett Arbelbide Dick Barber Tay Brown Byron Gentry Bob McNeish Orville Mohler Jim Musick Aaron Rosenberg Gaius Shaver Ernie Smith Stan Williamson Head coach: Howard Jones Assistant coaches Sam Barry Aubrey Devine vte1932 USC Trojans football—national champions Dick Barber Tay Brown Cal Clemens Byron Gentry Bob McNeish Orville Mohler Aaron Rosenberg Ernie Smith Cotton Warburton Curt Youel Head coach: Howard Jones Assistant coaches Sam Barry Aubrey Devine
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[]
null
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October 14, 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19311014&id=TxhWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A-MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3826,3823343","url_text":"\"Orville Mohler Is Sick\""}]},{"reference":"Bitt, Bill (December 9, 1931). \"Real 1931 All-American Team Selected by College Captains\". The Evening Independent (Massillon, Ohio).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio","url_text":"Massillon, Ohio"}]},{"reference":"McLemore, Henry (December 4, 1931). \"United Press Selects Stellar All-American\". The Piqua Daily Call. Ohio.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Bill (June 16, 1943). \"Maj. Orv Mohler, Trojan Ace, At Field As Engine Expert\". The Dayton Herald. Dayton, Ohio. p. 17. Retrieved April 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-dayton-herald/123822679/","url_text":"\"Maj. 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Retrieved April 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal/123761855/","url_text":"\"Louisville's Beck To Play Against Bombers Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Journal","url_text":"Courier Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky","url_text":"Louisville, Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}]},{"reference":"\"ExUSC Grid Ace, All American Dies In Plane Crash\". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. United Press. November 28, 1949. p. 29. Retrieved April 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee/123816885/","url_text":"\"ExUSC Grid Ace, All American Dies In Plane Crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"The Sacramento Bee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California","url_text":"Sacramento, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}]},{"reference":"\"Last Rites for Mohler Set Friday\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 30, 1949. p. 1, part 4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourou-Migan_Apithy
Sourou-Migan Apithy
["1 Early life","2 Deputy to the French National Assembly","3 Premier of Dahomey","4 Presidential council","4.1 Background and 1970 election","4.2 Under Maga","4.3 Under Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin","5 Later life and death","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
President of Dahomey from 1964 to 1965 (1913–1989) Sourou-Migan ApithySourou-Migan Apithy in 19582nd President of DahomeyIn office25 January 1964 – 27 November 1965Vice PresidentJustin Ahomadégbé-TomêtinPreceded byChristophe SogloSucceeded byJustin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin Personal detailsBorn(1913-04-08)8 April 1913Porto-Novo, DahomeyDied3 December 1989(1989-12-03) (aged 76)Paris, France Sourou-Migan Marcellin Joseph Apithy (8 April 1913 – 3 December 1989) was a Beninese political figure most active when his country was known as Dahomey. He arose on a political scene where one's power was dictated by what region in Dahomey one lived in. Apithy studied at Bordeaux in a Lycée or secondary school. After he completed his studies there, he was accepted at the public Political Science School in Paris where he took courses in commercial studies. He later worked at a French company in Western Africa as an expert accountant. Before his country acquired its independence, beginning 1945, he was part of Dahomey's Constitutive Assembly and was re-elected for a number of terms. When Hubert Maga nominated him to that function, he was also the prime minister of Dahomey (Benin) from 1957 to 1958. By 1960, he had become Vice President of Dahomey. He served as the 2nd President of Dahomey between 25 January 1964 and 27 November 1965, when he was overthrown by Christophe Soglo after infighting among the members of the government. After this event he fled to Paris for the first time but he returned to Cotonou after the 1970 coup, when he became a member of the Presidential Triumvirate during the early 1970s. Following the 1972 coup, he was put under arrest alongside Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin and Maga, and was not released until 1981. He was sometimes referred to as being part of the 'three-headed monster' of the 1960s in Benin. He died in exile in his Paris house, in December 1989, shortly before the transition to democracy in his country. Early life Location of Porto Novo in Benin Born on 8 April 1913 in Porto-Novo, Apithy was a descendant of an Ogu royal family though was not born into privilege himself. His middle name, Migan, signified familial ties with chief ministers of old Dahomeyan kingdoms. He began his education at local mission schools and gained a bias for Roman Catholicism, for which he would later be insulted. Apithy would later become assistant teacher at his school. To further his education, Apithy travelled to Paris in 1933. After legal and economic studies at the Free School of Political Sciences, the National School of Economic and Social Organization, and at the Improvement Center in Business Administration of the Paris Chamber of Commerce, Apithy gained his diploma in accounting. He also served as counsel in Paris and Dakar appeal courts. Married, he fathered two children. Having voluntarily enlisted in the army, Apithy saw combat from 1939 to 1940 as an artillery officer. He would not return to Dahomey until 1945. Shortly after his return Francis Aupiais, a well-liked Roman Catholic pastor, encouraged Apithy to pursue a career in politics. It began in July, when the latter was a participant in the Monnerville Commission. Running as a Socialist candidate, Apithy was elected to represent Togo and Dahomey at the French Constituent Assembly in 1945, receiving 6,600 votes out of a total of 9,057. Voters in the election had to be French citizens or Dahomeyans whom the French government deemed responsible. His nomination as a candidate for the Assembly was a strategic move on the part of the Europeans; they wished to elect a black person to appease their colonists, while they still held full power. Nonetheless, Apithy did pass some legislation at the Assembly, including the February 1946 formation of a secondary school in Porto Novo. Apithy was said to have ended slavery in Dahomey, although in fact he was not involved with the abolition bill. He was named a member of the Commission on Overseas Territories and debated on the political situation of the overseas departments and territories of France. In June 1946, he was re-elected to his post with 8,096 ballots of 9.069 cast, and was soon appointed attorney general of Dahomey. Thereafter Apithy was named to several political posts, all while a member of Dahomey's only political party, the Dahomeyan Progressive Union (UPD). He was the choice for vice president of the Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA), though left the organization shortly afterwards when facing Catholic opposition. The year 1946 also marked his entry into the General Council, becoming one of its inaugural 30 representatives. In the November 1946 French National Assembly elections, Apithy ran under the ticket of Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO). Winning 32,977 votes out of 33,605 cast, he captured Dahomey's sole seat allotted at the Assembly. His only opponent, Emile Poisson, left the race the day before the election. Deputy to the French National Assembly One of Apithy's first actions in Paris was naming his membership with the Commissions on Methods of Communication, Economic Affairs, and Finances. After joining the Grand Council of French West Africa (AOF) in 1947, the new deputy proposed a bill on its functions. He also suggested the creation of a bank covering the AOF and Togo, and due to his efforts this bill was passed into law. In 1949, he became secretary of the National Assembly and frequently answered questions regarding the AOF and overseas territories during his first term. In the legislative elections of 17 June 1951, Dahomey was allowed an additional representative in the Assembly. Apithy faced a new opponent: northern teacher Hubert Maga. The fact that two seats were allotted to Dahomey was only known in the last week of April. As per an electoral law of May 1951, each candidate had to give the names of another who would occupy the second seat in the event that the other party's first candidate came in third or below. Apithy chose Emile Derlin Zinsou as his running mate, with Apithy leading on the electoral list as of a meeting on 29 April. However, Zinsou argued that he would be forced to vacate seat on the Assembly of the French Union and that someone from the north of Dahomey would be able to fill it. Therefore, on 23 May it was decided that Zinsou and Apithy would be listed in that order. Maga, meanwhile, chose northern merchant Paul Darboux and the latter was content as second on the list. Zinsou and Apithy, in stark contrast to their northern rivals, could not agree on who would headline the list. It reached a point, on 27 May, that the two southern candidates decided to run individually: Zinsou campaigned with school teacher Gilbert Kpakpo, while Apithy partnered with French administrator Edouard Dunglas under the newly formed Union Francaise. Maga and Darboux capitalised on growing cynicism regarding southern Dahomey dominating the French colony's politics, allying themselves with the northern tribes. The May 1951 law also enlarged the electorate from 61,958 to 333,693. Some dead people were even counted as electors due to the mishandling of election cards. The Cotonou newspaper L'Etoile du Dahomey noted the presence of a man who would give an unlimited number of cards as long as they promised to vote for Apithy. Altogether, however, only 44% of the population voted on election day. Apithy was reelected a deputy with 53,463 votes out of 147,350 cast. Maga captured the second seat with 49,329, with Zinsou/Kpakpo receiving a mere 18,410 ballots. Several smaller parties hosted several other candidates, which received the rest of the votes. Only 2.2 percent of Apithy's votes came from the northern region, while 64 percent came from the Porto Novo metropolitan area. The 1951 election illustrated the intense regionalism that was forming in the French colony; the election has been cited as when regionalist parties arose. Indeed, it was the first whose pamphlets mentioned ethnicity. Regionalism in Dahomey was spurred by the historical resentment shared by members of the former kingdoms of Abomey, Porto Novo, and disorganised tribes from the north. Its result was the creation of three de facto tribal zones: the north, southeast, and southwest, which were led by Maga, Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, respectively. Most of Apithy's backing came from the Yoruba, while Maga was mostly backed by the Bariba and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, the Fon and Gouns. Regionalistic attitudes would only intensify during the rest of the political careers of the three men, collectively known as Dahomey's triumvirate. Apithy renamed his party the Parti Républicain du Dahomey (PRD) in July. The party won a majority of seats in the March 1952 Territorial Assembly election. Apithy, meanwhile, was busy passing a bill regarding fiscal advantages in metropolitan enterprises in overseas territories. He was a political opportunist, frequently switching allegiances if it fit his needs. On 2 January 1956 elections to the French National Assembly were held, with Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin replacing Zinsou as the main third party candidate. As in 1951, the running mates were from the same regions as the main candidate so as to draw loyalty to a particular party, in Maga's case the Dahomeyan Democratic Movement (MDD), and Dahomeyan Democratic Union (UDD) for Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Apithy chose Djibodé Aplogan, Maga chose Gaustin Gbaguidi, and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was paired with Alexandre Adandé. Apithy and Maga were reelected deputies with 64,344 and 60,601 votes, respectively, out of the 179,119 cast. The senior deputy was named a member of the Commission on Overseas Territories and the Commission of Accountancy; he was elected vice-president of the former, and secretary of the latter. He proposed a resolution to create a regimen for a customs union between Dahomey and Togo, and several reports under the Commission on Overseas Territories. Apithy also served a variety of functions not related to the Assembly, such as being elected mayor of Porto-Novo in 1956. Shortly after becoming president of the General Council of the AOF in 1957, Apithy was voted into the presidency of the Territorial Assembly of Dahomey. He also led a parliamentary group for relations between France and Liberia. Premier of Dahomey Apithy was elected Premier of Dahomey in 1958. He was Minister of Finance in 1960, and from October 1963 to January 1964. Presidential council Background and 1970 election On 10 December 1969 Emile Derlin Zinsou was overthrown by Maurice Kouandété, who had installed him as president in the first place. The military, however, refused to recognize Kouandété, and as the two men could not reach agreement, a Military Directorate was established with Paul Emile de Souza as its chairman. An election was held on 28 March 1970 to determine the true president. On this occasion, the triumvirate was allowed to campaign, and they did not miss the chance. Intimidation and bribery were commonplace, and the electoral campaign saw the comeback of regional loyalties. It was also marked by a series of violent outbursts; invalidated reports state that six people were killed or wounded at incidents in Parakou on the eve of the elections. Fellow candidate Zinsou asserted that Maga supporters had killed one of his supporters during said incidents. These charges did not affect Maga's standing in the polls; he received a majority of the vote in the north, and Apithy and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin received a majority in the southeast and southwest/central, respectively. The election results were as follows: 252,551 citizens voted for Maga; 200,091 for Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and 186,332 for Apithy. In the entire south, Maga received 24,000 votes compared to the 180,000 who voted for him in the Borgou Department, obtaining 97.3 percent of the 78 percent turnout. Zinsou, running to counter the constant tribal clashes, received 3 percent, with 17,551 votes. Nonetheless, de Souza decided to nullify the results from Atakora, the region where Maga received the most votes, on 3 April. Outraged, Maga formed the Assembly of the Peoples of the North, which threatened to secede unless he was declared President. He refused to leave his campaign headquarters at Parakou even to attend political meetings. Maga's reaction to the nullification prompted many southern workers to flee the north. Apithy stated that he would convince his region to join Nigeria if Maga took the presidency and took steps to bribe his way into that office. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin claimed Maga had defrauded the electoral system to his advantage. In contrast with the other three former presidents, Zinsou admitted that he had been defeated and decided participate in bargaining, explaining that he rejected the idea of a coalition "for personal reasons". The other former Presidents, on the other hand, agreed to a hasty compromise on 13 April to prevent a civil war. Under Maga A presidential council, consisting of Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy, was set up on 7 May with a presidency that changed every two years. Maga inaugurated this system for the first two years. Each man agreed to not use the military to extend their term or use any other means toward that consequence. If decisions were not unanimous during the first round of voting, a two councilman majority would suffice on the second round. The council served as the executive and legislative branch of Dahomey. The cabinet was composed of four Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin allies, three Maga allies, and three allies of Apithy. Gabriel Lozes, appointed minister of finance; Theophile Paoletti, new minister of information and tourism; Edmond Doussou-Yovo, minister of education; and Karl Ahouansou, minister of communication, were all friends of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Maga's colleagues in the cabinet were Pascal Chabi Kao, minister of finance; Albert Ouassa, minister of health; and Chabi Mama, minister of rural development; while Apithy friends were Ambroise Agboton, minister of labor; Joseph Keke, minister of economy and planning; and Michel Toko, minister of justice and guardian of the seals. Daouda Badarou, who had served as foreign minister under Zinsou, was allowed to keep his job. Maga's economic policies during his chairmanship helped quiet union leaders whose protests during his presidency had been intense. He helped create a tax plan that would finance their salaries by cutting expenditures and cracking down on tax evasion. In 1970 Dahomey witnessed a surplus of 429 million CFA francs, rising to a 570 million CFA franc surplus the following year. With the national economy in a favorable position, Apithy and the rest of the council could afford a number of luxuries, including three houses and three Mercedes-Benz 300 automobiles to be shared amongst themselves, and festivals for the anniversary of the founding of the triumvirate. Togolese president Etienne Eyadema, who would later change his name to Gnassingbé Eyadéma. His decision to extradite opposition leader Noe Kutuklui, and the Presidential Council's agreement, helped to undermine its popularity. The Council lost popularity with the Kutuklui Affair. By decree of Apithy and the rest of the council, Togolese opposition leader Noe Kutuklui was officially expelled from Dahomey on 27 October 1971, where he had been practicing law since the late 1960s. It was at the request of General Etienne Eyadema, president of Togo, as Kutuklui had been involved in several plots against Eyadema's military government. The Council's decision to extradite him spurred demonstrations in Cotonou. Maga was unable to carry out his decision; Alphonse Alley protected Kutuklui and took him to an unknown place outside of Dahomey. Col. Alley received no punishment whatsoever for his role in the affair. Students were some of those involved in the protests, and they soon had another reason to conflict with their government. On 5 November 1971 Apithy and his administration shut down the Union Général des Etudiants et Eleves de Dahomey (UGEED), a radical youth group which sought to "transform Dahomey into a battlefield" using "workers, soldiers, and policemen." This stemmed from UGEED-sponsored demonstrations against the minister of education when he failed to attend an educational meeting. Students whose schools followed the strike were allowed back to school on 19 November, and only if their parents signed documents that said they would not participate in more demonstrations. If they failed to comply, they would be expelled from the educational system of Dahomey. Government-instituted rallies were arranged to support the ban. The military was also aroused. The formation of a presidential council only further enraged the army. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was ambushed while traveling to a rally in Abomey on 7 May 1971. Maga initially denied its existence, and to this day details are unclear. An artillery camp at Ouidah was the location of another military uprising on 28 January 1972. The president sent two officers to overpower the rebels although no punishment was undertaken. Both Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and Maga believed that the latter incident was an attempted coup. Kouandété attempted to usurp power again at dawn on 23 February. When he first heard of the mutiny, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin believed that it was an attempt by Maga to remain in power. Leading the Ouidah garrison, Kouandété also attempted to take over government buildings and murder de Souza. Over the course of the operation, assailant Major Moumouni was mortally wounded by de Souza's bullets. The plot was foiled, although Maga canceled a visit to France to attend to the matter at hand. A 12-member military commission would soon discover another plot, that would have been undertaken simultaneous to Kouandété's. According to its findings, Captains Glele and Pierre Boni were going to follow Kouandété until de Souza was assassinated, when they would eradicate their leader and insert Zinsou back into power. The recent events epitomised the Council's "fear and contempt" for the military. Under Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin Maga transferred power to Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin on 7 May 1972. This was the first time in 12 years that the head of Dahomey was succeeded in a nonmilitary fashion. The new chairman congratulated Maga and praised the triumvirate as "one of most beneficial institutions." It was believed that the triumvirate would continually undermine each other, and the simple transition of power was viewed as a positive step toward Dahomeyan unity. The Presidential Council was slow in organizing a military trial for the 1972 coup plotters, and it did not begin until 12 May. The court tried 21 men besides Kouandété, mostly military officers but also including several commoners and even Maga bodyguards. The punishments were announced on 16 May. Kouandété received the death penalty, as did Captains Josué and Glélé, Quartermaster Sergeant Agboton, and a corporal and a sergeant in absentia. Lesser sentences were handed to five men who were given life imprisonment, two who would serve 20 years in prison, another with 15 years, two with ten, and two with five. An additional four were acquitted. The sentences were never carried out; the jurors believed that Kouandété would seize power in another coup. Another delayed function of the Council was the formation of the Assemblée Consultative Nationale, an advisory assembly required by the 1970 constitution. As per the constitution, such an assembly would contain 30 members advising councilmen on economic, social, and other issues, with Paul Darboux presiding. It was not established until July 1972, due to, in the words of academic Samuel Decalo, "intensive horse-trading between the partners in the Presidential Council ... and pressures from their political lieutenants for a position in the Assembly." One of the most notable aspects of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin's time in power was the Kovacs Affair. It began with Pascal Chabi Kao being given a monopoly over selling official stationary to the Presidential Council and spread to claims of bribery and embezzlement. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin tried to fire Chabi Kao, but Maga, who was Chabi Kao's mentor, refused. Maga convinced Apithy to help and the bill was vetoed. Mathieu Kérékou, who overthrew the Presidential Council in 1972, in a 2006 photograph Another coup was launched by soldiers of the Ouidah garrison on 26 October. This one, however, was successful, and Major Mathieu Kérékou was installed as president. It occurred during a cabinet meeting between Maga and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Kérékou had served as Maga's aide-de-camp in 1961. According to reports at the scene, soldiers abruptly arrived in the Cabinet room of the presidential palace and started firing bullets, but no one was injured. Kérékou called the triumvirate "truly a monster" as it showed "unpardonable incompetence", amongst other charges which were used to justify the coup. Kouandété was pardoned, although the former council was not. Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy spent more than nine years in prison before being freed by Kérékou in 1981. Later life and death After being released on amnesty, Apithy moved to Paris, where he lived out the rest of his life. On 3 December 1989 he died. Just days afterward, Kerekou proclaimed the end to socialism in Dahomey (renamed Benin in 1975), which he had established in November 1974. Notes ^ The true number of accused men was not known until the trial was convened. ^ Apithy was in Paris on a political trip. References ^ a b c d e f g Decalo 1976, p. 16. ^ Decalo 1976, p. 86. ^ a b c Ronen 1975, p. 78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Joseph Apithy", National Assembly of France (in French), archived from the original on 2007-08-08, retrieved 2009-02-05. ^ a b c Ronen 1975, p. 79. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 76. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 81. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 92. ^ a b c d Ronen 1975, p. 94. ^ a b Staniland 1973, The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956, p. 296. ^ Ronen 1975, pp. 92–93. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 93. ^ a b c Decalo 1973, p. 453. ^ Carter 1963, p. 176. ^ a b Ronen 1975, p. 95. ^ a b Dossou-Yovo 1999, p. 60. ^ Decalo 1973, p. 452. ^ Decalo 1976, p. 120. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 97. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 100. ^ "Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Hubert Maga", National Assembly of France (in French), retrieved 2008-10-25. ^ a b Kneib 2007, p. 21. ^ a b Hudgens, Trillo & Calonnec 2003, p. 893. ^ a b Agence France-Presse (27 March 1970), "Slayings Reported and Regional Tension Rises as Dahomey Votes for President" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 6, retrieved 2008-12-14. ^ Decalo 1970, p. 454. ^ a b Ronen 1975, p. 216. ^ a b Decalo 1973, p. 470. ^ Decalo 1973, p. 455. ^ a b Dossou-Yovo 1999, p. 62. ^ Decalo 1973, p. 85. ^ a b c Decalo 1973, p. 471. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 219. ^ a b Kpatindé, Francis (25 March 2002), "Justin Tomêtin Ahomadégbé Éphémère chef de l'État", Jeune Afrique (in French), Groupe Jeune Afrique. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 220. ^ a b c Decalo 1973, p. 475. ^ a b Decalo 1973, p. 474. ^ a b Seely & Decalo 2021, p. 246. ^ West Africa Publishing Company 1971, p. 1336. ^ a b c Decalo 1973, p. 476. ^ a b c Decalo 1973, p. 473. ^ Ronen 1975, p. 225. ^ Agence France-Presse (24 February 1972), "Dahomean Sergeant Slain In Attack on Chief of Staff" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 9, retrieved 2008-12-16. ^ Danopoulos 1988, p. 29. ^ Howes, Marvine (8 May 1972), "Dahomey Transfers Power Peacefully" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 4, retrieved 2008-12-21. ^ a b c Ronen 1975, p. 227. ^ Decalo 1973, pp. 473–474. ^ Decalo 1976, p. 20. ^ Decalo 1976, p. 80. ^ a b Johnson, Thomas A. (28 October 1972), "Eleven-Officer Rule in Dahomey Is Set Up Following Army Coup" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 3, retrieved 2008-12-14. ^ "Army Takes Power in Dahomey Coup", The Washington Post, p. A22, 27 October 1972, retrieved 2008-12-24. ^ Ihonvbere & Mbaku 2003, p. 146. ^ Decalo 1973, p. 477. ^ Noble, Kenneth B. (17 December 1989), "Benin Government is Growing Fragile", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-02-09. Bibliography Carter, Gwendolen Margaret, ed. (1963), "Dahomey", Five African States; Responses to Diversity: the Congo, Dahomey, the Cameroun Federal Republic, the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, South Africa, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, OCLC 413212. Danopoulos, Constantine Panos (1988), The Decline of Military Regimes: The Civilian Influence, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-7304-2, OCLC 15162972. Decalo, Samuel (December 1970), "Full Circle in Dahomey", African Studies Review, 13 (3), African Studies Association: 445–457, doi:10.2307/523497, JSTOR 523497. Decalo, Samuel (April 1973), "Regionalism, Politics, and the Military in Dahomey", The Journal of Developing Areas, 7 (3), College of Business, Tennessee State University: 449–478, JSTOR 4190033. Decalo, Samuel (1976), Historical Dictionary of Dahomey (People's Republic of Benin), Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-0833-1, OCLC 1959674. Dossou-Yovo, Noel (September 1999), "The Experience of Benin", International Journal on World Peace, 16 (3), ISSN 0742-3640, OCLC 211426384. Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard; Calonnec, Nathalie (2003), The Rough Guide to West Africa, London: Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-118-6, OCLC 176832097. Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo; Mbaku, John Mukum (2003), Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, ISBN 0-313-05151-8, OCLC 60127996. Kneib, Martha (2007), Benin, Cultures of the World, Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 978-0-7614-2328-7, OCLC 62109915. Matthews, Ronald (1966), African Powder Keg: Revolt and Dissent in Six Emergent Nations, London: The Bodley Head, OCLC 246401461. Ronen, Dov (1975), Dahomey: Between Tradition and Modernity, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-0927-6, OCLC 1527290. Seely, Jennifer C.; Decalo, Samuel (15 April 2021), Historical Dictionary of Togo, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-5381-2278-5 Staniland, Martin (1973), "The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956", The Journal of African History, 14 (2), Cambridge University Press: 491–504, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012846, JSTOR 180543. Staniland, Martin (1973), "The Three-Party System in Dahomey: II, 1956-1957", The Journal of African History, 14 (3), Cambridge University Press: 291–312, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012573, JSTOR 180450. West Africa Publishing Company (1971), West Africa. 1st page on the French National Assembly website 2nd page on the French National Assembly website vtePresidents of Benin (list) Republic of Dahomey (1960–1975) Maga C. Soglo† Apithy Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin* Congacou* C. Soglo† Hachème† Kouandété† Alley† Zinsou Kouandété† de Souza† Presidential Council Maga Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin Kérékou† People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990) Kérékou Republic of Benin (1990–present) Kérékou N. Soglo Kérékou Boni Talon † Military     * Interim vtePrime ministers of Benin French Dahomey (1894–1960) Apithy Republic of Dahomey (1960–1975) Maga office abolished, 1960–64 Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin office abolished, 1965–67 Kouandété† office abolished, 1968–75 People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990) office abolished Republic of Benin (1990–present) N. Soglo* office abolished, 1991–96 Houngbédji office abolished, 1998–2011 Koupaki office abolished, 2013–15 Zinsou office abolished, 2016–present † Military     * Interim Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands People Sycomore Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beninese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"political figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figure"},{"link_name":"Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"dictated by what region in Dahomey one lived in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Hubert Maga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Maga"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"President of Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Christophe Soglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Soglo"},{"link_name":"Presidential Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Benin)"},{"link_name":"Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Ahomadegb%C3%A9-Tom%C3%AAtin"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Sourou-Migan Marcellin Joseph Apithy (8 April 1913 – 3 December 1989) was a Beninese political figure most active when his country was known as Dahomey. He arose on a political scene where one's power was dictated by what region in Dahomey one lived in.Apithy studied at Bordeaux in a Lycée or secondary school. After he completed his studies there, he was accepted at the public Political Science School in Paris where he took courses in commercial studies. He later worked at a French company in Western Africa as an expert accountant. Before his country acquired its independence, beginning 1945, he was part of Dahomey's Constitutive Assembly and was re-elected for a number of terms. When Hubert Maga nominated him to that function, he was also the prime minister of Dahomey (Benin) from 1957 to 1958. By 1960, he had become Vice President of Dahomey.He served as the 2nd President of Dahomey between 25 January 1964 and 27 November 1965, when he was overthrown by Christophe Soglo after infighting among the members of the government. After this event he fled to Paris for the first time but he returned to Cotonou after the 1970 coup, when he became a member of the Presidential Triumvirate during the early 1970s. Following the 1972 coup, he was put under arrest alongside Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin and Maga, and was not released until 1981.He was sometimes referred to as being part of the 'three-headed monster' of the 1960s in Benin. He died in exile in his Paris house, in December 1989, shortly before the transition to democracy in his country.","title":"Sourou-Migan Apithy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BJ-Porto_Novo.png"},{"link_name":"Porto-Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto-Novo"},{"link_name":"Ogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogu_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR78-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR79-5"},{"link_name":"Francis Aupiais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Aupiais"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR79-5"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_legislative_election,_1945_(Dahomey_and_Togo)"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR79-5"},{"link_name":"overseas departments and territories of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_legislative_election,_June_1946_(Dahomey_and_Togo)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"Dahomeyan Progressive Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomeyan_Progressive_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR78-3"},{"link_name":"Rassemblement Democratique Africain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_Democratique_Africain"},{"link_name":"General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Dahomeyan_General_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"November 1946 French National Assembly elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_legislative_election,_November_1946_(Dahomey)"},{"link_name":"Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_l%27Internationale_Ouvri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR92-8"},{"link_name":"Emile Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Poisson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR78-3"}],"text":"Location of Porto Novo in BeninBorn on 8 April 1913 in Porto-Novo, Apithy was a descendant of an Ogu royal family though was not born into privilege himself.[1] His middle name, Migan, signified familial ties with chief ministers of old Dahomeyan kingdoms.[2] He began his education at local mission schools and gained a bias for Roman Catholicism, for which he would later be insulted.[1] Apithy would later become assistant teacher at his school. To further his education, Apithy travelled to Paris in 1933.[3] After legal and economic studies at the Free School of Political Sciences, the National School of Economic and Social Organization, and at the Improvement Center in Business Administration of the Paris Chamber of Commerce, Apithy gained his diploma in accounting.[4]He also served as counsel in Paris and Dakar appeal courts. Married, he fathered two children. Having voluntarily enlisted in the army, Apithy saw combat from 1939 to 1940 as an artillery officer.[4] He would not return to Dahomey until 1945.[5] Shortly after his return Francis Aupiais, a well-liked Roman Catholic pastor, encouraged Apithy to pursue a career in politics.[1] It began in July, when the latter was a participant in the Monnerville Commission.[5]Running as a Socialist candidate, Apithy was elected to represent Togo and Dahomey at the French Constituent Assembly in 1945, receiving 6,600 votes out of a total of 9,057.[4] Voters in the election had to be French citizens or Dahomeyans whom the French government deemed responsible.[6] His nomination as a candidate for the Assembly was a strategic move on the part of the Europeans; they wished to elect a black person to appease their colonists, while they still held full power. Nonetheless, Apithy did pass some legislation at the Assembly, including the February 1946 formation of a secondary school in Porto Novo. Apithy was said to have ended slavery in Dahomey, although in fact he was not involved with the abolition bill.[5] He was named a member of the Commission on Overseas Territories and debated on the political situation of the overseas departments and territories of France. In June 1946, he was re-elected to his post with 8,096 ballots of 9.069 cast, and was soon appointed attorney general of Dahomey.[4]Thereafter Apithy was named to several political posts, all while a member of Dahomey's only political party, the Dahomeyan Progressive Union (UPD).[3] He was the choice for vice president of the Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA), though left the organization shortly afterwards when facing Catholic opposition. The year 1946 also marked his entry into the General Council,[1] becoming one of its inaugural 30 representatives.[7]In the November 1946 French National Assembly elections, Apithy ran under the ticket of Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO). Winning 32,977 votes out of 33,605 cast,[4] he captured Dahomey's sole seat allotted at the Assembly.[8] His only opponent, Emile Poisson, left the race the day before the election.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"French West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"Hubert Maga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Maga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR94-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSI296-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Emile Derlin Zinsou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Derlin_Zinsou"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR93-12"},{"link_name":"Paul Darboux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Darboux"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR94-9"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Kpakpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Kpakpo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edouard Dunglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Dunglas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR94-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD453-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSI296-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR94-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR95-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD453-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR95-15"},{"link_name":"Abomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abomey"},{"link_name":"Porto Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Novo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD453-13"},{"link_name":"Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Ahomad%C3%A9gb%C3%A9-Tom%C3%AAtin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDY60-16"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Bariba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_people"},{"link_name":"Fon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_people"},{"link_name":"Gouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDY60-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"March 1952 Territorial Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Dahomeyan_Territorial_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"elections to the French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_legislative_election,_1956_(Dahomey)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"},{"link_name":"Dahomeyan Democratic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomeyan_Democratic_Movement"},{"link_name":"Dahomeyan Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomeyan_Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"Djibodé Aplogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djibod%C3%A9_Aplogan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaustin Gbaguidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaustin_Gbaguidi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Adandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Adand%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assemblee-4"}],"text":"One of Apithy's first actions in Paris was naming his membership with the Commissions on Methods of Communication, Economic Affairs, and Finances.[4] After joining the Grand Council of French West Africa (AOF) in 1947,[1] the new deputy proposed a bill on its functions. He also suggested the creation of a bank covering the AOF and Togo, and due to his efforts this bill was passed into law. In 1949, he became secretary of the National Assembly and frequently answered questions regarding the AOF and overseas territories during his first term.[4]In the legislative elections of 17 June 1951, Dahomey was allowed an additional representative in the Assembly. Apithy faced a new opponent: northern teacher Hubert Maga.[9] The fact that two seats were allotted to Dahomey was only known in the last week of April.[10] As per an electoral law of May 1951, each candidate had to give the names of another who would occupy the second seat in the event that the other party's first candidate came in third or below.[11] Apithy chose Emile Derlin Zinsou as his running mate, with Apithy leading on the electoral list as of a meeting on 29 April. However, Zinsou argued that he would be forced to vacate seat on the Assembly of the French Union and that someone from the north of Dahomey would be able to fill it. Therefore, on 23 May it was decided that Zinsou and Apithy would be listed in that order.[12] Maga, meanwhile, chose northern merchant Paul Darboux and the latter was content as second on the list.[9]Zinsou and Apithy, in stark contrast to their northern rivals, could not agree on who would headline the list. It reached a point, on 27 May, that the two southern candidates decided to run individually: Zinsou campaigned with school teacher Gilbert Kpakpo, while Apithy partnered with French administrator Edouard Dunglas under the newly formed Union Francaise.[9] Maga and Darboux capitalised on growing cynicism regarding southern Dahomey dominating the French colony's politics, allying themselves with the northern tribes.[13]The May 1951 law also enlarged the electorate from 61,958 to 333,693. Some dead people were even counted as electors due to the mishandling of election cards. The Cotonou newspaper L'Etoile du Dahomey noted the presence of a man who would give an unlimited number of cards as long as they promised to vote for Apithy.[10] Altogether, however, only 44% of the population voted on election day.[14] Apithy was reelected a deputy with 53,463 votes out of 147,350 cast.[4] Maga captured the second seat with 49,329, with Zinsou/Kpakpo receiving a mere 18,410 ballots. Several smaller parties hosted several other candidates, which received the rest of the votes.[9] Only 2.2 percent of Apithy's votes came from the northern region, while 64 percent came from the Porto Novo metropolitan area.[15]The 1951 election illustrated the intense regionalism that was forming in the French colony; the election has been cited as when regionalist parties arose.[13] Indeed, it was the first whose pamphlets mentioned ethnicity.[15] Regionalism in Dahomey was spurred by the historical resentment shared by members of the former kingdoms of Abomey, Porto Novo, and disorganised tribes from the north.[13] Its result was the creation of three de facto tribal zones: the north, southeast, and southwest, which were led by Maga, Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, respectively.[16] Most of Apithy's backing came from the Yoruba, while Maga was mostly backed by the Bariba and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, the Fon and Gouns.[17] Regionalistic attitudes would only intensify during the rest of the political careers of the three men,[16] collectively known as Dahomey's triumvirate.[18]Apithy renamed his party the Parti Républicain du Dahomey (PRD) in July. The party won a majority of seats in the March 1952 Territorial Assembly election.[19] Apithy, meanwhile, was busy passing a bill regarding fiscal advantages in metropolitan enterprises in overseas territories.[4] He was a political opportunist, frequently switching allegiances if it fit his needs.[1]On 2 January 1956 elections to the French National Assembly were held,[4] with Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin replacing Zinsou as the main third party candidate. As in 1951, the running mates were from the same regions as the main candidate so as to draw loyalty to a particular party, in Maga's case the Dahomeyan Democratic Movement (MDD), and Dahomeyan Democratic Union (UDD) for Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Apithy chose Djibodé Aplogan, Maga chose Gaustin Gbaguidi, and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was paired with Alexandre Adandé.[20] Apithy and Maga were reelected deputies with 64,344 and 60,601 votes, respectively, out of the 179,119 cast.[21]The senior deputy was named a member of the Commission on Overseas Territories and the Commission of Accountancy; he was elected vice-president of the former, and secretary of the latter. He proposed a resolution to create a regimen for a customs union between Dahomey and Togo, and several reports under the Commission on Overseas Territories. Apithy also served a variety of functions not related to the Assembly, such as being elected mayor of Porto-Novo in 1956. Shortly after becoming president of the General Council of the AOF in 1957, Apithy was voted into the presidency of the Territorial Assembly of Dahomey. He also led a parliamentary group for relations between France and Liberia.[4]","title":"Deputy to the French National Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decalo16-1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Benin)"}],"text":"Apithy was elected Premier of Dahomey in 1958.[1] He was Minister of Finance in 1960, and from October 1963 to January 1964.","title":"Premier of Dahomey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidential council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emile Derlin Zinsou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Derlin_Zinsou"},{"link_name":"Maurice Kouandété","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Kouand%C3%A9t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kneib21-22"},{"link_name":"Paul Emile de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Emile_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hudgens893-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionaltension-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionaltension-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kneib21-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR216-26"},{"link_name":"Borgou Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgou_Department"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD470-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR216-26"},{"link_name":"Atakora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakora_Department"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hudgens893-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDY62-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoricalDictionary85-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD471-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD470-27"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD471-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR219-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDY62-29"}],"sub_title":"Background and 1970 election","text":"On 10 December 1969 Emile Derlin Zinsou was overthrown by Maurice Kouandété, who had installed him as president in the first place. The military, however, refused to recognize Kouandété,[22] and as the two men could not reach agreement, a Military Directorate was established with Paul Emile de Souza as its chairman.[23] An election was held on 28 March 1970 to determine the true president. On this occasion, the triumvirate was allowed to campaign, and they did not miss the chance.[24] Intimidation and bribery were commonplace, and the electoral campaign saw the comeback of regional loyalties.[25] It was also marked by a series of violent outbursts; invalidated reports state that six people were killed or wounded at incidents in Parakou on the eve of the elections. Fellow candidate Zinsou asserted that Maga supporters had killed one of his supporters during said incidents.[24]These charges did not affect Maga's standing in the polls; he received a majority of the vote in the north, and Apithy and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin received a majority in the southeast and southwest/central, respectively.[22] The election results were as follows: 252,551 citizens voted for Maga; 200,091 for Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and 186,332 for Apithy.[26] In the entire south, Maga received 24,000 votes compared to the 180,000 who voted for him in the Borgou Department, obtaining 97.3 percent of the 78 percent turnout.[27] Zinsou, running to counter the constant tribal clashes, received 3 percent,[28] with 17,551 votes.[26]Nonetheless, de Souza decided to nullify the results from Atakora, the region where Maga received the most votes,[23] on 3 April.[29] Outraged, Maga formed the Assembly of the Peoples of the North, which threatened to secede unless he was declared President.[30] He refused to leave his campaign headquarters at Parakou even to attend political meetings. Maga's reaction to the nullification prompted many southern workers to flee the north.[31] Apithy stated that he would convince his region to join Nigeria if Maga took the presidency and took steps to bribe his way into that office.[27] Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin claimed Maga had defrauded the electoral system to his advantage. In contrast with the other three former presidents, Zinsou admitted that he had been defeated and decided participate in bargaining,[31] explaining that he rejected the idea of a coalition \"for personal reasons\".[32] The other former Presidents, on the other hand, agreed to a hasty compromise on 13 April to prevent a civil war.[29]","title":"Presidential council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeuneafrique-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD471-31"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Lozes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lozes"},{"link_name":"Theophile Paoletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophile_Paoletti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmond Doussou-Yovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Doussou-Yovo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Ahouansou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ahouansou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pascal Chabi Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Chabi_Kao"},{"link_name":"Albert Ouassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ouassa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chabi Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabi_Mama"},{"link_name":"Ambroise Agboton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambroise_Agboton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Keke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Keke"},{"link_name":"Michel Toko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Toko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daouda Badarou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daouda_Badarou"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD475-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD474-36"},{"link_name":"CFA francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_francs"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD475-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnassingbe_Eyadema_detail1_DF-SC-84-10025.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gnassingbé Eyadéma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma"},{"link_name":"Noe Kutuklui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noe_Kutuklui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelyDecalo2021246-37"},{"link_name":"Noe Kutuklui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noe_Kutuklui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Etienne Eyadema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Eyadema"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelyDecalo2021246-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD476-39"},{"link_name":"Ouidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouidah"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD473-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR225-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD473-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD473-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD474-36"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Under Maga","text":"A presidential council, consisting of Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy, was set up on 7 May with a presidency that changed every two years. Maga inaugurated this system for the first two years.[33] Each man agreed to not use the military to extend their term or use any other means toward that consequence. If decisions were not unanimous during the first round of voting, a two councilman majority would suffice on the second round. The council served as the executive and legislative branch of Dahomey.[31]The cabinet was composed of four Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin allies, three Maga allies, and three allies of Apithy. Gabriel Lozes, appointed minister of finance; Theophile Paoletti, new minister of information and tourism; Edmond Doussou-Yovo, minister of education; and Karl Ahouansou, minister of communication, were all friends of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Maga's colleagues in the cabinet were Pascal Chabi Kao, minister of finance; Albert Ouassa, minister of health; and Chabi Mama, minister of rural development; while Apithy friends were Ambroise Agboton, minister of labor; Joseph Keke, minister of economy and planning; and Michel Toko, minister of justice and guardian of the seals. Daouda Badarou, who had served as foreign minister under Zinsou, was allowed to keep his job.[34]Maga's economic policies during his chairmanship helped quiet union leaders whose protests during his presidency had been intense.[35] He helped create a tax plan that would finance their salaries[36] by cutting expenditures and cracking down on tax evasion. In 1970 Dahomey witnessed a surplus of 429 million CFA francs, rising to a 570 million CFA franc surplus the following year. With the national economy in a favorable position, Apithy and the rest of the council could afford a number of luxuries, including three houses and three Mercedes-Benz 300 automobiles to be shared amongst themselves, and festivals for the anniversary of the founding of the triumvirate.[35]Togolese president Etienne Eyadema, who would later change his name to Gnassingbé Eyadéma. His decision to extradite opposition leader Noe Kutuklui, and the Presidential Council's agreement, helped to undermine its popularity.The Council lost popularity with the Kutuklui Affair.[37] By decree of Apithy and the rest of the council, Togolese opposition leader Noe Kutuklui was officially expelled from Dahomey on 27 October 1971,[38] where he had been practicing law since the late 1960s. It was at the request of General Etienne Eyadema, president of Togo, as Kutuklui had been involved in several plots against Eyadema's military government. The Council's decision to extradite him spurred demonstrations in Cotonou. Maga was unable to carry out his decision; Alphonse Alley protected Kutuklui and took him to an unknown place outside of Dahomey. Col. Alley received no punishment whatsoever for his role in the affair.[37]Students were some of those involved in the protests,[citation needed] and they soon had another reason to conflict with their government. On 5 November 1971 Apithy and his administration shut down the Union Général des Etudiants et Eleves de Dahomey (UGEED), a radical youth group which sought to \"transform Dahomey into a battlefield\" using \"workers, soldiers, and policemen.\" This stemmed from UGEED-sponsored demonstrations against the minister of education when he failed to attend an educational meeting. Students whose schools followed the strike were allowed back to school on 19 November, and only if their parents signed documents that said they would not participate in more demonstrations. If they failed to comply, they would be expelled from the educational system of Dahomey. Government-instituted rallies were arranged to support the ban.[39]The military was also aroused. The formation of a presidential council only further enraged the army. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was ambushed while traveling to a rally in Abomey on 7 May 1971. Maga initially denied its existence, and to this day details are unclear. An artillery camp at Ouidah was the location of another military uprising on 28 January 1972. The president sent two officers to overpower the rebels although no punishment was undertaken.[40] Both Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and Maga believed that the latter incident was an attempted coup.[41]Kouandété attempted to usurp power again at dawn on 23 February. When he first heard of the mutiny, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin believed that it was an attempt by Maga to remain in power.[40] Leading the Ouidah garrison, Kouandété also attempted to take over government buildings and murder de Souza. Over the course of the operation, assailant Major Moumouni was mortally wounded by de Souza's bullets. The plot was foiled, although Maga canceled a visit to France to attend to the matter at hand.[42] A 12-member military commission would soon discover another plot, that would have been undertaken simultaneous to Kouandété's.[40] According to its findings, Captains Glele and Pierre Boni were going to follow Kouandété until de Souza was assassinated, when they would eradicate their leader and insert Zinsou back into power.[36] The recent events epitomised the Council's \"fear and contempt\" for the military.[43]","title":"Presidential council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR227-45"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR227-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR227-45"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD475-35"},{"link_name":"Paul Darboux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Darboux"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Pascal Chabi Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Chabi_Kao"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou_2006Feb10.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Kérékou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11rule-50"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Kérékou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11rule-50"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD476-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD476-39"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD477-54"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeuneafrique-33"}],"sub_title":"Under Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin","text":"Maga transferred power to Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin on 7 May 1972. This was the first time in 12 years that the head of Dahomey was succeeded in a nonmilitary fashion. The new chairman congratulated Maga and praised the triumvirate as \"one of [Dahomey's] most beneficial institutions.\"[44] It was believed that the triumvirate would continually undermine each other, and the simple transition of power was viewed as a positive step toward Dahomeyan unity.[45]The Presidential Council was slow in organizing a military trial for the 1972 coup plotters, and it did not begin until 12 May. The court tried 21 men besides Kouandété,[note 1][45] mostly military officers but also including several commoners and even Maga bodyguards.[46] The punishments were announced on 16 May. Kouandété received the death penalty, as did Captains Josué and Glélé, Quartermaster Sergeant Agboton, and a corporal and a sergeant in absentia. Lesser sentences were handed to five men who were given life imprisonment, two who would serve 20 years in prison, another with 15 years, two with ten, and two with five. An additional four were acquitted.[45] The sentences were never carried out; the jurors believed that Kouandété would seize power in another coup.[35]Another delayed function of the Council was the formation of the Assemblée Consultative Nationale, an advisory assembly required by the 1970 constitution. As per the constitution, such an assembly would contain 30 members advising councilmen on economic, social, and other issues, with Paul Darboux presiding. It was not established until July 1972, due to, in the words of academic Samuel Decalo, \"intensive horse-trading between the partners in the Presidential Council ... and pressures from their political lieutenants for a position in the Assembly.\"[47]One of the most notable aspects of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin's time in power was the Kovacs Affair. It began with Pascal Chabi Kao being given a monopoly over selling official stationary to the Presidential Council and spread to claims of bribery and embezzlement. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin tried to fire Chabi Kao, but Maga, who was Chabi Kao's mentor, refused. Maga convinced Apithy to help and the bill was vetoed.[48]Mathieu Kérékou, who overthrew the Presidential Council in 1972, in a 2006 photographAnother coup was launched by soldiers of the Ouidah garrison on 26 October.[49] This one, however, was successful, and Major Mathieu Kérékou was installed as president. It occurred during a cabinet meeting between Maga and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin.[note 2][50] Kérékou had served as Maga's aide-de-camp in 1961.[51] According to reports at the scene, soldiers abruptly arrived in the Cabinet room of the presidential palace and started firing bullets,[49] but no one was injured.[39] Kérékou called the triumvirate \"truly a monster\" as it showed \"unpardonable incompetence\", amongst other charges which were used to justify the coup.[39] Kouandété was pardoned, although the former council was not.[52] Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy spent more than nine years in prison before being freed by Kérékou in 1981.[33]","title":"Presidential council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"After being released on amnesty, Apithy moved to Paris, where he lived out the rest of his life. On 3 December 1989 he died. Just days afterward, Kerekou proclaimed the end to socialism in Dahomey (renamed Benin in 1975), which he had established in November 1974.[53]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"}],"text":"^ The true number of accused men was not known until the trial was convened.\n\n^ Apithy was in Paris on a political trip.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ithaca, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cornell University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"413212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/413212"},{"link_name":"Boulder, 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Soglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo"},{"link_name":"Houngbédji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Houngb%C3%A9dji"},{"link_name":"Koupaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Koupaki"},{"link_name":"Zinsou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Zinsou"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718225#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000004779446"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/19993121"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHhMRRvqw4XHJqT7yyBP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15546391z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15546391z"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/126991037X"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011192512"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p304124087"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/166"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/145576434"}],"text":"Carter, Gwendolen Margaret, ed. (1963), \"Dahomey\", Five African States; Responses to Diversity: the Congo, Dahomey, the Cameroun Federal Republic, the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, South Africa, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, OCLC 413212.\nDanopoulos, Constantine Panos (1988), The Decline of Military Regimes: The Civilian Influence, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-7304-2, OCLC 15162972.\nDecalo, Samuel (December 1970), \"Full Circle in Dahomey\", African Studies Review, 13 (3), African Studies Association: 445–457, doi:10.2307/523497, JSTOR 523497.\nDecalo, Samuel (April 1973), \"Regionalism, Politics, and the Military in Dahomey\", The Journal of Developing Areas, 7 (3), College of Business, Tennessee State University: 449–478, JSTOR 4190033.\nDecalo, Samuel (1976), Historical Dictionary of Dahomey (People's Republic of Benin), Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-0833-1, OCLC 1959674.\nDossou-Yovo, Noel (September 1999), \"The Experience of Benin\", International Journal on World Peace, 16 (3), ISSN 0742-3640, OCLC 211426384.\nHudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard; Calonnec, Nathalie (2003), The Rough Guide to West Africa, London: Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-118-6, OCLC 176832097.\nIhonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo; Mbaku, John Mukum (2003), Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, ISBN 0-313-05151-8, OCLC 60127996.\nKneib, Martha (2007), Benin, Cultures of the World, Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 978-0-7614-2328-7, OCLC 62109915.\nMatthews, Ronald (1966), African Powder Keg: Revolt and Dissent in Six Emergent Nations, London: The Bodley Head, OCLC 246401461.\nRonen, Dov (1975), Dahomey: Between Tradition and Modernity, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-0927-6, OCLC 1527290.\nSeely, Jennifer C.; Decalo, Samuel (15 April 2021), Historical Dictionary of Togo, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-5381-2278-5\nStaniland, Martin (1973), \"The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956\", The Journal of African History, 14 (2), Cambridge University Press: 491–504, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012846, JSTOR 180543.\nStaniland, Martin (1973), \"The Three-Party System in Dahomey: II, 1956-1957\", The Journal of African History, 14 (3), Cambridge University Press: 291–312, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012573, JSTOR 180450.\nWest Africa Publishing Company (1971), West Africa.\n1st page on the French National Assembly website\n2nd page on the French National Assembly websitevtePresidents of Benin (list) Republic of Dahomey (1960–1975)\nMaga\nC. Soglo†\nApithy\nAhomadégbé-Tomêtin*\nCongacou*\nC. Soglo†\nHachème†\nKouandété†\nAlley†\nZinsou\nKouandété†\nde Souza†\nPresidential Council\nMaga\nAhomadégbé-Tomêtin\nKérékou†\n People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)\nKérékou\n Republic of Benin (1990–present)\nKérékou\nN. Soglo\nKérékou\nBoni\nTalon\n† Military     * InterimvtePrime ministers of Benin French Dahomey (1894–1960)\nApithy\n Republic of Dahomey (1960–1975)\nMaga\noffice abolished, 1960–64\nAhomadégbé-Tomêtin\noffice abolished, 1965–67\nKouandété†\noffice abolished, 1968–75\n People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)\noffice abolished\n Republic of Benin (1990–present)\nN. Soglo*\noffice abolished, 1991–96\nHoungbédji\noffice abolished, 1998–2011\nKoupaki\noffice abolished, 2013–15\nZinsou\noffice abolished, 2016–present\n† Military     * InterimAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nSycomore\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Porto Novo in Benin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BJ-Porto_Novo.png/125px-BJ-Porto_Novo.png"},{"image_text":"Togolese president Etienne Eyadema, who would later change his name to Gnassingbé Eyadéma. His decision to extradite opposition leader Noe Kutuklui, and the Presidential Council's agreement, helped to undermine its popularity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gnassingbe_Eyadema_detail1_DF-SC-84-10025.jpg/220px-Gnassingbe_Eyadema_detail1_DF-SC-84-10025.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mathieu Kérékou, who overthrew the Presidential Council in 1972, in a 2006 photograph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou_2006Feb10.JPG/220px-Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou_2006Feb10.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Joseph Apithy\", National Assembly of France (in French), archived from the original on 2007-08-08, retrieved 2009-02-05","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070808134340/http://www.assembleenationale.com/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/apithy-joseph-sourou-migan-marcellin-08041913.asp","url_text":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Joseph Apithy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France","url_text":"National Assembly of France"},{"url":"http://www.assembleenationale.com/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/apithy-joseph-sourou-migan-marcellin-08041913.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Hubert Maga\", National Assembly of France (in French), retrieved 2008-10-25","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembleenationale.com/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/maga-hubert-coutoucou-10081916.asp","url_text":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Hubert Maga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France","url_text":"National Assembly of France"}]},{"reference":"Agence France-Presse (27 March 1970), \"Slayings Reported and Regional Tension Rises as Dahomey Votes for President\" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 6, retrieved 2008-12-14","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/03/27/76724145.pdf","url_text":"\"Slayings Reported and Regional Tension Rises as Dahomey Votes for President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kpatindé, Francis (25 March 2002), \"Justin Tomêtin Ahomadégbé Éphémère chef de l'État\", Jeune Afrique (in French), Groupe Jeune Afrique","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeune_Afrique","url_text":"Jeune Afrique"}]},{"reference":"Agence France-Presse (24 February 1972), \"Dahomean Sergeant Slain In Attack on Chief of Staff\" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 9, retrieved 2008-12-16","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/02/24/93415426.pdf","url_text":"\"Dahomean Sergeant Slain In Attack on Chief of Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Howes, Marvine (8 May 1972), \"Dahomey Transfers Power Peacefully\" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 4, retrieved 2008-12-21","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/05/08/80787489.pdf","url_text":"\"Dahomey Transfers Power Peacefully\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Thomas A. (28 October 1972), \"Eleven-Officer Rule in Dahomey Is Set Up Following Army Coup\" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 3, retrieved 2008-12-14","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/10/28/80803179.pdf","url_text":"\"Eleven-Officer Rule in Dahomey Is Set Up Following Army Coup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Army Takes Power in Dahomey Coup\", The Washington Post, p. A22, 27 October 1972, retrieved 2008-12-24","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/99629312.html?dids=99629312:99629312&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=OCT+27%2C+1972&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Army+Takes+Power+in+Dahomey+Coup&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Army Takes Power in Dahomey Coup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Noble, Kenneth B. (17 December 1989), \"Benin Government is Growing Fragile\", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-02-09","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4D6143CF934A25751C1A96F948260","url_text":"\"Benin Government is Growing Fragile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Gwendolen Margaret, ed. (1963), \"Dahomey\", Five African States; Responses to Diversity: the Congo, Dahomey, the Cameroun Federal Republic, the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, South Africa, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, OCLC 413212","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York","url_text":"Ithaca, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/413212","url_text":"413212"}]},{"reference":"Danopoulos, Constantine Panos (1988), The Decline of Military Regimes: The Civilian Influence, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-7304-2, OCLC 15162972","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado","url_text":"Boulder, Colorado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-7304-2","url_text":"0-8133-7304-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15162972","url_text":"15162972"}]},{"reference":"Decalo, Samuel (December 1970), \"Full Circle in Dahomey\", African Studies Review, 13 (3), African Studies Association: 445–457, doi:10.2307/523497, JSTOR 523497","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F523497","url_text":"10.2307/523497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/523497","url_text":"523497"}]},{"reference":"Decalo, Samuel (April 1973), \"Regionalism, Politics, and the Military in Dahomey\", The Journal of Developing Areas, 7 (3), College of Business, Tennessee State University: 449–478, JSTOR 4190033","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4190033","url_text":"4190033"}]},{"reference":"Decalo, Samuel (1976), Historical Dictionary of Dahomey (People's Republic of Benin), Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-0833-1, OCLC 1959674","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metuchen,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Metuchen, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-0833-1","url_text":"0-8108-0833-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1959674","url_text":"1959674"}]},{"reference":"Dossou-Yovo, Noel (September 1999), \"The Experience of Benin\", International Journal on World Peace, 16 (3), ISSN 0742-3640, OCLC 211426384","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Dossou-Yovo","url_text":"Dossou-Yovo, Noel"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=JQLDgC2JRlQJCYlLmygTXRWrpKPlyfSTHXRGGCTPtGcSL5wQQQmJ!713980606?docId=5001834798","url_text":"\"The Experience of Benin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-3640","url_text":"0742-3640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/211426384","url_text":"211426384"}]},{"reference":"Hudgens, Jim; 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Decalo, Samuel (15 April 2021), Historical Dictionary of Togo, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-5381-2278-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=veQUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Togo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2278-5","url_text":"978-1-5381-2278-5"}]},{"reference":"Staniland, Martin (1973), \"The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956\", The Journal of African History, 14 (2), Cambridge University Press: 491–504, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012846, JSTOR 180543","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700012846","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700012846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180543","url_text":"180543"}]},{"reference":"Staniland, Martin (1973), \"The Three-Party System in Dahomey: II, 1956-1957\", The Journal of African History, 14 (3), Cambridge University Press: 291–312, doi:10.1017/S0021853700012573, JSTOR 180450","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700012573","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700012573"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180450","url_text":"180450"}]},{"reference":"West Africa Publishing Company (1971), West Africa","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadi_Oliveres
Arcadi Oliveres
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Spanish economist (1945–2021) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Arcadi Oliveres" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Arcadi Oliveres}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Oliveres in 2005 Arcadi Oliveres i Boadella (27 November 1945 – 6 April 2021) was a Spanish economist, academic, and social activist. He was president of "Justícia i Pau", a Christian peace group in Catalonia, and helped to promote its war tax resistance campaign. Biography He graduated in Economics in 1968 from the University of Barcelona. In 1993 he received his doctorate with a thesis on the cycle of defense economics and obtained a position as full professor in the Department of Applied Economics at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Already in his student days, still during the Franco dictatorship, he showed his commitment to democracy by participating in the clandestine assemblies of the Sindicat Democràtic d'Estudiants and in La Capuchinada of March 1966, as well as in the Assembly of Catalonia. In 1974 he began to participate in the international Catholic organization Pax Christi, dedicated to the promotion of peace and reconciliation among peoples. In 1981 he joined the Associació Justícia i Pau de Barcelona, dedicated to the promotion of human rights and peace, an organization he chaired from 2001 until April 2014. In 2013 he created, together with Teresa Forcades, a popular platform for the independence of Catalonia called Procés Constituent and to run in the Catalan elections. He collaborated with the magazines Canigó and Serra d'Or, and with Diari de la Pau. He also participated in more than sixty books (monographs) and publications. He died on April 6, 2021 at his home in Sant Cugat del Vallés, due to pancreatic cancer. References ^ "L'educació segons Arcadi Oliveres | Catorze.cat". Catorze.cat. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ "Mor l'economista santcugatenc Arcadi Oliveres, activista per la pau i la democràcia". Tot Sant Cugat. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ Cordero, Dani (6 April 2021). "Fallece Arcadi Oliveres, el economista a pie de calle". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ ""No podemos ir a las manifestaciones diciendo que no queremos guerra y luego financiarla"". La Voz de Galacia. 18 September 2009. ^ "Teresa Forcades y Arcadi Oliveres dan el salto a la política catalana". 2013-04-10. ^ Peinado, Quique (1 March 2021). "Las últimas semanas de Arcadi Oliveres: "Nunca he sido más feliz"". Infolibre. ^ Pont Cullell, Matilde (6 April 2021). "Arcadi Oliveres, catedrático de Economía que fue maestro en justicia social". El diario.es. ^ Solé Altimira, Oriol (6 April 2021). "Muere Arcadi Oliveres, el economista que quería un mundo sin armas ni capitalismo". El diario.es. ^ "Arcadi Oliveres, activista de la no violencia y el compromiso social, fallece a los 75 años". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2021-04-06. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-06. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Catalonia Germany United States Other IdRef This article about a Spanish economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia
Ellychnia
["1 Species list","2 References","2.1 Cited texts"]
Genus of beetles Ellychnia Ellychnia corrusca Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Lampyridae Tribe: Photinini Genus: EllychniaBlanchard, 1845 Species Ellychnia affinis Ellychnia albilatera Ellychnia atra Ellychnia aurora Ellychnia autumnalis Ellychnia bivulneris Ellychnia californica Ellychnia cordovae Ellychnia corrusca Ellychnia facula Ellychnia flavicollis Ellychnia fumigata Ellychnia granulicollis Ellychnia greeni Ellychnia hatchi Ellychnia lacustris Ellychnia lunicollis Ellychnia mexicana Ellychnia moesta Ellychnia obscurevittata Ellychnia salvini Ellychnia sanguinicollis Ellychnia simplex Ellychnia variegata Ellychnia is a genus of fireflies. First defined by Émile Blanchard in 1845, the genus contains 24 species, which are widespread in the United States. Adults are black, with rose-colored marks on the pronotum; sexual dimorphism is unknown. These beetles are active during the day, and have no light-producing organs as adults; instead, they attract mates using chemical signals. The larvae of Ellychnia fireflies live in rotting logs. Species list E. affinis E. albilatera E. atra E. aurora E. autumnalis E. bivulneris E. californica E. cordovae E. corrusca E. facula E. flavicollis E. fumigata E. granulicollis E. greeni E. hatchi E. lacustris E. lunicollis E. mexicana E. moesta E. obscurevittata E. salvini E. sanguinicollis E. simplex E. variegata References ^ "Ellychnia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 February 2018. ^ Arnett & Thomas, 2002, p. 193 ^ Evans, Arthur V.; Hogue, James N. (2006). Field Guide to Beetles of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-520-24655-3. ^ a b Arnett & Thomas, 2002, p. 188 ^ Eaton, Eric R.; Kaufman, Kenn (2007). Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7. ^ Stanger-Halla, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E.; Hillisa, David M. (October 2007). "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Implications for the evolution of light signals" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013. PMID 17644427. Cited texts Arnett, Ross H.; Thomas, Michael C., eds. (2002). American Beetles: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculioniodea. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0954-0. Taxon identifiersEllychnia Wikidata: Q14928030 BioLib: 414488 BOLD: 87548 BugGuide: 4867 EoL: 110550 GBIF: 1162870 iNaturalist: 125629 ITIS: 722421 NCBI: 94998 Plazi: FC48FE52-A342-FF8F-FF02-FB3BBF83FAD6 This firefly article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"fireflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly"},{"link_name":"Émile Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beetles193-2"},{"link_name":"pronotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronotum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-3"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beetles188-4"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaufman-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bibloteca-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beetles188-4"}],"text":"Ellychnia is a genus of fireflies. First defined by Émile Blanchard in 1845, the genus contains 24 species,[1] which are widespread in the United States.[2] Adults are black, with rose-colored marks on the pronotum;[3] sexual dimorphism is unknown.[4] These beetles are active during the day, and have no light-producing organs as adults;[5] instead, they attract mates using chemical signals.[6] The larvae of Ellychnia fireflies live in rotting logs.[4]","title":"Ellychnia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_affinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. albilatera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_albilatera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. atra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_atra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_aurora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. autumnalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_autumnalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. bivulneris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_bivulneris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_californica"},{"link_name":"E. cordovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_cordovae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. corrusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_corrusca"},{"link_name":"E. facula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_facula"},{"link_name":"E. flavicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_flavicollis"},{"link_name":"E. fumigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_fumigata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. granulicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_granulicollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. greeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_greeni"},{"link_name":"E. hatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_hatchi"},{"link_name":"E. lacustris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_lacustris"},{"link_name":"E. lunicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_lunicollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_mexicana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. moesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_moesta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. obscurevittata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_obscurevittata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. salvini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_salvini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. sanguinicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_sanguinicollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellychnia_simplex"},{"link_name":"E. variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellychnia_variegata&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"E. affinis\nE. albilatera\nE. atra\nE. aurora\nE. autumnalis\nE. bivulneris\nE. californica\nE. cordovae\nE. corrusca\nE. facula\nE. flavicollis\nE. fumigata\nE. granulicollis\nE. greeni\nE. hatchi\nE. lacustris\nE. lunicollis\nE. mexicana\nE. moesta\nE. obscurevittata\nE. salvini\nE. sanguinicollis\nE. simplex\nE. variegata","title":"Species list"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya_Yoga_Shastra
Dattatreya Yoga Shastra
["1 Three paths","2 Eightfold yoga","3 Mudras","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
The Dattātreyayogaśāstra, (Sanskrit: दत्तात्रेययोगशास्त्र) a Vaisnava text probably composed in the 13th century CE, is the earliest text which provides a systematized form of Haṭha yoga under that name, and the earliest to place its yoga techniques under the name Haṭha. Three paths The Dattātreyayogaśāstra is the first text to describe and teach yoga as having three types, namely mantra yoga, laya yoga, and hatha yoga. All three lead to samadhi, the goal of raja yoga. Mantra yoga consists simply of repeating mantras until powers (siddhis) are obtained. Laya yoga dissolves the mind by methods such as raising Kundalini, though neither this nor the chakras are named in the text. Eightfold yoga The work teaches an eightfold yoga identical with Patañjali's 8 limbs that it attributes to Yajnavalkya and others, and as an alternative, ten exercises, later called mudras, that it attributes to teachers including Kapila. It claims there are 8,400,000 asanas, though it only describes one or two non-seated postures including Shavasana, corpse pose (as a method of Laya yoga), and the inverted posture of viparītakaraṇī, sometimes considered an asana, sometimes a mudra. Its account of pranayama calls for the yogi to sit in lotus position (padmasana) and practice what it calls breath-retention (kumbhaka), now called anuloma or nadi shodhana, alternate nostril breathing. It states that this gives the yogi the power of levitation, followed by a range of powers such as great strength and the ability to overcome the strongest animals, whether tigers, buffaloes, gayals, elephants, or lions. The text classifies meditation as being of two types, with and without attributes. Meditation with attributes gives the yogi powers such as becoming very small. That without attributes, such as by meditating on space, confers liberation. Mudras The Dattātreyayogaśāstra teaches mahāmudrā, mahābandha, khecarīmudrā, jālandharabandha, uḍḍiyāṇabandha, mūlabandha, viparītakaraṇī, vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī. The goal was to halt, or to put into reverse, the movement of the vital fluid bindu. References ^ Singleton, Mark; Mallinson, James (February 2016). "Hatha Yoga Project". The Luminescent. Hatha Yoga Project (SOAS, University of London). Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ a b c Mallinson 2011, p. 771. ^ a b c d Mallinson 2016, pp. 109–140. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 90–91. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 155–157. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 320. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 240–244. Sources Mallinson, James (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (eds.). Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9. Mallinson, James (2016). "Śāktism and Haṭhayoga". In Wernicke-Olesen, Bjarne (ed.). Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine (PDF). Routledge. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-1317585213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14. Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104. External links Translation by James Mallinson vteHatha yogaSubtle body Three bodies Five sheaths Chakra Nadi Sushumna Prana Texts(Asanas) Ancient meditation seats Darshana Upanishad, Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa, Goraksha Sataka Gomukhasana Muktasana Padmasana Siddhasana Simhasana Sopasrayasana Sukhasana Svastikasana Virasana Ancient non-meditation Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā, Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa Dandasana Kurmasana c. 7th C. Ahirbudhnya Samhita Kukkutasana c. 10th C. Vimanarcanakalpa Mayurasana c. 11th C. Amritasiddhi, Hemachandra's Yogashastra Muktasana Shirshasana 12th C. Amaraugha Prabodha 13th C. Dattatreya Yoga Shastra, Goraksha Shataka, Vasishtha Samhita, Vivekamārtaṇḍa Viparita Karani 14th C. Khecarīvidyā, Shiva Samhita, Sharngadhara-paddhati, Yogabīja, Yogatārāvalī Gorakshasana Paschimottanasana 15th C. Hatha Yoga Pradipika Baddha Konasana Dhanurasana Matsyendrasana Utkatasana 17th C. Gheranda Samhita, Hatha Ratnavali, Yogacintamani, Bahr al-Hayāt Bakasana Bhujangasana Kakasana Kraunchasana Makarasana Mandukasana Matsyasana Vajrasana Vrikshasana 18th C. Hathabhyasa-paddhati, Joga Pradipika Adho Mukha Vrikshasana 19th C. Sritattvanidhi Akarna Dhanurasana Bhairavasana Durvasasana Garudasana Halasana Navasana Pashasana Setu Bandha Sarvangasana Tittibhasana Urdhva Dhanurasana Late 1905 Yogasopana Purvacatuska 1943 Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience Mudras Mahamudra Maha Bandha Jalandhara Bandha Mula Bandha Uddiyana Bandha Viparita Karani Khechari mudra Vajroli mudra Shatkarmas Dhauti Basti Kapalabhati Nauli Neti Trataka Pranayama Anuloma Bhastrika Bhramari Kumbhaka Ujjayi Related Modern yoga Nath Roots of Yoga Yoga Yoga as exercise Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas
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Mantra yoga consists simply of repeating mantras until powers (siddhis) are obtained. Laya yoga dissolves the mind by methods such as raising Kundalini, though neither this nor the chakras are named in the text.[3]","title":"Three paths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patañjali's 8 limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)"},{"link_name":"Yajnavalkya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajnavalkya"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2016109%E2%80%93140-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-2"},{"link_name":"asanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana"},{"link_name":"Shavasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavasana"},{"link_name":"viparītakaraṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viparita_Karani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201790%E2%80%9391-4"},{"link_name":"pranayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama"},{"link_name":"lotus position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_position"},{"link_name":"kumbhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbhaka"},{"link_name":"anuloma or nadi shodhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuloma_pranayama"},{"link_name":"powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhi"},{"link_name":"gayals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017155%E2%80%93157-5"},{"link_name":"liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017320-6"}],"text":"The work teaches an eightfold yoga identical with Patañjali's 8 limbs that it attributes to Yajnavalkya and others, and as an alternative, ten exercises, later called mudras, that it attributes to teachers including Kapila.[3][2]It claims there are 8,400,000 asanas, though it only describes one or two non-seated postures including Shavasana, corpse pose (as a method of Laya yoga), and the inverted posture of viparītakaraṇī, sometimes considered an asana, sometimes a mudra.[4]Its account of pranayama calls for the yogi to sit in lotus position (padmasana) and practice what it calls breath-retention (kumbhaka), now called anuloma or nadi shodhana, alternate nostril breathing. It states that this gives the yogi the power of levitation, followed by a range of powers such as great strength and the ability to overcome the strongest animals, whether tigers, buffaloes, gayals, elephants, or lions.[5]The text classifies meditation as being of two types, with and without attributes. Meditation with attributes gives the yogi powers such as becoming very small. That without attributes, such as by meditating on space, confers liberation.[6]","title":"Eightfold yoga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mahāmudrā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81mudr%C4%81"},{"link_name":"khecarīmudrā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81"},{"link_name":"jālandharabandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalandhara_Bandha"},{"link_name":"uḍḍiyāṇabandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddiyana_bandha"},{"link_name":"mūlabandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_Bandha"},{"link_name":"vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrol%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2016109%E2%80%93140-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017240%E2%80%93244-7"}],"text":"The Dattātreyayogaśāstra teaches mahāmudrā, mahābandha, khecarīmudrā, jālandharabandha, uḍḍiyāṇabandha, mūlabandha, viparītakaraṇī, vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī. The goal was to halt, or to put into reverse, the movement of the vital fluid bindu.[3][2][7]","title":"Mudras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mallinson, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004214316/B9789004214316-s014.xml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-27128-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27128-9"},{"link_name":"Mallinson, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Wernicke-Olesen, Bjarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Wernicke-Olesen"},{"link_name":"Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130616025645/http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1317585213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317585213"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mallinson, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Singleton, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)"},{"link_name":"Roots of Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-241-25304-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"928480104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104"}],"text":"Mallinson, James (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (eds.). Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9.\nMallinson, James (2016). \"Śāktism and Haṭhayoga\". In Wernicke-Olesen, Bjarne (ed.). Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine (PDF). Routledge. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-1317585213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14.\nMallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talisman_Ring
The Talisman Ring
["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 References","4 Sources"]
1936 novel by Georgette Heyer The Talisman Ring First edition (UK)AuthorGeorgette HeyerLanguageEnglishGenreGeorgian, RomancePublisherWilliam Heinemann (UK)Book League (US)Publication date1936Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages272 pp The Talisman Ring is a historical romance novel by Georgette Heyer, first published in 1936. Set in 1793, in the Georgian era, the action takes place in Sussex, where Heyer then lived. Like several of Heyer's early novels including Regency Buck (1935) and The Corinthian (1940), The Talisman Ring blends the genres of romantic comedy and thriller. Jane Aiken Hodge describes it as a "neat comedy" and "very nearly a detective story in period costume". In counterpointing an older and a younger couple, the novel is a forerunner of many of Heyer's later works, such as Frederica (1965). The Talisman Ring is also the first of Heyer's novels to feature characters from the Bow Street Runners. Plot summary On his deathbed, Lord Lavenham arranges a marriage between his great-nephew, Sir Tristram Shield, and his young French granddaughter, Eustacie de Vauban, who has escaped the revolutionary Reign of Terror by coming to England. His grandson and heir, Ludovic, is on the run on the Continent after allegedly murdering a card sharp in a dispute over a valuable heirloom, the talisman ring. The romantic Eustacie, appalled by her betrothed's phlegmatic character, runs away and soon encounters a smuggler, who turns out to be her cousin Ludovic. The two take refuge at a local inn, the Red Lion, after Ludovic is shot in the shoulder while escaping from Excisemen. There they encounter an older lady, Miss Sarah Thane, who is also adventurously inclined and vows to help them. She is travelling with her brother Sir Hugh, whom she persuades to stay by encouraging his belief that he has caught cold, for which the excellent French brandy hidden in its cellars is an effective cure. After finding Eustacie's bandboxes scattered by the encounter and meeting the excisemen who are following Ludovic's blood trail, Tristram decides to go with them under the impression that Eustacie has encountered trouble from the smugglers. At the inn, against Sarah Thane's efforts, he conducts the excisemen towards Eustacie and Ludovic. Recognising Ludovic, Tristram leads the pursuers to believe that his cousin is a groom who had been shot while pursuing the smugglers and that he is one of Lord Lavenham's bastards to account for their resemblance. When the Excisemen leave, Tristram examines Ludovic's hands and pronounces his innocence, since he is not wearing the ring that would have been so important to him. Together with Sarah, now a loyal accomplice and Eustacie's self-appointed chaperone, they conclude that the murderer must be the foppish "Beau" Basil, Lord Lavenham's heir in the absence of Ludovic, and they hatch a plan to break into his home at the Dower House in search of the ring. Over the course of the next days, Tristram spreads the story that Eustacie had gone to meet Sarah, whom she knew from Paris, to smooth over the ripples of her escape. It is concluded that Eustacie will stay with Sarah to help protect Ludovic, and thus Basil pays her a visit at the inn. During their discussion, Eustacie pretends that Sarah is interested in architecture and would like to visit the Dower House, to which Basil invites them both. They leave the house without finding the hiding place of the ring, but Basil’s valet, having seen them rapping on the panels, informs Basil, who understands at once what they are after. Recollecting that Gregg, his factotum, has spoken to the Excisemen, he asks about the appearance of the "bastard" and, realising who it really is, calls in the Bow Street Runners. The landlord of the Red Lion, a long-term supporter of Ludovic and his smugglers, gets rid of the inefficient runners by passing off Ludovic, dressed in Sarah's clothes, as a woman. Basil then lays a trap, announcing that he is going to London. Ludovic tries, against all advice, to break into the house and escapes later with the help of Tristram. Basil next tries to break into the inn and kill Ludovic but is stopped by Sir Hugh, and in the struggle he loses a quizzing glass. The next morning Sir Tristram discovers the missing glasses and, noticing their disproportion, eventually finds the ring concealed in the shaft. Tristram then calls in more intelligent Bow Street Runners and lays a trap for Basil who, while trying to escape, punches Miss Thane on the temple. She recovers with Tristram nursing her and is rather annoyed when he proposes to her in dishevelled state, though she confesses later on, "I have been meaning to marry you these ten days and more!". Characters Sylvester, Lord Lavenham of Lavenham Court in Sussex, 80-year-old grandfather to Ludovic Lavenham and Eustacie de Vauban, great-uncle to Sir Tristram Shield and Basil Lavenham. Ludovic Lavenham – Grandson to Lord Lavenham, accused of murder and living in exile, from where he smuggles in drink to the confederate land-smugglers Abel and Ned Bundy. Sir Tristram Shield – a Berkshire resident and the 31-year-old great-nephew of Lord Lavenham, cousin to Basil and Ludovic Lavenham and Eustacie de Vauban. Mademoiselle Eustacie de Vauban – 18-year-old niece of the exiled Vidame de Vauban and, as granddaughter to Lord Lavenham, cousin to Sir Tristram Shield and Basil and Ludovic Lavenham. Basil, known as "Beau Lavenham", who lives in the Dower house at Lavenham – 29-year-old great nephew and heir-presumptive to Lord Lavenham, cousin to Eustacie de Vauban, Ludovic Lavenham and Sir Tristram Shield. Sir Hugh Thane – a London Justice of the peace who generally travels accompanied by his younger sister Sarah. Miss Sarah Thane – 28-year-old sister to Sir Hugh . Jupp, valet to Lord Lavenham, and Porson, his butler. Gregg - Basil's co-operative valet. Joseph Nye – landlord of the Red Lion Inn at Hand Cross, which he runs with his tapster Clem. Sir Matthew John Plunckett – a card cheat murdered in a dispute over the talisman ring. References ^ See http://www.georgette-heyer.com/chron.html, which references the execution of Louis XVI just a month prior to the novel's opening scenes. ^ Hodge 2004, p. 42 ^ a b Hodge 2004, p. 40 ^ Hodge 2004, p. 43 See Goodreads Sources Hodge, J. A. The Private World of Georgette Heyer. Bodley Head, 1984; reprinted Arrow Books, 2004. Heyerlist.com vteNovels by Georgette HeyerHistorical novels The Great Roxhythe (1923) Simon the Coldheart (1925) Beauvallet (1929) The Conqueror (1931) Royal Escape (1938) My Lord John (1975) Romance novels The Black Moth (1921) Instead of the Thorn (1923) The Transformation of Philip Jettan (1923) Powder and Patch (1930) These Old Shades (1926) The Masqueraders (1928) Helen (1928) Pastel (1929) Barren Corn (1930) Devil's Cub (1932) The Convenient Marriage (1934) Regency Buck (1935) The Talisman Ring (1936) An Infamous Army (1937) The Spanish Bride (1940) The Corinthian (1940) Faro's Daughter (1941) Friday's Child (1944) The Reluctant Widow (1946) The Foundling (1948) Arabella (1949) The Grand Sophy (1950) The Quiet Gentleman (1951) Cotillion (1953) The Toll-Gate (1954) Bath Tangle (1955) Sprig Muslin (1956) April Lady (1957) Sylvester, or the Wicked Uncle (1957) Venetia (1958) The Unknown Ajax (1959) A Civil Contract (1961) The Nonesuch (1962) False Colours (1963) Frederica (1965) Black Sheep (1966) Cousin Kate (1968) Charity Girl (1970) Lady of Quality (1972)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romance novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_novel"},{"link_name":"Georgette Heyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Georgian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodge_p42-2"},{"link_name":"Regency Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Buck"},{"link_name":"The Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corinthian_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodge_p40-3"},{"link_name":"Jane Aiken Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Aiken_Hodge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodge_p43-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodge_p40-3"},{"link_name":"Frederica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bow Street Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners"}],"text":"The Talisman Ring is a historical romance novel by Georgette Heyer, first published in 1936. Set in 1793,[1] in the Georgian era, the action takes place in Sussex, where Heyer then lived.[2]Like several of Heyer's early novels including Regency Buck (1935) and The Corinthian (1940), The Talisman Ring blends the genres of romantic comedy and thriller.[3] Jane Aiken Hodge describes it as a \"neat comedy\"[4] and \"very nearly a detective story in period costume\".[3] In counterpointing an older and a younger couple, the novel is a forerunner of many of Heyer's later works, such as Frederica (1965). The Talisman Ring is also the first of Heyer's novels to feature characters from the Bow Street Runners.","title":"The Talisman Ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"card sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sharp"},{"link_name":"smuggler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"Excisemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Customs_and_Excise"},{"link_name":"chaperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(social)"},{"link_name":"Bow Street Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners"}],"text":"On his deathbed, Lord Lavenham arranges a marriage between his great-nephew, Sir Tristram Shield, and his young French granddaughter, Eustacie de Vauban, who has escaped the revolutionary Reign of Terror by coming to England. His grandson and heir, Ludovic, is on the run on the Continent after allegedly murdering a card sharp in a dispute over a valuable heirloom, the talisman ring. The romantic Eustacie, appalled by her betrothed's phlegmatic character, runs away and soon encounters a smuggler, who turns out to be her cousin Ludovic. The two take refuge at a local inn, the Red Lion, after Ludovic is shot in the shoulder while escaping from Excisemen. There they encounter an older lady, Miss Sarah Thane, who is also adventurously inclined and vows to help them. She is travelling with her brother Sir Hugh, whom she persuades to stay by encouraging his belief that he has caught cold, for which the excellent French brandy hidden in its cellars is an effective cure.After finding Eustacie's bandboxes scattered by the encounter and meeting the excisemen who are following Ludovic's blood trail, Tristram decides to go with them under the impression that Eustacie has encountered trouble from the smugglers. At the inn, against Sarah Thane's efforts, he conducts the excisemen towards Eustacie and Ludovic. Recognising Ludovic, Tristram leads the pursuers to believe that his cousin is a groom who had been shot while pursuing the smugglers and that he is one of Lord Lavenham's bastards to account for their resemblance. When the Excisemen leave, Tristram examines Ludovic's hands and pronounces his innocence, since he is not wearing the ring that would have been so important to him. Together with Sarah, now a loyal accomplice and Eustacie's self-appointed chaperone, they conclude that the murderer must be the foppish \"Beau\" Basil, Lord Lavenham's heir in the absence of Ludovic, and they hatch a plan to break into his home at the Dower House in search of the ring.Over the course of the next days, Tristram spreads the story that Eustacie had gone to meet Sarah, whom she knew from Paris, to smooth over the ripples of her escape. It is concluded that Eustacie will stay with Sarah to help protect Ludovic, and thus Basil pays her a visit at the inn. During their discussion, Eustacie pretends that Sarah is interested in architecture and would like to visit the Dower House, to which Basil invites them both. They leave the house without finding the hiding place of the ring, but Basil’s valet, having seen them rapping on the panels, informs Basil, who understands at once what they are after. Recollecting that Gregg, his factotum, has spoken to the Excisemen, he asks about the appearance of the \"bastard\" and, realising who it really is, calls in the Bow Street Runners.The landlord of the Red Lion, a long-term supporter of Ludovic and his smugglers, gets rid of the inefficient runners by passing off Ludovic, dressed in Sarah's clothes, as a woman. Basil then lays a trap, announcing that he is going to London. Ludovic tries, against all advice, to break into the house and escapes later with the help of Tristram. Basil next tries to break into the inn and kill Ludovic but is stopped by Sir Hugh, and in the struggle he loses a quizzing glass. The next morning Sir Tristram discovers the missing glasses and, noticing their disproportion, eventually finds the ring concealed in the shaft. Tristram then calls in more intelligent Bow Street Runners and lays a trap for Basil who, while trying to escape, punches Miss Thane on the temple. She recovers with Tristram nursing her and is rather annoyed when he proposes to her in dishevelled state, though she confesses later on, \"I have been meaning to marry you these ten days and more!\".","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dower_house"},{"link_name":"heir-presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir-presumptive"},{"link_name":"Justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Sylvester, Lord Lavenham of Lavenham Court in Sussex, 80-year-old grandfather to Ludovic Lavenham and Eustacie de Vauban, great-uncle to Sir Tristram Shield and Basil Lavenham.Ludovic Lavenham – Grandson to Lord Lavenham, accused of murder and living in exile, from where he smuggles in drink to the confederate land-smugglers Abel and Ned Bundy.Sir Tristram Shield – a Berkshire resident and the 31-year-old great-nephew of Lord Lavenham, cousin to Basil and Ludovic Lavenham and Eustacie de Vauban.Mademoiselle Eustacie de Vauban – 18-year-old niece of the exiled Vidame de Vauban and, as granddaughter to Lord Lavenham, cousin to Sir Tristram Shield and Basil and Ludovic Lavenham.Basil, known as \"Beau Lavenham\", who lives in the Dower house at Lavenham – 29-year-old great nephew and heir-presumptive to Lord Lavenham, cousin to Eustacie de Vauban, Ludovic Lavenham and Sir Tristram Shield.Sir Hugh Thane – a London Justice of the peace who generally travels accompanied by his younger sister Sarah.Miss Sarah Thane – 28-year-old sister to Sir Hugh .Jupp, valet to Lord Lavenham, and Porson, his butler.Gregg - Basil's co-operative valet.Joseph Nye – landlord of the Red Lion Inn at Hand Cross, which he runs with his tapster Clem.Sir Matthew John Plunckett – a card cheat murdered in a dispute over the talisman ring.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hodge, J. A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Aiken_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Heyerlist.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heyerlist.org/whos-who/The_Talisman_Ring.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"Georgette Heyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"The Great Roxhythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Roxhythe"},{"link_name":"Simon the Coldheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Coldheart"},{"link_name":"Beauvallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvallet"},{"link_name":"The Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conqueror_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Royal Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Escape"},{"link_name":"My Lord John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lord_John"},{"link_name":"The Black Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Moth"},{"link_name":"Instead of the Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instead_of_the_Thorn"},{"link_name":"The Transformation of Philip Jettan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformation_of_Philip_Jettan"},{"link_name":"Powder and Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_and_Patch"},{"link_name":"These Old Shades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Old_Shades"},{"link_name":"The Masqueraders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masqueraders"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_(Heyer_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pastel_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barren Corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barren_Corn"},{"link_name":"Devil's Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Cub"},{"link_name":"The Convenient Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Convenient_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Regency Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Buck"},{"link_name":"The Talisman Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"An Infamous Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Infamous_Army"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spanish_Bride"},{"link_name":"The Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corinthian_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Faro's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"Friday's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday%27s_Child_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Widow"},{"link_name":"The Foundling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundling_(Heyer_novel)"},{"link_name":"Arabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Sophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Sophy"},{"link_name":"The Quiet Gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quiet_Gentleman"},{"link_name":"Cotillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotillion_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Toll-Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toll-Gate"},{"link_name":"Bath Tangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Tangle"},{"link_name":"Sprig Muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprig_Muslin"},{"link_name":"April Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Lady"},{"link_name":"Sylvester, or the Wicked Uncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester,_or_the_Wicked_Uncle"},{"link_name":"Venetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetia_(Heyer_novel)"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Ajax"},{"link_name":"A Civil Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Contract"},{"link_name":"The Nonesuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nonesuch"},{"link_name":"False Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Colours_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Frederica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Black Sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sheep_(Heyer_novel)"},{"link_name":"Cousin Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_Kate_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Charity Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Girl"},{"link_name":"Lady of Quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Quality"}],"text":"Hodge, J. A. The Private World of Georgette Heyer. Bodley Head, 1984; reprinted Arrow Books, 2004.\nHeyerlist.comvteNovels by Georgette HeyerHistorical novels\nThe Great Roxhythe (1923)\nSimon the Coldheart (1925)\nBeauvallet (1929)\nThe Conqueror (1931)\nRoyal Escape (1938)\nMy Lord John (1975)\nRomance novels\nThe Black Moth (1921)\nInstead of the Thorn (1923)\nThe Transformation of Philip Jettan (1923)\nPowder and Patch (1930)\nThese Old Shades (1926)\nThe Masqueraders (1928)\nHelen (1928)\nPastel (1929)\nBarren Corn (1930)\nDevil's Cub (1932)\nThe Convenient Marriage (1934)\nRegency Buck (1935)\nThe Talisman Ring (1936)\nAn Infamous Army (1937)\nThe Spanish Bride (1940)\nThe Corinthian (1940)\nFaro's Daughter (1941)\nFriday's Child (1944)\nThe Reluctant Widow (1946)\nThe Foundling (1948)\nArabella (1949)\nThe Grand Sophy (1950)\nThe Quiet Gentleman (1951)\nCotillion (1953)\nThe Toll-Gate (1954)\nBath Tangle (1955)\nSprig Muslin (1956)\nApril Lady (1957)\nSylvester, or the Wicked Uncle (1957)\nVenetia (1958)\nThe Unknown Ajax (1959)\nA Civil Contract (1961)\nThe Nonesuch (1962)\nFalse Colours (1963)\nFrederica (1965)\nBlack Sheep (1966)\nCousin Kate (1968)\nCharity Girl (1970)\nLady of Quality (1972)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.georgette-heyer.com/chron.html","external_links_name":"http://www.georgette-heyer.com/chron.html"},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32108.The_Talisman_Ring","external_links_name":"Goodreads"},{"Link":"http://www.heyerlist.org/whos-who/The_Talisman_Ring.html","external_links_name":"Heyerlist.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_Island_(Solomon_Islands)
Pigeon Island (Solomon Islands)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 10°18′13″S 166°17′42″E / 10.3035°S 166.2950°E / -10.3035; 166.2950Pigeon Island is of one of the Reef Islands in Temotu Province, in the independent nation of Solomon Islands, 360 nautical miles from Honiara. The island is 274 by 91 metres. In local language the island is called Ngarando, which means a faraway place. References ^ "Hepworth, Tom and Diana ( - 1994)". Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Phare, Jane (27 January 2001). "Stranger in paradise sours a dream". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2018. 10°18′13″S 166°17′42″E / 10.3035°S 166.2950°E / -10.3035; 166.2950 vte Islands of Solomon Islands by provinceCentral Aeaun Gavutu Mbanika Nggela Islands Pavuvu Russell Islands Savo Tanambogo Tulagi Choiseul Choiseul Cyprian Bridge Island Nuatambu Rob Roy Taro Wagina Guadalcanal Guadalcanal Korasahalu Marau Sound Marapa Nughu Tavanipupu Vulelua Isabel Arnarvon Furona Island Kerehikapa Mahige Maleivona Ramos San Jorge Santa Isabel Sikopo Makira-Ulawa Ali'ite Makira Malaulalo Malaupaina Pio Olu Malau Owaraha Owariki Ugi Ulawa Malaita Adagege Alite Anuta Paina Faore Funaafou Langa Langa Lagoon Lau Lagoon Laulasi Maana'omba Malaita Maramasike Matuavi Mbasakana Ndai Ontong Java Roncador Reef Sikaiana Sulufou Tehaolei Rennell and Bellona Bellona Indispensable Reefs North Reef Rennell Temotu Anuta Banie Bass Islands Duff Islands Fatutaka Fenualoa Lomlom Makalom Malo Matema Nendö Ngalo Ngandeli Ngatendo Ngawa Nibanga Nendi Nibanga Temau Nifiloli Nukapu Nupani Patteson Shoal Pigeon Pileni Reef Islands Santa Cruz Islands Tahua Taumako Teanu Temotu Noi Tikopia Tinakula Utupua Vanikoro Western Akara Arundel Balalae Faisi Fauro Ghizo Ghoi Kennedy Kiambe Kingguru Kolombangara Liapari Logha Lola Lumbari Magusaiai Masamasa Marovo Matikuri Mbava Mborokua Mbulo Mondomondo Mono Nakaza Naru New Georgia New Georgia Islands Nggatokae Nusatupe Olasana Ovau Island Pirumeri Ranongga Rendova Shortland Shortland Islands Simbo Stirling Telina Tetepare Treasury Islands Vella Lavella Uepi Vangunu Vonavona This Solomon Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reef Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Islands"},{"link_name":"Temotu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temotu_Province"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Honiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honiara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pigeon Island is of one of the Reef Islands in Temotu Province, in the independent nation of Solomon Islands, 360 nautical miles from Honiara. The island is 274 by 91 metres.[1] In local language the island is called Ngarando, which means a faraway place.[2]","title":"Pigeon Island (Solomon Islands)"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Hepworth, Tom and Diana ( - 1994)\". Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.solomonencyclopaedia.net/biogs/E000489b.htm","url_text":"\"Hepworth, Tom and Diana ( - 1994)\""}]},{"reference":"Phare, Jane (27 January 2001). \"Stranger in paradise sours a dream\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=169904","url_text":"\"Stranger in paradise sours a dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_tree_(instrument)
Headstock
["1 Construction details","2 Signature headstock outlines","2.1 Fender-like curved 6-in-line headstocks","2.2 Gibson-like 3+3 headstocks","2.3 Pointed headstocks, 6-in-line","3 Matching headstock","4 References"]
Part of the guitar which houses the pegs This article is about part of a stringed instrument. For motorized chuck component, see lathe. For other uses, see Headstock (disambiguation). Classical guitar headstock A headstock or peghead is part of a guitar or similar stringed instruments such as a lute, mandolin, banjo, ukulele and others of the lute lineage. The main function of a headstock is to house the tuning pegs or other mechanism that holds the strings at the "head" of the instrument; it corresponds to a pegbox in the violin family. At the "tail" of the instrument the strings are usually held by a tailpiece or bridge. Machine heads on the headstock are commonly used to tune the instrument by adjusting the tension of strings and, consequently, the pitch of sound they produce. Construction details Bass guitar headstock Two traditional layouts of guitar tuners are called "3+3" (3 top tuners and 3 bottom ones) and "6 in line" tuners, though many other combinations are known, especially for bass guitars and non-6-string guitars. When there are no machine heads (i.e. tuners are not needed or located in some other place, for example, on guitar body), the guitar headstock may be missing completely, as in Steinberger guitar or some Chapman stick models. Schematic section shows both straight and angled headstocks. Note the β angle between the surface of the neck and the headstock surface The headstock may be carved separately and glued to the neck using some sort of joint (such as a scarf joint). There are two major trends in headstock construction, based on how the string will go after passing the nut. The advantages and disadvantages of both trends are very debatable and subjective, so these two variants are used: Straight headstocks form a single plane with a flat surface of the neck (and fingerboard). This makes the neck and headstock easier to manufacture; they can be constructed from a single piece of wood. Fender usually uses non-angled, straight headstocks. Because of the low angle of the string over the nut, string trees may be used to avoid the string coming out of the nut while playing. Angled headstocks form some kind of acute angle with a surface of the neck. The value of "magic angle" (called headstock pitch) that gives the best tone and stability is also very debatable, but it is usually in a range from 3° to 25°. For example, various manufacturers and particular guitar models use: Guitars 4°: Guild 11°: Martin 12°: Bigsby, Yamaha SGV 13°: Peavey, Warmoth 14°: Gibson Firebird V and VII, Gibson X-plorer, some vintage Gibson guitars, Washburn, most budget Epiphone replicas of Gibson models 17°: Gibson ES-335, Gibson Les Paul, Gibson SG, Epiphone Casino Bass guitars 10°: all Gibson basses 12°: Yamaha SBV 14°: most Epiphone replicas of Gibson models 24°: Kinal Luthiers of both styles frequently cite better sound, longer sustain and strings staying in tune longer as advantages of each style. Fragile construction is cited as a disadvantage of each style too: single-piece necks are more likely to break on occasional hits and are harder to repair, while glued-in necks can break with time. Apart from its main function, the headstock is an important decorative detail of a guitar. It is the place where the overwhelming majority of guitar manufacturers draw their logo. Some guitars without machine heads (for example, ones equipped with Floyd Rose SpeedLoader) have a headstock for purely decorative reasons. Signature headstock outlines Headstock from an ARTCORE series guitar by Ibanez Ibanez JEM 555 BK headstock Details of a Seagull Guitar headstock. Most major guitar brands have signature headstock designs that make their guitars or guitar series easily recognizable. As seen in a section below, even "copied" at the first glance designs retain clear visible changes in dimensions, proportions of elements, etc., so it is almost always possible to tell a major brand of a guitar by looking at the headstock. Fender-like curved 6-in-line headstocks Fender Telecaster Fender Stratocaster, regular version, used on modern Mexican and American-built guitars (other than the Highway One (Upgrade) series), as well as the brief-lived Korean-made Fender Stratocaster of the early 1990s. Large Fender was first seen on the Jazzmaster, introduced 1959; also seen on the Fender Jaguar, "CBS" version Fender Stratocaster (from 1965 to 1981) and early 1970s Telecaster Deluxe. Currently used on 1970s Stratocaster reissues, Highway One Strats, Squier guitars, and '72 Telecaster Deluxe reissues Gibson Firebird series (also used in reverse) Washburn N-series (reverse) Floyd Rose SpeedLoader Guitars decorative headstock, no machine heads at all Gibson-like 3+3 headstocks Gibson, used on most of their acoustic and electric guitars since the 1930s, and many before that. ESP EC-series PRS asymmetric, used on most guitars PRS symmetric, used on Santana 3 model Gibson Flying V, 1958 issue Rickenbacker Dean standard Headstock Greg Bennett headstock Slotted headstock on an acoustic guitar. Normally these are found on classical (nylon string) guitars. Pointed headstocks, 6-in-line ESP "pointed" headstock, used on Horizon NT-II and M-II guitars, as well as many signature models (also used in reverse) Ibanez "pointed" Ibanez signature headstock, used on most rock-series solid-body electric guitars (also used in reverse) Jackson "pointed" headstock, used on almost all solid-body electric guitar series (also used in reverse) Washburn "pointed" headstock, used on almost all rocker-series electric guitars (also used in reverse) Matching headstock Matching headstock on an electric guitar On some electric guitars and basses the finish used on the body is also applied to the face of the headstock. Generally, matched-headstock models carry a price premium over their plain counterparts due to the extra processes involved in the finishing process. Although Fender no longer offers matched headstocks on production models made in the United States or Mexico, certain models from Fender Japan are available with matched headstocks. The definition of a "matched headstock" varies between manufacturers and players - for example, the headstocks of Gibson guitars are nearly always black, and it is debatable whether a black-bodied Gibson has a matching headstock. Generally, a guitar is only considered to have a matching headstock if the guitar is usually produced without matching body and headstock finishes. References ^ "What String Trees Are For | zZounds Music Blog". zZounds Music Blog. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-12. ^ "UG Community @". Ultimate-guitar.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Bigsby Guitars & Vibratos - Official Website". Bigsbyguitars.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Yamaha SGV Series Takes Guitar To The Extreme". Giles.com. 2000-04-14. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Peavey.com". Peavey.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Warmoth replacement guitar necks: Warmoth "Pro" 13°". ^ "Warmoth replacement bass necks: 13° Angled Pegheads". ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Vintage Guitars Info - Gibson solidbody vintage guitar collecting". Provide.net. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Washburn N4VINTAGE Electric Guitar". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-15. ^ "Epiphone Musical Instruments - News". Epiphone.com. 2006-05-31. Archived from the original on 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Epiphone Musical Instruments". Gibson.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Yamaha SBV500 bass is a true alternative". Musiciansnews.com. Archived from the original on 2003-03-09. Retrieved 2010-08-10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2006-07-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"},{"link_name":"Headstock (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstock_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guitar_May_2009-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"lute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"tuning pegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_peg"},{"link_name":"pegbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegbox"},{"link_name":"violin family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_family"},{"link_name":"tailpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailpiece"},{"link_name":"Machine heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_heads"}],"text":"This article is about part of a stringed instrument. For motorized chuck component, see lathe. For other uses, see Headstock (disambiguation).Classical guitar headstockA headstock or peghead is part of a guitar or similar stringed instruments such as a lute, mandolin, banjo, ukulele and others of the lute lineage. The main function of a headstock is to house the tuning pegs or other mechanism that holds the strings at the \"head\" of the instrument; it corresponds to a pegbox in the violin family. At the \"tail\" of the instrument the strings are usually held by a tailpiece or bridge. Machine heads on the headstock are commonly used to tune the instrument by adjusting the tension of strings and, consequently, the pitch of sound they produce.","title":"Headstock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bass_guitar_headstock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steinberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberger"},{"link_name":"Chapman stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guitar_headstock_angle.png"},{"link_name":"joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking_joints"},{"link_name":"scarf joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarf_joint"},{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"acute angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_angle"},{"link_name":"Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_Guitar_Company"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Martin_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bigsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bigsby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Peavey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peavey_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gibson Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Firebird"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gibson X-plorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Explorer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_Guitars"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Epiphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-335"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gibson Les Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gibson SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_SG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Epiphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Luthiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier"},{"link_name":"sustain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustain"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"Floyd Rose SpeedLoader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Rose_SpeedLoader"}],"text":"Bass guitar headstockTwo traditional layouts of guitar tuners are called \"3+3\" (3 top tuners and 3 bottom ones) and \"6 in line\" tuners, though many other combinations are known, especially for bass guitars and non-6-string guitars. When there are no machine heads (i.e. tuners are not needed or located in some other place, for example, on guitar body), the guitar headstock may be missing completely, as in Steinberger guitar or some Chapman stick models.Schematic section shows both straight and angled headstocks. Note the β angle between the surface of the neck and the headstock surfaceThe headstock may be carved separately and glued to the neck using some sort of joint (such as a scarf joint). There are two major trends in headstock construction, based on how the string will go after passing the nut. The advantages and disadvantages of both trends are very debatable and subjective, so these two variants are used:Straight headstocks form a single plane with a flat surface of the neck (and fingerboard). This makes the neck and headstock easier to manufacture; they can be constructed from a single piece of wood. Fender usually uses non-angled, straight headstocks. Because of the low angle of the string over the nut, string trees may be used to avoid the string coming out of the nut while playing.[1]\nAngled headstocks form some kind of acute angle with a surface of the neck. The value of \"magic angle\" (called headstock pitch) that gives the best tone and stability is also very debatable, but it is usually in a range from 3° to 25°. For example, various manufacturers and particular guitar models use:\nGuitars\n4°: Guild\n11°: Martin[2]\n12°: Bigsby,[3] Yamaha SGV[4]\n13°: Peavey,[5] Warmoth[6][7]\n14°: Gibson Firebird V[8] and VII,[9] Gibson X-plorer,[10] some vintage Gibson guitars,[11] Washburn,[12] most budget Epiphone replicas of Gibson models[13]\n17°: Gibson ES-335,[14] Gibson Les Paul,[15] Gibson SG,[16] Epiphone Casino[17]\nBass guitars\n10°: all Gibson basses[18]\n12°: Yamaha SBV[19]\n14°: most Epiphone replicas of Gibson models\n24°: Kinal[20]Luthiers of both styles frequently cite better sound, longer sustain and strings staying in tune longer as advantages of each style. Fragile construction is cited as a disadvantage of each style too: single-piece necks are more likely to break on occasional hits and are harder to repair, while glued-in necks can break with time.Apart from its main function, the headstock is an important decorative detail of a guitar. It is the place where the overwhelming majority of guitar manufacturers draw their logo. Some guitars without machine heads (for example, ones equipped with Floyd Rose SpeedLoader) have a headstock for purely decorative reasons.","title":"Construction details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibanez_Artcore_headstock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ibanez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IbanezJem555BK-headstock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ibanez JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez_JEM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeagullHeadstock.JPG"}],"text":"Headstock from an ARTCORE series guitar by IbanezIbanez JEM 555 BK headstockDetails of a Seagull Guitar headstock.Most major guitar brands have signature headstock designs that make their guitars or guitar series easily recognizable. As seen in a section below, even \"copied\" at the first glance designs retain clear visible changes in dimensions, proportions of elements, etc., so it is almost always possible to tell a major brand of a guitar by looking at the headstock.","title":"Signature headstock outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fender_headstock_telecaster.svg"},{"link_name":"Fender Telecaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Telecaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fender_headstock_normal.svg"},{"link_name":"Fender Stratocaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster"},{"link_name":"Fender Stratocaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fender_headstock_big.svg"},{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Jazzmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzmaster"},{"link_name":"Fender Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"Fender Stratocaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster"},{"link_name":"Telecaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecaster"},{"link_name":"Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibson_headstock_firebird.svg"},{"link_name":"Gibson Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Firebird"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washburn_headstock_n.svg"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floyd_rose_headstock.svg"},{"link_name":"Floyd Rose SpeedLoader Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Rose_SpeedLoader"}],"sub_title":"Fender-like curved 6-in-line headstocks","text":"Fender Telecaster\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFender Stratocaster, regular version, used on modern Mexican and American-built guitars (other than the Highway One (Upgrade) series), as well as the brief-lived Korean-made Fender Stratocaster of the early 1990s.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarge Fender was first seen on the Jazzmaster, introduced 1959; also seen on the Fender Jaguar, \"CBS\" version Fender Stratocaster (from 1965 to 1981) and early 1970s Telecaster Deluxe. Currently used on 1970s Stratocaster reissues, Highway One Strats, Squier guitars, and '72 Telecaster Deluxe reissues\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson Firebird series (also used in reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashburn N-series (reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFloyd Rose SpeedLoader Guitars decorative headstock, no machine heads at all","title":"Signature headstock outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibson-headstock-LP.svg"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP_headstock_EC.svg"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESP_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRS_headstock.svg"},{"link_name":"PRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prs_headstock_santana_3.svg"},{"link_name":"PRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibson_headstock_flying_v.svg"},{"link_name":"Gibson Flying V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Flying_V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rickenbacker_headstock.svg"},{"link_name":"Rickenbacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dean_Headstock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dean standard Headstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gb_headstock.svg"},{"link_name":"Greg Bennett headstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Bennett_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slotted_Headstock_I.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gibson-like 3+3 headstocks","text":"Gibson, used on most of their acoustic and electric guitars since the 1930s, and many before that.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tESP EC-series\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPRS asymmetric, used on most guitars\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPRS symmetric, used on Santana 3 model\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson Flying V, 1958 issue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRickenbacker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDean standard Headstock\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreg Bennett headstockSlotted headstock on an acoustic guitar. Normally these are found on classical (nylon string) guitars.","title":"Signature headstock outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESP-headstock-sharp.svg"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESP_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibanez_headstock_pointed.svg"},{"link_name":"Ibanez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackson_headstock_pointed.svg"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Guitars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washburn_headstock_pointed.svg"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_Guitars"}],"sub_title":"Pointed headstocks, 6-in-line","text":"ESP \"pointed\" headstock, used on Horizon NT-II and M-II guitars, as well as many signature models (also used in reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIbanez \"pointed\" Ibanez signature headstock, used on most rock-series solid-body electric guitars (also used in reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJackson \"pointed\" headstock, used on almost all solid-body electric guitar series (also used in reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashburn \"pointed\" headstock, used on almost all rocker-series electric guitars (also used in reverse)","title":"Signature headstock outlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PScardinalHeadSample1_20150921_(23831611941).jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Fender Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Japan"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"}],"text":"Matching headstock on an electric guitarOn some electric guitars and basses the finish used on the body is also applied to the face of the headstock. Generally, matched-headstock models carry a price premium over their plain counterparts due to the extra processes involved in the finishing process.Although Fender no longer offers matched headstocks on production models made in the United States or Mexico, certain models from Fender Japan are available with matched headstocks.The definition of a \"matched headstock\" varies between manufacturers and players - for example, the headstocks of Gibson guitars are nearly always black, and it is debatable whether a black-bodied Gibson has a matching headstock. Generally, a guitar is only considered to have a matching headstock if the guitar is usually produced without matching body and headstock finishes.","title":"Matching headstock"}]
[{"image_text":"Classical guitar headstock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Guitar_May_2009-1.jpg/220px-Guitar_May_2009-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bass guitar headstock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bass_guitar_headstock.jpg/220px-Bass_guitar_headstock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic section shows both straight and angled headstocks. Note the β angle between the surface of the neck and the headstock surface","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guitar_headstock_angle.png/220px-Guitar_headstock_angle.png"},{"image_text":"Headstock from an ARTCORE series guitar by Ibanez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ibanez_Artcore_headstock.jpg/220px-Ibanez_Artcore_headstock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ibanez JEM 555 BK headstock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IbanezJem555BK-headstock.jpg/220px-IbanezJem555BK-headstock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Details of a Seagull Guitar headstock.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SeagullHeadstock.JPG/275px-SeagullHeadstock.JPG"},{"image_text":"Slotted headstock on an acoustic guitar. Normally these are found on classical (nylon string) guitars.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Slotted_Headstock_I.jpg/220px-Slotted_Headstock_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matching headstock on an electric guitar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PScardinalHeadSample1_20150921_%2823831611941%29.jpg/220px-PScardinalHeadSample1_20150921_%2823831611941%29.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 2010-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516020755/http://www.gibson.com/products/gibson/classic/es-335.html","url_text":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\""},{"url":"http://www.gibson.com/products/gibson/classic/ES-335.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2010-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123180723/http://www.gibson.com/Products/GibsonElectric/Gibson%20Electric%20Guitars/LesPaul/Standards/Standard/","url_text":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\""},{"url":"http://www.gibson.com/Products/GibsonElectric/Gibson%20Electric%20Guitars/LesPaul/Standards/Standard/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2010-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829143807/http://www.gibson.com/Products/GibsonElectric/Gibson%20Electric%20Guitars/SG%20Specials/SG%20Standard","url_text":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\""},{"url":"http://www.gibson.com/Products/GibsonElectric/Gibson%20Electric%20Guitars/SG%20Specials/SG%20Standard/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Epiphone Musical Instruments\". Gibson.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2010-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518060020/http://www.gibson.com/products/epiphone/stuff/casinos.html","url_text":"\"Epiphone Musical Instruments\""},{"url":"http://www.gibson.com/products/epiphone/stuff/casinos.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibson Guitar: Electric, Acoustic and Bass Guitars, Baldwin Pianos\". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2006-10-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium_pentachloride
Protactinium(V) chloride
["1 See also","2 References"]
Protactinium(V) chloride Names IUPAC name Protactinium(V) chloride Other names Protactinium pentachloride, Protactinium chloride Identifiers CAS Number 13760-41-3 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 9222996 PubChem CID 11047828 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID401045196 InChI InChI=1S/5ClH.Pa/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5Key: QRPCDPJECLHYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-I SMILES Cl(Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl Properties Chemical formula PaCl5 Molar mass 408.301 g/mol Appearance yellow monoclinic crystals Density 3.74 g/cm3 Melting point 306 °C (583 °F; 579 K) Boiling point 420 °C (788 °F; 693 K) Structure Crystal structure monoclinic, mS24 Space group c12/c1, #15 Coordination geometry Pa, 7, pentagonal bipyramidal Cl, 1 and 2 Related compounds Other anions Protactinium(V) fluorideProtactinium(V) bromideProtactinium(V) iodide Other cations Praseodymium(III) chlorideUranium(IV) chlorideThorium(IV) chloride Related compounds Protactinium(IV) chloride Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Protactinium(V) chloride is the chemical compound composed of protactinium and chlorine with the formula PaCl5. It forms yellow monoclinic crystals and has a unique structure composed of chains of 7 coordinate, pentagonal bipyramidal, protactinium atoms sharing edges. Protactinium(V) chloride can react with boron tribromide at high temperatures to form protactinium(V) bromide. It also reacts with fluorine to form protactinium(V) fluoride at high temperatures. See also Protactinium(IV) chloride References ^ a b c Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 484. ISBN 0849305942. Retrieved 2008-07-17. ^ "Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table: Professional Edition: Protactinium: compound data (protactinium (V) chloride)". WebElements. Retrieved 2008-07-17. ^ R. P. Dodge, G. S. Smith, Q. Johnson, R. E. Elson: „The Crystal Structure of Protactinium Pentachloride“, Acta Crystallogr., 1967, 22, 85–89; doi:10.1107/S0365110X67000155. ^ a b Georg Brauer (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Marianne Baudler u. a.: Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. 3., umgearbeitete Auflage. Band I, Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1975, ISBN 3-432-02328-6, S. 1177. vteProtactinium compoundsPa(II) PaO Pa(III) PaH3 PaN Pa(IV) PaO2 PaCl4 PaBr4 PaF4 PaI4 PaOCl2 PaC Pa(C8H8)2 Pa(V) Pa2O5 PaF5 PaCl5 PaBr5 PaI5 PaO2F PaO2Cl PaO2I PaO(NO3)3 vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion HCl He LiCl BeCl2 B4Cl4B12Cl12BCl3B2Cl4+BO3 C2Cl2C2Cl4C2Cl6CCl4+C+CO3 NCl3ClN3+N+NO3 ClxOyCl2OCl2O2ClOClO2Cl2O4Cl2O6Cl2O7ClO4+O ClFClF3ClF5 Ne NaCl MgCl2 AlClAlCl3 Si5Cl12Si2Cl6SiCl4 P2Cl4PCl3PCl5+P S2Cl2SCl2SCl4+SO4 Cl2 Ar KCl CaClCaCl2 ScCl3 TiCl2TiCl3TiCl4 VCl2VCl3VCl4VCl5 CrCl2CrCl3CrCl4 MnCl2MnCl3 FeCl2FeCl3 CoCl2CoCl3 NiCl2 CuClCuCl2 ZnCl2 GaClGaCl3 GeCl2GeCl4 AsCl3AsCl5+As Se2Cl2SeCl2SeCl4 BrCl Kr RbCl SrCl2 YCl3 ZrCl3ZrCl4 NbCl3NbCl4NbCl5 MoCl2MoCl3MoCl4MoCl5MoCl6 TcCl3TcCl4 RuCl2RuCl3RuCl4 RhCl3 PdCl2 AgCl CdCl2 InClInCl2InCl3 SnCl2SnCl4 SbCl3SbCl5 Te3Cl2TeCl2TeCl4 IClICl3 XeClXeCl2XeCl4 CsCl BaCl2 * LuCl3 HfCl4 TaCl3TaCl4TaCl5 WCl2WCl3WCl4WCl5WCl6 ReCl3ReCl4ReCl5ReCl6 OsCl2OsCl3OsCl4OsCl5 IrCl2IrCl3IrCl4 PtCl2PtCl4 AuCl(Au)2AuCl3 Hg2Cl2HgCl2 TlClTlCl3 PbCl2PbCl4 BiCl3 PoCl2PoCl4 AtCl Rn FrCl RaCl2 ** LrCl3 RfCl4 DbCl5 SgO2Cl2 BhO3Cl Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * LaCl3 CeCl3 PrCl3 NdCl2NdCl3 PmCl3 SmCl2SmCl3 EuCl2EuCl3 GdCl3 TbCl3 DyCl2DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl2TmCl3 YbCl2YbCl3 ** AcCl3 ThCl3ThCl4 PaCl4PaCl5 UCl3UCl4UCl5UCl6 NpCl3 PuCl3 AmCl2AmCl3 CmCl3 BkCl3 CfCl3CfCl2 EsCl2EsCl3 FmCl2 MdCl2 NoCl2 vteHalides of actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es +6 UF6UCl6 NpF6 PuF6 AmF6 EsF6 +5 PaF5PaCl5PaBr5PaI5 UF5UCl5UBr5 NpF5 PuF5 +4 ThF4ThCl4ThBr4ThI4 PaF4PaCl4PaBr4PaI4 UF4UCl4UBr4UI4 NpF4NpCl4NpBr4 PuF4 AmF4 CmF4 BkF4 CfF4 EsF4 +3 AcF3AcCl3AcBr3AcI3 ThF3ThCl3ThI3 UF3UCl3UBr3UI3 NpF3NpCl3NpBr3NpI3 PuF3PuCl3PuBr3PuI3 AmF3AmCl3AmBr3AmI3 CmF3CmCl3CmBr3CmI3 BkF3BkCl3BkBr3BkI3 CfF3CfCl3CfBr3CfI3 EsF3EsCl3EsBr3EsI3 +2 ThI2ThCl2 AmF2AmCl2AmBr2AmI2 CfI2CfCl2 EsCl2EsBr2EsI2 This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Protactinium(IV) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_chloride"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybeats
Baybeats
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for events. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Baybeats" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Baybeats" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BaybeatsGenreAlternative, Indie, Folk, Pop, Metal, Post-rock, Emo, Punk, Electro etc.Location(s)SingaporeYears active2002-Present Baybeats is an annual 3-day alternative music festival organized by Esplanade, and held in Singapore. It showcases various local acts such as regional and international artists. The festival is located at Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay and is free. History Baybeats was thought up by John Chiong of local music company, Wake Me Up Music, in 2001 and launched in 2002. The inaugural festival in 2002 was attended by around 9,000 people. In 2006, Baybeats started auditions for bands to perform during the festival. In 2007, the festival started a mentorship programme, Baybeats Budding Bands, to let bands who passed the festival's auditions to be mentored by the local music scene. After the mentorship, selected bands get to perform at the festival. The 2007 festival was attended by 69,000 people. In 2008, Baybeats was solely organised by the Esplanade. The festival also included five short films to be screened during the festival. In 2021, the festival was held over four days for the first time instead of three days. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baybeats. List of electronic music festivals Live electronic music References ^ Tan, Valarie (1 September 2008). "Thousands of fans throng Baybeats music festival". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2023. ^ a b c "BEATS' BACK". Today. 11 July 2006. p. 36. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via NewspaperSG. ^ a b c Toh, Christopher (21 August 2008). "Baying for more". Today. p. 37. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via NewspaperSG. ^ a b Abdul Hadi, Eddino (19 June 2014). "Rock to new beats with Baybeats' budding bands scheme". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 January 2024. ^ Adam, Adlina (20 October 2023). "Get to know the Budding Bands of Baybeats 2023 – Count Vernon, M.Y.T.H, Taledrops, The Workshop, and Thy Howler". Retrieved 19 January 2024. ^ Abdul Hadi, Eddino (11 October 2021). "Indie music festival Baybeats marks 20 years with expanded edition". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 January 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baybeats. Official Twitter
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[]
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[{"reference":"Tan, Valarie (1 September 2008). \"Thousands of fans throng Baybeats music festival\". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080912155337/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/372940/1/.html","url_text":"\"Thousands of fans throng Baybeats music festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia","url_text":"Channel NewsAsia"},{"url":"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/372940/1/.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BEATS' BACK\". Today. 11 July 2006. p. 36. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via NewspaperSG.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/today20060711-1.2.47.1","url_text":"\"BEATS' BACK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)","url_text":"Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperSG","url_text":"NewspaperSG"}]},{"reference":"Toh, Christopher (21 August 2008). \"Baying for more\". Today. p. 37. Retrieved 20 October 2023 – via NewspaperSG.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/today20080821-1.2.46.1","url_text":"\"Baying for more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)","url_text":"Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperSG","url_text":"NewspaperSG"}]},{"reference":"Abdul Hadi, Eddino (19 June 2014). \"Rock to new beats with Baybeats' budding bands scheme\". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rock-to-new-beats-with-baybeats-budding-bands-scheme","url_text":"\"Rock to new beats with Baybeats' budding bands scheme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923","url_text":"0585-3923"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Adlina (20 October 2023). \"Get to know the Budding Bands of Baybeats 2023 – Count Vernon, M.Y.T.H, Taledrops, The Workshop, and Thy Howler\". Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/get-to-know-the-budding-bands-of-baybeats-2023-count-vernon-myth-taledrops-the-workshop-thy-howler-singapore-interview-mentorship-programme","url_text":"\"Get to know the Budding Bands of Baybeats 2023 – Count Vernon, M.Y.T.H, Taledrops, The Workshop, and Thy Howler\""}]},{"reference":"Abdul Hadi, Eddino (11 October 2021). \"Indie music festival Baybeats marks 20 years with expanded edition\". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/indie-music-festival-baybeats-marks-20-years-with-expanded-edition","url_text":"\"Indie music festival Baybeats marks 20 years with expanded edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923","url_text":"0585-3923"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas_pygmy_owl
Tamaulipas pygmy owl
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Ecology","4 Status","5 References","6 External links"]
Species of owl Tamaulipas pygmy owl Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix II (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae Genus: Glaucidium Species: G. sanchezi Binomial name Glaucidium sancheziLowery & Newman, RJ, 1949 Distribution of Tamaulipas pygmy owl   Resident The Tamaulipas pygmy owl (Glaucidium sanchezi) is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is endemic to Mexico. This is one of the smallest owls in the world, with a mean length of 13.5 cm (5.3 in). However, at 53 g (1.9 oz), it is slightly heavier than the long-whiskered owlet and the elf owl. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. Description The adult Tamaulipas pygmy owl has a length of between 13 and 16 cm (5.1 and 6.3 in) with a relatively long tail of between 5.1 and 5.7 cm (2.0 and 2.2 in). Their average weight is 53 g (1.9 oz), the male generally being lighter than the female. The male has a brownish facial disc flecked with white and short white eyebrows. The upper parts are olive-brown, with a greyer crown and fine white speckling at the front and sides of the crown. The main wing and tail feathers are barred in white. The underparts are whitish with some reddish-brown streaking and mottling. The legs are feathered, the bill is yellowish-brown and the eyes are yellow. The female is similar but has an overall more reddish-brown appearance. Distribution The Tamaulipas pygmy owl is endemic to Mexico where it is only found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico, in the northern part of the state of Hidalgo and the southeastern part of the state of San Luis Potosí. Its habitat is moist evergreen forest, montane forest and cloud forest at altitudes between about 900 and 2,100 m (3,000 and 6,900 ft). Ecology This owl is partly diurnal and feeds on insects and small vertebrates such as lizards. Little is known of its breeding habits but it generally chooses a hole in a tree previously used by a woodpecker. A clutch of up to four white eggs is laid and the young are able to fly soon after they emerge from the nest. Status At one time the International Union for Conservation of Nature rated the conservation status of the Tamaulipas pygmy owl as "least concern" but this has now been changed to "near-threatened". The forests in which this owl lives are being logged and the bird's range is now thought to be smaller than it was in the past. The population is also thought to be declining and is estimated to be fewer than 50,000 birds. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2019). "Glaucidium sanchezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22724465A156097322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22724465A156097322.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ Claus König; Friedhelm Weick & Jan-Hendrik Becking (1999). Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07920-3. ^ a b c d König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm; Becking, Jan-Hendrik (2010). Owls of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4081-3578-5. External links Tamaulipas pygmy owl videos on the Internet Bird Collection Tamaulipas pygmy owl photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res; Article borderland-tours Taxon identifiersGlaucidium sanchezi Wikidata: Q1269231 Wikispecies: Glaucidium sanchezi ADW: Glaucidium_sanchezi Avibase: 7081C015722C860E BirdLife: 22724465 BOW: tapowl1 CoL: 3G64K eBird: tapowl1 GBIF: 5232165 iNaturalist: 19838 IRMNG: 11079452 ITIS: 555452 IUCN: 22724465 Neotropical: tapowl1 Observation.org: 194662 Open Tree of Life: 3595684 Species+: 4388 Xeno-canto: Glaucidium-sanchezi
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looe_Key
Looe Key
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 24°32′55″N 81°24′21″W / 24.54861°N 81.40583°W / 24.54861; -81.40583Coral reef in the Florida Keys, US Looe KeyMap of Looe Key from NOAA Navigational Chart 11445CaribbeanShow map of FloridaLooe Key (Caribbean)Show map of Caribbean LocationLocationCaribbeanCoordinates24°32′55″N 81°24′21″W / 24.54861°N 81.40583°W / 24.54861; -81.40583CountryUnited StatesGeologyTypereef Looe Key is a coral reef located within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It lies to the south of Big Pine Key. This reef is within a Sanctuary Preservation Area (SPA). Part of Looe Key is designated as "Research Only," an area which protects some of the patch reefs landward of the main reef. The reef is named after HMS Looe, which ran aground on the reef and sank in 1744. In August 1994, RV Columbus Iselin, a research vessel owned by the University of Miami, ran aground on Looe Key and damaged approximately 164 m2 (1,770 sq ft) of living coral and a larger area of reef framework. In 1997, the University paid $3.76 million in natural resource damage claims to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In 1999, a restoration project involving placement of limestone boulders, pouring of concrete, and reintroduction of benthic species was undertaken by NOAA and its subcontractors. Gallery NOAA map of Looe Key Air photo of Looe Key in 1979. Endangered staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) alive at Looe Key in July 2010. Endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) alive at Looe Key in July 2010. References ^ Columbus Iselin Coral Reef Restoration Project (NOAA), Retrieved 10 January 2011 NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Maps, Florida Keys East NOAA Website on Looe Key NOAA Navigational Chart 11445 External links Barbara H. Lidz, Christopher D. Reich, and Eugene A. Shinn, Systematic Mapping of Bedrock and Habitats along the Florida Reef Tract—Central Key Largo to Halfmoon Shoal (Gulf of Mexico). USGS Professional Paper 1751. Tile 6, Looe Key Franko's Florida Keys Dive & Guide Map Benthic Habitat Map vteCorals and coral reefsHexacorallia Black Brain Elegance Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Table Elkhorn Staghorn †Rugose †Tabulate Octocorallia Bamboo Blue Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Deep-water coral mesophotic coral reef Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros, Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle East African coral coast Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef India Jamaica Kiribati Lakshadweep Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Ningaloo Reef Non-tropical regions Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Solomon Archipelago Southeast Asian coral reefs Tuvalu Archipelago Virgin Islands Yabiji Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band Stony coral tissue loss disease White band disease White pox disease Conservation Environmental issues with coral reefs Coral reef protection Coral reef restoration Reef resilience Organizations Coral Reef Alliance Green Fins International Coral Reef Society Project AWARE Reef Ball Reef Check Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Amphidinium Symbiodinium Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral sand Coralline algae Deep-water coral Fire coral
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Big Pine Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pine_Key"},{"link_name":"HMS Looe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Looe_(1741)"},{"link_name":"ran aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_grounding"},{"link_name":"research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Coral reef in the Florida Keys, USLooe Key is a coral reef located within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It lies to the south of Big Pine Key. This reef is within a Sanctuary Preservation Area (SPA). Part of Looe Key is designated as \"Research Only,\" an area which protects some of the patch reefs landward of the main reef.The reef is named after HMS Looe, which ran aground on the reef and sank in 1744.In August 1994, RV Columbus Iselin, a research vessel owned by the University of Miami, ran aground on Looe Key and damaged approximately 164 m2 (1,770 sq ft) of living coral and a larger area of reef framework. In 1997, the University paid $3.76 million in natural resource damage claims to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In 1999, a restoration project involving placement of limestone boulders, pouring of concrete, and reintroduction of benthic species was undertaken by NOAA and its subcontractors.[1]","title":"Looe Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buoys_at_Looe_Key.jpg"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looe_Key_1979_1VEOR00110046.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staghorn_Looe_Key_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"staghorn coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staghorn_coral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elkhorn_01_Looe_Key_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"elkhorn coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhorn_coral"}],"text":"NOAA map of Looe Key\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir photo of Looe Key in 1979.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEndangered staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) alive at Looe Key in July 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEndangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) alive at Looe Key in July 2010.","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Looe_Key&params=24_32_55_N_81_24_21_W_source:GNIS_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°32′55″N 81°24′21″W / 24.54861°N 81.40583°W / 24.54861; -81.40583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Looe_Key&params=24_32_55_N_81_24_21_W_source:GNIS_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°32′55″N 81°24′21″W / 24.54861°N 81.40583°W / 24.54861; -81.40583"},{"Link":"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/special/columbus/columbus.html","external_links_name":"Columbus Iselin Coral Reef Restoration Project"},{"Link":"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/atlasmaps/images/fkeast_2000.jpg","external_links_name":"NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Maps, Florida Keys East"},{"Link":"http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/zones/spas/looekey.html","external_links_name":"NOAA Website on Looe Key"},{"Link":"http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/11445.shtml","external_links_name":"NOAA Navigational Chart 11445"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2007/1751/professional-paper/tile6/looe-key.html","external_links_name":"Tile 6, Looe Key"},{"Link":"http://frankosmaps.com/florida-keys-guide-and-dive","external_links_name":"Franko's Florida Keys Dive & Guide Map"},{"Link":"http://flkeysbenthicmaps.noaa.gov/data/pro_areas_htmls/looe_key.html","external_links_name":"Benthic Habitat Map"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Carpenter
Chad Carpenter
["1 Early life","2 Tundra","3 Other art contracts","4 Other work","5 References","6 External links"]
American cartoonist Chad CarpenterChad Carpenter "caught by surprise" at the 2012 Tanana Valley State Fair.Bornca. 1968 (age 55–56)MichiganNationalityAmericanOccupationCartoonistYears active1991–presentNotable workTundra, Moose Chad Carpenter (born ca. 1968) is an American cartoonist, best known for his comic panel Tundra. Carpenter launched the strip in the Anchorage Daily News in his home state of Alaska in 1991. Since then, he has self-syndicated it to over 600 newspapers, an unusually high amount for strips in self-syndication. Early life Chad Carpenter was born in Michigan before moving to Alaska with his family at age two, where his father began a career with the Alaska State Troopers. As that job entailed being transferred to different posts across the state, the family lived in a wide variety of communities, which provided him an opportunity to be immersed in nature as he grew up starting at an early age. In a 2015 interview, he gave a characteristically tongue-in-cheek account of his early life, explaining that he came to Alaska "because of all the restraining orders", and that on the eve of entering the Alaska State Trooper Academy to follow in his father's footsteps, he decided against it because "I knew that I was too goofy to carry a gun". In 1988, while in his early 20s, he left Alaska and moved to Sarasota, Florida. While in Sarasota, he met Dik Browne, the creator of Hägar the Horrible, and Mike Peters, the creator of Mother Goose and Grimm. Both cartoonists advised him; Peters told him to draw what he knew. This inspired Carpenter to create a comic about the nature and wildlife he had come to know so well back in Alaska. Tundra Main article: Tundra (comic strip) Created in 1991, Tundra is published on a daily basis, always in one of two formats: Either a single-panel gag comic or a three-panel strip with regular characters and more complex humor. This alternation is similar to that used in Mother Goose and Grimm and Non Sequitur. Unlike those strips, Tundra tends to deal with wildlife and the outdoors; its humor appeals to all demographics, young & old. Tundra also occasionally uses reader-submitted ideas. Carpenter still self-syndicates the strip within the United States, and currently appears in over 600 newspapers as a result. Since 2007, the strip has been syndicated internationally by King Features Syndicate. It now appears in newspapers in the United States, Canada, Jamaica, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Trinidad and Tobago. He has published and sold 20 Tundra books and has also produced extensive amounts of other Tundra-branded merchandise. In May 2008, Tundra was named the best newspaper panel of 2007 by the National Cartoonists Society. In August 2008, Carpenter was presented with a legislative citation honoring him as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate. It was presented to him by Wes Keller, a member of the Alaska House of Representatives. Other art contracts Carpenter's artistic talents have led to his being contracted for projects with the National Association of Search and Rescue, the Alaska State Troopers, the United States Navy, and other companies. Other work Carpenter both wrote and produced the 2015 supernatural comedy thriller film Moose the Movie together with his brother Darin Carpenter. He additionally wrote the 2018 western comedy film Sudsy Slim Rides Again with his brother. References ^ a b c Office of Representative Wes Keller (August 27, 2008). "Tundra Creator Honored as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate" (Press release). Alaska Legislature House Majority. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2009. ^ "Alaska Interview". Alaska. 81 (1): 78. March 2015. ISSN 0002-4562. ^ "Alaska's 'Tundra' named best newspaper comic". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. June 16, 2008. ^ "Your Joomla! Site hosted with CloudAccess.net". Moose the Movie website. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-10. ^ Dellinger, G. Logan (2018-10-21), Sudsy Slim Rides Again (Action, Comedy, Western), Zack Lanphier, Wayne Mitchell, Joseph le Compte, Sam Allred, Nomad Cinematics, retrieved 2020-12-04 External links Official website of Tundra
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hm-1"},{"link_name":"Anchorage Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hm-1"}],"text":"Chad Carpenter (born ca. 1968) is an American cartoonist, best known for his comic panel Tundra.[1] Carpenter launched the strip in the Anchorage Daily News in his home state of Alaska in 1991. Since then, he has self-syndicated it to over 600 newspapers,[1] an unusually high amount for strips in self-syndication.","title":"Chad Carpenter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska State Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_State_Troopers"},{"link_name":"tongue-in-cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek"},{"link_name":"restraining orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraining_orders"},{"link_name":"Alaska State Trooper Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_State_Trooper_Academy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sarasota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Dik Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Browne"},{"link_name":"Hägar the Horrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4gar_the_Horrible"},{"link_name":"Mike Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Peters_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Mother Goose and Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Goose_and_Grimm"}],"text":"Chad Carpenter was born in Michigan before moving to Alaska with his family at age two, where his father began a career with the Alaska State Troopers. As that job entailed being transferred to different posts across the state, the family lived in a wide variety of communities, which provided him an opportunity to be immersed in nature as he grew up starting at an early age. In a 2015 interview, he gave a characteristically tongue-in-cheek account of his early life, explaining that he came to Alaska \"because of all the restraining orders\", and that on the eve of entering the Alaska State Trooper Academy to follow in his father's footsteps, he decided against it because \"I knew that I was too goofy to carry a gun\".[2]In 1988, while in his early 20s, he left Alaska and moved to Sarasota, Florida. While in Sarasota, he met Dik Browne, the creator of Hägar the Horrible, and Mike Peters, the creator of Mother Goose and Grimm. Both cartoonists advised him; Peters told him to draw what he knew. This inspired Carpenter to create a comic about the nature and wildlife he had come to know so well back in Alaska.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non Sequitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Sequitur_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hm-1"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonists Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wes Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Keller"},{"link_name":"Alaska House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Created in 1991, Tundra is published on a daily basis, always in one of two formats: Either a single-panel gag comic or a three-panel strip with regular characters and more complex humor. This alternation is similar to that used in Mother Goose and Grimm and Non Sequitur. Unlike those strips, Tundra tends to deal with wildlife and the outdoors; its humor appeals to all demographics, young & old. Tundra also occasionally uses reader-submitted ideas.Carpenter still self-syndicates the strip within the United States, and currently appears in over 600 newspapers as a result.[1] Since 2007, the strip has been syndicated internationally by King Features Syndicate. It now appears in newspapers in the United States, Canada, Jamaica, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Trinidad and Tobago. He has published and sold 20 Tundra books and has also produced extensive amounts of other Tundra-branded merchandise.In May 2008, Tundra was named the best newspaper panel of 2007 by the National Cartoonists Society.[3]In August 2008, Carpenter was presented with a legislative citation honoring him as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate. It was presented to him by Wes Keller, a member of the Alaska House of Representatives.","title":"Tundra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska State Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_State_Troopers"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Carpenter's artistic talents have led to his being contracted for projects with the National Association of Search and Rescue, the Alaska State Troopers, the United States Navy, and other companies.[citation needed]","title":"Other art contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_fiction"},{"link_name":"comedy thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_thriller"},{"link_name":"Moose the Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose_the_movie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moose-production-team-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Carpenter both wrote and produced the 2015 supernatural comedy thriller film Moose the Movie together with his brother Darin Carpenter.[4] He additionally wrote the 2018 western comedy film Sudsy Slim Rides Again with his brother.[5]","title":"Other work"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Office of Representative Wes Keller (August 27, 2008). \"Tundra Creator Honored as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate\" (Press release). Alaska Legislature House Majority. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Keller","url_text":"Wes Keller"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905233429/http://www.housemajority.org/item.php?id=item20080827-618","url_text":"\"Tundra Creator Honored as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate\""},{"url":"http://www.housemajority.org/item.php?id=item20080827-618","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska Interview\". Alaska. 81 (1): 78. March 2015. ISSN 0002-4562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_(magazine)","url_text":"Alaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-4562","url_text":"0002-4562"}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska's 'Tundra' named best newspaper comic\". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. June 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsminer.com/news/2008/jun/16/alaskas-tundra-named-best-newspaper-comic","url_text":"\"Alaska's 'Tundra' named best newspaper comic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks_Daily_News-Miner","url_text":"Fairbanks Daily News-Miner"}]},{"reference":"\"Your Joomla! Site hosted with CloudAccess.net\". Moose the Movie website. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://moosethemovie.com/index.php/component/content/article?layout=edit&id=4","url_text":"\"Your Joomla! Site hosted with CloudAccess.net\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010320/http://moosethemovie.com/index.php/component/content/article?layout=edit&id=4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dellinger, G. Logan (2018-10-21), Sudsy Slim Rides Again (Action, Comedy, Western), Zack Lanphier, Wayne Mitchell, Joseph le Compte, Sam Allred, Nomad Cinematics, retrieved 2020-12-04","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5941336/","url_text":"Sudsy Slim Rides Again"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905233429/http://www.housemajority.org/item.php?id=item20080827-618","external_links_name":"\"Tundra Creator Honored as Alaska's Cartoon Laureate\""},{"Link":"http://www.housemajority.org/item.php?id=item20080827-618","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-4562","external_links_name":"0002-4562"},{"Link":"http://newsminer.com/news/2008/jun/16/alaskas-tundra-named-best-newspaper-comic","external_links_name":"\"Alaska's 'Tundra' named best newspaper comic\""},{"Link":"http://moosethemovie.com/index.php/component/content/article?layout=edit&id=4","external_links_name":"\"Your Joomla! Site hosted with CloudAccess.net\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010320/http://moosethemovie.com/index.php/component/content/article?layout=edit&id=4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5941336/","external_links_name":"Sudsy Slim Rides Again"},{"Link":"http://www.tundracomics.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_334
Zinc finger protein 334
["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Protein found in humans ZNF334IdentifiersAliasesZNF334, zinc finger protein 334External IDsMGI: 2388656; HomoloGene: 23076; GeneCards: ZNF334; OMA:ZNF334 - orthologsGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 2 (mouse)Band2|2 H3Start165,216,184 bpEnd165,230,179 bpGene ontologyMolecular function DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA binding metal ion binding nucleic acid binding protein binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component intracellular anatomical structure nucleus Biological process regulation of transcription, DNA-templated transcription, DNA-templated regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez55713228876EnsemblENSG00000198185ENSMUSG00000017667UniProtQ9HCZ1A2A4U6RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001270497NM_018102NM_199441NM_178411RefSeq (protein)NP_001257426NP_060572NP_001340742NP_001340743NP_001340744NP_001340745NP_001340746NP_001340747NP_001340748NP_001340749NP_001340750NP_001340751NP_001340752NP_001340753NP_001340754NP_001340755NP_955473NP_848498Location (UCSC)n/aChr 2: 165.22 – 165.23 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Zinc finger protein 334 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF334 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the C2H2 zinc finger family. The encoded protein contains a Krueppel-associated box, fourteen C2H2 zinc finger domains, and four C2H2-type/integrase DNA-binding domains. Decreased expression of this gene may be a marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. References ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000017667 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: Zinc finger protein 334". Retrieved 2016-03-10. Further reading Henc I, Soroczyńska-Cybula M, Bryl E, Witkowski JM (2015). "The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people". Acta Biochim. Pol. 62 (1): 113–7. doi:10.18388/abp.2014_857. PMID 25738173. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. This article on a gene on human chromosome 20 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-4"}],"text":"Zinc finger protein 334 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF334 gene.\n[4]","title":"Zinc finger protein 334"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C2H2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2H2"},{"link_name":"zinc finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"transcript variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcript_variants"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoforms"}],"text":"This gene encodes a member of the C2H2 zinc finger family. The encoded protein contains a Krueppel-associated box, fourteen C2H2 zinc finger domains, and four C2H2-type/integrase DNA-binding domains. Decreased expression of this gene may be a marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.18388/abp.2014_857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25738173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738173"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc_finger_protein_334&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-20-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-20-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-20-stub"}],"text":"Henc I, Soroczyńska-Cybula M, Bryl E, Witkowski JM (2015). \"The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people\". Acta Biochim. Pol. 62 (1): 113–7. doi:10.18388/abp.2014_857. PMID 25738173.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.This article on a gene on human chromosome 20 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=55713","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=228876","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: Zinc finger protein 334\". Retrieved 2016-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55713","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: Zinc finger protein 334\""}]},{"reference":"Henc I, Soroczyńska-Cybula M, Bryl E, Witkowski JM (2015). \"The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people\". Acta Biochim. Pol. 62 (1): 113–7. doi:10.18388/abp.2014_857. PMID 25738173.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857","url_text":"\"The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857","url_text":"10.18388/abp.2014_857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738173","url_text":"25738173"}]}]
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2: 165.22 – 165.23 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000017667","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000017667"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=55713","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=228876","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55713","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: Zinc finger protein 334\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857","external_links_name":"\"The in vitro modulatory effect of TNFα on the mRNA expression and protein levels of zinc finger protein ZNF334 in CD4(+) lymphocytes of healthy people\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18388%2Fabp.2014_857","external_links_name":"10.18388/abp.2014_857"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738173","external_links_name":"25738173"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc_finger_protein_334&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novska_railway_station
Novska railway station
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 45°19′32″N 16°58′54″E / 45.32556°N 16.98167°E / 45.32556; 16.98167Railway station in Croatia Novska railway stationŽeljeznički kolodvor NovskaGeneral informationLocationCroatiaTracks18 Novska railway station (Croatian: Željeznički kolodvor Novska) is a railway station on in Novska, Croatia. The station connects the Dugo Selo–Novska railway towards Zagreb, Novska–Tovarnik railway towards Vinkovci and Serbia, and Zagreb–Sisak–Novska railway towards Sisak and Zagreb. The railway station consists of 18 railway tracks. See also Croatian Railways Zagreb–Belgrade railway References ^ Google (25 August 2017). "Novska railway station" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 August 2017. 45°19′32″N 16°58′54″E / 45.32556°N 16.98167°E / 45.32556; 16.98167 This article about a European railroad station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte Wikimedia Commons has media related to Novska railway station.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"Novska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novska"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Dugo Selo–Novska railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M103_railway_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Novska–Tovarnik railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M104_railway_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Vinkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinkovci"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb–Sisak–Novska railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M502_railway_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Sisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Railway station in CroatiaNovska railway station (Croatian: Željeznički kolodvor Novska) is a railway station on in Novska, Croatia. The station connects the Dugo Selo–Novska railway towards Zagreb, Novska–Tovarnik railway towards Vinkovci and Serbia, and Zagreb–Sisak–Novska railway towards Sisak and Zagreb. The railway station consists of 18 railway tracks.[1]","title":"Novska railway station"}]
[]
[{"title":"Croatian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Railways"},{"title":"Zagreb–Belgrade railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb%E2%80%93Belgrade_railway"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_(disambiguation)
Klaus (disambiguation)
[]
Klaus is both a German given name and a surname. Klaus may also refer to: Klaus, Vorarlberg, a town in Austria Klaus Advanced Computing Building, at the Georgia Institute of Technology Klaus (storm), a 2009 European cyclone Hurricane Klaus, used in 1984 and 1990 to name two category 1 hurricanes, retired after 1990 season and replaced with Kyle Klaus (comics), a 2015 comic book mini-series Klaus (film), a 2019 animated Christmas film Klaus, a prayer house in Hasidic Judaism Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Klaus.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klaus, Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus,_Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Klaus Advanced Computing Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Advanced_Computing_Building"},{"link_name":"Klaus (storm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_(storm)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Klaus"},{"link_name":"Klaus (comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Klaus (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hasidic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Klaus_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Klaus may also refer to:Klaus, Vorarlberg, a town in Austria\nKlaus Advanced Computing Building, at the Georgia Institute of Technology\nKlaus (storm), a 2009 European cyclone\nHurricane Klaus, used in 1984 and 1990 to name two category 1 hurricanes, retired after 1990 season and replaced with Kyle\nKlaus (comics), a 2015 comic book mini-series\nKlaus (film), a 2019 animated Christmas film\nKlaus, a prayer house in Hasidic JudaismTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Klaus.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Klaus (disambiguation)"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Klaus_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Swindlehurst
Owen Swindlehurst
["1 External links"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Right Reverend Owen Francis Swindlehurst (10 May 1928 – 28 August 1995) was Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Titular Bishop of Cuncacestre under Bishops Hugh Lindsay and Ambrose Griffiths from 1977 until his death. Born at Newburn, he studied in Rome and was ordained to the priesthood on 11 July 1954, aged 26. On 10 June 1977, aged 49, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle by Pope Paul VI, and nominated to the titular see of Cuncacestre (St Cuthbert's or Chester-le-Street). He was consecrated on 25 July 1977 at St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne. Together with retiring Bishop Hugh Lindsay he acted as one of the principal co-consecrating bishops at the Episcopal Ordination of Abbot Ambrose Griffiths, who became the twelfth Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle. Bishop Swindlehurst died on 28 August 1995, aged 67, and was buried at Our Blessed Lady Immaculate, Washington, Tyne and Wear. He had been a priest for 41 years and a bishop for 18 years. External links Catholic Hierarchy biodata Order of St. Benedict St. Mary's Cathedral - Former Bishops
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Right Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Reverend"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Cuncacestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncacestre"},{"link_name":"Hugh Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Hugh_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Newburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburn"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Chester-le-Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester-le-Street"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Bishop Hugh Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Hugh_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear"}],"text":"The Right Reverend Owen Francis Swindlehurst (10 May 1928 – 28 August 1995) was Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Titular Bishop of Cuncacestre under Bishops Hugh Lindsay and Ambrose Griffiths from 1977 until his death.Born at Newburn, he studied in Rome and was ordained to the priesthood on 11 July 1954, aged 26. On 10 June 1977, aged 49, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle by Pope Paul VI, and nominated to the titular see of Cuncacestre (St Cuthbert's or Chester-le-Street). He was consecrated on 25 July 1977 at St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne. Together with retiring Bishop Hugh Lindsay he acted as one of the principal co-consecrating bishops at the Episcopal Ordination of Abbot Ambrose Griffiths, who became the twelfth Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle.Bishop Swindlehurst died on 28 August 1995, aged 67, and was buried at Our Blessed Lady Immaculate, Washington, Tyne and Wear. He had been a priest for 41 years and a bishop for 18 years.","title":"Owen Swindlehurst"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bswin.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy biodata"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010319/http://www.osb.org/intl/confed/bishops.html","external_links_name":"Order of St. Benedict"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928175254/http://www.stmaryscathedral.org.uk/cathedral_life/previous_bishops.html","external_links_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral - Former Bishops"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas_Creoles_(basketball)
Criollos de Caguas (basketball)
["1 History","2 Current roster","2.1 Depth chart","3 References","4 External links"]
Puerto Rican professional basketball team Criollos de CaguasLeaguesBSNPachin Vicens DivisionFounded1976–20092023 (refounded)ArenaHéctor Solá Bezares ColiseumCapacity10,000LocationCaguas, Puerto RicoTeam colors     OwnershipRic EliasJohn HerreroChampionships1 (2006) Criollos de Caguas is a professional basketball team based in Caguas, Puerto Rico. History The Criollos professional basketball team began to play during the 1969 season, joining their counterparts the Criollos of baseball. Unlike their baseball counterparts, however, the basketball Criollos did not enjoy a wild and steady success, instead settling for moderate success. The Criollos, with Cayey's resident Willie Melendez and Bayamon-born Willie Quiñones on their side, reached the semi-finals in 1985. Melendez was traded to the Polluelos de Aibonito the following season, however, and The Criollos then went on a downward spiral, going 12–21 in 1986, 7–23 in 1987, 9–24 in 1988 and 10–20 in 1989. Quinones, although the Criollos only once posted a winning record with him as a player, always refused to be traded as he declared over and over again that he would only play for his hometown's team. He and Melendez (Melendez with 6,123) are members of the exclusive group of basketball players that have scored 5,000 or more points in Puerto Rican basketball history, 5,000 points being a coveted number because of the relatively small number of games played each year (from 30 to 33 games per season). In 1987, Caguas Mayor Angel O. Berrios took over as team owner. In the 1990s, a Criollos revival began, and he hired such players as Luis Allende and Gary Joe Burgos. The Criollos reached the semi-finals again in 2002, and got to the playoffs in 2003, losing in the first round. The Criollos decided not to play during the 2005 BSN season, partly because of economical reasons, but the team returned for the 2006 season and won the tournament for the first time in their history after beating the Cangrejeros de Santurce in the finals. The Criollos entered the league's "Super 6" semifinals. They remained with possibilities of earning advancing until the final stages of the phase, gathering 20 points. On June 10, 2008, one of the team's games against the Arecibo Captains was cancelled when the league suspected that one of the Captains' players was playing against the league's rules. Current roster Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed. Criollos de Caguas roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Nat. Name Ht. Wt. F 7 Hargis, Marlon 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 205 lb (93 kg) 25 – (1999-04-04)April 4, 1999 Head coach TBA Assistant coach(es) TBA Legend (C) Team captain(I) Import player Injured Roster Updated: m Depth chart Pos. Starting 5 Bench C PF SF SG PG References ^ "Baloncesto Superior Nacional | Jugador". ^ Raúl Álzaga Sánchez-Bretón (2008-06-10). "Súper 6 en la recta final" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. Retrieved 2008-06-13. ^ Lester Jiménez and Raúl Álzaga (2008-06-10). "Suspenden partido entre Capitanes y Criollos" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. Retrieved 2008-06-13. External links Puerto Rican League official website (in Spanish) vteBaloncesto Superior NacionalClubs Atléticos de San Germán Brujos de Guayama Grises de Humacao Cangrejeros de Santurce Capitanes de Arecibo Indios de Mayagüez Leones de Ponce Piratas de Quebradillas Santeros de Aguada Vaqueros de Bayamón Gigantes de Carolina Cariduros de Fajardo Criollos de Caguas Former Clubs Caciques de Humacao Gallitos de Isabela Indios de Canóvanas Maratonistas de Coamo Polluelos de Aibonito Titanes de Morovis Seasons 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 League Champions BSN champions Awards MVP Scoring Champion Management President: Ricardo Dalmau
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Caguas, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Criollos de Caguas is a professional basketball team based in Caguas, Puerto Rico.","title":"Criollos de Caguas (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollos_de_Caguas_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cayey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayey,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Willie Melendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Melendez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Willie Quiñones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Qui%C3%B1ones"},{"link_name":"Angel O. Berrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_O._Berrios"},{"link_name":"Luis Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Allende&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gary Joe Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Joe_Burgos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arecibo Captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Captains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Criollos professional basketball team began to play during the 1969 season, joining their counterparts the Criollos of baseball. Unlike their baseball counterparts, however, the basketball Criollos did not enjoy a wild and steady success, instead settling for moderate success.The Criollos, with Cayey's resident Willie Melendez and Bayamon-born[1] Willie Quiñones on their side, reached the semi-finals in 1985. Melendez was traded to the Polluelos de Aibonito the following season, however, and The Criollos then went on a downward spiral, going 12–21 in 1986, 7–23 in 1987, 9–24 in 1988 and 10–20 in 1989. Quinones, although the Criollos only once posted a winning record with him as a player, always refused to be traded as he declared over and over again that he would only play for his hometown's team. He and Melendez (Melendez with 6,123) are members of the exclusive group of basketball players that have scored 5,000 or more points in Puerto Rican basketball history, 5,000 points being a coveted number because of the relatively small number of games played each year (from 30 to 33 games per season).In 1987, Caguas Mayor Angel O. Berrios took over as team owner. In the 1990s, a Criollos revival began, and he hired such players as Luis Allende and Gary Joe Burgos. The Criollos reached the semi-finals again in 2002, and got to the playoffs in 2003, losing in the first round.The Criollos decided not to play during the 2005 BSN season, partly because of economical reasons, but the team returned for the 2006 season and won the tournament for the first time in their history after beating the Cangrejeros de Santurce in the finals.The Criollos entered the league's \"Super 6\" semifinals. They remained with possibilities of earning advancing until the final stages of the phase, gathering 20 points.[2] On June 10, 2008, one of the team's games against the Arecibo Captains was cancelled when the league suspected that one of the Captains' players was playing against the league's rules.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.","title":"Current roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Depth chart","title":"Current roster"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_helm
Rhenish helm
["1 Examples of churches in the historical Rhineland","2 Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland","2.1 Germany","2.2 The Netherlands","2.3 Canada","2.4 China","2.5 England","2.6 Hungary","2.7 Denmark","2.8 The United States","3 Further examples"]
Type of Romanesque church spire architecture Rhenish helm on Maria Laach Abbey The Rhenish helm is a type of spire typical of Romanesque church architecture of the historic Rhineland. It is a pyramidal roof on towers of square plan. Each of the four sides of the roof is rhomboid in form, with the long diagonal running from the apex of roof to one of the corners of the supporting tower. Each side of the tower is topped with an even triangular gable from the peak of which runs a ridge to the apex of the roof. Thus, the corners of the pyramidical roof do not correspond with the corners of the tower but with the peaks of the gables. An early if not the first example of such spires can be found on the four tall towers of the Cathedral of Speyer. Rhenish helm spires are mainly found in the historical Rhineland but there are a few churches in other areas with such spires. Examples of churches in the historical Rhineland Speyer Cathedral Maria Laach Abbey, near Andernach Basilica of St. Castor, Koblenz Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew, Liège Limburg Cathedral St. Dionysius, Rhens Munsterkerk, Roermond St. Faith's Church, Sélestat Basilica of the Holy Apostles, Cologne St. Maria Lyskirchen, Cologne St. Aegidius Church, Bad Honnef Eibingen Abbey Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhomboid spires. Germany St. Mary's Church, Lübeck Stumm-Kirche, Brebach-Fechingen, Saarbrücken The Netherlands Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht Canada Moravian Church, Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador Saint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church, Baddeck, Nova Scotia Trinity Anglican Church, Jordan Falls, Nova Scotia China St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao England Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting, West Sussex St Margaret's Church, Wormhill, Derbyshire St Mary's Church, Flixton, Suffolk St Peter and St Paul, Hawkley, Hampshire St Stephen's Church, West Bowling, Bradford, West Yorkshire St Andrew's Church, Churcham, Gloucestershire St Anne's Church, Bowden Hill, Wiltshire Hungary Abbey Church of St James, Lébény Mary Magdalene Church, Egregy, Hévíz Denmark Ribe Cathedral The United States Old Chapel (Amherst, Massachusetts) Further examples Preußisches Regierungsgebäude, Koblenz Temple Neuf, Metz https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3852199 https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/mysterious-and-magnificent-lewes-home-market-1109789?amp This article about the architecture of churches or other Christian places of worship is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110507_marialaach19.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maria Laach Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"church architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"},{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland"},{"link_name":"rhomboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboid"},{"link_name":"gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apex"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Speyer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rhenish helm on Maria Laach AbbeyThe Rhenish helm is a type of spire typical of Romanesque church architecture of the historic Rhineland.It is a pyramidal roof on towers of square plan. Each of the four sides of the roof is rhomboid in form, with the long diagonal running from the apex of roof to one of the corners of the supporting tower. Each side of the tower is topped with an even triangular gable from the peak of which runs a ridge to the apex of the roof. Thus, the corners of the pyramidical roof do not correspond with the corners of the tower but with the peaks of the gables.An early if not the first example of such spires can be found on the four tall towers of the Cathedral of Speyer. Rhenish helm spires are mainly found in the historical Rhineland but there are a few churches in other areas with such spires.[citation needed]","title":"Rhenish helm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speyer Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Maria Laach Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Andernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andernach"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St. Castor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Castor"},{"link_name":"Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Church of St. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St._Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Limburg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Rhens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhens"},{"link_name":"Munsterkerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsterkerk"},{"link_name":"Roermond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roermond"},{"link_name":"St. Faith's Church, Sélestat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Faith%27s_Church,_S%C3%A9lestat"},{"link_name":"Basilica of the Holy Apostles, Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Apostles,_Cologne"},{"link_name":"St. Maria Lyskirchen, Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maria_Lyskirchen,_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Bad Honnef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Honnef"},{"link_name":"Eibingen Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibingen_Abbey"}],"text":"Speyer Cathedral\nMaria Laach Abbey, near Andernach\nBasilica of St. Castor, Koblenz\nCollegiate Church of St. Bartholomew, Liège\nLimburg Cathedral\nSt. Dionysius, Rhens\nMunsterkerk, Roermond\nSt. Faith's Church, Sélestat\nBasilica of the Holy Apostles, Cologne\nSt. Maria Lyskirchen, Cologne\nSt. Aegidius Church, Bad Honnef\nEibingen Abbey","title":"Examples of churches in the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhomboid spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhomboid_spires"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhomboid spires.","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church, Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"St. Mary's Church, Lübeck\nStumm-Kirche, Brebach-Fechingen, Saarbrücken","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht"}],"sub_title":"The Netherlands","text":"Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Moravian Church, Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador\nSaint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church, Baddeck, Nova Scotia\nTrinity Anglican Church, Jordan Falls, Nova Scotia","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Qingdao"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Blessed_Virgin,_Sompting"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"St Margaret's Church, Wormhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Church,_Wormhill"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Flixton, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixton,_The_Saints"},{"link_name":"Hawkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkley"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"West Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Horton"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Churcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churcham"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Bowden Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowden_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting, West Sussex\nSt Margaret's Church, Wormhill, Derbyshire\nSt Mary's Church, Flixton, Suffolk\nSt Peter and St Paul, Hawkley, Hampshire\nSt Stephen's Church, West Bowling, Bradford, West Yorkshire\nSt Andrew's Church, Churcham, Gloucestershire\nSt Anne's Church, Bowden Hill, Wiltshire","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lébény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9b%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Hévíz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9v%C3%ADz"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"Abbey Church of St James, Lébény\nMary Magdalene Church, Egregy, Hévíz","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ribe Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"Ribe Cathedral","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Chapel (Amherst, Massachusetts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chapel_(Amherst,_Massachusetts)"}],"sub_title":"The United States","text":"Old Chapel (Amherst, Massachusetts)","title":"Examples of churches outside of the historical Rhineland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preußisches Regierungsgebäude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisches_Regierungsgeb%C3%A4ude_(Koblenz)"},{"link_name":"Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz"},{"link_name":"Temple Neuf, Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Neuf,_Metz"},{"link_name":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3852199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3852199"},{"link_name":"https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/mysterious-and-magnificent-lewes-home-market-1109789?amp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/mysterious-and-magnificent-lewes-home-market-1109789?amp"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhenish_helm&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Church-architecture-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Church-architecture-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Church-architecture-stub"}],"text":"Preußisches Regierungsgebäude, Koblenz\nTemple Neuf, Metz\nhttps://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3852199\nhttps://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/news/mysterious-and-magnificent-lewes-home-market-1109789?ampThis article about the architecture of churches or other Christian places of worship is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Rhenish helm on Maria Laach Abbey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20110507_marialaach19.JPG/170px-20110507_marialaach19.JPG"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavar
Mavar
["1 Mission","2 Structure","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Charity supporting people leaving orthodox Judaism MavarLegal statusNon-profit organizationPurposeSupport for people leaving Haredi Jewish communities in the UKLocationLondonWebsitehttp://mavar.org.uk Mavar is a UK-registered charitable organisation providing professional support to people who have left or want to leave the Haredi Jewish community. It provides financial, educational, legal, and emotional support enabling people to find new communities and support networks after Haredi Judaism. Mission According to the Mavar's website, the organisation offers information, one-to-one support, online resources, and referrals to appropriate agencies and organisations, including lawyers or therapists. Mavar also assigns a personal mentor to guide through the issues such as education, employment, welfare, housing, and legal rights. Mavar is described as a "confidential service that helps people from the Haredi community explore new paths in life", which includes LGBT support. Mavar does not campaign or proselytize, and exists to support personal choice. Structure Mavar is based around a model established by the New York charity Footsteps. Its services are run by volunteers. It is free of charge, relying on private donations, and is strictly confidential. Mavar translates from Hebrew as "crossings", and to maintain discretion, it meets people asking for help in quiet, but public, places away from the Haredi community such as a library. Typically, Mavar begins by helping to access English lessons, as many leaving the community cannot write or speak English. Mavar will also help access housing and benefits, according to individual need. Mavar may also be able to link to a host family in some circumstances. See also Ex-Haredim Faith to Faithless Off the derech Footsteps, a US-based organisation with a similar mission to support ex-Haredim. References ^ Charity Commission - Mavar ^ "First Person: Limmud Conference - The sacred and the profane". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 January 2015. An impressive session I spontaneously attended was about Mavar, a new organization in London that helps young Jews who want to leave the Haredi Orthodox world and need to learn to read, write, and speak in English so they can attend college and get jobs. ^ Oliver, Charlotte. "Women who escaped misery offer help to Charedi misfits". Jewish Chronicle. ^ a b Doherty, Rosa. "The view from the one secular house life after leaving a strictly Orthodox community". Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "About Mavar". Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2014-03-10. ^ "My secret life as a gay ultra-Orthodox Jew". BBC News. 10 April 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ a b Sherwood, Harriet (3 February 2017). "Transgender ultra-Orthodox case reveals painful clash of minority communities". Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ Pogrund, Gabriel. "Meet the British Jews who escaped from the Haredi community". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ a b Gordon, Daniel (6 June 2017). "Leaving the Hasidic community". New Humanist. Retrieved 5 August 2018. External links Mavar Official Website
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Johnfreez
User talk:Johnfreez
["1 Welcome to the Wikipedia","2 Fair use rationale for Image:Platial logo enWP.gif","3 Orphaned non-free media (Image:Platial logo enWP.gif)","4 Fair use rationale for Image:Brightstar logo.png","5 Disambiguation link notification for August 23","6 Image without license","6.1 Unspecified source/license for File:Five element star circle note.jpeg","7 ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message","8 Disambiguation link notification for December 13","9 ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message","10 By whom tags","11 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","12 December 2022","13 Introduction to contentious topics","14 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","15 Note regarding contentious topics"]
Welcome to the Wikipedia Here are some links I find useful Wikipedia:Policy Library Wikipedia:Cite your sources Wikipedia:Verifiability Wikipedia:Wikiquette Wikipedia:Conflict resolution Wikipedia:Brilliant prose Wikipedia:Neutral point of view Wikipedia:Pages needing attention Wikipedia:Peer review Wikipedia:Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense Wikipedia:Village pump Wikipedia:Boilerplate text Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~. Cheers, Sam 04:36, 21 May 2004 (UTC) Hi! You want to clean up Pipe cleaner if you don't want it to be deleted. The current content there isn't an encyclopedic article. Thue | talk 20:30, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC) I didn't want it to be deleted, however, it is at this time *already* deleted. Why wasn't I given a chance at a revision? I did list a "pipe cleaner" method. Is there any way to recover what I added? I can't remember fully what was there now. Johnfreez 23:57, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC) The content was Yeah, a pipe cleaner cleans pipes. Amazing! As far as glass smoking pipes are concerned, I've heard (well actually, I read it) that saturating the peice in rubbing alcohol and some salt works well, though I have yet to try it. My pipe needs it though. Which I guess was deleted (I didn't do it) because it doesn't really try to be in encyclopedic style. Thue | talk 11:41, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC) Thanks for the clarification. I'll try to create something more... official next time I guess. ;) Johnfreez 23:57, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC) Fair use rationale for Image:Platial logo enWP.gif Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Platial logo enWP.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. 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However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 07:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC) Fair use rationale for Image:Brightstar logo.png Thanks for uploading Image:Brightstar logo.png. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 15:38, 22 May 2008 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for August 23 Hi. When you recently edited Colocasia esculenta, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Esculenta (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject. It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 12:03, 23 August 2012 (UTC) Image without license Unspecified source/license for File:Five element star circle note.jpeg Thanks for uploading File:Five element star circle note.jpeg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time after the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like {{PD-self}} (to release all rights), {{self|cc-by-sa-4.0}} (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well. For more information on using images, see the following pages: Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:File copyright tags This is an automated notice by MifterBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. NOTE: Once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. --MifterBot (Talk • Contribs • Owner) 07:46, 19 May 2020 (UTC) ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2020 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 7 December 2020. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2020 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:16, 24 November 2020 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for December 13 Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Victor Weisskopf, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Maxim. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.) It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC) ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2021 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 6 December 2021. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2021 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:03, 23 November 2021 (UTC) By whom tags Hi, just a quick note on your recent use of "by whom" tags on two Ukraine war-related articles. The "by whom" tag is intended for unattributed opinions in the text, not for passive sentences missing an agent. For example, if I were to resolve the "by whom" tag in the following sentence: "Johny Briggs is reported to have been appointed manager of Carlisle United.", I would write "The Guardian reported that Johny Briggs was appointed manager of Carlisle United", NOT "Johnny Briggs is reported to have been appointed as manager of Carlisle United by the Carlisle United Board of Directors." In the cases you highlighted, the agent was "by the Russian authorities", as stated in the source. In that case, you could simply add the agent yourself without tagging. Boynamedsue (talk) 10:09, 25 April 2022 (UTC) so to restate, the "by whom" tag asks for source clarification, not for a missing actor of a phrase in passive voice, got it .. i had read the style guide, but it-went-in-one-ear-and-out-the-other .. thanks for the clarification @Boynamedsue .. Johnfreez (talk) 12:25, 25 April 2022 (UTC) Glad to help! Yes, that's right, "by whom" exists to avoid stuff like "Many experts believe..." and "It is thought that...". Don't worry about it, btw, you are far from the only person to make the mistake. All the best. Boynamedsue (talk) 13:10, 25 April 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2022 (UTC) December 2022 This is not an appropriate edit summary for something that does not follow consensus. Mellk (talk) 16:09, 27 December 2022 (UTC) Looks like you are still doing this. This is against the consensus. If you continue, it may lead to a block. Mellk (talk) 07:47, 24 October 2023 (UTC) Introduction to contentious topics You have recently edited a page related to Eastern Europe or the Balkans, a topic designated as contentious. This standard message is designed as an introduction to contentious topics and does not imply that there are any issues with your editing. A special set of rules applies to certain topic areas, which are referred to as contentious topics. These are specially designated topics that tend to attract more persistent disruptive editing than the rest of the project and have been designated as contentious topics by the Arbitration Committee. When editing a contentious topic, Wikipedia’s norms and policies are more strictly enforced, and Wikipedia administrators have special powers in order to reduce disruption to the project. Within contentious topics, editors should edit carefully and constructively, refrain from disrupting the encyclopedia, and: adhere to the purposes of Wikipedia; comply with all applicable policies and guidelines; follow editorial and behavioural best practice; comply with any page restrictions in force within the area of conflict; and refrain from gaming the system. Editors are advised to err on the side of caution if unsure whether making a particular edit is consistent with these expectations. If you have any questions about contentious topics procedures you may ask them at the arbitration clerks' noticeboard or you may learn more about this contentious topic here. You may also choose to note which contentious topics you know about by using the {{Ctopics/aware}} template. Mellk (talk) 07:48, 24 October 2023 (UTC) Please also be aware of WP:HOUNDING. I don't need you tracking my edits and leaving comments on every warning I give (especially if they are months old). The last time I interacted with you was weeks ago, so this behavior is abnormal. This is my last warning. Mellk (talk) 06:27, 9 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC) Note regarding contentious topics You have recently made edits related to the Arab–Israeli conflict. This is a standard message to inform you that the Arab–Israeli conflict is a designated contentious topic. This message does not imply that there are any issues with your editing. For more information about the contentious topics system, please see Wikipedia:Contentious topics. — Red-tailed hawk (nest) 06:20, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
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media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Policy"},{"link_name":"my contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Johnfreez"},{"link_name":"criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#Images.2FMedia"},{"link_name":"BJBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BJBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:BJBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Johnfreez&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Image:Brightstar logo.png","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brightstar_logo.png&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"criteria for non-free content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content"},{"link_name":"the image description page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brightstar_logo.png&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Media copyright questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions"},{"link_name":"STBotI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:STBotI"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:STBotI"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Johnfreez&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Colocasia esculenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta"},{"link_name":"Esculenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esculenta"},{"link_name":"check to confirm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Colocasia_esculenta"},{"link_name":"fix with Dab solver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Colocasia_esculenta"},{"link_name":"FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot/Dablink_notification_FAQ"},{"link_name":"DPL WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_pages_with_links"},{"link_name":"opt-out instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"DPL bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Johnfreez&action=edit&section=6"}],"text":"Welcome to the Wikipedia[edit]Here are some links I find usefulWikipedia:Policy Library\nWikipedia:Cite your sources\nWikipedia:Verifiability\nWikipedia:Wikiquette\nWikipedia:Conflict resolution\nWikipedia:Brilliant prose\nWikipedia:Neutral point of view\nWikipedia:Pages needing attention\nWikipedia:Peer review\nWikipedia:Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense\nWikipedia:Village pump\nWikipedia:Boilerplate textFeel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.Cheers, Sam [Spade] 04:36, 21 May 2004 (UTC)[reply]Hi! You want to clean up Pipe cleaner if you don't want it to be deleted. The current content there isn't an encyclopedic article. Thue | talk 20:30, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)I didn't want it to be deleted, however, it is at this time *already* deleted. Why wasn't I given a chance at a revision? I did list a \"pipe cleaner\" method. Is there any way to recover what I added? I can't remember fully what was there now. Johnfreez 23:57, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)\nThe content was\nYeah, a pipe cleaner cleans pipes. Amazing!As far as glass smoking pipes are concerned, I've heard (well actually, I read it) that saturating the peice in rubbing alcohol and some salt works well, though I have yet to try it. My pipe needs it though.\nWhich I guess was deleted (I didn't do it) because it doesn't really try to be in encyclopedic style. Thue | talk 11:41, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)\nThanks for the clarification. I'll try to create something more... official next time I guess. ;) Johnfreez 23:57, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)Fair use rationale for Image:Platial logo enWP.gif[edit]Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Platial logo enWP.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 08:12, 18 February 2008 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (Image:Platial logo enWP.gif)[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Platial logo enWP.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"Image\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 07:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC)[reply]Fair use rationale for Image:Brightstar logo.png[edit]Thanks for uploading Image:Brightstar logo.png. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions.Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 15:38, 22 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for August 23[edit]Hi. When you recently edited Colocasia esculenta, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Esculenta (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of \"Did you mean...\" article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 12:03, 23 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]Image without license[edit]","title":"User talk:Johnfreez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"File:Five element star circle note.jpeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Five_element_star_circle_note.jpeg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"copyright tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ICT"},{"link_name":"PD-self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self"},{"link_name":"self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Self"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Free_licenses"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Image use policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:File copyright tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags"},{"link_name":"MifterBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MifterBot"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Media copyright 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topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contentious_topics"},{"link_name":"Red-tailed hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Red-tailed_hawk"},{"link_name":"(nest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Red-tailed_hawk"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"sub_title":"Unspecified source/license for File:Five element star circle note.jpeg","text":"Thanks for uploading File:Five element star circle note.jpeg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time after the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like {{PD-self}} (to release all rights), {{self|cc-by-sa-4.0}} (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.For more information on using images, see the following pages:Wikipedia:Image use policy\nWikipedia:File copyright tagsThis is an automated notice by MifterBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. NOTE: Once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. --MifterBot (Talk • Contribs • Owner) 07:46, 19 May 2020 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message[edit]Disambiguation link notification for December 13[edit]Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Victor Weisskopf, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Maxim. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]By whom tags[edit]Hi, just a quick note on your recent use of \"by whom\" tags on two Ukraine war-related articles. The \"by whom\" tag is intended for unattributed opinions in the text, not for passive sentences missing an agent. For example, if I were to resolve the \"by whom\" tag in the following sentence: \"Johny Briggs is reported to have been appointed manager of Carlisle United.[by whom?]\", I would write \"The Guardian reported that Johny Briggs was appointed manager of Carlisle United\", NOT \"Johnny Briggs is reported to have been appointed as manager of Carlisle United by the Carlisle United Board of Directors.\"In the cases you highlighted, the agent was \"by the Russian authorities\", as stated in the source. In that case, you could simply add the agent yourself without tagging. Boynamedsue (talk) 10:09, 25 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]so to restate, the \"by whom\" tag asks for source clarification, not for a missing actor of a phrase in passive voice, got it .. i had read the style guide, but it-went-in-one-ear-and-out-the-other .. thanks for the clarification @Boynamedsue .. Johnfreez (talk) 12:25, 25 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]Glad to help! Yes, that's right, \"by whom\" exists to avoid stuff like \"Many experts believe...\" and \"It is thought that...\". Don't worry about it, btw, you are far from the only person to make the mistake. All the best. Boynamedsue (talk) 13:10, 25 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]December 2022[edit]This is not an appropriate edit summary for something that does not follow consensus. Mellk (talk) 16:09, 27 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]Looks like you are still doing this. This is against the consensus. If you continue, it may lead to a block. Mellk (talk) 07:47, 24 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Introduction to contentious topics[edit]You have recently edited a page related to Eastern Europe or the Balkans, a topic designated as contentious. 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You may also choose to note which contentious topics you know about by using the {{Ctopics/aware}} template.Mellk (talk) 07:48, 24 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Please also be aware of WP:HOUNDING. I don't need you tracking my edits and leaving comments on every warning I give (especially if they are months old). The last time I interacted with you was weeks ago, so this behavior is abnormal. This is my last warning. Mellk (talk) 06:27, 9 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Note regarding contentious topics[edit]You have recently made edits related to the Arab–Israeli conflict. This is a standard message to inform you that the Arab–Israeli conflict is a designated contentious topic. This message does not imply that there are any issues with your editing. For more information about the contentious topics system, please see Wikipedia:Contentious topics. — Red-tailed hawk (nest) 06:20, 13 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Johnfreez"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Community_College
Virginia Peninsula Community College
["1 History","2 Academics","3 Athletics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°03′49″N 76°25′10″W / 37.0636°N 76.4194°W / 37.0636; -76.4194Public community college in Virginia, U.S. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Virginia Peninsula Community College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Virginia Peninsula Community CollegeTypePublic community collegeEstablished1968; 56 years ago (1968)Parent institutionVirginia Community College SystemPresidentTowuanna Porter BrannonStudents8,676 (2022-2023)LocationWilliamsburg & Hampton, Virginia, United States37°03′49″N 76°25′10″W / 37.0636°N 76.4194°W / 37.0636; -76.4194CampusUrbanColorsPurple, Green & White     NicknameGatorsSporting affiliationsNJCAA Region 10MascotGillie the GatorWebsitewww.vpcc.edu Virginia Peninsula Community College (VPCC) is a public community college with two campuses in Virginia, one in Hampton and the other in James City County. It also has two education centers The Southeast Higher Education Center in Newport News and the Williamsburg Discovery Center in Williamsburg. It is part of the Virginia Community College System. It mostly serves students living on the Peninsula region of Hampton Roads, but it also has students from other parts of southeastern Virginia. The college adopted its current name in July 2022, having formerly been known as Thomas Nelson Community College (TNCC) since its inception. The decision to rename the college was approved by the Virginia State Board for Community Colleges in September 2021. History The college was originally named after Thomas Nelson, Jr. (December 26, 1738 – January 4, 1789), who was an American planter, soldier, and statesman from Yorktown, Virginia. He is regarded as one of the U.S. Founding Fathers, since he signed the Declaration of Independence as a member of the Virginia delegation. He served as Governor of Virginia in 1781. Nelson County, Virginia, and Nelson County, Kentucky, are also named in his honor. Former logo of Thomas Nelson Community College prior to its name change in July 2022. The construction of VPCC began in August 1967. Four buildings were planned for construction, and the cornerstone was laid in December 1967. More than 1,200 Students began classes on September 20, 1968, and the first class of students graduated with associate degrees on June 13, 1970. In 2014, the school faced a lawsuit from student Christian Parks related to the right to speak freely in public on campus at a conversational level on certain topics. The lawsuit cited 41 violations in the school's policy. The ACLU and the ACLJ supported the lawsuit. In summer 2020 the Virginia State Board for Community Colleges approached multiple colleges and recommended that they review their names to determine if they were appropriate and inclusive. The following year the college's Local Advisory Board determined that the name needed to be changed, as Thomas Nelson, Jr. was a slaveholder. In September 2021 the name Virginia Peninsula Community College was recommended as a replacement for Thomas Nelson Community College; it was approved by the State Board later that same month. Two buildings on the campus, Griffin and Wythe, will be renamed as they were named after associates of Nelson. The decision was made to not rename three other buildings with similar names as, at the time, they were due to be demolished and replaced. This decision marked Thomas Nelson as the fourth such institution to rename themselves during 2021. Academics VPCC offers 50 associate degree programs and has over 60 certificate programs. Athletics Virginia Peninsula Community College competes in the Carolinas Junior College Conference of the NJCAA's Division III. Sports offered include baseball, men and women's basketball, beach volleyball, softball as well as intramural sports such as flag football and basketball. Notable alumni Gordon Helsel, former member of the Virginia House of Delegates and former mayor of Poquoson, Virginia Jess Kersey, former basketball referee in American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA) Jeion Ward, member of the Virginia House of Delegates References ^ "Contact Us - Thomas Nelson Community College". tncc.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "The Peninsula's Community College - Thomas Nelson Community College". tncc.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "The Peninsula's Community College - Thomas Nelson Community College". tncc.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ Dujardin, Peter (2014-04-15). "Settlement sought in free speech case by Christian student at TNCC". Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-03-28. ^ "State Board Approves Name Change". Thomas Nelson Community College. Retrieved 2021-09-27. ^ "Thomas Nelson Community College renamed Va. Peninsula". Virginia Business. 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-27. ^ "The Peninsula's Community College - Thomas Nelson Community College". tncc.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Office of Athletics & Intramurals – Thomas Nelson Community College". tncc.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2020. External links Official website vteCity of Hampton, VirginiaCommunitiesFormer Town Phoebus Former CDPs Buckroe Beach Unincorporatedcommunities Old Point Comfort Unsorted Aberdeen Gardens Buckroe Beach Fox Hill Langley Field‡ Wythe History Timeline Education School District Bethel HS Hampton HS Kecoughtan HS Phoebus HS Thomas Nelson Community College Hampton University template Landmarks Fort Monroe Langley Air Force Base Langley Research Center Langley Speedway Little England Chapel St. John's Episcopal Church Virginia Air and Space Science Center ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county-equivalent or county-equivalents vteCity of Newport NewsTopics History Timeline Culture People Economy Mayors Former Warwick County Parks Causey's Mill Park Newport News Park Mariners' Lake King-Lincoln Park Hilton Pier/Ravine Denbigh Park Boat Ramp Historic sites and museums Endview Plantation Lee Hall Depot Lee Hall Mansion Mariners' Museum Virginia Living Museum Virginia War Museum Military Fort Eustis U.S. Army Transportation Museum Joint Base Langley–Eustis Naval Weapons Station Yorktown Neighborhoods City Center Colony Pines Christopher Shores-Stuart Gardens Denbigh East End Glendale Hidenwood Hilton Village Jefferson Park Kiln Creek Lee Hall Menchville Morrison Newmarket North End Oyster Point Port Warwick Richneck Riverside Summerlake Village Green Warwick Education Public Schools Denbigh HS Heritage HS Menchville HS Warwick HS Woodside HS Peninsula Catholic HS Hampton Roads Academy Denbigh Baptist Christian Thomas Nelson Community College SE Higher Ed Ctr Christopher Newport University Transportation Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport Media Daily Press The Virginian-Pilot Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area Virginia vteVirginia Community College System Blue Ridge Community College Brightpoint Community College Central Virginia Community College Danville Community College Eastern Shore Community College Germanna Community College J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College Laurel Ridge Community College Mountain Empire Community College Mountain Gateway Community College New River Community College Northern Virginia Community College Patrick & Henry Community College Paul D. Camp Community College Piedmont Virginia Community College Rappahannock Community College Southside Virginia Community College Southwest Virginia Community College Tidewater Community College Virginia Highlands Community College Virginia Peninsula Community College Virginia Western Community College Wytheville Community College Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_college"},{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"James City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia Community College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Community_College_System"},{"link_name":"Peninsula region of Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"}],"text":"Public community college in Virginia, U.S.Virginia Peninsula Community College (VPCC) is a public community college with two campuses in Virginia, one in Hampton and the other in James City County. It also has two education centers The Southeast Higher Education Center in Newport News and the Williamsburg Discovery Center in Williamsburg.[1] It is part of the Virginia Community College System. It mostly serves students living on the Peninsula region of Hampton Roads, but it also has students from other parts of southeastern Virginia.The college adopted its current name in July 2022, having formerly been known as Thomas Nelson Community College (TNCC) since its inception. The decision to rename the college was approved by the Virginia State Board for Community Colleges in September 2021.","title":"Virginia Peninsula Community College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Yorktown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nelson County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nelson County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_County,_Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Nelson_CC_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The college was originally named after Thomas Nelson, Jr. (December 26, 1738 – January 4, 1789), who was an American planter, soldier, and statesman from Yorktown, Virginia. He is regarded as one of the U.S. Founding Fathers, since he signed the Declaration of Independence as a member of the Virginia delegation.[2] He served as Governor of Virginia in 1781. Nelson County, Virginia, and Nelson County, Kentucky, are also named in his honor.Former logo of Thomas Nelson Community College prior to its name change in July 2022.The construction of VPCC began in August 1967. Four buildings were planned for construction, and the cornerstone was laid in December 1967. More than 1,200 Students began classes on September 20, 1968, and the first class of students graduated with associate degrees on June 13, 1970.[3]In 2014, the school faced a lawsuit from student Christian Parks related to the right to speak freely in public on campus at a conversational level on certain topics. The lawsuit cited 41 violations in the school's policy. The ACLU and the ACLJ supported the lawsuit.[4]In summer 2020 the Virginia State Board for Community Colleges approached multiple colleges and recommended that they review their names to determine if they were appropriate and inclusive. The following year the college's Local Advisory Board determined that the name needed to be changed, as Thomas Nelson, Jr. was a slaveholder. In September 2021 the name Virginia Peninsula Community College was recommended as a replacement for Thomas Nelson Community College; it was approved by the State Board later that same month. Two buildings on the campus, Griffin and Wythe, will be renamed as they were named after associates of Nelson. The decision was made to not rename three other buildings with similar names as, at the time, they were due to be demolished and replaced.[5] This decision marked Thomas Nelson as the fourth such institution to rename themselves during 2021.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"VPCC offers 50 associate degree programs and has over 60 certificate programs.[7]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolinas Junior College Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas_Junior_College_Conference"},{"link_name":"NJCAA's Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Virginia Peninsula Community College competes in the Carolinas Junior College Conference of the NJCAA's Division III. Sports offered include baseball, men and women's basketball, beach volleyball, softball as well as intramural sports such as flag football and basketball.[8]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Helsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Helsel"},{"link_name":"Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"Poquoson, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poquoson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jess Kersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Kersey"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Jeion Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeion_Ward"},{"link_name":"Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"}],"text":"Gordon Helsel, former member of the Virginia House of Delegates and former mayor of Poquoson, Virginia\nJess Kersey, former basketball referee in American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA)\nJeion Ward, member of the Virginia House of Delegates","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Topolica
Stadion Topolica
["1 History","2 Pitch","3 Tenants","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
Coordinates: 42°06′16″N 19°05′24″E / 42.10444°N 19.09000°E / 42.10444; 19.09000Stadium in Bar, Montenegro Stadium TopolicaFull nameStadium TopolicaLocationBar, MontenegroOwnerSRC BarCapacity2,500Field size110 m × 70 m (360 ft × 230 ft)SurfacegrassConstructionRenovated2019TenantsFK Mornar FK SlogaWebsitehttps://srcegrada.me/en/ Stadion Topolica (Topolica Stadium) is a multi-use stadium in Bar, Montenegro. It is used mostly for football matches and athletics. The stadium has a capacity of 2,500 seats and is a part of Sports Center Bar company. History The sports complex was originally built during the 1980s. There are three football pitches, and main stadium has a capacity of 2,500 seats. Among the other facilities, the main ground has floodlights and an athletic track. Topolica Sport Hall is located next to the stadium. The stadium is located at the coast of Adriatic Sea, near the city beach and the Port of Bar. During the winter months, because of good climate and accommodation, it is used for exhibition matches, tournaments, trainings and preparations of many football and athletic teams from the region (Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia). Pitch The pitch measures 110 x 70 meters. Among other facilities, there are floodlights and an athletic track. Another stadium in Sports Complex Madžarica has smaller dimensions and a capacity of 2,000 seats and meets the standards for Montenegrin Third League games. Tenants Stadion Topolica is home of four football teams and one athletic team. The main user is FK Mornar, and except them, the ground is often used by lower-league members FK Sloga and FK Hajduk. Also, their home games on Stadium Madžarica plays ŽFK Pristan (women's football). The stadium hosts training and events of Athletic Club Mornar, too. Since 1994, the stadium hosts traditional International Athletic Meeting. See also Topolica Sport Hall FK Mornar FK Sloga Bar External links Stadium information Stadium Topolica (main ground) Stadium Topolica (smaller pitch) References ^ http://srcegrada.me. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "BARinfo - Održan "22.Međunarodni atletski miting Bar – 2016". www.sportbar.me. 42°06′16″N 19°05′24″E / 42.10444°N 19.09000°E / 42.10444; 19.09000 vte Football in MontenegroFootball Association of MontenegroNational teams Men's players captains matches U-21 U-19 U-17 Women's matches League system First League Second League Third League Women's League Futsal League Domestic cups Montenegrin Cup Montenegrin Regional Cups Montenegrin Cup (women) International Montenegrin clubs in UEFA competitions UEFA rankings Balkans Cup Montenegrin women's clubs in UEFA competitions Defunct Montenegrin Football Championship (1922–1940) Montenegrin clubs in Yugoslav football competitions (1946–2006) Montenegrin Republic League Montenegrin Republic Cup Venues List of football stadiums in Montenegro First League Stadiums Second League Stadiums Awards Montenegrin Footballer of the Year Radio Montenegro Trophy List of clubs List of venues vteSport in MontenegroFootball Men First League Second League Third League Montenegrin Cup Regional Cups Montenegrin Derby Women First League Montenegrin Cup Futsal First League Basketball Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Women First A League Montenegrin Cup Handball Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Women First League Montenegrin Cup Volleyball Men First League Montenegrin Cup Women First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Water polo Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Regional leagues ABA League BIBL WABA League SEHA League WRH League Adriatic WP League European competitions Football clubs in UEFA Women's football clubs in UEFA Basketball clubs in FIBA/ULEB Women's basketball clubs in FIBA Handball clubs in EHF Women's handball clubs in EHF Volleyball clubs in CEV Women's volleyball clubs in CEV Water polo clubs in LEN National teams Basketball Women Men Football Women Men Handball Women Men Volleyball Women Men Water polo National team games Basketball Women's team games Men's team games Football Women's team games Men's team games Men's team statistics Handball Women's team games Men's team games Volleyball Women's team games Men's team games
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"}],"text":"Stadium in Bar, MontenegroStadion Topolica (Topolica Stadium) is a multi-use stadium in Bar, Montenegro. It is used mostly for football matches and athletics. The stadium has a capacity of 2,500 seats and is a part of Sports Center Bar company.","title":"Stadion Topolica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Topolica Sport Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolica_Sport_Hall"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Port of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"}],"text":"The sports complex was originally built during the 1980s.[1] There are three football pitches, and main stadium has a capacity of 2,500 seats. Among the other facilities, the main ground has floodlights and an athletic track. Topolica Sport Hall is located next to the stadium.\nThe stadium is located at the coast of Adriatic Sea, near the city beach and the Port of Bar.\nDuring the winter months, because of good climate and accommodation, it is used for exhibition matches, tournaments, trainings and preparations of many football and athletic teams from the region (Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_pitch"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin Third League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Third_League"}],"text":"The pitch measures 110 x 70 meters. Among other facilities, there are floodlights and an athletic track.\nAnother stadium in Sports Complex Madžarica has smaller dimensions and a capacity of 2,000 seats and meets the standards for Montenegrin Third League games.","title":"Pitch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FK Mornar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mornar"},{"link_name":"FK Sloga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloga_Bar"},{"link_name":"FK Hajduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Hajduk_Bar"},{"link_name":"ŽFK Pristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDFK_Pristan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stadion Topolica is home of four football teams and one athletic team. The main user is FK Mornar, and except them, the ground is often used by lower-league members FK Sloga and FK Hajduk. Also, their home games on Stadium Madžarica plays ŽFK Pristan (women's football). The stadium hosts training and events of Athletic Club Mornar, too.\nSince 1994, the stadium hosts traditional International Athletic Meeting.[2]","title":"Tenants"}]
[]
[{"title":"Topolica Sport Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolica_Sport_Hall"},{"title":"FK Mornar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mornar"},{"title":"FK Sloga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloga_Bar"},{"title":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Johnson_(physician)
Arnold Johnson (physician)
["1 Education and career","2 References"]
Arnold Johnson, M.D., C.M., FRCPC, (1916 – October 19, 2006) was a Canadian cardiologist and founder of the Department of Cardiology at McMaster University. He is most well known for performing the first heart catheterization procedure for congenital heart disease in Canada in 1946. Education and career Johnson completed his undergraduate medical education at McGill University. He subsequently served as a medical officer in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. In 1945, he completed a post-graduate fellowship at Harvard University with Paul Dudley White. Upon returning to Canada, he performed the first heart catheterization procedure at the Montreal Children's Hospital in 1946. The following year, in 1947, he was appointed Director of Cardiology at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. He pioneered the first cardiac pacemaker and also developed the first comprehensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) program. In 1971, he completed a joint fellowship at Université Laval and University of North Carolina in clinical epidemiology. In 1974, he moved to McMaster University, helping in the founding of its Department of Cardiology. References ^ "Cardiology: History". Montreal Children's Hospital. Montreal Children's Hospital. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ Johnson, Arnold. "Profiles of the Founders of McMaster Cardiology". McMaster University. McMaster University. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ "Deaths" (PDF). CMAJ. CMAJ. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ Johnson, Arnold. "Profiles of the Founders of McMaster Cardiology". McMaster University. McMaster University. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_lumbar_vein
Ascending lumbar vein
["1 Structure","2 Clinical significance","3 References","4 External links"]
Vein on the vertebral column Ascending lumbar veinThe venae cavae and azygos veins with their tributaries.DetailsDrains fromLateral sacral veinsDrains toAzygos vein and hemiazygos veinIdentifiersLatinvena lumbalis ascendensTA98A12.3.07.011 A12.3.09.004TA24757, 4771FMA12858Anatomical terminology The ascending lumbar vein is a vein that runs up through the lumbar region on the side of the vertebral column. Structure The ascending lumbar vein is a paired structure (i.e. one each for the right and left sides of the body). It starts at the common iliac veins. It runs superiorly, intersecting with the lumbar veins as it crosses them. It passes behind the psoas major muscle, but in front of the lumbar vertebrae. When the ascending lumbar vein crosses the subcostal vein, it becomes one of the following: the azygos vein (in the case of the right ascending lumbar vein). the hemiazygos vein (in the case of the left ascending lumbar vein). The first and second lumbar veins ends in the ascending lumbar vein(the third and fourth lumbar veins open into the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava) Clinical significance Contrast medium may be injected into the ascending lumbar vein via the femoral vein in order to visualise the spinal canal. The ascending lumbar vein may be punctured during catheterisation. This can cause bleeding into the dural space. References ^ a b c d e Chiva, Luis M.; Magrina, Javier (2018-01-01), Ramirez, Pedro T.; Frumovitz, Michael; Abu-Rustum, Nadeem R. (eds.), "Chapter 2 - Abdominal and Pelvic Anatomy", Principles of Gynecologic Oncology Surgery, Elsevier, pp. 3–49, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-42878-1.00002-x, ISBN 978-0-323-42878-1, retrieved 2020-11-23 ^ Roshan, John; Mears, Jennifer A.; Lachman, Nirusha; Christensen, Kevin; Ladewig, Dorothy J.; Asirvatham, Samuel J. (2011-01-01), Bredikis, Audrius J.; Wilber, David J. (eds.), "Chapter 17 - Role of Cryoablation for Superior Vena Cava Isolation and Ablation of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia", Cryoablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 191–203, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1615-3.00017-4, ISBN 978-1-4377-1615-3, retrieved 2020-11-23 ^ Hawkes, C H; Roberts, G M (1984-01-01), Harrison, M. J. G. (ed.), "Chapter 60 - Lumbar canal stenosis", Contemporary Neurology, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 564–574, doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-00308-8.50064-1, ISBN 978-0-407-00308-8, S2CID 8133431, retrieved 2021-01-30 ^ a b Harbert, Mary J.; Pardo, Andrea C. (2017-01-01), Swaiman, Kenneth F.; Ashwal, Stephen; Ferriero, Donna M.; Schor, Nina F. (eds.), "21 - Neonatal Nervous System Trauma", Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology (Sixth Edition), Elsevier, pp. 156–160, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-37101-8.00021-7, ISBN 978-0-323-37101-8, retrieved 2021-01-30 External links thoraxlesson5 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (postmediastinumlevel5) figures/chapter_29/29-4.HTM: Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School vteVeins of the abdomen and pelvisTo azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC(Systemic)To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀/testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliacUnpaired median sacral vein Internal iliacposterior: iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior: inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂/clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ vaginal plexus/vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein(Portal)Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric/esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica 2 This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Training_Aviation_Regiment
104th Training Aviation Regiment
["1 History","1.1 1st Training Aviation Regiment","1.2 104th Training Aviation Regiment","2 Assignments","3 Previous designations","4 Bases stationed","5 Commanding officers","6 Equipment","7 References"]
104th Training Aviation Regiment104. vazduhoplovni školski pukActive1945 - 1959Disbanded1959-1960Country YugoslaviaBranchYugoslav Air ForcePart of Military Aviation College Active Aviation Officers School Flight training center Military unit The 104th Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 104. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 104. ваздухопловни школски пук) was an aviation regiment established in 1945 as 1st Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 1. ваздухопловни школски пук) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force. History 1st Training Aviation Regiment The 1st Training Aviation Regiment was formed on November 1, 1945, by order from August of same year. It was created at Pančevo from training squadron, as part of Military Aviation College. It was equipped with Soviet-made Po-2 and UT-2 and Yugoslav Aero-2 training aircraft. By the May 1946 the regiment had composed from four squadrons, and by November same year number of squadrons was reduced. By the 1948 year this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, so it has become 104th Training Aviation Regiment. The commanders of regiment in this period were Predrag Ilić and Svetislav Nešović. Commissars was Milan Jovanović. 104th Training Aviation Regiment The 104th Training Aviation Regiment was based at Pančevo airfield for short period. By year 1949 it was dislocated to Mostar airport, where it has remain until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Yakovlev trainer-fighters and domestic made trainers. In year 1956 regiment was reformed in to 1st Pilot School, which existed until 1959/1960. The commanders of regiment in this period were Svetislav Nešović, Mido Rakočević, Edo Banfić and Luka Popov. Assignments Military Aviation College (1945–1949) Active Aviation Officers School of Military Aviation Academy (1949–1952) Flight training center (1953–1960) Previous designations 1st Training Aviation Regiment (1945–1948) 104th Training Aviation Regiment (1948–1956) 1st Pilot School (1956–1960) Bases stationed Pančevo (1945–1949) Kovin, Omoljica and Kačarevo (1946–1948) Mostar (1949–1960) Commanding officers Date appointed Name Predrag Ilić Svetislav Nešović Mido Rakočević Edo Banfić Luka Popov Equipment Yakovlev UT-2 (1945–1956) Po-2 (1945–1948) Ikarus Aero 2B/C (1945–1948) Yakovlev Yak-1 (1948–1950) Yakovlev Yak-9U (1948–1950) Yugoslav-made trainer aircraft (1948–1960) References ^ Dimitrijević, Bojan. Jugoslovensko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo 1942-1992. Beograd, 2006, p. 356. ^ Dimitrijević, Bojan. Jugoslovensko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo 1942-1992. Beograd, 2006, p. 358.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"}],"text":"Military unitThe 104th Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 104. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 104. ваздухопловни школски пук) was an aviation regiment established in 1945 as 1st Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 1. ваздухопловни школски пук) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force.","title":"104th Training Aviation Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"1st Training Aviation Regiment","text":"The 1st Training Aviation Regiment was formed on November 1, 1945, by order from August of same year. It was created at Pančevo from training squadron, as part of Military Aviation College. It was equipped with Soviet-made Po-2 and UT-2 and Yugoslav Aero-2 training aircraft. By the May 1946 the regiment had composed from four squadrons, and by November same year number of squadrons was reduced.By the 1948 year this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, so it has become 104th Training Aviation Regiment.The commanders of regiment in this period were Predrag Ilić and Svetislav Nešović. Commissars was Milan Jovanović.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pančevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"104th Training Aviation Regiment","text":"The 104th Training Aviation Regiment was based at Pančevo airfield for short period. By year 1949 it was dislocated to Mostar airport, where it has remain until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Yakovlev trainer-fighters and domestic made trainers.In year 1956 regiment was reformed in to 1st Pilot School, which existed until 1959/1960.The commanders of regiment in this period were Svetislav Nešović, Mido Rakočević, Edo Banfić and Luka Popov.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Aviation College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_Aviation_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Active Aviation Officers School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_Aviation_Officers_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flight training center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_training_center&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Military Aviation College (1945–1949)\nActive Aviation Officers School of Military Aviation Academy (1949–1952)\nFlight training center (1953–1960)","title":"Assignments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1st Training Aviation Regiment (1945–1948)\n104th Training Aviation Regiment (1948–1956)\n1st Pilot School (1956–1960)","title":"Previous designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pančevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Omoljica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoljica"},{"link_name":"Kačarevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8Darevo"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_Airport"}],"text":"Pančevo (1945–1949)\nKovin, Omoljica and Kačarevo (1946–1948)\nMostar (1949–1960)","title":"Bases stationed"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yakovlev UT-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_UT-2"},{"link_name":"Po-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_Po-2"},{"link_name":"Ikarus Aero 2B/C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus_Aero_2"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-1"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-9U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9"}],"text":"Yakovlev UT-2 (1945–1956)\nPo-2 (1945–1948)\nIkarus Aero 2B/C (1945–1948)\nYakovlev Yak-1 (1948–1950)\nYakovlev Yak-9U (1948–1950)\nYugoslav-made trainer aircraft (1948–1960)","title":"Equipment"}]
[]
null
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornella_Volta
Ornella Volta
["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","2.1 General works","2.2 On Erik Satie","3 Expositions","4 Distinctions","5 References"]
French musicologist (1927–2020) Ornella VoltaBorn1 January 1927Trieste, Kingdom of ItalyDied16 August 2020(2020-08-16) (aged 93)Paris, FranceNationalityItalian-FrenchOccupationMusicologist Ornella Volta (1 January 1927 – 16 August 2020) was an Italian-born French musicologist, essayist, and translator. Biography A cinematographic journalist and writer, Ornella married her spouse, Pablo Volta in 1957, and the couple moved to Paris. She was a friend of Federico Fellini, with whom she collaborated for the 1970 film I clowns. She carried out research for the film on the circus and produced the French language version of the dialogue. She also served as assistant director of the 1955 film The Belle of Rome, directed by Luigi Comencini. In the 1960s, she published multiple books, such as Vampires parmi nous, Le Vampire, and Frankenstein & Company. She also collaborated with magazines such as Vogue, Quindici, and Il Delatore. Volta devoted nearly 50 years of her life to researching and writing about the life and works of composer Erik Satie. In 1981 she established the Fondation Erik Satie at her home in Paris, and in 1983 she became the founder-curator of the Musée-Placard d'Erik Satie (Cupboard Museum of Erik Satie), located in a tiny room Satie occupied in Montmartre during the late 1890s. Reputedly one of the smallest museums in the world, it exhibited items belonging to Satie, mainly drawings and paintings, as well as an artist-authorized replica of Man Ray's sculpture The Gift (1921). Volta was forced to close the museum in 2008 due to lack of subsidies. In 2000, Volta donated a large collection of Satie's works to the French National Archives, which entrusted their conservation to the Institute for Contemporary Publishing Archives. She also organized numerous exhibitions dedicated to Satie, including the foundation of Erik Satie : les Maisons Satie in Honfleur in 1998. Musicologist Robert Orledge dedicated his book Satie the Composer (1990), a major work in Satie studies, to Ornella Volta. She was a member of the Carnets de l'Iliad-Club and a Regent of 'Pataphysics. Volta died on 16 August 2020 in Paris at the age of 93. At the time she was editing a new version of her book Erik Satie, Correspondance presque complète (2000). Bibliography General works Le vampire : la mort, le sang, la peur (1962) Brèves rencontres avec André Breton, avec vingt-deux photographies de Pablo Volta (2003) On Erik Satie Écrits (1977) Erik Satie (1979) L'Ymagier d'Erik Satie (1979) Satie et la danse (1992) Satie/Cocteau : les malentendus d'une entente (1993) Erik Satie (1997) Le Piège de Méduse (1998) La banlieue d'Erik Satie (1999) Erik Satie, Correspondance presque complète (2000) Expositions Satie op papier (1976) Erik Satie à Montmartre (1982–1983) Erik Satie et la tradition populaire (1988) Le Groupe des Six et ses amis (1990) Erik Satie. Bibliographie raisonnée. Première exposition bibliographique autour d'Erik Satie (1995) Erik Satie del Chat Noir a Dadá (1996) Erik Satie de Montmartre à Montparnasse (2000) Satie sur scène (2000) Variations Satie (2000) Distinctions Prix Sévigné (2001) References ^ "Disparition d'Ornella Volta, grande spécialiste d'Erik Satie". France Musique (in French). 18 August 2020. ^ "Décès d'Ornella Volta". Crescendo Magazine (in French). 17 August 2020. ^ "Ornella Volta la vampirologa amica di Fellini". Il Piccolo (in Italian). 30 December 2016. ^ "Maisons Satie : bienvenue dans l'âme d'Erik Satie". Ville de Honfleur (in French). ^ Melville, Antony (2020-11-01). "Ornella Volta obituary". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-07. ^ "Ornella Volta". France Culture (in French). ^ "Mort d'Ornella Volta, spécialiste de Satie". Forum Opera (in French). 19 August 2020. ^ "Ornella Volta : Une vie consacrée à Erik Satie". Erik Satie (in French). 17 August 2020. ^ Melville, Antony (2020-11-01). "Ornella Volta obituary". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-07. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Italy Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ornella Volta (1 January 1927 – 16 August 2020) was an Italian-born French musicologist, essayist, and translator.[1]","title":"Ornella Volta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Federico Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"I clowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_clowns"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Belle of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belle_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Luigi Comencini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Comencini"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Erik Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Musée-Placard d'Erik Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e-Placard_d%27Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmartre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Man Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Ray"},{"link_name":"The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"French National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_Nationales_(France)"},{"link_name":"Institute for Contemporary Publishing Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Contemporary_Publishing_Archives"},{"link_name":"Honfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfleur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Orledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orledge"},{"link_name":"'Pataphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Pataphysics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A cinematographic journalist and writer, Ornella married her spouse, Pablo Volta in 1957, and the couple moved to Paris. She was a friend of Federico Fellini, with whom she collaborated for the 1970 film I clowns. She carried out research for the film on the circus and produced the French language version of the dialogue.[2] She also served as assistant director of the 1955 film The Belle of Rome, directed by Luigi Comencini. In the 1960s, she published multiple books, such as Vampires parmi nous, Le Vampire, and Frankenstein & Company. She also collaborated with magazines such as Vogue, Quindici, and Il Delatore.Volta devoted nearly 50 years of her life to researching and writing about the life and works of composer Erik Satie. In 1981 she established the Fondation Erik Satie at her home in Paris,[3] and in 1983 she became the founder-curator of the Musée-Placard d'Erik Satie (Cupboard Museum of Erik Satie), located in a tiny room Satie occupied in Montmartre during the late 1890s.[4] Reputedly one of the smallest museums in the world, it exhibited items belonging to Satie, mainly drawings and paintings, as well as an artist-authorized replica of Man Ray's sculpture The Gift (1921). Volta was forced to close the museum in 2008 due to lack of subsidies.[5]In 2000, Volta donated a large collection of Satie's works to the French National Archives, which entrusted their conservation to the Institute for Contemporary Publishing Archives. She also organized numerous exhibitions dedicated to Satie, including the foundation of Erik Satie : les Maisons Satie in Honfleur in 1998.[6]Musicologist Robert Orledge dedicated his book Satie the Composer (1990), a major work in Satie studies, to Ornella Volta. She was a member of the Carnets de l'Iliad-Club and a Regent of 'Pataphysics.[7] Volta died on 16 August 2020 in Paris at the age of 93.[8] At the time she was editing a new version of her book Erik Satie, Correspondance presque complète (2000).[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General works","text":"Le vampire : la mort, le sang, la peur (1962)\nBrèves rencontres avec André Breton, avec vingt-deux photographies de Pablo Volta (2003)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"On Erik Satie","text":"Écrits (1977)\nErik Satie (1979)\nL'Ymagier d'Erik Satie (1979)\nSatie et la danse (1992)\nSatie/Cocteau : les malentendus d'une entente (1993)\nErik Satie (1997)\nLe Piège de Méduse (1998)\nLa banlieue d'Erik Satie (1999)\nErik Satie, Correspondance presque complète (2000)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Satie op papier (1976)\nErik Satie à Montmartre (1982–1983)\nErik Satie et la tradition populaire (1988)\nLe Groupe des Six et ses amis (1990)\nErik Satie. Bibliographie raisonnée. Première exposition bibliographique autour d'Erik Satie (1995)\nErik Satie del Chat Noir a Dadá (1996)\nErik Satie de Montmartre à Montparnasse (2000)\nSatie sur scène (2000)\nVariations Satie (2000)","title":"Expositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prix Sévigné (2001)","title":"Distinctions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Disparition d'Ornella Volta, grande spécialiste d'Erik Satie\". France Musique (in French). 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francemusique.fr/musique-classique/disparition-d-ornella-volta-grande-specialiste-d-erik-satie-86882","url_text":"\"Disparition d'Ornella Volta, grande spécialiste d'Erik Satie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Décès d'Ornella Volta\". Crescendo Magazine (in French). 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crescendo-magazine.be/journal/deces-dornella-volta/","url_text":"\"Décès d'Ornella Volta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ornella Volta la vampirologa amica di Fellini\". Il Piccolo (in Italian). 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/tempo-libero/2016/12/30/news/ornella-volta-la-vampirologa-amica-di-fellini-1.14641540","url_text":"\"Ornella Volta la vampirologa amica di Fellini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maisons Satie : bienvenue dans l'âme d'Erik Satie\". Ville de Honfleur (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musees-honfleur.fr/maison-satie.html","url_text":"\"Maisons Satie : bienvenue dans l'âme d'Erik Satie\""}]},{"reference":"Melville, Antony (2020-11-01). \"Ornella Volta obituary\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/01/ornella-volta-obituary","url_text":"\"Ornella Volta obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ornella Volta\". France Culture (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.franceculture.fr/personne/ornella-volta","url_text":"\"Ornella Volta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mort d'Ornella Volta, spécialiste de Satie\". Forum Opera (in French). 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forumopera.com/breve/mort-dornella-volta-specialiste-de-satie","url_text":"\"Mort d'Ornella Volta, spécialiste de Satie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ornella Volta : Une vie consacrée à Erik Satie\". Erik Satie (in French). 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erik-satie.com/ornella-volta-une-vie-consacree-a-erik-satie/","url_text":"\"Ornella Volta : Une vie consacrée à Erik Satie\""}]},{"reference":"Melville, Antony (2020-11-01). \"Ornella Volta obituary\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/01/ornella-volta-obituary","url_text":"\"Ornella Volta obituary\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yipma_language
Yipma language
["1 History","2 Dialects","3 Phonology","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Angan language spoken in Papua New Guinea YipmaBaruyaNative toPapua New GuineaRegionMorobe ProvinceEthnicityBaruya etc.Native speakers(6,600 cited 1990 census)Language familyTrans–New Guinea AnganNorthwestYipmaLanguage codesISO 639-3byrGlottologbaru1267 Yipma (pronounced as Hipma) is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Wantakia, Baruya (Barua), Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya). History 'Baruya' refers to the accent of the Bruwa tribe, currently residing around the Marawaka station area. The original tribe that had been in Marawaka is the Anzii tribe. They are now located at the foot of Mount Yelia in three villages: Wauko, Ande and Mala. The Baruwa tribe were refugees, from somewhere in the Meniyamiya area of Morobe province, who had been driven out of their land in a tribal war, the Anzii while still in Marawaka peacefully took them in. After some time, tribal war broke out between the Anzii tribe and the Baruwa tribe and the Anzii tribe moved out from Marawaka to where they are now. Thus, "Baruya" is not a dialect but an accent, but 'Hipma' is more acceptable to speakers of other dialects. Dialects Usirampia is another accent of the Hipma language, but it is mixed up with another language called Bulekiye. It sounds more like Hipma though there are some Bulekiye influences in it. The Anzii tribe speaks the pure version of the Hipma language and there are no influences from other languages because they were surrounded by enemy tribes from the time they were relocated until the arrival of whitemen and did not make many contacts outside their landmarks. Phonology Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p t tɕ k ʔ Prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ⁿdʑ ᵑg Fricative β ð ʑ ɣ Nasal m n ŋ Approximant w r l j /ʔ/ becomes an unreleased plosive before homorganic plosives and nasals. /r/ is realised as before /j/ or /i/. Vowels Front Central Back High i ɨ u Mid e ʌ o Low a /ɨ/ can range in realization from to . /ʌ/ can range in realization from to . In general, /ɨ/ and /ʌ/ are backed when /w/, /u/, or /o/ occur in the same or following syllable; and fronted when /j/ or /i/ occur in the same or following syllable. Yipma has pitch-accent. Either the final or penultimate syllable can be accented, manifesting in high pitch and stress. Bibliography Lloyd, Richard G. 1989. Bound and Minor Words in Baruya. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG. Lloyd, Joy A. 1992. A Baruya-Tok Pisin-English Dictionary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. References ^ Yipma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ a b c Lloyd, Richard; Lloyd, Joy (2011). Baruya Organised Phonology Data. SIL International. vteLanguages of Papua New GuineaOfficial languages English Hiri Motu Tok Pisin Papua New Guinean Sign Language Major Indigenouslanguages Adzera Amanab Awad Bing Barok Bimin Bola Bugawac Dedua Dobu Iatmul Kâte Kobon Kovai Kuanua Kuman Kuot Kurti Lihir Mandara Mangseng Mbula Mende Mussau-Emira Mutu Nekgini Ngaing Niwer Mil Nobonob Numanggang Nyindrou Pele-Ata Petats Ramoaaina Seimat Solong Somba-Siawari Suau Sulka Tangga Tobo Uneapa Ura Vitu Waris Other PapuanlanguagesAngan Akoye Angaataha Ankave Hamtai Kamasa Kawacha Menya Safeyoka Simbari Susuami Tainae Yagwoia Yipma Awin–Pa Awin Pa Binanderean Baruga Binandere Ewage Korafe Orokaiva Suena Yekora Zia Bosavi Aimele Beami Edolo Kaluli Kasua Onobasulu Sonia Chimbu–Wahgi Chuave Dom Golin Kandawo Kaugel Kuman Maring Melpa Narak Nii Nomane Salt-Yui Sinasina Tembagla Wahgi New Ireland Bilur Fanamaket Kandas Konomala Kuanua Label Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Warwar Feni Duna–Pogaya Duna Pogaya East Kutubuan Fasu Fiwaga Foi East Strickland Fembe Gobasi Konai Kubo Odoodee Samo Engan Angal Bisorio Enga Huli Ipili Kewa Kyaka Lembena Samberigi Eleman Kaki Ae Keoru Opao Orokolo Toaripi Tairuma Ok–Oksapmin Bimin Faiwol Mian Ngalum Ninggerum Oksapmin Setaman Suganga Telefol Tifal Urap Yonggom Teberan Dadibi Folopa Tirio Abom Baramu Bitur Tirio Were Turama–Kikorian Ikobi Omati Rumu Larger families Finisterre–Huon Kainantu–Goroka Madang Ramu–Lower Sepik Sepik Southeast Papuan Torricelli Sign languages Enga Kailge Mehek Mount Avejaha Rossel Island Sinasina Wanib This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angan_language"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"}],"text":"Yipma (pronounced as Hipma) is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Wantakia, Baruya (Barua), Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya).","title":"Yipma language"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"'Baruya' refers to the accent of the Bruwa tribe, currently residing around the Marawaka station area. The original tribe that had been in Marawaka is the Anzii tribe. They are now located at the foot of Mount Yelia in three villages: Wauko, Ande and Mala.The Baruwa tribe were refugees, from somewhere in the Meniyamiya area of Morobe province, who had been driven out of their land in a tribal war, the Anzii while still in Marawaka peacefully took them in. After some time, tribal war broke out between the Anzii tribe and the Baruwa tribe and the Anzii tribe moved out from Marawaka to where they are now. Thus, \"Baruya\" is not a dialect but an accent, but 'Hipma' is more acceptable to speakers of other dialects.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Usirampia is another accent of the Hipma language, but it is mixed up with another language called Bulekiye. It sounds more like Hipma though there are some Bulekiye influences in it. The Anzii tribe speaks the pure version of the Hipma language and there are no influences from other languages because they were surrounded by enemy tribes from the time they were relocated until the arrival of whitemen and did not make many contacts outside their landmarks.","title":"Dialects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant"},{"link_name":"ɪ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ʊ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ɛ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ɔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opd-2"}],"text":"/ʔ/ becomes an unreleased plosive [p̚ t̚ k̚] before homorganic plosives and nasals.\n/r/ is realised as [l] before /j/ or /i/./ɨ/ can range in realization from [ɪ] to [ʊ].\n/ʌ/ can range in realization from [ɛ] to [ɔ].\nIn general, /ɨ/ and /ʌ/ are backed when /w/, /u/, or /o/ occur in the same or following syllable; and fronted when /j/ or /i/ occur in the same or following syllable.Yipma has pitch-accent. Either the final or penultimate syllable can be accented, manifesting in high pitch and stress.[2]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lloyd, Richard G. 1989. Bound and Minor Words in Baruya. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.\nLloyd, Joy A. 1992. A Baruya-Tok Pisin-English Dictionary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rectory_(Utah)
The Rectory (Utah)
["1 Climbing Routes","2 Music Videos","3 Climate","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°39′22″N 109°22′02″W / 38.6562°N 109.3673°W / 38.6562; -109.3673The RectoryThe Rectory (left) and Castleton Tower (right) seen from Utah State Route 128Highest pointElevation6,565 ft (2,001 m)Prominence405 ft (123 m)Coordinates38°39′22″N 109°22′02″W / 38.6562°N 109.3673°W / 38.6562; -109.3673GeographyThe RectoryLocation in UtahShow map of UtahThe RectoryThe Rectory (the United States)Show map of the United States CountryUnited StatesStateUtahCountyGrandParent rangeColorado PlateauTopo mapUSGS Fisher TowersGeologyType of rockWingate SandstoneClimbingFirst ascent1962Easiest routeClimbing class 5.9 The Rectory is a 6,565-ft (2,001 m) sandstone summit in Grand County of Utah, United States. The Rectory is located at Castle Valley, Utah, near the city of Moab. The Rectory is a thin 200 feet (61 m) wide, and 1,000 feet (305 m) long north-to-south butte with 200 ft vertical Wingate Sandstone walls tower standing on a 1,000 foot Moenkopi-Chinle base. Precipitation runoff from The Rectory drains into the nearby Colorado River. The nearest higher peak is Castleton Tower, 0.35 miles (0.56 km) to the south. Priest and Nuns are towers immediately north and part of The Rectory. Further northwest along the connecting ridge is The Convent, with a rock tower called Sister Superior between the two. The first ascent was made May 22, 1962, by Harvey Carter and Cleve McCarty via Empirical Route. Harvey Carter named this geological feature. Climbing Routes Classic Climbing Routes on The Rectory Fine Jade - class 5.11a - 5 pitches Ministry - class 5.11a - 5 pitches Coyote Calling - class 5.11+ - 4 pitches Crack Wars - class 5.11a/b - 4 pitches Find Shade - class 5.11 - 4 pitches Empirical Route - class 5.9R - 3 pitches Music Videos The Jon Bon Jovi music video Blaze of Glory was filmed at The Rectory. The Australian band Heaven also filmed their Knockin' on Heaven's Door music video on top of The Rectory. Climate Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit, when highs average 60 to 80 °F (15.5 to 26.6 °C) and lows average 30 to 50 °F (-1.1 to +10 °C). Summer temperatures often exceed 100 °F (37.7 °C). Winters are cold, with highs averaging 30 to 50 °F, and lows averaging 0 to 20 °F (-17.7 to -6.6 °C). As part of a high desert region, it can experience wide daily temperature fluctuations. The area receives an average of less than 10 inches (254 mm) of rain annually. Gallery The Rectory, Priest and Nuns (left) The Rectory (left) and Castleton Tower (right) The Rectory seen from Fisher Towers Crux Pitch of Fine Jade The Priest seen from The Rectory The Rectory, Priest and Nuns to left The Rectory (left) and Castleton Tower (right) 360° panorama from the top of Castleton Tower. Left to right: Adobe Mesa, Round Mountain, Castle Valley, Parriott Mesa, Convent (Mesa), Sister Superior, and The Rectory farthest to right. (Three clicks to enlarge) Left to right: Castleton Tower, The Rectory, Sister Superior, Convent Mesa, Parriott Mesa, Highway 128 References ^ a b c d e "The Rectory" Lists of John. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Priest and Nuns ^ "First Ascents-since 1911". ^ Eric Bjørnstad, American Alpine Journal, 1987 ^ The Rectory Mountain Project External links Utah portal Blaze of Glory Jon Bon Jovi's "Blaze of Glory" music video Heaven on The Rectory Heaven's music video Climbers on The Rectory: PBase photo National Weather Service forecast Jon Bon Jovi Rocks the Rectory: Moab Times Places adjacent to The Rectory Colorado River Convent MesaSister Superior Fisher Towers Parriott Mesa The Rectory Fisher Mesa Castle Valley, Moab Castleton TowerRound Mountain Adobe Mesa
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rectory-1"},{"link_name":"Grand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_County,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Castle Valley, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Valley,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab,_Utah"},{"link_name":"butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte"},{"link_name":"Wingate Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingate_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Moenkopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenkopi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Chinle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinle_Formation"},{"link_name":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Castleton Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleton_Tower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rectory-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"The Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent_(Mesa)"},{"link_name":"Sister Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Superior_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"first ascent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent"},{"link_name":"Harvey Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_T._Carter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Rectory[1] is a 6,565-ft (2,001 m) sandstone summit in Grand County of Utah, United States. The Rectory is located at Castle Valley, Utah, near the city of Moab. The Rectory is a thin 200 feet (61 m) wide, and 1,000 feet (305 m) long north-to-south butte with 200 ft vertical Wingate Sandstone walls tower standing on a 1,000 foot Moenkopi-Chinle base. Precipitation runoff from The Rectory drains into the nearby Colorado River. The nearest higher peak is Castleton Tower, 0.35 miles (0.56 km) to the south.[1] Priest and Nuns are towers immediately north and part of The Rectory.[2] Further northwest along the connecting ridge is The Convent, with a rock tower called Sister Superior between the two. The first ascent was made May 22, 1962, by Harvey Carter and Cleve McCarty via Empirical Route.[3] Harvey Carter named this geological feature.[4]","title":"The Rectory (Utah)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"class 5.11a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"},{"link_name":"class 5.11a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"},{"link_name":"class 5.11+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"},{"link_name":"class 5.11a/b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"},{"link_name":"class 5.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"},{"link_name":"class 5.9R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System"}],"text":"Classic Climbing Routes on The Rectory[5]Fine Jade - class 5.11a - 5 pitches\nMinistry - class 5.11a - 5 pitches\nCoyote Calling - class 5.11+ - 4 pitches\nCrack Wars - class 5.11a/b - 4 pitches\nFind Shade - class 5.11 - 4 pitches\nEmpirical Route - class 5.9R - 3 pitches","title":"Climbing Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"Blaze of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_of_Glory_(Jon_Bon_Jovi_song)"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Australian_band)"}],"text":"The Jon Bon Jovi music video Blaze of Glory was filmed at The Rectory. The Australian band Heaven also filmed their Knockin' on Heaven's Door music video on top of The Rectory.","title":"Music Videos"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit, when highs average 60 to 80 °F (15.5 to 26.6 °C) and lows average 30 to 50 °F (-1.1 to +10 °C). Summer temperatures often exceed 100 °F (37.7 °C). Winters are cold, with highs averaging 30 to 50 °F, and lows averaging 0 to 20 °F (-17.7 to -6.6 °C). As part of a high desert region, it can experience wide daily temperature fluctuations. The area receives an average of less than 10 inches (254 mm) of rain annually.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Valley_mesas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On_Hwy_128_near_Moab,_Utah_(6293968321).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Priest_and_Nuns,_Rectory.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crux_Pitch_of_Fine_Jade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Priest_from_The_Rectory.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Rectory_approach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Rectory_and_Castleton_Tower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castleton_Tower_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Round Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Mountain_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"Parriott Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parriott_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Convent (Mesa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent_(Mesa)"},{"link_name":"Sister Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Superior_(Utah)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castleton_Tower,_The_Rectory,_Sister_Superior,_Convent_Mesa.jpg"}],"text":"The Rectory, Priest and Nuns (left)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Rectory (left) and Castleton Tower (right)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Rectory seen from Fisher TowersCrux Pitch of Fine Jade\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Priest seen from The Rectory\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Rectory, Priest and Nuns to left\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Rectory (left) and Castleton Tower (right)360° panorama from the top of Castleton Tower. Left to right: Adobe Mesa, Round Mountain, Castle Valley, Parriott Mesa, Convent (Mesa), Sister Superior, and The Rectory farthest to right. (Three clicks to enlarge)Left to right: Castleton Tower, The Rectory, Sister Superior, Convent Mesa, Parriott Mesa, Highway 128","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"360° panorama from the top of Castleton Tower. Left to right: Adobe Mesa, Round Mountain, Castle Valley, Parriott Mesa, Convent (Mesa), Sister Superior, and The Rectory farthest to right. (Three clicks to enlarge)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Castleton_Tower_Panorama.jpg/500px-Castleton_Tower_Panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Left to right: Castleton Tower, The Rectory, Sister Superior, Convent Mesa, Parriott Mesa, Highway 128","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Castleton_Tower%2C_The_Rectory%2C_Sister_Superior%2C_Convent_Mesa.jpg/500px-Castleton_Tower%2C_The_Rectory%2C_Sister_Superior%2C_Convent_Mesa.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chess_Players_(painting)
The Chess Players (Eakins)
["1 Description","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Painting by Thomas Eakins The Chess PlayersArtistThomas EakinsYear1876TypeOil on wood panelDimensions29.8 cm × 42.6 cm (11+3⁄4 in × 16+3⁄4 in)LocationMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York The Chess Players is an 1876 genre painting by Thomas Eakins, Goodrich catalogue #96. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York. Description It is a small oil on wood panel depicting Eakins' father Benjamin observing a chess match. The two players are Bertrand Gardel (at left), an elderly French teacher, and the somewhat younger George Holmes, a painter. The men are in a dark, wood-panelled Victorian parlour with a quality of light suggesting late afternoon. The game is well in progress, as many pieces have been removed from the board. Holmes, the younger player, seems to be winning the match, as he has taken the queen of his opponent (the top of which pokes out of the table's drawer), and his own black queen is well-positioned in the centre of the board. Eakins painted The Chess Players for his father, and signed the painting in Latin, "BENJAMINI. EAKINS. FILIUS. PINXIT. '76"—"the son of Benjamin Eakins painted this"—in small letters on the drawer of the table. Michael Clapper of Franklin & Marshall College has noted, "Eakins’s choice of and his knowledgeable treatment of it suggest that he was familiar with and interested in the game, though there is little direct evidence of it apart from the painting." Art historian Akela Reason proposes that the painting is a tribute to a number of the artist's father-figures: Holmes probably was Eakins's first art teacher; Gardel was his French teacher; Benjamin Eakins was his literal father; and Jean-Léon Gérôme, his master at the École des Beaux-Arts, is represented by a print of Ave Caesar Morituri te Salutant, over the clock. Author Martin Berger has analyzed the content of the painting in detail, finding it an evocation of the passage of time and ascribing it a highly personal meaning in Eakins' life. The younger chess player's attempt to kill the older player's king is analogous to the Oedipal complex. In the way that his father Benjamin is placed in opposition to Eakins the painter, the two may be envisioned as playing out a psychological "conflict" across the other axis of the chess board. In this light it is not coincidental that the painting was made on wood panel rather than canvas. While Eakins has humbled himself before his father in signing the painting only by reference to being Benjamin's son, he also presents his father ambivalently. Elevating his father's status, he places Benjamin centrally, with the vanishing point behind Benjamin's head. Yet Eakins has obscured his father's face by shadow and by the angle at which he looks down upon the game. Although the painting was dedicated to Benjamin, the title "The Chess Players" curiously leaves Eakins' father out of the narrative of the picture. G-97. Perspective Drawing for The Chess Players (1875-76), Metropolitan Museum of Art. G-98. Study of Bertrand Gardel for The Chess Players, Philadelphia Museum of Art. G-188. The Writing Master: Portrait of Benjamin Eakins (1882), Metropolitan Museum of Art. Engraving of The Chess Players by Eakins student Alice Barber Stephens (circa 1880). See also List of works by Thomas Eakins Chess in the arts and literature References ^ Clapper, Michael (2010-10-01). "Thomas Eakins and The Chess Players". American Art. 24 (3): 78–99. doi:10.1086/658210. ISSN 1073-9300. ^ Akela Reason, Beyond Realism: History in the Art of Thomas Eakins (dissertation, University of Maryland, 2005), p. 67. ^ Berger, Martin A. (2000). Man made : Thomas Eakins and the construction of Gilded Age manhood. Eakins, Thomas, 1844-1916. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22208-3. OCLC 43397150. External links Thomas Eakins’s The Chess Players Replayed (PDF), William Hauptman analysis of the painting vteThomas EakinsPaintings List of works Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871) Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) The Gross Clinic (1875) The Chess Players William Rush Carving His Allegorical Figure of the Schuylkill River (1876) The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand (1879–1880) The Writing Master (1882) Arcadia (1883) The Swimming Hole (1885) The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–1889) The Agnew Clinic (1889) Miss Amelia Van Buren (1891) The Concert Singer (1892) Portrait of Maud Cook (1895) The Pianist (1896) Taking the Count (1898) Salutat (1898) Between Rounds (1899) Wrestlers (1899) Portrait of Mary Adeline Williams (1899, 1900) The Thinker: Portrait of Louis N. Kenton (1900) Portrait of Leslie W. Miller (1901) Self-portrait (1902) Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903) William Rush and His Model (1908) Related Susan Macdowell Eakins (wife) Thomas Eakins House Conservation-restoration of The Gross Clinic Eakins Oval vteMetropolitan Museum of ArtPlacesThe Met Fifth Avenue Anna Wintour Costume Center Astor Court Robert Goldwater Library Temple of Dendur Thomas J. Watson Library Other sites The Cloisters Met Breuer Directors Luigi Palma di Cesnola Caspar Purdon Clarke Edward Robinson Herbert Eustis Winlock Francis Henry Taylor James Rorimer Thomas Hoving Philippe de Montebello Thomas P. Campbell Miscellaneous Met Gala Museum Mile Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide Antiquities Amathus sarcophagus Bajaur casket Burke Jizō Pratt Ivories Coffin of Nedjemankh Cesnola Sphinx Funerary Stele Dipylon krater Magdeburg Ivories Armenian Gospel with Silver Cover Calligraphic Galleon Carp and Pine Chair of Reniseneb Fieschi Morgan Staurotheke Hounds and Jackals The Hunt of the Unicorn Hunting of Birds with a Hawk and a Bow Kettle Drums Kneeling Bull with Vessel Miniature Altarpiece with the Crucifixion Modern Gothic cabinet Morgan Casket Pair of Incense Boxes in the Shape of Mandarin Ducks Pomegranate carved in the round Rectangular Octave Virginal Studiolo from the Ducal Palace in Gubbio Intan Jizō The Triumph of Fame Vase with lid Woman Seen from the Back Statuette of Mercury Statuette of the lady Tiye Phoenician metal bowls Paintings 1476 Altarpiece A Cavalryman A Vase of Flowers (1716) The Abduction of Rebecca The Accommodations of Desire The Actor (painting) Adoration of the Magi (Bosch, New York) Adoration of the Shepherds (Mantegna) The Aegean Sea The Afternoon Meal (Luis Meléndez) Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull) The Allegory of Faith Allegory of the Planets and Continents Alpine Pool Altman Madonna America Today Ancient Rome (painting) Annunciation (Memling) Annunziata Polyptych Anthony van Dyck self portrait Approaching Thunder Storm Arab Woman (watercolor) Arcadia (painting) Ariadne (Giorgio de Chirico) Aristotle with a Bust of Homer Artillery (Roger de la Fresnaye) The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog At the Seaside Au Lapin Agile Autumn Ivy (Ogata Kenzan) Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) Bache Madonna Bain à la Grenouillère The Baker's Cart The Banks of the Bièvre near Bicêtre Banquet in Silence (Marsden Hartley) Bashi-Bazouk (Jean-Léon Gérôme) A Basket of Clams (Winslow Homer) Beauty Revealed Black Iris (painting) Black Stork in a Landscape Boating (Édouard Manet) Annunciation (Botticelli, New York) Bouquet of Small Chrysanthemums (Léon Bonvin) Boy Carrying a Sword The Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne Brigand and His Wife in Prayer Bringing Down Marble from the Quarries to Carrara The Brioche Broadway and 42nd Street Broken Eggs Burg Weiler Altarpiece Butler Madonna By the Seashore Ca' Dolfin Tiepolos The Calm Sea (painting) Camouflage Self-Portrait Cannon Rock (painting) The Card Players Catania and Mount Etna Cemetery, New Mexico (Marsden Hartley) Cervara Altarpiece The Chess Players (Eakins painting) Children Playing with a Goat Christ Carrying the Cross (El Greco, New York) Christ Presented to the People (Il Sodoma) Christ with a Staff Claes Duyst van Voorhout Cloudy Mountains Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine Coast Scene, Isles of Shoals The Collector of Prints (Edgar Degas) Comtesse de la Châtre Captain George K. H. Coussmaker Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue A Cowherd at Valhermeil, Auvers-sur-Oise Cows Crossing a Ford Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych Crucifixion with the Virgin and St John The Cup of Tea Cypresses (Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Dance Class (Degas, Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Dancing Class The Dead Christ with Angels The Death of Harmonia The Death of Socrates The Defense of Champigny Delirious Hem The Denial of Saint Peter (Caravaggio) Diana and Cupid The Dream of Aeneas (Salvator Rosa) Dressing for the Carnival Madonna and Child (Duccio) Egyptian Woman with Earrings Egyptians Raising Water from the Nile The Empress Elizabeth of Russia on Horseback, Attended by a Page Entrance to a Dutch Port Equestrian Portrait of Cornelis and Michiel Pompe van Meerdervoort with Their Tutor and Coachman Esther before Ahasuerus (Artemisia Gentileschi) Ethel Scull 36 Times The Experts (painting) The Falls of Niagara The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes Femme Lisant Ferry near Gorinchem The Fingernail Test Fish Market (Joachim Beuckelaer) The Fishing Boat Fishing Boats, Key West The Five Points (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Florinda (painting) The Forest in Winter at Sunset (painting) The Fortune Teller (de La Tour) Fruit Dish and Glass The Funeral (painting) Fur Traders Descending the Missouri Garden at Sainte-Adresse George Washington (Trumbull) Gilbert Stuart (Goodridge) A Girl Asleep Girl with a Cat (Gwen John) Glass Blowers of Murano Golden Cock and Hen A Goldsmith in His Shop, Possibly Saint Eligius The Great Sirens The Gulf Stream (painting) Harlequin with a Guitar The Harvest, Pontoise The Harvesters (painting) Haystacks:Autumn Head of Christ (Rembrandt, New York) The Heart of the Andes The Hermit (Il solitario) The Horse Fair Houses on the Achterzaan I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold In a Courtyard, Tangier The Interior of an Atelier of a Woman Painter (Lemoine) Interior with a Young Couple and a Dog Irises screen Isaac Blessing Jacob (Gerbrand van den Eeckhout) Isle of the Dead (painting) Italian Hill Town (Arthur B. Davies) Jo, the Beautiful Irishwoman Joy of Life (Valadon) Juan Legua July Fourteenth, Rue Daunou, 1910 The Kearsarge at Boulogne The Lacemaker (Maes) Lachrymae (Frederic Leighton) Lady at the Tea Table Lady with the Rose (Charlotte Louise Burckhardt) Lake George (John Frederick Kensett) Landscape with Sky The Last Communion of Saint Jerome (Botticelli) Lehman Madonna Lilacs in a Window Lobster Fishermen (Marsden Hartley) The Lovesick Maiden Lukas Spielhausen Lydia Crocheting in the Garden at Marly (Mary Cassatt) Madame Élisabeth de France Madame Grand (Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun) Madonna and Child (Bellini, New York, 1485–1490) Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (Raphael) Magdalene with Two Flames The Maidservant Maine Coast Majas on a Balcony Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zúñiga The Marriage of the Virgin (Michelino da Besozzo) The Martyrdom of Saint Barbara (Lucas Cranach the Elder) The Masquerade Dress The Matador Saluting Max Schmitt in a Single Scull Mérode Altarpiece Merry company with two men and two women Mezzetino (painting) The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (painting) Miss V Dressed as a Bullfighter Model by the Wicker Chair Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley Moonlight, Wood Island Light Morning, An Overcast Day, Rouen Moses Striking the Rock Mother and Child (Cassatt) Mountain Stream (John Singer Sargent) Mountain with Red House Movement No. 5, Provincetown Houses Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Phelps Stokes Mrs. Atkinson (Gwen John) Mrs. Beckington (Alice Beckington) Mrs. Hugh Hammersley The Musician (Bartholomeus van der Helst painting) A Musician and His Daughter The Musicians (Caravaggio) Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine (Memling) Nativity scenes attributed to Zanobi Strozzi Night-Shining White Northeaster (painting) Nude Before a Mirror Oedipus and the Sphinx Old Trees, Level Distance Pity (William Blake) Portrait of Madame Jacques-Louis Leblanc Exhibitions Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty American Woman: Fashioning a National Identity AngloMania: Tradition and Transgression in British Fashion Before Yesterday We Could Fly Camp: Notes on Fashion China: Through the Looking Glass Death Becomes Her: A Century of Mourning Attire Fashion and History: A Dialogue Glitter and Doom Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination In America: A Lexicon of Fashion In America: An Anthology of Fashion Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years Manus x Machina: Fashion in an Age of Technology The Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion The Pictures Generation Rei Kawakubo/Comme des Garçons Art of the In-Between Superheroes: Fashion and Fantasy Te Maori Vessel Orchestra Commons * Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eakins"},{"link_name":"Goodrich catalogue #96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Eakins"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"The Chess Players is an 1876 genre painting by Thomas Eakins, Goodrich catalogue #96. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.","title":"The Chess Players (Eakins)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Oedipal complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipal_complex"},{"link_name":"vanishing point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_point"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perspective_drawing_for_the_Chess_players.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertrand_Gardel_-_Sketch_for_The_Chess_Players.png"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_writing_master_thomas_eakins.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Players_engraving_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alice Barber Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Barber_Stephens"}],"text":"It is a small oil on wood panel depicting Eakins' father Benjamin observing a chess match. The two players are Bertrand Gardel (at left), an elderly French teacher, and the somewhat younger George Holmes, a painter. The men are in a dark, wood-panelled Victorian parlour with a quality of light suggesting late afternoon. The game is well in progress, as many pieces have been removed from the board. Holmes, the younger player, seems to be winning the match, as he has taken the queen of his opponent (the top of which pokes out of the table's drawer), and his own black queen is well-positioned in the centre of the board. Eakins painted The Chess Players for his father, and signed the painting in Latin, \"BENJAMINI. EAKINS. FILIUS. PINXIT. '76\"—\"the son of Benjamin Eakins painted this\"—in small letters on the drawer of the table. Michael Clapper of Franklin & Marshall College has noted, \"Eakins’s choice of [chess] and his knowledgeable treatment of it suggest that he was familiar with and interested in the game, though there is little direct evidence of it apart from the painting.\"[1]Art historian Akela Reason proposes that the painting is a tribute to a number of the artist's father-figures: Holmes probably was Eakins's first art teacher; Gardel was his French teacher; Benjamin Eakins was his literal father; and Jean-Léon Gérôme, his master at the École des Beaux-Arts, is represented by a print of Ave Caesar Morituri te Salutant, over the clock.[2]Author Martin Berger has analyzed the content of the painting in detail, finding it an evocation of the passage of time and ascribing it a highly personal meaning in Eakins' life. The younger chess player's attempt to kill the older player's king is analogous to the Oedipal complex. In the way that his father Benjamin is placed in opposition to Eakins the painter, the two may be envisioned as playing out a psychological \"conflict\" across the other axis of the chess board. In this light it is not coincidental that the painting was made on wood panel rather than canvas. While Eakins has humbled himself before his father in signing the painting only by reference to being Benjamin's son, he also presents his father ambivalently. Elevating his father's status, he places Benjamin centrally, with the vanishing point behind Benjamin's head. Yet Eakins has obscured his father's face by shadow and by the angle at which he looks down upon the game. Although the painting was dedicated to Benjamin, the title \"The Chess Players\" curiously leaves Eakins' father out of the narrative of the picture.[3]G-97. Perspective Drawing for The Chess Players (1875-76), Metropolitan Museum of Art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tG-98. Study of Bertrand Gardel for The Chess Players, Philadelphia Museum of Art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tG-188. The Writing Master: Portrait of Benjamin Eakins (1882), Metropolitan Museum of Art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngraving of The Chess Players by Eakins student Alice Barber Stephens (circa 1880).","title":"Description"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of works by Thomas Eakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Eakins"},{"title":"Chess in the arts and literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts_and_literature"}]
[{"reference":"Clapper, Michael (2010-10-01). \"Thomas Eakins and The Chess Players\". American Art. 24 (3): 78–99. doi:10.1086/658210. ISSN 1073-9300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F658210","url_text":"10.1086/658210"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1073-9300","url_text":"1073-9300"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Martin A. (2000). Man made : Thomas Eakins and the construction of Gilded Age manhood. Eakins, Thomas, 1844-1916. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22208-3. OCLC 43397150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22208-3","url_text":"0-520-22208-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43397150","url_text":"43397150"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F658210","external_links_name":"10.1086/658210"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1073-9300","external_links_name":"1073-9300"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43397150","external_links_name":"43397150"},{"Link":"https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Thomas_Eakinss_The_Chess_Players_Replayed_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_47_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"Thomas Eakins’s The Chess Players Replayed"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecs%C3%A9s
Vecsés
["1 History","2 Economy","3 Transport","4 Twin towns – sister cities","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°24′21″N 19°15′53″E / 47.40570°N 19.26477°E / 47.40570; 19.26477 Town in Pest, HungaryVecsés WetscheschTownThe church FlagCoat of armsVecsésLocation of VecsésCoordinates: 47°24′21″N 19°15′53″E / 47.40570°N 19.26477°E / 47.40570; 19.26477Country HungaryCountyPestArea • Total36.18 km2 (13.97 sq mi)Population (2009) • Total20,550 • Density518.79/km2 (1,343.7/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2220Area code29 Vecsés (German: Wetschesch) is a town of 20,550 inhabitants in Budapest metropolitan area, Pest County, Hungary, situated adjacent to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The village was first mentioned in records in 1318. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the region had a dense network of villages and extant documents mention it as an ecclesiastical place. In 1786 Count Antal Grassalkovich settled 50 families in Vecsés, who were mainly Swabian, and to a lesser extent Slovakian and Hungarian inhabitants from the surrounding villages. The movie Indul a bakterház was shot here. The Swabian farmers grew cabbage and brought their Germanic tradition of sauerkraut production with them and Vecsés is famous even today for its sauerkraut. Vecsés started to develop quickly after it was formed. From the end of the 19th century, the population started to grow, the village had a busy social, cultural and political life. It had a high number of victims in World War II. By the late 20th century, Vecsés became a town of individual character and as such was elevated from village to town on 1 July 2001. Economy At one time the airline Wizz Air had its head office in the Airport Business Park C2 in Vecsés. The airline moved into its current head office on the property of Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport in the northern hemisphere summer of 2011. Transport Bus-lines The autobus company "VOLÁNBUSZ" operates 3 buses to Vecsés town: 1. Vecsés, Erzsébet tér > Budapest, Kőbánya-Kispest vá. 2. Vecsés, Sportpályam > Budapest, Csévéző utca 3. Vecsés, Anna utca > Budapest, Népliget and Budapest Transport serves one line to Vecsés 4. Route 200E (Budapest, Kőbánya-Kispest railway and subway station > Budapest, Liszt Ferenc Airport Terminal 2) Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary Vecsés is twinned with: Lăzarea, Romania Rheinstetten, Germany Gallery References ^ "Company information". Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009. "Wizz Air Hungary Airlines Ltd. Airport Business Park C2, Lőrinci út 59 2220 Vecsés, Hungary" ^ "Property development Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport. Retrieved on 11 December 2011. ^ "Testvérvárosok". vecses.hu (in Hungarian). Vecsés. Retrieved 7 April 2021. External links Street map (in Hungarian) vteTowns and villages of Vecsés DistrictTowns (3) Maglód Üllő Vecsés (district seat) Large village (1) Ecser vtePest CountyCity with county rights Budapest (county seat, but not part of the county) Érd Towns Abony Albertirsa Aszód Biatorbágy Budakalász Budakeszi Budaörs Cegléd Dabas Diósd Dunaharaszti Dunakeszi Dunavarsány Fót Göd Gödöllő Gyál Gyömrő Halásztelek Isaszeg Kerepes Kistarcsa Maglód Monor Nagykáta Nagykőrös Nagymaros Ócsa Őrbottyán Örkény Pécel Pilis Piliscsaba Pilisvörösvár Pomáz Ráckeve Sülysáp Százhalombatta Szentendre Szigethalom Szigetszentmiklós Szob Tápiószele Tököl Törökbálint Tura Újhartyán Üllő Vác Vecsés Veresegyház Visegrád Zsámbék Large villages Alsónémedi Bag Bugyi Csömör Dömsöd Ecser Felsőpakony Hernád Inárcs Kartal Kiskunlacháza Leányfalu Nagykovácsi Nyáregyháza Solymár Szada Taksony Táborfalva Tápiószecső Tápiószentmárton Tárnok Valkó Villages Acsa Apaj Áporka Bernecebaráti Bénye Budajenő Ceglédbercel Csemő Csévharaszt Csobánka Csomád Csörög Csővár Dánszentmiklós Dány Délegyháza Domony Dunabogdány Erdőkertes Farmos Galgagyörk Galgahévíz Galgamácsa Gomba Herceghalom Hévízgyörk Iklad Ipolydamásd Ipolytölgyes Jászkarajenő Kakucs Káva Kemence Kismaros Kisnémedi Kisoroszi Kocsér Kosd Kóspallag Kóka Kőröstetétlen Letkés Lórév Majosháza Makád Márianosztra Mende Mikebuda Mogyoród Nagybörzsöny Nagytarcsa Nyársapát Pánd Páty Penc Perbál Perőcsény Péteri Pilisborosjenő Pilisjászfalu Pilisszántó Pilisszentiván Pilisszentkereszt Pilisszentlászló Pócsmegyer Pusztavacs Pusztazámor Püspökhatvan Püspökszilágy Rád Remeteszőlős Sóskút Szentlőrinckáta Szentmártonkáta Szigetbecse Szigetcsép Szigetmonostor Szigetszentmárton Szigetújfalu Szokolya Sződ Sződliget Tahitótfalu Tatárszentgyörgy Tápióbicske Tápiógyörgye Tápióság Tápiószőlős Telki Tésa Tinnye Tóalmás Tök Törtel Újlengyel Újszilvás Úri Üröm Vasad Vácduka Vácegres Váchartyán Váckisújfalu Vácrátót Vácszentlászló Vámosmikola Verőce Verseg Zebegény Zsámbok Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Pest County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This Hungarian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Budapest metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Pest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airport"}],"text":"Town in Pest, HungaryVecsés (German: Wetschesch) is a town of 20,550 inhabitants in Budapest metropolitan area, Pest County, Hungary, situated adjacent to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.","title":"Vecsés"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antal Grassalkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antal_Grassalkovich"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Swabians"},{"link_name":"Indul a bakterház","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indul_a_bakterh%C3%A1z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Swabians"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in records in 1318. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the region had a dense network of villages and extant documents mention it as an ecclesiastical place. In 1786 Count Antal Grassalkovich settled 50 families in Vecsés, who were mainly Swabian, and to a lesser extent Slovakian and Hungarian inhabitants from the surrounding villages. \nThe movie Indul a bakterház was shot here.The Swabian farmers grew cabbage and brought their Germanic tradition of sauerkraut production with them and Vecsés is famous even today for its sauerkraut. Vecsés started to develop quickly after it was formed. From the end of the 19th century, the population started to grow, the village had a busy social, cultural and political life. It had a high number of victims in World War II. By the late 20th century, Vecsés became a town of individual character and as such was elevated from village to town on 1 July 2001.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizz Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizz_Air"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Liszt_Ferenc_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirportHQ-2"}],"text":"At one time the airline Wizz Air had its head office in the Airport Business Park C2 in Vecsés.[1] The airline moved into its current head office on the property of Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport in the northern hemisphere summer of 2011.[2]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Route 200E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_bus_route_200E"}],"text":"Bus-linesThe autobus company \"VOLÁNBUSZ\" operates 3 buses to Vecsés town:1. Vecsés, Erzsébet tér > Budapest, Kőbánya-Kispest vá.\n2. Vecsés, Sportpályam > Budapest, Csévéző utca\n3. Vecsés, Anna utca > Budapest, Népliget and Budapest Transport serves one line to Vecsés\n4. Route 200E (Budapest, Kőbánya-Kispest railway and subway station > Budapest, Liszt Ferenc Airport Terminal 2)","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Lăzarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83zarea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rheinstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinstetten"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in HungaryVecsés is twinned with:[3]Lăzarea, Romania\n Rheinstetten, Germany","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecs%C3%A9s_l%C3%A9gifot%C3%B31.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecs%C3%A9s_l%C3%A9gifot%C3%B32.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecs%C3%A9s_l%C3%A9gifot%C3%B33.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecs%C3%A9s_l%C3%A9gifot%C3%B34.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecses_church.JPG"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2184_BC
22nd century BC
["1 Events","2 References"]
One hundred years, from 2200 BC to 2101 BC Millennium 3rd millennium BC Centuries 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC Timelines 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC State leaders 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC Decades 2190s BC 2180s BC 2170s BC 2160s BC 2150s BC 2140s BC 2130s BC 2120s BC 2110s BC 2100s BC Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments vte The 22nd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC. Events The Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded. 4.2-kiloyear event: A severe aridification event that probably lasts the entire 22nd century BC and causes the collapse of several Old World civilizations. 2217 BC–2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of the Mesopotamian city of Akkad. c. 2200 BC: Austronesians reach the Batanes Islands of the Philippine Archipelago as part of the Austronesian Expansion. c. 2184 BC: Possible date for the death of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the longest reigning monarch of history with 94 years on the throne. c. 2184 BC: Ephemeral rule of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II in Egypt. c. 2184–2181 BC: Reign of Netjerkare Siptah, last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, who will later give rise to the legendary figure of Nitocris. c. 2181 BC: End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and start of the First Intermediate Period, the doubtful Seventh Dynasty and the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt with Menkare (these periods may extend to c. 2160 BC or beyond). The fall of the Old Kingdom may have been caused by a conjunction of severe droughts, strong decentralization of the state and confusion following the extremely long reign of Pepi II. c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire falls under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast. c. 2160 BC: End of the reign of Pharaoh Neferirkare, last king of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Beginning of the Ninth Dynasty, possibly after the overthrow of Neferirkare. c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete. c. 2150 BC: City state of Lagash in Mesopotamia is established. c. 2150–2030 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh is written in Mesopotamia in Akkadian. c. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, starts to reign. 2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that takes place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology. c. 2125 BC–2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes", Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. 2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, dies. c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) is made. 2119 BC–2113 BC (middle chronology): Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire. 2116 BC–2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war. 2112 BC–2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu. References ^ Sin-léqi-unnínni (2017). Ele que o abismo viu (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão. Autêntica. p. 13. ISBN 978-85-513-0283-5. ^ Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ^ Now in the Musée du Louvre, Paris. vteDecades and years22nd century BC24th century BC ← 23rd century BC ← ↔ → 21st century BC → 20th century BC 2200s BC 2209 BC 2208 BC 2207 BC 2206 BC 2205 BC 2204 BC 2203 BC 2202 BC 2201 BC 2200 BC 2190s BC 2199 BC 2198 BC 2197 BC 2196 BC 2195 BC 2194 BC 2193 BC 2192 BC 2191 BC 2190 BC 2180s BC 2189 BC 2188 BC 2187 BC 2186 BC 2185 BC 2184 BC 2183 BC 2182 BC 2181 BC 2180 BC 2170s BC 2179 BC 2178 BC 2177 BC 2176 BC 2175 BC 2174 BC 2173 BC 2172 BC 2171 BC 2170 BC 2160s BC 2169 BC 2168 BC 2167 BC 2166 BC 2165 BC 2164 BC 2163 BC 2162 BC 2161 BC 2160 BC 2150s BC 2159 BC 2158 BC 2157 BC 2156 BC 2155 BC 2154 BC 2153 BC 2152 BC 2151 BC 2150 BC 2140s BC 2149 BC 2148 BC 2147 BC 2146 BC 2145 BC 2144 BC 2143 BC 2142 BC 2141 BC 2140 BC 2130s BC 2139 BC 2138 BC 2137 BC 2136 BC 2135 BC 2134 BC 2133 BC 2132 BC 2131 BC 2130 BC 2120s BC 2129 BC 2128 BC 2127 BC 2126 BC 2125 BC 2124 BC 2123 BC 2122 BC 2121 BC 2120 BC 2110s BC 2119 BC 2118 BC 2117 BC 2116 BC 2115 BC 2114 BC 2113 BC 2112 BC 2111 BC 2110 BC 2100s BC 2109 BC 2108 BC 2107 BC 2106 BC 2105 BC 2104 BC 2103 BC 2102 BC 2101 BC 2100 BC 2090s BC 2099 BC 2098 BC 2097 BC 2096 BC 2095 BC 2094 BC 2093 BC 2092 BC 2091 BC 2090 BC vteCenturies and millennia Millennium Century BC (BCE) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD (CE) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century"}],"text":"The 22nd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.","title":"22nd century BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"4.2-kiloyear event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event"},{"link_name":"2217 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_century_BC"},{"link_name":"Nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Akkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city)"},{"link_name":"Austronesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Pepi II Neferkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare"},{"link_name":"Sixth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Merenre Nemtyemsaf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II"},{"link_name":"Netjerkare Siptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah"},{"link_name":"Sixth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nitocris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitocris"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"Seventh Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eighth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Menkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkare"},{"link_name":"severe droughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_century_BC_drought"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Guti (Mesopotamia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guti_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"mountain people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_people"},{"link_name":"Neferirkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferirkare"},{"link_name":"Eighth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ninth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"ensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"lunar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Shulgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulgi"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"long chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_chronology"},{"link_name":"2055 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_BC"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"ensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Votive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offering"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"middle chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_chronology"},{"link_name":"Utu-hengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utu-hengal"},{"link_name":"third dynasty of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Uruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk"},{"link_name":"Gutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Ur-Nammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu"}],"text":"The Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded.[1]4.2-kiloyear event: A severe aridification event that probably lasts the entire 22nd century BC and causes the collapse of several Old World civilizations.\n2217 BC–2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of the Mesopotamian city of Akkad.\nc. 2200 BC: Austronesians reach the Batanes Islands of the Philippine Archipelago as part of the Austronesian Expansion.\nc. 2184 BC: Possible date for the death of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the longest reigning monarch of history with 94 years on the throne.\nc. 2184 BC: Ephemeral rule of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II in Egypt.\nc. 2184–2181 BC: Reign of Netjerkare Siptah, last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, who will later give rise to the legendary figure of Nitocris.\nc. 2181 BC: End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and start of the First Intermediate Period, the doubtful Seventh Dynasty and the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt with Menkare (these periods may extend to c. 2160 BC or beyond). The fall of the Old Kingdom may have been caused by a conjunction of severe droughts, strong decentralization of the state and confusion following the extremely long reign of Pepi II.\nc. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire falls under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.\nc. 2160 BC: End of the reign of Pharaoh Neferirkare, last king of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Beginning of the Ninth Dynasty, possibly after the overthrow of Neferirkare.\nc. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.\nc. 2150 BC: City state of Lagash in Mesopotamia is established.\nc. 2150–2030 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh is written in Mesopotamia in Akkadian.\nc. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, starts to reign.\n2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that takes place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.\nc. 2125 BC–2055 BC: \"Model of a house and garden, from Thebes\", Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt.[2]\n2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, dies.\nc. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) is made.[3]\n2119 BC–2113 BC (middle chronology): Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire.\n2116 BC–2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.\n2112 BC–2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.","title":"Events"}]
[{"image_text":"The Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sin-léqi-unnínni (2017). Ele que o abismo viu [He who Saw the Abysm] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão. Autêntica. p. 13. ISBN 978-85-513-0283-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni","url_text":"Sin-léqi-unnínni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-513-0283-5","url_text":"978-85-513-0283-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzague_Saint_Bris
Gonzague Saint Bris
["1 References"]
French journalist and writer Gonzague Saint BrisGonzague Saint Bris in 2011Born(1948-01-16)16 January 1948Loches, Indre-et-Loire, FranceDied8 August 2017(2017-08-08) (aged 69)Saint-Hymer, Calvados, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupations Novelist biographer journalist Gonzague Saint Bris (16 January 1948 – 8 August 2017) was an award-winning French novelist, biographer, and journalist. He won the 2002 Prix Interallié for Les Vieillards de Brighton. He was the founder of La Forêt des livres, an annual book festival, and the Cabourg Film Festival. He was also a juror for the prix Contrepoint, a French literary award. With his family, he was a co-proprietor of Clos Lucé. References ^ a b c d "L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris est mort". Le Figaro. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ a b "L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris meurt dans un accident de voiture". Le Monde. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ "L'Historien Gonzague Saint Bris décède brutalement en Normandie". Le Point. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gonzague Saint Bris. vteLaureates of the Prix Interallié1930–1950 1930 André Malraux 1931 Pierre Bost 1932 Simonne Ratel 1933 Robert Bourget-Pailleron 1934 Marc Bernard 1935 Jacques Debû-Bridel  1936 René Laporte  1937 Romain Roussel 1938 Paul Nizan 1939 Roger de Lafforest 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Roger Vailland 1946 Jacques Nels  1947 Pierre Daninos 1948 Henry Castillou  1949 Gilbert Sigaux  1950 Georges Auclair  1951–1975 1951 Jacques Perret 1952 Jean Dutourd 1953 Louis Chauvet 1954 Maurice Boissais 1955 Félicien Marceau 1956 Armand Lanoux 1957 Paul Guimard 1958 Bertrand Poirot-Delpech 1959 Antoine Blondin 1960 Jean Portelle  1960 Henry Muller 1961 Jean Ferniot 1962 Henri-François Rey 1963 Renée Massip 1964 René Fallet 1965 Alain Bosquet 1966 Kléber Haedens 1967 Yvonne Baby 1968 Christine de Rivoyre 1969 Pierre Schoendoerffer 1970 Michel Déon 1971 Pierre Rouanet  1972 Georges Walter  1973 Lucien Bodard 1974 René Mauriès 1975 Voldemar Lestienne 1976–2000 1976 Raphaële Billetdoux 1977 Jean-Marie Rouart 1978 Jean-Didier Wolfromm 1979 François Cavanna 1980 Christine Arnothy 1981 Louis Nucéra 1982 Éric Ollivier 1983 Jacques Duquesne  1984 Michèle Perrein 1985 Serge Lentz 1986 Philippe Labro 1987 Raoul Mille  1988 Bernard-Henri Lévy 1989 Alain Gerber  1990 Bayon  1991 Sébastien Japrisot 1992 Dominique Bona 1993 Jean-Pierre Dufreigne 1994 Marc Trillard 1995 Franz-Olivier Giesbert 1996 Eduardo Manet 1997 Éric Neuhoff 1998 Gilles Martin-Chauffier  1999 Jean-Christophe Rufin 2000 Patrick Poivre d'Arvor 2001–present 2001 Stéphane Denis 2002 Gonzague Saint Bris 2003 Frédéric Beigbeder 2004 Florian Zeller 2005 Michel Houellebecq 2006 Michel Schneider 2007 Christophe Ono-dit-Biot  2008 Serge Bramly 2009 Yannick Haenel 2010 Jean-Michel Olivier  2011 Morgan Sportès 2012 Philippe Djian 2013 Nelly Alard 2014 Mathias Menegoz 2015 Laurent Binet 2016 Serge Joncour 2017 Jean-René Van der Plaetsen 2018 Thomas B. Reverdy 2019 Karine Tuil 2020 Irène Frain 2021 Mathieu Palain  2022 Philibert Humm  Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a French writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris est mort\". Le Figaro. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/08/08/97001-20170808FILWWW00066-l8217ecrivain-gonzague-saint-bris-est-mort.php","url_text":"\"L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris est mort\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris meurt dans un accident de voiture\". Le Monde. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2017/08/08/l-ecrivain-gonzague-saint-bris-meurt-dans-un-accident-de-voiture_5169972_3382.html","url_text":"\"L'écrivain Gonzague Saint Bris meurt dans un accident de voiture\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Historien Gonzague Saint Bris décède brutalement en Normandie\". Le Point. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/info-le-point-fr-l-ecrivain-gonzague-sant-bris-est-mort-08-08-2017-2148684_3.php#section-commentaires","url_text":"\"L'Historien Gonzague Saint Bris décède brutalement en Normandie\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Lethlean
Simon Lethlean
["1 Career","2 Playing/coaching career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
Australian football manager (born 1975) Simon LethleanLethlean in February 2016BornSimon Lethlean (1975-11-17) 17 November 1975 (age 48)NationalityAustralianEducationCamberwell Grammar/Melbourne UniversityOccupationSt Kilda Football Club CEOKnown forAustralian Football League executive Simon Lethlean (born 17 November 1975) is a former Australian Football League (AFL) football operations manager and the former CEO of the St Kilda Football Club. Career Previously working as a commercial solicitor, Lethlean began working for the AFL in 2004. He worked across various roles at the league, where he was involved in the legal department, broadcasting, fixturing, and game development. As general manager of game development at the league he was involved in the creation of the AFL Women's league, and oversaw its inaugural season. In March 2017, AFL CEO Gillon McLachlan announced that Lethlean would be replacing outgoing football operations manager Mark Evans, who was taking on the CEO position at Gold Coast Football Club. Lethlean retained his role in running the AFL Women's competition. In July 2017 following media reports of "inappropriate relationships" within AFL headquarters, McLachlan announced that Lethlean had resigned from his position within the league. It emerged that Lethlean had been involved in an extra-marital relationship with a younger female staff member from the AFL's New South Wales office. The relationship had begun a year earlier in August 2016, but had ended prior to Lethlean taking on the football operations role. He also resigned from his position as a director of statistics company Champion Data, which is part owned by the league. Following his departure from the AFL, it was reported that Lethlean was seeking a CEO position at an AFL club. He had been linked to chief executive openings at Collingwood, Carlton, and Hawthorn, and later to the head of football department role at Essendon, but in December 2017 it was announced that he would become general manager of football at the St Kilda Football Club from the beginning of 2018. The role became vacant following a restructure caused by the departure of Saints chief operating officer Ameet Bains. Lethlean became St Kilda's CEO in 2022. Playing/coaching career Lethlean played for the Hawthorn reserves side, playing in 40 games during the 1990s before later playing for the Old Xaverians, where he was involved in five premierships. He went on to captain the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) representative team. Lethlean later returned to the Old Xaverians as coach, winning premierships again in 2009 and 2010. He also coached the VAFA representative side to six wins from six games. Personal life Lethlean attended Camberwell Grammar and studied law through the University of Melbourne's Sports Law Program. He is married and has four children. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simon Lethlean. ^ a b c Colangelo, Anthony (15 December 2017). "Simon Lethlean deserves a second chance, say Saints". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Anderson, Jon (20 July 2017). "Jon Anderson examines the rise and temporary fall of Simon Lethlean". Herald Sun. ^ Warner, Michael (30 October 2014). "Simon Lethlean devises AFL draw, one of world sport's most complicated fixtures". Herald Sun. ^ a b c d e "Simon Lethlean appointed AFL football operations manager". Herald Sun. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Chris, Cavanagh (25 February 2017). "AFL chiefs plan expanded two-week AFLW finals series for 2018 season". Herald Sun. ^ Drill, Stephen (15 July 2017). "AFL press conference days after affair claim". Herald Sun. ^ Warner, Michael (9 November 2017). "AFL sex scandal: Inquiries made with senior league figures months before Simon Lethlean resigned". Herald Sun. ^ a b Drill, Stephen (14 July 2017). "AFL sex scandal: Simon Lethlean's finals frolics stun colleagues". Herald Sun. ^ Drill, Stephen; Rolfe, Peter (19 July 2017). "AFL affair fallout: Simon Lethlean steps down from Champion Data". Herald Sun. ^ a b "Simon Lethlean joins St Kilda as football boss". The Australian. 16 December 2017. ^ "Thank you, Matt Finnis". AFL Media. 23 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ a b "Hawthorn in Detail". Football Record: 17. 22 April 1994. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ a b c d Beitzel, Brad (7 July 2013). "Simon says". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Beitzel, Brad (10 June 2014). "Simon Lethlean returns to coach Old Xaverians". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Wilson, Caroline (29 September 2012). "The Xavier network". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ Little, Amy (June 2013). "Mastering the game". MLS News. Issue 9. Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
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He had been linked to chief executive openings at Collingwood, Carlton, and Hawthorn, and later to the head of football department role at Essendon, but in December 2017 it was announced that he would become general manager of football at the St Kilda Football Club from the beginning of 2018.[1][10] The role became vacant following a restructure caused by the departure of Saints chief operating officer Ameet Bains.[10] Lethlean became St Kilda's CEO in 2022.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawthorn reserves side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club#Reserves"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawks-12"},{"link_name":"Old Xaverians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Xaverians_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"Victorian Amateur Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Amateur_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Lethlean played for the Hawthorn reserves side,[12] playing in 40 games during the 1990s before later playing for the Old Xaverians, where he was involved in five premierships.[4][13] He went on to captain the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) representative team. Lethlean later returned to the Old Xaverians as coach, winning premierships again in 2009 and 2010.[13] He also coached the VAFA representative side to six wins from six games.[14]","title":"Playing/coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camberwell Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawks-12"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"}],"text":"Lethlean attended Camberwell Grammar[12] and studied law through the University of Melbourne's Sports Law Program.[13][15][16] He is married and has four children.[8][13]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/more-news/jon-anderson-examines-the-rise-and-temporary-fall-of-simon-lethlean/news-story/1ce89c0de80d7f1301b35adec8f7a3aa","url_text":"\"Jon Anderson examines the rise and temporary fall of Simon Lethlean\""}]},{"reference":"Warner, Michael (30 October 2014). \"Simon Lethlean devises AFL draw, one of world sport's most complicated fixtures\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/simon-lethlean-devises-afl-draw-one-of-world-sports-most-complicated-fixtures/news-story/bf95ae9fdf6a9a0324cc85b7eeaf4600","url_text":"\"Simon Lethlean devises AFL draw, one of world sport's most complicated fixtures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Lethlean appointed AFL football operations manager\". Herald Sun. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/more-news/simon-lethlean-appointed-afl-football-operations-manager/news-story/dc1377f66c4e479993c31e762a202225","url_text":"\"Simon Lethlean appointed AFL football operations manager\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806074139/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/more-news/simon-lethlean-appointed-afl-football-operations-manager/news-story/dc1377f66c4e479993c31e762a202225","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chris, Cavanagh (25 February 2017). \"AFL chiefs plan expanded two-week AFLW finals series for 2018 season\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/afl-chiefs-plan-expanded-twoweek-aflw-finals-series-for-2018-season/news-story/6249be710ad6a79a4f25bff406813aee","url_text":"\"AFL chiefs plan expanded two-week AFLW finals series for 2018 season\""}]},{"reference":"Drill, Stephen (15 July 2017). \"AFL press conference days after affair claim\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/afl-press-conference-days-after-affair-claim/news-story/745e542e22dcd4fa1d9e4f0ce0b31618","url_text":"\"AFL press conference days after affair claim\""}]},{"reference":"Warner, Michael (9 November 2017). \"AFL sex scandal: Inquiries made with senior league figures months before Simon Lethlean resigned\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/more-news/afl-sex-scandal-inquiries-made-with-senior-league-figures-months-before-simon-lethlean-resigned/news-story/9681a0db195b2b84fc05869e73763f81","url_text":"\"AFL sex scandal: Inquiries made with senior league figures months before Simon Lethlean resigned\""}]},{"reference":"Drill, Stephen (14 July 2017). \"AFL sex scandal: Simon Lethlean's finals frolics stun colleagues\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/afl-sex-scandal-simon-lethleans-finals-frolics-stun-colleagues/news-story/f007f59af44173b0b685d085a28e5a20","url_text":"\"AFL sex scandal: Simon Lethlean's finals frolics stun colleagues\""}]},{"reference":"Drill, Stephen; Rolfe, Peter (19 July 2017). \"AFL affair fallout: Simon Lethlean steps down from Champion Data\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/more-news/afl-affair-fallout-simon-lethlean-steps-down-from-champion-data/news-story/a9ae5a3b08876e7785c45e66dbf6424f","url_text":"\"AFL affair fallout: Simon Lethlean steps down from Champion Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Lethlean joins St Kilda as football boss\". The Australian. 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/afl/simon-lethlean-joins-st-kilda-as-football-boss/news-story/73e545ae2fcf4eb4591d2742a2ff2a15","url_text":"\"Simon Lethlean joins St Kilda as football boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Thank you, Matt Finnis\". AFL Media. 23 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saints.com.au/news/1226951/thank-you-matt-finnis","url_text":"\"Thank you, Matt Finnis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016045314/https://www.saints.com.au/news/1226951/thank-you-matt-finnis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawthorn in Detail\". Football Record: 17. 22 April 1994. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/136068","url_text":"\"Hawthorn in Detail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Record","url_text":"Football Record"}]},{"reference":"Beitzel, Brad (7 July 2013). \"Simon says\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/pssst-20130706-2pis0.html","url_text":"\"Simon says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103195002/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/pssst-20130706-2pis0.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beitzel, Brad (10 June 2014). \"Simon Lethlean returns to coach Old Xaverians\". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/simon-lethlean-returns-to-coach-old-xaverians-20140610-zs348.html","url_text":"\"Simon Lethlean returns to coach Old Xaverians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103194917/http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/simon-lethlean-returns-to-coach-old-xaverians-20140610-zs348.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Caroline (29 September 2012). \"The Xavier network\". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/the-xavier-network-20120928-26r0y.html","url_text":"\"The Xavier network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103135213/http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/the-xavier-network-20120928-26r0y.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Little, Amy (June 2013). \"Mastering the game\". MLS News. Issue 9. Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.unimelb.edu.au/alumni/mls-news/issue-9-june-2013/mastering-the-game","url_text":"\"Mastering the game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne","url_text":"University of Melbourne"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103014717/http://law.unimelb.edu.au/alumni/mls-news/issue-9-june-2013/mastering-the-game","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_Barcel%C3%B3_Bird_de_Romero
Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and legacy","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Puerto Rican politician Josefina Barceló Bird de RomeroPresident of the Liberal Party of Puerto RicoIn office1938–1948Preceded byMaría de Pérez Almiroty Personal detailsBornMaria Antonia Josefina Barceló BirdFebruary 14, 1901Fajardo, Puerto RicoDiedApril 15, 1979San Juan, Puerto RicoPolitical partyLiberal PartySpouseAntonio Romero MorenoOccupationCivic leader and politician Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero (February 14, 1901 — April 15, 1979) was a Puerto Rican civic leader and politician, leader of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico after the death of her father Antonio Rafael Barceló in 1938. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in "La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women), in San Juan. Early life Maria Antonia Josefina Barceló Bird was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, the daughter of lawyer and politician Antonio Rafael Barceló and Maria Georgina "Josefina" Bird Arias. Her paternal grandfather, Jaime José Barceló Miralles, was an immigrant to Puerto Rico from Palma, Majorca; her maternal grandfather, Jorge Bird León, was a sugar manufacturer. Josefina Barceló Bird finished her education at the College of the Sacred Heart, a convent school in Kenwood, Albany, New York. Career After literate Puerto Rican women gained the vote in 1929, Josefina Barceló de Romero worked on woman-to-woman voter education efforts in San Juan, and she was active in the women's organization of the Liberal Party. Among her responsibilities was arranging childcare, meals, and transportation for new women voters. She joined the Central Board of the Liberal Party in 1936. Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero was elected president of the Liberal Party after her father died in 1938. She was the first woman elected to lead a major political party in Puerto Rico. She continued to hold leadership positions in the party until she resigned and the party dissolved in 1948. She ran unsuccessfully for an at-large Senate seat in 1944. Personal life and legacy Josefina Barceló Bird married Antonio Romero Moreno in 1918. They had three children (Gloria, Calixto, Carlos) and also raised Antonio's nephew. Her son Carlos Romero Barceló was elected mayor of San Juan in 1968, and later served as Governor of Puerto Rico; in 2017, he was appointed shadow senator representing Puerto Rico in the United States Senate. Josefina Barceló de Romero died in 1979, aged 77 years. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in the "Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. There is a public elementary school named for Josefina Barceló, at Bayamón, Puerto Rico. See also Puerto Rico portalBiography portal List of Puerto Ricans History of women in Puerto Rico Notes ^ This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first two are the maiden family name "Barceló Bird" and the second or matrimonial family name is "Romero". References ^ Carmen Delgado Votaw, Puerto Rican Women: Some Biographical Profiles (National Conference of Puerto Rican Women 1978): 26-27. ^ a b José Luis Colón González, "Josefina Barceló de Romero: de sufragista anónima a 'jefa liberal'" Asociación Puertorriqueña de Investigación de Historia de las Mujeres. ^ "Don Antonio R. Barceló murió a las 8:11 de mañana ayer" Archived 2017-09-06 at the Wayback Machine El Mundo (October 16, 1938): 1. ^ Juan Jose Nolla-Acosta, Puerto Rico Election Results, 1899-2012 (Lulu.com 2013): 85. ISBN 9781300671411 ^ Matthew Andrew Wasniewski, Albin Kowalewski, Laura Turner O'Hara, Terrance Rucker, eds., Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822-2012 (Government Printing Office 2013): 596. ISBN 9780160920684 ^ Anna Giaritelli, "Puerto Rico officials will lobby Congress for statehood" Washington Examiner (July 10, 2017). ^ "Asamblea Legislativa homenajea a 12 mujeres ilustres" El Nuevo Dia (March 6, 2014). ^ Información: Escuela Josefina Barcelo.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rafael Barceló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rafael_Barcel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero [note 1] (February 14, 1901 — April 15, 1979) was a Puerto Rican civic leader and politician, leader of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico after the death of her father Antonio Rafael Barceló in 1938. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in \"La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women), in San Juan.","title":"Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fajardo, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajardo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Palma, Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma,_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Kenwood, Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sufragista-3"}],"text":"Maria Antonia Josefina Barceló Bird was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, the daughter of lawyer and politician Antonio Rafael Barceló and Maria Georgina \"Josefina\" Bird Arias.[1] Her paternal grandfather, Jaime José Barceló Miralles, was an immigrant to Puerto Rico from Palma, Majorca; her maternal grandfather, Jorge Bird León, was a sugar manufacturer. Josefina Barceló Bird finished her education at the College of the Sacred Heart, a convent school in Kenwood, Albany, New York.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sufragista-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After literate Puerto Rican women gained the vote in 1929, Josefina Barceló de Romero worked on woman-to-woman voter education efforts in San Juan, and she was active in the women's organization of the Liberal Party. Among her responsibilities was arranging childcare, meals, and transportation for new women voters. She joined the Central Board of the Liberal Party in 1936. Josefina Barceló Bird de Romero was elected president of the Liberal Party after her father died in 1938.[3] She was the first woman elected to lead a major political party in Puerto Rico. She continued to hold leadership positions in the party until she resigned and the party dissolved in 1948.[2] She ran unsuccessfully for an at-large Senate seat in 1944.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Romero Barceló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Romero_Barcel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bayamón, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Josefina Barceló Bird married Antonio Romero Moreno in 1918. They had three children (Gloria, Calixto, Carlos) and also raised Antonio's nephew. Her son Carlos Romero Barceló was elected mayor of San Juan in 1968, and later served as Governor of Puerto Rico; in 2017, he was appointed shadow senator representing Puerto Rico in the United States Senate.[5][6]Josefina Barceló de Romero died in 1979, aged 77 years. She is one of the twelve women honored with a plaque in the \"Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña\" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan.[7] There is a public elementary school named for Josefina Barceló, at Bayamón, Puerto Rico.[8]","title":"Personal life and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first two are the maiden family name \"Barceló Bird\" and the second or matrimonial family name is \"Romero\".","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman_%2794
Bomberman '94
["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Demos","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
1993 video game 1993 video gameBomberman '94European Mega Drive cover artDeveloper(s)Hudson SoftWestone (MD/GEN)Publisher(s)Hudson SoftSega (MD/GEN)Konami (Wii U)Director(s)Yoshiyuki KawaguchiProducer(s)Hiroki ShimadaDesigner(s)Shinichi NakamotoArtist(s)Shoji MizunoComposer(s)Jun ChikumaSeriesBombermanPlatform(s)PC Engine, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, mobile phoneReleasePC EngineJP: December 10, 1993Mega Drive/GenesisPAL: November 1994NA: March 1995Mobile PhoneJP: 2008Genre(s)Action, mazeMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Bomberman '94 (ボンバーマン'94, Bonbāman Nintī Fō) is a video game from the Bomberman series which was developed and published by Hudson Soft for the PC Engine and released on December 10, 1993, in Japan. It was later re-developed by Westone and re-published by Sega as Mega Bomberman on the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis in 1994 in other areas. The PC Engine Bomberman '94 was later released outside Japan through the Virtual Console and the PlayStation Network. The game supports single-player and multi-player modes. In single player, the player navigates several levels of mazes, destroying creatures with bombs. In multiplayer mode, players defeat each other with bombs. The Mega Drive/Genesis port had some differences. These differences include fewer options in multi-player, and some different music. For example, Jammin' Jungle's music in the original version was reused as the first level in Super Bomberman 4, but is entirely different in the other version. The original Bomberman '94 was released for the Wii Virtual Console on December 2, 2006 in Japan, and was first made available outside Japan on March 23, 2009 in North America, and March 23, 2009 in Europe. Bomberman '94 was released for the Wii U Virtual Console on November 19, 2014 in Japan, and on February 2, 2017 in North America and Europe. A port for mobile phones was released in 2008 (renamed Bomberman '08). The previous game, Bomberman '93, was made available instead when Bomberman '94 was released in Japan's Virtual Console. Bomberman '94 was released on the Japanese PlayStation Network on July 15, 2009, for play on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable. It was later released in North America on June 2, 2011. Plot The inhabitants of Planet Bomber lived in peace, protected by five spirits, until the evil Bagular and his Robot Army invaded. The Spirit Pictures, the source of the spirits' magical power, were destroyed, splitting Planet Bomber into five pieces. Bomberman arrives to restore the Spirit Pictures and reassemble Planet Bomber. Gameplay The game is set in six areas: Jammin' Jungle, Vexin' Volcano, Slammin' Sea, Crankin' Castle, Thrashin' Tundra and the artificial comet of Bagular. Due to the Mega Drive's and Genesis's lack of a fifth controller port, Mega Bomberman only supports four players instead of five. This is the first game in the series that uses the modern design of White Bomberman. Bomberman '94 also introduces Louies to the series. Also, Bomberman '94 introduced several recurring characters, such as female and child Bombers (which were multiplayer skins), red/green/blue bombers and secondary villains, possibly originated from combining a "normal" skin with corresponding colors. Demos Before the Mega Bomberman project was targeted as a Mega Drive/Genesis port of Bomberman '94, Factor 5 was asked by Hudson to develop what would be the first installment of the Bomberman series for the Mega Drive/Genesis, already codenamed as Mega Bomberman. As a proof of concept, Factor 5 presented a tech demo that allowed eight players to play and fight at the same time by using two Sega Team Player Adaptors. Hudson was impressed with the job, but in the end they reconsidered the task and licensed the Mega Bomberman project to Westone Co., the creators of the Wonder Boy series, to do a direct Mega Drive/Genesis conversion of the PC-Engine game Bomberman '94 to be published by Sega. The PC Engine version of Bomberman '94 was used as the basis for Tengai Makyō: Deden no Den, a promotional game featuring characters from the RPG franchise Tengai Makyō and only one arena available by default. Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly6.5/10 (GEN)Next Generation (GEN) GamePro gave the Genesis version a positive review, summarizing that "New levels, new enemies, and plenty of other new touches make this game one of the best bombers ever." They particularly approved of the new levels and the animal powerups. Electronic Gaming Monthly's reviewers were divided; while Ed Semrad and Sushi-X echoed GamePro in saying that the new levels and animal powerups made it a strong new installment of Bomberman, Danyon Carpenter and Al Manuel both felt that it was not different enough from the Super NES version to be worth getting. A reviewer for Next Generation, in contrast, argued that the game was too different from the Super NES version, and that the new powerups and animals took away "the beautiful simplicity of the original". He nonetheless recommended it to "any Genesis owner with three friends and a multitap". Retro Gamer placed the game on their "Top Ten PC Engine Games" list. Complex ranked the game number 91 on their "The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games." Time Extension placed the game on their Best PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Games list. Notes ^ Reported release date varies; sources suggest either February 1995 or March 1995. References ^ "Mega Bomberman". Vol. 8, no. 1. Electronic Gaming Monthly. January 1995. p. 222. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "InfoTrak". Vol. 8, no. 2. Game Players. February 1995. p. 11. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "Mega Drive Review: Mega Bomberman". No. 11. Sega Magazine. November 1994. p. 84. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "Nintendo - Official Site - Video Game Consoles, Games - Nintendo - Official Site". Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. ^ "BOMBERMAN '94 for Wii U - Nintendo Game Details". Archived from the original on 2019-11-21. ^ Miller, Ross (2006-11-01). "Comparing the Virtual Console launch by region". Joystiq. Retrieved 2018-09-06. ^ Fletcher, JC (2009-07-15). "Japan's PlayStation Network Offering PC Engine Games". Joystiq. Retrieved 2018-09-06. ^ McFerran, Damien (July 21, 2017). "Factor 5 Almost Ported Super Castlevania IV To The Sega Mega Drive". Nintendo Life. Nlife Media. Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2020-12-07. ^ "TENGAI MAKYŌ DEDEN NO DEN". ^ a b "Review Crew: Mega Bomberman". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 67. Ziff Davis. February 1995. p. 32. ^ a b "Mega Bomberman". Next Generation. No. 3. March 1995. pp. 98–101. ^ "ProReview: Mega Bomberman". GamePro. No. 67. IDG. February 1995. p. 38. ^ "Top Ten PC Engine Games". Retro Gamer. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2022. ^ Concepcion, Miguel (April 11, 2018). "The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games". Complex. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2022-01-01. ^ McFerran, Damien (17 January 2023). "Best PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Games". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved 17 January 2023. External links Mega Bomberman at MobyGames vteBomberman video gamesVideo games Bomberman 1990 II World (1992) '93 Super Hi-Ten '94 Saturn Neo Atomic 64 Saturn Fight!! World (1998) Hero Party Edition 64: The Second Attack! Land Online (2001) Generation Jetters Online (2003) Live Battlefest Blast Ultra Handheld games Atomic Punk GB Pocket Max Tournament Max 2 Bomberman (2005) Bomberman (2006) Touch 2 Blitz Super Bomberman 2 3 4 5 R Bomberman Land 64 2 Touch! Land (Wii) Land (PSP) Touch! 2 Spin-offs Panic Bomber Fantasy Race Wars Quest Kart Hardball Act Zero Story DS Bombergirl Cancelled Legends Bomberman (2011) Anime/Manga B-Daman Bakugaiden Jetters Related Lode Runner Robowarrior Blaster Master Jr. Star Parodier DoReMi Fantasy DreamMix TV World Fighters Super Smash Bros. Ultimate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bomberman series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman"},{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"PC Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboGrafx-16"},{"link_name":"Westone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westone_Bit_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Sega Mega Drive/Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Super Bomberman 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bomberman_4"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bomberman '93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman_%2793"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joystiq-8"}],"text":"1993 video gameBomberman '94 (ボンバーマン'94, Bonbāman Nintī Fō) is a video game from the Bomberman series which was developed and published by Hudson Soft for the PC Engine and released on December 10, 1993, in Japan. It was later re-developed by Westone and re-published by Sega as Mega Bomberman on the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis in 1994 in other areas. The PC Engine Bomberman '94 was later released outside Japan through the Virtual Console and the PlayStation Network.The game supports single-player and multi-player modes. In single player, the player navigates several levels of mazes, destroying creatures with bombs. In multiplayer mode, players defeat each other with bombs.The Mega Drive/Genesis port had some differences. These differences include fewer options in multi-player, and some different music. For example, Jammin' Jungle's music in the original version was reused as the first level in Super Bomberman 4, but is entirely different in the other version.The original Bomberman '94 was released for the Wii Virtual Console on December 2, 2006 in Japan, and was first made available outside Japan on March 23, 2009 in North America,[4] and March 23, 2009 in Europe. Bomberman '94 was released for the Wii U Virtual Console on November 19, 2014 in Japan, and on February 2, 2017 in North America and Europe.[5] A port for mobile phones was released in 2008 (renamed Bomberman '08). The previous game, Bomberman '93, was made available instead when Bomberman '94 was released in Japan's Virtual Console.[6]Bomberman '94 was released on the Japanese PlayStation Network on July 15, 2009, for play on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.[7] It was later released in North America on June 2, 2011.","title":"Bomberman '94"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The inhabitants of Planet Bomber lived in peace, protected by five spirits, until the evil Bagular and his Robot Army invaded. The Spirit Pictures, the source of the spirits' magical power, were destroyed, splitting Planet Bomber into five pieces. Bomberman arrives to restore the Spirit Pictures and reassemble Planet Bomber.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game is set in six areas: Jammin' Jungle, Vexin' Volcano, Slammin' Sea, Crankin' Castle, Thrashin' Tundra and the artificial comet of Bagular. Due to the Mega Drive's and Genesis's lack of a fifth controller port, Mega Bomberman only supports four players instead of five. This is the first game in the series that uses the modern design of White Bomberman. Bomberman '94 also introduces Louies to the series. Also, Bomberman '94 introduced several recurring characters, such as female and child Bombers (which were multiplayer skins), red/green/blue bombers and secondary villains, possibly originated from combining a \"normal\" skin with corresponding colors.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Factor 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_5"},{"link_name":"Westone Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westone_Bit_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Wonder Boy series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Boy"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-9"},{"link_name":"Tengai Makyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengai_Maky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Before the Mega Bomberman project was targeted as a Mega Drive/Genesis port of Bomberman '94, Factor 5 was asked by Hudson to develop what would be the first installment of the Bomberman series for the Mega Drive/Genesis, already codenamed as Mega Bomberman. As a proof of concept, Factor 5 presented a tech demo that allowed eight players to play and fight at the same time by using two Sega Team Player Adaptors. Hudson was impressed with the job, but in the end they reconsidered the task and licensed the Mega Bomberman project to Westone Co., the creators of the Wonder Boy series, to do a direct Mega Drive/Genesis conversion of the PC-Engine game Bomberman '94 to be published by Sega.[8]The PC Engine version of Bomberman '94 was used as the basis for Tengai Makyō: Deden no Den, a promotional game featuring characters from the RPG franchise Tengai Makyō and only one arena available by default.[9]","title":"Demos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM67-11"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen3-12"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM67-11"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen3-12"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly6.5/10 (GEN)[10]Next Generation (GEN)[11]GamePro gave the Genesis version a positive review, summarizing that \"New levels, new enemies, and plenty of other new touches make this game one of the best bombers ever.\" They particularly approved of the new levels and the animal powerups.[12] Electronic Gaming Monthly's reviewers were divided; while Ed Semrad and Sushi-X echoed GamePro in saying that the new levels and animal powerups made it a strong new installment of Bomberman, Danyon Carpenter and Al Manuel both felt that it was not different enough from the Super NES version to be worth getting.[10] A reviewer for Next Generation, in contrast, argued that the game was too different from the Super NES version, and that the new powerups and animals took away \"the beautiful simplicity of the original\". He nonetheless recommended it to \"any Genesis owner with three friends and a multitap\".[11]Retro Gamer placed the game on their \"Top Ten PC Engine Games\" list.[13] Complex ranked the game number 91 on their \"The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games.\"[14] Time Extension placed the game on their Best PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Games list.[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Easter_3-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ Reported release date varies; sources suggest either February 1995[1] or March 1995.[2]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mega Bomberman\". Vol. 8, no. 1. Electronic Gaming Monthly. January 1995. p. 222.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"InfoTrak\". Vol. 8, no. 2. Game Players. February 1995. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mega Drive Review: Mega Bomberman\". No. 11. Sega Magazine. November 1994. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo - Official Site - Video Game Consoles, Games - Nintendo - Official Site\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402101712/https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/5ThImP7HNFIA52nXVv-oHilDHEJ0HevU","url_text":"\"Nintendo - Official Site - Video Game Consoles, Games - Nintendo - Official Site\""},{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/5ThImP7HNFIA52nXVv-oHilDHEJ0HevU","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BOMBERMAN '94 for Wii U - Nintendo Game Details\". Archived from the original on 2019-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191121084204/https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/bomberman-94-wii-u/","url_text":"\"BOMBERMAN '94 for Wii U - Nintendo Game Details\""},{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/bomberman-94-wii-u","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Ross (2006-11-01). \"Comparing the Virtual Console launch by region\". Joystiq. Retrieved 2018-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2006/11/01/comparing-the-virtual-console-launch-by-region/","url_text":"\"Comparing the Virtual Console launch by region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, JC (2009-07-15). \"Japan's PlayStation Network Offering PC Engine Games\". Joystiq. Retrieved 2018-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2009/07/15/japans-playstation-network-offering-pc-engine-games/","url_text":"\"Japan's PlayStation Network Offering PC Engine Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"}]},{"reference":"McFerran, Damien (July 21, 2017). \"Factor 5 Almost Ported Super Castlevania IV To The Sega Mega Drive\". Nintendo Life. Nlife Media. Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2020-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/07/factor_5_almost_ported_super_castlevania_iv_to_the_sega_mega_drive","url_text":"\"Factor 5 Almost Ported Super Castlevania IV To The Sega Mega Drive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193641/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/07/factor_5_almost_ported_super_castlevania_iv_to_the_sega_mega_drive","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TENGAI MAKYŌ DEDEN NO DEN\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.videogameden.com/cdrom.htm?bde","url_text":"\"TENGAI MAKYŌ DEDEN NO DEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review Crew: Mega Bomberman\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 67. Ziff Davis. February 1995. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"\"Mega Bomberman\". Next Generation. No. 3. March 1995. pp. 98–101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"}]},{"reference":"\"ProReview: Mega Bomberman\". GamePro. No. 67. IDG. February 1995. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Ten PC Engine Games\". Retro Gamer. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrogamer.net/top_10/top-ten-pc-engine-games/","url_text":"\"Top Ten PC Engine Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Miguel (April 11, 2018). \"The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games\". Complex. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2022-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-100-best-sega-genesis-games/","url_text":"\"The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412134606/http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-100-best-sega-genesis-games/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McFerran, Damien (17 January 2023). \"Best PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Games\". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Retrieved 17 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeextension.com/guides/best-pc-engine-turbografx-16-games","url_text":"\"Best PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Games\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSF1
HSF1
["1 Structure","1.1 DNA-Binding Domain (DBD)","1.2 Oligomerization Domain (Leucine Zipper Domains)","1.3 Regulatory Domain (RD)","1.4 Trans-Activation Domain (TAD)","2 Function","3 Mechanism of action","4 Clinical significance","5 Interactions","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens HSF1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2LDU, 5D5U, 5D5VIdentifiersAliasesHSF1, HSTF1, heat shock transcription factor 1External IDsOMIM: 140580; MGI: 96238; HomoloGene: 74556; GeneCards: HSF1; OMA:HSF1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 8 (human)Band8q24.3Start144,291,591 bpEnd144,314,720 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inapex of heartleft testisright testisleft ventriclemuscle of thighright auriclestromal cell of endometriumgastrocnemius musclepopliteal arterytibial arteriesn/aMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function DNA-binding transcription factor activity chromatin binding DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific protein binding RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific single stranded DNA binding DNA binding protein kinase binding heat shock protein binding chromatin DNA binding identical protein binding sequence-specific DNA binding protein self-association protein heterodimerization activity Hsp90 protein binding translation elongation factor binding promoter-specific chromatin binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific STAT family protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm pronucleus euchromatin heterochromatin nucleus centrosome cytosol PML body nuclear stress granule mitotic spindle pole ribonucleoprotein complex chromosome, centromeric region kinetochore spindle pole nucleoplasm chromosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton perinuclear region of cytoplasm protein-containing complex Biological process defense response regulation of transcription, DNA-templated embryonic placenta development mRNA transcription in utero embryonic development negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II response to heat female meiotic nuclear division transcription, DNA-templated embryonic process involved in female pregnancy protein phosphorylation response to lipopolysaccharide spermatogenesis positive regulation of multicellular organism growth negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of cell population proliferation response to organonitrogen compound cellular response to lipopolysaccharide negative regulation of gene expression cellular response to amino acid stimulus cellular response to hydrogen peroxide positive regulation of microtubule binding response to peptide cellular response to nitroglycerin negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process response to estradiol cellular response to organic cyclic compound positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process cellular response to potassium ion response to amino acid negative regulation of inclusion body assembly positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation cellular response to L-glutamine response to psychosocial stress response to organic cyclic compound negative regulation of neuron death response to nutrient cellular response to angiotensin response to testosterone response to hypobaric hypoxia response to activity cellular response to radiation cellular response to estradiol stimulus positive regulation of inclusion body assembly MAPK cascade positive regulation of cell population proliferation cellular response to heat Unfolded Protein Response regulation of protein heterodimerization activity positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle protein homooligomerization positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to heat stress protein homotrimerization cellular response to cadmium ion cellular response to copper ion cellular response to gamma radiation cellular response to diamide regulation of cellular response to heat positive regulation of mRNA polyadenylation cellular response to sodium arsenite negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining DNA repair mRNA processing cellular response to DNA damage stimulus mRNA transport positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez329715499EnsemblENSG00000185122ENSG00000284774ENSMUSG00000022556UniProtQ00613P38532RefSeq (mRNA)NM_005526NM_008296RefSeq (protein)NP_005517NP_001318081NP_001318082NP_001318083NP_001318143NP_032322Location (UCSC)Chr 8: 144.29 – 144.31 Mbn/aPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Heat shock factor 1 (HSF 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSF1 gene. HSF1 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and is the primary mediator of transcriptional responses to proteotoxic stress with important roles in non-stress regulation such as development and metabolism. Structure Human HSF1 consists of several domains which regulate its binding and activity. DNA-Binding Domain (DBD) This N-terminal domain of approximately 100 amino acids is the most highly conserved region in the HSF protein family and consists of a helix-turn-helix loop. The DBD of each HSF1 monomer recognizes the sequence nGAAn on target DNA. Repeated sequences of the nGAAn pentamer constitute heat shock elements (HSEs) for active HSF1 trimers to bind. Oligomerization Domain (Leucine Zipper Domains) The two regions responsible for oligomerization between HSF1 monomers are leucine zipper (LZ) domains 1-3 and 4 (these regions are also commonly referred to as HR-A/B and HR-C). LZ1-3 is situated just downstream of the DBD while LZ4 is located between the RD and the C-terminal TAD. Under non-stress conditions, spontaneous HSF1 activation is negatively regulated by the interaction between LZ1-3 and LZ4. When induced by stress, the LZ1-3 region breaks away from the LZ4 region and forms a trimer with other HSF1 LZ1-3 domains to form a triple coiled-coil. Regulatory Domain (RD) The structures of the C-terminal RD and TAD of HSF1 have not been clearly resolved due to their dynamic nature. However, it is known that the RD is situated between the two regions of the oligomerization domain. The RD has been shown to regulate the TAD through negative control by repressing TAD in the absence of stress, a role that is inducibly regulated through posttranslational modifications. Trans-Activation Domain (TAD) This C-terminal region spans the last 150 amino acids of the HSF1 protein and contains 2 TADs (TAD1 and TAD2). TAD1, which sits at amino acids 401-420, is largely hydrophobic and is predicted to take on an alpha-helical conformation. TAD1 has been shown to directly interact with target DNA to direct HSF1's transcriptional activation. The structure of TAD2, amino acids 431-529, is not expected to be helical as it contains proline residues in addition to hydrophobic and acidic ones. The function of the HSF1 TAD is still largely uncharacterized, but Hsp70 has been shown to bind with this domain, which could describe the mechanism by which Hsp70 negatively regulates HSF1. Function The HSF1 protein regulates the heat shock response (HSR) pathway in humans by acting as the major transcription factor for heat shock proteins. The HSR plays a protective role by ensuring proper folding and distribution of proteins within cells. This pathway is induced by not only temperature stress, but also by a variety of other stressors such as hypoxic conditions and exposure to contaminants. HSF1 transactivates genes for many cytoprotective proteins involved in heat shock, DNA damage repair, and metabolism. This illustrates the versatile role of HSF1 in not only the heat shock response, but also in aging and diseases. Mechanism of action Under non-stress conditions, HSF1 exists primarily as an inactive monomer located throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In its monomeric form, HSF1 activation is repressed by interaction with chaperones such as heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90, and TRiC/CCT. In the event of proteotoxic stress such as heat shock, these chaperones are released from HSF1 to perform their protein-folding roles; simultaneously, the export of HSF1 to the cytoplasm is inhibited. These actions allow HSF1 to trimerize and accumulate in the nucleus to stimulate transcription of target genes. Clinical significance HSF1 is a promising drug target in cancer and proteopathy. The genes activated by HSF1 under heat shock conditions have been recently shown to differ from those activated in malignant cancer cells, and this cancer-specific HSF1 panel of genes has indicated poor prognosis in breast cancer. The ability of cancer cells to use HSF1 in a unique manner gives this protein significant clinical implications for therapies and prognoses. In the case of protein-folding diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), however, induction of the heat shock response pathway would prove beneficial. In recent years, using cells that express the poly-glutamine expansion found in HD, it has been shown that both the HSR and HSF1 levels are reduced after heat shock. This reduced ability of diseased cells to respond to stress helps to explain the toxicity associated with certain diseases. Interactions HSF1 has been shown to interact with: CEBPB, HSF2, HSPA1A, HSPA4, Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic) member A1, NCOA6, RALBP1 and SYMPK. See also Heat shock factor Heat shock protein Transcription factor References ^ a b c ENSG00000284774 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185122, ENSG00000284774 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Rabindran SK, Giorgi G, Clos J, Wu C (August 1991). "Molecular cloning and expression of a human heat shock factor, HSF1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (16): 6906–10. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.6906R. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.16.6906. PMC 52202. PMID 1871105. ^ Vihervaara A, Sistonen L (January 2014). "HSF1 at a glance". Journal of Cell Science. 127 (Pt 2): 261–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.132605. PMID 24421309. ^ a b c d e Anckar J, Sistonen L (2011-06-15). "Regulation of HSF1 function in the heat stress response: implications in aging and disease". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 80 (1): 1089–115. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060809-095203. PMID 21417720. ^ a b c d e f g h Dayalan Naidu S, Dinkova-Kostova AT (January 2017). "Regulation of the mammalian heat shock factor 1". The FEBS Journal. 284 (11): 1606–1627. doi:10.1111/febs.13999. PMID 28052564. ^ Neudegger T, Verghese J, Hayer-Hartl M, Hartl FU, Bracher A (February 2016). "Structure of human heat-shock transcription factor 1 in complex with DNA". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 23 (2): 140–6. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3149. PMID 26727489. S2CID 684842. ^ "Entrez Gene: HSF1 heat shock transcription factor 1". ^ Shamovsky I, Nudler E (March 2008). "New insights into the mechanism of heat shock response activation". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 65 (6): 855–61. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-7458-y. PMC 11131843. PMID 18239856. S2CID 9912334. ^ Anckar J, Sistonen L (March 2011). "Regulation of HSF1 function in the heat stress response: implications in aging and disease". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 80: 1089–115. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060809-095203. PMID 21417720. ^ Mendillo ML, Santagata S, Koeva M, Bell GW, Hu R, Tamimi RM, Fraenkel E, Ince TA, Whitesell L, Lindquist S (August 2012). "HSF1 drives a transcriptional program distinct from heat shock to support highly malignant human cancers". Cell. 150 (3): 549–62. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.031. PMC 3438889. PMID 22863008. ^ Chafekar SM, Duennwald ML (2012-05-23). "Impaired heat shock response in cells expressing full-length polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e37929. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737929C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037929. PMC 3359295. PMID 22649566. ^ Xie Y, Chen C, Stevenson MA, Auron PE, Calderwood SK (April 2002). "Heat shock factor 1 represses transcription of the IL-1beta gene through physical interaction with the nuclear factor of interleukin 6". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (14): 11802–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109296200. PMID 11801594. ^ He H, Soncin F, Grammatikakis N, Li Y, Siganou A, Gong J, Brown SA, Kingston RE, Calderwood SK (September 2003). "Elevated expression of heat shock factor (HSF) 2A stimulates HSF1-induced transcription during stress". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (37): 35465–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304663200. PMID 12813038. ^ Shi Y, Mosser DD, Morimoto RI (March 1998). "Molecular chaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors". Genes & Development. 12 (5): 654–66. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.654. PMC 316571. PMID 9499401. ^ Zhou X, Tron VA, Li G, Trotter MJ (August 1998). "Heat shock transcription factor-1 regulates heat shock protein-72 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B light". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 111 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x. PMID 9699716. ^ a b Nair SC, Toran EJ, Rimerman RA, Hjermstad S, Smithgall TE, Smith DF (December 1996). "A pathway of multi-chaperone interactions common to diverse regulatory proteins: estrogen receptor, Fes tyrosine kinase, heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 1 (4): 237–50. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1996)001<0237:apomci>2.3.co;2 (inactive 2024-04-02). PMC 376461. PMID 9222609.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) ^ Abravaya K, Myers MP, Murphy SP, Morimoto RI (July 1992). "The human heat shock protein hsp70 interacts with HSF, the transcription factor that regulates heat shock gene expression". Genes & Development. 6 (7): 1153–64. doi:10.1101/gad.6.7.1153. PMID 1628823. ^ a b Hu Y, Mivechi NF (May 2003). "HSF-1 interacts with Ral-binding protein 1 in a stress-responsive, multiprotein complex with HSP90 in vivo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (19): 17299–306. doi:10.1074/jbc.M300788200. PMID 12621024. ^ Hong S, Kim SH, Heo MA, Choi YH, Park MJ, Yoo MA, Kim HD, Kang HS, Cheong J (February 2004). "Coactivator ASC-2 mediates heat shock factor 1-mediated transactivation dependent on heat shock". FEBS Letters. 559 (1–3): 165–70. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00028-6. PMID 14960326. S2CID 22383479. ^ Xing H, Mayhew CN, Cullen KE, Park-Sarge OK, Sarge KD (March 2004). "HSF1 modulation of Hsp70 mRNA polyadenylation via interaction with symplekin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (11): 10551–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311719200. PMID 14707147. Further reading Voellmy R (1996). "Sensing stress and responding to stress". Stress-Inducible Cellular Responses. Vol. 77. pp. 121–37. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9088-5_9. ISBN 978-3-0348-9901-7. PMID 8856972. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Abravaya K, Myers MP, Murphy SP, Morimoto RI (July 1992). "The human heat shock protein hsp70 interacts with HSF, the transcription factor that regulates heat shock gene expression". Genes & Development. 6 (7): 1153–64. doi:10.1101/gad.6.7.1153. PMID 1628823. Schuetz TJ, Gallo GJ, Sheldon L, Tempst P, Kingston RE (August 1991). "Isolation of a cDNA for HSF2: evidence for two heat shock factor genes in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (16): 6911–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.6911S. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.16.6911. PMC 52203. PMID 1871106. Nunes SL, Calderwood SK (August 1995). "Heat shock factor-1 and the heat shock cognate 70 protein associate in high molecular weight complexes in the cytoplasm of NIH-3T3 cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 213 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2090. PMID 7639722. Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. Chu B, Soncin F, Price BD, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK (November 1996). "Sequential phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 represses transcriptional activation by heat shock factor-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (48): 30847–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30847. PMID 8940068. Fukunaga R, Hunter T (April 1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates". The EMBO Journal. 16 (8): 1921–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMC 1169795. PMID 9155018. Nair SC, Toran EJ, Rimerman RA, Hjermstad S, Smithgall TE, Smith DF (December 1996). "A pathway of multi-chaperone interactions common to diverse regulatory proteins: estrogen receptor, Fes tyrosine kinase, heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 1 (4): 237–50. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1996)001<0237:apomci>2.3.co;2 (inactive 2024-04-02). PMC 376461. PMID 9222609.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) Huang J, Nueda A, Yoo S, Dynan WS (October 1997). "Heat shock transcription factor 1 binds selectively in vitro to Ku protein and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (41): 26009–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.26009. PMID 9325337. Cotto J, Fox S, Morimoto R (December 1997). "HSF1 granules: a novel stress-induced nuclear compartment of human cells". Journal of Cell Science. 110 ( Pt 23) (23): 2925–34. doi:10.1242/jcs.110.23.2925. PMID 9359875. Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. Shi Y, Mosser DD, Morimoto RI (March 1998). "Molecular chaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors". Genes & Development. 12 (5): 654–66. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.654. PMC 316571. PMID 9499401. Satyal SH, Chen D, Fox SG, Kramer JM, Morimoto RI (July 1998). "Negative regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response by HSBP1". Genes & Development. 12 (13): 1962–74. doi:10.1101/gad.12.13.1962. PMC 316975. PMID 9649501. Zhou X, Tron VA, Li G, Trotter MJ (August 1998). "Heat shock transcription factor-1 regulates heat shock protein-72 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B light". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 111 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x. PMID 9699716. Zou J, Guo Y, Guettouche T, Smith DF, Voellmy R (August 1998). "Repression of heat shock transcription factor HSF1 activation by HSP90 (HSP90 complex) that forms a stress-sensitive complex with HSF1". Cell. 94 (4): 471–80. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81588-3. PMID 9727490. S2CID 9234420. Stephanou A, Isenberg DA, Nakajima K, Latchman DS (January 1999). "Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene promoters". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (3): 1723–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1723. PMID 9880553. Dai R, Frejtag W, He B, Zhang Y, Mivechi NF (June 2000). "c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (24): 18210–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000958200. PMID 10747973. Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (May 2000). "Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912. PMID 10821850. External links FactorBook HSF1 This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group CbHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D BHLH 2 3 9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group FbHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOXNK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NATO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18711052-4"},{"link_name":"proteotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Heat shock factor 1 (HSF 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSF1 gene.[4] HSF1 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and is the primary mediator of transcriptional responses to proteotoxic stress with important roles in non-stress regulation such as development and metabolism.[5]","title":"HSF1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSF1_Domain_Cartoon.jpg"}],"text":"Human HSF1 consists of several domains which regulate its binding and activity.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HSF protein family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_factor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"}],"sub_title":"DNA-Binding Domain (DBD)","text":"This N-terminal domain of approximately 100 amino acids is the most highly conserved region in the HSF protein family and consists of a helix-turn-helix loop. The DBD of each HSF1 monomer recognizes the sequence nGAAn on target DNA. Repeated sequences of the nGAAn pentamer constitute heat shock elements (HSEs) for active HSF1 trimers to bind.[6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"sub_title":"Oligomerization Domain (Leucine Zipper Domains)","text":"The two regions responsible for oligomerization between HSF1 monomers are leucine zipper (LZ) domains 1-3 and 4[7] (these regions are also commonly referred to as HR-A/B and HR-C).[6] LZ1-3 is situated just downstream of the DBD while LZ4 is located between the RD and the C-terminal TAD. Under non-stress conditions, spontaneous HSF1 activation is negatively regulated by the interaction between LZ1-3 and LZ4. When induced by stress, the LZ1-3 region breaks away from the LZ4 region and forms a trimer with other HSF1 LZ1-3 domains to form a triple coiled-coil.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"posttranslational modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"sub_title":"Regulatory Domain (RD)","text":"The structures of the C-terminal RD and TAD of HSF1 have not been clearly resolved due to their dynamic nature.[8] However, it is known that the RD is situated between the two regions of the oligomerization domain. The RD has been shown to regulate the TAD through negative control by repressing TAD in the absence of stress, a role that is inducibly regulated through posttranslational modifications.[6][7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"sub_title":"Trans-Activation Domain (TAD)","text":"This C-terminal region spans the last 150 amino acids of the HSF1 protein and contains 2 TADs (TAD1 and TAD2). TAD1, which sits at amino acids 401-420, is largely hydrophobic and is predicted to take on an alpha-helical conformation. TAD1 has been shown to directly interact with target DNA to direct HSF1's transcriptional activation. The structure of TAD2, amino acids 431-529, is not expected to be helical as it contains proline residues in addition to hydrophobic and acidic ones.[6] The function of the HSF1 TAD is still largely uncharacterized, but Hsp70 has been shown to bind with this domain, which could describe the mechanism by which Hsp70 negatively regulates HSF1.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat shock response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock"},{"link_name":"transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor"},{"link_name":"heat shock proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"text":"The HSF1 protein regulates the heat shock response (HSR) pathway in humans by acting as the major transcription factor for heat shock proteins. The HSR plays a protective role by ensuring proper folding and distribution of proteins within cells. This pathway is induced by not only temperature stress, but also by a variety of other stressors such as hypoxic conditions and exposure to contaminants.[7] HSF1 transactivates genes for many cytoprotective proteins involved in heat shock, DNA damage repair, and metabolism. This illustrates the versatile role of HSF1 in not only the heat shock response, but also in aging and diseases.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hsp70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp70"},{"link_name":"Hsp90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp90"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid182398562-10"}],"text":"Under non-stress conditions, HSF1 exists primarily as an inactive monomer located throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In its monomeric form, HSF1 activation is repressed by interaction with chaperones such as heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90, and TRiC/CCT.[7][9] In the event of proteotoxic stress such as heat shock, these chaperones are released from HSF1 to perform their protein-folding roles; simultaneously, the export of HSF1 to the cytoplasm is inhibited. These actions allow HSF1 to trimerize and accumulate in the nucleus to stimulate transcription of target genes.[6][7][10]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"proteopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteopathy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid214177202-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Huntington's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"poly-glutamine expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglutamine_disease"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"HSF1 is a promising drug target in cancer and proteopathy.[11]The genes activated by HSF1 under heat shock conditions have been recently shown to differ from those activated in malignant cancer cells, and this cancer-specific HSF1 panel of genes has indicated poor prognosis in breast cancer. The ability of cancer cells to use HSF1 in a unique manner gives this protein significant clinical implications for therapies and prognoses.[12]In the case of protein-folding diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), however, induction of the heat shock response pathway would prove beneficial. In recent years, using cells that express the poly-glutamine expansion found in HD, it has been shown that both the HSR and HSF1 levels are reduced after heat shock. This reduced ability of diseased cells to respond to stress helps to explain the toxicity associated with certain diseases.[13]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"CEBPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEBPB"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid118015942-14"},{"link_name":"HSF2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSF2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid128130382-15"},{"link_name":"HSPA1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1A"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid94994012-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid96997162-17"},{"link_name":"HSPA4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid92226092-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16288232-19"},{"link_name":"Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic) member A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein_90kDa_alpha_(cytosolic),_member_A1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid126210242-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid92226092-18"},{"link_name":"NCOA6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCOA6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid149603262-21"},{"link_name":"RALBP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RALBP1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid126210242-20"},{"link_name":"SYMPK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYMPK"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid147071472-22"}],"text":"HSF1 has been shown to interact with:CEBPB,[14] HSF2,[15] HSPA1A,[16][17] HSPA4,[18][19] Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic) member A1,[20][18] NCOA6,[21] RALBP1[20] and SYMPK.[22]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-0348-9088-5_9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-9088-5_9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-0348-9901-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-9901-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8856972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8856972"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"\"The human heat shock protein hsp70 interacts with HSF, the transcription factor that regulates heat shock gene 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light\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.1998.00266.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.1998.00266.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9699716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9699716"},{"link_name":"\"Repression of heat shock transcription factor HSF1 activation by HSP90 (HSP90 complex) that forms a stress-sensitive complex with HSF1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981588-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81588-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981588-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9727490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9727490"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9234420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9234420"},{"link_name":"\"Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene promoters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.3.1723"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.274.3.1723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.3.1723"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9880553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9880553"},{"link_name":"\"c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M000958200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M000958200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M000958200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10747973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747973"},{"link_name":"\"Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.21.15912"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.21.15912"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10821850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821850"}],"text":"Voellmy R (1996). \"Sensing stress and responding to stress\". Stress-Inducible Cellular Responses. Vol. 77. pp. 121–37. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9088-5_9. ISBN 978-3-0348-9901-7. PMID 8856972. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)\nAbravaya K, Myers MP, Murphy SP, Morimoto RI (July 1992). \"The human heat shock protein hsp70 interacts with HSF, the transcription factor that regulates heat shock gene expression\". Genes & Development. 6 (7): 1153–64. doi:10.1101/gad.6.7.1153. PMID 1628823.\nSchuetz TJ, Gallo GJ, Sheldon L, Tempst P, Kingston RE (August 1991). \"Isolation of a cDNA for HSF2: evidence for two heat shock factor genes in humans\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (16): 6911–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.6911S. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.16.6911. PMC 52203. PMID 1871106.\nNunes SL, Calderwood SK (August 1995). \"Heat shock factor-1 and the heat shock cognate 70 protein associate in high molecular weight complexes in the cytoplasm of NIH-3T3 cells\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 213 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2090. PMID 7639722.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.\nChu B, Soncin F, Price BD, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK (November 1996). \"Sequential phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 represses transcriptional activation by heat shock factor-1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (48): 30847–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30847. PMID 8940068.\nFukunaga R, Hunter T (April 1997). \"MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates\". The EMBO Journal. 16 (8): 1921–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMC 1169795. PMID 9155018.\nNair SC, Toran EJ, Rimerman RA, Hjermstad S, Smithgall TE, Smith DF (December 1996). \"A pathway of multi-chaperone interactions common to diverse regulatory proteins: estrogen receptor, Fes tyrosine kinase, heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor\". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 1 (4): 237–50. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1996)001<0237:apomci>2.3.co;2 (inactive 2024-04-02). PMC 376461. PMID 9222609.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)\nHuang J, Nueda A, Yoo S, Dynan WS (October 1997). \"Heat shock transcription factor 1 binds selectively in vitro to Ku protein and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (41): 26009–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.26009. PMID 9325337.\nCotto J, Fox S, Morimoto R (December 1997). \"HSF1 granules: a novel stress-induced nuclear compartment of human cells\". Journal of Cell Science. 110 ( Pt 23) (23): 2925–34. doi:10.1242/jcs.110.23.2925. PMID 9359875.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nShi Y, Mosser DD, Morimoto RI (March 1998). \"Molecular chaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors\". Genes & Development. 12 (5): 654–66. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.654. PMC 316571. PMID 9499401.\nSatyal SH, Chen D, Fox SG, Kramer JM, Morimoto RI (July 1998). \"Negative regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response by HSBP1\". Genes & Development. 12 (13): 1962–74. doi:10.1101/gad.12.13.1962. PMC 316975. PMID 9649501.\nZhou X, Tron VA, Li G, Trotter MJ (August 1998). \"Heat shock transcription factor-1 regulates heat shock protein-72 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B light\". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 111 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x. PMID 9699716.\nZou J, Guo Y, Guettouche T, Smith DF, Voellmy R (August 1998). \"Repression of heat shock transcription factor HSF1 activation by HSP90 (HSP90 complex) that forms a stress-sensitive complex with HSF1\". Cell. 94 (4): 471–80. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81588-3. PMID 9727490. S2CID 9234420.\nStephanou A, Isenberg DA, Nakajima K, Latchman DS (January 1999). \"Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene promoters\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (3): 1723–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1723. PMID 9880553.\nDai R, Frejtag W, He B, Zhang Y, Mivechi NF (June 2000). \"c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (24): 18210–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000958200. PMID 10747973.\nChoi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (May 2000). \"Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912. PMID 10821850.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Heat shock factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_factor"},{"title":"Heat shock protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein"},{"title":"Transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor"}]
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PMID 1871105.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52202","url_text":"\"Molecular cloning and expression of a human heat shock factor, HSF1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PNAS...88.6906R","url_text":"1991PNAS...88.6906R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.16.6906","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.88.16.6906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52202","url_text":"52202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1871105","url_text":"1871105"}]},{"reference":"Vihervaara A, Sistonen L (January 2014). \"HSF1 at a glance\". Journal of Cell Science. 127 (Pt 2): 261–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.132605. PMID 24421309.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.132605","url_text":"\"HSF1 at a glance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.132605","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.132605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24421309","url_text":"24421309"}]},{"reference":"Anckar J, Sistonen L (2011-06-15). \"Regulation of HSF1 function in the heat stress response: implications in aging and disease\". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 80 (1): 1089–115. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060809-095203. 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PMID 9499401.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316571","url_text":"\"Molecular chaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.5.654","url_text":"10.1101/gad.12.5.654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316571","url_text":"316571"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9499401","url_text":"9499401"}]},{"reference":"Satyal SH, Chen D, Fox SG, Kramer JM, Morimoto RI (July 1998). \"Negative regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response by HSBP1\". Genes & Development. 12 (13): 1962–74. doi:10.1101/gad.12.13.1962. PMC 316975. PMID 9649501.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316975","url_text":"\"Negative regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response by HSBP1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.13.1962","url_text":"10.1101/gad.12.13.1962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316975","url_text":"316975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9649501","url_text":"9649501"}]},{"reference":"Zhou X, Tron VA, Li G, Trotter MJ (August 1998). \"Heat shock transcription factor-1 regulates heat shock protein-72 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B light\". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 111 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x. PMID 9699716.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.1998.00266.x","url_text":"\"Heat shock transcription factor-1 regulates heat shock protein-72 expression in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.1998.00266.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00266.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9699716","url_text":"9699716"}]},{"reference":"Zou J, Guo Y, Guettouche T, Smith DF, Voellmy R (August 1998). \"Repression of heat shock transcription factor HSF1 activation by HSP90 (HSP90 complex) that forms a stress-sensitive complex with HSF1\". Cell. 94 (4): 471–80. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81588-3. PMID 9727490. S2CID 9234420.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981588-3","url_text":"\"Repression of heat shock transcription factor HSF1 activation by HSP90 (HSP90 complex) that forms a stress-sensitive complex with HSF1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981588-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81588-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9727490","url_text":"9727490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9234420","url_text":"9234420"}]},{"reference":"Stephanou A, Isenberg DA, Nakajima K, Latchman DS (January 1999). \"Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene promoters\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (3): 1723–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1723. PMID 9880553.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.3.1723","url_text":"\"Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and heat shock factor-1 interact and activate the transcription of the Hsp-70 and Hsp-90beta gene promoters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.3.1723","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.274.3.1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9880553","url_text":"9880553"}]},{"reference":"Dai R, Frejtag W, He B, Zhang Y, Mivechi NF (June 2000). \"c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (24): 18210–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000958200. PMID 10747973.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M000958200","url_text":"\"c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase targeting and phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 suppress its transcriptional activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M000958200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M000958200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747973","url_text":"10747973"}]},{"reference":"Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (May 2000). \"Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912. PMID 10821850.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.21.15912","url_text":"\"Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.21.15912","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821850","url_text":"10821850"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Mosley_(basketball)
Glenn Mosley (basketball)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
American basketball player Glenn MosleyPersonal informationBorn (1955-12-26) December 26, 1955 (age 68)Newark, New Jersey, U.S.Listed height6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Listed weight195 lb (88 kg)Career informationHigh schoolIrvington Tech (Irvington, New Jersey)CollegeSeton Hall (1973–1977)NBA draft1977: 1st round, 20th overall pickSelected by the Philadelphia 76ersPlaying career1977–1985PositionPower forwardNumber34Career history1977Philadelphia 76ers1978Lancaster Red Roses1978–1979San Antonio Spurs1980Walk Tall Jeansmakers1980–1982Liberti / Benetton Treviso1982–1983CSP Limoges1984–1985Ferro Carril Oeste Career highlights and awards NCAA rebounding leader (1977) No. 34 retired by Seton Hall Pirates Stats  at NBA.comStats  at Basketball-Reference.com Glenn E. "Smiles" Mosley (born December 26, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers and San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Mosley played in the league for just the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons and averaged 3.1 points 2.2 rebounds per game. Mosley also played for part of one season in the Continental Basketball Association for the Lancaster Red Roses in 1978, and after his NBA career he played abroad in Italy, France and Argentina. While playing for CSP Limoges in France, Mosley won the Ligue Nationale de Basketball and Korać Cup in 1983. Mosley, from Newark, New Jersey, played college basketball at Seton Hall University in nearby South Orange. He played for the Pirates from 1973–74 to 1976–77 where compiled career totals of 1,441 points and 1,263 rebounds. Mosley's 15.2 rebounds per game for his career lists high on the NCAA's all-time list, and his 16.3 per game as a senior led all of NCAA Division I. The Philadelphia 76ers selected him in the first round (20th overall) in the 1977 NBA draft. After two years in the league with two different teams, Mosley embarked on his international professional career. See also List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders References ^ a b "Glenn Mosley". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011. ^ a b Delozier, Alan (2002). Seton Hall Pirates: A Basketball History (PDF). Arcadia Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 9780738510798. Retrieved January 23, 2011. ^ "2010–11 NCAA Men's Basketball Records" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Men's Basketball Media Guide. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011. External links Glenn Mosley Archived 2018-07-16 at the Wayback Machine at TheDraftReview vte1977 NBA draftFirst round Kent Benson Otis Birdsong Marques Johnson Greg Ballard Walter Davis Kenny Carr Bernard King Jack Sikma Tom LaGarde Ray Williams Ernie Grunfeld Cedric Maxwell Tate Armstrong Tree Rollins Brad Davis Rickey Green Bo Ellis Wesley Cox Rich Laurel Glenn Mosley Anthony Roberts Norm Nixon Second round Mike Glenn Larry Johnson Wilson Washington Glen Gondrezick Glen Williams Kim Anderson Alonzo Bradley Steve Sheppard Eddie Owens Toby Knight Eddie Jordan Larry Moffett Mark Landsberger Ben Poquette Jeff Wilkins Ricky Love Phil Walker Robert Reid T. R. Dunn Bob Elliott Herman Harris Essie Hollis vteNCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders 1951: Beck 1952: Hannon 1953: Conlin 1954: Quimby 1955: Slack 1956: Holup 1957: Baylor 1958: Ellis 1959: Wright 1960: Wright 1961: Lucas 1962: Lucas 1963: Silas 1964: Pelkington 1965: Kimball 1966: Ware 1967: Cunningham 1968: Walk 1969: Haywood 1970: Gilmore 1971: Gilmore 1972: Washington 1973: Washington 1974: Barnes 1975: Irving 1976: Pellom 1977: Mosley 1978: K. Williams 1979: Davis 1980: Smith 1981: Watson 1982: Thompson 1983: McDaniel 1984: Olajuwon 1985: McDaniel 1986: Robinson 1987: Lane 1988: Miller 1989: Gathers 1990: Bonner 1991: O'Neal 1992: Jones 1993: Kidd 1994: Lambert 1995: Thomas 1996: Mann 1997: Duncan 1998: Perryman 1999: McGinnis 2000: Phillip 2001: Marcus 2002: Bishop 2003: Hunter 2004: Millsap 2005: Millsap 2006: Millsap 2007: Jones-Jennings 2008: Beasley 2009: Griffin 2010: Parakhouski 2011: Faried 2012: Anosike 2013: Anosike 2014: A. Williams 2015: A. Williams 2016: Mockevičius 2017: Delgado 2018: Cacok 2019: Carvacho 2020: Marfo 2021: Aimaq 2022: Tshiebwe 2023: Tshiebwe 2024: Freeman
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[]
[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season_rebounding_leaders"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Kyivan_Rus
Architecture of Kievan Rus'
["1 Church architecture","2 Secular architecture","3 Examples","3.1 Examples in Belarus","3.2 Examples in Russia","3.3 Examples in Ukraine","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Overview article Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod (1045–1050) The architecture of Kievan Rus' comes from the medieval state of Kievan Rus' which incorporated parts of what is now modern Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus, and was centered on Kiev and Novgorod. Its architecture is the earliest period of Russian and Ukrainian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture but with great use of innovations and architectural features. Most remains are Russian Orthodox churches or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities. After the disintegration of Kievan Rus' followed by Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century, the architectural tradition continued in the principalities of Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volhynia and eventually had direct influence on the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian architecture. The Old Russian architecture of churches originates from the pre-Christian Slavic zodchestvo (Russian: зодчество - construction). Church architecture Before its reconstruction in the 18th century, St. Sofia in Kiev was a prime example and a model for all churches in Kievan Rus The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly influenced by Byzantine architecture. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood with the simplest form of church becoming known as a cell church. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of what the pagan Slavic temples should have looked like. The 10th-century Church of the Tithes in Kiev was the first cult building to be made of stone. The earliest Kievan churches were built and decorated with frescoes and mosaics by Byzantine masters. Another great example of an early church of Kievan Rus' was the thirteen-domed Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (1037–54), built by Yaroslav the Wise. Much of its exterior has been altered with time, extending over the area and eventually acquiring 25 domes. Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1045–1050), on the other hand, expressed a new style that exerted a strong influence on Russian church architecture. Its austere thick walls, small narrow windows, and helmeted cupolas have much in common with the Romanesque architecture of Western Europe. Even further departure from Byzantine models is evident in succeeding cathedrals of Novgorod: St Nicholas's (1113), St Anthony's (1117–19), and St George's (1119). Along with cathedrals, of note was the architecture of monasteries of these times. The 12th–13th centuries were the period of feudal division of Kievan Rus into princedoms which were in nearly permanent feud, with multiplication of cathedrals in emerging princedoms and courts of local princes (knyazes). Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), one of the most famous Russian medieval churches. By the end of the 12th century, the divide of the country was final and new centers of power took the Kievan style and adopted it to their traditions. In the northern principality of Vladimir-Suzdal the local churches were built of white stone. The Suzdal style is also known as "white-stone architecture" ("белокаменное зодчество"). The first white-stone church was the St. Boris and Gleb Church commissioned by Yuri Dolgoruky, a church-fortress in Kideksha near Suzdal, at the supposed place of the stay of knyazes Boris and Gleb on their pilgrimage to Kiev. The white-stone churches mark the highest point of pre-Mongolian Rus' architecture. The most important churches in Vladimir are the Assumption Cathedral (built 1158–60, enlarged 1185–98, frescoes 1408) and St Demetrios Cathedral (built 1194–97). In the western splinter of Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia churches in a traditional Kievan style were built for some time, but eventually the style began to drift towards Central European Romanesque tradition. Celebrated as these structures are, the contemporaries were even more impressed by churches of Southern Rus', particularly the Svirskaya Church of Smolensk (1191–94). As southern structures were either ruined or rebuilt, restoration of their original outlook has been a source of contention between art historians. The most memorable reconstruction is the Piatnytska Church (1196–99) in Chernigov (modern Chernihiv, Ukraine), by Peter Baranovsky. Secular architecture There were very few examples of secular (non-religious) architecture in Kievan Rus. Golden Gates of Vladimir, despite much 18th-century restoration, could be regarded as an authentic monument of the pre-Mongolian period. In Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, no secular monuments survived aside from pieces of walls and ruins of gates. The Golden Gates of Kyiv were destroyed completely over the years with only the ruins remaining. In the 20th century a museum was erected above the ruins. It is a close image of the gates of the Kievan Rus period but is not a monument of the time. One of the best examples, the fortress of Bilhorod Kyivskyi, is still lying under the ground waiting major excavation. In the 1940s, the archaeologist Nikolai Voronin discovered the well-preserved remains of Andrei Bogolyubsky's palace in Bogolyubovo, dating from 1158 to 1165. Examples Examples in Belarus Savior-Transfiguration Church of the St. Euphrosyne Monastery, Polotsk, 12th century Kalozha Church, Grodno (1127) Examples in Russia Transfiguration monastery in Murom (1096) Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod (1113–1136) St. George's Cathedral of Yuriev Monastery near Veliky Novgorod (1119) Katholikon of the Antoniev Monastery (1122) Peryn Chapel near Veliky Novgorod (1220s) Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (built in 1199–1139, first mentioned in 1243) St. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Smolensk (1146) Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky (1152) Kideksha Church (1152) Assumption Cathedral, Staraya Ladoga (1154–1159) Remains of the Bogolyubov castle (left) and The Temple of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (right) (1158) Golden Gate in Vladimir (1158–1164) St. Michael the Archangel Church in Smolensk (1180–1197) Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir (1186–1189) Cathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir (1194–1197) St. George's Church, Staraya Ladoga (1180–1200) Cathedral of the Nativity, Suzdal (1222–1225), photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, 1912 Examples in Ukraine The Golden Gate in Kyiv, largely reconstructed, c. 1100 Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernihiv, 11th century Cathedral of Borys and Hlib in Chernihiv, c. 1123 Piatnytska Church in Chernihiv, largely reconstructed, 12th–13th centuries St. Basil Cathedral in Ovruch, largely reconstructed, c. 1190 St. Pantaleon Church in Shevchenkove (near Halych), 1194 Dormition Cathedral in Volodymyr, largely reconstructed, 1156–1160 See also List of buildings of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus' Ukrainian architecture List of Russian church types Old Russian ornament References Lyubimov, L.D. (1996). The Art of the Ancient Rus (Искусство Древней Руси). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Directory of Orthodox Architecture in Russia - photogallery of church architecture (in Russian) vteRussian architectureStyles Architecture of Kievan Rus' Art Nouveau architecture in Russia Constructivist architecture Elizabethan Baroque Naryshkin Baroque Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire Neoclassical architecture in Russia Petrine Baroque Postconstructivism Russian neoclassical revival Russian Revival architecture Siberian Baroque Stalinist architecture TypesReligious Russian church architecture One-day votive churches Related articles National Romantic style Russian avant-garde Suprematism Part of Russian arts
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VNovgorog_SaintSophiaCathedral_VN130.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Sophia Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Sophia,_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Veliky Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus"},{"link_name":"Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vladimir-Suzdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal"},{"link_name":"Galicia-Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"}],"text":"Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod (1045–1050)The architecture of Kievan Rus' comes from the medieval state of Kievan Rus' which incorporated parts of what is now modern Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus, and was centered on Kiev and Novgorod. Its architecture is the earliest period of Russian and Ukrainian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture but with great use of innovations and architectural features. Most remains are Russian Orthodox churches or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities.After the disintegration of Kievan Rus' followed by Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century, the architectural tradition continued in the principalities of Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volhynia and eventually had direct influence on the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian architecture. The Old Russian architecture of churches originates from the pre-Christian Slavic zodchestvo (Russian: зодчество - construction).","title":"Architecture of Kievan Rus'"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_43.jpg"},{"link_name":"adoption of Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Byzantine architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"cell church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_church"},{"link_name":"Church of the Tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Tithes"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Romanesque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"knyazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Protection_of_the_Theotokos_on_the_Nerl_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of the Intercession on the Nerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Intercession_on_the_Nerl"},{"link_name":"Vladimir-Suzdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal"},{"link_name":"St. Boris and Gleb Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Boris_and_Gleb_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yuri Dolgoruky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Dolgoruky"},{"link_name":"Kideksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kideksha"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Assumption Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral_in_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"St Demetrios Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Demetrios_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Svirskaya Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svirskaya_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"Piatnytska Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatnytska_Church_(Chernihiv)"},{"link_name":"Chernigov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigov"},{"link_name":"Peter Baranovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baranovsky"}],"text":"Before its reconstruction in the 18th century, St. Sofia in Kiev was a prime example and a model for all churches in Kievan RusThe great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly influenced by Byzantine architecture. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood with the simplest form of church becoming known as a cell church. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of what the pagan Slavic temples should have looked like. The 10th-century Church of the Tithes in Kiev was the first cult building to be made of stone. The earliest Kievan churches were built and decorated with frescoes and mosaics by Byzantine masters.Another great example of an early church of Kievan Rus' was the thirteen-domed Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev (1037–54), built by Yaroslav the Wise. Much of its exterior has been altered with time, extending over the area and eventually acquiring 25 domes.Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1045–1050), [citation needed] on the other hand, expressed a new style that exerted a strong influence on Russian church architecture. Its austere thick walls, small narrow windows, and helmeted cupolas have much in common with the Romanesque architecture of Western Europe.Even further departure from Byzantine models is evident in succeeding cathedrals of Novgorod: St Nicholas's (1113), St Anthony's (1117–19), and St George's (1119). Along with cathedrals, of note was the architecture of monasteries of these times. The 12th–13th centuries were the period of feudal division of Kievan Rus into princedoms which were in nearly permanent feud, with multiplication of cathedrals in emerging princedoms and courts of local princes (knyazes).Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), one of the most famous Russian medieval churches.By the end of the 12th century, the divide of the country was final and new centers of power took the Kievan style and adopted it to their traditions. In the northern principality of Vladimir-Suzdal the local churches were built of white stone. The Suzdal style is also known as \"white-stone architecture\" (\"белокаменное зодчество\"). The first white-stone church was the St. Boris and Gleb Church commissioned by Yuri Dolgoruky, a church-fortress in Kideksha near Suzdal, at the supposed place of the stay of knyazes Boris and Gleb on their pilgrimage to Kiev. The white-stone churches mark the highest point of pre-Mongolian Rus' architecture. The most important churches in Vladimir are the Assumption Cathedral (built 1158–60, enlarged 1185–98, frescoes 1408) and St Demetrios Cathedral (built 1194–97).In the western splinter of Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia churches in a traditional Kievan style were built for some time, but eventually the style began to drift towards Central European Romanesque tradition.Celebrated as these structures are, the contemporaries were even more impressed by churches of Southern Rus', particularly the Svirskaya Church of Smolensk (1191–94). As southern structures were either ruined or rebuilt, restoration of their original outlook has been a source of contention between art historians. The most memorable reconstruction is the Piatnytska Church (1196–99) in Chernigov (modern Chernihiv, Ukraine), by Peter Baranovsky.","title":"Church architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kievan Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus"},{"link_name":"Golden Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Vladimir)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Golden Gates of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate,_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Bilhorod Kyivskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhorod_Kyivskyi"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Voronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Voronin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrei Bogolyubsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Bogolyubsky"},{"link_name":"Bogolyubovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogolyubovo,_Vladimir_Oblast"}],"text":"There were very few examples of secular (non-religious) architecture in Kievan Rus. Golden Gates of Vladimir, despite much 18th-century restoration, could be regarded as an authentic monument of the pre-Mongolian period.In Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, no secular monuments survived aside from pieces of walls and ruins of gates. The Golden Gates of Kyiv were destroyed completely over the years with only the ruins remaining. In the 20th century a museum was erected above the ruins. It is a close image of the gates of the Kievan Rus period but is not a monument of the time.One of the best examples, the fortress of Bilhorod Kyivskyi, is still lying under the ground waiting major excavation. In the 1940s, the archaeologist Nikolai Voronin discovered the well-preserved remains of Andrei Bogolyubsky's palace in Bogolyubovo, dating from 1158 to 1165.","title":"Secular architecture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polatsk-St._Euphrosine1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Polotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polotsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horadnia_(Hrodna),_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(2021)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalozha Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalozha_Church"},{"link_name":"Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno"}],"sub_title":"Examples in Belarus","text":"Savior-Transfiguration Church of the St. Euphrosyne Monastery, Polotsk, 12th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKalozha Church, Grodno (1127)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murom_Transfiguration_monastery_Transfiguration_Cathedral_IMG_9783_1725.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_(%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC)"},{"link_name":"Murom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Veliky Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuriev Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriev_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Veliky Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5_(1117-1119)_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katholikon of the Antoniev Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholikon_of_the_Antoniev_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PerynSketePerynChapelCells.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peryn Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryn#Church_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lady_in_Peryn"},{"link_name":"Veliky Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8_(%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smolensk_StPeter%26PaulOnGorodyanka2.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Peter and St. Paul's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ba-spas-2001-june.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)"},{"link_name":"Pereslavl-Zalessky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereslavl-Zalessky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kideksha_Boris%26GlebChurch_192_5654.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kideksha Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kideksha_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Assumption Cathedral, Staraya Ladoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Staraya_Ladoga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_-_%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Vladimir)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dormition Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitrovsky_sobor6000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Saint Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC07770-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. George's Church, Staraya Ladoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Staraya_Ladoga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos_(Suzdal)_00.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Nativity, Suzdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity,_Suzdal"},{"link_name":"Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky"}],"sub_title":"Examples in Russia","text":"Transfiguration monastery in Murom (1096)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Nicholas Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod (1113–1136)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. George's Cathedral of Yuriev Monastery near Veliky Novgorod (1119)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKatholikon of the Antoniev Monastery (1122)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeryn Chapel near Veliky Novgorod (1220s)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral of St. John the Baptist (built in 1199–1139, first mentioned in 1243)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Smolensk (1146)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTransfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky (1152)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKideksha Church (1152)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAssumption Cathedral, Staraya Ladoga (1154–1159)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemains of the Bogolyubov castle (left) and The Temple of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (right) (1158)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGolden Gate in Vladimir (1158–1164)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Michael the Archangel Church in Smolensk (1180–1197)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDormition Cathedral in Vladimir (1186–1189)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir (1194–1197)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. George's Church, Staraya Ladoga (1180–1200)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral of the Nativity, Suzdal (1222–1225), photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, 1912","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden-gate-2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate,_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral,_Chernihiv"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Borys and Hlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb_Cathedral,_Chernihiv"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2)_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piatnytska Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatnytska_Church_(Chernihiv)"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C,_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87_(1)_hf.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Basil Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87)"},{"link_name":"Ovruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovruch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Pantaleon Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/uk:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5)"},{"link_name":"Halych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halych"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dormition Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80)"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_(city)"}],"sub_title":"Examples in Ukraine","text":"The Golden Gate in Kyiv, largely reconstructed, c. 1100\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTransfiguration Cathedral in Chernihiv, 11th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral of Borys and Hlib in Chernihiv, c. 1123\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPiatnytska Church in Chernihiv, largely reconstructed, 12th–13th centuries\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Basil Cathedral in Ovruch, largely reconstructed, c. 1190\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Pantaleon Church in Shevchenkove (near Halych), 1194\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDormition Cathedral in Volodymyr, largely reconstructed, 1156–1160","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod (1045–1050)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/VNovgorog_SaintSophiaCathedral_VN130.jpg/260px-VNovgorog_SaintSophiaCathedral_VN130.jpg"},{"image_text":"Before its reconstruction in the 18th century, St. Sofia in Kiev was a prime example and a model for all churches in Kievan Rus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_43.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_43.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), one of the most famous Russian medieval churches.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Church_of_the_Protection_of_the_Theotokos_on_the_Nerl_05.jpg/170px-Church_of_the_Protection_of_the_Theotokos_on_the_Nerl_05.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of buildings of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_of_pre-Mongol_Kievan_Rus%27"},{"title":"Ukrainian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture"},{"title":"List of Russian church types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_church_types"},{"title":"Old Russian ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Russian_ornament"}]
[{"reference":"Lyubimov, L.D. (1996). The Art of the Ancient Rus (Искусство Древней Руси). Moscow.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow","url_text":"Moscow"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sobory.ru/","external_links_name":"Directory of Orthodox Architecture in Russia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Player
Nexus Player
["1 History","2 Hardware","3 Remote control","4 Features","5 FCC difficulties","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Streaming media player co-developed by Google and Asus Nexus PlayerDeveloperGoogle, AsusManufacturerAsusProduct familyGoogle NexusTypeDigital media player, set-top box, microconsoleRelease dateNovember 3, 2014Introductory price USD $99 GBP £79 DiscontinuedMay 24, 2016Operating systemOriginal: Android 5.0 "Lollipop"Current: Android 8.0 "Oreo"CPU1.8 GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3560Imagination PowerVR G6430 Graphics 2D/3D Engine (1080p)Memory1 GB LPDDR3Storage8 GB internal eMMCInputAndroid phones/tablets, Android Wear, Nexus Player remote, Asus Gamepad, Bluetooth audio devices and HIDsConnectivity Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO) Bluetooth Micro-USB HDMI USB OTG Online services Google Play Netflix HBO Go Hulu Plus YouTube USA Today CBS News Pandora Radio Dimensions120 mm (4.7 in) diameter20 mm (0.79 in) HMass235 g (8.3 oz)PredecessorNexus QSuccessorChromecast with Google TVWebsiteAsus website The Nexus Player was a digital media player co-developed by Google, Intel and Asus. It was the second media player in the Google Nexus family of consumer devices. Originally running the Android 5.0 ("Lollipop") operating system, it was the first device to employ the Android TV platform. The Nexus player supports Google Cast, the feature for selecting and controlling media playback on a television that was first introduced by Chromecast. Sales of the Nexus Player were discontinued in May 2016, and product support ended in March 2018. History The Nexus Player was unveiled on October 15, 2014, and made available for pre-order two days later on the Google Play Store for $99, and later made available for purchase at retail stores in the US. On May 24, 2016, Google discontinued direct sales of the Nexus Player. In May 2017, Google announced that Google Assistant was coming to the Nexus Player later in the year. In November 2017, the device was updated with the Google Assistant feature through the monthly security update. In March 2018, Google confirmed that the Nexus Player would not receive Android 9 Pie and that security updates had also ended for the device. In August 2018, Android Headlines reported that some Nexus Player users were facing an issue where they became inoperable. Hardware It is powered by a 1.8 GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3560 processor with 1 GB of LPDDR3 RAM and 8 GB of internal eMMC storage. Remote control The Nexus Player comes bundled with a Bluetooth remote control, with a direction pad & middle enter button, a back, home and play/pause button. It also features a button to activate the Google Search application to search for content by speaking through the remote's built-in microphone. The device can also be controlled by any Android smartphone with Google Play services. The app also features a Wear OS counterpart to allow remote input from compatible smartwatches. Features The Nexus Player and Android TV allows consumers to use an HDTV set to play music, watch video originating from Internet services or a local network, and play games (Emulators and Android Games). The primary interface is interacted with using a remote with a D-pad dial and 5 buttons. The remote also includes a microphone for voice search functions within supported apps and the main system interface. Android TV can be paired with Bluetooth gaming controllers to interact with the system interface / applications, as well as, playing games. Android TV also includes all features and streaming capabilities of the Chromecast device. Users can access the Google Play store directly through the user interface to rent / buy movies, TV shows and stream play music. Live Channels by Google allows users to stream from media sources including the HDHomeRun TV tuner with TV Guide functionality Kodi allows users to access a host of applications and content available through Kodi (formerly XBMC) Netflix Hulu Plus YouTube TED HDHomeRun App VLC media player FX Now Sling TV Disney Movies Anywhere Crackle Epix Plex HGTV Watch PBS Kids Video CNET CBS News Bloomberg TV+ HuffPost Live for Android TV TuneIn Radio iHeartRadio Songza TV CBS Sports Red Bull TV MLB.TV Vevo Showtime Vimeo Vudu FCC difficulties During its initial days on sale, the Nexus Player was pulled from the Google Play Store because it had not passed FCC certification. Two days later, the device returned to the Play Store after receiving said certification. See also Nexus Q Chromebit Apple TV, a similar product from Apple Inc. Roku, a similar product from Roku, Inc. Amazon Fire TV, a similar product from Amazon References ^ "Nexus Player - Support". ^ Martonik, Andrew (October 17, 2014). "Nexus 6, 9 and Player arrive in Google Play, orders live for 9 and Player". Android Central. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2014. ^ "The Nexus Player Is Now Available At US Retailers: Best Buy, Newegg, And Amazon". Android Police. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015. ^ "Google confirms the Nexus Player has been discontinued". The Verge. 2016-05-24. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. ^ "Welcome to your New Home on Android TV". ^ Torres, JC (16 November 2017). "Nexus Player surprisingly gets Google Assistant in November update". SlashGear. ^ Gao, Richard (23 March 2018). " Confirmed: The Nexus Player will not be updated to Android P". Android Police. Illogical Robot LLC. ^ "Increasing Number Of Nexus Players Have Suddenly Stopped Working". Android Headlines. August 13, 2018 - Written By John Anon. 13 August 2018. ^ "Nexus Player". Google. Google Inc. Retrieved 16 October 2014. ^ Spradlin, Liam (18 October 2014). "Google's Nexus Player Hasn't Passed FCC Certification Yet, 'Out Of Inventory' On The US Play Store". 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital media player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_player"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Asus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus"},{"link_name":"Google Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus"},{"link_name":"Android 5.0 (\"Lollipop\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Lollipop"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Android TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV"},{"link_name":"Google Cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cast"},{"link_name":"Chromecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast"}],"text":"The Nexus Player was a digital media player co-developed by Google, Intel and Asus. It was the second media player in the Google Nexus family of consumer devices. Originally running the Android 5.0 (\"Lollipop\") operating system, it was the first device to employ the Android TV platform. The Nexus player supports Google Cast, the feature for selecting and controlling media playback on a television that was first introduced by Chromecast. Sales of the Nexus Player were discontinued in May 2016, and product support ended in March 2018.","title":"Nexus Player"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Play Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Store"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Google Assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Android 9 Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Pie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Nexus Player was unveiled on October 15, 2014, and made available for pre-order two days later on the Google Play Store for $99,[2] and later made available for purchase at retail stores in the US.[3]On May 24, 2016, Google discontinued direct sales of the Nexus Player.[4] In May 2017, Google announced that Google Assistant was coming to the Nexus Player later in the year.[5] In November 2017, the device was updated with the Google Assistant feature through the monthly security update.[6] In March 2018, Google confirmed that the Nexus Player would not receive Android 9 Pie and that security updates had also ended for the device.[7]In August 2018, Android Headlines reported that some Nexus Player users were facing an issue where they became inoperable.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"Intel Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Atom"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibibyte"},{"link_name":"LPDDR3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR3"},{"link_name":"eMMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMMC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"It is powered by a 1.8 GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3560 processor with 1 GB of LPDDR3 RAM and 8 GB of internal eMMC storage.[9]","title":"Hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"Wear OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_OS"}],"text":"The Nexus Player comes bundled with a Bluetooth remote control, with a direction pad & middle enter button, a back, home and play/pause button. It also features a button to activate the Google Search application to search for content by speaking through the remote's built-in microphone. The device can also be controlled by any Android smartphone with Google Play services. The app also features a Wear OS counterpart to allow remote input from compatible smartwatches.","title":"Remote control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV"},{"link_name":"Emulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulators"},{"link_name":"Chromecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast"},{"link_name":"Google Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"HDHomeRun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDHomeRun"},{"link_name":"Kodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_(software)"},{"link_name":"XBMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBMC"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Hulu Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"TED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"HDHomeRun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDHomeRun"},{"link_name":"VLC media player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player"},{"link_name":"FX Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sling TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_TV"},{"link_name":"Disney Movies Anywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere"},{"link_name":"Crackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crackle_(company)"},{"link_name":"Epix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epix_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Plex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plex_(software)"},{"link_name":"HGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGTV"},{"link_name":"PBS Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Kids"},{"link_name":"CNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_TV"},{"link_name":"HuffPost Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost_Live"},{"link_name":"TuneIn Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuneIn"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"Songza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songza"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"Red Bull TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_TV"},{"link_name":"MLB.TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.TV"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Vimeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimeo"},{"link_name":"Vudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vudu"}],"text":"The Nexus Player and Android TV allows consumers to use an HDTV set to play music, watch video originating from Internet services or a local network, and play games (Emulators and Android Games). The primary interface is interacted with using a remote with a D-pad dial and 5 buttons. The remote also includes a microphone for voice search functions within supported apps and the main system interface. Android TV can be paired with Bluetooth gaming controllers to interact with the system interface / applications, as well as, playing games. Android TV also includes all features and streaming capabilities of the Chromecast device.Users can access the Google Play store directly through the user interface to rent / buy movies, TV shows and stream play music.\nLive Channels by Google allows users to stream from media sources including the HDHomeRun TV tuner with TV Guide functionality\nKodi allows users to access a host of applications and content available through Kodi (formerly XBMC)\nNetflix\nHulu Plus\nYouTube\nTED\nHDHomeRun App\nVLC media player\nFX Now\nSling TV\nDisney Movies Anywhere\nCrackle\nEpix\nPlex\nHGTV Watch\nPBS Kids Video\nCNET\nCBS News\nBloomberg TV+\nHuffPost Live for Android TV\nTuneIn Radio\niHeartRadio\nSongza TV\nCBS Sports\nRed Bull TV\nMLB.TV\nVevo\nShowtime\nVimeo\nVudu","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"During its initial days on sale, the Nexus Player was pulled from the Google Play Store because it had not passed FCC certification.[10] Two days later, the device returned to the Play Store after receiving said certification.","title":"FCC difficulties"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nexus Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Q"},{"title":"Chromebit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebit"},{"title":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"title":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"title":"Roku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku"},{"title":"Roku, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku,_Inc."},{"title":"Amazon Fire TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV"},{"title":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Nexus Player - Support\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asus.com/us/Home-Entertainment/Nexus_Player/","url_text":"\"Nexus Player - Support\""}]},{"reference":"Martonik, Andrew (October 17, 2014). \"Nexus 6, 9 and Player arrive in Google Play, orders live for 9 and Player\". Android Central. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150129085033/http://www.androidcentral.com/nexus-9-now-available-pre-order-google-play","url_text":"\"Nexus 6, 9 and Player arrive in Google Play, orders live for 9 and Player\""},{"url":"http://www.androidcentral.com/nexus-9-now-available-pre-order-google-play","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nexus Player Is Now Available At US Retailers: Best Buy, Newegg, And Amazon\". Android Police. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/25/the-nexus-player-is-now-available-at-us-retailers-best-buy-newegg-and-amazon","url_text":"\"The Nexus Player Is Now Available At US Retailers: Best Buy, Newegg, And Amazon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google confirms the Nexus Player has been discontinued\". The Verge. 2016-05-24. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/24/11762276/google-nexus-player-discontinued","url_text":"\"Google confirms the Nexus Player has been discontinued\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230614101836/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/24/11762276/google-nexus-player-discontinued","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to your New Home on Android TV\".","urls":[{"url":"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/05/welcome-to-your-new-home-on-android-tv.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to your New Home on Android TV\""}]},{"reference":"Torres, JC (16 November 2017). \"Nexus Player surprisingly gets Google Assistant in November update\". SlashGear.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashgear.com/nexus-player-surprisingly-gets-google-assistant-in-november-update-16508159/","url_text":"\"Nexus Player surprisingly gets Google Assistant in November update\""}]},{"reference":"Gao, Richard (23 March 2018). \"[Update: No more security updates either] Confirmed: The Nexus Player will not be updated to Android P\". Android Police. Illogical Robot LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/03/22/nexus-player-will-not-updated-android-p/","url_text":"\"[Update: No more security updates either] Confirmed: The Nexus Player will not be updated to Android P\""}]},{"reference":"\"Increasing Number Of Nexus Players Have Suddenly Stopped Working\". Android Headlines. August 13, 2018 - Written By John Anon. 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidheadlines.com/2018/08/increasing-number-of-nexus-players-have-suddenly-stopped-working.html#discussion","url_text":"\"Increasing Number Of Nexus Players Have Suddenly Stopped Working\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nexus Player\". Google. Google Inc. Retrieved 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/nexus/player/","url_text":"\"Nexus Player\""}]},{"reference":"Spradlin, Liam (18 October 2014). \"Google's Nexus Player Hasn't Passed FCC Certification Yet, 'Out Of Inventory' On The US Play Store\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/10/17/googles-nexus-player-hasnt-passed-fcc-certification-yet-out-of-inventory-on-the-play-store/","url_text":"\"Google's Nexus Player Hasn't Passed FCC Certification Yet, 'Out Of Inventory' On The US Play Store\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.asus.com/us/Home-Entertainment/Nexus_Player/","external_links_name":"Asus website"},{"Link":"https://www.asus.com/us/Home-Entertainment/Nexus_Player/","external_links_name":"\"Nexus Player - Support\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150129085033/http://www.androidcentral.com/nexus-9-now-available-pre-order-google-play","external_links_name":"\"Nexus 6, 9 and Player arrive in Google Play, orders live for 9 and Player\""},{"Link":"http://www.androidcentral.com/nexus-9-now-available-pre-order-google-play","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/25/the-nexus-player-is-now-available-at-us-retailers-best-buy-newegg-and-amazon","external_links_name":"\"The Nexus Player Is Now Available At US Retailers: Best Buy, Newegg, And Amazon\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/24/11762276/google-nexus-player-discontinued","external_links_name":"\"Google confirms the Nexus Player has been discontinued\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230614101836/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/24/11762276/google-nexus-player-discontinued","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/05/welcome-to-your-new-home-on-android-tv.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to your New Home on Android TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashgear.com/nexus-player-surprisingly-gets-google-assistant-in-november-update-16508159/","external_links_name":"\"Nexus Player surprisingly gets Google Assistant in November update\""},{"Link":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/03/22/nexus-player-will-not-updated-android-p/","external_links_name":"\"[Update: No more security updates either] Confirmed: The Nexus Player will not be updated to Android P\""},{"Link":"https://www.androidheadlines.com/2018/08/increasing-number-of-nexus-players-have-suddenly-stopped-working.html#discussion","external_links_name":"\"Increasing Number Of Nexus Players Have Suddenly Stopped Working\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/nexus/player/","external_links_name":"\"Nexus Player\""},{"Link":"http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/10/17/googles-nexus-player-hasnt-passed-fcc-certification-yet-out-of-inventory-on-the-play-store/","external_links_name":"\"Google's Nexus Player Hasn't Passed FCC Certification Yet, 'Out Of Inventory' On The US Play Store\""},{"Link":"https://www.asus.com/us/Home-Entertainment/Nexus_Player/","external_links_name":"Asus website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlop_Art_Gallery
Regina Public Library
["1 Services","2 Locations","3 Film Theatre","4 Dunlop Art Gallery","5 Prairie History Room","6 Special literacy services","7 Branches","7.1 Central Library[7]","7.2 Albert Library","7.3 Connaught Library","7.4 George Bothwell Library","7.5 Glen Elm Library","7.6 Prince of Wales Library","7.7 Regent Place Library","7.8 Sherwood Village Library","7.9 Sunrise Library","8 See also","9 References"]
Public library in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Regina Public LibraryCentral Library50°26′55″N 104°36′52″W / 50.4485°N 104.6144°W / 50.4485; -104.6144 (Central Library)TypePublic Library system of ReginaBranches9CollectionItems collectedbusiness directories, phone books, maps, government publications, books, periodicals, genealogy, local history,Other informationWebsitereginalibrary.ca The Regina Public Library is the citywide public library system of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The Regina Public Library is established under the provisions of The Public Libraries Act, 1996. The general management, regulation, and control of the Library is vested in the Regina Public Library Board. The Board consists of the Mayor of Regina and eight members of the public appointed by the City Council for two-year terms. Services Services include: Information and reference services Access to full text databases Community information Internet access Reader's advisory services Programs for children, youth and adults Delivery to homebound individuals Interlibrary loan Free downloadable audiobooks Locations Regina Public Library has nine locations and provides service in the form of resources, programs, and client and staff interactions. Film Theatre The RPL Film Theatre, which is located at the Central Library, screens world cinema - up to fifteen films a month. The Film Theatre provides a wide range of films to accommodate a range of tastes and is the only cinema in the city to present contemporary and alternative cinema: Canadian, foreign and independent films and documentaries. Dunlop Art Gallery The Dunlop Art Gallery, located at Central Library and Sherwood Village Library, is dedicated to presenting, researching, and engaging a diverse range of visual arts and culture. Prairie History Room The Prairie History Room is a specialized collection of research and genealogical materials focusing on the history and development of the Prairies from pre-settlement times to present day. The room is located on the main floor of Central Library. Special literacy services The library also offers special literacy services and programs for all ages. The unit is located on the second floor of Central Library. Branches Regina Public Library has nine branches. Central Library Central Library on 12th Avenue, originally on the same site and destroyed in the storm of 1912. Central Library is located in downtown Regina, on 12th Avenue between Lorne and Smith Street, across Lorne Street from Victoria Park and on the site of the second Carnegie Library. "On December 5, the... Central Library was officially opened." In Canada as in the UK, Ireland and the USA, public libraries were amply endowed by the Carnegie foundation and burgesses soon took for granted and the public quickly demanded that such services continue to be funded and provided. In other jurisdictions — Australia is a notably deficient one — where Carnegie did not offer such endowment, the concept of public libraries is largely alien. Sydney, a city of some 2 million, for example, has a public library substantially smaller than that of Regina, a city of some 200 thousand. Its precedent was built after the Regina Cyclone destroyed the original, on the same and today's site (see Regina's historic buildings and precincts). "It is the largest of the nine libraries in the system, and it is a social and informational hub in the heart of downtown Regina. Central maintains an extensive calendar of programs, training opportunities and art exhibits in the Dunlop Art Gallery, along with film screenings in the Library's own repertory film theatre. Its story room has been a favoured recital hall since its opening. The system's Children's Library is located in the Central Branch's lower-level." Regina Public Library, 1925, on the same site as today's Central Library "The original Carnegie building was demolished in June 1961, and the work on the new library began immediately by the contractor Smith Brothers & Wilson. The architects for the new Central Library were Izumi, Arnott & Sugiyama." Assorted detritus and rubble from the previous library building is featured decoratively in the library forecourt. "The stonework bearing the sign "Regina Public Library" was saved from the old building and placed in the entrance way of the new building. A circular medallion bearing the library crest - torch and open book inscribed 'Qui Legit Regit' -- He who reads, rules—is still displayed today. But one of the founders of the Library, the artist Regine Witt, announced that they are going to change it to 'Qui Legit Pingit' -- He who reads, paints. Albert Library Albert Library is located in North Central Regina on Robinson Street, just north of Dewdney Avenue. It is an inner-city branch that serves the North Central area of Regina. The building was designed by the architect Joseph Warburton and opened in 1927. A significant segment of the population in this area is of aboriginal ancestry; the library offers an extensive collection of adult and juvenile items that focus on aboriginal peoples. The library also offers programming that develops knowledge and understanding of the diverse cultural groups in Regina, while highlighting the aboriginal community. Connaught Library Connaught Public Library Connaught Library is located on the corner of Elphinstone and 13th Avenue in the leafy West End (latterly deemed the "Cathedral Area") of Regina, across Elphinstone Street from Connaught Public School, opened in 1913 after a visit to Regina by the vastly popular Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, the then-Governor General, his wife and even more popular daughter, Princess Patricia of Connaught. It is one of Regina Public Library's inner-city branches and it offers visitors a variety of services and diverse collections. This branch was designed by the architect Joseph Warburton and opened in 1930, and currently features: co-sponsored programs with local associations and schools, after-school programming, and teen programs. George Bothwell Library George Bothwell Library is located in the south area of Southland Mall on Gordon Road. This Library opened in 1995, and operates as a full-service branch within the Regina Public Library system. This branch has a seating area with comfortable chairs, natural light, and lush plants. Renovations completed on the library in 2016 include direct mall access, increased seating area, and collaborative spaces. Glen Elm Library Glen Elm Library is located on Dewdney Avenue between Oxford and Cavendish Streets next to the Glencairn Shopping Centre. It is a full-service branch that offers a variety of programs, services, and collections suitable for all ages. Prince of Wales Library Prince of Wales Library is located just east of downtown Regina, near Elliott St. and 14th Avenue. It is a cozy inner-city branch of Regina Public Library that offers visitors a variety of services and resources. Open since 1913, the Prince of Wales Library is of the oldest branches in the system, and was located in one of the oldest buildings in the city of Regina until its move in 2011 to a newly built location attached to the Core-Ritchie Neighbourhood Centre. The Prince of Wales branch has popular and up-to-date reading and listening materials. There is a collection of fiction and non-fiction paperbacks; there are also popular items for children, such as board books, picture books, and comics. Visitors to this branch can also find music CDs, a DVD collection, and more than 100 popular magazines and newspapers. Regent Place Library Regent Place Library is currently located in the northern area of Regina at 331 Albert Street in the Market Mall. In 1966, Regina Public Library opened its first shopping mall location in what was then known as Regent Park Branch. Nearly thirty years later, Regent Place Library moved to a different location at Albert St. and 5th Street. In August 2012, Regent Place Library moved two blocks south to its current location. The Library is a full-service branch, which offers free public programs for all ages, access to computer workstations, and a variety of collections. Sherwood Village Library Sherwood Village Library is located in the northwest area of Regina, near the Rochdale Crossing on Rochdale Blvd. This is a full-service Library that offers free public programs for all ages and houses a wide variety of collections. Sunrise Library Sunrise Library shares its facilities with the Sandra Schmirler Leisure Centre, located in southeast Regina. Sunrise Library opened in 1990 and since then has operated a small branch with a wide variety of programs, services, and collections. See also List of Carnegie libraries in Canada References ^ Regina Public Library Board ^ Regina Public Library - Locations ^ RPL Film Theatre ^ Dunlop Art Gallery ^ Regina Public Library, Prairie History Collection ^ Regina Public Library - Literacy ^ Regina Public Library - Central Library ^ http://www.reginalibrary.ca/about/history.html. 23 June 2012. ^ Regina Public Library." https://www.reginalibrary.ca/about/history. 23 June 2012. ^ Regina Public Library." http://www.reginalibrary.ca/about/history.html. 23 June 2012. ^ Regina Public Library." https://www.reginalibrary.ca/about/history. 23 June 2012. ^ "Albert Public Library". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ Regina Public Library - Albert branch ^ Regina Public Library - Connaught branch ^ "Connaught Library". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ Regina Public Library - George Bothwell branch ^ "Regina Public Library". ^ Regina Public Library - Glen Elm branch ^ Regina Public Library - Prince of Wales branch ^ Regina Public Library - Regent Place branch ^ Regina Public Library - Sherwood Village branch ^ Regina Public Library - Sunrise branch vteEducation in Regina, SaskatchewanRegina Public Schools Balfour Campbell F.W. Johnson Winston Knoll Martin Scott Sheldon-Williams ThomClosed Cochrane Regina Catholic Schools Dr. Martin LeBoldus Miller Comprehensive Archbishop M.C. O'Neill Michael A. Riffel Conseil des écoles fransaskoises Monseigneur de Laval Private Harvest City Christian Luther Regina Christian St. Luke Tertiary University of Regina (template) Libraries Regina Public Library List of schools Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"Regina, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council"}],"text":"The Regina Public Library is the citywide public library system of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.The Regina Public Library is established under the provisions of The Public Libraries Act, 1996. The general management, regulation, and control of the Library is vested in the Regina Public Library Board.[1] The Board consists of the Mayor of Regina and eight members of the public appointed by the City Council for two-year terms.","title":"Regina Public Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Services include:[citation needed]Information and reference services\nAccess to full text databases\nCommunity information\nInternet access\nReader's advisory services\nPrograms for children, youth and adults\nDelivery to homebound individuals\nInterlibrary loan\nFree downloadable audiobooks","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Regina Public Library has nine locations[2] and provides service in the form of resources, programs, and client and staff interactions.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"The RPL Film Theatre,[3] which is located at the Central Library, screens world cinema - up to fifteen films a month. The Film Theatre provides a wide range of films to accommodate a range of tastes and is the only cinema in the city to present contemporary and alternative cinema: Canadian, foreign and independent films and documentaries.","title":"Film Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"}],"text":"The Dunlop Art Gallery,[4] located at Central Library and Sherwood Village Library, is dedicated to presenting, researching, and engaging a diverse range of visual arts and culture.","title":"Dunlop Art Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Prairie History Room [5] is a specialized collection of research and genealogical materials focusing on the history and development of the Prairies from pre-settlement times to present day. The room is located on the main floor of Central Library.","title":"Prairie History Room"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The library also offers special literacy services[6] and programs for all ages. The unit is located on the second floor of Central Library.","title":"Special literacy services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Regina Public Library has nine branches.","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regina_Public_Library_main_branch.JPG"},{"link_name":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"Regina Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"Regina's historic buildings and precincts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%27s_historic_buildings_and_precincts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnegie_Library,_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Central Library[7]","text":"Central Library on 12th Avenue, originally on the same site and destroyed in the storm of 1912.Central Library is located in downtown Regina, on 12th Avenue between Lorne and Smith Street, across Lorne Street from Victoria Park and on the site of the second Carnegie Library. \"On December 5, [1962,] the...[current] Central Library was officially opened.\"[8] In Canada as in the UK, Ireland and the USA, public libraries were amply endowed by the Carnegie foundation and burgesses soon took for granted and the public quickly demanded that such services continue to be funded and provided. In other jurisdictions — Australia is a notably deficient one — where Carnegie did not offer such endowment, the concept of public libraries is largely alien. Sydney, a city of some 2 million, for example, has a public library substantially smaller than that of Regina, a city of some 200 thousand. Its precedent was built after the Regina Cyclone destroyed the original, on the same and today's site (see Regina's historic buildings and precincts).\"It is the largest of the nine libraries in the system, and it is a social and informational hub in the heart of downtown Regina. Central maintains an extensive calendar of programs, training opportunities and art exhibits in the Dunlop Art Gallery, along with film screenings in the Library's own repertory film theatre. Its story room has been a favoured recital hall since its opening. The system's Children's Library is located in the Central Branch's lower-level.\"[9]Regina Public Library, 1925, on the same site as today's Central Library\"The original Carnegie building was demolished in June 1961, and the work on the new library began immediately by the contractor Smith Brothers & Wilson. The architects for the new Central Library were Izumi, Arnott & Sugiyama.\"[10] Assorted detritus and rubble from the previous library building is featured decoratively in the library forecourt. \"The stonework bearing the sign \"Regina Public Library\" was saved from the old building and placed in the entrance way of the new building. A circular medallion bearing the library crest - torch and open book inscribed 'Qui Legit Regit' -- He who reads, rules—is still displayed today. But one of the founders of the Library, the artist Regine Witt, announced that they are going to change it to 'Qui Legit Pingit' -- He who reads, paints.[11]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warburton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Albert Library","text":"Albert Library is located in North Central Regina on Robinson Street, just north of Dewdney Avenue. It is an inner-city branch that serves the North Central area of Regina. The building was designed by the architect Joseph Warburton and opened in 1927.[12] A significant segment of the population in this area is of aboriginal ancestry; the library offers an extensive collection of adult and juvenile items that focus on aboriginal peoples. The library also offers programming that develops knowledge and understanding of the diverse cultural groups in Regina, while highlighting the aboriginal community.[13]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connaught_Library.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Joseph Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warburton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Connaught Library","text":"Connaught Public LibraryConnaught Library is located on the corner of Elphinstone and 13th Avenue in the leafy West End (latterly deemed the \"Cathedral Area\") of Regina, across Elphinstone Street from Connaught Public School, opened in 1913 after a visit to Regina by the vastly popular Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, the then-Governor General, his wife and even more popular daughter, Princess Patricia of Connaught.[14]It is one of Regina Public Library's inner-city branches and it offers visitors a variety of services and diverse collections. This branch was designed by the architect Joseph Warburton[15] and opened in 1930, and currently features: co-sponsored programs with local associations and schools, after-school programming, and teen programs.[citation needed]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"George Bothwell Library","text":"George Bothwell Library is located in the south area of Southland Mall on Gordon Road. This Library opened in 1995, and operates as a full-service branch within the Regina Public Library system. This branch has a seating area with comfortable chairs, natural light, and lush plants.[16] Renovations completed on the library in 2016 include direct mall access, increased seating area, and collaborative spaces.[17]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Glen Elm Library","text":"Glen Elm Library is located on Dewdney Avenue between Oxford and Cavendish Streets next to the Glencairn Shopping Centre. It is a full-service branch that offers a variety of programs, services, and collections suitable for all ages.[18]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Prince of Wales Library","text":"Prince of Wales Library is located just east of downtown Regina, near Elliott St. and 14th Avenue. It is a cozy inner-city branch of Regina Public Library that offers visitors a variety of services and resources. Open since 1913, the Prince of Wales Library is of the oldest branches in the system, and was located in one of the oldest buildings in the city of Regina until its move in 2011 to a newly built location attached to the Core-Ritchie Neighbourhood Centre. The Prince of Wales branch has popular and up-to-date reading and listening materials. There is a collection of fiction and non-fiction paperbacks; there are also popular items for children, such as board books, picture books, and comics. Visitors to this branch can also find music CDs, a DVD collection, and more than 100 popular magazines and newspapers.[19]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Regent Place Library","text":"Regent Place Library is currently located in the northern area of Regina at 331 Albert Street in the Market Mall. In 1966, Regina Public Library opened its first shopping mall location in what was then known as Regent Park Branch. Nearly thirty years later, Regent Place Library moved to a different location at Albert St. and 5th Street. \nIn August 2012, Regent Place Library moved two blocks south to its current location. The Library is a full-service branch, which offers free public programs for all ages, access to computer workstations, and a variety of collections.[20]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Sherwood Village Library","text":"Sherwood Village Library is located in the northwest area of Regina, near the Rochdale Crossing on Rochdale Blvd. This is a full-service Library that offers free public programs for all ages and houses a wide variety of collections.[21]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Sunrise Library","text":"Sunrise Library shares its facilities with the Sandra Schmirler Leisure Centre, located in southeast Regina. Sunrise Library opened in 1990 and since then has operated a small branch with a wide variety of programs, services, and collections.[22]","title":"Branches"}]
[{"image_text":"Central Library on 12th Avenue, originally on the same site and destroyed in the storm of 1912.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Regina_Public_Library_main_branch.JPG/220px-Regina_Public_Library_main_branch.JPG"},{"image_text":"Regina Public Library, 1925, on the same site as today's Central Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carnegie_Library%2C_1925.jpg/220px-Carnegie_Library%2C_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"Connaught Public Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Connaught_Library.jpg/220px-Connaught_Library.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Carnegie libraries in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carnegie_libraries_in_Canada"}]
[{"reference":"\"Albert Public Library\". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5577","url_text":"\"Albert Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connaught Library\". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lieuxpatrimoniaux.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=5584","url_text":"\"Connaught Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regina Public Library\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.group2.ca/projects/municipal/regina-public-library/","url_text":"\"Regina Public Library\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_(A60)
Toyota Carina
["1 First generation (A10/A30; 1970–1977)","2 Second generation (A40/A50; 1977–1981)","2.1 Celica Camry (1980–1982)","3 Third generation (A60; 1981–1988)","4 Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988)","4.1 Carina II","4.2 Carina ED (ST160 series)","5 Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992)","5.1 Carina II","5.2 Carina ED (ST180 series)","6 Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996)","6.1 Carina E","6.2 Carina ED (ST200 series)","7 Seventh generation (T210; 1996–2001)","8 European naming","9 References","10 External links"]
Not to be confused with Toyota Caldina. Motor vehicle Toyota Carina1992 Toyota CarinaOverviewManufacturerToyotaProductionDecember 1970 – December 2001AssemblyJapan: Toyota City, Aichi (Tsutsumi plant)Body and chassisClassCompact carRelatedToyota Celica (1970–1984)Toyota Corona (1984–2001)ChronologySuccessorToyota Allion (Japan)Toyota Avensis (Europe) The Toyota Carina (Japanese: トヨタ・カリーナ, Hepburn: Toyota Karina) is an automobile which was manufactured by Toyota from December 1970 to December 2001. It was introduced as a sedan counterpart of the Celica, with which it originally shared a platform. Later, it was realigned to the Corona platform, but retained its performance image, with distinctive bodywork and interior — aimed at the youth market and remaining exclusive to Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store. It was replaced in Japan by the Toyota Allion in 2001 and succeeded in Europe by the Toyota Avensis. The inspiration for the name Carina came from the constellation Carina, sharing a naming inspiration with the Celica, which is ultimately derived from the Latin word coelica meaning "heavenly" or "celestial". First generation (A10/A30; 1970–1977) Motor vehicle First generationToyota Carina 1600GT 4-door sedan (TA12)OverviewProduction1970–1977Body and chassisBody style2/4-door sedan2-door hardtop coupé5-door wagon/vanLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel driveRelatedToyota CelicaPowertrainEngine1407 cc T/T-J OHV I4 (TA10/15/16V)1588 cc 2T/2T-B/BR/C/J/U OHV I4 (TA12/14/17/18/19V/30)1588 cc 2T-G/GR DOHC I4 (TA12/17)1588 cc 12T OHV I4 (TA31)1770 cc 3T-U OHV I4 (TA32)1808 cc 16R-U SOHC I4 (RA10/16)1968 cc 18R/18R-E SOHC I4 (RA11/15/17/30)1968 cc 18R-G/GR/GU DOHC I4 (RA15/17/30)1968 cc 19R SOHC I4 (RA13/14/31)Transmission3-speed manual N304-speed manual T40/W405-speed manual T50/W50/P512-speed automatic A203-speed automatic A30DimensionsWheelbase2,425–2,495 mm (95.5–98.2 in)Length4,135–4,270 mm (162.8–168.1 in)Width1,570–1,630 mm (61.8–64.2 in)Height1,335–1,425 mm (52.6–56.1 in)Curb weight870–1,090 kg (1,920–2,400 lb) The first-generation Carina was manufactured from December 1970, and sold at Toyota Store dealership channels in Japan, sharing its platform with the Toyota Celica sports coupe. Its European release took place in October 1971. Toyota was able to save development and tooling costs by building a family sedan and a sports car on the same platform and in the same factory. The Carina was a junior sedan and coupe to the larger Crown, and was similar sized to the Corona. Features included reclining seats with built-in head restraints, radio, clock, reversing lights and servo-assistance on the brakes. 1971 Toyota Carina 1600 4-door sedan (TA12) Pre-facelift model of Toyota Carina 1600GT 2-door sedan (TA12) In 1971, the Carina 1600GT coupe was introduced as an alternative to the Corona 1600GT, using a 2T-G type 1600 DOHC engine shared with the Celica GT. The Corona 1600 GT was exclusive to Toyopet Store locations, the Carina 1600GT was exclusive to Toyota Store locations, and the Celica GT was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations. The chassis code was A10, with A15, 17 and 18 being reserved for hardtop coupés. Excepting the anomalous RA16 hardtop, A16 and 19 were used on vans (utility wagons). Beginning in 1975, A30-series numbers were used for some hardtop coupés. The wagons/vans of the first generation were not regularly exported. Carina vans entered production in December 1975. The A10 Carina was also exported to the US; its introduction and disappointing sales coinciding with the introduction of a 10% import duty. Cars destined for export were increasingly directed to European and other markets; US exports stopped after only two years; and Toyota continued its plans to manufacture in the USA. 1975 Toyota Carina 2000GT hardtop coupe (RA17) The original model usually featured a choice of a 1407 cc OHV (T) or 1588 cc OHV (2T) engine, choice of a four-speed manual gearbox, two-speed automatic gearbox or three-speed automatic gearbox and front-wheel disc brakes (drum brakes on the lowest model). It was revised in 1972 with a restyled body, new rear light cluster, filler cap repositioned in the rear quarter panel, restyled front grille and fascia. The specification was once again revised in 1974 including sealed cooling system, improved brakes, restyled wheels with flared wheel arches, and restyled interior fittings. Toyota Carina 1600GT 4-door sedan (TA12), showing distinctive taillights 1975 Toyota Carina 1600GT hardtop coupe (TA17) with horizontal taillights In late October 1975 (on sale 1 November), the Carina received a new front and rear-end styling, dual-line braking system with servo, and a repositioned handbrake and gear lever in a modified dashboard. The wheelbase and tread were increased slightly, as for the sister Celica series. Some chassis codes were accordingly changed, and the Japanese market cars received a plethora of altered engines, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 liters. Vehicles installed with engines with displacement at 1.5 litres or larger obligated Japanese owners to pay more annual road tax, and were considered top trim level packaged cars. Toyota introduced the "TTC-V" (Toyota Total Clean-Vortex) on the 19R engine only, using an exhaust gas recirculation implementation to comply with recently enacted emission regulations passed by the Japanese Government. The 1.4 was dropped from sedans and coupés, and a mid-range 1.8 was added at the time of the late 1975 facelift. In December 1975 a Van version was developed, featuring the same facelifted front end. The new rear end uses the cargo door of the 30-series Corolla wagon. The Carina Van also received a very unusual opera-style side window in the cargo area, and was available with the 1400 or 1600 T-J/2T-J engines with 80 or 93 PS (59 or 68 kW). The Carina Van was generally not exported. The Van's TA16V/TA19V chassis codes continued to be used for the next-generation Van (which used the same rear axle and wheelbase), until the Van was facelifted again in August 1979. To bring these models in line with the second-generation Carina, they then received a new TA49 chassis code. Second generation (A40/A50; 1977–1981) Motor vehicle Second generationSecond generation Toyota Carina sedan (pre-facelift)OverviewProduction1977–1981AssemblyJapan: Toyota, AichiBody and chassisBody style2/4-door sedan2-door hardtop coupé5-door wagon/vanLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel driveRelatedToyota CelicaToyota Celica CamryToyota SupraPowertrainEngine1407 cc T-J OHV I4 (TA16V)1588 cc 2T/2T-B/C/J OHV I4 (TA40/19V)1588 cc 2T-GEU/GU DOHC I4 (TA40/45)1588 cc 12T-U/J OHV I4 (TA41/49V)1770 cc 13T-U OHV I4 (TA46)1770 cc 3T/3T-C/EU/U OHV I4 (TA42/47/57)1968 cc 18R-U SOHC I4 (RA40/55)1968 cc 18R-GEU/GU DOHC I4 (RA40/45/55)1973 cc 21R-U SOHC I4 (RA46/56)Transmission4/5-speed manual3/4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,500 mm (98.4 in)2,495 mm (98.2 in) (Van)Length4,230–4,315 mm (166.5–169.9 in)4,330–4,435 mm (170.5–174.6 in) (facelift)Width1,630 mm (64.2 in)Height1,345–1,390 mm (53.0–54.7 in)Curb weight935–1,085 kg (2,061–2,392 lb) Released in Japan August 1977, the next-generation Carina was available in Germany in December 1977 and in other European countries during 1978. The chassis was mostly the same as that of the facelifted late Carinas of the first generation; the Van versions actually continued to use the old TA16/19 chassis codes in spite of receiving the new bodywork as they retained the old Van's underpinnings. In most markets Carinas were fitted with the same 1,588 cc 2T engine as its predecessor. In the Carina, an output of 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) DIN was claimed. The option of automatic transmission was new to many export markets. Japanese actor Sonny Chiba was the spokesman for the Carina in Japanese commercials for several decades. Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (pre-facelift) Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (facelift) Toyota Carina 2-door sedan (rear) An estate car model was introduced to export markets for the first time, with the same heavy-duty leaf-spring rear suspension that had been seen on the late appearing first generation Carina Van, as it was intended for commercial use in Japan. In 1980, all models had revised front- and rear-end styling and headlights, and also received improved interiors. The following year, saloon and coupé models (but not the estate) were fitted with five-speed gearboxes as standard, still with optional automatic transmissions. Starting with this generation, fuel injection was available optionally on top level models. In November 1977, the 3T-U 1,800 cc engine emissions are updated. In May 1978, the GT 1600 cc was added, and a three-speed automatic transmission became available. The 1600GT 2T-GEU engine was made to comply with the Showa 53 (1978) emissions regulation, while output improved from 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) to 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp). The options list was updated to include a urethane bumper for impact improvement. In September 1978, the 3T-EU engine (1,770 cc OHV EFI) was installed in the ST-EFI and SR-EFI models, initially only with a five-speed manual. At the same time, the 2000GT with DOHC 18R-GU and the 18R-GEU EFI engine, fit 1978 exhaust emission regulations, as did the 18R-U and 21R-U engines. The emblem was changed to "TOYOTA" from "TOYOTA CARINA". The 2000GT hardtop coupe shared a platform with the Celica, which gave Toyota the ability to sell the Celica at a different Japanese Toyota dealership called Toyota Store as the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations. 1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (front) 1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (rear) In August 1979, the front of the vehicle received a major change that now included four headlamp lights rather than the previous setup, with the Van remaining with four round lamps. The rear received a changed license plate mounting to give it a new style. 3T-EU and 21R-U engines were now available with the four-speed automatic transmission. These two, along with the 18R-GEU, were now the only engines offered (in Japan). The rear suspension became of the semi-trailing type, becoming the A50 series Carina in the process. The Super Deluxe two-door sedan was discontinued, as was the 1400 Van. The 1600 Van received the 12T-J engine and the option of an automatic transmission, along with a chassis code now in line with the remainder of the Carina range (TA49V). As of August 1980, the EFI specification 1800 Hard Top (ST-EFI, SR-EFI) was the only engine offered in the sedans/coupés. Celica Camry (1980–1982) Further information: Toyota Camry and Toyota Celica Toyota utilised the A40/A50 series Carina as the basis for the Celica Camry, a four-door sports sedan launched in Japan during January 1980, and sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships. It was a companion to the Carina which was exclusive to Toyota Store locations. Positioned as the sedan counterpart to the Toyota Celica (A40 and A50) two-door coupé and three-door liftback, the Celica Camry shared few components with this model. Instead, Toyota altered the front-end of its Carina, incorporating styling cues resembling those of the 1978–1981 Celica XX (known as the Celica Supra in export markets). From August 1980, the Celica Camry also went on sale through Toyota's recently introduced Vista dealership chain. Powered by either a 1.6-liter 12T-U engine producing 88 PS (65 kW) JIS and 128 N⋅m (94 lbf⋅ft) or a 1.8-litre 13T-U engine producing 95 PS (70 kW) and 147 N⋅m (108 lbf⋅ft), Toyota also offered a fuel-injected 1.8-litre (105 PS or 77 kW) and a 2.0-litre (21R-U) with producing the same power. Towards the end of its model lifecycle, Toyota introduced a sports version of the Celica Camry equipped with the double overhead camshaft 2.0-litre 18R-GEU engine from the Celica producing 135 PS (99 kW). It has an identical 2,500 mm (98 in) wheelbase to the Celica and Carina, while all three models (as well as the Corona) have near identical exterior dimensions. During its model cycle, over 100,000 units were sold in Japan. The Celica Camry was also exported to a number of markets using the Carina name, replacing the front-end styling of the second-generation Carina in these markets. These export market hybrids used a different rear-end design and were also available with station wagon bodywork. The performance image of the Celica Camry was shared with the Toyota Chaser, which was exclusive to Toyota Auto Store Japanese dealerships. Celica Camry XT Super Edition (Japan) European market facelifted Carina (TA40), which shares its front-end with the Celica Camry. Third generation (A60; 1981–1988) Motor vehicle Third generation1983 Toyota Carina SEOverviewProduction1981–1988 (Sedan/Van)1981–1985 (Coupé)1982–1988 (Surf)AssemblyJapan: Toyota, AichiBody and chassisBody style3-door liftback coupe4-door sedan5-door wagon/vanLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel driveRelatedToyota CelicaToyota SupraPowertrainEnginePetrol:1452 cc 3A-U SOHC I4 (AA60)1486 cc 5K-J OHV I4 (KA67V)1587 cc 4A-GEU DOHC I4 (AA63)1588 cc 2T OHV I4 (TA60/61)1588 cc 2T-GEU DOHC I4 (TA60)1588 cc 12T-J OHV I4 (TA67V)1770 cc 3T/3T-C/3T-EU OHV I4 (TA62)1770 cc 3T-GTE DOHC I4 turbo (TA63)1832 cc 1S-U I4 (SA60)1968 cc 18R-GEU DOHC I4 (RA63)Diesel:1839 cc 1C I4 (CA60/67V)Transmission4/5-speed manual3/4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,500 mm (98.4 in)Length4,385 mm (172.6 in) - 4,470 mm (176.0 in)Width1,650 mm (65.0 in)Height1,365 mm (53.7 in) - 1,425 mm (56.1 in)Curb weight995 kg (2,194 lb) - 1,135 kg (2,502 lb) Rear view of Toyota Carina 1500 SG (AA60) Alternative version of Toyota Carina A60 with single square headlights In its third incarnation, the Carina followed the fashion of the time with a still more angular overall look and four square headlights. The Coupé was no longer a hardtop and was updated with halogen rectangular headlights, which were also installed on the Carina Surf (wagon) and were used in export, while the Carina Van received twin, round headlamps set in a black plastic surround. The car followed its predecessors in retaining a front-engine rear-wheel-drive configuration even though by then competitor manufacturers were following a trend of switching to front-wheel drive in this class. The third generation was first released two months after the related Celica, in September 1981, and was the last Carina to use rear-wheel drive. More precise rack and pinion steering replaced the recirculating ball used in previous generations; the A60 Carina used a MacPherson struts up front and a five-link, solid rear axle – except for the more powerful, fuel injected versions which have independent (semi-trailing arm) suspension at the rear. The RWD Corona shared its chassis with this vehicle, when it was updated the succeeding year. The Carina was famously used by private teams racing for Japan in the Dakar Rally in the two-wheel-drive class for both 1981 and 1982. The Carina managed to achieve four championships in the marathon class divisions. Rear view of Toyota Carina diesel (CA60) In February 1982, a five-door wagon series based on the Van was added, marketed as the "Carina Surf" (SA60G) in Japan. In export markets, wagons had been available since the introduction of the van model. The 1C diesel engine was also added to the lineup at this time. This 1839 cc unit had a claimed output of 65 PS (48 kW) at 4500 rpm and was offered in markets where fuel pricing and availability rendered it appropriate. This engine was available to European buyers, along with the 75 PS (55 kW) 2T (1.6) and 86 PS (63 kW) 3T or 80 PS (59 kW) 3T-C (1.8) petrol engines. The European Carinas all received the independent rear suspension reserved for higher-end models in Japan, although the station wagon retained the live rear axle. Introduced in Europe for 1982, the rear-wheel-drive Carina was typically replaced by the Carina II in early 1984. Toyota Carina 1800 GT-T (TA63) The Japanese market 1800SE had power windows, and an 1800SE "Extra Edition" trim level was added in June 1982. In May 1982, the better equipped 1500 SE trim level was added. In October 1982, the Turbo DOHC engine (3T-GTEU, 1770 cc and 160 PS (118 kW) in the Touring Super Coupé trim level) with the "GT-TR" trim level was added. Celica and Corona were released with the same powerplant simultaneously. Conversely, the 18R-GEU-engined 2000GT hardtop coupé was no longer available, and was replaced by the next-generation Carina ED four-door hardtop in 1985. In May 1983, minor changes were done to the whole range, excepting the vans. Power mirrors were added, while the front grille and the taillights were redesigned. The 1600GT sports model replaced the 2T-GEU engine with the all new 4A-GEU engine, also a 1600 cc DOHC unit but now with 16 valves. The 3T-EU engine was no longer offered. 1984 Toyota Carina Wagon (KA67V) In August 1983, a series of minor changes to the Carina Van took place. The 12T-J 1600 cc OHV engine was replaced with the lighter and more economical 1.5-liter 5K-J type. In May 1984, the front-wheel-drive four-door sedan "Carina FF" (T150 chassis) was introduced in addition to the rear-wheel-drive sedan range. Coupé, Surf (Wagon), and vans were sold continuously. Minor changes also took place, including body-coloured bumpers for higher grade models. In August 1985, the trim levels were changed to shift the Sports models (1600GT, 1600GT-R, 1800GT-T, 1800GT-TR) into the front-wheel-drive range. Rear-wheel-drive coupé sales were terminated at the same time. The sedan lineup was now reduced to 1500 standard, DX, SG, and 1800 SG trim levels. Surf and van sales continued as heretofore. Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive Carinas continued to be produced alongside the new T150 series until May 1988 in Surf, van, and sedan models. Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motor vehicle Fourth generationToyota Carina 1.5 SG (AT150)OverviewProduction1984–1988AssemblyToyota, Aichi, JapanBody and chassisBody style4-door sedanLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel driveRelatedToyota Carina IIToyota Carina EDToyota Corona (T150)Toyota Celica (T160)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1452 cc 3A-LU SOHC I4 (AT150)1587 cc 4A-ELU SOHC I4 (AT151)1587 cc 4A-GEU DOHC I4 (AT151)1832 cc 1S-iLU SOHC I4 (ST150/151)1998 cc 3S-GEU DOHC I4 (ST162)Diesel:1973 cc 2C-L SOHC I4 (CT150)Transmission3/4-speed automatic4/5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,515 mm (99.0 in)Length4,335–4,350 mm (170.7–171.3 in)Width1,670 mm (65.7 in)Height1,365 mm (53.7 in)Curb weight910–1,060 kg (2,010–2,340 lb) Starting from the fourth generation, the Carina shared the Corona's front-wheel drive platform for four-door sedans, differing only in having more angular sheet metal. The Carina RWD platform of the Carina Surf, and Carina Van continued to use the Toyota "A" series platform until 1988. The Carina continued to be exclusive in Japan to Toyota Store locations, while the Corona remained exclusive to Toyopet Store locations. After the Carina platform was realigned to the Toyota Corona "T" platform, shared with the Celica coupé and hatchback, the rear-wheel-drive Carina Coupé was cancelled once the Carina ED "four-door coupé" was introduced in August 1985. Between the Carina and Corona lines, Toyota expected a three-to-two proportion of front-wheel-drive to rear-wheel-drive models. Toyota Carina 2000 GT-R (ST162) In May 1984, the Carina FF four-door sedan (T150 series) was introduced. The styling echoed that of the previous generation, using four headlights and grille setup. The upper trim level model has aerodynamic headlight option. Rather than replace the entire line-up all at once because sales of the previous generation were still good, Toyota gradually introduced the replacement Van and Wagon models in stages. The 1,800 cc engine has electronically controlled distributorless ignition, and a 2,000 cc diesel is added. Other 1600 cc EFI "4A-ELU" engine, and a carburetor is used on the 1500 cc with "3A-LU" type engine. The 1800SE models were still offered. August 1985, the Sport model 1600GT, 1600GT-R, and 2000GT-R were added to the lineup. All with twin-cam engines, they received the T160 chassis code. The 1.6s use the "4A-GELU" engine while two-litres use the "3S-GELU" engine. The sport models had altered chassis, also the wheels were upgraded from four lug nuts to five. May 1986, had minor changes to the entire range. The design of the grille and taillights was changed. Due to the success of the 1800SE trim level, the similarly equipped but smaller-engined 1500SG Extra was added. Carina II Toyota Carina II (Euro-spec T150) Main article: Toyota Carina II (T150) For the European market, the closely related Corona (T150) was sold as the Toyota Carina II. Carina ED (ST160 series) For more information, see Toyota Carina ED. 1987 Toyota Carina ED The Toyota Carina ED was a Japanese compact car created in 1985 as a companion to the 1984 Carina sedan. It was positioned as the 4-door Celica coupé and stepped in when the Carina hatchback coupe was discontinued. The Carina ED ushered in a new direction for the styling and appearance of Toyota products. It gave Toyota Store dealerships an alternative to buyers who desired the luxury of the larger Toyota Crown pillared hardtop without the tax obligations of a car that exceeded Japanese Government regulations for vehicles larger than the "compact" class. Its design sought to emulate the hardtop styling of large American and European sedans, resulting in a small, low cabin with longer front and rear ends. The ED was a genuine hardtop and was not installed with a B-pillar connected to the roof. "ED" is the initials of "Exciting" and "Dressy". Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motor vehicle Fifth generation1990–1992 Toyota Carina SG ExtraOverviewProduction1988–1992AssemblyKariya, Aichi, Japan (Fujimatsu plant)Body and chassisBody style4-door sedan5-door wagon/vanLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive / four-wheel-drivePlatformToyota "T"RelatedToyota CoronaToyota Corona CoupeToyota CelicaPowertrainEnginePetrol:1456 cc 3E SOHC 12V I4 (ET176V)1498 cc 5A-F/FE DOHC 16V I4 (AT170)1587 cc 4A-FHE/FE/GE DOHC 16V I4 (AT170/170G/175)1838 cc 4S-Fi/FE DOHC 16V I4 (ST170/170G)Diesel:1973 cc 2C SOHC 8V I4 (CT170/170G/176V)Transmission4/5-speed manual4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,525 mm (99.4 in)Length4,330–4,380 mm (170.5–172.4 in)Width1,690 mm (66.5 in)Height1,370–1,400 mm (53.9–55.1 in)Curb weight960–1,230 kg (2,120–2,710 lb) 1990–1992 Toyota Carina SG Extra1990–1992 Toyota Carina Surf 1.8 SX Limited This generation was released in May 1988. The exterior sheet metal received rounded contours, as was in line with the fashionable design of products at that time. The Surf (wagon) and Van versions also underwent a full model change to bring them in line with their siblings. 4S-Fi is an 1800 cc engine type, 1600 cc of the 4A-GE and the specification for higher-power higher-cam-4A-FHE car, 1500 cc of the 5A-F type, 2000 cc diesel-2C. The 3E engine was fitted to the 1500 cc Van, which was also available with the 2000 cc diesel 2C engine. In December 1988, a full-time All-Trac AWD system with a center differential was added to the sedan (chassis code AT175). The 1587 cc 4A-FE is the only engine available for this new AWD model. In August 1989, the "G Limited" with the high-performance and high-compression 4A-GE engine is added; it has 140 PS (103 kW). In May 1990, only minor changes. The Toyota emblem in the back is changed to a bright tail lamp lenses bulging from three places and was changed from the previous split design (The front of the van was not changed). The previous generation was a gasoline car engine and is still using the 1800 cc the 4S-FE, 1500 cc with a 5A-FE type. For the front-wheel-drive vehicle 1600 cc 4A-FHE the horsepower is increased from 105 to 110 PS (77 to 81 kW; 104 to 108 hp). 4WD vehicles are still equipped with the 4A-FE type. Surf Wagon 2,000 cc 2C has been changed to a diesel (CT170G type). It could be fitted with a driver-side airbag as an option. Wagons and commercial vans were sold until March 10, 1992, when they were replaced with the Caldina. European versions included a 4-door saloon, 5-door hatchback and a station wagon. They came with either the 1.6 L 4A-FE or the 2.0 L 3S-FE engine. Earlier models were very basic, and the biggest differences were interior and the presence of a tachometer. In late 1989 the top models had huge upgrades, getting electric mirrors, electric windows, central locking, heated front windscreen, and updated trim. Carina II 1991 Toyota Carina II Main article: Toyota Carina II (T170) For the European market, the T170-series Corona continued to be sold as the Toyota Carina II. Carina ED (ST180 series) Main article: Toyota Carina ED 1989 Toyota Carina ED The restyled second generation was introduced 1989 and luxury equipment content increased. Four-wheel steering appeared on the top level offering and styling was updated more closely resemble the Corona EXiV. Electronic fuel injection was made standard on all engines offered. Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996) Motor vehicle Sixth generationToyota Carina 1.8 My Road (ST190; pre-facelift, Japan)OverviewProduction1992–1996AssemblyKariya, Aichi, JapanBody and chassisBody style4-door sedanLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive / four-wheel-drive (T195 only)PlatformToyota "T"RelatedToyota Corona/Carina EToyota CelicaToyota CurrenToyota CaldinaToyota Carina EDPowertrainEnginePetrol:1498 cc 5A-FE I4 (AT192)1587 cc 4A-FE I4 (AT190)1762 cc 7A-FE I4 (AT191)1838 cc 4S-FE I4 (ST190)1998 cc 3S-FE I4 (ST195)Diesel:1974 cc 2C I4 (CT190/195)Transmission5-speed manual4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,580 mm (101.6 in)Length4,450 mm (175.2 in)Width1,695 mm (66.7 in)Height1,395 mm (54.9 in)Curb weight1,020–1,290 kg (2,250–2,840 lb) The sixth-generation Carina appeared in August 1992 and was only available with a four-door sedan body style, while the five-door van/wagon models were replaced by the new Caldina. The size was also bigger than the previous model. Most of the 1.5–1.8-litre DOHC petrol engines from the previous generation were available in this generation. 2.0-litre petrol and diesel engines with 4WD system were also available. A facelift came in August 1994. The old 1.8-litre 4S-FE engine was replaced by the newly developed 1.8-litre 7A-FE engine. This generation was discontinued in 1996. Toyota Carina 1.8 My Road (AT191; pre-facelift, Japan) Toyota Carina 1.8 SX (AT191; facelift, Japan) Toyota Carina 1.8 My Road (AT191; facelift, Japan) Carina E Main article: Toyota Corona § T190 The Carina E was the European version of the Toyota "T" platform. It was produced in the United Kingdom at the new Burnaston plant near Derby from 16 December 1992 until 1998. 1993 Toyota Carina E (pre-facelift) Toyota Carina E (facelift) Carina ED (ST200 series) Main article: Toyota Carina ED The Carina ED 4-door hardtop ended production in 1998 1995 Toyota Carina ED 4-door Hardtop Seventh generation (T210; 1996–2001) Motor vehicle Seventh generation1996–1998 Toyota Carina Ti My Road (Japan)OverviewProduction1996–2001AssemblyTahara, Aichi, Japan (Tahara plant)Body and chassisBody style4-door sedanLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive / four-wheel-drive (T215/216)RelatedToyota Avensis (T220)Toyota Avensis Picnic/Ipsum/Picnic/SportsVan (XM10)Toyota Caldina (T210)Toyota Celica (T200)Toyota Corona (T210)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1495 cc 5A-FE I4 (AT212)1587 cc 4A-GE 20V I4 (AT210)1762 cc 7A-FE I4 (AT211)1998 cc 3S-FE I4 (ST210/215)Diesel:1974 cc 2C-T turbo I4 (CT210/215)2184 cc 3C-TE turbo I4 (CT211/216)Transmission4-speed-automatic5-speed manual C566-speed short shifter manual C160DimensionsWheelbase2,580 mm (101.6 in)Length4,450 mm (175.2 in)4,495 mm (177.0 in) (facelift)Width1,695 mm (66.7 in)Height1,400–1,410 mm (55.1–55.5 in)Curb weight1,100–1,310 kg (2,430–2,890 lb) The seventh generation Carina was limited to a sedan version produced only for the Japanese market. The car shared few similarities with its sister model the Corona Premio which was marketed in some Asian countries. The T190 model inherited the system as the basic platform. In 1996, along with the base "Ti" model (1500 cc-2200 cc), a sports "GT" version was introduced with the 5 valves per cylinder 4A-GE 'black top' engine and 5-speed C56 manual transmission. Beginning in 1998, the GT was equipped with a 6-speed C160 manual transmission. The station wagon/commercial van was no longer offered, having been replaced by the Toyota Caldina, and Toyota offered the Toyota Ipsum, a five-door wagon in the style of a MPV as an alternative. The Ipsum offered front-wheel drive, with optional AWD, borrowed from the Caldina. Besides, the rare 4WD model "Si" ST215, equipped with 3S-FE engine and optitron instrument panel existed. Suspension parts was shared with the Caldina ST215 4WD. Front and door panels, seats and the instrument panel of the T210 Corona Premio was shared with the Carina. With the new Corona Premio, Toyota's first collision-safety body "GOA" was adopted. The 7A-FE engine was a lean-burn type 1.8-litre engine, the 5A-FE was 1500 cc, and the 2C-TE series was equipped with a 2000-cc turbo-diesel. The 1600-cc version of the lean-burn 4A-FE engine was no longer offered. A "GT" sports version was based on the AT210 model. The engine was shared with the top-of-the-line AE111 Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno (a high-revving 4A-GE producing 165 PS and red-lining at 8000 rpm, known as the "black top"). The GT spec came with an optional manual transmission found in the AE101-AE111 Corolla Levin/Trueno of that period, which was a 5-speed manual transmission (C56-transmission series). In 1997, a Limited model equipped with few extra features was introduced, known as the "GT PIERNA". This was the only Carina GT version to be offered in black. August 1998 brought minor changes in design. The headlamps and tail lights were given a makeover for a refreshing look and feel. Slight alterations were also made to the bumpers. The 2000 cc diesel engine of the Ti model was increased to 2200 cc. The GT model was distinguished by the front grille where, instead of the "CARINA" emblem in the middle, the letters "GT" were placed in red, black, and nickel. In addition, the GT was equipped with the same 6-speed short-shifter manual transmission as the Corolla Levin/Trueno C160-series which came with a limited-slip differential (LSD). The diameter of the disc brake was increased and the wheel diameter was increased to 15 inches. Tyre size for the stock GT was 195/55 R15. Along with a front strut bar, reinforcements to the rear part of the vehicle were added to bind the left and right rear sash to a support and the rear back head. These came stock and were aimed to improve overall stiffness and handling of the vehicle. The GT version came with a stylish stock front bumper body kit, side skirts and rear bumper spoilers and an optional large rear spoiler. A darker sporty fabric was used for the upholstery to match the sporty and aggressive appeal of the vehicle. In December 2001, production of the Carina ended after 31 years. 1996–1998 Toyota Carina Ti My Road (Japan) 1998–2001 Toyota Carina 1.8Si My Road (Japan) 1998–2001 Toyota Carina 1.8Si My Road (Japan) 1998–2001 Toyota Carina GT (AT212, Japan) Interior European naming In 1984 in Europe, the Corona was rebadged as the "Carina II". This continued with the new model introduced in 1988 and, subsequently, the "Carina E" introduced in 1992 which was also a Corona. The so-called "Avensis" replaced the European Carina range in 1997. Release timeline1970A10/A301971–19761977A40/A501978–19801981A601982–19831984T1501985–19871988T1701989–19911992T1901993–19951996T2101997–20002001T2402002–20062007T260 Release timeline1984Toyota Carina II1985–19871988T1701989–19911992Toyota Carina E1993–19961997T2201998–20022003T2502004–20082009T2702010–20172018XV70 References ^ a b c d "Vehicle Lineage: Carina Wagon Surf". 75 Years of TOYOTA. Toyota. 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. ^ a b "Carina Production Data". Stepho's Toyota Site. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ a b c Car Repair Manual–Carina/Celica. Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK.: Autodata. pp. 6–7, History and Identification. (1981). ^ Cardew, Basil, ed. (October 1974). "Motor Show Review: 1975 Cars". Daily Express: 46. ^ a b "Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-21. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), Richard M. Nixon: A life in Full, New York, NY: PublicAffairs Books, p. 740, ISBN 978-1-58648-519-1 ^ a b Bulmer, Charles, ed. (2 October 1971). "Road Test: Toyota Carina ... a good car with no outstanding faults". Motor: 18–22. ^ 自動車ガイドブック (in Japanese), vol. 23, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1976-10-20, p. 85, 0053-760023-3400 ^ Hajek, Alexander. "Toyota Carina A12". Toyota Oldies. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. ^ 別冊CG: 自動車アーカイヴ 70年代の日本 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Nigensha. 2007. p. 16. ISBN 978-4-544-09175-5. ^ カリーナバン 1400ー1600 (in Japanese), Toyota, February 1977, pp. 9, 16, 131101—5202 ^ "Neue Mittelklasse von Toyota". Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft 25 1977: Seite 22. 7 December 1977. ^ New Carina Van (in Japanese), Japan: Toyota, August 1977, p. 16, 131153—5208 ^ 自動車ガイドブック (in Japanese), vol. 25, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1978-10-10, p. 186, 0053-780025-3400 ^ "Sonny Chiba, actor, singer, Toyota spokesman, 1939—2021". Japanese Nostalgic Car. Japanese Nostalgic Car. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ "Toyota Celica Camry". 75 Years of Toyota. Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ a b 別冊CG: 自動車アーカイヴ 80年代の日本 (in Japanese), Tokyo: Nigensha, 2007, p. 47, ISBN 978-4-544-91018-6 ^ World Cars 1982. Pelham, New York: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1982. pp. 382–383. ISBN 0-910714-14-2. ^ Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars, pp. 28, 41, 47. ^ "Carina 3rd". Toyota (in Japanese). ^ a b c Hajek, Alexander. "Toyota Carina A60". Toyota Oldies. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. ^ a b Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars, p. 29. ^ Büschi, Hans-Ulrich, ed. (3 March 1982), Automobil Revue '82 (in German and French), vol. 77, Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag, AG, p. 520, ISBN 3-444-06062-9 ^ Costa, André; Fraichard, Georges-Michel, eds. (September 1982). "Salon 1983: Toutes les Voitures du Monde". l'Auto Journal (in French). No. 14 & 15. Paris: Homme N°1. p. 181. M 1117-014/015. ^ New Carina Van (brochure) (in Japanese), Japan: Toyota, August 1983, pp. 1, 12, 131049—5808 ^ a b Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars, p. 30. ^ Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars, p. 31. ^ a b "4th Carina Van". Toyota Motor Co. Archived from the original on 2018-01-24. ^ a b c "Carina T190". www.toyota-global.com. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ a b "Toyota Carina 7th generation (T210)". www.toyota-global.com. External links Look up carina in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Carina. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Caldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Caldina"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona"},{"link_name":"Toyota Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Store"},{"link_name":"Toyota Allion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Allion"},{"link_name":"Toyota Avensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Avensis"},{"link_name":"constellation Carina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75Surf-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"coelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelicus"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Toyota Caldina.Motor vehicleThe Toyota Carina (Japanese: トヨタ・カリーナ, Hepburn: Toyota Karina) is an automobile which was manufactured by Toyota from December 1970 to December 2001. It was introduced as a sedan counterpart of the Celica, with which it originally shared a platform. Later, it was realigned to the Corona platform, but retained its performance image, with distinctive bodywork and interior — aimed at the youth market and remaining exclusive to Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store. It was replaced in Japan by the Toyota Allion in 2001 and succeeded in Europe by the Toyota Avensis.The inspiration for the name Carina came from the constellation Carina,[1] sharing a naming inspiration with the Celica, which is ultimately derived from the Latin word coelica meaning \"heavenly\" or \"celestial\".","title":"Toyota Carina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Store"},{"link_name":"Toyota Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autod-3"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyExpressMotorShowReviewOct1974re1975-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_Bj_ca_1971_photo_2008_Castle_Hedingham.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stCarina1600GT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corona 1600GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona_(T80)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75_Years_of_Toyota,_Toyota_Motor_East_Japan-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb740-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor197110-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motor197110-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_2000GT.jpg"},{"link_name":"OHV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autod-3"},{"link_name":"sealed cooling system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota-Carina1600GTrear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg"},{"link_name":"dual-line braking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_brake#safety_brakes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catvol23-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"road tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_tax#Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota Total Clean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_TTC"},{"link_name":"exhaust gas recirculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG70-10"},{"link_name":"30-series Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E30)"},{"link_name":"opera-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_window"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stephocarina-2"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe first-generation Carina was manufactured from December 1970, and sold at Toyota Store dealership channels in Japan, sharing its platform with the Toyota Celica sports coupe. Its European release took place in October 1971.[3] Toyota was able to save development and tooling costs by building a family sedan and a sports car on the same platform and in the same factory. The Carina was a junior sedan and coupe to the larger Crown, and was similar sized to the Corona. Features included reclining seats with built-in head restraints, radio, clock, reversing lights and servo-assistance on the brakes.[4]1971 Toyota Carina 1600 4-door sedan (TA12)Pre-facelift model of Toyota Carina 1600GT 2-door sedan (TA12)In 1971, the Carina 1600GT coupe was introduced as an alternative to the Corona 1600GT, using a 2T-G type 1600 DOHC engine shared with the Celica GT. The Corona 1600 GT was exclusive to Toyopet Store locations, the Carina 1600GT was exclusive to Toyota Store locations, and the Celica GT was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations. The chassis code was A10, with A15, 17 and 18 being reserved for hardtop coupés. Excepting the anomalous RA16 hardtop, A16 and 19 were used on vans (utility wagons). Beginning in 1975, A30-series numbers were used for some hardtop coupés. The wagons/vans of the first generation were not regularly exported. Carina vans entered production in December 1975.[5]The A10 Carina was also exported to the US; its introduction and disappointing sales coinciding with the introduction of a 10% import duty.[6][7] Cars destined for export were increasingly directed to European and other markets;[7] US exports stopped after only two years; and Toyota continued its plans to manufacture in the USA.1975 Toyota Carina 2000GT hardtop coupe (RA17)The original model usually featured a choice of a 1407 cc OHV (T) or 1588 cc OHV (2T) engine, choice of a four-speed manual gearbox, two-speed automatic gearbox or three-speed automatic gearbox and front-wheel disc brakes (drum brakes on the lowest model).[3] It was revised in 1972 with a restyled body, new rear light cluster, filler cap repositioned in the rear quarter panel, restyled front grille and fascia. The specification was once again revised in 1974 including sealed cooling system, improved brakes, restyled wheels with flared wheel arches, and restyled interior fittings.Toyota Carina 1600GT 4-door sedan (TA12), showing distinctive taillights1975 Toyota Carina 1600GT hardtop coupe (TA17) with horizontal taillightsIn late October 1975 (on sale 1 November), the Carina received a new front and rear-end styling, dual-line braking system with servo, and a repositioned handbrake and gear lever in a modified dashboard. The wheelbase and tread were increased slightly, as for the sister Celica series.[8] Some chassis codes were accordingly changed, and the Japanese market cars received a plethora of altered engines, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 liters.[9]Vehicles installed with engines with displacement at 1.5 litres or larger obligated Japanese owners to pay more annual road tax, and were considered top trim level packaged cars. Toyota introduced the \"TTC-V\" (Toyota Total Clean-Vortex) on the 19R engine only, using an exhaust gas recirculation implementation to comply with recently enacted emission regulations passed by the Japanese Government. The 1.4 was dropped from sedans and coupés, and a mid-range 1.8 was added at the time of the late 1975 facelift.[10]In December 1975 a Van version was developed, featuring the same facelifted front end. The new rear end uses the cargo door of the 30-series Corolla wagon. The Carina Van also received a very unusual opera-style side window in the cargo area, and was available with the 1400 or 1600 T-J/2T-J engines with 80 or 93 PS (59 or 68 kW).[11] The Carina Van was generally not exported. The Van's TA16V/TA19V chassis codes continued to be used for the next-generation Van (which used the same rear axle and wheelbase), until the Van was facelifted again in August 1979. To bring these models in line with the second-generation Carina, they then received a new TA49 chassis code.[2]","title":"First generation (A10/A30; 1970–1977)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoMotoruSport1977-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autod-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T131153-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catvol25-14"},{"link_name":"2T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_T_engine#2T"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"Sonny Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Chiba"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CARINA2000GT(RA45).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota-Carina2000GT.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Toyota_Carina_2-door_sedan_in_red,_rear_right.jpg"},{"link_name":"estate car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"2T-GEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_T_engine#2T-G"},{"link_name":"Toyota Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg"},{"link_name":"semi-trailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_arm"}],"text":"Motor vehicleReleased in Japan August 1977, the next-generation Carina was available in Germany in December 1977[12] and in other European countries during 1978.[3] The chassis was mostly the same as that of the facelifted late Carinas of the first generation; the Van versions actually continued to use the old TA16/19 chassis codes in spite of receiving the new bodywork as they retained the old Van's underpinnings.[13][14] In most markets Carinas were fitted with the same 1,588 cc 2T engine as its predecessor. In the Carina, an output of 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) DIN was claimed. The option of automatic transmission was new to many export markets. Japanese actor Sonny Chiba was the spokesman for the Carina in Japanese commercials for several decades.[15]Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (pre-facelift)Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (facelift)Toyota Carina 2-door sedan (rear)An estate car model was introduced to export markets for the first time, with the same heavy-duty leaf-spring rear suspension that had been seen on the late appearing first generation Carina Van, as it was intended for commercial use in Japan. In 1980, all models had revised front- and rear-end styling and headlights, and also received improved interiors. The following year, saloon and coupé models (but not the estate) were fitted with five-speed gearboxes as standard, still with optional automatic transmissions.Starting with this generation, fuel injection was available optionally on top level models. In November 1977, the 3T-U 1,800 cc engine emissions are updated. In May 1978, the GT 1600 cc was added, and a three-speed automatic transmission became available. The 1600GT 2T-GEU engine was made to comply with the Showa 53 (1978) emissions regulation, while output improved from 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) to 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp). The options list was updated to include a urethane bumper for impact improvement.In September 1978, the 3T-EU engine (1,770 cc OHV EFI) was installed in the ST-EFI and SR-EFI models, initially only with a five-speed manual. At the same time, the 2000GT with DOHC 18R-GU and the 18R-GEU EFI engine, fit 1978 exhaust emission regulations, as did the 18R-U and 21R-U engines. The emblem was changed to \"TOYOTA\" from \"TOYOTA CARINA\". The 2000GT hardtop coupe shared a platform with the Celica, which gave Toyota the ability to sell the Celica at a different Japanese Toyota dealership called Toyota Store as the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations.1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (front)1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (rear)In August 1979, the front of the vehicle received a major change that now included four headlamp lights rather than the previous setup, with the Van remaining with four round lamps. The rear received a changed license plate mounting to give it a new style. 3T-EU and 21R-U engines were now available with the four-speed automatic transmission. These two, along with the 18R-GEU, were now the only engines offered (in Japan). The rear suspension became of the semi-trailing type, becoming the A50 series Carina in the process. The Super Deluxe two-door sedan was discontinued, as was the 1400 Van. The 1600 Van received the 12T-J engine and the option of an automatic transmission, along with a chassis code now in line with the remainder of the Carina range (TA49V).As of August 1980, the EFI specification 1800 Hard Top (ST-EFI, SR-EFI) was the only engine offered in the sedans/coupés.","title":"Second generation (A40/A50; 1977–1981)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Camry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Camry"},{"link_name":"Toyota Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica"},{"link_name":"Toyota Corolla Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Store"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stthru5thCelica_Camry-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80-17"},{"link_name":"Toyota Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica"},{"link_name":"liftback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback"},{"link_name":"Celica XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica_XX"},{"link_name":"Celica Supra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Supra"},{"link_name":"Vista dealership chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Vista_Store"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80-17"},{"link_name":"12T-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_T_engine#12T"},{"link_name":"JIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards"},{"link_name":"13T-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_T_engine#13T"},{"link_name":"21R-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_R_engine#21R"},{"link_name":"double overhead camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"18R-GEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_R_engine#18R-G"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80multi-19"},{"link_name":"Toyota Chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Chaser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_Celica_Camry_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981_Toyota_Carina_Deluxe.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Celica Camry (1980–1982)","text":"Further information: Toyota Camry and Toyota CelicaToyota utilised the A40/A50 series Carina as the basis for the Celica Camry, a four-door sports sedan launched in Japan during January 1980, and sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships.[16][17] It was a companion to the Carina which was exclusive to Toyota Store locations. Positioned as the sedan counterpart to the Toyota Celica (A40 and A50) two-door coupé and three-door liftback, the Celica Camry shared few components with this model. Instead, Toyota altered the front-end of its Carina, incorporating styling cues resembling those of the 1978–1981 Celica XX (known as the Celica Supra in export markets). From August 1980, the Celica Camry also went on sale through Toyota's recently introduced Vista dealership chain.[17]Powered by either a 1.6-liter 12T-U engine producing 88 PS (65 kW) JIS and 128 N⋅m (94 lbf⋅ft) or a 1.8-litre 13T-U engine producing 95 PS (70 kW) and 147 N⋅m (108 lbf⋅ft), Toyota also offered a fuel-injected 1.8-litre (105 PS or 77 kW) and a 2.0-litre (21R-U) with producing the same power. Towards the end of its model lifecycle, Toyota introduced a sports version of the Celica Camry equipped with the double overhead camshaft 2.0-litre 18R-GEU engine from the Celica producing 135 PS (99 kW).[18]It has an identical 2,500 mm (98 in) wheelbase to the Celica and Carina, while all three models (as well as the Corona) have near identical exterior dimensions.[19] During its model cycle, over 100,000 units were sold in Japan. The Celica Camry was also exported to a number of markets using the Carina name, replacing the front-end styling of the second-generation Carina in these markets. These export market hybrids used a different rear-end design and were also available with station wagon bodywork. The performance image of the Celica Camry was shared with the Toyota Chaser, which was exclusive to Toyota Auto Store Japanese dealerships.Celica Camry XT Super Edition (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuropean market facelifted Carina (TA40), which shares its front-end with the Celica Camry.","title":"Second generation (A40/A50; 1977–1981)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota-Carina1500SGrear.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_taxi_(14133259243).jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75Surf-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHA60-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80.29-22"},{"link_name":"rack and pinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinion"},{"link_name":"recirculating ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recirculating_ball"},{"link_name":"MacPherson struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut"},{"link_name":"solid rear axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_axle"},{"link_name":"semi-trailing arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing-arm_suspension"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75Surf-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_Diesel.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75Surf-1"},{"link_name":"1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_C_engine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHA60-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR82-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon83-24"},{"link_name":"Carina II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_II#T150"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHA60-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carina_gtt.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80.29-22"},{"link_name":"Carina ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_ED"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"link_name":"4A-GEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_A_engine#4A-GEU"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_Wagon_KA-67_(1984).jpg"},{"link_name":"5K-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_K_engine#5K"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KA67-25"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75_Years_of_Toyota,_Toyota_Motor_East_Japan-5"}],"text":"Motor vehicleRear view of Toyota Carina 1500 SG (AA60)Alternative version of Toyota Carina A60 with single square headlightsIn its third incarnation, the Carina followed the fashion of the time with a still more angular overall look and four square headlights.[20] The Coupé was no longer a hardtop and was updated with halogen rectangular headlights, which were also installed on the Carina Surf (wagon) and were used in export, while the Carina Van received twin, round headlamps set in a black plastic surround.[1][21] The car followed its predecessors in retaining a front-engine rear-wheel-drive configuration even though by then competitor manufacturers were following a trend of switching to front-wheel drive in this class. The third generation was first released two months after the related Celica, in September 1981, and was the last Carina to use rear-wheel drive.[22] More precise rack and pinion steering replaced the recirculating ball used in previous generations; the A60 Carina used a MacPherson struts up front and a five-link, solid rear axle – except for the more powerful, fuel injected versions which have independent (semi-trailing arm) suspension at the rear.[1] The RWD Corona shared its chassis with this vehicle, when it was updated the succeeding year. The Carina was famously used by private teams racing for Japan in the Dakar Rally in the two-wheel-drive class for both 1981 and 1982. The Carina managed to achieve four championships in the marathon class divisions.Rear view of Toyota Carina diesel (CA60)In February 1982, a five-door wagon series based on the Van was added, marketed as the \"Carina Surf\" (SA60G) in Japan.[1] In export markets, wagons had been available since the introduction of the van model. The 1C diesel engine was also added to the lineup at this time. This 1839 cc unit had a claimed output of 65 PS (48 kW) at 4500 rpm and was offered in markets where fuel pricing and availability rendered it appropriate. This engine was available to European buyers, along with the 75 PS (55 kW) 2T (1.6) and 86 PS (63 kW) 3T or 80 PS (59 kW) 3T-C (1.8) petrol engines.[21][23] The European Carinas all received the independent rear suspension reserved for higher-end models in Japan, although the station wagon retained the live rear axle.[24] Introduced in Europe for 1982, the rear-wheel-drive Carina was typically replaced by the Carina II in early 1984.[21]Toyota Carina 1800 GT-T (TA63)The Japanese market 1800SE had power windows, and an 1800SE \"Extra Edition\" trim level was added in June 1982.[22] In May 1982, the better equipped 1500 SE trim level was added. In October 1982, the Turbo DOHC engine (3T-GTEU, 1770 cc and 160 PS (118 kW) in the Touring Super Coupé trim level) with the \"GT-TR\" trim level was added. Celica and Corona were released with the same powerplant simultaneously. Conversely, the 18R-GEU-engined 2000GT hardtop coupé was no longer available, and was replaced by the next-generation Carina ED four-door hardtop in 1985.In May 1983, minor changes were done to the whole range, excepting the vans. Power mirrors were added, while the front grille and the taillights were redesigned. The 1600GT sports model replaced the 2T-GEU engine with the all new 4A-GEU engine, also a 1600 cc DOHC unit but now with 16 valves. The 3T-EU engine was no longer offered.1984 Toyota Carina Wagon (KA67V)In August 1983, a series of minor changes to the Carina Van took place. The 12T-J 1600 cc OHV engine was replaced with the lighter and more economical 1.5-liter 5K-J type.[25]In May 1984, the front-wheel-drive four-door sedan \"Carina FF\" (T150 chassis) was introduced in addition to the rear-wheel-drive sedan range. Coupé, Surf (Wagon), and vans were sold continuously. Minor changes also took place, including body-coloured bumpers for higher grade models. In August 1985, the trim levels were changed to shift the Sports models (1600GT, 1600GT-R, 1800GT-T, 1800GT-TR) into the front-wheel-drive range. Rear-wheel-drive coupé sales were terminated at the same time. The sedan lineup was now reduced to 1500 standard, DX, SG, and 1800 SG trim levels. Surf and van sales continued as heretofore. Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive Carinas continued to be produced alongside the new T150 series until May 1988 in Surf, van, and sedan models.[5]","title":"Third generation (A60; 1981–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80.30-26"},{"link_name":"Toyota \"A\" series platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toyota_platforms"},{"link_name":"Toyota Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Store"},{"link_name":"Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica_(T160)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80.30-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_carina_st162.jpg"},{"link_name":"3S-GELU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_3S-GE_engine"}],"text":"Motor vehicleStarting from the fourth generation, the Carina shared the Corona's front-wheel drive platform for four-door sedans, differing only in having more angular sheet metal.[26] The Carina RWD platform of the Carina Surf, and Carina Van continued to use the Toyota \"A\" series platform until 1988. The Carina continued to be exclusive in Japan to Toyota Store locations, while the Corona remained exclusive to Toyopet Store locations. After the Carina platform was realigned to the Toyota Corona \"T\" platform, shared with the Celica coupé and hatchback, the rear-wheel-drive Carina Coupé was cancelled once the Carina ED \"four-door coupé\" was introduced in August 1985. Between the Carina and Corona lines, Toyota expected a three-to-two proportion of front-wheel-drive to rear-wheel-drive models.[26]Toyota Carina 2000 GT-R (ST162)In May 1984, the Carina FF four-door sedan (T150 series) was introduced. The styling echoed that of the previous generation, using four headlights and grille setup. The upper trim level model has aerodynamic headlight option. Rather than replace the entire line-up all at once because sales of the previous generation were still good, Toyota gradually introduced the replacement Van and Wagon models in stages. The 1,800 cc engine has electronically controlled distributorless ignition, and a 2,000 cc diesel is added. Other 1600 cc EFI \"4A-ELU\" engine, and a carburetor is used on the 1500 cc with \"3A-LU\" type engine. The 1800SE models were still offered.August 1985, the Sport model 1600GT, 1600GT-R, and 2000GT-R were added to the lineup. All with twin-cam engines, they received the T160 chassis code. The 1.6s use the \"4A-GELU\" engine while two-litres use the \"3S-GELU\" engine. The sport models had altered chassis, also the wheels were upgraded from four lug nuts to five.May 1986, had minor changes to the entire range. The design of the grille and taillights was changed. Due to the success of the 1800SE trim level, the similarly equipped but smaller-engined 1500SG Extra was added.","title":"Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_II_at_Duerkheim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyota Carina II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_II"},{"link_name":"Corona (T150)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona#T150"},{"link_name":"Toyota Carina II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_II"}],"sub_title":"Carina II","text":"Toyota Carina II (Euro-spec T150)For the European market, the closely related Corona (T150) was sold as the Toyota Carina II.","title":"Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Carina ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_ED"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carinaed_1987.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T150"},{"link_name":"Celica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Celica_(T160)"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Toyota Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Store"},{"link_name":"Toyota Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Crown#S120"},{"link_name":"Japanese Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_size_class#Japan"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"link_name":"B-pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(car)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG80.31-27"}],"sub_title":"Carina ED (ST160 series)","text":"For more information, see Toyota Carina ED.1987 Toyota Carina EDThe Toyota Carina ED was a Japanese compact car created in 1985 as a companion to the 1984 Carina sedan. It was positioned as the 4-door Celica coupé and stepped in when the Carina hatchback coupe was discontinued. The Carina ED ushered in a new direction for the styling and appearance of Toyota products. It gave Toyota Store dealerships an alternative to buyers who desired the luxury of the larger Toyota Crown pillared hardtop without the tax obligations of a car that exceeded Japanese Government regulations for vehicles larger than the \"compact\" class. Its design sought to emulate the hardtop styling of large American and European sedans, resulting in a small, low cabin with longer front and rear ends. The ED was a genuine hardtop and was not installed with a B-pillar connected to the roof. \"ED\" is the initials of \"Exciting\" and \"Dressy\".[27]","title":"Fourth generation (T150; 1984–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-1992_Toyota_Carina_SG_EXTRA_rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-1992_Toyota_Carina_Surf_1.8_SX_Limited_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-1992_Toyota_Carina_Surf_1.8_SX_Limited_rear_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"4A-GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_A_engine#4A"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60002636A-28"},{"link_name":"All-Trac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Trac"},{"link_name":"4A-GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_A_engine#4A"},{"link_name":"4S-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_S_engine#4S"},{"link_name":"Caldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Caldina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Motor vehicle1990–1992 Toyota Carina SG Extra1990–1992 Toyota Carina Surf 1.8 SX LimitedThis generation was released in May 1988. The exterior sheet metal received rounded contours, as was in line with the fashionable design of products at that time. The Surf (wagon) and Van versions also underwent a full model change to bring them in line with their siblings. 4S-Fi is an 1800 cc engine type, 1600 cc of the 4A-GE and the specification for higher-power higher-cam-4A-FHE car, 1500 cc of the 5A-F type, 2000 cc diesel-2C. The 3E engine was fitted to the 1500 cc Van, which was also available with the 2000 cc diesel 2C engine.[28]In December 1988, a full-time All-Trac AWD system with a center differential was added to the sedan (chassis code AT175). The 1587 cc 4A-FE is the only engine available for this new AWD model.In August 1989, the \"G Limited\" with the high-performance and high-compression 4A-GE engine is added; it has 140 PS (103 kW).In May 1990, only minor changes. The Toyota emblem in the back is changed to a bright tail lamp lenses bulging from three places and was changed from the previous split design (The front of the van was not changed). The previous generation was a gasoline car engine and is still using the 1800 cc the 4S-FE, 1500 cc with a 5A-FE type. For the front-wheel-drive vehicle 1600 cc 4A-FHE the horsepower is increased from 105 to 110 PS (77 to 81 kW; 104 to 108 hp). 4WD vehicles are still equipped with the 4A-FE type. Surf Wagon 2,000 cc 2C has been changed to a diesel (CT170G type). It could be fitted with a driver-side airbag as an option.Wagons and commercial vans were sold until March 10, 1992, when they were replaced with the Caldina.European versions included a 4-door saloon, 5-door hatchback and a station wagon. They came with either the 1.6 L 4A-FE or the 2.0 L 3S-FE engine. Earlier models were very basic, and the biggest differences were interior and the presence of a tachometer. In late 1989 the top models had huge upgrades, getting electric mirrors, electric windows, central locking, heated front windscreen, and updated trim.[citation needed]","title":"Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1991_Toyota_Carina_GL_1.6_Front_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1991_Toyota_Carina_GL_1.6_Rear_(1).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Carina II","text":"1991 Toyota Carina IIFor the European market, the T170-series Corona continued to be sold as the Toyota Carina II.","title":"Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carinaed_1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corona EXiV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona_EXiV"}],"sub_title":"Carina ED (ST180 series)","text":"1989 Toyota Carina EDThe restyled second generation was introduced 1989 and luxury equipment content increased. Four-wheel steering appeared on the top level offering and styling was updated more closely resemble the Corona EXiV. Electronic fuel injection was made standard on all engines offered.","title":"Fifth generation (T170; 1988–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarinaT190-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarinaT190-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarinaT190-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carina_st190_1.8myroad_1_r.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_carina_at192_sx_2_f.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_CARINA_1.8_MYROAD_(E-AT190)_rear.jpg"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe sixth-generation Carina appeared in August 1992 and was only available with a four-door sedan body style, while the five-door van/wagon models were replaced by the new Caldina.[29] The size was also bigger than the previous model. Most of the 1.5–1.8-litre DOHC petrol engines from the previous generation were available in this generation. 2.0-litre petrol and diesel engines with 4WD system were also available.[29]A facelift came in August 1994. The old 1.8-litre 4S-FE engine was replaced by the newly developed 1.8-litre 7A-FE engine.[29] This generation was discontinued in 1996.Toyota Carina 1.8 My Road (AT191; pre-facelift, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Carina 1.8 SX (AT191; facelift, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Carina 1.8 My Road (AT191; facelift, Japan)","title":"Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carina E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona_T190"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Burnaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaston"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1993_Toyota_Carina_E_DXL_2.0_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carina_E.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Carina E","text":"The Carina E was the European version of the Toyota \"T\" platform. It was produced in the United Kingdom at the new Burnaston plant near Derby from 16 December 1992 until 1998.1993 Toyota Carina E (pre-facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Carina E (facelift)","title":"Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carina ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Carina_ED#Third_Generation_(1993%E2%80%931998)_ST200_series"},{"link_name":"hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Carinaed_1995.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Carina ED (ST200 series)","text":"The Carina ED 4-door hardtop ended production in 19981995 Toyota Carina ED 4-door Hardtop","title":"Sixth generation (T190; 1992–1996)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corona Premio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona#T210"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarinaT210-30"},{"link_name":"4A-GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_A_engine#black_top"},{"link_name":"Toyota Caldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Caldina"},{"link_name":"Toyota Ipsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Ipsum"},{"link_name":"MPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivan"},{"link_name":"3S-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_S_engine#3S"},{"link_name":"7A-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_A_engine#7A"},{"link_name":"lean-burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean-burn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Toyota Sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Sprinter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1996-1998_Toyota_Carina_rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998-2001_Toyota_Carina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998-2001_Toyota_Carina_rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2001_Toyota_Carina_GT_AT212.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A_1.9Si%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E5%9E%8B%EF%BC%89_%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2.jpg"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe seventh generation Carina was limited to a sedan version produced only for the Japanese market. The car shared few similarities with its sister model the Corona Premio which was marketed in some Asian countries. The T190 model inherited the system as the basic platform.[30]In 1996, along with the base \"Ti\" model (1500 cc-2200 cc), a sports \"GT\" version was introduced with the 5 valves per cylinder 4A-GE 'black top' engine and 5-speed C56 manual transmission. Beginning in 1998, the GT was equipped with a 6-speed C160 manual transmission. The station wagon/commercial van was no longer offered, having been replaced by the Toyota Caldina, and Toyota offered the Toyota Ipsum, a five-door wagon in the style of a MPV as an alternative. The Ipsum offered front-wheel drive, with optional AWD, borrowed from the Caldina. Besides, the rare 4WD model \"Si\" ST215, equipped with 3S-FE engine and optitron instrument panel existed. Suspension parts was shared with the Caldina ST215 4WD.Front and door panels, seats and the instrument panel of the T210 Corona Premio was shared with the Carina. With the new Corona Premio, Toyota's first collision-safety body \"GOA\" was adopted. The 7A-FE engine was a lean-burn type 1.8-litre engine, the 5A-FE was 1500 cc, and the 2C-TE series was equipped with a 2000-cc turbo-diesel. The 1600-cc version of the lean-burn 4A-FE engine was no longer offered.[citation needed]A \"GT\" sports version was based on the AT210 model. The engine was shared with the top-of-the-line AE111 Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno (a high-revving 4A-GE producing 165 PS and red-lining at 8000 rpm, known as the \"black top\"). The GT spec came with an optional manual transmission found in the AE101-AE111 Corolla Levin/Trueno of that period, which was a 5-speed manual transmission (C56-transmission series). In 1997, a Limited model equipped with few extra features was introduced, known as the \"GT PIERNA\". This was the only Carina GT version to be offered in black.August 1998 brought minor changes in design. The headlamps and tail lights were given a makeover for a refreshing look and feel. Slight alterations were also made to the bumpers. The 2000 cc diesel engine of the Ti model was increased to 2200 cc.The GT model was distinguished by the front grille where, instead of the \"CARINA\" emblem in the middle, the letters \"GT\" were placed in red, black, and nickel. In addition, the GT was equipped with the same 6-speed short-shifter manual transmission as the Corolla Levin/Trueno C160-series which came with a limited-slip differential (LSD). The diameter of the disc brake was increased and the wheel diameter was increased to 15 inches. Tyre size for the stock GT was 195/55 R15. Along with a front strut bar, reinforcements to the rear part of the vehicle were added to bind the left and right rear sash to a support and the rear back head. These came stock and were aimed to improve overall stiffness and handling of the vehicle. The GT version came with a stylish stock front bumper body kit, side skirts and rear bumper spoilers and an optional large rear spoiler. A darker sporty fabric was used for the upholstery to match the sporty and aggressive appeal of the vehicle.[citation needed]In December 2001, production of the Carina ended after 31 years.1996–1998 Toyota Carina Ti My Road (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1998–2001 Toyota Carina 1.8Si My Road (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1998–2001 Toyota Carina 1.8Si My Road (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1998–2001 Toyota Carina GT (AT212, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"Seventh generation (T210; 1996–2001)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corona"}],"text":"In 1984 in Europe, the Corona was rebadged as the \"Carina II\". This continued with the new model introduced in 1988 and, subsequently, the \"Carina E\" introduced in 1992 which was also a Corona. The so-called \"Avensis\" replaced the European Carina range in 1997.","title":"European naming"}]
[{"image_text":"1971 Toyota Carina 1600 4-door sedan (TA12)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Toyota_Carina_Bj_ca_1971_photo_2008_Castle_Hedingham.JPG/220px-Toyota_Carina_Bj_ca_1971_photo_2008_Castle_Hedingham.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pre-facelift model of Toyota Carina 1600GT 2-door sedan (TA12)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1stCarina1600GT.jpg/220px-1stCarina1600GT.jpg"},{"image_text":"1975 Toyota Carina 2000GT hardtop coupe (RA17)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Toyota_Carina_2000GT.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carina_2000GT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 1600GT 4-door sedan (TA12), showing distinctive taillights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Toyota-Carina1600GTrear.jpg/220px-Toyota-Carina1600GTrear.jpg"},{"image_text":"1975 Toyota Carina 1600GT hardtop coupe (TA17) with horizontal taillights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1975_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg/220px-1975_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (pre-facelift)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CARINA2000GT%28RA45%29.jpg/220px-CARINA2000GT%28RA45%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 2000GT Coupé (facelift)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Toyota-Carina2000GT.JPG/220px-Toyota-Carina2000GT.JPG"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 2-door sedan (rear)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1981_Toyota_Carina_2-door_sedan_in_red%2C_rear_right.jpg/220px-1981_Toyota_Carina_2-door_sedan_in_red%2C_rear_right.jpg"},{"image_text":"1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (front)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT.jpg/220px-1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT.jpg"},{"image_text":"1981 Toyota Carina 1600GT sedan (rear)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg/220px-1981_Toyota_Carina_1600GT_rear.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear view of Toyota Carina 1500 SG (AA60)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Toyota-Carina1500SGrear.JPG/220px-Toyota-Carina1500SGrear.JPG"},{"image_text":"Alternative version of Toyota Carina A60 with single square headlights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Toyota_Carina_taxi_%2814133259243%29.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carina_taxi_%2814133259243%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear view of Toyota Carina diesel (CA60)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Toyota_Carina_Diesel.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carina_Diesel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 1800 GT-T (TA63)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Carina_gtt.jpg/220px-Carina_gtt.jpg"},{"image_text":"1984 Toyota Carina Wagon (KA67V)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Toyota_Carina_Wagon_KA-67_%281984%29.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carina_Wagon_KA-67_%281984%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina 2000 GT-R (ST162)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Toyota_carina_st162.jpg/220px-Toyota_carina_st162.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toyota Carina II (Euro-spec T150)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Toyota_Carina_II_at_Duerkheim.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carina_II_at_Duerkheim.jpg"},{"image_text":"1987 Toyota Carina ED","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Toyota_Carinaed_1987.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carinaed_1987.jpg"},{"image_text":"1989 Toyota Carina ED","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Toyota_Carinaed_1989.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carinaed_1989.jpg"},{"image_text":"1995 Toyota Carina ED 4-door Hardtop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toyota_Carinaed_1995.jpg/220px-Toyota_Carinaed_1995.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Vehicle Lineage: Carina Wagon Surf\". 75 Years of TOYOTA. Toyota. 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707044043/https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002477/index.html","url_text":"\"Vehicle Lineage: Carina Wagon Surf\""},{"url":"https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002477/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carina Production Data\". Stepho's Toyota Site. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.iinet.com.au/~stepho/carinprd.htm#carina1pr","url_text":"\"Carina Production Data\""}]},{"reference":"Car Repair Manual–Carina/Celica. Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK.: Autodata. pp. 6–7, History and Identification. (1981).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead","url_text":"Maidenhead"}]},{"reference":"Cardew, Basil, ed. (October 1974). \"Motor Show Review: 1975 Cars\". Daily Express: 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc\". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/production/production/japan/general_status/toyota_motor_east_japan.html","url_text":"\"Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Conrad (2007), Richard M. Nixon: A life in Full, New York, NY: PublicAffairs Books, p. 740, ISBN 978-1-58648-519-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191/page/740","url_text":"Richard M. Nixon: A life in Full"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191/page/740","url_text":"740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-519-1","url_text":"978-1-58648-519-1"}]},{"reference":"Bulmer, Charles, ed. (2 October 1971). \"Road Test: Toyota Carina ... a good car with no outstanding faults\". Motor: 18–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"自動車ガイドブック [Automobile Guide Book 1976/1977] (in Japanese), vol. 23, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1976-10-20, p. 85, 0053-760023-3400","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association","url_text":"Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association"}]},{"reference":"Hajek, Alexander. \"Toyota Carina A12\". Toyota Oldies. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191230034651/http://www.toyotaoldies.de/gala12.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Carina A12\""},{"url":"http://www.toyotaoldies.de/gala12.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"別冊CG: 自動車アーカイヴ 70年代の日本 [Car Graphic: Car Archives Vol. 5, '70s Japanese Cars] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Nigensha. 2007. p. 16. ISBN 978-4-544-09175-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-544-09175-5","url_text":"978-4-544-09175-5"}]},{"reference":"カリーナバン 1400ー1600 [Carina Van 1400-1600] (in Japanese), Toyota, February 1977, pp. 9, 16, 131101—5202","urls":[{"url":"http://members.iinet.net.au/~stepho/brochures/Carina/7510-Van-Japan","url_text":"カリーナバン 1400ー1600"}]},{"reference":"\"Neue Mittelklasse von Toyota\". Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft 25 1977: Seite 22. 7 December 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto,_Motor_und_Sport","url_text":"Auto Motor u. Sport"}]},{"reference":"New Carina Van (in Japanese), Japan: Toyota, August 1977, p. 16, 131153—5208","urls":[]},{"reference":"自動車ガイドブック [Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1978/1979] (in Japanese), vol. 25, Japan: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1978-10-10, p. 186, 0053-780025-3400","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association","url_text":"Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonny Chiba, actor, singer, Toyota spokesman, 1939—2021\". Japanese Nostalgic Car. Japanese Nostalgic Car. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://japanesenostalgiccar.com/sonny-chiba-toyota-carina/#more-86662","url_text":"\"Sonny Chiba, actor, singer, Toyota spokesman, 1939—2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota Celica Camry\". 75 Years of Toyota. Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60010264/index.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Celica Camry\""}]},{"reference":"別冊CG: 自動車アーカイヴ 80年代の日本 [Car Graphic: Car Archives Vol. 11, '80s Japanese Cars] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Nigensha, 2007, p. 47, ISBN 978-4-544-91018-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-544-91018-6","url_text":"978-4-544-91018-6"}]},{"reference":"World Cars 1982. Pelham, New York: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1982. pp. 382–383. ISBN 0-910714-14-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham,_New_York","url_text":"Pelham, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910714-14-2","url_text":"0-910714-14-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Carina 3rd\". Toyota (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/company/history/75years/vehicle_lineage/catalog/60002453A/mobile/index.html","url_text":"\"Carina 3rd\""}]},{"reference":"Hajek, Alexander. \"Toyota Carina A60\". Toyota Oldies. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191230034657/http://toyotaoldies.de/gala6.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Carina A60\""},{"url":"http://toyotaoldies.de/gala6.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Büschi, Hans-Ulrich, ed. (3 March 1982), Automobil Revue '82 (in German and French), vol. 77, Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag, AG, p. 520, ISBN 3-444-06062-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-444-06062-9","url_text":"3-444-06062-9"}]},{"reference":"Costa, André; Fraichard, Georges-Michel, eds. (September 1982). \"Salon 1983: Toutes les Voitures du Monde\". l'Auto Journal (in French). No. 14 & 15. Paris: Homme N°1. p. 181. M 1117-014/015.","urls":[]},{"reference":"New Carina Van (brochure) (in Japanese), Japan: Toyota, August 1983, pp. 1, 12, 131049—5808","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"4th Carina Van\". Toyota Motor Co. Archived from the original on 2018-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124140037/http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002636A/index.html","url_text":"\"4th Carina Van\""},{"url":"http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002636A/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carina T190\". www.toyota-global.com. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002691/index.html","url_text":"\"Carina T190\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyota Carina 7th generation (T210)\". www.toyota-global.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/vehicle_lineage/car/id60002728/index.html","url_text":"\"Toyota Carina 7th generation (T210)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Census_of_India
1991 census of India
["1 Religious demographics","2 Language data","3 Other statistics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1991 census of India ← 1981 1991 (1991) 2001 → General informationCountryIndiaResultsTotal population838,583,988 (22.38%)Most populous ​stateUttar Pradesh (132,062,800)Least populous ​stateSikkim (406,000) The 1991 census of India was the 13th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871. The population of India was counted as 838,583,988. The number of enumerators was 1.6 million. Religious demographics Hindus comprises 69.01 crore(81.53%) and Muslims were 5.67 crore(12.61%) in 1991 census. Population trends for major religious groups in India (1991) Religious group Population  % Hindu 81.53% Muslim 12.61% Christian 2.32% Sikh 1.94% Buddhist 0.77% Jain 0.40% Parsi 0.08% Animist, others 0.44% Language data The 1991 census recognizes 1,576 classified "mother tongues". According to the 1991 census, 22 'languages' had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991). The number of Sanskrit speakers in India in 1991 census was 49,736. Other statistics Census towns in 1991 census of India were 1,702. Jammu and Kashmir was excluded from census-taking in 1991 due to Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. The number for J&K was derived by interpolation for the population of religious communities in the state. Census was not conducted in Assam in the previous census in 1981 due to separatist movements that time. The census data for Assam was done based on interpolation. See also Demographics of India Census town References ^ a b Vijayanunni, M. (26–29 August 1998). "Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991 Census" (PDF). 18th Population Census Conference. Honolulu, Hawaii, US: Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2014. ^ Dev, Amiya (2010). "Literary Multilingualism II : Multilingualism in India". In Lisa Block de Behar; Paola Mildonian; Jean-Michel Djian; Djlel Kadir; Alfons Knauth; Dolores Romero Lopez; Marcio Orlando Seligmann-Silva (eds.). Comparative Literature : Sharing Knowledges for Preserving Cultural Diversity (PDF). Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Vol. 2. pp. 172–183. Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, EOLSS Publishers, Paris, France, . Retrieved 17 December 2014. ^ "With current trends, it will take 220 years for India's Hindu population to equal Muslims numbers in the world". 16 December 2014. ^ Mallikarjun, B. (7 November 2001). "Languages of India according to 2001 Census". Languages in India. Retrieved 17 December 2014. ^ "Where are the Sanskrit speakers?". The Hindu. 9 August 2014. ^ "Census findings point to decade of rural distress". The Hindu. 25 September 2011. ^ Sugden, Joanna; Seervai, Shanoor (9 January 2015). "Where Are India's 2011 Census Figures on Religion?". Wall Street Journal. ^ "Religion Census: A faithful count". ^ "Muslims' growth rate much lower". The Times of India. 7 September 2004. External links Official website vteCensus of IndiaPre-independenceNational censuses Overview 1891 Post-IndependenceNational censuses 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 Other censuses Indian economic census 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census Census of agriculture See also: Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Demographics of India Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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[]
[{"title":"Demographics of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"title":"Census town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_town"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_%E2%80%93_Jewish_relations
African American–Jewish relations
["1 History","1.1 20th century","1.1.1 After World War I & World War II","1.1.2 Civil rights movement","2 Commercial and residential relations","3 Entertainment","4 Civil rights movement","4.1 The \"golden age\"","4.1.1 Murder of Jewish civil rights activists","4.2 Questioning the \"golden age\"","4.3 Black power movement","4.4 Southern Jews in the civil rights movement","5 Labor movement","6 Black Hebrew Israelites","7 Criticism of Zionism and Israel","8 Affirmative action","9 Antisemitism among African Americans","9.1 Nation of Islam","9.2 Alleged overrepresentation of Jews in the slave trade","10 Anti-Black racism among Jews","10.1 Robert Moses","10.2 William Levitt","10.3 Southern states","10.4 Northern states","10.5 Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis","11 15 Days of Light","12 See also","13 References","13.1 Notes","13.2 Footnotes","13.3 Works cited","14 Further reading"]
Relations between Blacks and Jews in America. "Blacks and Jews" redirects here. For the film, see Blacks and Jews (film). 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This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—it has been an area of significant academic research. Cooperation during the Civil Rights Movement was strategic and significant, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The relationship has also featured conflicts and controversies which are related to such topics as the Black Power movement, Zionism, affirmative action, and the antisemitic trope concerning the alleged dominant role of American and Caribbean-based Jews in the Atlantic slave trade. History Africans first arrived in America in the 16th century. Captives from West and Central Africa were sold to European slave traders and transported across the Atlantic to the Western Hemisphere. After arriving in the Americas, they were sold as slaves to European colonists and put to work on plantations, particularly in the southern colonies. A few were able to achieve freedom through manumission or escape and founded independent communities before and during the American Revolution. Early Jewish communities in what became the United States were primarily Sephardi (Jews of Spanish, Portuguese or Italianate descent). Many were refugees and immigrants from Brazil, where they had moved from Portugal, trying to escape the Inquisition; or from Amsterdam, where many Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled; or from England. They settled in cities such as New York City, Providence, Rhode Island, Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, gradually integrating into the local society. Slavery was a long-established institution in the colonies and some Jews became slaveholders, especially in the South. Despite the conspiracy theory that Jews had an outsize role in the slave trade, Jews comprised only 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners. For the most part, American Jews did not accept a sense of responsibility for the larger society around them until the late 19th century. When they finally did so, Southern Jews lagged far behind Northern Jews. Like many Christians of the time, some Jews used the Bible to justify the enslavement of Black people based on historical and scientific racism. For instance, a Jewish editor named Jacob N. Cardozo explained that "the reason the Almighty had made the colored black" was to mark him as inferior, providing an obvious, God-given approval of slavery. This scientific racism often characterized people as belonging to three broad categories or races: Caucasian, Mongoloid and Negroid. So, although Jews were often considered "other" and separate from European Christians, the Naturalization Act of 1790 classed them as "free White persons" and thus full citizens, unlike Native Americans, Africans, Pacific Islanders, and non-White Asians. After the United States was founded in 1776, most Black people continued to be enslaved, with most concentrated in the American South; four million enslaved were only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865. During the Reconstruction, they gained citizenship and adult-males the right to vote. Due to the widespread policy and ideology of White supremacy, however, they were treated as second-class citizens and found themselves soon disenfranchised in the South. 20th century In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe immigrated to the U.S. for social and economic opportunities due to widespread violent pogroms in their homelands. They mainly settled in New York and other major cities. In the Great Migration of the 1910s, Blacks began large-scale migration to northern cities, where many Jews had already settled, in order to escape peonage and second class citizenship. Black people related to the Jews, seeing connections between slavery in America and the biblical accounts of the Israelites in Egypt. Northern Jews also began to see similar connections and began to express sympathy for the plight of Black Americans: In the early 1900s, Jewish newspapers drew parallels between the Black movement out of the South and the Jews' escape from Egypt, pointing out that both Blacks and Jews lived in ghettos, and calling anti-Black riots in the South "pogroms". Stressing the similarities rather than the differences between the Jewish and Black experience in America, Jewish leaders emphasized the idea that both groups would benefit the more America moved toward a society of merit, free of religious, ethnic and racial restrictions. The American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, and the Anti-Defamation League were central to the campaign against racial prejudice. Jews made substantial financial contributions to many civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, the Urban League, the Congress of Racial Equality, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. In the early 1900s, Northern Jewish daily and weekly publications, many of them holding radical and secular views, often reported on violence against Blacks at a time when non-Jewish publications would not. Some writers in these publications compared the anti-Black violence in the South to the deadly anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, even though other Jewish writers strongly objected to such comparisons. Despite many publications taking an anti-racist stance, coverage in Jewish periodicals could be deeply ambivalent: it was often inspired by principles of justice and by a desire to change racist policies in the United States, but it sometimes used racist language, occasionally blamed Black people for their own oppression (including racist incidents such as the Tulsa massacre), and was sometimes paternalistic. Some of the ambivalence was motivated, as Uri Schreter puts it, by "anxieties about Black violence". At the same time, African American writers often portrayed Jewish people through the lens of capitalism and exploitation of Black labour and many Jews felt that the comparisons Black people drew between themselves and Jews were offensive. During this period, notable Northern Jewish leaders invested time, influence and economic resources into Black endeavors, supporting civil rights, philanthropy, social service, and organizing. Historian Hasia Diner notes that "they made sure that their actions were well publicized" as part of an effort to demonstrate increasing Jewish political clout. Julius Rosenwald was a Northern Jewish philanthropist who donated a large part of his fortune to supporting Black education in the South by providing matching funds for construction of schools in rural areas. Northern Jews played a major role in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in its early decades. Northern Jews involved in the NAACP included Joel Elias Spingarn (the first chairman), Arthur B. Spingarn, and founder Henry Moskowitz. More recently, Jack Greenberg was a leader in the organization. On the other hand, African Americans also experienced racism and shock from newly arrived Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, and faced a lack of support from Jews in the South. Critics such as Albert Lindemann have argued that pro-Black attitudes amongst Southern Jews in this time period would have provoked fierce opposition from Christian White Southerners. Southern Jewish attitudes towards Blacks only started to change in 1915, when the much publicized lynching of Leo Frank, a Jew, in Georgia by a mob of White Southerners caused many Southern Jews to "become acutely conscious of the similarities and differences between themselves and Blacks." Some began feeling an increased sense of solidarity with Blacks, as the trial exposed widespread antisemitism in Georgia. However, the trial also pitted Jews against Blacks because Frank's Jewish defense attorneys excluded Black jurors and exploited anti-Black racism by shifting the blame for the murder of Mary Phagan, a White girl, to Jim Conley, a Black janitor and witness against Frank. Frank's lead attorney Luther Rosser called Conley a "dirty, filthy, Black, drunken, lying nigger." Though many historians since the late 20th century have concluded that Conley did murder Phagan, most Southern Jews were quite racist towards Blacks at the time and took advantage of their higher social status. Baruch Charney Vladeck reported that although he didn't see Jews attack Blacks in the South, he did see them smile when Blacks were assaulted, and argued that Jews ignored their "‘vayse’ privilegn" ("White" privilege). However, he felt the lynching of Frank could improve relations with Blacks, writing:Now, when the white body of one of ours has been hung upon a tree, we will perhaps understand that the blacks feel every day what we have felt for only one day and become better citizens. After World War I & World War II Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) was an early promoter of pan-Africanism and African redemption and led the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. His push to celebrate Africa as the original homeland of African Americans, led many Jews to compare Garvey to leaders of Zionism. An example of this was that Garvey wanted World War I peace negotiators to turn over former German colonies in southwest Africa to Blacks. In that period, Zionists were promoting a "return of Jews" after 2,000 years to the historic homeland of Israel, stressing self-determination for former colonies. At the same time, Garvey regularly criticized Jews in his columns in his newspaper Negro World for allegedly trying to destroy the Black population of America. After World War II, Federal Housing Authority policy restricted certain neighborhoods to people of the "same social and racial classes". While some of these neighborhoods excluded them based on charter, Jews were usually permitted to move into White areas, while Blacks were not. This reinforced segregation at the time and deepened the economic, social and political inequalities between African Americans and other ethnic groups, including Jews. Civil rights movement By the middle of the 20th century, many Southern Jews were supportive of the Civil Rights Movement. About 50 percent of the civil rights attorneys in the South during the 1960s were Jews, as were over 50 percent of the Whites who went to Mississippi in 1964 to challenge Jim Crow laws. These pro-Black Southern Jews tended to keep a low profile on "the race issue" in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black (and antisemitic) Ku Klux Klan. However, Klan groups exploited the issue of Black integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle in order to commit violently antisemitic hate crimes. As an example of this hatred, in one year alone, from November 1957 to October 1958, temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta, Nashville, Jacksonville, and Miami, and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham, Charlotte, and Gastonia. Some rabbis received death threats, but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence. Commercial and residential relations Following the Civil War, Jewish shop-owners and landlords engaged in business with Black customers and tenants, often filling a need where non-Jewish, White business owners would not venture. This was true in most regions of the South, where Jews were often merchants in its small cities, as well as northern urban cities such as New York, where they settled in high numbers. Jewish shop-owners tended to be more civil than other Whites to Black customers, treating them with more dignity. Black people often had more immediate contact with Jewish people compared to White Christians. In 1903, Black historian W. E. B. Du Bois described the disparity between Black and Jews in the South, describing the latter, who were often landlords, as successors to the slave-barons. In the 1953 edition, he changed the text to use the words "immigrant" and "foreigner", explaining, "What, of course, I meant to condemn was the exploitation of Black labor and that it was in this country and at that time in part a matter of immigrant Jews, was incidental and not essential. My inner sympathy with the Jewish people was expressed better in the last paragraph of page 152. But this illustrates how easily one slips into unconscious condemnation of a whole group. Du Bois also publicly spoke out against anti-Semitism for decades. Black novelist James Baldwin (1924–1987) grew up in Harlem in the years between the world wars and would also highlight the visibility of Jewish landlords as a cause of antisemitism in the Black community. In the essay "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White", in which he critiqued that Black antisemitism, he noted that many landlords, grocers, butchers and pawnbrokers in Harlem were Jews, and that this represented Blacks' daily experience not just of White people but of capitalism as well. As a result of these interactions, and the ongoing economic inequalities Black people faced, he explained, many Black people wrongly "hated them ." He went on to end the article with a clear condemnation of antisemitism: I also know that if today I refuse to hate Jews, or anybody else, it is because I know how it feels to be hated. I learned this from Christians, and I ceased to practice what the Christians practiced. The crisis taking place in the world, and in the minds and hearts of black men everywhere, is not produced by the star of David, but by the old, rugged Roman cross on which Christendom's most celebrated Jew was murdered. And not by Jews. Despite this, the incendiary title and language earned him accusations of antisemitism. In his response, "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin", Robert Gordis described Baldwin's essay as "a passionate justification of Negro anti-Semitism." Later, Rabbi Samuel Silver said of Baldwin, "Like other Negro extremists, he has allowed his hostility to whites to run into extra-hostility to Jews, despite the fact that Jews were among the leaders of those championing the cause of the Negro." Terrence L. Johnson and Jacques Berlinerblau have argued that Baldwin's intent was to take aim at "racial capitalism". Baldwin would write other accounts of Jews that were similarly sympathetic and which would clarify that his target was "not Jews" but the capitalist systems that exploited Black people: The first white man I ever saw was the Jewish manager who arrived to collect the rent, and he collected the rent because he did not own the building. I never, in fact, saw any of the people who owned any of the buildings in which we scrubbed and suffered for so long, until I was a grown man and famous. None of them were Jews. And I was not stupid: the grocer and the druggist were Jews, for example, and they were very very nice to me, and to us... I knew a murderer when I saw one, and the people who were trying to kill me were not Jews. Like Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr. suggested that some Black antisemitism arose from the tensions of landlord-tenant relations. He acknowledged "irrational statements" made against Jews by Black people, blaming them on the dire situation of Black people in areas like Chicago: When we were working in Chicago, we had numerous rent strikes on the West Side, and it was unfortunately true that, in most instances, the persons we had to conduct these strikes against were Jewish landlords... We were living in a slum apartment owned by a Jew and a number of others, and we had to have a rent strike. We were paying $94 for four run-down, shabby rooms, and .... we discovered that whites ... were paying only $78 a month. We were paying 20 percent tax. The Negro ends up paying a color tax, and this has happened in instances where Negroes actually confronted Jews as the landlord or the storekeeper. The irrational statements that have been made are the result of these confrontations. Entertainment Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927).See also: Jews in jazz, Jewish women in jazz, and Jews in the history of American film Jewish producers in the United States entertainment industry produced many works on Black subjects in the film industry, Broadway, and the music industry. Many portrayals of Black people were sympathetic, but historian Michael Rogin has discussed how some of the treatments were racist and could be considered exploitative. Rogin also analyzes the instances when Jewish actors, such as Al Jolson, portrayed Blacks in Blackface. He suggests that these were deliberately racist portrayals but adds that they were also expressions of the culture at the time. Black people could not appear in leading roles in either the theatre or in movies, but Blackface was relatively common. Despite this, Rogin argues that Jewish Blackface did not cause significant tensions at the time, saying: "Jewish blackface neither signified a distinctive Jewish racism nor produced a distinctive Black anti-Semitism". Jews often drew on Black culture in film, music, and plays. Historian Jeffrey Melnick argues that Jewish artists such as Irving Berlin and George Gershwin created the myth that they were the proper interpreters of Black culture, "elbowing out 'real' Black Americans in the process." Black academic Harold Cruse viewed the arts scene as a White-dominated misrepresentation of Black culture, epitomized by works like Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess. Evidence from Black musicians and critics suggests that Jews in the music business played an important role in paving the way for mainstream acceptance of Black culture, though Blacks and Jews didn't benefit from this acceptance equally. Melnick concludes that, "while both Jews and African-Americans contributed to the rhetoric of musical affinity, the fruits of this labor belonged exclusively to the former." Some Black people also have criticized Jewish movie producers for portraying Black people in a racist manner. In 1990, at an NAACP convention in Los Angeles, Legrand Clegg, founder of the Coalition Against Black Exploitation, a pressure group that lobbied against negative screen images of African Americans, alleged: he century-old problem of Jewish racism in Hollywood denies Blacks access to positions of power in the industry and portrays Blacks in a derogatory manner: "If Jewish leaders can complain of Black anti-Semitism, our leaders should certainly raise the issue of the century-old problem of Jewish racism in Hollywood.... No Jewish people ever attacked or killed Black people. But we're concerned with Jewish producers who degrade the Black image. It's a genuine concern. And when we bring it up, our statements are distorted and we're dragged through the press as anti-Semites. Professor Leonard Jeffries echoed those comments in a 1991 speech at the Empire State Plaza Black Arts & Cultural Festival in Albany, New York. Jeffries said that Russian Jews and the Mafia controlled the film industry, using it to paint a negative stereotype of Blacks. Jewish Americans are noted for playing a significant role in jazz, a musical genre created and originally developed by African Americans. This is largely attributed to aligning through persecution, as Jews were not considered fully American or White throughout the 1920s and 30s. Willie "The Lion" Smith, Slim Gaillard, Cab Calloway, and other Black musicians played Jewish and Jewish-themed songs. Meanwhile, Jewish Jazz was an attempt to combine Jewish music and jazz into a new genre. Civil rights movement See also: American Jewish community and the Civil Rights MovementMain article: Jews in the civil rights movement Gelders recovering in a Clayton, Alabama, hospital A 1934 ore-miner strike which led to the killing of several Black miners was the catalyst for physicist Joseph Gelders' civil rights activism and labor organizing efforts. Gelders and his wife Esther started to host a weekly discussion group for students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He established an Alabama committee which worked on the Scottsboro Boys case. Due to his efforts, Gelders was kidnapped and assaulted by members of the Ku Klux Klan on September 23, 1936. Gelders and suffragist Lucy Randolph Mason established the Southern Conference for Human Welfare in 1938. In 1941, Gelders and activist Virginia Foster Durr led the creation of the National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax. The "golden age" Cooperation between Jewish and African-American organizations peaked after World War II—sometimes, it is called the "golden age" of the relationship. The leaders of each group jointly worked to launch a movement for racial equality in the United States, and Jews funded and led some national civil rights organizations. For Jewish publications, African-American Civil Rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois wrote testimonies and op-eds that decried the Nazi violence in Europe after he visited the eviscerated Warsaw Ghetto. Historically, Black colleges and universities hired Jewish refugee professors who were not given comparable jobs in White institutions because wider American culture was antisemitic. This era of cooperation culminated in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial and religious discrimination in schools and other public facilities, and the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited discriminatory voting practices and authorized the government to oversee and review state voting practices. Historian Greenberg notes that one narrative of the relationship says: "It is significant that ... a disproportionate number of white civil rights activists were as well. Jewish agencies engaged with their African American counterparts in a more sustained and fundamental way than other white groups did largely because their constituents and their understanding of Jewish values and Jewish self-interest pushed them in that direction." The extent of Jewish participation in the civil rights movement frequently correlated with their branch of Judaism: Reform Jews participated more frequently than Orthodox Jews. Many Reform Jews were guided by values which were reflected in the Reform branch's Pittsburgh Platform, which urged Jews to "participate in the great task of modern times, to solve, on the basis of justice and righteousness, the problems presented by the contrasts and evils of the present organization of society." Religious leaders such as rabbis and ministers of Black Baptist churches frequently played key roles in the civil rights movement, including Abraham Joshua Heschel, who marched with Martin Luther King Jr. during the Selma to Montgomery marches. To commemorate this moment, 20 years later, representatives from the Coalition of Conscience, the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (now the ADL) and the Atlanta Board of Education marched together again. Sixteen Jewish leaders were arrested while they were heeding King's call to participate in the June 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests in St. Augustine, Florida. It was the occasion of the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history. Marc Schneier, President of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, wrote Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community (1999), recounting the historic relationship between African and Jewish Americans as a way to encourage a return to strong ties following years of animosity that reached its apex during the Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn, New York. Northern and Western Jews frequently supported desegregation in their communities and schools, even at the risk of diluting the unity of their close-knit Jewish communities, which were frequently a critical component of Jewish life. Murder of Jewish civil rights activists Andrew Goodman The summer of 1964 was designated the Freedom Summer, and many Jews from the North and West traveled to the South to participate in a concentrated voter registration effort. Two Jewish activists, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, and one Black activist, James Chaney, were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi, as a result of their participation. Their deaths were considered martyrdom by some, and as a result, Black-Jewish relations were temporarily strengthened. In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr., said, How could there be anti-Semitism among Negroes when our Jewish friends have demonstrated their commitment to the principle of tolerance and brotherhood not only in the form of sizable contributions, but in many other tangible ways, and often at great personal sacrifice. Can we ever express our appreciation to the rabbis who chose to give moral witness with us in St. Augustine during our recent protest against segregation in that unhappy city? Need I remind anyone of the awful beating suffered by Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld of Cleveland when he joined the civil rights workers there in Hattiesburg, Mississippi? And who can ever forget the sacrifice of two Jewish lives, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, in the swamps of Mississippi? It would be impossible to record the contribution that the Jewish people have made toward the Negro's struggle for freedom—it has been so great. Questioning the "golden age" Some recent scholarship suggests that the "golden age" (1955–1966) of the Black–Jewish relationship was not as ideal as it is often portrayed. Philosopher and activist Cornel West said , "There was no golden age in which blacks and Jews were free of tension and friction". West said that this period of Black–Jewish cooperation is frequently downplayed by Black people and it is frequently romanticized by Jews: "It is downplayed by blacks because they focus on the astonishingly rapid entry of most Jews into the middle and upper middle classes during this brief period—an entry that has spawned... resentment from a quickly growing Black impoverished class. Jews, on the other hand, tend to romanticize this period because their present status as upper middle dogs and some top dogs in American society unsettles their historic self-image as progressives with a compassion for the underdog." Historian Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz points out that the number of non-Southern Jews who went to the southern states only numbered a few hundred, and she also points out that the "relationship was frequently out of touch, periodically at odds, with both sides failing to understand each other's point of view." Political scientist Andrew Hacker wrote about the disparity between Jewish and Black experiences of the civil rights movement: It is more than a little revealing that Whites who travelled south in 1964 referred to their sojourn as their 'Mississippi summer'. It is as if all the efforts of the local Blacks for voter registration and the desegregation of public facilities had not even existed until White help arrived... Of course, this was done with benign intentions, as if to say 'we have come in answer to your calls for assistance'. The problem was... the condescending tone... For Jewish liberals, the great memory of that summer has been the deaths of Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner and—almost as an afterthought—James Chaney. Indeed, Chaney's name tends to be listed last, as if the life he lost was only worth three fifths of the others.Hacker also quoted author Julius Lester, who was an African-American convert to Judaism, as writing: Jews tend to be a little self-righteous about their liberal record, ... we realize that they were pitying us and wanted our gratitude, not the realization of the principles of justice and humanity... Blacks consider paternalistic. Black people have destroyed the previous relationship which they had with the Jewish community, in which we were the victims of a kind of paternalism, which is only a benevolent racism.In "The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement", Hannah Labovitz argues, "this is not a story about white Jews intervening to save the day after experiencing their own challenges, but rather one damaged community doing what it could to help another." Black power movement By 1966, Jews were increasingly transitioning to middle-class and upper-class status, creating a gap in relations between Jews and Black people. At the same time, many Black leaders, including some leaders of the Black power movement, became outspoken in their demands for greater equality, frequently criticizing Jews along with other White targets. In 1966, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) voted to exclude Whites from its leadership, a decision that resulted in the expulsion of several Jewish leaders. In 1967, Black academic Harold Cruse attacked Jewish activism in his 1967 volume The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual in which he argued that Jews had become a problem for Blacks precisely because they had so identified with the Black struggle. Cruse insisted that Jewish involvement in interracial politics impeded the emergence of "Afro-American ethnic consciousness". For Cruse, as well as for other Black activists, the role of American Jews as political mediators between Blacks and Whites was "fraught with serious dangers to all concerned" and it must be "terminated by Negroes themselves." Southern Jews in the civil rights movement This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "African American–Jewish relations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The vast majority of civil rights activism by American Jews was undertaken by Jews from the northern and western states. Jews in the southern states engaged in virtually no organized activities on behalf of civil rights. This lack of participation was puzzling to some northern Jews, due to the "inability of the northern Jewish leaders to see that Jews, before the battle for desegregation, were not generally victims in the South and that the racial caste system in the south situated Jews favorably in the Southern mind, or 'whitened' them." However, there were some southern Jews who participated in the civil rights movement as individuals. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was the rabbi of Atlanta's oldest and most prominent synagogue, The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, also known as "the Temple", from 1946 until his death in 1973, where he distinguished himself by speaking out as an outspoken proponent of civil rights. Upon his arrival in Atlanta (after living in Pittsburgh for most of his life), Rabbi Rothschild was disturbed by the depth of the racial injustice which he witnessed and he resolved to make civil rights a focal point of his rabbinical career. He first broached the topic of civil rights in his 1947 Rosh Hashanah sermon but he remained mindful of his status as an outsider and during his first few years in Atlanta, he proceeded with caution in order to avoid alienating his supporters. By 1954, however, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Board of Education decision, which called for the desegregation of public schools, race relations had become a recurring theme of his sermons, and Temple members had grown accustomed to his support of civil rights. At the same time, he reached out to members of the local Christian clergy and he also became active in civic affairs, joining the Atlanta Council on Human Relations, the Georgia Council of Human Relations, the Southern Regional Council, the Urban League, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews. In order to promote cooperation with his Christian colleagues, Rothschild established the Institute for the Christian Clergy, an annual daylong event which was hosted by the Temple each February. Black ministers were always welcome at the Temple's interfaith events, and on other occasions, Rothschild invited prominent black leaders, such as Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays, to lead educational luncheons at the Temple, despite objections from some members of his congregation. In 1957, when other southern cities were erupting in violent opposition to court-ordered school desegregation, eighty Atlanta ministers issued a statement in which they called for interracial negotiation, obedience to the law, and a peaceful resolution to the integration disputes that threatened Atlanta's moderate reputation. The Ministers' Manifesto, as the statement came to be known, marked an important turning point in Atlanta's race relations. Although the Manifesto's strong Christian language prevented Rothschild from signing it himself, the rabbi assisted in the drafting and conception of the statement, and he endorsed it in an article that ran separately in the Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution and later, it appeared in the Congressional Record. While Rothschild's activism won admiration from some quarters of the city, it earned contempt from others. When fifty sticks of dynamite exploded at the Temple on October 12, 1958, many observers concluded that the rabbi's outspoken support of civil rights had made the synagogue a target of extremist violence. Because the bombing was condemned by elected officials, members of the press, and the vast majority of ordinary citizens, it resulted in a repudiation of extremism and a renewed commitment to racial moderation by members of official Atlanta. Rather than withdraw from public life, Rothschild stepped up his activism after the bombing, regularly speaking in support of civil rights at public events throughout the city and throughout region, and assuming the vice presidency of the Atlanta Council on Human Relations. Members of his congregation followed Rothschild's lead, taking leadership positions in HOPE (Help Our Public Education) and OASIS (Organizations Assisting Schools in September), two influential organizations that helped ensure the peaceful integration of Atlanta's public schools in 1961. During this period, Rothschild forged a close personal friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. After King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, Rothschild assisted in the organizing of a city-sponsored banquet in King's honor, and during the banquet, he served as its master of ceremonies. After King's assassination in 1968, the combined clergy of Atlanta paid their respects to King by holding a memorial service at the Episcopal Cathedral of St. Philip, and Rothschild was selected to deliver the eulogy by his peers. In the years after King's death, Rothschild's opposition to the more militant measures which were adopted by younger Black activists cost him much of the support which he once received from his African American counterparts in the civil rights movement. Despite his diminished stature in the Black community, Rothschild continued to candidly speak about social justice and civil rights on a regular basis until he died, after he suffered a heart attack, on December 31, 1973. In recent decades, southern Jews have been more willing to speak out in support of civil rights, as was illustrated by the 1987 marches in Forsyth County, Georgia. Labor movement Herbert Hill (second from right), labor director of NAACP, with Thurgood Marshall (second from left) The labor movement was another area of the African American–Jewish relationship that flourished before WWII, but it ended in conflict afterwards. In the early 20th century, one important area of cooperation was attempts to increase minority representation in the leadership of the United Automobile Workers (UAW). In 1943, Jews and Black people joined to request the creation of a new department within the UAW dedicated to minorities, but that request was refused by UAW leaders. In the immediate post-World War II period, the Jewish Labor Committee (JLC), which was founded in February 1934 to oppose the rise of Nazism in Germany, formed approximately two dozen local committees to combat racial intolerance in the U.S and Canada. The JLC, which had local offices in a number of communities in North America, helped found the United Farm Workers and campaigned for the passage of California's Fair Employment Practices Act, and provided staffing and support for the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom led by Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin. Beginning in early 1962, the NAACP's labor director Herbert Hill alleged that since the 1940s, the JLC had also defended the anti-Black discriminatory practices of unions in both the garment and building industries. Hill claimed that the JLC changed "a Black white conflict into a Black-Jewish conflict". He said that the JLC defended the Jewish leaders of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) against charges of anti-Black racial discrimination, distorted the government's reports about discrimination, failed to tell union members the truth, and when union members complained, the JLC labeled them antisemites. Hill says that ILGWU leaders denounced Black members for demanding equal treatment and access to leadership positions. The New York City teachers' strike of 1968 also signaled the decline of Black-Jewish relations: the Jewish president of the United Federation of Teachers, Albert Shanker, made statements that were seen by some as straining Black-Jewish relations because in them, he accused Black teachers of being antisemitic. Black Hebrew Israelites The Hebrew Israelite group ISUPK, Passover, Harlem, 2012. Black Hebrew Israelites are groups of people, mostly of Black American ancestry who are mainly situated in the Americas and claim to be the descendants of the ancient Israelites. To varying degrees, Black Hebrews adhere to the religious beliefs and practices of both mainstream Judaism and mainstream Christianity, but they get most of their doctrines from Christian resources. They are generally not accepted as Jews by Orthodox, Conservative or Reform Jews, nor are they accepted as Jews by the wider Jewish community, due to their degree of divergence from mainstream Judaism, and their frequent expressions of hostility towards traditionally recognized Jews. Many Black Hebrews consider themselves—and not Jews—to be the only authentic descendants of the ancient Israelites, claiming Jews are simply imposters. Some groups identify themselves as Hebrew Israelites, other groups identify themselves as Black Hebrews, and other groups identify themselves as Jews. Dozens of Black Hebrew groups were founded in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 2003, 1,200 Black Hebrew Israelites were found to be eligible for Israeli citizenship. Members of the community began to immigrate to Israel as early as 1992, when Israel's interior ministry began to grant Black Hebrew Israelites different levels of immigration status. Some Black Hebrew Israelites were granted full citizenship, while others were granted permanent resident status, and others were granted temporary resident status. In April 2021, A spokesman for the Israeli government announced Israel's plans to deport dozens of African Hebrews despite the fact that many members of the community had received permanent residency under arrangements with Israel. 51 members of the community were ordered to leave their homes by September 23, 2021. In October 2021, the Beersheba court district issued an interim injunction that effectively halted the deportations. The British filmmaker Louis Theroux documented the movement in his Weird Weekends series. Criticism of Zionism and Israel After his retirement, the professional boxer Muhammad Ali publicly opposed Zionism. After Israel took over the West Bank and Gaza following the 1967 Six-Day War, some Black Americans expressed their solidarity with the Palestinians and criticized Israel's actions; for example, they publicly supported the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and called for the destruction of Israel. Some of them, such as Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X, also criticized the Zionist movement. Immediately after the Six Day War, the editor of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) newsletter wrote an article which criticized Israel, asserted that the war was an effort to regain Palestinian land and asserted that during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, "Zionists conquered the Arab homes and land through terror, force, and massacres". The publication of this article triggered a conflict between Jews and the SNCC, but Black SNCC leaders treated the war as a "test of their willingness to demonstrate the SNCC's break from its civil rights past". The concerns of Black people continued to be expressed, and in 1993, the Black philosopher Cornel West wrote the following in Race Matters: "Jews will not comprehend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of Palestinians in Israel means to Blacks.... Blacks often perceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a second instance of naked group interest, and, again, an abandonment of substantive moral deliberation." Andrew Hacker argues that some African American support for Palestinians is due to the consideration of them as people of color: "The presence of Israel in the Middle East is perceived as thwarting the rightful status of people of color. Some Blacks view Israel as essentially a White and European power, supported from the outside, and occupying space that rightfully belongs to the original inhabitants of Palestine." Martin Luther King Jr. criticized this position at the 68th Annual Rabbinical Assembly for Conservative Judaism, saying: On the Middle East crisis, we have had various responses. The responses of the so-called young militants does not represent the position of the vast majority of Negroes. There are some who are color consumed and see a kind of mystique in being colored, and anything non-colored is condemned. We do not follow that course in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and certainly most of the organizations in the civil rights movement do not follow that course. Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have argued that Jewish criticism of Black political movements and individuals based on their support for Palestinians is based on "a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine". Affirmative action Many Black people have supported government and business affirmative action, believing that meritocracies are subject to institutional racism and unconscious bias. Many Jews, meanwhile, associated affirmative action with quotas that have reduced, rather than increased, Jewish access to jobs and education. Historians believe that this difference in outlook contributed to the decline of the Black-Jewish alliance in the 1970s, when Black people began seeking ways to build on the civil rights legislation of the 1960s. As Black people continued to face widespread discrimination and struggled to make progress in society, Black activism became increasingly outspoken. Greenberg believes that this increased resentment and fear among Jews. As this activism spread to the North, many liberal Jews also began to move out of areas with increasing Black populations, due to what Greenberg describes as the perceived "deterioration of their schools and neighborhoods", sometimes also citing civil rights protests as a motivator. Herbert Hill's survey of affirmative-action lawsuits found that Jewish organizations have generally opposed affirmative-action programs. A widely publicized example of the Black-Jewish conflict arose in the 1978 affirmative action case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, when Black and Jewish organizations took opposing sides in the case of a white student who sued for admission, claiming that he was unfairly excluded by affirmative action programs. Antisemitism among African Americans Some leaders of the Black community have publicly made comments or expressed opinions which have been deemed antisemitic. These include accusing Jews of being over-aggressive or exploitative in their business relations with Black people, accusing Jews of being more loyal to Israel than the United States, alleging that Jews had a central role in the slave trade, and accusing Jews of economically oppressing black people. Most analysts, including the ADL, attribute Black antisemitism to poor education in disadvantaged communities (in which Black people may be overrepresented due to systemic racism); or to unequal power dynamics and opportunities between Jews and Blacks living in close proximity in places like Harlem and the West Side. Other explanations include scapegoating, competition for resources or support, rising identity politics which caused both groups to become more insular, anti-Black racism among Jews, Israeli support for South Africa during apartheid, increasing pro-Palestinian support among Black people and the radical left, the failure of white and Jewish liberalism to advance Black rights, resentment over what Judith Rosenbaum called "Jewish feelings of moral proprietorship in the civil rights struggle", or to a perceived failure to show or maintain solidarity with Black communities, particularly in the South. Tema Smith has argued that many of these explanations share systemic racism as a cause. In 1935, during the Great Depression, the Black activist Sufi Abdul Hamid led boycotts against certain Harlem merchants and establishments which he claimed discriminated against Blacks. Many of them were owned by Jewish proprietors, but others were owned by Greeks and Italians. In response to these activities, The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle accused him of fomenting Black-Jewish "disturbances" in Harlem. He argued he merely targeted shops that refused to hire Black workers and was acquitted of charges of trying to drive out Jewish shopkeepers and of maligning Jews. Hamid later admitted Nazi groups had tried to offer him money to organise a Black "legion" against the Jews, but that he refused because they didn't care about Blacks either. Hamid renounced antisemitism, saying it was wrong to condemn "Jews as a race" based on the actions of a few who denied jobs to Blacks. He founded the Universal Order of Tranquility with the aim of uniting Jews, Christians, whites and blacks. In 1984, presidential candidate Jesse Jackson and former United Nations ambassador Andrew Young made antisemitic comments, which were widely publicized. Many have argued that these remarks extended the era of African-American and Jewish distrust into the 1980s. In 1991 in Brooklyn, a Black mob killed Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jew, in the Crown Heights riot, after a car driven by a Jew hit and killed a Black boy, Gavin Cato, and seriously injured his cousin, Angela. The two ethnic groups lived in close proximity to each other in this neighborhood. During the 1990s, Prof. Leonard Jeffries of the City College of New York was a proponent of the idea that Jewish businessmen financed the Atlantic slave trade and used the movie industry to hurt black people. He was sacked by CUNY and his conclusions have been rejected by major African American historians of the slave trade, including David Brion Davis. According to a 2016 survey conducted by the Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish organization, the prevalence of antisemitism among African-Americans was found to be 23%, compared to 14% for the general population, 19% for US-born Hispanics, 31% for "foreign-born" Hispanics and 10% for White Americans. This prevalence has fallen significantly since surveys in 1998, 1992 and 1964. Conversely, a survey by PRRI in 2018 found that 44% of Black Protestants believe Jewish people face "a lot" of discrimination in America, compared to 31% of religiously unaffiliated Americans, 29% of Catholics, 28% of White mainline Protestants and only 20% of white evangelical Protestants. Nation of Islam See also: Nation of Islam and antisemitism Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam, has made many antisemitic remarks. The Nation of Islam, a Black separatist religious and political group, made several antisemitic pronouncements in the late 20th century. Founder Elijah Muhammad asserted that Whites—as well as Jews—were devils implicated in racism against Blacks, but he did not consider Jews to be any more corrupt or oppressive than other Whites were. In 1993, Nation of Islam spokesman Khalid Abdul Muhammad publicly called Jews "bloodsuckers". Current leader Louis Farrakhan has also made several remarks that the Anti-Defamation League and others consider antisemitic. Though Farrakhan has denied it, a tape obtained by The New York Times supports claims that he referred to Judaism as a "dirty religion" and called Adolf Hitler a "very great man." Elijah Muhammad claimed that Blacks— not Whites or Jews—are the chosen people. In a 1985 speech, Farrakhan similarly said, "I have a problem with Jews ... because I am declaring to the world that they are not the chosen people of God. ... You, the black people of America and the Western Hemisphere ." Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X has also been widely accused of being antisemitic. His autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures of Jews. Alex Haley, his co-author, had to make rewrites to eliminate a number of negative statements about Jews in the manuscript. Malcolm X believed the fabricated antisemitic text Protocols of the Elders of Zion was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while blaming Jews for "perfecting the modern evil" of neo-colonialism. He was a leading figure in shaping Black antisemitism, engaging in Holocaust trivialization and claiming the Jews "brought it on themselves". In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at an NOI rally alongside George Lincoln Rockwell, head of the American Nazi Party. At a different rally, Rockwell claimed there was overlap between Elijah Muhammed's ideas and White supremacy, although the crowd was hostile towards him and booed at his comments. Even after leaving the NOI and during the last months of his life, Malcolm X's statements about Jews continued to call Jews "bloodsucker". Alleged overrepresentation of Jews in the slave trade Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews "the bible of new anti-Semitism" Main article: Jewish views on slavery The American Jewish population from the 1600s–1800s was extremely low, with few settling in the South. As such, the Jewish role in the American slave trade was minimal. Overall, Jews accounted for 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners. Of all the shipping ports in Colonial America, only in Newport, Rhode Island, did Jewish merchants play a significant part in the slave-trade. Historian Eli Faber says that "he numbers just aren't there to support the view" of significant numbers of Jewish slaveholders, and that "Jews were involved, but to an insignificant degree." During the 1990s, much of the Jewish-black conflict centered on allegations of antisemitism which were made against studies of Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade and allegations that they were over-represented as prominent figures in it. Professor Leonard Jeffries stated in a 1991 speech that "rich Jews" financed the slave trade, citing the role of Jews in slave-trading centers such as Rhode Island, Brazil, the Caribbean, Curaçao, and Amsterdam. His comments drew widespread outrage and calls for his dismissal from his position. As a source, Jeffries cited The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews (1991), published by the Nation of Islam. That book alleges that Jews played a major role in the African slave trade, and it generated considerable controversy. Scholarly works were published which rebutted its charges. Mainstream scholars of slavery such as David Brion Davis concluded that Jews had little major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery. Dutch-American historian of the Atlantic world Wim Klooster notes that "n no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship." Tony Martin of Wellesley College included The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews in the reading list for his classes, leading to charges of antisemitism against him in 1993. Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University called the book "the bible of new anti-Semitism" and added that "the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources." Anti-Black racism among Jews The counterpoint to Black antisemitism is Jewish anti-Black racism. Criticisms of Black activists by Jewish authors often portrayed them as "extremists" or "militants," and sometimes blamed Black people for their own oppression. The civil rights movement was sometimes seen as violent or dangerous, and affirmative action was seen as a threat to the quality of schools. Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have also argued that "a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine" has often led American Jews to denounce Black political movements and figures, including Angela Davis, the Movement for Black Lives and anti-police brutality events. A number of Jewish and Black commentators have also highlighted racism against Black Jews and Jews of color from within their own communities, which has sometimes resulted in "pushing Black Jews out". Rebecca Pierce has criticized the policing of Jewish identities among Jews of color, or accusations of "Jewface", which she argues are based on a conspiracy theory and constitute part of an "undeniable pattern of racist harassment and abuse" levied against Jews of color. According to the 2022 PRRI-EPU Religion and Inclusive Spaces Survey, American Jews score 0.39 on the Structural Racism Index, scoring slightly lower (i.e., less racist) than the average American (0.45) on issues regarding structural and anti-Black racism. Black Americans score 0.20, Hispanic Americans score 0.33 and White Americans score 0.52. Robert Moses Robert Moses was a Jewish-American urban planner and public official who worked in the New York metropolitan area during the early to mid-20th century. In his Pulitzer-winning biography The Power Broker, Robert Caro accused Moses of building low bridges across his parkways in order to make them inaccessible to public transit buses, thereby restricting "the use of state parks by poor and lower-middle-class families" who did not own cars. Caro argues that Moses attempted to discourage Black people from visiting Jones Beach, the centerpiece of the Long Island state park system, by such measures as making it difficult for Black groups to get permits to park buses, even if they came by other roads, and assigning Black lifeguards to "distant, less developed beaches" instead. While the exclusion of commercial vehicles and the use of low bridges were standard on earlier parkways for aesthetic reasons, Caro argues that Moses made greater use of such bridges, which his aide Sidney Shapiro said was done to make it more difficult for future legislators to allow commercial vehicles. Steve Woolgar and Geoff Cooper refer to the claim about bridges as an "urban legend". In response to the biography, Moses defended the displacement of poor and minority communities as an inevitable part of urban revitalization: "I raise my stein to the builder who can remove ghettos without moving people as I hail the chef who can make omelets without breaking eggs." There were allegations Moses selectively chose locations for recreational facilities based on the racial compositions of neighborhood, such as when he selected sites for 11 pools that opened in 1936. According to Jeff Wiltze, Moses purposely placed some pools in neighborhoods with mainly-white populations to deter African Americans from using them, and other pools intended for African Americans, such as the one in Colonial Park (now Jackie Robinson Park), were placed in inconvenient locations. Steven A. Reiss notes that of 255 playgrounds built in the 1930s under Moses's tenure, only two were in largely-Black neighborhoods. Caro wrote that close associates of Moses had claimed they could keep African Americans from using the Thomas Jefferson Pool, in then-predominantly-white East Harlem, by making the water too cold. However, no other source has corroborated the claim that heaters in any particular pool were deactivated or excluded from the pool's design. Moses took a favorable view on the British Empire, and his comments have been called "excruciatingly racist". He said the British Empire was useful in stemming the "rise of the lesser breeds without the law". William Levitt William Jaird Levitt was a Jewish-American real-estate developer and housing pioneer. As president of Levitt & Sons, he is widely credited as the father of modern American suburbia. In 1998 he was named one of Time Magazine's "100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century." While Levitt is credited as being the "father of Suburban development", African Americans were explicitly prohibited from purchasing or otherwise settling in his development Levittown, NY, setting the stage for other suburban towns nationwide. Levitt wrote , "Levittown homes must not be used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race." Southern states Before the Civil War, Jewish slave ownership practices in the Southern United States were governed by regional practices, rather than Judaic law. Many Southern Jews held the view that Black people were subhumans fit only for slavery, which was also the predominant view held by many of their non-Jewish Southern Christian neighbors. Jews were not significantly different from other Southern slave owners in their treatment of slaves. Wealthy Jewish families in the American South generally preferred employing White servants rather than owning slaves. Jewish slave owners included Aaron Lopez, Francis Salvador, Judah Touro, and Haym Salomon. Jewish slave owners were mostly found in business or domestic settings, rather than plantations, so most of the slave ownership was in an urban context — running a business or working as domestic servants. Jewish slave owners freed their Black slaves at about the same rate as non-Jewish slave owners. Sometimes, Jewish slave owners bequeathed slaves to their children in their wills. After the Civil War, Southern Jews often bemoaned the abolition of slavery. For instance, Solomon Cohen, a Confederate Jewish leader in Savannah, Georgia and Georgia's first Jewish senator, described slavery as "the only institution that could elevate the Negro from barbarism and develop the small amount of intellect with which he is endowed." While anti-Black racism animated the original Ku Klux Klan, antisemitism did not. Many prominent Southern Jews identified wholly with southern culture, leading some to participate in the Klan. In 1896, an editorial in the newspaper The Jewish South observed that "Twenty-five years of education resulted in making the colored women more immoral and the men more trifling... Negroes are intellectually, morally and physically an inferior race- a fact none can deny." Ten years later, the board of Atlanta, Georgia's Carnegie Library rejected a petition to admit Blacks; a Jewish board member voted with the majority. These were not isolated incidents. In 1903, Leon Pinsker argued, in Auto-Emancipation, that Jewish suffering was worse than Black suffering, because "unlike the negroes, they belong to an advanced race". Northern states Gil Ribak argues that when Jewish immigrants began arriving in large numbers from Eastern Europe, they brought with them prejudices about Gentile peasants, which they transferred to African Americans. He points to late-19th century portrayals of Gentiles in Yiddish folklore as "that of a peasant, portrayed as inherently Jew-hating, strong, coarse, drunk, illiterate, dumb, and sexually promiscuous," and the work of scholars such as Israel Bartal, Ewa Morawska, and David Roskies who have illustrated that "Jews differentiated between what they saw as high-cultured and low-cultured Gentiles". Because of the role of many Jewish immigrants as "storeowners, tavern keepers, peddlers, and landlords" to Black people, this reinforced those attitudes and "African Americans were frequently seen as the new country’s reincarnation of peasant folk" or the poyerim/muzhikes. Ribak has also noted how newly arrived Jews in America, as opposed to those who were born there, often considered Black people in exoticized or racialized ways. Sholem Aleichem (Sholem Yankev Rabinovitsh) would describe Black people on the train as, "Crude creatures. Frightfully thick lips. Big white teeth and white finger-nails." Even those sympathetic to Black people still expressed anti-Black sentiments. Arriving in 1914, Hebrew-language educator and entrepreneur Zvi Scharfstein noted:It was the first time we saw black people. Beforehand we saw them only in books and newspapers’ illustrations. Now they actually passed by us, showing their white teeth and pouting their thick lips, whose strong redness lit their faces’ blackness. With each encounter or brushing elbows against them – my heart quivered.After 40 years of having Black men and women as servants in his house, Scharfstein later admitted, "I cannot remove completely the traces of that hidden fear from my heart." Despite penning a moving story, "Lynching", about the horrors of anti-Black racism, Yiddish playwright Yoysef Opatoshu described an old Black man in the story as "an old Orangutan." In Harlem, the West Side and other Black neighborhoods, Black customers and tenants felt that Jewish shopkeepers and landlords treated them unfairly because they were racists. Hacker quotes James Baldwin's comments about Jewish shopkeepers in Harlem in support of his racism claim. Rabbi Max Raisin believed that Jews and Whites fled Harlem because of the number of Black people moving there. The notorious Bronx "slave markets", predominantly based in Jewish neighborhoods, often saw Black women exploited to work as domestic help. Many were hired by Jewish households and were often extremely underpaid, further straining Black–Jewish relationships. In 1904, a Board of Education plan to move Jewish children from overcrowded schools on the East Side to the West Side drew condemnation from 2,000 Jewish parents. The newspaper Yidishe Velt (Jewish World) pointed out that this move would put Jewish children into "a Negro neighborhood, not far from the Tenderloin " with "Negroes and painted-up hussies." The President of the Zionist Council of Greater New York, Abraham H. Fromenson, who served as co-editor of the Yidishes Tageblat (Jewish Daily News), wrote that children would be moved to "a street infested with the dirtiest rabble, the scum of the colored race." Fromenson would later defend Booker T. Washington from a racist attack in a Jewish weekly newspaper from St. Louis, The Modern View, though he said in the same defense, "if manifests evil inclinations we should not wonder at it, seeing the many years of slavery his race has gone through." An example of Jewish ambivalence to Black people, Rabbi Max (Mordecai Ze’ev) Raisin expressed his concern about the plight of African Americans, saying, "I bow before Blacks in respect," but also, "I thank God that we Jews have at least white skin and are able to intermingle among whites" (a thought which immediately brought him "burning shame"). He would also say, "Negroes must not be likened to Jews. They never wrote a bible, did not give prophets and messiahs to the world," and that "only white trash will agree to marry Blacks." In the early 1970s, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, Sam Massell, used overt anti-Black rhetoric in his re-election bid for mayor against the city's first Black mayoral candidate Maynard Jackson. As a result, many progressive and college-educated Whites in the city (including Atlanta's largest daily newspaper) publicly endorsed Jackson, which caused Massell to lose his re-election campaign. In his 1992 essay "Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War," historian Taylor Branch asserted that Jews had been "perpetrators of racial hate." He noted that 3,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, founded in 1966 in Chicago, were denied citizenship as Jews when they moved en masse to Israel. The Americans claimed that they had the right of citizenship as Jews under the Israeli Law of Return. Under the law, the only people who are recognized as Jews are people who are born Jews (having a Jewish mother or having a Jewish maternal grandmother), those with Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or having a Jewish grandfather), and people who convert to Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative Judaism. Branch believed that the rejection of the Chicago group was based on anti-Black sentiment among Israeli Jews. Branch was criticized by Seth Forman, who said that his claims seemed baseless. He said that Israel had airlifted thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel in the early 1990s. A group of American civil rights activists which was led by Bayard Rustin investigated the 1966 case. They concluded that racism was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' rejection in Israel; they were considered a cult rather than a group of historic Jewish descendants. Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis Albert Shanker, who was president of the United Federation of Teachers from 1964 to 1985 and president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997, has been accused of anti-Black racism. Early on, he marched with Martin Luther King, Jr., but later moved to the right and proudly supported the Vietnam War. In the 1968 Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis, Black and Puerto Rican parents in Brooklyn were piloting a community school program (known as community control) intended to fight segregation and racial inequity in education, including improving attainment for students of color. The school board was also concerned about the lack of role models for the mostly Black and Puerto Rican students. When the school board fired 19 White union teachers for underperforming, Shanker led UFT teachers in a strike. He also shared antisemitic leaflets he said were put in teachers' lockers, which the school board argued was a deliberate attempt to fan the flames; they pointed out that half the new teachers they had hired to cover the strike were Jewish. Shanker also personally cut chapters on Malcolm X and a quote from Frederick Douglass ("power concedes nothing without a demand") from the proposed course Lesson Plans on African-American History, which he deemed too "radical". Shanker would eventually propose charter schools in the U.S., which, according to The New York Times, became "even more racially and economically segregated than traditional public schools." Charter schools deepened the issues Black and Puerto Rican parents had fought against, and helped widen the rift between Blacks and Jews nationally. 15 Days of Light In December 2022, taking an active and joint stand against the increasing number of instances of racism and antisemitism in the US, New York City Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, the Vista Equity Partners CEO and Carnegie Hall Chairman Robert F. Smith, World Values Network founder and CEO Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, and Elisha Wiesel jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall. Smith said, "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism." The speakers called for Americans to join them in a national display of unity to dispel the darkness of racism and antisemitism for the 15 nights of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa. Sharpton said:There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we’ve gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism. Wiesel added:The Wiesel family stands now and will always stand with the Black community against racism and the lingering economic effects of slavery and segregation in this country. And we are so moved to hear leaders in the Black community like Mayor Adams, Rev Sharpton, and Rev Tillard speak out so strongly against antisemitism. Rabbi Boteach praised the "highly committed Jewish leaders" who joined Black people to fight against racism and hate, adding that this was "the way it should be. Blacks and Jews united to promote human dignity and fight the haters." See also United States portalJudaism portalAfrica portalIsrael portal African Americans in Israel African-American Jews Antisemitism in the United States#Antisemitism within the African-American community Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century Black Hebrew Israelites Black Judaism Black-Palestinian solidarity Geography of antisemitism#United States History of antisemitism in the United States Anti-Zionism#African-American community History of the Jews in the United States Interminority racism in the United States Views of Kanye West#Race and antisemitism Native American–Jewish relations Racism in Jewish communities Jews in the Civil Rights Movement References Notes ^ The law also provides certain rights to the spouse of a person who is recognized as a Jew, the children and grandchildren of a person who is recognized as a Jew, and the spouses of the children and grandchildren of a person who is recognized as a Jew. 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When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. OCLC 1071204. Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett (January 16, 2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-60294-2. Martin, Tony The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront, 1993 Melnick, Jeffrey Paul, A Right to Sing the Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song, 2001. Melnick, Jeffrey, Black-Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South, 2000. Moore, R. Laurence (1987). Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536399-9. Nation of Islam, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, 1991. Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). Antisemitism and the American Far Left. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03601-7. Norwood, Stephen H.; Pollack, Eunice G. (2020). "White Devils, Satanic Jews: The Nation of Islam From Fard to Farrakhan". Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience. 40 (2): 137–168. doi:10.1093/mj/kjaa006 – via Oxford University Press. Pollack, Eunice G, "African American Antisemitism", in Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1 By Stephen Harlan Norwood. Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Henrew University of Israel. Pollack, Eunice G. (2022). "Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present" (PDF). Institute for National Security Studies. Retrieved January 21, 2023. Reiss, Oscar (2004). The Jews in Colonial America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786417308. Salzman, Jack and West, Cornel, Struggles in the promised land: toward a history of Black-Jewish relations, 1997 Salzman, Jack (Ed.) Bridges and Boundaries: African Americans and American Jews, 1992 Shapiro, Edward, Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot, 2006. Webb, Clive (2003). Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights. Weisbord, Robert G., and Stein, Arthur Benjamin, Bittersweet encounter: the Afro-American and the American Jew, Negro Universities Press, 1970 West, Cornel (1993). Race Matters. Further reading Levy, Richard S., ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp 4–6. Green, Emma. "Why Do Black Activists Care About Palestine?" The Atlantic. August 18, 2016. Phillips, William M. An unillustrious alliance: the African American and Jewish American communities (Greenwood, 1991) Webb, Clive. "Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause". Southern Spaces. June 22, 2009. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blacks and Jews (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacks_and_Jews_(film)"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Jewish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"history of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg20061%E2%80%933Webb2003xiiForman20001%E2%80%932-1"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Black Power movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"antisemitic trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"}],"text":"\"Blacks and Jews\" redirects here. For the film, see Blacks and Jews (film).African Americans and Jewish Americans have interacted throughout much of the history of the United States. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—it has been an area of significant academic research.[1] Cooperation during the Civil Rights Movement was strategic and significant, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.The relationship has also featured conflicts and controversies which are related to such topics as the Black Power movement, Zionism, affirmative action, and the antisemitic trope concerning the alleged dominant role of American and Caribbean-based Jews in the Atlantic slave trade.","title":"African American–Jewish relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European slave traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"transported across the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage"},{"link_name":"the Western Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"sold as slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"in the southern colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"manumission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sephardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"long-established institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"slaveholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Jews had an outsize role in the slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindemann_1992_225-7"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_race_concepts"},{"link_name":"scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"Naturalization Act of 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Black people continued to be enslaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"right to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"White supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"second-class citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizen"},{"link_name":"disenfranchised in the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era"}],"text":"Africans first arrived in America in the 16th century. Captives from West and Central Africa were sold to European slave traders and transported across the Atlantic to the Western Hemisphere. After arriving in the Americas, they were sold as slaves to European colonists and put to work on plantations, particularly in the southern colonies. A few were able to achieve freedom through manumission or escape and founded independent communities before and during the American Revolution.[2][3][4][5]Early Jewish communities in what became the United States were primarily Sephardi (Jews of Spanish, Portuguese or Italianate descent). Many were refugees and immigrants from Brazil, where they had moved from Portugal, trying to escape the Inquisition; or from Amsterdam, where many Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled; or from England. They settled in cities such as New York City, Providence, Rhode Island, Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, gradually integrating into the local society.Slavery was a long-established institution in the colonies and some Jews became slaveholders, especially in the South. Despite the conspiracy theory that Jews had an outsize role in the slave trade, Jews comprised only 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners.[6] For the most part, American Jews did not accept a sense of responsibility for the larger society around them until the late 19th century. When they finally did so, Southern Jews lagged far behind Northern Jews.[7]Like many Christians of the time, some Jews used the Bible to justify the enslavement of Black people based on historical and scientific racism. For instance, a Jewish editor named Jacob N. Cardozo explained that \"the reason the Almighty had made the colored black\" was to mark him as inferior, providing an obvious, God-given approval of slavery. This scientific racism often characterized people as belonging to three broad categories or races: Caucasian, Mongoloid and Negroid. So, although Jews were often considered \"other\" and separate from European Christians, the Naturalization Act of 1790 classed them as \"free White persons\" and thus full citizens, unlike Native Americans, Africans, Pacific Islanders, and non-White Asians.[8]After the United States was founded in 1776, most Black people continued to be enslaved, with most concentrated in the American South; four million enslaved were only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865. During the Reconstruction, they gained citizenship and adult-males the right to vote. Due to the widespread policy and ideology of White supremacy, however, they were treated as second-class citizens and found themselves soon disenfranchised in the South.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-10"},{"link_name":"American Jewish Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee"},{"link_name":"American Jewish Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"},{"link_name":"Urban League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League"},{"link_name":"Congress of Racial Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality"},{"link_name":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-10"},{"link_name":"early 1900s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900s"},{"link_name":"anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"Tulsa massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"\"anxieties about Black violence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Buck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"Hasia Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasia_Diner"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiner1995236-17"},{"link_name":"Julius Rosenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman199814-18"},{"link_name":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Joel Elias Spingarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Elias_Spingarn"},{"link_name":"Arthur B. Spingarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Spingarn"},{"link_name":"Henry Moskowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Jack Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman19952-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"Albert Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Leo Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiner19953-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Baruch Charney Vladeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Charney_Vladeck"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe immigrated to the U.S. for social and economic opportunities due to widespread violent pogroms in their homelands. They mainly settled in New York and other major cities.In the Great Migration of the 1910s, Blacks began large-scale migration to northern cities, where many Jews had already settled, in order to escape peonage and second class citizenship.Black people related to the Jews, seeing connections between slavery in America and the biblical accounts of the Israelites in Egypt.[9] Northern Jews also began to see similar connections[9] and began to express sympathy for the plight of Black Americans:In the early 1900s, Jewish newspapers drew parallels between the Black movement out of the South and the Jews' escape from Egypt, pointing out that both Blacks and Jews lived in ghettos, and calling anti-Black riots in the South \"pogroms\". Stressing the similarities rather than the differences between the Jewish and Black experience in America, Jewish leaders emphasized the idea that both groups would benefit the more America moved toward a society of merit, free of religious, ethnic and racial restrictions.[10]The American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, and the Anti-Defamation League were central to the campaign against racial prejudice. Jews made substantial financial contributions to many civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, the Urban League, the Congress of Racial Equality, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[10]In the early 1900s, Northern Jewish daily and weekly publications, many of them holding radical and secular views, often reported on violence against Blacks at a time when non-Jewish publications would not. Some writers in these publications compared the anti-Black violence in the South to the deadly anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, even though other Jewish writers strongly objected to such comparisons.[11][12]Despite many publications taking an anti-racist stance, coverage in Jewish periodicals could be deeply ambivalent: it was often inspired by principles of justice and by a desire to change racist policies in the United States,[13] but it sometimes used racist language,[12] occasionally blamed Black people for their own oppression (including racist incidents such as the Tulsa massacre),[14][11] and was sometimes paternalistic.[14] Some of the ambivalence was motivated, as Uri Schreter puts it, by \"anxieties about Black violence\".[14] At the same time, African American writers often portrayed Jewish people through the lens of capitalism and exploitation of Black labour and many Jews felt that the comparisons Black people drew between themselves and Jews were offensive.[15][16]During this period, notable Northern Jewish leaders invested time, influence and economic resources into Black endeavors, supporting civil rights, philanthropy, social service, and organizing. Historian Hasia Diner notes that \"they made sure that their actions were well publicized\" as part of an effort to demonstrate increasing Jewish political clout.[17]Julius Rosenwald was a Northern Jewish philanthropist who donated a large part of his fortune to supporting Black education in the South by providing matching funds for construction of schools in rural areas.[18] Northern Jews played a major role in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in its early decades. Northern Jews involved in the NAACP included Joel Elias Spingarn (the first chairman), Arthur B. Spingarn, and founder Henry Moskowitz. More recently, Jack Greenberg was a leader in the organization.[19]On the other hand, African Americans also experienced racism and shock from newly arrived Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe,[11] and faced a lack of support from Jews in the South.[20] Critics such as Albert Lindemann have argued that pro-Black attitudes amongst Southern Jews in this time period would have provoked fierce opposition from Christian White Southerners.[20]Southern Jewish attitudes towards Blacks only started to change in 1915, when the much publicized lynching of Leo Frank, a Jew, in Georgia by a mob of White Southerners caused many Southern Jews to \"become acutely conscious of the similarities and differences between themselves and Blacks.\" Some began feeling an increased sense of solidarity with Blacks, as the trial exposed widespread antisemitism in Georgia.[21]However, the trial also pitted Jews against Blacks because Frank's Jewish defense attorneys excluded Black jurors and exploited anti-Black racism by shifting the blame for the murder of Mary Phagan, a White girl, to Jim Conley, a Black janitor and witness against Frank. Frank's lead attorney Luther Rosser called Conley a \"dirty, filthy, Black, drunken, lying nigger.\"[22] Though many historians since the late 20th century have concluded that Conley did murder Phagan,[23][24] most Southern Jews were quite racist towards Blacks at the time and took advantage of their higher social status.[25]Baruch Charney Vladeck reported that although he didn't see Jews attack Blacks in the South, he did see them smile when Blacks were assaulted, and argued that Jews ignored their \"‘vayse’ privilegn\" (\"White\" privilege).[26] However, he felt the lynching of Frank could improve relations with Blacks, writing:Now, when the white body of one of ours has been hung upon a tree, we will perhaps understand that the blacks feel every day what we have felt for only one day and become better citizens.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"link_name":"pan-Africanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism"},{"link_name":"African redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey#Africa"},{"link_name":"Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill,_Robert_A._pp._40%E2%80%9353-28"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill,_Robert_A._pp._40%E2%80%9353-28"},{"link_name":"Negro World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_World"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman19981%E2%80%932-29"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Federal Housing Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-segregation-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"20th century - After World War I & World War II","text":"Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) was an early promoter of pan-Africanism and African redemption and led the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. His push to celebrate Africa as the original homeland of African Americans, led many Jews to compare Garvey to leaders of Zionism.[28] An example of this was that Garvey wanted World War I peace negotiators to turn over former German colonies in southwest Africa to Blacks. In that period, Zionists were promoting a \"return of Jews\" after 2,000 years to the historic homeland of Israel, stressing self-determination for former colonies.[28] At the same time, Garvey regularly criticized Jews in his columns in his newspaper Negro World for allegedly trying to destroy the Black population of America.[29]After World War II, Federal Housing Authority policy restricted certain neighborhoods to people of the \"same social and racial classes\". While some of these neighborhoods excluded them based on charter, Jews were usually permitted to move into White areas, while Blacks were not. This reinforced segregation at the time and deepened the economic, social and political inequalities between African Americans and other ethnic groups, including Jews.[8][30][31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-10"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Jewish_Learning-32"},{"link_name":"hate crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gastonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Jewish_Learning-32"}],"sub_title":"20th century - Civil rights movement","text":"By the middle of the 20th century, many Southern Jews were supportive of the Civil Rights Movement. About 50 percent of the civil rights attorneys in the South during the 1960s were Jews, as were over 50 percent of the Whites who went to Mississippi in 1964 to challenge Jim Crow laws.[10] These pro-Black Southern Jews tended to keep a low profile on \"the race issue\" in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black (and antisemitic) Ku Klux Klan.[32]However, Klan groups exploited the issue of Black integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle in order to commit violently antisemitic hate crimes. As an example of this hatred, in one year alone, from November 1957 to October 1958, temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta, Nashville, Jacksonville, and Miami, and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham, Charlotte, and Gastonia. Some rabbis received death threats, but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannato,_p._355-34"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"slave-barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anti-37"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-39"},{"link_name":"Robert Gordis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"Jacques Berlinerblau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berlinerblau"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Following the Civil War, Jewish shop-owners and landlords engaged in business with Black customers and tenants, often filling a need where non-Jewish, White business owners would not venture. This was true in most regions of the South, where Jews were often merchants in its small cities, as well as northern urban cities such as New York, where they settled in high numbers. Jewish shop-owners tended to be more civil than other Whites to Black customers, treating them with more dignity.[33] Black people often had more immediate contact with Jewish people compared to White Christians.[34]In 1903, Black historian W. E. B. Du Bois described the disparity between Black and Jews in the South, describing the latter, who were often landlords, as successors to the slave-barons.[35] In the 1953 edition, he changed the text to use the words \"immigrant\" and \"foreigner\", explaining, \"What, of course, I meant to condemn was the exploitation of Black labor and that it was in this country and at that time in part a matter of immigrant Jews, was incidental and not essential. My inner sympathy with the Jewish people was expressed better in the last paragraph of page 152. But this illustrates how easily one slips into unconscious condemnation of a whole group.[36] Du Bois also publicly spoke out against anti-Semitism for decades.[37]Black novelist James Baldwin (1924–1987) grew up in Harlem in the years between the world wars and would also highlight the visibility of Jewish landlords as a cause of antisemitism in the Black community. In the essay \"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White\", in which he critiqued that Black antisemitism,[38] he noted that many landlords, grocers, butchers and pawnbrokers in Harlem were Jews, and that this represented Blacks' daily experience not just of White people but of capitalism as well. As a result of these interactions, and the ongoing economic inequalities Black people faced, he explained, many Black people wrongly \"hated them [Jews].\"[39] He went on to end the article with a clear condemnation of antisemitism:I also know that if today I refuse to hate Jews, or anybody else, it is because I know how it feels to be hated. I learned this from Christians, and I ceased to practice what the Christians practiced.\nThe crisis taking place in the world, and in the minds and hearts of black men everywhere, is not produced by the star of David, but by the old, rugged Roman cross on which Christendom's most celebrated Jew was murdered. And not by Jews.[39]Despite this, the incendiary title and language earned him accusations of antisemitism. In his response, \"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin\", Robert Gordis described Baldwin's essay as \"a passionate justification of Negro anti-Semitism.\"[15] Later, Rabbi Samuel Silver said of Baldwin, \"Like other Negro extremists, he has allowed his hostility to whites to run into extra-hostility to Jews, despite the fact that Jews were among the leaders of those championing the cause of the Negro.\"[16]Terrence L. Johnson and Jacques Berlinerblau have argued that Baldwin's intent was to take aim at \"racial capitalism\".[38] Baldwin would write other accounts of Jews that were similarly sympathetic and which would clarify that his target was \"not Jews\" but the capitalist systems that exploited Black people:The first white man I ever saw was the Jewish manager who arrived to collect the rent, and he collected the rent because he did not own the building. I never, in fact, saw any of the people who owned any of the buildings in which we scrubbed and suffered for so long, until I was a grown man and famous. None of them were Jews. And I was not stupid: the grocer and the druggist were Jews, for example, and they were very very nice to me, and to us... I knew a murderer when I saw one, and the people who were trying to kill me were not Jews.[40]Like Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr. suggested that some Black antisemitism arose from the tensions of landlord-tenant relations. He acknowledged \"irrational statements\" made against Jews by Black people, blaming them on the dire situation of Black people in areas like Chicago:When we were working in Chicago, we had numerous rent strikes on the West Side, and it was unfortunately true that, in most instances, the persons we had to conduct these strikes against were Jewish landlords... We were living in a slum apartment owned by a Jew and a number of others, and we had to have a rent strike. We were paying $94 for four run-down, shabby rooms, and .... we discovered that whites ... were paying only $78 a month. We were paying 20 percent tax.\nThe Negro ends up paying a color tax, and this has happened in instances where Negroes actually confronted Jews as the landlord or the storekeeper. The irrational statements that have been made are the result of these confrontations.[41]","title":"Commercial and residential relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jolson_black.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"The Jazz Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer"},{"link_name":"Jews in jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_jazz"},{"link_name":"Jewish women in jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_women_in_jazz"},{"link_name":"Jews in the history of American film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_history_of_American_film"},{"link_name":"film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Michael Rogin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rogin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Blackface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface"},{"link_name":"expressions of the culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Harold Cruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cruse"},{"link_name":"Black culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Black musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_music"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Leonard Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Empire State Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Russian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"stereotype of Blacks.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"significant role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_jazz"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Willie \"The Lion\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_%22the_Lion%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"Slim Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Cab Calloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Calloway"},{"link_name":"Jewish and Jewish-themed songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927).See also: Jews in jazz, Jewish women in jazz, and Jews in the history of American filmJewish producers in the United States entertainment industry produced many works on Black subjects in the film industry, Broadway, and the music industry. Many portrayals of Black people were sympathetic, but historian Michael Rogin has discussed how some of the treatments were racist and could be considered exploitative.[42]Rogin also analyzes the instances when Jewish actors, such as Al Jolson, portrayed Blacks in Blackface. He suggests that these were deliberately racist portrayals but adds that they were also expressions of the culture at the time. Black people could not appear in leading roles in either the theatre or in movies, but Blackface was relatively common. Despite this, Rogin argues that Jewish Blackface did not cause significant tensions at the time, saying: \"Jewish blackface neither signified a distinctive Jewish racism nor produced a distinctive Black anti-Semitism\".[43]Jews often drew on Black culture in film, music, and plays. Historian Jeffrey Melnick argues that Jewish artists such as Irving Berlin and George Gershwin created the myth that they were the proper interpreters of Black culture, \"elbowing out 'real' Black Americans in the process.\" Black academic Harold Cruse viewed the arts scene as a White-dominated misrepresentation of Black culture, epitomized by works like Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess.[44][45]Evidence from Black musicians and critics suggests that Jews in the music business played an important role in paving the way for mainstream acceptance of Black culture, though Blacks and Jews didn't benefit from this acceptance equally. Melnick concludes that, \"while both Jews and African-Americans contributed to the rhetoric of musical affinity, the fruits of this labor belonged exclusively to the former.\"[46][47]Some Black people also have criticized Jewish movie producers for portraying Black people in a racist manner. In 1990, at an NAACP convention in Los Angeles, Legrand Clegg, founder of the Coalition Against Black Exploitation, a pressure group that lobbied against negative screen images of African Americans, alleged:[T]he century-old problem of Jewish racism in Hollywood denies Blacks access to positions of power in the industry and portrays Blacks in a derogatory manner: \"If Jewish leaders can complain of Black anti-Semitism, our leaders should certainly raise the issue of the century-old problem of Jewish racism in Hollywood.... No Jewish people ever attacked or killed Black people. But we're concerned with Jewish producers who degrade the Black image. It's a genuine concern. And when we bring it up, our statements are distorted and we're dragged through the press as anti-Semites.[48][49]Professor Leonard Jeffries echoed those comments in a 1991 speech at the Empire State Plaza Black Arts & Cultural Festival in Albany, New York. Jeffries said that Russian Jews and the Mafia controlled the film industry, using it to paint a negative stereotype of Blacks.[50][51]Jewish Americans are noted for playing a significant role in jazz, a musical genre created and originally developed by African Americans.[52] This is largely attributed to aligning through persecution, as Jews were not considered fully American or White throughout the 1920s and 30s.[53] Willie \"The Lion\" Smith, Slim Gaillard, Cab Calloway, and other Black musicians played Jewish and Jewish-themed songs.[54] Meanwhile, Jewish Jazz was an attempt to combine Jewish music and jazz into a new genre.[55]","title":"Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Jewish community and the Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement#American_Jewish_community_and_the_civil_rights_movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Gelders_beaten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clayton, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-56"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gelders"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Scottsboro Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-57"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Lucy Randolph Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Randolph_Mason"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference for Human Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference_for_Human_Welfare"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-59"},{"link_name":"Virginia Foster Durr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Foster_Durr"},{"link_name":"National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_to_Abolish_the_Poll_Tax"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"See also: American Jewish community and the Civil Rights MovementGelders recovering in a Clayton, Alabama, hospital[56]A 1934 ore-miner strike which led to the killing of several Black miners was the catalyst for physicist Joseph Gelders' civil rights activism and labor organizing efforts. Gelders and his wife Esther started to host a weekly discussion group for students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He established an Alabama committee which worked on the Scottsboro Boys case.[57]Due to his efforts, Gelders was kidnapped and assaulted by members of the Ku Klux Klan on September 23, 1936.[57][58] Gelders and suffragist Lucy Randolph Mason established the Southern Conference for Human Welfare in 1938.[59] In 1941, Gelders and activist Virginia Foster Durr led the creation of the National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax.[60]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollinger,_pp._4%E2%80%935-62"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"American culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"religious discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"undue weight?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations#undue"},{"link_name":"Reform Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Platform"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman2000193-65"},{"link_name":"rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Abraham Joshua Heschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Selma to Montgomery marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches"},{"link_name":"King Center for Nonviolent Social Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Marc Schneier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Schneier"},{"link_name":"Crown Heights riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman200021-69"}],"sub_title":"The \"golden age\"","text":"Cooperation between Jewish and African-American organizations peaked after World War II—sometimes, it is called the \"golden age\" of the relationship.[61] The leaders of each group jointly worked to launch a movement for racial equality in the United States, and Jews funded and led some national civil rights organizations.[62] For Jewish publications, African-American Civil Rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois wrote testimonies and op-eds that decried the Nazi violence in Europe after he visited the eviscerated Warsaw Ghetto.[63]Historically, Black colleges and universities hired Jewish refugee professors who were not given comparable jobs in White institutions because wider American culture was antisemitic. This era of cooperation culminated in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial and religious discrimination in schools and other public facilities, and the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited discriminatory voting practices and authorized the government to oversee and review state voting practices.[citation needed]Historian Greenberg notes that one narrative of the relationship says: \"It is significant that ... a disproportionate number of white civil rights activists were [Jewish] as well. Jewish agencies engaged with their African American counterparts in a more sustained and fundamental way than other white groups did largely because their constituents and their understanding of Jewish values and Jewish self-interest pushed them in that direction.\"[64][undue weight? – discuss]The extent of Jewish participation in the civil rights movement frequently correlated with their branch of Judaism: Reform Jews participated more frequently than Orthodox Jews. Many Reform Jews were guided by values which were reflected in the Reform branch's Pittsburgh Platform, which urged Jews to \"participate in the great task of modern times, to solve, on the basis of justice and righteousness, the problems presented by the contrasts and evils of the present organization of society.\"[65]Religious leaders such as rabbis and ministers of Black Baptist churches frequently played key roles in the civil rights movement, including Abraham Joshua Heschel, who marched with Martin Luther King Jr. during the Selma to Montgomery marches. To commemorate this moment, 20 years later, representatives from the Coalition of Conscience, the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (now the ADL) and the Atlanta Board of Education marched together again.[66]Sixteen Jewish leaders were arrested while they were heeding King's call to participate in the June 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests in St. Augustine, Florida. It was the occasion of the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history.[67] Marc Schneier, President of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, wrote Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community (1999), recounting the historic relationship between African and Jewish Americans as a way to encourage a return to strong ties following years of animosity that reached its apex during the Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn, New York.[68]Northern and Western Jews frequently supported desegregation in their communities and schools, even at the risk of diluting the unity of their close-knit Jewish communities, which were frequently a critical component of Jewish life.[69]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AndrewGoodman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Freedom Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Summer"},{"link_name":"Andrew Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schwerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schwerner"},{"link_name":"James Chaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chaney"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"The \"golden age\" - Murder of Jewish civil rights activists","text":"Andrew GoodmanThe summer of 1964 was designated the Freedom Summer, and many Jews from the North and West traveled to the South to participate in a concentrated voter registration effort. Two Jewish activists, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, and one Black activist, James Chaney, were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi, as a result of their participation. Their deaths were considered martyrdom by some, and as a result, Black-Jewish relations were temporarily strengthened.[citation needed]In 1965, Martin Luther King Jr., said,How could there be anti-Semitism among Negroes when our Jewish friends have demonstrated their commitment to the principle of tolerance and brotherhood not only in the form of sizable contributions, but in many other tangible ways, and often at great personal sacrifice. Can we ever express our appreciation to the rabbis who chose to give moral witness with us in St. Augustine during our recent protest against segregation in that unhappy city? Need I remind anyone of the awful beating suffered by Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld of Cleveland when he joined the civil rights workers there in Hattiesburg, Mississippi? And who can ever forget the sacrifice of two Jewish lives, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, in the swamps of Mississippi? It would be impossible to record the contribution that the Jewish people have made toward the Negro's struggle for freedom—it has been so great.[70][non-primary source needed]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"Black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Kaye/Kantrowitz"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hacker"},{"link_name":"Andrew Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schwerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schwerner"},{"link_name":"James Chaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chaney"},{"link_name":"three fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacker,_in_Adams,_p._22-73"},{"link_name":"Julius Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lester"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"}],"sub_title":"Questioning the \"golden age\"","text":"Some recent scholarship suggests that the \"golden age\" (1955–1966) of the Black–Jewish relationship was not as ideal as it is often portrayed.Philosopher and activist Cornel West said , \"There was no golden age in which blacks and Jews were free of tension and friction\". West said that this period of Black–Jewish cooperation is frequently downplayed by Black people and it is frequently romanticized by Jews: \"It is downplayed by blacks because they focus on the astonishingly rapid entry of most Jews into the middle and upper middle classes during this brief period—an entry that has spawned... resentment from a quickly growing Black impoverished class. Jews, on the other hand, tend to romanticize this period because their present status as upper middle dogs and some top dogs in American society unsettles their historic self-image as progressives with a compassion for the underdog.\"[71]Historian Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz points out that the number of non-Southern Jews who went to the southern states only numbered a few hundred, and she also points out that the \"relationship was frequently out of touch, periodically at odds, with both sides failing to understand each other's point of view.\"[72]Political scientist Andrew Hacker wrote about the disparity between Jewish and Black experiences of the civil rights movement:It is more than a little revealing that Whites who travelled south in 1964 referred to their sojourn as their 'Mississippi summer'. It is as if all the efforts of the local Blacks for voter registration and the desegregation of public facilities had not even existed until White help arrived... Of course, this was done with benign intentions, as if to say 'we have come in answer to your calls for assistance'. The problem was... the condescending tone... For Jewish liberals, the great memory of that summer has been the deaths of Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner and—almost as an afterthought—James Chaney. Indeed, Chaney's name tends to be listed last, as if the life he lost was only worth three fifths of the others.[73]Hacker also quoted author Julius Lester, who was an African-American convert to Judaism, as writing:Jews tend to be a little self-righteous about their liberal record, ... we realize that they were pitying us and wanted our gratitude, not the realization of the principles of justice and humanity... Blacks consider [Jews] paternalistic. Black people have destroyed the previous relationship which they had with the Jewish community, in which we were the victims of a kind of paternalism, which is only a benevolent racism.[74]In \"The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement\", Hannah Labovitz argues, \"this is not a story about white Jews intervening to save the day after experiencing their own challenges, but rather one damaged community doing what it could to help another.\"[9]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black power movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg,_p._13-75"},{"link_name":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollinger,_pp._4%E2%80%935-62"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Harold Cruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cruse"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman200011%E2%80%9312-77"}],"sub_title":"Black power movement","text":"By 1966, Jews were increasingly transitioning to middle-class and upper-class status, creating a gap in relations between Jews and Black people. At the same time, many Black leaders, including some leaders of the Black power movement, became outspoken in their demands for greater equality, frequently criticizing Jews along with other White targets.[75]In 1966, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) voted to exclude Whites from its leadership, a decision that resulted in the expulsion of several Jewish leaders.[62][76]In 1967, Black academic Harold Cruse attacked Jewish activism in his 1967 volume The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual in which he argued that Jews had become a problem for Blacks precisely because they had so identified with the Black struggle. Cruse insisted that Jewish involvement in interracial politics impeded the emergence of \"Afro-American ethnic consciousness\". For Cruse, as well as for other Black activists, the role of American Jews as political mediators between Blacks and Whites was \"fraught with serious dangers to all concerned\" and it must be \"terminated by Negroes themselves.\"[77]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"American Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"western states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_American_West"},{"link_name":"Jews in the southern states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2003xiii-79"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman200021-69"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2003xiii-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Forsyth County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2003xi-81"}],"sub_title":"Southern Jews in the civil rights movement","text":"The vast majority of civil rights activism by American Jews was undertaken by Jews from the northern and western states. Jews in the southern states engaged in virtually no organized activities on behalf of civil rights.[78][79] This lack of participation was puzzling to some northern Jews, due to the \"inability of the northern Jewish leaders to see that Jews, before the battle for desegregation, were not generally victims in the South and that the racial caste system in the south situated Jews favorably in the Southern mind, or 'whitened' them.\"[69] However, there were some southern Jews who participated in the civil rights movement as individuals.[79][80]Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was the rabbi of Atlanta's oldest and most prominent synagogue, The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, also known as \"the Temple\", from 1946 until his death in 1973, where he distinguished himself by speaking out as an outspoken proponent of civil rights. Upon his arrival in Atlanta (after living in Pittsburgh for most of his life), Rabbi Rothschild was disturbed by the depth of the racial injustice which he witnessed and he resolved to make civil rights a focal point of his rabbinical career. He first broached the topic of civil rights in his 1947 Rosh Hashanah sermon but he remained mindful of his status as an outsider and during his first few years in Atlanta, he proceeded with caution in order to avoid alienating his supporters. By 1954, however, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Board of Education decision, which called for the desegregation of public schools, race relations had become a recurring theme of his sermons, and Temple members had grown accustomed to his support of civil rights.At the same time, he reached out to members of the local Christian clergy and he also became active in civic affairs, joining the Atlanta Council on Human Relations, the Georgia Council of Human Relations, the Southern Regional Council, the Urban League, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews. In order to promote cooperation with his Christian colleagues, Rothschild established the Institute for the Christian Clergy, an annual daylong event which was hosted by the Temple each February. Black ministers were always welcome at the Temple's interfaith events, and on other occasions, Rothschild invited prominent black leaders, such as Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays, to lead educational luncheons at the Temple, despite objections from some members of his congregation.In 1957, when other southern cities were erupting in violent opposition to court-ordered school desegregation, eighty Atlanta ministers issued a statement in which they called for interracial negotiation, obedience to the law, and a peaceful resolution to the integration disputes that threatened Atlanta's moderate reputation.[citation needed] The Ministers' Manifesto, as the statement came to be known, marked an important turning point in Atlanta's race relations. Although the Manifesto's strong Christian language prevented Rothschild from signing it himself, the rabbi assisted in the drafting and conception of the \nstatement, and he endorsed it in an article that ran separately in the Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution and later, it appeared in the Congressional Record.While Rothschild's activism won admiration from some quarters of the city, it earned contempt from others. When fifty sticks of dynamite exploded at the Temple on October 12, 1958, many observers concluded that the rabbi's outspoken support of civil rights had made the synagogue a target of extremist violence. Because the bombing was condemned by elected officials, members of the press, and the vast majority of ordinary citizens, it resulted in a repudiation of extremism and a renewed commitment to racial moderation by members of official Atlanta.Rather than withdraw from public life, Rothschild stepped up his activism after the bombing, regularly speaking in support of civil rights at public events throughout the city and throughout region, and assuming the vice presidency of the Atlanta Council on Human Relations. Members of his congregation followed Rothschild's lead, taking leadership positions in HOPE (Help Our Public Education) and OASIS (Organizations Assisting Schools in September), two influential organizations that helped ensure the peaceful integration of Atlanta's public schools in 1961.During this period, Rothschild forged a close personal friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. After King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, Rothschild assisted in the organizing of a city-sponsored banquet in King's honor, and during the banquet, he served as its master of ceremonies. After King's assassination in 1968, the combined clergy of Atlanta paid their respects to King by holding a memorial service at the Episcopal Cathedral of St. Philip, and Rothschild was selected to deliver the eulogy by his peers.In the years after King's death, Rothschild's opposition to the more militant measures which were adopted by younger Black activists cost him much of the support which he once received from his African American counterparts in the civil rights movement. Despite his diminished stature in the Black community, Rothschild continued to candidly speak about social justice and civil rights on a regular basis until he died, after he suffered a heart attack, on December 31, 1973.In recent decades, southern Jews have been more willing to speak out in support of civil rights, as was illustrated by the 1987 marches in Forsyth County, Georgia.[81]","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hill_(labor_director)"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"labor movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United Automobile Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Jewish Labor Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"United Farm Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farm_Workers"},{"link_name":"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"A. Philip Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph"},{"link_name":"Bayard Rustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-83"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hill_(labor_director)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill_pp._10,_265-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill_pp._10,_265-84"},{"link_name":"International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated272-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated272-86"},{"link_name":"New York City teachers' strike of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_teachers%27_strike_of_1968"},{"link_name":"United Federation of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"Albert Shanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Shanker"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Herbert Hill (second from right), labor director of NAACP, with Thurgood Marshall (second from left)The labor movement was another area of the African American–Jewish relationship that flourished before WWII, but it ended in conflict afterwards. In the early 20th century, one important area of cooperation was attempts to increase minority representation in the leadership of the United Automobile Workers (UAW). In 1943, Jews and Black people joined to request the creation of a new department within the UAW dedicated to minorities, but that request was refused by UAW leaders.[82]In the immediate post-World War II period, the Jewish Labor Committee (JLC), which was founded in February 1934 to oppose the rise of Nazism in Germany, formed approximately two dozen local committees to combat racial intolerance in the U.S and Canada. The JLC, which had local offices in a number of communities in North America, helped found the United Farm Workers and campaigned for the passage of California's Fair Employment Practices Act, and provided staffing and support for the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom led by Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin.[83]Beginning in early 1962, the NAACP's labor director Herbert Hill alleged that since the 1940s, the JLC had also defended the anti-Black discriminatory practices of unions in both the garment and building industries.[84][85] Hill claimed that the JLC changed \"a Black white conflict into a Black-Jewish conflict\".[84] He said that the JLC defended the Jewish leaders of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) against charges of anti-Black racial discrimination, distorted the government's reports about discrimination, failed to tell union members the truth, and when union members complained, the JLC labeled them antisemites.[86] Hill says that ILGWU leaders denounced Black members for demanding equal treatment and access to leadership positions.[86]The New York City teachers' strike of 1968 also signaled the decline of Black-Jewish relations: the Jewish president of the United Federation of Teachers, Albert Shanker, made statements that were seen by some as straining Black-Jewish relations because in them, he accused Black teachers of being antisemitic.[87]","title":"Labor movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites"},{"link_name":"ISUPK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_School_of_Universal_Practical_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Black Hebrew Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites"},{"link_name":"Black American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"traditionally recognized Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams,_Maurianne_1999_pp._84-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams,_Maurianne_1999_pp._84-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Louis Theroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Theroux"},{"link_name":"Weird Weekends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Weekends"}],"text":"The Hebrew Israelite group ISUPK, Passover, Harlem, 2012.Black Hebrew Israelites are groups of people, mostly of Black American ancestry who are mainly situated in the Americas and claim to be the descendants of the ancient Israelites.[88] To varying degrees, Black Hebrews adhere to the religious beliefs and practices of both mainstream Judaism and mainstream Christianity, but they get most of their doctrines from Christian resources. They are generally not accepted as Jews by Orthodox, Conservative or Reform Jews, nor are they accepted as Jews by the wider Jewish community, due to their degree of divergence from mainstream Judaism, and their frequent expressions of hostility towards traditionally recognized Jews.[89]Many Black Hebrews consider themselves—and not Jews—to be the only authentic descendants of the ancient Israelites, claiming Jews are simply imposters.[89] Some groups identify themselves as Hebrew Israelites, other groups identify themselves as Black Hebrews, and other groups identify themselves as Jews.[90][91][92][93] Dozens of Black Hebrew groups were founded in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[94]In 2003, 1,200 Black Hebrew Israelites were found to be eligible for Israeli citizenship. Members of the community began to immigrate to Israel as early as 1992, when Israel's interior ministry began to grant Black Hebrew Israelites different levels of immigration status. Some Black Hebrew Israelites were granted full citizenship, while others were granted permanent resident status, and others were granted temporary resident status. In April 2021, A spokesman for the Israeli government announced Israel's plans to deport dozens of African Hebrews despite the fact that many members of the community had received permanent residency under arrangements with Israel. 51 members of the community were ordered to leave their homes by September 23, 2021. In October 2021, the Beersheba court district issued an interim injunction that effectively halted the deportations.[95][96]The British filmmaker Louis Theroux documented the movement in his Weird Weekends series.","title":"Black Hebrew Israelites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"publicly opposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali-97"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"solidarity with the Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Palestinian_solidarity"},{"link_name":"criticized Israel's actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"called for the destruction of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollinger,_pp._4%E2%80%935-62"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"Zionist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Zionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"Race Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Matters"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199373%E2%80%9374-100"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hacker"},{"link_name":"people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Middle East crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-104"}],"text":"After his retirement, the professional boxer Muhammad Ali publicly opposed Zionism.[97]After Israel took over the West Bank and Gaza following the 1967 Six-Day War, some Black Americans expressed their solidarity with the Palestinians and criticized Israel's actions; for example, they publicly supported the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and called for the destruction of Israel.[62] Some of them, such as Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X, also criticized the Zionist movement.[97][98]Immediately after the Six Day War, the editor of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) newsletter wrote an article which criticized Israel, asserted that the war was an effort to regain Palestinian land and asserted that during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, \"Zionists conquered the Arab homes and land through terror, force, and massacres\". The publication of this article triggered a conflict between Jews and the SNCC, but Black SNCC leaders treated the war as a \"test of their willingness to demonstrate the SNCC's break from its civil rights past\".[99]The concerns of Black people continued to be expressed, and in 1993, the Black philosopher Cornel West wrote the following in Race Matters: \"Jews will not comprehend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of Palestinians in Israel means to Blacks.... Blacks often perceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a second instance of naked group interest, and, again, an abandonment of substantive moral deliberation.\"[100]Andrew Hacker argues that some African American support for Palestinians is due to the consideration of them as people of color: \"The presence of Israel in the Middle East is perceived as thwarting the rightful status of people of color. Some Blacks view Israel as essentially a White and European power, supported from the outside, and occupying space that rightfully belongs to the original inhabitants of Palestine.\"[101]Martin Luther King Jr. criticized this position at the 68th Annual Rabbinical Assembly for Conservative Judaism, saying:On the Middle East crisis, we have had various responses. The responses of the so-called young militants does not represent the position of the vast majority of Negroes. There are some who are color consumed and see a kind of mystique in being colored, and anything non-colored is condemned. We do not follow that course in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and certainly most of the organizations in the civil rights movement do not follow that course.[102]Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have argued that Jewish criticism of Black political movements and individuals based on their support for Palestinians is based on \"a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine\".[103][104]","title":"Criticism of Zionism and Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"institutional racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism"},{"link_name":"unconscious bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_stereotype"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_quota"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollinger,_pp._4%E2%80%935-62"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman19952Forman200021%E2%80%9322-108"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg,_p._13-75"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2006206%E2%80%93207-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Many Black people have supported government and business affirmative action, believing that meritocracies are subject to institutional racism and unconscious bias.[105][106] Many Jews, meanwhile, associated affirmative action with quotas that have reduced, rather than increased, Jewish access to jobs and education.[107] Historians believe that this difference in outlook contributed to the decline of the Black-Jewish alliance in the 1970s, when Black people began seeking ways to build on the civil rights legislation of the 1960s.[62][108]As Black people continued to face widespread discrimination and struggled to make progress in society, Black activism became increasingly outspoken. Greenberg believes that this increased resentment and fear among Jews.[75] As this activism spread to the North, many liberal Jews also began to move out of areas with increasing Black populations, due to what Greenberg describes as the perceived \"deterioration of their schools and neighborhoods\", sometimes also citing civil rights protests as a motivator.[109]Herbert Hill's survey of affirmative-action lawsuits found that Jewish organizations have generally opposed affirmative-action programs.[110] A widely publicized example of the Black-Jewish conflict arose in the 1978 affirmative action case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, when Black and Jewish organizations took opposing sides in the case of a white student who sued for admission, claiming that he was unfairly excluded by affirmative action programs.[111]","title":"Affirmative action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-115"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-38"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-115"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-115"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199373%E2%80%9374,_77-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"systemic racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_racism"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-114"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Sufi Abdul Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_Abdul_Hamid"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Jewish_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-121"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Young"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-124"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollinger,_pp._4%E2%80%935-62"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman19953-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-124"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Crown Heights riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199375-126"},{"link_name":"Leonard Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"David Brion Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brion_Davis"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"Some leaders of the Black community have publicly made comments or expressed opinions which have been deemed antisemitic. These include accusing Jews of being over-aggressive or exploitative in their business relations with Black people, accusing Jews of being more loyal to Israel than the United States, alleging that Jews had a central role in the slave trade, and accusing Jews of economically oppressing black people.[112]Most analysts, including the ADL, attribute Black antisemitism to poor education in disadvantaged communities (in which Black people may be overrepresented due to systemic racism);[113][114] or to unequal power dynamics and opportunities between Jews and Blacks living in close proximity in places like Harlem and the West Side.[115][39][38] Other explanations include scapegoating,[15] competition for resources or support,[116] rising identity politics which caused both groups to become more insular,[8][115] anti-Black racism among Jews,[12][11] Israeli support for South Africa during apartheid, increasing pro-Palestinian support among Black people and the radical left, the failure of white and Jewish liberalism to advance Black rights, resentment over what Judith Rosenbaum called \"Jewish feelings of moral proprietorship in the civil rights struggle\",[115] or to a perceived failure to show or maintain solidarity with Black communities, particularly in the South.[117][118] Tema Smith has argued that many of these explanations share systemic racism as a cause.[114]In 1935, during the Great Depression, the Black activist Sufi Abdul Hamid led boycotts against certain Harlem merchants and establishments which he claimed discriminated against Blacks. Many of them were owned by Jewish proprietors, but others were owned by Greeks and Italians. In response to these activities, The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle accused him of fomenting Black-Jewish \"disturbances\" in Harlem.[119][120] He argued he merely targeted shops that refused to hire Black workers and was acquitted of charges of trying to drive out Jewish shopkeepers and of maligning Jews.[121][122][123]Hamid later admitted Nazi groups had tried to offer him money to organise a Black \"legion\" against the Jews, but that he refused because they didn't care about Blacks either.[121] Hamid renounced antisemitism, saying it was wrong to condemn \"Jews as a race\" based on the actions of a few who denied jobs to Blacks.[121] He founded the Universal Order of Tranquility with the aim of uniting Jews, Christians, whites and blacks.[121]In 1984, presidential candidate Jesse Jackson and former United Nations ambassador Andrew Young made antisemitic comments, which were widely publicized.[124] Many have argued that these remarks extended the era of African-American and Jewish distrust into the 1980s.[62][125][124]In 1991 in Brooklyn, a Black mob killed Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jew, in the Crown Heights riot, after a car driven by a Jew hit and killed a Black boy, Gavin Cato, and seriously injured his cousin, Angela. The two ethnic groups lived in close proximity to each other in this neighborhood.[126]During the 1990s, Prof. Leonard Jeffries of the City College of New York was a proponent of the idea that Jewish businessmen financed the Atlantic slave trade and used the movie industry to hurt black people. He was sacked by CUNY and his conclusions have been rejected by major African American historians of the slave trade, including David Brion Davis.[127]According to a 2016 survey conducted by the Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish organization, the prevalence of antisemitism among African-Americans was found to be 23%, compared to 14% for the general population, 19% for US-born Hispanics, 31% for \"foreign-born\" Hispanics and 10% for White Americans. This prevalence has fallen significantly since surveys in 1998, 1992 and 1964.[128] Conversely, a survey by PRRI in 2018 found that 44% of Black Protestants believe Jewish people face \"a lot\" of discrimination in America, compared to 31% of religiously unaffiliated Americans, 29% of Catholics, 28% of White mainline Protestants and only 20% of white evangelical Protestants.[129]","title":"Antisemitism among African Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nation of Islam and antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Farrakhan,_smiling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Farrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan"},{"link_name":"Nation of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Nation of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Black separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_separatism"},{"link_name":"Elijah Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Khalid Abdul Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Abdul_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Louis Farrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noi.org2-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman19951-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"chosen people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_people"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"caricatures of Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_trope"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Alex Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Haley"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Protocols of the Elders of Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion"},{"link_name":"neo-colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonialism"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Holocaust trivialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"George Lincoln Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"American Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"White supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeet-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"Nation of Islam","text":"See also: Nation of Islam and antisemitismLouis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam, has made many antisemitic remarks.The Nation of Islam, a Black separatist religious and political group, made several antisemitic pronouncements in the late 20th century. Founder Elijah Muhammad asserted that Whites—as well as Jews—were devils implicated in racism against Blacks, but he did not consider Jews to be any more corrupt or oppressive than other Whites were.[130]In 1993, Nation of Islam spokesman Khalid Abdul Muhammad publicly called Jews \"bloodsuckers\". Current leader Louis Farrakhan has also made several remarks that the Anti-Defamation League and others consider antisemitic. Though Farrakhan has denied it,[131][132][133][134][135] a tape obtained by The New York Times supports claims that he referred to Judaism as a \"dirty religion\" and called Adolf Hitler a \"very great man.\"[136]Elijah Muhammad claimed that Blacks— not Whites or Jews—are the chosen people.[137] In a 1985 speech, Farrakhan similarly said, \"I have a problem with Jews ... because I am declaring to the world that they are not the chosen people of God. ... You, the black people of America and the Western Hemisphere [are].\"[138]Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X has also been widely accused of being antisemitic.[139][140] His autobiography contains several antisemitic charges and caricatures of Jews.[141] Alex Haley, his co-author, had to make rewrites to eliminate a number of negative statements about Jews in the manuscript.[142] Malcolm X believed the fabricated antisemitic text Protocols of the Elders of Zion was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while blaming Jews for \"perfecting the modern evil\" of neo-colonialism.[143][144] He was a leading figure in shaping Black antisemitism, engaging in Holocaust trivialization and claiming the Jews \"brought it on themselves\".[145]In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at an NOI rally alongside George Lincoln Rockwell, head of the American Nazi Party. At a different rally, Rockwell claimed there was overlap between Elijah Muhammed's ideas and White supremacy, although the crowd was hostile towards him and booed at his comments.[146] Even after leaving the NOI and during the last months of his life, Malcolm X's statements about Jews continued to call Jews \"bloodsucker[s]\".[147]","title":"Antisemitism among African Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Louis Gates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"new anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Eli Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Faber"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Leonard Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-50"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews"},{"link_name":"Nation of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austen-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austen-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"David Brion Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brion_Davis"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_1984_89-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Tony Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Martin_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Henry Louis Gates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"new anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Alleged overrepresentation of Jews in the slave trade","text":"Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews \"the bible of new anti-Semitism\"The American Jewish population from the 1600s–1800s was extremely low, with few settling in the South.[148][149][150] As such, the Jewish role in the American slave trade was minimal. Overall, Jews accounted for 1.25 percent of Southern slave owners.[6] Of all the shipping ports in Colonial America, only in Newport, Rhode Island, did Jewish merchants play a significant part in the slave-trade.Historian Eli Faber says that \"[t]he numbers just aren't there to support the view\" of significant numbers of Jewish slaveholders, and that \"Jews were involved, but to an insignificant degree.\"[151]During the 1990s, much of the Jewish-black conflict centered on allegations of antisemitism which were made against studies of Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade and allegations that they were over-represented as prominent figures in it. Professor Leonard Jeffries stated in a 1991 speech that \"rich Jews\" financed the slave trade, citing the role of Jews in slave-trading centers such as Rhode Island, Brazil, the Caribbean, Curaçao, and Amsterdam.[50] His comments drew widespread outrage and calls for his dismissal from his position.[152]As a source, Jeffries cited The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews (1991), published by the Nation of Islam.[153] That book alleges that Jews played a major role in the African slave trade, and it generated considerable controversy.[153] Scholarly works were published which rebutted its charges.[154] Mainstream scholars of slavery such as David Brion Davis concluded that Jews had little major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery.[155]Dutch-American historian of the Atlantic world Wim Klooster notes that \"[i]n no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship.\"[156][157][158]Tony Martin of Wellesley College included The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews in the reading list for his classes, leading to charges of antisemitism against him in 1993.[159][160][161]Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University called the book \"the bible of new anti-Semitism\" and added that \"the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources.\"[162]","title":"Antisemitism among African Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish anti-Black racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hacker-163"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-159"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-103"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"Angela Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis"},{"link_name":"Movement for Black Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-104"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-165"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"The counterpoint to Black antisemitism is Jewish anti-Black racism.[163] Criticisms of Black activists by Jewish authors often portrayed them as \"extremists\" or \"militants,\"[16][159][103] and sometimes blamed Black people for their own oppression.[11] The civil rights movement was sometimes seen as violent or dangerous, and affirmative action was seen as a threat to the quality of schools.[8][14][11] Rebecca Pierce and Batya Ungar-Sargon have also argued that \"a racist hyper-policing of any Black support for Palestine\" has often led American Jews to denounce Black political movements and figures, including Angela Davis, the Movement for Black Lives and anti-police brutality events.[103][104]A number of Jewish and Black commentators have also highlighted racism against Black Jews and Jews of color from within their own communities, which has sometimes resulted in \"pushing Black Jews out\".[164][165][166] Rebecca Pierce has criticized the policing of Jewish identities among Jews of color, or accusations of \"Jewface\", which she argues are based on a conspiracy theory and constitute part of an \"undeniable pattern of racist harassment and abuse\" levied against Jews of color.[165]According to the 2022 PRRI-EPU Religion and Inclusive Spaces Survey, American Jews score 0.39 on the Structural Racism Index, scoring slightly lower (i.e., less racist) than the average American (0.45) on issues regarding structural and anti-Black racism. Black Americans score 0.20, Hispanic Americans score 0.33 and White Americans score 0.52.[167]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses"},{"link_name":"urban planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planner"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Robert Caro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caro"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974318%E2%80%93319-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974952-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campanella-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stein"},{"link_name":"ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Jackie Robinson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Steven A. Reiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Reiss"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Pool"},{"link_name":"East Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro1974512%E2%80%93514-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutman_pp._532%E2%80%93561-176"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"}],"sub_title":"Robert Moses","text":"Robert Moses was a Jewish-American urban planner and public official who worked in the New York metropolitan area during the early to mid-20th century.In his Pulitzer-winning biography The Power Broker, Robert Caro accused Moses of building low bridges across his parkways in order to make them inaccessible to public transit buses, thereby restricting \"the use of state parks by poor and lower-middle-class families\" who did not own cars. Caro argues that Moses attempted to discourage Black people from visiting Jones Beach, the centerpiece of the Long Island state park system, by such measures as making it difficult for Black groups to get permits to park buses, even if they came by other roads, and assigning Black lifeguards to \"distant, less developed beaches\" instead.[168] While the exclusion of commercial vehicles and the use of low bridges were standard on earlier parkways for aesthetic reasons, Caro argues that Moses made greater use of such bridges, which his aide Sidney Shapiro said was done to make it more difficult for future legislators to allow commercial vehicles.[169][170] Steve Woolgar and Geoff Cooper refer to the claim about bridges as an \"urban legend\".[171]In response to the biography, Moses defended the displacement of poor and minority communities as an inevitable part of urban revitalization: \"I raise my stein to the builder who can remove ghettos without moving people as I hail the chef who can make omelets without breaking eggs.\"[172]There were allegations Moses selectively chose locations for recreational facilities based on the racial compositions of neighborhood, such as when he selected sites for 11 pools that opened in 1936. According to Jeff Wiltze, Moses purposely placed some pools in neighborhoods with mainly-white populations to deter African Americans from using them, and other pools intended for African Americans, such as the one in Colonial Park (now Jackie Robinson Park), were placed in inconvenient locations.[173] Steven A. Reiss notes that of 255 playgrounds built in the 1930s under Moses's tenure, only two were in largely-Black neighborhoods.[174] Caro wrote that close associates of Moses had claimed they could keep African Americans from using the Thomas Jefferson Pool, in then-predominantly-white East Harlem, by making the water too cold.[175] However, no other source has corroborated the claim that heaters in any particular pool were deactivated or excluded from the pool's design.[176]Moses took a favorable view on the British Empire, and his comments have been called \"excruciatingly racist\". He said the British Empire was useful in stemming the \"rise of the lesser breeds without the law\".[177][178]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Jaird Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jaird_Levitt"},{"link_name":"real-estate developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-estate_developer"},{"link_name":"Levitt & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitt_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs"},{"link_name":"Time Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"purchasing or otherwise settling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining"},{"link_name":"Levittown, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Caucasian race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"William Levitt","text":"William Jaird Levitt was a Jewish-American real-estate developer and housing pioneer. As president of Levitt & Sons, he is widely credited as the father of modern American suburbia. In 1998 he was named one of Time Magazine's \"100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century.\"[179]While Levitt is credited as being the \"father of Suburban development\", African Americans were explicitly prohibited from purchasing or otherwise settling in his development Levittown, NY, setting the stage for other suburban towns nationwide. Levitt wrote [in the Levittown standard lease, clause 25, 1947], \"Levittown homes must not be used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race.\"[180]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judaic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez,_p_385-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg,_p_110-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss,_p_88-183"},{"link_name":"subhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumanization"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez,_p_385-181"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss,_p_88-183"},{"link_name":"Aaron Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Francis Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Judah Touro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Touro"},{"link_name":"Haym Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haym_Salomon"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1998xiii,_123%E2%80%9327-185"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg,_p_110-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiss,_p_88-183"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez,_p_385-181"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez,_p_385-181"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindemann_1992_225-7"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindemann_1992_225-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"sub_title":"Southern states","text":"Before the Civil War, Jewish slave ownership practices in the Southern United States were governed by regional practices, rather than Judaic law.[181][182][183] Many Southern Jews held the view that Black people were subhumans fit only for slavery, which was also the predominant view held by many of their non-Jewish Southern Christian neighbors.[184]Jews were not significantly different from other Southern slave owners in their treatment of slaves.[181] Wealthy Jewish families in the American South generally preferred employing White servants rather than owning slaves.[183] Jewish slave owners included Aaron Lopez, Francis Salvador, Judah Touro, and Haym Salomon.[185] Jewish slave owners were mostly found in business or domestic settings, rather than plantations, so most of the slave ownership was in an urban context — running a business or working as domestic servants.[182][183] Jewish slave owners freed their Black slaves at about the same rate as non-Jewish slave owners.[181] Sometimes, Jewish slave owners bequeathed slaves to their children in their wills.[181]After the Civil War, Southern Jews often bemoaned the abolition of slavery.[7] For instance, Solomon Cohen, a Confederate Jewish leader in Savannah, Georgia and Georgia's first Jewish senator,[186] described slavery as \"the only institution that could elevate the Negro from barbarism and develop the small amount of intellect with which he is endowed.\"While anti-Black racism animated the original Ku Klux Klan, antisemitism did not. Many prominent Southern Jews identified wholly with southern culture, leading some to participate in the Klan. In 1896, an editorial in the newspaper The Jewish South observed that \"Twenty-five years of education resulted in making the colored women more immoral and the men more trifling... Negroes are intellectually, morally and physically an inferior race- a fact none can deny.\"Ten years later, the board of Atlanta, Georgia's Carnegie Library rejected a petition to admit Blacks; a Jewish board member voted with the majority. These were not isolated incidents.[7] In 1903, Leon Pinsker argued, in Auto-Emancipation, that Jewish suffering was worse than Black suffering, because \"unlike the negroes, they [Jews] belong to an advanced race\".[12][187]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-188"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-188"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"anti-Black sentiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrophobia"},{"link_name":"Zvi Scharfstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevi_Scharfstein"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hacker-163"},{"link_name":"Whites fled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"Sam Massell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Massell"},{"link_name":"Maynard Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Atlanta's largest daily newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Taylor Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch"},{"link_name":"African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Law of Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return"},{"link_name":"born Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Conservative Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"anti-Black sentiment among Israeli Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Blacks"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman200014%E2%80%9315-193"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"airlifted thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel in the early 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman200015-195"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"sub_title":"Northern states","text":"Gil Ribak argues that when Jewish immigrants began arriving in large numbers from Eastern Europe, they brought with them prejudices about Gentile peasants, which they transferred to African Americans.[11][188] He points to late-19th century portrayals of Gentiles in Yiddish folklore as \"that of a peasant, portrayed as inherently Jew-hating, strong, coarse, drunk, illiterate, dumb, and sexually promiscuous,\" and the work of scholars such as Israel Bartal, Ewa Morawska, and David Roskies who have illustrated that \"Jews differentiated between what they saw as high-cultured and low-cultured Gentiles\".[11] Because of the role of many Jewish immigrants as \"storeowners, tavern keepers, peddlers, and landlords\" to Black people, this reinforced those attitudes and \"African Americans were frequently seen as the new country’s reincarnation of peasant folk\" or the poyerim/muzhikes.[11][188]Ribak has also noted how newly arrived Jews in America, as opposed to those who were born there, often considered Black people in exoticized or racialized ways. Sholem Aleichem (Sholem Yankev Rabinovitsh) would describe Black people on the train as, \"Crude creatures. Frightfully thick lips. Big white teeth and white finger-nails.\"[11] Even those sympathetic to Black people still expressed anti-Black sentiments. Arriving in 1914, Hebrew-language educator and entrepreneur Zvi Scharfstein noted:It was the first time we saw black people. Beforehand we saw them only in books and newspapers’ illustrations. Now they actually passed by us, showing their white teeth and pouting their thick lips, whose strong redness lit their faces’ blackness. With each encounter or brushing elbows against them – my heart quivered.[11]After 40 years of having Black men and women as servants in his house, Scharfstein later admitted, \"I cannot remove completely the traces of that hidden fear from my heart.\"[11] Despite penning a moving story, \"Lynching\", about the horrors of anti-Black racism, Yiddish playwright Yoysef Opatoshu described an old Black man in the story as \"an old Orangutan.\"[11]In Harlem, the West Side and other Black neighborhoods, Black customers and tenants felt that Jewish shopkeepers and landlords treated them unfairly because they were racists. Hacker quotes James Baldwin's comments about Jewish shopkeepers in Harlem in support of his racism claim.[163] Rabbi Max Raisin believed that Jews and Whites fled Harlem because of the number of Black people moving there.[11] The notorious Bronx \"slave markets\", predominantly based in Jewish neighborhoods, often saw Black women exploited to work as domestic help. Many were hired by Jewish households and were often extremely underpaid, further straining Black–Jewish relationships.[189][11]In 1904, a Board of Education plan to move Jewish children from overcrowded schools on the East Side to the West Side drew condemnation from 2,000 Jewish parents. The newspaper Yidishe Velt (Jewish World) pointed out that this move would put Jewish children into \"a Negro neighborhood, not far from the Tenderloin [district]\" with \"Negroes and painted-up hussies.\"[11] The President of the Zionist Council of Greater New York, Abraham H. Fromenson, who served as co-editor of the Yidishes Tageblat (Jewish Daily News), wrote that children would be moved to \"a street infested with the dirtiest rabble, the scum of the colored race.\"[11] Fromenson would later defend Booker T. Washington from a racist attack in a Jewish weekly newspaper from St. Louis, The Modern View, though he said in the same defense, \"if [the Black man] manifests evil inclinations we should not wonder at it, seeing the many years of slavery his race has gone through.\"[11]An example of Jewish ambivalence to Black people, Rabbi Max (Mordecai Ze’ev) Raisin expressed his concern about the plight of African Americans, saying, \"I bow before Blacks in respect,\" but also, \"I thank God that we Jews have at least white skin and are able to intermingle among whites\" (a thought which immediately brought him \"burning shame\"). He would also say, \"Negroes must not be likened to Jews. They never wrote a bible, did not give prophets and messiahs to the world,\" and that \"only white trash will agree to marry Blacks.\"[11]In the early 1970s, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, Sam Massell, used overt anti-Black rhetoric in his re-election bid for mayor against the city's first Black mayoral candidate Maynard Jackson. As a result, many progressive and college-educated Whites in the city (including Atlanta's largest daily newspaper) publicly endorsed Jackson, which caused Massell to lose his re-election campaign.[190][191]In his 1992 essay \"Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War,\" historian Taylor Branch asserted that Jews had been \"perpetrators of racial hate.\" He noted that 3,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, founded in 1966 in Chicago, were denied citizenship as Jews when they moved en masse to Israel. The Americans claimed that they had the right of citizenship as Jews under the Israeli Law of Return. Under the law, the only people who are recognized as Jews are people who are born Jews (having a Jewish mother or having a Jewish maternal grandmother), those with Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or having a Jewish grandfather), and people who convert to Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative Judaism.[a]Branch believed that the rejection of the Chicago group was based on anti-Black sentiment among Israeli Jews.[192][193] Branch was criticized by Seth Forman, who said that his claims seemed baseless. He said that Israel had airlifted thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel in the early 1990s.[194] A group of American civil rights activists which was led by Bayard Rustin investigated the 1966 case. They concluded that racism was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' rejection in Israel; they were considered a cult rather than a group of historic Jewish descendants.[195]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Federation of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_teachers%27_strike_of_1968"},{"link_name":"community control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_teachers%27_strike_of_1968"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-115"},{"link_name":"UFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-115"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-202"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"sub_title":"Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis","text":"Albert Shanker, who was president of the United Federation of Teachers from 1964 to 1985 and president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997, has been accused of anti-Black racism.[196] Early on, he marched with Martin Luther King, Jr., but later moved to the right and proudly supported the Vietnam War.[197][198]In the 1968 Ocean Hill–Brownsville crisis, Black and Puerto Rican parents in Brooklyn were piloting a community school program (known as community control) intended to fight segregation and racial inequity in education, including improving attainment for students of color.[199] The school board was also concerned about the lack of role models for the mostly Black and Puerto Rican students.[115]When the school board fired 19 White union teachers for underperforming, Shanker led UFT teachers in a strike. He also shared antisemitic leaflets he said were put in teachers' lockers, which the school board argued was a deliberate attempt to fan the flames; they pointed out that half the new teachers they had hired to cover the strike were Jewish.[115][200] Shanker also personally cut chapters on Malcolm X and a quote from Frederick Douglass (\"power concedes nothing without a demand\") from the proposed course Lesson Plans on African-American History, which he deemed too \"radical\".[201][202]Shanker would eventually propose charter schools in the U.S., which, according to The New York Times, became \"even more racially and economically segregated than traditional public schools.\" Charter schools deepened the issues Black and Puerto Rican parents had fought against, and helped widen the rift between Blacks and Jews nationally.[203]","title":"Anti-Black racism among Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Adams"},{"link_name":"Al Sharpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton"},{"link_name":"Vista Equity Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Equity_Partners"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)"},{"link_name":"Shmuley Boteach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach"},{"link_name":"Elisha Wiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Wiesel"},{"link_name":"Hanukkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah"},{"link_name":"Kwanzaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-206"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-206"},{"link_name":"Tillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Tillard"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-206"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-206"}],"text":"In December 2022, taking an active and joint stand against the increasing number of instances of racism and antisemitism in the US, New York City Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, the Vista Equity Partners CEO and Carnegie Hall Chairman Robert F. Smith, World Values Network founder and CEO Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, and Elisha Wiesel jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall.[204] Smith said, \"When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism.\"[205]The speakers called for Americans to join them in a national display of unity to dispel the darkness of racism and antisemitism for the 15 nights of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa.[2] Sharpton said:There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we’ve gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism.[205]Wiesel added:The Wiesel family stands now and will always stand with the Black community against racism and the lingering economic effects of slavery and segregation in this country. And we are so moved to hear leaders in the Black community like Mayor Adams, Rev Sharpton, and Rev Tillard speak out so strongly against antisemitism.[205]Rabbi Boteach praised the \"highly committed Jewish leaders\" who joined Black people to fight against racism and hate, adding that this was \"the way it should be. Blacks and Jews united to promote human dignity and fight the haters.\"[205]","title":"15 Days of Light"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Why Do Black Activists Care About Palestine?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/why-did-black-american-activists-start-caring-about-palestine/496088/"},{"link_name":"Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.southernspaces.org/2009/counterblast-how-atlanta-temple-bombing-strengthened-civil-rights-cause"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Journey of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9981"},{"link_name":"Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore"},{"link_name":"Sweatt v. Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter"},{"link_name":"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Bolling v. Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe"},{"link_name":"Briggs v. Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott"},{"link_name":"Davis v. Prince Edward County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County"},{"link_name":"Gebhart v. Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton"},{"link_name":"Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co."},{"link_name":"Emmett Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till"},{"link_name":"Montgomery bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"Browder v. Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"Mansfield school desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident"},{"link_name":"1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Give Us the Ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot"},{"link_name":"Royal Ice Cream sit-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine"},{"link_name":"Cooper v. Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957"},{"link_name":"Ministers' Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Katz Drug Store sit-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in"},{"link_name":"Kissing Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_Case"},{"link_name":"Biloxi wade-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins"},{"link_name":"New Year's Day March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March"},{"link_name":"Sit-in movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in_movement"},{"link_name":"Greensboro sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins"},{"link_name":"Nashville sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins"},{"link_name":"Atlanta sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins"},{"link_name":"Savannah Protest Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement"},{"link_name":"Greenville Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Eight"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960"},{"link_name":"Ax Handle Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Gomillion v. Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"Boynton v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia desegregation riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot"},{"link_name":"Rock Hill sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Nine"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Day_Address"},{"link_name":"Freedom Rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Riders"},{"link_name":"Anniston bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Birmingham attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack"},{"link_name":"Garner v. Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Albany Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement"},{"link_name":"Cambridge movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins"},{"link_name":"Second Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962"},{"link_name":"Atlanta's Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"\"Segregation now, segregation forever\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address"},{"link_name":"Stand in the Schoolhouse Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door"},{"link_name":"1963 Birmingham campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign"},{"link_name":"Letter from Birmingham Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail"},{"link_name":"Children's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963"},{"link_name":"16th Street Baptist Church bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing"},{"link_name":"John F. 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health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Maternal mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"Ages of consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"incarceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Criticism of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"hair texture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"intersex rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Islamophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Drug policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Energy policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Environmental education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gun politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mass shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"International rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mass surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4689650#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293076105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001977"}],"text":"Levy, Richard S., ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp 4–6.\nGreen, Emma. \"Why Do Black Activists Care About Palestine?\" The Atlantic. August 18, 2016.\nPhillips, William M. An unillustrious alliance: the African American and Jewish American communities (Greenwood, 1991)\nWebb, Clive. \"Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause\". Southern Spaces. June 22, 2009.Articles related to African American–Jewish relations\nvteCivil rights movement (1954–1968)Events(timeline)Prior to 1954\nJourney of Reconciliation\nExecutive Order 9981\nMurders of Harry and Harriette Moore\nSweatt v. Painter (1950)\nMcLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)\nBaton Rouge bus boycott\n1954–1959\nBrown v. Board of Education\nBolling v. Sharpe\nBriggs v. Elliott\nDavis v. Prince Edward County\nGebhart v. Belton\nSarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company\nEmmett Till\nMontgomery bus boycott\nBrowder v. Gayle\nTallahassee bus boycott\nMansfield school desegregation\n1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom\n\"Give Us the Ballot\"\nRoyal Ice Cream sit-in\nLittle Rock Nine\nCooper v. Aaron\nCivil Rights Act of 1957\nMinisters' Manifesto\nKatz Drug Store sit-in\nKissing Case\nBiloxi wade-ins\n1960–1963\nNew Year's Day March\nSit-in movement\nGreensboro sit-ins\nNashville sit-ins\nAtlanta sit-ins\nSavannah Protest Movement\nGreenville Eight\nCivil Rights Act of 1960\nAx Handle Saturday\nGomillion v. Lightfoot\nBoynton v. Virginia\nUniversity of Georgia desegregation riot\nRock Hill sit-ins\nRobert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address\nFreedom Rides\nAnniston bombing\nBirmingham attack\nGarner v. Louisiana\nAlbany Movement\nCambridge movement\nUniversity of Chicago sit-ins\n\"Second Emancipation Proclamation\"\nMeredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot\nAtlanta's Berlin Wall\n\"Segregation now, segregation forever\"\nStand in the Schoolhouse Door\n1963 Birmingham campaign\nLetter from Birmingham Jail\nChildren's Crusade\nBirmingham riot\n16th Street Baptist Church bombing\nJohn F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights\nDetroit Walk to Freedom\nMarch on Washington\n\"I Have a Dream\"\nBig Six\nSt. Augustine movement\n1964–1968\nTwenty-fourth Amendment\nChester school protests\nBloody Tuesday\n1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests\nFreedom Summer\nworkers' murders\nCivil Rights Act of 1964\nHeart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\nKatzenbach v. McClung\n1964–1965 Scripto strike\n1965 Selma to Montgomery marches\n\"How Long, Not Long\"\nVoting Rights Act of 1965\nHarper v. Virginia Board of Elections\nMarch Against Fear\nWhite House Conference on Civil Rights\nChicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement\nLoving v. Virginia\nMemphis sanitation strike\nKing assassination\nfuneral\nriots\nCivil Rights Act of 1968\nPoor People's Campaign\nGreen v. County School Board of New Kent County\nJones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.\nActivistgroups\nAlabama Christian Movement for Human Rights\nAtlanta Student Movement\nBlack Panther Party\nBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters\nCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)\nCommittee for Freedom Now\nCommittee on Appeal for Human Rights\nAn Appeal for Human Rights\nCouncil for United Civil Rights Leadership\nCouncil of Federated Organizations\nDallas County Voters League\nDeacons for Defense and Justice\nGeorgia Council on Human Relations\nHighlander Folk School\nLeadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights\nLowndes County Freedom Organization\nMississippi Freedom Democratic Party\nMontgomery Improvement Association\nNAACP\nYouth Council\nNashville Student Movement\nNation of Islam\nNorthern Student Movement\nNational Council of Negro Women\nNational Urban League\nOperation Breadbasket\nRegional Council of Negro Leadership\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nSouthern Regional Council\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)\nThe Freedom Singers\nUnited Auto Workers (UAW)\nWednesdays in Mississippi\nWomen's Political Council\nActivists\nRalph Abernathy\nVictoria Gray Adams\nZev Aelony\nMathew Ahmann\nMuhammad Ali\nWilliam G. Anderson\nGwendolyn Armstrong\nArnold Aronson\nElla Baker\nJames Baldwin\nMarion Barry\nDaisy Bates\nHarry Belafonte\nJames Bevel\nClaude Black\nGloria Blackwell\nRandolph Blackwell\nUnita Blackwell\nEzell Blair Jr.\nJoanne Bland\nJulian Bond\nJoseph E. Boone\nWilliam Holmes Borders\nAmelia Boynton\nBruce Boynton\nRaylawni Branch\nStanley Branche\nRuby Bridges\nAurelia Browder\nH. Rap Brown\nRalph Bunche\nGuy Carawan\nStokely Carmichael\nJohnnie Carr\nJames Chaney\nJ. L. Chestnut\nShirley Chisholm\nColia Lafayette Clark\nRamsey Clark\nSeptima Clark\nXernona Clayton\nEldridge Cleaver\nKathleen Cleaver\nCharles E. Cobb Jr.\nAnnie Lee Cooper\nDorothy Cotton\nClaudette Colvin\nVernon Dahmer\nJonathan Daniels\nAbraham Lincoln Davis\nAngela Davis\nJoseph DeLaine\nDave Dennis\nAnnie Devine\nPatricia Stephens Due\nJoseph Ellwanger\nCharles Evers\nMedgar Evers\nMyrlie Evers-Williams\nChuck Fager\nJames Farmer\nWalter Fauntroy\nJames Forman\nMarie Foster\nGolden Frinks\nAndrew Goodman\nRobert Graetz\nFred Gray\nJack Greenberg\nDick Gregory\nLawrence Guyot\nPrathia Hall\nFannie Lou Hamer\nFred Hampton\nWilliam E. Harbour\nVincent Harding\nDorothy Height\nAudrey Faye Hendricks\nLola Hendricks\nAaron Henry\nOliver Hill\nDonald L. Hollowell\nJames Hood\nMyles Horton\nZilphia Horton\nT. R. M. Howard\nRuby Hurley\nCecil Ivory\nJesse Jackson\nJimmie Lee Jackson\nRichie Jean Jackson\nT. J. Jemison\nEsau Jenkins\nBarbara Rose Johns\nVernon Johns\nFrank Minis Johnson\nClarence Jones\nJ. Charles Jones\nMatthew Jones\nVernon Jordan\nTom Kahn\nClyde Kennard\nA. D. King\nC.B. King\nCoretta Scott King\nMartin Luther King Jr.\nMartin Luther King Sr.\nBernard Lafayette\nJames Lawson\nBernard Lee\nSanford R. Leigh\nJim Letherer\nStanley Levison\nJohn Lewis\nViola Liuzzo\nZ. Alexander Looby\nJoseph Lowery\nClara Luper\nDanny Lyon\nMalcolm X\nMae Mallory\nVivian Malone\nBob Mants\nThurgood Marshall\nBenjamin Mays\nFranklin McCain\nCharles McDew\nRalph McGill\nFloyd McKissick\nJoseph McNeil\nJames Meredith\nWilliam Ming\nJack Minnis\nAmzie Moore\nCecil B. Moore\nDouglas E. Moore\nHarriette Moore\nHarry T. Moore\nQueen Mother Moore\nWilliam Lewis Moore\nIrene Morgan\nBob Moses\nWilliam Moyer\nElijah Muhammad\nDiane Nash\nCharles Neblett\nHuey P. Newton\nEdgar Nixon\nJack O'Dell\nJames Orange\nRosa Parks\nJames Peck\nCharles Person\nHomer Plessy\nAdam Clayton Powell Jr.\nFay Bellamy Powell\nRodney N. Powell\nAl Raby\nLincoln Ragsdale\nA. Philip Randolph\nGeorge Raymond\nGeorge Raymond Jr.\nBernice Johnson Reagon\nCordell Reagon\nJames Reeb\nFrederick D. Reese\nWalter Reuther\nGloria Richardson\nDavid Richmond\nBernice Robinson\nJo Ann Robinson\nAngela Russell\nBayard Rustin\nBernie Sanders\nMichael Schwerner\nBobby Seale\nCleveland Sellers\nCharles Sherrod\nAlexander D. Shimkin\nFred Shuttlesworth\nModjeska Monteith Simkins\nGlenn E. Smiley\nA. Maceo Smith\nKelly Miller Smith\nMary Louise Smith\nMaxine Smith\nRuby Doris Smith-Robinson\nCharles Kenzie Steele\nHank Thomas\nDorothy Tillman\nA. P. Tureaud\nHartman Turnbow\nAlbert Turner\nC. T. Vivian\nWyatt Tee Walker\nHollis Watkins\nWalter Francis White\nRoy Wilkins\nHosea Williams\nKale Williams\nRobert F. Williams\nAndrew Young\nWhitney Young\nSammy Younge Jr.\nBob Zellner\nJames Zwerg\nBy region\nOmaha, Nebraska\nSouth Carolina\nMovementsongs\n\"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round\"\n\"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus\"\n\"Kumbaya\"\n\"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize\"\n\"Oh, Freedom\"\n\"This Little Light of Mine\"\n\"We Shall Not Be Moved\"\n\"We Shall Overcome\"\n\"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)\"\nInfluences\nNonviolence\nPadayatra\nSermon on the Mount\nMahatma Gandhi\nAhimsa\nSatyagraha\nThe Kingdom of God Is Within You\nFrederick Douglass\nW. E. B. Du Bois\nMary McLeod Bethune\nRelated\nJim Crow laws\nLynching in the United States\nPlessy v. Ferguson\nSeparate but equal\nBuchanan v. Warley\nHocutt v. Wilson\nSweatt v. Painter\nHernandez v. Texas\nLoving v. Virginia\nAfrican-American women in the movement\nJews in the civil rights movement\nFifth Circuit Four\n16th Street Baptist Church\nKelly Ingram Park\nA.G. Gaston Motel\nBethel Baptist Church\nBrown Chapel\nDexter Avenue Baptist Church\nHolt Street Baptist Church\nEdmund Pettus Bridge\nMarch on Washington Movement\nAfrican-American churches attacked\nList of lynching victims in the United States\nFreedom Schools\nFreedom songs\nSpring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam\n\"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence\"\nVoter Education Project\n1960s counterculture\nAfrican American founding fathers of the United States\nEyes on the Prize\nLegacy\nIn popular culture\nBirmingham Civil Rights Institute\nBirmingham Civil Rights National Monument\nCivil Rights Memorial\nCivil Rights Movement Archive\nEmmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument\nMedgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument\nFreedom Rides Museum\nFreedom Riders National Monument\nKing Center for Nonviolent Social Change\nMartin Luther King Jr. Day\nMartin Luther King Jr. Memorial\nother King memorials\nMississippi Civil Rights Museum\nNational Civil Rights Museum\nNational Voting Rights Museum\nSt. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument\nNotedhistorians\nTaylor Branch\nClayborne Carson\nJohn Dittmer\nMichael Eric Dyson\nChuck Fager\nAdam Fairclough\nDavid Garrow\nDavid Halberstam\nVincent Harding\nSteven F. Lawson\nDoug McAdam\nDiane McWhorter\nCharles M. Payne\nThomas E. Ricks\nTimothy Tyson\nAkinyele Umoja\nMovement photographers\n Civil rights movement portal\nvteAfrican AmericansHistory\nTimeline\nAbolitionism\nAfrican American founding fathers\nAfrocentrism\nAmerican Civil War\nAtlantic slave trade\nBlack genocide\nBlack Lives Matter\nBrown v. Board of Education (1954)\nChildren of the plantation\nCivil Rights Acts\n1964\nVoting Rights Act of 1965\n1968\nCivil rights movement 1865–1896\nCivil right movement 1896–1954\nCivil rights movement 1954–1968\nMontgomery bus boycott\nBrowder v. Gayle (1956)\nSit-in movement\nFreedom Riders\nBirmingham movement\nMarch on Washington\nSelma to Montgomery marches\nChicago Freedom Movement\nPost–civil rights era\nCornerstone Speech\nCOVID-19 impact\nDred Scott v. Sandford (1857)\nFree Negro\nFree people of color\nGeorge Floyd protests\nGreat Migration\nSecond\nNew\nInauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013\nJim Crow laws\nLynching\nMilitary history\nMillion Man March\nNadir of American race relations\nThe Negro Motorist Green Book\nPartus sequitur ventrem\nPlantations\nPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)\nReconstruction Amendments\nReconstruction era\nRedlining\nSeparate but equal\nSilent Parade\nSlavery\nTreatment of slaves\nTulsa race massacre\nUnderground Railroad\nWomen's suffrage movement\nCulture\nAfrofuturism\nArt\nBlack mecca\nBusinesses\nDance\nFamily structure\nFilm\nFolktales\nHair\nHarlem Renaissance\nNew Negro\nHoodoo\nJuneteenth\nKwanzaa\nLGBT community\nLiterature\nMusic\nMusical theater\nNames\nNegro National Anthem\nNeighborhoods\nNewspapers\nSoul food\nStereotypes\nMiddle class\nUpper class\nNotable people\nRalph Abernathy\nMaya Angelou\nCrispus Attucks\nJames Baldwin\nJames Bevel\nJulian Bond\nAmelia Boynton\nJames Bradley\nCarol Moseley Braun\nEdward Brooke\nBlanche Bruce\nRalph Bunche\nGeorge Washington Carver\nShirley Chisholm\nClaudette Colvin\nFrederick Douglass\nW. E. B. Du Bois\nMedgar Evers\nJames Farmer\nHenry Highland Garnet\nMarcus Garvey\nFred Gray\nFannie Lou Hamer\nKamala Harris\nJimi Hendrix\nJesse Jackson\nKetanji Brown Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nHarriet Jacobs\nBarbara Jordan\nCoretta Scott King\nMartin Luther King Jr.\nBernard Lafayette\nJames Lawson\nHuddie Ledbetter\nJohn Lewis\nJoseph Lowery\nMalcolm X\nThurgood Marshall\nToni Morrison\nBob Moses\nDiane Nash\nBarack Obama\nMichelle Obama\nRosa Parks\nAdam Clayton Powell Jr.\nColin Powell\nGabriel Prosser\nJoseph Rainey\nA. Philip Randolph\nHiram Revels\nPaul Robeson\nAl Sharpton\nFred Shuttlesworth\nClarence Thomas\nEmmett Till\nSojourner Truth\nHarriet Tubman\nNat Turner\nDenmark Vesey\nC. T. Vivian\nDavid Walker\nBooker T. Washington\nIda B. Wells\nRoy Wilkins\nOprah Winfrey\nAndrew Young\nWhitney Young\nEducation, scienceand technology\nBlack studies\nBlack schools\nHistorically black colleges and universities\nInventors and scientists\nMuseums\nWomen\nin computer science\nin medicine\nin STEM fields\nReligion\nAfrican-American Jews\nIslam\nAmerican Society of Muslims\nNation of Islam\nBlack church\nAzusa Street Revival\nBlack Hebrew Israelites\nBlack theology\nDoctrine of Father Divine\nPolitical movements\nAnarchism\nBack-to-Africa movement\nBlack power\nMovement\nCapitalism\nConservatism\nLeftism\nPan-Africanism\nPopulism\nRaised fist\nSelf-determination\nNationalism\nSocialism\nCivic and economicgroups\nAssociation for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)\nBlack Panther Party\nCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)\nNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)\nNashville Student Movement\nNational Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)\nNational Council of Negro Women (NCNW)\nNational Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)\nNational Urban League (NUL)\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)\nThurgood Marshall College Fund\nUnited Negro College Fund (UNCF)\nUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)\nSports\nNegro league baseball\nBaseball color line\nBlack players in professional American football\nBlack NFL quarterbacks\nBlack players in ice hockey\nMuhammad Ali\nArthur Ashe\nJack Johnson\nJoe Louis\nJesse Owens\nJackie Robinson\nSerena Williams\nAthletic associationsand conferences\nCentral (CIAA)\nMid-Eastern (MEAC)\nSouthern (SIAC)\nSouthwestern (SWAC)\nEthnic subdivisions\nBy African descent\nFula\nGullah\nIgbo\nYoruba\nAlabama Creole\nBlack Indians\nBlack Seminoles\nCherokee freedmen controversy\nChoctaw freedmen\nCreek Freedmen\nBlack Southerners\nBlaxicans\nGreat Dismal Swamp maroons\nLouisiana Creole\nof color\nMelungeon\nDemographics\nNeighborhoods\nlist\nU.S. cities 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home land\nLocalCounty\nList of counties and county equivalents\nCounty executive\nSheriff\nClerk\nCities\nConsolidated city-county\nIndependent city\nCoterminous municipality\nCharter\nMayor–council government\nCouncil–manager government\nCity commission government\nMayor\nCity manager\nCity council\nMinor divisions\nTownship\nTown meeting\nSpecial district\nSchool district\nlist\n\nCorruption\nElections\nElectoral College\nRed states and blue states\nForeign relations\nforeign policy\nImperial presidency\nIdeologies\nAnti-Americanism\nexceptionalism\nnationalism\nParties\nDemocratic\nRepublican\nThird parties\nScandals\nEconomy\nBy sector\nAgriculture\nBanking\nCommunications\nCompanies\nEnergy\nInsurance\nManufacturing\nMining\nScience and technology\nTourism\nTrade\nby state\nCurrency\nExports\nFederal budget\nGreenhouse gas emissions by the United States\nFederal Reserve System\nFinancial position\nLabor unions\nPublic debt\nSocial welfare programs\nTaxation\nUnemployment\nWall Street\nTransport\nAviation\nDriving\nPublic transportation\nRail transportation\nTransportation policy\nTransportation safety\nTrucking industry\nSocietyCulture\nAmericana\nArchitecture\nCinema\nCrime\nCuisine\nDance\nDeath care\nWomen\nDemographics\nEconomic issues\naffluence\neviction\nhomeownership\nhousehold income\nincome inequality\nmiddle class\npersonal income\npoverty\nstandard of living\nwealth\nworking class\nEducation\nattainment\nliteracy\nFamily\nFashion\nFlag\nFolklore\nGreat American Novel\nHolidays\nHomelessness\nHousing\nHuman rights\nLanguages\nAmerican English\nIndigenous languages\nASL\nBlack American Sign Language\nHSL\nPlains Sign Talk\nArabic\nChinese\nFrench\nGerman\nItalian\nRussian\nSpanish\nLiterature\nMedia\njournalism\ninternet\nnewspapers\nradio\ntelevision\nMusic\nNames\nNational symbols\nColumbia\nMount Rushmore\nStatue of Liberty\nUncle Sam\nPeople\nPhilosophy\nPolitical ideologies\nRace\nReligion\nSexuality\nadolescent\nSocial class\nSociety\nSports\nTheater\nTransportation\nVideo games\nVisual art\nSocial class\nAffluence\nAmerican Dream\nEducational attainment\nHomelessness\nHomeownership\nHousehold income\nIncome inequality\nMiddle class\nPersonal income\nPoverty\nStandard of living\nHealth\nAging\nHealthcare\nAbortion\nBirth control\nPrenatal care\nHospice care\nImmigrant health care\nRationing\nHealth care finance\nHealth insurance costs\nHealth care prices\nPrescription drug prices\nDisability\nHealth insurance\nFood safety\nPhysician shortage\nPoverty and health\nRace and health\nRace and maternal health\nMedical racism\nObesity\nMedical deserts\nWomen's reproductive health\nMaternal mortality\nLife expectancy\nIssues\nAges of consent\nCapital punishment\nCrime\nincarceration\nCriticism of government\nDiscrimination\naffirmative action\nantisemitism\nhair texture\nintersex rights\nIslamophobia\nLGBT rights\nracism\nNative American\nAfrican American\nsame-sex marriage\nDrug policy\nEnergy policy\nEnvironmental issues\nEnvironmental movement\nClimate change\nEnvironmental education\nGun politics\nMass shootings\nhunger\nobesity\nsmoking\nHuman rights\nImmigration\nillegal\nInternational rankings\nNational security\nMass surveillance\nTerrorism\nSeparation of church and state\nXenophobia\nOutlineIndex\nCategory\nPortalAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jolson_black.jpg/220px-Jolson_black.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gelders recovering in a Clayton, Alabama, hospital[56]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Joseph_Gelders_beaten.jpg/220px-Joseph_Gelders_beaten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Goodman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AndrewGoodman.jpg/170px-AndrewGoodman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Herbert Hill (second from right), labor director of NAACP, with Thurgood Marshall (second from left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg/220px-NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hebrew Israelite group ISUPK, Passover, Harlem, 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg/300px-ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"After his retirement, the professional boxer Muhammad Ali publicly opposed Zionism.[97]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam, has made many antisemitic remarks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg/170px-Louis_Farrakhan%2C_smiling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry Louis Gates Jr. of Harvard University called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews \"the bible of new anti-Semitism\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr.jpg/220px-Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr.jpg"}]
[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"title":"Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa"},{"title":"Israel portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Israel"},{"title":"African Americans in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel"},{"title":"African-American Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Jews"},{"title":"Antisemitism in the United States#Antisemitism within the African-American community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States#Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community"},{"title":"Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century"},{"title":"Black Hebrew Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites"},{"title":"Black Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Judaism"},{"title":"Black-Palestinian solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-Palestinian_solidarity"},{"title":"Geography of antisemitism#United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#United_States"},{"title":"History of antisemitism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Anti-Zionism#African-American community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism#African-American_community"},{"title":"History of the Jews in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Interminority racism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Views of Kanye West#Race and antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West#Race_and_antisemitism"},{"title":"Native American–Jewish relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations"},{"title":"Racism in Jewish communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities"},{"title":"Jews in the Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement"}]
[{"reference":"Gates, Henry Louis Jr (2009). In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr.","url_text":"Gates, Henry Louis Jr"}]},{"reference":"\"The transatlantic slave trade\". BBC. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3","url_text":"\"The transatlantic slave trade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The capture and sale of slaves\". Liverpool: International Slavery Museum. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx","url_text":"\"The capture and sale of slaves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool","url_text":"Liverpool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Slavery_Museum","url_text":"International Slavery Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229214612/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Terrence L.; Berlinerblau, Jacques (February 1, 2022). Blacks and Jews in America: An Invitation to Dialogue. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781647121419 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rwZSEAAAQBAJ&dq=jews+accounted+for+1.25+per+cent+of+southern+slave+owners&pg=PT26","url_text":"Blacks and Jews in America: An Invitation to Dialogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781647121419","url_text":"9781647121419"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbaum, Judith. \"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/american-jews-race-identity-and-civil-rights-movement","url_text":"\"American Jews, Race, Identity, and the Civil Rights Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Labovitz, Hannah (May 31, 2021). \"The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement\". The Gettysburg Historical Journal: Vol. 20 , Article 8. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol20/iss1/8","url_text":"\"The Complex Relationship between Jews and African Americans in the Context of the Civil Rights Movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Swastika to Jim Crow: Black-Jewish Relations\". ITVS. Archived from the original on October 2, 2002. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021002001116/http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fromswastikatojimcrow/relations.html","url_text":"\"From Swastika to Jim Crow: Black-Jewish Relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVS","url_text":"ITVS"},{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/itvs/fromswastikatojimcrow/relations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ribak, Gil (2017). \"\"Negroes Must Not Be Likened to Jews\": The Attitudes of Eastern European Jewish Immigrants Toward African Americans in a Transnational Perspective\". Modern Judaism. 37 (3): 271–296. ISSN 0276-1114.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48559551","url_text":"\"\"Negroes Must Not Be Likened to Jews\": The Attitudes of Eastern European Jewish Immigrants Toward African Americans in a Transnational Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114","url_text":"0276-1114"}]},{"reference":"\"We Need to Talk about Shmuel Charney\". In geveb. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ingeveb.org/articles/we-need-to-talk-about-shmuel-charney","url_text":"\"We Need to Talk about Shmuel Charney\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Most Awful Scenes\": The Tulsa Massacre and Racist Violence in the Yiddish Press\". In geveb. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ingeveb.org/blog/the-most-awful-scenes","url_text":"\"\"The Most Awful Scenes\": The Tulsa Massacre and Racist Violence in the Yiddish Press\""}]},{"reference":"Gordis, Robert (April 23, 1967). \"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin (Cont.)\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/23/archives/negroes-are-antisemitic-because-they-want-a-scapegoat-a-reply-to.html","url_text":"\"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They Want a Scapegoat; A Reply to James Baldwin (Cont.)\""}]},{"reference":"Silver, Rabbi Samuel. \"The Digest Of The Yiddish Press: James Baldwin Challenged\". Jewish Post. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=JPOST19710813-01.1.11&srpos=3&e=-------en-20-JPOST-1--txt-txIN-jews+james+baldwin------","url_text":"\"The Digest Of The Yiddish Press: James Baldwin Challenged\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 'Frank' look at American anti-Semitism\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/a-frank-look-at-american-anti-semitism-337408","url_text":"\"A 'Frank' look at American anti-Semitism\""}]},{"reference":"Vladeck, Baruch Charney (March 22, 1911). \"How do the Jews Live in the South\". The Forward. Translated by Franklin Jonas: 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The early life and career of B. Charney Vladeck, 1886-1921 : the emergence of an immigrant spokesman / by Franklin Jonas | עבודת מחקר NNL_ALEPH990020621360205171 | הספרייה הלאומית\". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). 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Retrieved March 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140721012334/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1948-1980/America/Liberal_Politics/Black-Jewish_Relations/Civil_Rights_Movement.shtml?p=2","url_text":"A History of Jews in America"},{"url":"http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Modern_History/1948-1980/America/Liberal_Politics/Black-Jewish_Relations/Civil_Rights_Movement.shtml?p=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Brent Hayes (2007). \"Note on the Text\". The Souls of Black Folk. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-19-280678-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Hayes_Edwards","url_text":"Edwards, Brent Hayes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280678-9","url_text":"978-0-19-280678-9"}]},{"reference":"Du Bois, William E. B. (2007). Edwards, Brent Hayes (ed.). The souls of black folk. Oxford world's classics (1. publ. as an Oxford World's Classics paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280678-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280678-9","url_text":"978-0-19-280678-9"}]},{"reference":"Sevitch, Benjamin (Summer 2002). \"W. E. B. Du Bois and Jews: A Lifetime of Opposing Anti-Semitism\". The Journal of African American History. 87. University of Chicago: 323–337. doi:10.2307/1562481. JSTOR 1562481. S2CID 144242546.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1562481","url_text":"10.2307/1562481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562481","url_text":"1562481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144242546","url_text":"144242546"}]},{"reference":"\"Blacks and Jews: Fifty-Five Years After James Baldwin's \"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White\"\". Literary Hub. April 9, 2022. 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ISBN 9780807009185.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/racematters00west_0/page/72","url_text":"Race Matters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807009185","url_text":"9780807009185"}]},{"reference":"Clayborne, Carson (1992). \"Blacks and Jews in the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of SNCC\". Bridges and boundaries : African Americans and American Jews. New York: George Braziller. pp. 36–49. ISBN 0807612790.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bridgesboundarie0000unse/page/36/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Blacks and Jews in the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of SNCC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807612790","url_text":"0807612790"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Maurianne; Bracey, John H., eds. (1999). 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(Edited by Jeff Bale and Sarah Knopp) (2012). \"The Struggle for Black Education.\" In Education and Capitalism. Chicago: Haymarket Books. pp. 64–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reports, AmNews Staff (December 21, 2022). \"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration\". New York Amsterdam News.","urls":[{"url":"http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/21/mayor-eric-adams-the-rev-al-sharpton-others-gather-for-joint-kwanzaa-hanukkah-celebration/","url_text":"\"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa\". JNS.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jns.org/wire/mayor-eric-adams-rev-al-sharpton-robert-f-smith-robert-f-smith-rev-conrad-tillard-rabbi-shmuley-boteach-and-elisha-wiesel-join-together-to-host-15-days-of-light-celebrating-hanukkah-and/","url_text":"\"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa\""}]},{"reference":"Cannato, Vincent (2002). The Ungovernable City.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caro","url_text":"Caro, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_Broker","url_text":"The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3","url_text":"978-0-394-48076-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834874","url_text":"834874"}]},{"reference":"Diner, Hasia R. (October 1995). In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915-1935. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5065-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasia_Diner","url_text":"Diner, Hasia R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=amip4p2rjk0C","url_text":"In the Almost Promised Land: American Jews and Blacks, 1915-1935"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5065-3","url_text":"978-0-8018-5065-3"}]},{"reference":"Forman, Seth (2000). Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Friedman, Saul S. (1998). Jews and the American slave trade. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781560003373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Saul S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560003373","url_text":"9781560003373"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Cheryl (2006). Troubling the waters: Black-Jewish relations in the American century. ISBN 9780691058658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691058658","url_text":"9780691058658"}]},{"reference":"Lindemann, Albert S. (1992). The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44761-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jewaccusedthreea0000lind","url_text":"The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44761-4","url_text":"978-0-521-44761-4"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Jonathan (1995). Broken Alliance. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80096-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1m--hIat1-YC","url_text":"Broken Alliance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80096-7","url_text":"978-0-684-80096-7"}]},{"reference":"Lomax, Louis E. (1963). When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. OCLC 1071204.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lomax","url_text":"Lomax, Louis E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1071204","url_text":"1071204"}]},{"reference":"Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett (January 16, 2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-60294-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-dNCCGSAtCsC&pg=PT492","url_text":"The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60294-2","url_text":"978-1-101-60294-2"}]},{"reference":"Moore, R. Laurence (1987). Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536399-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SG2qNXqdNHsC&pg=PA198","url_text":"Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536399-9","url_text":"978-0-19-536399-9"}]},{"reference":"Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). Antisemitism and the American Far Left. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03601-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfuaAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Antisemitism and the American Far Left"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03601-7","url_text":"978-1-107-03601-7"}]},{"reference":"Norwood, Stephen H.; Pollack, Eunice G. (2020). \"White Devils, Satanic Jews: The Nation of Islam From Fard to Farrakhan\". Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience. 40 (2): 137–168. doi:10.1093/mj/kjaa006 – via Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mj/article-abstract/40/2/137/5831110","url_text":"\"White Devils, Satanic Jews: The Nation of Islam From Fard to Farrakhan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjaa006","url_text":"10.1093/mj/kjaa006"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Henrew University of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf","url_text":"Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Eunice G. (2022). \"Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present\" (PDF). Institute for National Security Studies. Retrieved January 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/special-publication-010622.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present\""}]},{"reference":"Reiss, Oscar (2004). The Jews in Colonial America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786417308.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786417308","url_text":"9780786417308"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Clive (2003). Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights.","urls":[]},{"reference":"West, Cornel (1993). Race Matters.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West","url_text":"West, Cornel"}]}]
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You've Got the Wrong Brooklyn Address - Hell Gate\""},{"Link":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.nyt-archives.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1952/03/27/93359009.html?pageNumber=31","external_links_name":"\"HONORING MEMORY OF WINSTON CHURCHILL'S MOTHER; Plaque Unveiled on Brooklyn Home, Birthplace of Churchill's Mother\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,26473,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Time 100 Persons Of The Century\""},{"Link":"https://www.historynet.com/levittown-the-archetype-for-suburban-development/","external_links_name":"\"Levittown: The Archetype for Suburban Development\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl0001unse","external_links_name":"The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery"},{"Link":"https://momentmag.com/solomon-cohen/","external_links_name":"\"Searching for Solomon Cohen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z40yAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Autoemanzipation: Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen"},{"Link":"https://ingeveb.org/articles/race-in-yente-telebende","external_links_name":"\"My Mom Drank Ink: The \"Little Negro\" and the Performance of Race in Yente Telebende's Stage Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nypl.org/blog/2022/04/15/bronx-slave-markets","external_links_name":"\"Help Wanted: The Bronx Slave Markets and the Exploitation of Black Women Domestic Workers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/17/archives/atlanta-elects-a-black-mayor-first-in-a-major-southern-city-black.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Elects a Black Mayor, First in a Major Southern City\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/05/atlanta-white-mayor-black-mecca-215681","external_links_name":"\"Will America's 'Black Mecca' Elect a White Mayor?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UMcJAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Albert+Shanker+anti-semitism%22&pg=PT170","external_links_name":"The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most Embattled Profession"},{"Link":"https://newpol.org/review/albert-shanker-ruthless-neo-con/?print=pdf.","external_links_name":"\"Albert Shanker: Ruthless Neo-Con\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218033150/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue23/buhle23.htm","external_links_name":"\"Albert Shanker: No flowers\""},{"Link":"http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue23/buhle23.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jacobin.com/2018/09/ocean-hill-brownsville-strike-united-federation-teachers-new-york-community-control/","external_links_name":"\"The UFT's Opposition to the Community Control Movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/opinion/sunday/albert-shanker-the-original-charter-school-visionary.html","external_links_name":"The Original Charter School Vision"},{"Link":"http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/21/mayor-eric-adams-the-rev-al-sharpton-others-gather-for-joint-kwanzaa-hanukkah-celebration/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration\""},{"Link":"https://www.jns.org/wire/mayor-eric-adams-rev-al-sharpton-robert-f-smith-robert-f-smith-rev-conrad-tillard-rabbi-shmuley-boteach-and-elisha-wiesel-join-together-to-host-15-days-of-light-celebrating-hanukkah-and/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Patent_Cooperation_Treaty
List of parties to international patent treaties
[]
This is a list of parties to international patent treaties which are open to all states. Paris Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Paris, 1883-03-20, came into force 1884-07-07 PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty, Washington, 1970-06-19, came into force 1978-01-24 Budapest Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, Budapest, 1977-04-28, came into force 1980-08-19 TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Marrakech, 1994-04-15, came into force 1995-01-01 PLT Patent Law Treaty, Geneva, 2000-06-01, came into force 2005-04-28 The list below was taken from details supplied by WIPO and the WTO. Dates quoted are the date on which the treaty came into effect for a given country. Country Paris PCT Budapest TRIPS PLT Afghanistan 2017-05-14 — — — Albania 1995-10-04 1995-10-04 2003-09-19 2000-09-08 2010-05-17 Algeria 1966-03-01 2000-03-08 — — Andorra 2004-06-02 — — — Angola 2007-12-27 2007-12-27 — 1996-11-23 — Antigua and Barbuda 2000-03-17 2000-03-17 2019-06-25 1995-01-01 — Argentina 1967-02-10 — — 1995-01-01 — Armenia 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2005-03-06 2003-02-05 2013-09-17 Australia 1925-10-10 1980-03-31 1987-07-07 1995-01-01 2009-03-16 Austria 1909-01-01 1979-04-23 1984-04-26 1995-01-01 — Azerbaijan 1995-12-25 1995-12-25 2003-10-14 — Bahamas 1973-07-10 — — — Bahrain 1997-10-29 2007-03-18 2012-11-20 1995-01-01 2005-12-15 Bangladesh 1991-03-03 — — 1995-01-01 — Barbados 1985-03-12 1985-03-12 — 1995-01-01 — Belarus 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2001-10-19 2016-10-21 Belgium 1884-07-07 1981-12-14 1983-12-15 1995-01-01 — Belize 2000-06-17 2000-06-17 — 1995-01-01 — Benin 1967-01-10 1987-02-26 — 1996-02-22 — Bhutan 2000-08-04 — — — Bolivia 1993-11-04 — — 1995-09-12 — Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-03-01 1996-09-07 2009-01-27 2012-05-09 Botswana 1998-04-15 2003-10-30 — 1995-05-31 — Brazil 1884-07-07 1978-04-09 — 1995-01-01 — Brunei 2012-02-17 2012-07-24 2012-07-24 1995-01-01 — Bulgaria 1921-06-13 1984-05-21 1980-08-19 1996-12-01 — Burkina Faso 1963-11-19 1989-03-21 — 1995-06-03 — Burundi 1977-09-03 — — 1995-07-23 — Cambodia 1998-09-22 2016-12-08 — 2004-10-13 — Cameroon 1964-05-10 1978-01-24 — 1995-12-13 — Canada 1925-06-12 1990-01-02 1996-09-21 1995-01-01 — Cape Verde 2022-07-06 2022-07-06 — 2008-07-23 — Central African Republic 1963-11-19 1978-01-24 — 1995-05-31 — Chad 1963-11-19 1978-01-24 — 1996-10-19 — Chile 1991-06-14 2009-06-02 2011-08-05 1995-01-01 — China 1985-03-19 1994-01-01 1995-07-01 2001-12-11 — Colombia 1996-09-03 2001-02-28 2016-07-26 1995-04-30 — Comoros 2005-04-03 2005-04-03 — — Congo, Democratic Republic 1975-01-31 — — 1997-01-01 — Congo, Republic 1963-09-02 1978-01-24 — 1997-03-27 — Costa Rica 1995-10-31 1999-08-03 2008-09-30 1995-01-01 — Côte d'Ivoire 1963-10-23 1991-04-30 — 1995-01-01 — Croatia 1991-10-08 1998-07-01 2000-02-25 2000-11-30 2005-04-28 Cuba 1904-11-17 1996-07-16 1994-02-19 1995-04-20 — Cyprus 1966-01-17 1998-04-01 — 1995-07-30 — Czech Republic 1993-01-01 1993-01-01 1993-01-01 1995-01-01 — Denmark 1894-10-01 1978-12-01 1985-07-01 1995-01-01 2005-04-28 Djibouti 2002-05-13 2016-09-23 — 1995-05-31 — Dominica 1999-08-07 1999-08-07 — 1995-01-01 — Dominican Republic 1890-07-11 2007-05-28 2007-07-03 1995-03-09 — Ecuador 1999-06-22 2001-05-07 — 1996-01-21 — Egypt 1951-07-01 2003-09-06 — 1995-06-30 — El Salvador 1994-02-19 2006-08-17 2006-08-17 1995-05-07 — Equatorial Guinea 1997-06-26 2001-07-17 — — Eritrea — — — — — Ethiopia — — — — Estonia 1994-08-24 1994-08-24 1996-09-14 1999-11-13 2005-04-28 Eswatini 1991-05-12 1994-09-20 — 1995-01-01 — European Union — — — 1995-01-01 — Fiji — — — 1996-01-14 — Finland 1921-09-20 1980-10-01 1985-09-01 1995-01-01 2006-03-06 France 1884-07-07 1978-02-25 1980-08-19 1995-01-01 2010-01-05 Gabon 1964-02-29 1978-01-24 — 1995-01-01 — Gambia 1992-01-21 1997-12-09 — 1996-10-23 — Georgia 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2005-09-30 2000-06-14 — Germany 1903-05-01 1978-01-24 1981-01-20 1995-01-01 — Ghana 1976-09-28 1997-02-26 — 1995-01-01 — Greece 1924-09-28 1990-10-09 1993-10-30 1995-01-01 — Grenada 1998-09-22 1998-09-22 — 1996-02-22 — Guatemala 1998-08-18 2006-10-14 2006-10-14 1995-07-21 — Guinea 1982-02-05 1991-05-27 — 1995-10-25 — Guinea-Bissau 1988-06-28 1997-12-12 — 1995-05-31 — Guyana 1994-10-25 — — 1995-01-01 — Haiti 1958-07-01 — — 1996-01-30 — Honduras 1994-02-04 2006-06-20 2006-06-20 1995-01-01 — Hong Kong, China 1997-07-01 1997-07-01 — 1995-01-01 — Hungary 1909-01-01 1980-06-27 1980-08-19 1995-01-01 2008-03-12 Iceland 1962-05-05 1995-03-23 1995-03-23 1995-01-01 — India 1998-12-07 1998-12-07 2001-12-17 1995-01-01 — Indonesia 1950-12-24 1997-09-05 — 1995-01-01 — Iran 1959-12-16 2013-10-04 — — Iraq 1976-12-24 2022-04-30 — — Ireland 1925-12-04 1992-08-01 1999-12-15 1995-01-01 2012-05-27 Israel 1950-03-24 1996-06-01 1996-04-26 1995-04-21 — Italy 1884-07-07 1985-03-28 1986-03-23 1995-01-01 — Jamaica 1999-12-24 2022-02-10 — 1995-05-09 — Japan 1899-07-15 1978-10-01 1980-08-19 1995-01-01 — Jordan 1972-07-17 2017-06-09 2008-11-14 2000-04-11 — Kazakhstan 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2002-04-24 2011-10-19 Kenya 1965-06-14 1994-06-08 — 1995-01-01 — Kiribati 2022-02-05 — — — — Korea, Democratic People's Republic 1980-06-10 1980-07-08 2002-02-21 — — Korea, Republic 1980-05-04 1984-08-10 1988-03-28 1995-01-01 — Kuwait 2014-12-02 2016-09-09 — 1995-01-01 — Kyrgyzstan 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2003-05-17 1998-12-20 2005-04-28 Laos 1998-10-08 2006-06-14 — 2013-02-02 — Latvia 1993-09-07 1993-09-07 1994-12-29 1999-02-10 2010-06-12 Lebanon 1924-09-01 — — — Lesotho 1989-09-28 1995-10-21 — 1995-05-31 — Liberia 1994-08-27 1994-08-27 — 2017-01-04 Libya 1976-09-28 2005-09-15 — — Liechtenstein 1933-07-14 1980-03-19 1981-08-19 1995-09-01 2009-12-18 Lithuania 1994-05-22 1994-07-05 1998-05-09 2001-05-31 2012-02-03 Luxembourg 1922-06-30 1978-04-30 2010-07-29 1995-01-01 — Macau, China 1999-12-20 — — 1995-01-01 — Madagascar 1963-12-21 1978-01-24 — 1995-11-17 — Malawi 1964-07-06 1978-01-24 — 1995-05-31 — Malaysia 1989-01-01 2006-08-16 2022-06-30 1995-01-01 — Maldives — — — 1995-05-31 — Mali 1983-03-01 1984-10-19 — 1995-05-31 — Malta 1967-10-20 2007-03-01 — 1995-01-01 — Mauritania 1965-04-11 1983-04-13 — 1995-05-31 — Mauritius 1976-09-24 2023-03-15 — 1995-01-01 — Mexico 1903-09-07 1995-01-01 2001-03-21 1995-01-01 — Federated States of Micronesia — — — — — Moldova 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2001-07-26 2005-04-28 Monaco 1956-04-29 1979-06-22 1999-01-23 — — Mongolia 1985-04-21 1991-05-27 — 1997-01-29 — Montenegro 2006-06-03 2006-06-03 2006-06-03 2012-04-29 2012-03-09 Morocco 1917-07-30 1999-10-08 2011-07-20 1995-01-01 — Mozambique 1998-07-09 2000-05-18 — 1995-08-26 — Myanmar — — — 1995-01-01 — Namibia 2004-01-01 2004-01-01 — 1995-01-01 — Nauru — — — — — Nepal 2001-06-22 — — 2004-04-23 — Netherlands 1884-07-07 1979-07-10 1987-07-02 1995-01-01 2010-10-27 New Zealand 1931-07-29 1992-12-01 2019-03-17 1995-01-01 — Nicaragua 1996-07-03 2003-03-06 2006-08-10 1995-09-03 — Niger 1964-07-05 1993-03-21 — 1996-12-13 — Nigeria 1963-09-02 2005-05-08 — 1995-01-01 2005-04-28 North Macedonia 1991-09-08 1995-08-10 2002-08-30 2003-04-04 2010-04-22 Norway 1885-07-01 1980-01-01 1986-01-01 1995-01-01 — Oman 1999-07-14 2001-10-26 2007-10-16 2000-11-09 2007-10-16 Pakistan 2004-07-22 — — 1995-01-01 — Palau — — — — — Panama 1996-10-19 2012-09-07 2012-09-07 1997-09-06 — Papua New Guinea 1999-06-15 2003-06-14 — 1996-06-09 — Paraguay 1994-05-28 — — 1995-01-01 — Peru 1995-04-11 2009-06-06 2009-01-20 1995-01-01 — Philippines 1965-09-27 2001-08-17 1981-10-21 1995-01-01 — Poland 1919-11-10 1990-12-25 1993-09-22 1995-07-01 — Portugal 1884-07-07 1992-11-24 1997-10-16 1995-01-01 — Qatar 2000-07-05 2011-08-03 2014-03-06 1996-01-13 — Romania 1920-10-06 1979-07-23 1999-09-25 1995-01-01 2005-04-28 Russian Federation 1965-07-01 1978-03-29 1981-04-22 2012-08-22 2009-08-12 Rwanda 1984-03-01 2011-08-31 — 1996-05-22 — Saint Kitts and Nevis 1995-04-09 2005-10-27 — 1996-02-21 — Saint Lucia 1995-06-09 1996-10-30 — 1995-01-01 — St. Vincent & Grenadines 1995-08-29 2002-08-06 — 1995-01-01 — Samoa 2013-09-21 2020-01-02 — 2012-05-10 — San Marino 1960-03-04 2004-12-14 — — — São Tomé and Príncipe 1998-05-12 2008-07-03 — — Saudi Arabia 2004-03-11 2013-08-03 2021-01-16 2005-12-11 2013-08-03 Senegal 1963-12-21 1978-01-24 — 1995-01-01 — Serbia 1992-04-27 1997-01-02 1994-02-25 2010-10-20 Seychelles 2002-11-07 2002-11-07 — — Sierra Leone 1997-06-17 1997-06-17 — 1995-07-23 — Singapore 1995-02-23 1995-02-23 1995-02-23 1995-01-01 — Slovakia 1993-01-01 1993-01-01 1993-01-01 1995-01-01 2005-04-28 Slovenia 1991-06-25 1994-03-01 1998-03-12 1995-07-30 2005-04-28 Solomon Islands — — — 1996-07-26 — Somalia — — — — — South Africa 1947-12-01 1999-03-16 1997-07-14 1995-01-01 — South Sudan — — — — — Spain 1884-07-07 1989-11-16 1981-03-19 1995-01-01 2013-11-06 Sri Lanka 1952-12-29 1982-02-26 — 1995-01-01 — Sudan 1984-04-16 1984-04-16 — — Suriname 1975-11-25 — — 1995-01-01 — Sweden 1885-07-01 1978-05-17 1983-10-01 1995-01-01 2007-12-27 Switzerland 1884-07-07 1978-01-24 1981-08-09 1995-07-01 2008-07-01 Syria 1924-09-01 2003-06-26 — — Taiwan (Republic of China) — — — 2002-01-01 — Tajikistan 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2013-03-02 — Tanzania 1963-06-16 1999-09-14 — 1995-01-01 — Thailand 2008-05-02 2009-09-24 — 1995-01-01 — Timor Leste — — — — — Togo 1967-09-10 1978-01-24 — 1995-05-31 — Tonga 2001-06-14 — — 2007-07-27 — Trinidad and Tobago 1964-08-01 1994-03-10 1994-03-10 1995-03-01 — Tunisia 1884-07-07 2001-12-10 2004-05-23 1995-03-29 — Turkey 1925-10-10 1996-01-01 1998-11-30 1995-03-26 — Turkmenistan 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 — — — Tuvalu — — — — — Uganda 1965-06-14 1995-02-09 — 1995-01-01 — Ukraine 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 1997-07-02 2008-05-16 2005-04-28 United Arab Emirates 1996-09-19 1999-03-10 2021-05-17 1996-04-10 — United Kingdom 1884-07-07 1978-01-24 1980-12-29 1995-01-01 2006-03-22 United States of America 1887-05-30 1978-01-24 1980-08-19 1995-01-01 2013-12-18 Uruguay 1967-03-18 — — 1995-01-01 — Uzbekistan 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 2002-01-12 2006-07-19 Vanuatu — — — 2012-08-24 — Holy See (Vatican City) 1960-09-29 — — — Venezuela 1995-09-12 — — 1995-01-01 — Vietnam 1949-03-08 1993-03-10 2021-06-01 2007-01-11 — Yemen 2007-02-15 — — — Zambia 1965-04-06 2001-11-15 — 1995-01-01 — Zimbabwe 1980-04-18 1997-06-11 — 1995-03-05 — Notes ^ a b Ratification as Austria-Hungary ^ Estonia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1924-02-12. However, it lost its independence on 1940-08-06. ^ a b Ratification of China extended to Hong Kong ^ Latvia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1925-08-20. However, it lost its independence on 1940-07-21. ^ Ratification of China extended to Macao ^ a b c d Valid in all countries in the Kingdom: Aruba, Curaçao, Netherlands and Sint Maarten ^ Valid in all countries in the Kingdom, except Aruba ^ Extended to the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau ^ a b c Ratification as the Soviet Union ^ a b c Ratification as Serbia and Montenegro ^ Extended to the Isle of Man (1983), Guernsey (from November 2020), Bailiwick of Jersey (from November 2020) and Gibraltar (from January 2021). ^ Extended to the Isle of Man (from 29 October 1983), Hong Kong (1981-1997), Gibraltar (from 1 January 2021) and Guernsey (from 23 March 2021) ^ Extended to Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar from 1 January 2021. ^ a b Extended to the Isle of Man See also African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO) European Patent Organisation (EPO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Trade Organization (WTO) List of parties to international copyright treaties List of parties to international related rights treaties References ^ Parties to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Parties to the Patent Cooperation Treaty Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Parties to the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure Archived 2020-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Members of the World Trade Organization Archived 2009-12-29 at the Wayback Machine as of 2005-12-11. ^ "Parties to the Patent Law Treaty". Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2021-04-03. ^ "Paris Notification No. 221 - Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - Accession by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". WIPO. February 14, 2017. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017. ^ "New PCT Contracting State". www.wipo.int. WIPO. November 24, 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. On 10 November 2021, Jamaica deposited its instrument of accession to the PCT, thus becoming the 154th Contracting State of the PCT, and on 10 February 2022, will become bound by the PCT. ^ "Paris Convention Accession, Accession by Kiribati". www.wipo.int. WIPO. November 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. On 5 November 2021, Kiribati (country code: KI) deposited its instrument of accession to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, thus bringing the total number of States party to that Convention to 178. Kiribati will become bound by the Paris Convention on 5 February 2022. ^ "TREATY/PCT/223: Accession by the Republic of Mauritius". www.wipo.int. WIPO. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Paris Notification No. 223 - Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property - Declaration by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". WIPO. August 13, 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020. ^ "PCT Contracting States" (PDF). wipo.int. WIPO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. The United Kingdom extended the application of the PCT to the Isle of Man with effect from 29 October 1983. ^ "PCT Contracting States" (PDF). wipo.int. WIPO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. With effect from 1 January 2021, the United Kingdom will extend the application of the PCT to the territory of Gibraltar External links Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Patent Cooperation Treaty Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Patent Law Treaty
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Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Patent Law 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Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NL3_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NZ3_17-0"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SU_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SU_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SU_18-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SM_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SM_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SM_19-2"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_Paris_21-0"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Bailiwick of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_PCT_24-0"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_Budapest_25-0"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_PLT_TRIPS_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UK_PLT_TRIPS_26-1"}],"text":"This is a list of parties to international patent treaties which are open to all states.Paris\nParis Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Paris, 1883-03-20, came into force 1884-07-07[1]\nPCT\nPatent Cooperation Treaty, Washington, 1970-06-19, came into force 1978-01-24[2]\nBudapest\nBudapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, Budapest, 1977-04-28, came into force 1980-08-19[3]\nTRIPS\nAgreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Marrakech, 1994-04-15, came into force 1995-01-01[4]\nPLT\nPatent Law Treaty, Geneva, 2000-06-01, came into force 2005-04-28[5]The list below was taken from details supplied by WIPO and the WTO. Dates quoted are the date on which the treaty came into effect for a given country.Notes^ a b Ratification as Austria-Hungary\n\n^ Estonia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1924-02-12. However, it lost its independence on 1940-08-06.\n\n^ a b Ratification of China extended to Hong Kong\n\n^ Latvia was a member of the Paris Convention from 1925-08-20. However, it lost its independence on 1940-07-21.\n\n^ Ratification of China extended to Macao\n\n^ a b c d Valid in all countries in the Kingdom: Aruba, Curaçao, Netherlands and Sint Maarten\n\n^ Valid in all countries in the Kingdom, except Aruba\n\n^ Extended to the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau\n\n^ a b c Ratification as the Soviet Union\n\n^ a b c Ratification as Serbia and Montenegro\n\n^ Extended to the Isle of Man (1983), Guernsey (from November 2020), Bailiwick of Jersey (from November 2020) and Gibraltar (from January 2021).[10]\n\n^ Extended to the Isle of Man (from 29 October 1983[11]), Hong Kong (1981-1997), Gibraltar (from 1 January 2021)[12] and Guernsey (from 23 March 2021)\n\n^ Extended to Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar from 1 January 2021.\n\n^ a b Extended to the Isle of Man","title":"List of parties to international patent treaties"}]
[]
[{"title":"African Regional Intellectual Property Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Regional_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"title":"Eurasian Patent Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization"},{"title":"European Patent Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation"},{"title":"World Intellectual Property Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"title":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"title":"List of parties to international copyright treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_treaties"},{"title":"List of parties to international related rights treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_related_rights_treaties"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti
Luciano Pavarotti
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and musical training","1.2 Career: 1960s–1970s","1.3 Career: 1980s–1990s","1.4 Career: Early 2000s","1.5 Final performances and health issues","1.6 Death","2 Other work","2.1 Film and television","2.2 Humanitarianism","3 Legacy and estate assignment","4 Selected discography","4.1 Studio recital albums","5 Selected videography","6 Awards and honors","6.1 Civil awards","6.2 Grammy Awards","6.3 Emmy Awards","6.4 Other awards and recognitions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Italian operatic tenor (1935–2007) "Pavarotti" redirects here. For the documentary, see Pavarotti (film). Luciano PavarottiOMRIPavarotti upon receiving the Kennedy Center Honors, 2001Born(1935-10-12)12 October 1935Modena, ItalyDied6 September 2007(2007-09-06) (aged 71)Modena, ItalyOccupationOpera singer (tenor)Years active1955–2006Spouses Adua Veroni ​ ​(m. 1961; div. 2000)​ Nicoletta Mantovani ​(m. 2003)​Children4Signature Luciano Pavarotti OMRI (/ˌpævəˈrɒti/, US also /ˌpɑːv-/, Italian: ; 12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who during the late part of his career crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most acclaimed tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for his tone, and gaining the nickname "King of the High Cs". As one of the Three Tenors, who performed their first concert during the 1990 FIFA World Cup before a global audience, Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances. From the beginning of his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy to his final performance of "Nessun dorma" at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Pavarotti was at his best in bel canto operas, pre-Aida Verdi roles, and Puccini works such as La bohème, Tosca, Turandot and Madama Butterfly. He sold over 100 million records, and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1988, and died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007. Pavarotti performing "Una furtiva lagrima" from the Italian opera L'elisir d'amore Biography Early life and musical training Luciano Pavarotti was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker. Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money; its four members were crowded into a two-room apartment. According to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943. For the following year, they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming. After abandoning the dream of becoming a football goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's records, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day—Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, and Enrico Caruso. Pavarotti's favourite tenor and idol was Giuseppe Di Stefano and he was also deeply influenced by Mario Lanza, saying: "In my teens I used to go to Mario Lanza movies and then come home and imitate him in the mirror". At around the age of nine, he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. In addition to music, as a child, Pavarotti enjoyed playing football. When he graduated from the Scuola Magistrale he was interested in pursuing a career as a professional football goalkeeper, but his mother convinced him to train as a teacher. He subsequently taught in an elementary school for two years but finally decided to pursue a music career. His father, recognising the risk involved, only reluctantly gave his consent. Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music. In 1955, he experienced his first singing success when he was a member of the Corale Rossini, a male voice choir from Modena that also included his father, which won first prize at the International Eisteddfod in Llangollen, Wales. He later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer. At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni. They married in 1961. When his teacher Arrigo Pola moved to Japan, Pavarotti became a student of Ettore Campogalliani, who at that time was also teaching Pavarotti's childhood friend, Mirella Freni, whose mother worked with Luciano's mother in the cigar factory. Like Pavarotti, Freni went on to become a successful opera singer; they would go on to collaborate in various stage performances and recordings together. During his years of musical study, Pavarotti held part-time jobs in order to sustain himself—first as an elementary school teacher and then as an insurance salesman. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns and without pay. When a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a "disastrous" concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision. Whatever the reason, the nodule not only disappeared but, as he related in his autobiography: "Everything I had learned came together with my natural voice to make the sound I had been struggling so hard to achieve". Career: 1960s–1970s Pavarotti began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961. His first known recording of "Che gelida manina" was recorded during this performance. Pavarotti's first of two marriages was to Adua Veroni which lasted from 1961 to 2000 and they had three daughters: Lorenza, Cristina, and Giuliana. Luciano Pavarotti in 1972 He made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera in the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw Pavarotti again as Rodolfo and as Duca di Mantova in Rigoletto. The same year saw his first concert outside Italy when he sang in Dundalk, Ireland for the St Cecilia's Gramophone Society, he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing The Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto in May and June, and his Royal Opera House debut, where he replaced an indisposed Giuseppe Di Stefano as Rodolfo. There exists on archive.org three complete performances from Pavarotti's early career in 1964, when he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing Rudolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème (Audio recording of LA BOHEME Presented on 19, 21, 27 May, 1 June 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season) and Alfredo in Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata (Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on 8 June 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season, Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on 25 May 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season). Also available are reviews of those performances in which the reviewers favourably comment on his singing (from the reviews for "La Boheme"): "sang sweetly and appealingly," "rich promise," "outstanding," "fit for the big heroic roles," and "robust;" his voice: "pure tone", "arresting quality," "unforced strength and range," "well sustained," and "lovely;" and his acting: "looked and moved well," "sang with musically-directed intelligence," "used the voice to reinforce his acting," and "chief delight of the evening." While generally successful, Pavarotti's early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy. An early coup involved his connection with Joan Sutherland (and her conductor husband, Richard Bonynge), who in 1963 was seeking a tenor taller than herself to take along on her 1965 tour to Australia. With his commanding physical presence, Pavarotti proved ideal. However, before the summer 1965 Australia tour Pavarotti sang with Joan Sutherland when he made his American début with the Greater Miami Opera in February 1965, singing in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor on the stage of the Miami-Dade County Auditorium in Miami. The tenor scheduled to perform that night became ill with no understudy. As Sutherland had plans to travel with him on the Australia tour that summer, she recommended the young Pavarotti as he was acquainted with the role. Shortly after, on 28 April, Pavarotti made his La Scala debut in the revival of the Franco Zeffirelli production of La bohème, with his childhood friend Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. Karajan had requested the singer's engagement. With Joan Sutherland in I puritani (1976) During the Australia tour in summer 1965, Sutherland and Pavarotti sang some forty performances over two months, and Pavarotti later credited Sutherland for the breathing technique that would sustain him over his career. After the extended Australian tour, he returned to La Scala, where he added Tebaldo from I Capuleti e i Montecchi to his repertoire on 26 March 1966, with Giacomo Aragall as Romeo. His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 2 June of that year. It was his performances of this role that would earn him the title of "King of the High Cs". He scored another major triumph in Rome on 20 November 1969 when he sang in I Lombardi opposite Renata Scotto. This was recorded on a private label and widely distributed, as were various recordings of his I Capuleti e i Montecchi, usually with Aragall. Early commercial recordings included a recital of Donizetti (the aria from Don Sebastiano were particularly highly regarded) and Verdi arias, as well as a complete L'elisir d'amore with Sutherland. His major breakthrough in the United States came on 17 February 1972, in a production of La fille du régiment at New York's Metropolitan Opera, in which he drove the crowd into a frenzy with his nine effortless high Cs in the signature aria. He achieved a record seventeen curtain calls. Pavarotti sang his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri, on 1 February 1973, as part of the college's Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman–Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a lingering cold, the tenor clutched a handkerchief throughout the début. The prop became a signature part of his solo performances. He began to give frequent television performances, starting with his performances as Rodolfo (La bohème) in the first Live from the Met telecast in March 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances. In addition to the previously listed titles, his La favorite with Fiorenza Cossotto and his I puritani (1975) with Sutherland stand out. In 1976, Pavarotti debuted at the Salzburg Festival, appearing in a solo recital on 31 July, accompanied by pianist Leone Magiera. Pavarotti returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals. In 1979, he was profiled in a cover story in the weekly magazine Time. That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera after an absence of fourteen years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting, Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore. In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center. Career: 1980s–1990s At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La bohème and L'elisir d'amore. The second competition, in 1986, staged excerpts of La bohème and Un ballo in maschera. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of his career, he brought the winners of the competition to Italy for gala performances of La bohème in Modena and Genoa, and then to China where they staged performances of La bohème in Beijing (Peking). To conclude the visit, Pavarotti performed the inaugural concert in the Great Hall of the People before 10,000 people, receiving a standing ovation for nine effortless high Cs. The third competition in 1989 again staged performances of L'elisir d'amore and Un ballo in maschera. The winners of the fifth competition accompanied Pavarotti in performances in Philadelphia in 1997. In the mid-1980s, Pavarotti returned to two opera houses that had provided him with important breakthroughs, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala. Vienna saw Pavarotti as Rodolfo in La bohème with Carlos Kleiber conducting and again Mirella Freni was Mimi; as Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore; as Radames in Aida conducted by Lorin Maazel; as Rodolfo in Luisa Miller; and as Gustavo in Un ballo in maschera conducted by Claudio Abbado. In 1996, Pavarotti appeared for the last time at the Staatsoper in Andrea Chénier. Throughout the 1980s and 90s, promoters Tibor Rudas and Harvey Goldsmith booked Pavarotti into increasingly larger venues. From left: journalist Vincenzo Mollica, Pavarotti, Lucio Dalla and Zucchero on the first edition of Pavarotti & Friends (1992) In 1985, Pavarotti sang Radames at La Scala opposite Maria Chiara in a Luca Ronconi production conducted by Maazel, recorded on video. His performance of the aria "Celeste Aida" received a two-minute ovation on the opening night. He was reunited with Mirella Freni for the San Francisco Opera production of La bohème in 1988, also recorded on video. In 1992, La Scala saw Pavarotti in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlos, conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticised by some observers and booed by parts of the audience. Pavarotti became even better known throughout the world in 1990 when his rendition of the aria "Nessun dorma" from Giacomo Puccini's Turandot was taken as the theme song of BBC's coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria achieved pop status, became the World Cup soundtrack, and it remained his trademark song. This was followed by the first Three Tenors concert, held on the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta. The performance for the World Cup closing concert captivated a global audience, and it became the biggest-selling classical record of all time. A highlight of the concert, in which Pavarotti sang the opening verses using extended vocal runs for di Capua's "O Sole Mio" and which was in turn perfectly repeated note-for-note by Domingo and Carreras to the delight of the audience. The recorded album sold millions of copies, and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many well-attended outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park, which drew a record attendance of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his free performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for an estimated crowd of 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, the Three Tenors concerts were held during the three subsequent FIFA World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama. Elton John and Pavarotti in Modena, 1996 In September 1995, Pavarotti performed Schubert's Ave Maria along with Dolores O'Riordan; Diana, Princess of Wales, who attended the live performance, told O'Riordan that the song brought her to tears. In 1995, Pavarotti's friends, the singer Lara Saint Paul (as Lara Cariaggi) and her husband showman Pier Quinto Cariaggi, who had produced and organised Pavarotti's 1990 FIFA World Cup Celebration Concert at the PalaTrussardi in Milan, produced and wrote the television documentary The Best is Yet to Come, an extensive biography about the life of Pavarotti. Lara Saint Paul was the interviewer for the documentary with Pavarotti, who spoke candidly about his life and career. Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He earned a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" by frequently backing out of performances, and his unreliable nature led to poor relationships with some opera houses. This was brought into focus in 1989 when Ardis Krainik of the Lyric Opera of Chicago severed the house's 15-year relationship with the tenor. Over an eight-year period, Pavarotti had cancelled 26 out of 41 scheduled appearances at the Lyric, and the decisive move by Krainik to ban him for life was well noted throughout the opera world, after the performer walked away from a season premiere less than two weeks before rehearsals began, saying pain from a sciatic nerve required two months of treatment. On 12 December 1998, he became the first (and, to date, only) opera singer to perform on Saturday Night Live, singing alongside Vanessa L. Williams. He also sang with U2 in the band's 1995 song "Miss Sarajevo" and with Mercedes Sosa in a big concert at the Boca Juniors arena La Bombonera in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1999. In 1998, Pavarotti was presented with the Grammy Legend Award. Career: Early 2000s Luciano Pavarotti performing on 15 June 2002 at a concert in the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille In 2001, Pavarotti was acquitted in an Italian court of a long-standing dispute concerning his official country of residency and taxable earnings. Pavarotti long claimed Monte Carlo in the tax haven of Monaco as his official residence, but an Italian court in 1999 had rejected that claim by ruling that his Monaco address could not accommodate his entire family. In 2000 Pavarotti agreed to pay the Italian government more than $7.6 million in back taxes and penalties as a result of tax evasion charges that dated from 1989 to 1995. Pavarotti was subsequently fully acquitted by an Italian court of filing false tax returns in 2001. Pavarotti and family, N.Y.C., 1979–1983. Clockwise from top: Luciano Pavarotti, daughters Cristina and Lorenza Pavarotti, wife Adua Veroni, daughter Giuliana Pavarotti. On 13 December 2003, he married his second wife and former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani (born 1969), with whom he already had another daughter, Alice. Alice's twin brother, Riccardo, was stillborn after complications in January 2003. At the time of his death in September 2007, he was survived by his wife, his four daughters, and one granddaughter. In late 2003, he released his final compilation—and his first and only "crossover" album, Ti Adoro. Most of the 13 songs were written and produced by Michele Centonze, who had already helped produce the "Pavarotti & Friends" concerts between 1998 and 2000. The tenor described the album as a wedding gift to Nicoletta Mantovani. That same year he was made a Commander of Monaco's Order of Cultural Merit. In 2004, one of Pavarotti's former managers, Herbert Breslin, published a book, The King & I. Seen by critics as bitter and sensationalistic, it is critical of the singer's acting (in opera), his inability to read music well and learn parts, and his personal conduct, although acknowledging their success together. In an interview in 2005 with Jeremy Paxman on the BBC, Pavarotti rejected the allegation that he could not read music, although he acknowledged he did not read orchestral scores. He received an enormous number of awards and honours, including Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. He also holds two Guinness World Records: one for receiving the most curtain calls (165) and another for the best-selling classical album (Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert by the Three Tenors; the latter record is thus shared by fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras). Pavarotti performing at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Final performances and health issues Statue of Pavarotti in Eilat IMAX Pavarotti began his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after more than four decades on the stage. On 13 March 2004, Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera, for which he received a long-standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. On 1 December 2004, he announced a 40-city farewell tour. Pavarotti and his manager, Terri Robson, commissioned impresario Harvey Goldsmith to produce the Worldwide Farewell Tour. His last full-scale performance was at the end of a two-month Australasian tour in Taiwan in December 2005. In March 2005, Pavarotti underwent neck surgery to repair two vertebrae. In early 2006, he underwent further back surgery and contracted an infection while in the hospital in New York, forcing cancellation of concerts in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. On 10 February 2006, Pavarotti performed "Nessun dorma" at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy, at his final performance. In the last act of the opening ceremony, his performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the night from the international crowd. Leone Magiera, who directed the performance, revealed in his 2008 memoirs, Pavarotti Visto da Vicino, that the performance had been recorded weeks earlier. "The orchestra pretended to play for the audience, I pretended to conduct and Luciano pretended to sing. The effect was wonderful," he wrote. Pavarotti's manager, Terri Robson, said that the tenor had turned the Winter Olympic Committee's invitation down several times because it would have been impossible to sing late at night in the subzero conditions of Turin in February. The committee eventually persuaded him to take part by prerecording the song. Death Grave of Luciano Pavarotti and his family in Montale Rangone  While proceeding with an international "farewell tour", Pavarotti was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. The tenor fought back against the implications of this diagnosis, undergoing major abdominal surgery and making plans for the resumption and conclusion of his singing commitments, but he died at his home in Modena on 6 September 2007. After his death, his manager, Terri Robson, noted in a statement, "The Maestro fought a long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer which eventually took his life. In fitting with the approach that characterised his life and work, he remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness". Pavarotti's funeral was held at Modena Cathedral. The then Prime Minister Romano Prodi and Kofi Annan attended. The Frecce Tricolori, the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force, flew overhead, leaving green-white-red smoke trails. After a funeral procession through the centre of Modena, Pavarotti's coffin was taken the final ten kilometres (6 miles) to Montale Rangone, a village part of Castelnuovo Rangone, and was interred in the Pavarotti family crypt. The funeral, in its entirety, was also telecast live on CNN. The Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival Hall flew black flags in mourning. Tributes were published by many opera houses, such as London's Royal Opera House. Other work Film and television Pavarotti embraces Karen Kondazian on the set of Yes, Giorgio Pavarotti's one venture into film was Yes, Giorgio (1982), a romantic comedy movie directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, in which he starred as the main character Giorgio Fini. The film was a critical and commercial failure, although it received an Academy Award nomination for Best Music, Original Song. He can be seen to better advantage in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's movie Rigoletto, an adaptation of the opera of the same name also released in 1982, or in his more than 20 live opera performances taped for television between 1978 and 1994, most of them with the Metropolitan Opera, and most available on DVD. He received two Primetime Emmy Awards for his PBS variety specials Pavarotti in Philadelphia: La Boheme and Duke of Mantua, Rigoletto Great Performances. Pavarotti, a 2019 documentary film about him, was directed by Ron Howard and produced with the cooperation of Pavarotti's estate using family archives, interviews and live music footage. Humanitarianism See also: Pavarotti & Friends Pavarotti annually hosted the Pavarotti & Friends charity concerts in his home town of Modena Italy, joining with singers from all parts of the music industry, including B.B. King, Andrea Bocelli, Zucchero, Jon Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams, Bono, James Brown, Mariah Carey, Eric Clapton, Dolores O'Riordan, Sheryl Crow, Céline Dion, Anastacia, Elton John, Deep Purple, Meat Loaf, Queen, George Michael, Tracy Chapman, the Spice Girls, Sting and Barry White to raise money for several UN causes. Concerts were held for War Child, and victims of war and civil unrest in Bosnia, Guatemala, Kosovo and Iraq. After the war in Bosnia, he financed and established the Pavarotti Music Centre in the southern city of Mostar to offer Bosnia's artists the opportunity to develop their skills. For these contributions, the city of Sarajevo named him an honorary citizen in 2006. He performed at benefit concerts to raise money for victims of tragedies such as the Spitak earthquake that killed 25,000 people in northern Armenia in December 1988, and sang Gounod's Ave Maria with legendary French pop music star and ethnic Armenian Charles Aznavour. He was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales. They raised money for the elimination of land mines worldwide. In 1998, he was appointed the United Nations Messenger of Peace, using his fame to raise awareness of UN issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS, child rights, urban slums and poverty. In 1999, Pavarotti performed a charity benefit concert in Beirut, to mark Lebanon's re-emergence on the world stage after a brutal 15-year civil war. The largest concert held in Beirut since the end of the war, it was attended by 20,000 people who travelled from countries as distant as Saudi Arabia and Bulgaria. In 1999 he also hosted a charity benefit concert to build a school in Guatemala, for Guatemalan civil war orphans. It was named after him Centro Educativo Pavarotti. Now the foundation of Nobel prize winner Rigoberta Menchú Tum is running the school. In 2001, Pavarotti received the Nansen Medal from the UN High Commission for Refugees for his efforts in raising money on behalf of refugees worldwide. Through benefit concerts and volunteer work, he has raised more than any other individual. Also in 2001, Pavarotti was chosen one of that year's five recipients by the President and First Lady as an honoree for their lifetime achievements in the arts at the White House, followed by the Kennedy Center; the Kennedy Center Honors, He was surprised by the appearance of Secretary-General of the United Nations and that year's winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Kofi Annan, who lauded him for his contribution to humankind. Six months prior, Pavarotti had held a large charity concert for Afghan refugees, particularly children in his home town of Modena, Italy. Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti. Atlantic City Boardwalk New Jersey USA 2006 Other honours he received include the "Freedom of London Award" and The Red Cross "Award for Services to Humanity", for his work in raising money for that organisation, and the 1998 "MusiCares Person of the Year", given to humanitarian heroes by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. Legacy and estate assignment His first will was opened the day after his death; a second will was opened within the same month of September. He left an estate outside his native Modena (now a museum), a villa in Pesaro, his flat in Monte Carlo, and three flats in New York City. Pavarotti's widow's lawyers, Giorgio Bernini and Anna Maria Bernini, and manager Terri Robson announced on 30 June 2008 that his family amicably settled his estate—€300 million ($474.2 million, including $15 million in U.S. assets). Pavarotti drafted two wills before his death: one divided his assets by Italian law, giving half to his second wife, Nicoletta Mantovani, and half to his four daughters; the second gave his U.S. holdings to Mantovani. The judge confirmed the compromise by the end of July 2008. However, a Pesaro public prosecutor, Massimo di Patria, investigated allegations that Pavarotti was not of sound mind when he signed the will. Pavarotti's estate has been settled "fairly", a lawyer for Mantovani said in statements after reports of a dispute between her and his three daughters from his first marriage. He posthumously received the Italy-USA Foundation's America Award in 2013 and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2014. Selected discography Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti in front of the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin In addition to his very large discography of opera performances Pavarotti also made many classical crossover and pop recordings, the Pavarotti & Friends series of concerts and, for Decca, a series of studio recital albums: first six albums of opera arias and then, from 1979, six albums of Italian song. Studio recital albums Favourite Italian Arias – Arias from La Bohème, Tosca and Rigoletto. Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Edward Downes Decca Records 1966 Arias by Verdi & Donizetti – Arias from Luisa Miller, I due Foscari, Un ballo in maschera, Macbeth, Lucia di Lammermoor, Il duca d'Alba, La favorita and Don Sebastiano (with the Wiener Opernorchester under Edward Downes, 1968). Tenor Arias from Italian Opera – Arias from Guglielmo Tell, I puritani, Il trovatore, L'arlesiana, La bohème, Mefistofele, Don Pasquale, La Gioconda and Giuseppe Pietri's it:Maristella. Luciano Pavarotti tenor with Arleen Auger soprano. Leone Magiera (piano) Wiener Opernorchester and choir. Ambrosian Singers New Philharmonia Orchestra Nicola Rescigno 1971 The World's Favourite Tenor Arias' – Tosca, Carmen, Aida, Faust, Pagliacci, Martha. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Wiener Volksoper Orchester. Leone Magiera. New Philharmonia Orchestra Richard Bonynge 1973 Pavarotti in Concert – Arias and songs by Bononcini, Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Bellini, Tosti, Respighi, Rossini. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Richard Bonynge. 1973 O Holy Night – Songs and carols by Adam, Stradella, Franck, Mercadante, Schubert, Bach (arranged Gounod), Bizet, Berlioz, Pietro Yon, Alois Melichar. Wandsworth School Boys' Choir. London Voices. National Philharmonic Orchestra, Kurt Herbert Adler 1976 O Sole Mio – Favourite Neapolitan Songs 13 songs by Eduardo di Capua: O sole mio Francesco Paolo Tosti: 'A vucchella, Enrico Cannio: O surdato 'nnammurato, it:Salvatore Gambardella: O marenariello, Traditional: Fenesta vascia, Tosti: A Marechiare, Ernesto de Curtis: Torna a Surriento, Gaetano Errico Pennino: Pecchè?, Vincenzo d'Annibale: 'O paese d' 'o sole, Ernesto Tagliaferri: Piscatore 'e Pusilleco, Curtis: it:Tu ca nun chiagne, Capua: Maria, Mari, Luigi Denza: Funiculì funiculà. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna Anton Guadagno National Philharmonic Orchestra it:Giancarlo Chiaramello 1979 Verismo – Arias from Fedora, Mefistofele, Adriana Lecouvreur, Iris, L'Africaine, Werther, La fanciulla del West, Manon Lescaut, Andrea Chénier. National Philharmonic Orchestra Oliviero de Fabritiis (Riccardo Chailly for Andrea Chénier arias) 1979 Mattinata – 14 songs by Caldara, formerly attrib. Pergolesi, probably by Vincenzo Ciampi: Tre giorni son che Nina, Bellini, Tommaso Giordani, Rossini, Gluck, Tosti, Donizetti, Leoncavallo, Beethoven and Francesco Durante. Philharmonia Orchestra Piero Gamba National Philharmonic Orchestra. Antonio Tonini (conductor) 1983 Mamma – songs by Cesare Andrea Bixio, Ernesto de Curtis, Arturo Buzzi-Peccia, Stanislao Gastaldon, Cesare Cesarini, A. Walter Kramer, Carlo Innocenzi, Giovanni D'Anzi, Eldo Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo De Crescenzo, Domenico Martuzzi, Aniello Califano, Colombino Arona. Arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini, 1984. Passione – 12 songs by Ernesto Tagliaferri, Paolo Tosti, :it:Pasquale Mario Costa, Teodoro Cottrau, it:Evemero Nardella, Rodolfo Falvo, De Curtis, Di Capua, E. A. Mario, Gaetano Lama and Salvatore Cardillo. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Giancarlo Chiaramello 1985 Volare – 16 songs by Domenico Modugno, Luigi Denza, Cesare Andrea Bixio, Gabriele Sibella, Giovanni D'Anzi, Michael John Bonagura, Edoardo Mascheroni, Ernesto De Curtis, Ermenegildo Ruccione, Pietro Mascagni, Guido Maria Ferilli. arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini 1987 Ti Adoro – songs by Romano Musumarra, Carlo Mioli, Ornella D'Urbano, Michele Centonze, Andrea Bellantani, Daniel Vuletic, Veris Giannetti, Nino Rota/Elsa Morante, Edoardo Bennato, Hans Zimmer/Gavin Greenaway/Jeffrey Pescetto, Lucio Dalla. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Orchestra di Roma. Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra. Romano Musumarra Giancarlo Chiaramello, 2000 Selected videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234, 2006 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010 Awards and honors Civil awards 1976 – 3rd Class / Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1980 – 2nd Class / Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1988 – 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1992 – Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour 1993 – Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit of Monaco Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Luciano Pavarotti – O Holy Night Best Classical Vocal Solo Nominated 1979 Luciano Pavarotti – Hits From Lincoln Center Best Classical Vocal Solo Won 1980 Luciano Pavarotti & the Bologna Orchestra for O Sole Mio – Favorite Neapolitan Songs Best Classical Vocal Solo Won 1982 Marilyn Horne, Luciano Pavarotti, Joan Sutherland, Richard Bonynge (conductor) & the New York City Opera Orchestra for Live From Lincoln Center – Sutherland/Horne/Pavarotti Best Classical Vocal Solo Won Best Classical Album Nominated 1987 Luciano Pavarotti Passione Pavarotti – Favorite Neapolitan Songs Best Classical Vocal Solo Nominated Verdi: Un Ballo In Maschera Best Opera Recording Nominated 1989 Luciano Pavarotti, Emerson Buckley (conductor) & the Symphony Orchestra of Amelia Romangna for Luciano Pavarotti in Concert Best Classical Vocal Solo Won Bellini: Norma Best Opera Recording Nominated Mozart: Idomeneo Nominated 1991 José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti, Zubin Mehta (conductor) & the Orchestra Del Maggio Musicale for Carreras, Domingo, Pavarotti in Concert Best Classical Vocal Solo Won Best Classical Album Nominated 1995 José Carreras, Plácido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti with Zubin Mehta – The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 Best Pop Vocal Album Nominated Album of the Year Nominated 1997 Frank Sinatra and Luciano Pavarotti – My Way Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Nominated 1998 Luciano Pavarotti MusiCares Person of the Year Won Grammy Legend Award Won Emmy Awards The Emmy Awards are awarded annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Year Nominee / work Award Result 1980 New York Philharmonic with Zubin Mehta and Luciano Pavarotti Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Nominated 1981 Joan Sutherland, Marilyn Horne and Luciano Pavarotti Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Nominated 1983 Pavarotti in Philadelphia: La Boheme Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Won Live From Lincoln Center: Luciano Pavarotti and the Artists Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Nominated 1985 Duke of Mantua, Rigoletto Great Performances Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Won 1987 An Evening with Joan Sutherland and Luciano Pavarotti Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Nominated 1991 Pavarotti Plus! Live From Lincoln Center Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Nominated 1992 The 100th Telecast: Pavarotti Plus! Live From Lincoln Center Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts Nominated 1994 Pavarotti In Paris Outstanding Cultural Program Nominated Other awards and recognitions 1965 – "Principessa Carlotta" award 1980 – Grand Marshal at the New York City's Columbus Day Parade on October 12. He decided to lead the parade riding a horse and wearing a cloak with stripes, stars and the colours of the US flag 1984 – "Ville de Paris" awarded by mayor Jacques Chirac 1986 – Favorite Classical Music Performer award from People's Choice Awards 1989 – Hamburger Kammersänger awarded by the Hamburg Senate 1990 – Classical Artist of the Decade 1980-1989 awarded by Billboard 1993 – World’s Best Classical Artist by the World Music Awards 1998 – United Nations Messenger of Peace by SG of the United Nations Kofi Annan 1998 – November 22 the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, proclaimed Luciano Pavarotti Day to celebrate his 30th anniversary at the Metropolitan Opera House. 1999 – Asteroid 5203 Pavarotti, discovered by Zdeňka Vávrová in 1984, was named after him 2001 – Kennedy Center Honors award 2001 – The Nansen Refugee Award given by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for his work on behalf of refugees and victims of conflict 2001 – World Social Award received from president Mikhail Gorbachev in Vienna 2004 – Eisenhower Medallion 2004 – NIAF Hall of Fame in Music by the National Italian American Foundation  2006 – Honorary citizenship by the city of Sarajevo for his efforts on behalf of Bosnian children 2006 – The Puccini Award in the 36th edition of Puccini Festival Foundation 2006 – Premio Donizetti in the Bergamo Music Festival 2007 – Premio Eccellenza nella cultura given by Italy's Ministry of Culture Francesco Rutelli, awarded September 4, two days before his death Various honorary degrees from several universities, including Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Oklahoma City, Parma, Urbino and Lima See also Biography portalOpera portal List of best-selling music artists Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Bosnia Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Liberia Pavarotti & Friends for Guatemala and Kosovo Centro Educativo Pavarotti Pavarotti, a 2019 documentary film by Ron Howard References ^ "Pavarotti Luciano". 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He then came as part of our company to Australia, where he sang three times a week for 14 weeks, and we went on to make countless recordings together". ^ Richard Dyer, "Opera star Luciano Pavarotti dies: Epic career spanned 40 years" Archived 15 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Boston Globe, 6 September 2007 ^ Ariel David, "World Mourns Italian Tenor Pavarotti" Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, WTOPnews.com, 6 September 2007 ^ "Obituary: Luciano Pavarotti". The Times. London. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. ^ Warrack, John and Ewan West (1996). "Luciano Pavarotti", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (3rd edition): Describes Pavarotti as having "... an excellent technique, and a conquering personality." ^ "Time Magazine Cover: Luciano Pavarotti". Time–Life. 24 September 1979. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ "A riot of colour, emotion and memories: the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2018. ^ "Pavarotti, top tenors sing for World Cup crowds". Upi. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ "In carriera ha venduto 100 milioni di dischi – Il mito Pavarotti". Il Quotidiano (in Italian). 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018. ^ Gareth Malone (2011). Music for the People: The Pleasures and Pitfalls of Classical Music. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-00-739618-4. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ The Music Industry Handbook. Routledge. 2016. p. 219. ^ J-P, Mauro (15 January 2018). "When the Cranberries' Dolores O'Riordan sang 'Ave Maria' with Pavarotti". Aleteia. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ Pavarotti, Luciano: The Event, The World Cup Celebration Concert (1990) Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Pavarotti: The Best is Yet to Come, Penrith City Library Catalogue ^ a b Herbert H. Breslin, The King and I: The Uncensored Tale of Luciano Pavarotti's Rise to Fame by His Manager, Friend and Sometime Adversary, New York: Doubleday Publishing, 2004 ISBN 978-0-385-50972-5 ISBN 0-385-50972-3 ^ a b "Pavarotti wins tax case.", The Times, London, 20 October 2001. ^ "Pavarotti tax bill.", The Times, London, 27 April 1999. ^ Holland, Bernard (6 September 2007). "Luciano Pavarotti Is Dead at 71 (Published 2007)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ Lehmann, John (14 May 2002). "PAVAROTTI DAUGHTER'S BABY GRAND". New York Post. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Is This Pavarotti's Granddaughter Singing 'Nessun Dorma'?". Snopes.com. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Amazon.com: The Pavarotti & Friends Collection: The Complete Concerts, 1992–2000: Luciano Pavarotti: Movies & TV". Amazon. 12 November 2002. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ Sovereign Ordonnance n° 16.053 of 18 Nov. 2003 Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine: promotions or nominations in the Order of Cultural Merit ^ Block, Mervin (15 October 2004). "'60 Minutes' Story About Singer Hits False Note". Poynter Online. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ "Pavarotti 'will return to stage'". BBC News. 25 July 2006. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007. ^ Kington, Tom (7 April 2008). "Pavarotti mimed at final performance". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008. ^ Kington, Tom (7 April 2008). "Pavarotti mimed at final performance". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2009. ^ "Singer Luciano Pavarotti recovering from pancreatic cancer surgery". Fox News. 7 July 2006. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007. ^ "Tenor Luciano Pavarotti dead at 71" on cnn.com, 6 September 2007 Archived 17 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved on 6 September 2007 ^ Pavarotti dead at 71: manager Archived 7 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved on 6 September 2007 ^ "Pavarotti Dead at Age 71". CBS News. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ "Thousands bid Pavarotti farewell". BBC News – Entertainment. 8 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ "Black flag flies over Vienna Opera House for Pavarotti". Agence France-Presse. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007. ^ Castonguay, Gilles (6 September 2007). "Luciano Pavarotti dead at 71". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti". Television Academy. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (1 June 2017). "Ron Howard To Direct Feature Documentary on Iconic Opera Singer Luciano Pavarotti". Deadline. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019. ^ "Sarajevo authorities name Pavarotti honorary citizen" Archived 1 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Deseret News (Salt Lake City). 22 February 2006. Retrieved on 29 April 2017. ^ Alessandra Rizzo, "Italian tenor Pavarotti dies at age 71" on yahoo.com Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved on 6 September 2007 ^ Harlow, Anne (14 September 2007). "Luciano Pavarotti, 1935–2007". Temple University Libraries News. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti to Promote UN Causes During Series of Concerts, 2005–2006", U.N. Press release, 5/4/2005 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 September 2007 ^ Pavarotti breaks a different kind of sound barrier Archived 9 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine; 14 June 1999; retrieved on 12 October 2007 ^ Crossette, Barbara (30 May 2001). "United Nations: Honor For Tenor With Midas Touch". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2007. ^ Farhi, Paul (3 December 2001). "Command Performance". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 February 2001. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti – Kennedy center 2001". Kennedy Center Honors. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Freedom of London for Pavarotti". Entertainment. BBC News. 13 September 2005. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2007. ^ Delta Omicron Archived 27 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hooper, John (19 September 2007). "Pavarotti's will leaves US property to his second wife". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2007. ^ Owen, Richard (11 September 2007). "Pavarotti's manager on his last days". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2007. ^ "Pavarotti's widow and daughters reach inheritance deal" Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, on uk.reuters.com ^ Philip Willan, "Widow settles dispute with Pavarotti's daughters over will" Archived 10 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent (London), 1 July 2008 ^ Lee, Felicia R. (1 July 2008). "Pavarotti's Daughters and Widow Reach Deal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010. ^ Pavarotti Forever discography Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Opera discography Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk ^ Ivan March, Edward Greenfield, Robert Layton (2008), "'The Decca Studio Albums' Disc 1 (1968): Arias by (with VPO, Downes) The Verdi and Donizetti collection was one of Pavarotti's earliest recital discs" in The Penguin Guide to Recorded Music, London: Penguin Books Ltd., 2003 ISBN 0-14-101384-2. p. 1544. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti | Artist | GRAMMY.com". www.grammy.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti". Television Academy. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Carroll, Maurice (14 October 1980). "CANDIDATES MARCH BEHIND PAVAROTTI; Opera Star Leads Carter and Others in the Columbus Day Parade Chat With a Bishop Carter, Anderson and Bush in Columbus Day Parade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "1986 -NOMINEES & WINNERS". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. ^ "Bariton Dobber wird zum Hamburger Kammersänger ernannt". Die Welt (in German). Hamburg. dpa. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2020. ^ "The San Bernardino County Sun from San Bernardino, California on May 26, 1990 · Page 44". Newspapers.com. 26 May 1990. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "World Music Awards :: Awards". www.worldmusicawards.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Nations, United. "Luciano Pavarotti". United Nations. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti | Offizielle Biografie". www.klassikakzente.de (in German). Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Billboard Staff (6 September 2001). "Pavarotti, Jones Among Kennedy Center Honorees". Billboard. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "List of winners, 1954–2012" (PDF). UNHCR (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "Luciano Pavarotti". LA Phil. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "Il maestro". Fondazione Luciano Pavarotti. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Staff Writer. "Sarajevo giving Pavarotti high honor: honorary citizen". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "The Puccini Award". 69° Festival Puccini - Luglio / Agosto 2023. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "A Pavarotti il Premio Donizetti 2006". Teatro.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "A Pavarotti il premio Eccellenza nella cultura - Corriere della Sera". www.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Donovan, Joy. "City Rolls Out Red Carpet for Tenor Luciano Pavarotti Opera Star Receives Honorary Degree, Horse and Artwork From Local Fans". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Luciano Pavarotti. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luciano Pavarotti. Official website Casamuseo Luciano Pavarotti – Home in Modena, now a museum Luciano Pavarotti at IMDb Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings) Luciano Pavarotti discography at MusicBrainz Pavarotti Video Biography by National Italian American Foundation NIAF vteLuciano PavarottiAlbums The Essential Pavarotti (1990) Essential Pavarotti II (1991) Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Bosnia (1995) Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Liberia (1998) Pavarotti & Friends for Guatemala and Kosovo (1999) Pavarotti Forever (2007) The Ultimate Collection (2007) Songs "Miss Sarajevo" (with U2, 1995) "Live Like Horses" (with Elton John, 1996) Benefit concerts Pavarotti & Friends (1992–2003) The Three Tenors Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert (1990) The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 (1994) The Three Tenors: Paris 1998 (1998) Plácido Domingo José Carreras José Carreras Sings Catalan Songs (1991) The Private Lives of the Three Tenors (1996 book) Films Rigoletto (1982) Yes, Giorgio (1982) Pavarotti (2019) Related Discography Centro Educativo Pavarotti Pavarotti Music Centre Awards for Luciano Pavarotti vteGrammy Legend Award Andrew Lloyd Webber / Liza Minnelli / Willie Nelson / Smokey Robinson (1990) Johnny Cash / Aretha Franklin / Billy Joel / Quincy Jones (1991) Barbra Streisand (1992) Michael Jackson (1993) Curtis Mayfield / Frank Sinatra (1994) Luciano Pavarotti (1998) Elton John (1999) Bee Gees (2003) vteGramophone Hall of FameConductors Claudio Abbado John Barbirolli Daniel Barenboim Thomas Beecham Leonard Bernstein Karl Böhm Pierre Boulez Adrian Boult Benjamin Britten Sergiu Celibidache Riccardo Chailly Colin Davis Gustavo Dudamel Wilhelm Furtwängler John Eliot Gardiner Carlo Maria Giulini Bernard Haitink Nikolaus Harnoncourt Christopher Hogwood Mariss Jansons Herbert von Karajan Carlos Kleiber Otto Klemperer Rafael Kubelík James Levine Charles Mackerras Neville Marriner Zubin Mehta Yevgeny Mravinsky Riccardo Muti Eugene Ormandy Antonio Pappano Trevor Pinnock Simon Rattle Fritz Reiner Georg Solti Leopold Stokowski George Szell Michael Tilson Thomas Arturo Toscanini Bruno Walter Singers Thomas Allen Victoria de los Ángeles Janet Baker Cecilia Bartoli Jussi Björling Montserrat Caballé Maria Callas José Carreras Enrico Caruso Feodor Chaliapin Joyce DiDonato Plácido Domingo Kathleen Ferrier Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau Kirsten Flagstad Renée Fleming Angela Gheorghiu Nicolai Ghiaurov Tito Gobbi Thomas Hampson Marilyn Horne Hans Hotter Dmitri Hvorostovsky Gundula Janowitz Jonas Kaufmann Simon Keenlyside Emma Kirkby Anna Netrebko Birgit Nilsson Jessye Norman Anne Sofie von Otter Luciano Pavarotti Leontyne Price Elisabeth Schwarzkopf Joan Sutherland Renata Tebaldi Kiri Te Kanawa Bryn Terfel Fritz Wunderlich Keyboardists Leif Ove Andsnes Martha Argerich Claudio Arrau Vladimir Ashkenazy Alfred Brendel Emil Gilels Glenn Gould Friedrich Gulda Marc-André Hamelin Angela Hewitt Vladimir Horowitz Stephen Hough Wilhelm Kempff Evgeny Kissin Gustav Leonhardt Lang Lang Dinu Lipatti Radu Lupu Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli Murray Perahia Maurizio Pollini Sergei Rachmaninoff Sviatoslav Richter Arthur Rubinstein András Schiff Artur Schnabel Grigory Sokolov Mitsuko Uchida String/brass/woodwind players Maurice André Dennis Brain Julian Bream Pablo Casals Kyung Wha Chung Jacqueline du Pré James Galway Arthur Grumiaux Jascha Heifetz Heinz Holliger Steven Isserlis Fritz Kreisler Gidon Kremer Yo-Yo Ma Wynton Marsalis Albrecht Mayer Yehudi Menuhin Nathan Milstein Anne-Sophie Mutter David Oistrakh Emmanuel Pahud Itzhak Perlman Jean-Pierre Rampal Mstislav Rostropovich Jordi Savall Andrés Segovia John Williams Ensembles Alban Berg Quartett Amadeus Quartet Beaux Arts Trio The King's Singers Takács Quartet The Tallis Scholars Producers/engineers/record label executives Emile Berliner Bernard Coutaz John Culshaw C. Robert Fine Fred Gaisberg Klaus Heymann Alain Lanceron Walter Legge Edward Lewis Goddard Lieberson Richard Mohr Ted Perry Kenneth Wilkinson vteKennedy Center Honorees (2000s)2000 Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury 2001 Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti 2002 James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor 2003 James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman 2004 Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams 2005 Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner 2006 Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson 2008 Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey 2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s vteMusiCares Person of the Year David Crosby (1991) Bonnie Raitt (1992) Natalie Cole (1993) Gloria Estefan (1994) Tony Bennett (1995) Quincy Jones (1996) Phil Collins (1997) Luciano Pavarotti (1998) Stevie Wonder (1999) Elton John (2000) Paul Simon (2001) Billy Joel (2002) Bono (2003) Sting (2004) Brian Wilson (2005) James Taylor (2006) Don Henley (2007) Aretha Franklin (2008) Neil Diamond (2009) Neil Young (2010) Barbra Streisand (2011) Paul McCartney (2012) Bruce Springsteen (2013) Carole King (2014) Bob Dylan (2015) Lionel Richie (2016) Tom Petty (2017) Fleetwood Mac (2018) Dolly Parton (2019) Aerosmith (2020) Joni Mitchell (2022) Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson (2023) Jon Bon Jovi (2024) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Taiwan Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Russia Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz RKD Artists People BMLO Italian People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavarotti (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_(film)"},{"link_name":"OMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"/ˌpævəˈrɒti/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɑːv-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[luˈtʃaːno pavaˈrɔtti]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"link_name":"High Cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_C"},{"link_name":"the Three Tenors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Tenors"},{"link_name":"1990 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Nessun dorma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessun_dorma"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"bel canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_canto"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"first Three Tenors recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreras_Domingo_Pavarotti_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"Una furtiva lagrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_furtiva_lagrima"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"}],"text":"Italian operatic tenor (1935–2007)\"Pavarotti\" redirects here. For the documentary, see Pavarotti (film).Luciano Pavarotti OMRI (/ˌpævəˈrɒti/, US also /ˌpɑːv-/, Italian: [luˈtʃaːno pavaˈrɔtti]; 12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who during the late part of his career crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most acclaimed tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for his tone, and gaining the nickname \"King of the High Cs\".As one of the Three Tenors, who performed their first concert during the 1990 FIFA World Cup before a global audience, Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances. From the beginning of his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy to his final performance of \"Nessun dorma\" at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Pavarotti was at his best in bel canto operas, pre-Aida Verdi roles, and Puccini works such as La bohème, Tosca, Turandot and Madama Butterfly. He sold over 100 million records, and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1988,[1] and died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007.Pavarotti performing \"Una furtiva lagrima\" from the Italian opera L'elisir d'amore","title":"Luciano Pavarotti"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"Northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Beniamino Gigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamino_Gigli"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Martinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Martinelli"},{"link_name":"Tito Schipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Schipa"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Di Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Stefano"},{"link_name":"Mario Lanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lanza"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arrigo Pola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigo_Pola"},{"link_name":"Richard Bonynge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bonynge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"male voice choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_voice_choir"},{"link_name":"International Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen_International_Musical_Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ettore Campogalliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Campogalliani"},{"link_name":"Mirella Freni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirella_Freni"},{"link_name":"nodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_fold_nodule"},{"link_name":"vocal cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"}],"sub_title":"Early life and musical training","text":"Luciano Pavarotti was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker.[2] Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money; its four members were crowded into a two-room apartment. According to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943. For the following year, they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming.After abandoning the dream of becoming a football goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's records, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day—Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, and Enrico Caruso. Pavarotti's favourite tenor and idol was Giuseppe Di Stefano and he was also deeply influenced by Mario Lanza, saying: \"In my teens I used to go to Mario Lanza movies and then come home and imitate him in the mirror\". At around the age of nine, he began singing with his father in a small local church choir.In addition to music, as a child, Pavarotti enjoyed playing football. When he graduated from the Scuola Magistrale he was interested in pursuing a career as a professional football goalkeeper, but his mother convinced him to train as a teacher. He subsequently taught in an elementary school for two years but finally decided to pursue a music career. His father, recognising the risk involved, only reluctantly gave his consent. Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music.[3]In 1955, he experienced his first singing success when he was a member of the Corale Rossini, a male voice choir from Modena that also included his father, which won first prize at the International Eisteddfod in Llangollen, Wales. He later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer.[4] At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni. They married in 1961. When his teacher Arrigo Pola moved to Japan, Pavarotti became a student of Ettore Campogalliani, who at that time was also teaching Pavarotti's childhood friend, Mirella Freni, whose mother worked with Luciano's mother in the cigar factory. Like Pavarotti, Freni went on to become a successful opera singer; they would go on to collaborate in various stage performances and recordings together.During his years of musical study, Pavarotti held part-time jobs in order to sustain himself—first as an elementary school teacher and then as an insurance salesman. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns and without pay. When a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a \"disastrous\" concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision. Whatever the reason, the nodule not only disappeared but, as he related in his autobiography: \"Everything I had learned came together with my natural voice to make the sound I had been struggling so hard to achieve\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Teatro Municipale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Municipale_di_Reggio"},{"link_name":"Reggio Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Che gelida manina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_gelida_manina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_72.jpg"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Opera"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Di Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Stefano"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"LA BOHEME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/1964s-boheme-dgos"},{"link_name":"La Traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Traviata"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"LA TRAVIATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/1964s-traviata-dgos-bardelli"},{"link_name":"LA TRAVIATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/1964s-traviata-dgos-taddei"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joan Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Richard Bonynge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bonynge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greater Miami Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Grand_Opera"},{"link_name":"Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Lucia di Lammermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor"},{"link_name":"Miami-Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Mirella Freni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirella_Freni"},{"link_name":"Herbert von Karajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavarotti_-_Sutherland_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joan Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"I Capuleti e i Montecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Capuleti_e_i_Montecchi"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Aragall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Aragall"},{"link_name":"La fille du régiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fille_du_r%C3%A9giment"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"I Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata"},{"link_name":"Renata Scotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Scotto"},{"link_name":"Don Sebastiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_S%C3%A9bastien"},{"link_name":"Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"high Cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_C"},{"link_name":"aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"recital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recital"},{"link_name":"William Jewell College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jewell_College"},{"link_name":"Liberty, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Harriman–Jewell Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101124122156/http://hjseries.org/web/page.aspx?title=About"},{"link_name":"Live from the Met","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_the_Met"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_disc"},{"link_name":"gold discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_disc"},{"link_name":"La favorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_favorite"},{"link_name":"Fiorenza Cossotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorenza_Cossotto"},{"link_name":"I puritani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_puritani"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"Live from Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Lincoln_Center"}],"sub_title":"Career: 1960s–1970s","text":"Pavarotti began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961. His first known recording of \"Che gelida manina\" was recorded during this performance.[5] Pavarotti's first of two marriages was to Adua Veroni which lasted from 1961 to 2000 and they had three daughters: Lorenza, Cristina, and Giuliana.[6]Luciano Pavarotti in 1972He made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera in the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw Pavarotti again as Rodolfo and as Duca di Mantova in Rigoletto. The same year saw his first concert outside Italy when he sang in Dundalk, Ireland for the St Cecilia's Gramophone Society, he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing The Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto in May and June, and his Royal Opera House debut, where he replaced an indisposed Giuseppe Di Stefano as Rodolfo.[7][8][9]There exists on archive.org three complete performances from Pavarotti's early career in 1964, when he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing Rudolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème [10] (Audio recording of LA BOHEME Presented on 19, 21, 27 May, 1 June 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season) and Alfredo in Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata [11] (Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on 8 June 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season, Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on 25 May 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season). Also available are reviews of those performances in which the reviewers favourably comment on his singing (from the reviews for \"La Boheme\"): \"sang sweetly and appealingly,\" \"rich promise,\" \"outstanding,\" \"fit for the big heroic roles,\" and \"robust;\" his voice: \"pure tone\", \"arresting quality,\" \"unforced strength and range,\" \"well sustained,\" and \"lovely;\" and his acting: \"looked and moved well,\" \"sang with musically-directed intelligence,\" \"used the voice to reinforce his acting,\" and \"chief delight of the evening.\"[12]While generally successful, Pavarotti's early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy. An early coup involved his connection with Joan Sutherland (and her conductor husband, Richard Bonynge), who in 1963 was seeking a tenor taller than herself to take along on her 1965 tour to Australia.[13] With his commanding physical presence, Pavarotti proved ideal.[14] However, before the summer 1965 Australia tour Pavarotti sang with Joan Sutherland when he made his American début with the Greater Miami Opera in February 1965, singing in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor on the stage of the Miami-Dade County Auditorium in Miami. The tenor scheduled to perform that night became ill with no understudy. As Sutherland had plans to travel with him on the Australia tour that summer, she recommended the young Pavarotti as he was acquainted with the role. Shortly after, on 28 April, Pavarotti made his La Scala debut in the revival of the Franco Zeffirelli production of La bohème, with his childhood friend Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. Karajan had requested the singer's engagement.With Joan Sutherland in I puritani (1976)During the Australia tour in summer 1965, Sutherland and Pavarotti sang some forty performances over two months, and Pavarotti later credited Sutherland for the breathing technique that would sustain him over his career.[15] After the extended Australian tour, he returned to La Scala, where he added Tebaldo from I Capuleti e i Montecchi to his repertoire on 26 March 1966, with Giacomo Aragall as Romeo. His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 2 June of that year. It was his performances of this role that would earn him the title of \"King of the High Cs\".[16][17] He scored another major triumph in Rome on 20 November 1969 when he sang in I Lombardi opposite Renata Scotto. This was recorded on a private label and widely distributed, as were various recordings of his I Capuleti e i Montecchi, usually with Aragall. Early commercial recordings included a recital of Donizetti (the aria from Don Sebastiano were particularly highly regarded) and Verdi arias, as well as a complete L'elisir d'amore with Sutherland.His major breakthrough in the United States came on 17 February 1972, in a production of La fille du régiment at New York's Metropolitan Opera, in which he drove the crowd into a frenzy with his nine effortless high Cs in the signature aria. He achieved a record seventeen curtain calls. Pavarotti sang his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri, on 1 February 1973, as part of the college's Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman–Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a lingering cold, the tenor clutched a handkerchief throughout the début. The prop became a signature part of his solo performances. He began to give frequent television performances, starting with his performances as Rodolfo (La bohème) in the first Live from the Met telecast in March 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances. In addition to the previously listed titles, his La favorite with Fiorenza Cossotto and his I puritani (1975) with Sutherland stand out.In 1976, Pavarotti debuted at the Salzburg Festival, appearing in a solo recital on 31 July, accompanied by pianist Leone Magiera. Pavarotti returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals. In 1979, he was profiled in a cover story in the weekly magazine Time.[18] That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera after an absence of fourteen years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting, Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore. In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking"},{"link_name":"Great Hall of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"standing ovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_ovation"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Carlos Kleiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber"},{"link_name":"Tibor Rudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Rudas"},{"link_name":"Harvey Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goldsmith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucio_Dalla,_Pavarotti_e_Zucchero_al_Pavarotti_e_friends_1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucio Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Dalla"},{"link_name":"Zucchero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucchero_Fornaciari"},{"link_name":"Pavarotti & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Nessun dorma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessun_dorma"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"1990 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Three Tenors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Tenors"},{"link_name":"1990 FIFA World Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Baths of Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"José Carreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"O Sole Mio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Sole_Mio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"first Three Tenors recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreras_Domingo_Pavarotti_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malone2011-22"},{"link_name":"including his televised concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elton_John_with_Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Modena_1996.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Ave Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)"},{"link_name":"Dolores O'Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_O%27Riordan"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lara Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"PalaTrussardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PalaSharp"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-26"},{"link_name":"Ardis Krainik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardis_Krainik"},{"link_name":"Lyric Opera of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref-1-27"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Vanessa L. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Miss Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mercedes Sosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"La Bombonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Alberto_J._Armando"},{"link_name":"Grammy Legend Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Legend_Award"}],"sub_title":"Career: 1980s–1990s","text":"At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La bohème and L'elisir d'amore. The second competition, in 1986, staged excerpts of La bohème and Un ballo in maschera. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of his career, he brought the winners of the competition to Italy for gala performances of La bohème in Modena and Genoa, and then to China where they staged performances of La bohème in Beijing (Peking). To conclude the visit, Pavarotti performed the inaugural concert in the Great Hall of the People before 10,000 people, receiving a standing ovation for nine effortless high Cs. The third competition in 1989 again staged performances of L'elisir d'amore and Un ballo in maschera. The winners of the fifth competition accompanied Pavarotti in performances in Philadelphia in 1997.In the mid-1980s, Pavarotti returned to two opera houses that had provided him with important breakthroughs, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala. Vienna saw Pavarotti as Rodolfo in La bohème with Carlos Kleiber conducting and again Mirella Freni was Mimi; as Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore; as Radames in Aida conducted by Lorin Maazel; as Rodolfo in Luisa Miller; and as Gustavo in Un ballo in maschera conducted by Claudio Abbado. In 1996, Pavarotti appeared for the last time at the Staatsoper in Andrea Chénier. Throughout the 1980s and 90s, promoters Tibor Rudas and Harvey Goldsmith booked Pavarotti into increasingly larger venues.From left: journalist Vincenzo Mollica, Pavarotti, Lucio Dalla and Zucchero on the first edition of Pavarotti & Friends (1992)In 1985, Pavarotti sang Radames at La Scala opposite Maria Chiara in a Luca Ronconi production conducted by Maazel, recorded on video. His performance of the aria \"Celeste Aida\" received a two-minute ovation on the opening night. He was reunited with Mirella Freni for the San Francisco Opera production of La bohème in 1988, also recorded on video. In 1992, La Scala saw Pavarotti in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlos, conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticised by some observers and booed by parts of the audience.Pavarotti became even better known throughout the world in 1990 when his rendition of the aria \"Nessun dorma\" from Giacomo Puccini's Turandot was taken as the theme song of BBC's coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria achieved pop status, became the World Cup soundtrack, and it remained his trademark song.[19] This was followed by the first Three Tenors concert, held on the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta. The performance for the World Cup closing concert captivated a global audience, and it became the biggest-selling classical record of all time.[20] A highlight of the concert, in which Pavarotti sang the opening verses using extended vocal runs for di Capua's \"O Sole Mio\" and which was in turn perfectly repeated note-for-note by Domingo and Carreras to the delight of the audience. The recorded album sold millions of copies,[21] and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time.[22] Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many well-attended outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park, which drew a record attendance of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his free performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for an estimated crowd of 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, the Three Tenors concerts were held during the three subsequent FIFA World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama.[23]Elton John and Pavarotti in Modena, 1996In September 1995, Pavarotti performed Schubert's Ave Maria along with Dolores O'Riordan; Diana, Princess of Wales, who attended the live performance, told O'Riordan that the song brought her to tears.[24] In 1995, Pavarotti's friends, the singer Lara Saint Paul (as Lara Cariaggi) and her husband showman Pier Quinto Cariaggi, who had produced and organised Pavarotti's 1990 FIFA World Cup Celebration Concert at the PalaTrussardi in Milan,[25] produced and wrote the television documentary The Best is Yet to Come, an extensive biography about the life of Pavarotti.[26] Lara Saint Paul was the interviewer for the documentary with Pavarotti, who spoke candidly about his life and career.[26]Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He earned a reputation as \"The King of Cancellations\" by frequently backing out of performances, and his unreliable nature led to poor relationships with some opera houses. This was brought into focus in 1989 when Ardis Krainik of the Lyric Opera of Chicago severed the house's 15-year relationship with the tenor.[27] Over an eight-year period, Pavarotti had cancelled 26 out of 41 scheduled appearances at the Lyric, and the decisive move by Krainik to ban him for life was well noted throughout the opera world, after the performer walked away from a season premiere less than two weeks before rehearsals began, saying pain from a sciatic nerve required two months of treatment. On 12 December 1998, he became the first (and, to date, only) opera singer to perform on Saturday Night Live, singing alongside Vanessa L. Williams. He also sang with U2 in the band's 1995 song \"Miss Sarajevo\" and with Mercedes Sosa in a big concert at the Boca Juniors arena La Bombonera in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1999. In 1998, Pavarotti was presented with the Grammy Legend Award.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stade Vélodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2001-28"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"tax haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2001-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti,_opera_star,_and_family,_N.Y.C.,_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillborn"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Order of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Cultural_Merit_(Monaco)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Herbert Breslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Breslin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref-1-27"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"curtain calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_call"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_era"},{"link_name":"Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreras_Domingo_Pavarotti_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"the Three Tenors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Tenors"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"José Carreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_-_Concert.jpg"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony"}],"sub_title":"Career: Early 2000s","text":"Luciano Pavarotti performing on 15 June 2002 at a concert in the Stade Vélodrome in MarseilleIn 2001, Pavarotti was acquitted in an Italian court of a long-standing dispute concerning his official country of residency and taxable earnings.[28] Pavarotti long claimed Monte Carlo in the tax haven of Monaco as his official residence, but an Italian court in 1999 had rejected that claim by ruling that his Monaco address could not accommodate his entire family.[29] In 2000 Pavarotti agreed to pay the Italian government more than $7.6 million in back taxes and penalties as a result of tax evasion charges that dated from 1989 to 1995. Pavarotti was subsequently fully acquitted by an Italian court of filing false tax returns in 2001.[28]Pavarotti and family, N.Y.C., 1979–1983. Clockwise from top: Luciano Pavarotti, daughters Cristina and Lorenza Pavarotti, wife Adua Veroni, daughter Giuliana Pavarotti.On 13 December 2003, he married his second wife and former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani (born 1969), with whom he already had another daughter, Alice. Alice's twin brother, Riccardo, was stillborn after complications in January 2003. At the time of his death in September 2007, he was survived by his wife, his four daughters, and one granddaughter.[30][31][32]In late 2003, he released his final compilation—and his first and only \"crossover\" album, Ti Adoro. Most of the 13 songs were written and produced by Michele Centonze, who had already helped produce the \"Pavarotti & Friends\" concerts between 1998 and 2000.[33] The tenor described the album as a wedding gift to Nicoletta Mantovani. That same year he was made a Commander of Monaco's Order of Cultural Merit.[34]In 2004, one of Pavarotti's former managers, Herbert Breslin, published a book, The King & I.[27] Seen by critics as bitter and sensationalistic, it is critical of the singer's acting (in opera), his inability to read music well and learn parts, and his personal conduct, although acknowledging their success together. In an interview in 2005 with Jeremy Paxman on the BBC, Pavarotti rejected the allegation that he could not read music, although he acknowledged he did not read orchestral scores.He received an enormous number of awards and honours, including Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. He also holds two Guinness World Records: one for receiving the most curtain calls (165)[35] and another for the best-selling classical album (Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert by the Three Tenors; the latter record is thus shared by fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras).Pavarotti performing at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_IMAX.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eilat IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"New York Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Harvey Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Australasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrae"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Nessun dorma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessun_dorma"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-lipsync-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Final performances and health issues","text":"Statue of Pavarotti in Eilat IMAXPavarotti began his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after more than four decades on the stage. On 13 March 2004, Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera, for which he received a long-standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. On 1 December 2004, he announced a 40-city farewell tour. Pavarotti and his manager, Terri Robson, commissioned impresario Harvey Goldsmith to produce the Worldwide Farewell Tour. His last full-scale performance was at the end of a two-month Australasian tour in Taiwan in December 2005.In March 2005, Pavarotti underwent neck surgery to repair two vertebrae. In early 2006, he underwent further back surgery and contracted an infection while in the hospital in New York, forcing cancellation of concerts in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.[36]On 10 February 2006, Pavarotti performed \"Nessun dorma\" at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy, at his final performance.[37] In the last act of the opening ceremony, his performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the night from the international crowd. Leone Magiera, who directed the performance, revealed in his 2008 memoirs, Pavarotti Visto da Vicino, that the performance had been recorded weeks earlier.[38] \"The orchestra pretended to play for the audience, I pretended to conduct and Luciano pretended to sing. The effect was wonderful,\" he wrote. Pavarotti's manager, Terri Robson, said that the tenor had turned the Winter Olympic Committee's invitation down several times because it would have been impossible to sing late at night in the subzero conditions of Turin in February. The committee eventually persuaded him to take part by prerecording the song.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Luciano_Pavarotti_and_his_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montale Rangone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montale_Rangone"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montale_Rangone"},{"link_name":"farewell tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_tour"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Modena Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Frecce Tricolori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Castelnuovo Rangone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnuovo_Rangone"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Grave of Luciano Pavarotti and his family in Montale Rangone [it]While proceeding with an international \"farewell tour\", Pavarotti was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. The tenor fought back against the implications of this diagnosis, undergoing major abdominal surgery and making plans for the resumption and conclusion of his singing commitments,[39] but he died at his home in Modena on 6 September 2007. After his death, his manager, Terri Robson, noted in a statement, \"The Maestro fought a long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer which eventually took his life. In fitting with the approach that characterised his life and work, he remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness\".[40][41][42]Pavarotti's funeral was held at Modena Cathedral. The then Prime Minister Romano Prodi and Kofi Annan attended.[43] The Frecce Tricolori, the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force, flew overhead, leaving green-white-red smoke trails. After a funeral procession through the centre of Modena, Pavarotti's coffin was taken the final ten kilometres (6 miles) to Montale Rangone, a village part of Castelnuovo Rangone, and was interred in the Pavarotti family crypt. The funeral, in its entirety, was also telecast live on CNN. The Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival Hall flew black flags in mourning.[44] Tributes were published by many opera houses, such as London's Royal Opera House.[45]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_Karen_Kondazian_1981_wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karen Kondazian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Kondazian"},{"link_name":"Yes, Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Giorgio"},{"link_name":"Yes, Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Giorgio"},{"link_name":"Franklin J. Schaffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Ponnelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ponnelle"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ron Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Howard"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Pavarotti embraces Karen Kondazian on the set of Yes, GiorgioPavarotti's one venture into film was Yes, Giorgio (1982), a romantic comedy movie directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, in which he starred as the main character Giorgio Fini. The film was a critical and commercial failure, although it received an Academy Award nomination for Best Music, Original Song.He can be seen to better advantage in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's movie Rigoletto, an adaptation of the opera of the same name also released in 1982, or in his more than 20 live opera performances taped for television between 1978 and 1994, most of them with the Metropolitan Opera, and most available on DVD.He received two Primetime Emmy Awards for his PBS variety specials Pavarotti in Philadelphia: La Boheme and Duke of Mantua, Rigoletto Great Performances.[46]Pavarotti, a 2019 documentary film about him, was directed by Ron Howard and produced with the cooperation of Pavarotti's estate using family archives, interviews and live music footage.[47]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavarotti & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bocelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli"},{"link_name":"Zucchero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucchero"},{"link_name":"Jon Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Dolores O'Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_O%27Riordan"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Crow"},{"link_name":"Céline Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Dion"},{"link_name":"Anastacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastacia"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Tracy Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"War Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Child_(charity)"},{"link_name":"the war in Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Pavarotti Music Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_Music_Centre"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"benefit concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_concert"},{"link_name":"Spitak earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Spitak_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ave Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Gounod)"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_people"},{"link_name":"Charles Aznavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Aznavour"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"land mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mines"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"United Nations Messenger of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Messenger_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"child rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_rights"},{"link_name":"urban slums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slums"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"15-year civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Centro Educativo Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Educativo_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Nansen Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Medal"},{"link_name":"UN High Commission for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_High_Commission_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy_Center_Honors1-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annan_Pavarotti-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handprint_of_Luciano_Pavarotti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"MusiCares Person of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusiCares_Person_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Delta Omicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Omicron"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Humanitarianism","text":"See also: Pavarotti & FriendsPavarotti annually hosted the Pavarotti & Friends charity concerts in his home town of Modena Italy, joining with singers from all parts of the music industry, including B.B. King, Andrea Bocelli, Zucchero, Jon Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams, Bono, James Brown, Mariah Carey, Eric Clapton, Dolores O'Riordan, Sheryl Crow, Céline Dion, Anastacia, Elton John, Deep Purple, Meat Loaf, Queen, George Michael, Tracy Chapman, the Spice Girls, Sting and Barry White to raise money for several UN causes. Concerts were held for War Child, and victims of war and civil unrest in Bosnia, Guatemala, Kosovo and Iraq. After the war in Bosnia, he financed and established the Pavarotti Music Centre in the southern city of Mostar to offer Bosnia's artists the opportunity to develop their skills. For these contributions, the city of Sarajevo named him an honorary citizen in 2006.[48]He performed at benefit concerts to raise money for victims of tragedies such as the Spitak earthquake that killed 25,000 people in northern Armenia in December 1988,[49] and sang Gounod's Ave Maria with legendary French pop music star and ethnic Armenian Charles Aznavour.He was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales. They raised money for the elimination of land mines worldwide.[50]In 1998, he was appointed the United Nations Messenger of Peace, using his fame to raise awareness of UN issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS, child rights, urban slums and poverty.[51]In 1999, Pavarotti performed a charity benefit concert in Beirut, to mark Lebanon's re-emergence on the world stage after a brutal 15-year civil war. The largest concert held in Beirut since the end of the war, it was attended by 20,000 people who travelled from countries as distant as Saudi Arabia and Bulgaria.[52] In 1999 he also hosted a charity benefit concert to build a school in Guatemala, for Guatemalan civil war orphans. It was named after him Centro Educativo Pavarotti. Now the foundation of Nobel prize winner Rigoberta Menchú Tum is running the school.In 2001, Pavarotti received the Nansen Medal from the UN High Commission for Refugees for his efforts in raising money on behalf of refugees worldwide. Through benefit concerts and volunteer work, he has raised more than any other individual.[53]\nAlso in 2001, Pavarotti was chosen one of that year's five recipients by the President and First Lady as an honoree for their lifetime achievements in the arts at the White House, followed by the Kennedy Center; the Kennedy Center Honors, He was surprised by the appearance of Secretary-General of the United Nations and that year's winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Kofi Annan, who lauded him for his contribution to humankind. Six months prior, Pavarotti had held a large charity concert for Afghan refugees, particularly children in his home town of Modena, Italy.[54][55]Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti. Atlantic City Boardwalk New Jersey USA 2006Other honours he received include the \"Freedom of London Award\" and The Red Cross \"Award for Services to Humanity\", for his work in raising money for that organisation, and the 1998 \"MusiCares Person of the Year\", given to humanitarian heroes by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.[56]He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.[57]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"},{"link_name":"public prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor"},{"link_name":"sound mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_mind"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Italy-USA Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy-USA_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_Outstanding_Contribution_to_Music"}],"text":"His first will was opened the day after his death; a second will was opened within the same month of September.[58] He left an estate outside his native Modena (now a museum), a villa in Pesaro, his flat in Monte Carlo, and three flats in New York City.[59]Pavarotti's widow's lawyers, Giorgio Bernini and Anna Maria Bernini, and manager Terri Robson announced on 30 June 2008 that his family amicably settled his estate—€300 million ($474.2 million, including $15 million in U.S. assets). Pavarotti drafted two wills before his death: one divided his assets by Italian law, giving half to his second wife, Nicoletta Mantovani, and half to his four daughters; the second gave his U.S. holdings to Mantovani. The judge confirmed the compromise by the end of July 2008. However, a Pesaro public prosecutor, Massimo di Patria, investigated allegations that Pavarotti was not of sound mind when he signed the will.[60][61] Pavarotti's estate has been settled \"fairly\", a lawyer for Mantovani said in statements after reports of a dispute between her and his three daughters from his first marriage.[62]He posthumously received the Italy-USA Foundation's America Award in 2013 and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2014.","title":"Legacy and estate assignment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dublin_Gaiety_Theatre_Handprint_Luciano_Pavarotti.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"classical crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_crossover"}],"text":"Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti in front of the Gaiety Theatre, DublinIn addition to his very large discography[63] of opera performances[64] Pavarotti also made many classical crossover and pop recordings, the Pavarotti & Friends series of concerts and, for Decca, a series of studio recital albums: first six albums of opera arias and then, from 1979, six albums of Italian song.","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House, Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House,_Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"Edward Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Downes"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"I due Foscari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_due_Foscari"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"Lucia di Lammermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor"},{"link_name":"Il duca d'Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_duca_d%27Alba"},{"link_name":"La favorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_favorita"},{"link_name":"Don Sebastiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sebastiano"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Tell"},{"link_name":"I puritani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_puritani"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"L'arlesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27arlesiana"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Mefistofele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefistofele"},{"link_name":"Don Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"La Gioconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pietri"},{"link_name":"it:Maristella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maristella"},{"link_name":"Arleen Auger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleen_Auger"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_Singers"},{"link_name":"New Philharmonia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Nicola Rescigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Rescigno"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(Gounod)"},{"link_name":"Pagliacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagliacci"},{"link_name":"Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Bononcini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bononcini"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Tosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Tosti"},{"link_name":"Respighi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi"},{"link_name":"Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini"},{"link_name":"Stradella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella"},{"link_name":"Mercadante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercadante"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach"},{"link_name":"Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizet"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Pietro Yon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Yon"},{"link_name":"Alois Melichar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Melichar"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth School Boys' Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_School_Boys%27_Choir"},{"link_name":"London Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Voices"},{"link_name":"Kurt Herbert Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Herbert_Adler"},{"link_name":"Eduardo di Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_di_Capua"},{"link_name":"O sole mio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_sole_mio"},{"link_name":"Francesco Paolo Tosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Tosti"},{"link_name":"'A vucchella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A_vucchella"},{"link_name":"Enrico Cannio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cannio"},{"link_name":"O surdato 'nnammurato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_surdato_%27nnammurato"},{"link_name":"it:Salvatore Gambardella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Gambardella"},{"link_name":"Ernesto de Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_de_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Torna a Surriento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torna_a_Surriento"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Tagliaferri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Tagliaferri"},{"link_name":"it:Tu ca nun chiagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_ca_nun_chiagne"},{"link_name":"Luigi Denza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Denza"},{"link_name":"Funiculì funiculà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicul%C3%AC_funicul%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Anton Guadagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Guadagno"},{"link_name":"it:Giancarlo Chiaramello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Chiaramello"},{"link_name":"Adriana Lecouvreur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Lecouvreur"},{"link_name":"Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(opera)"},{"link_name":"L'Africaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Africaine"},{"link_name":"La fanciulla del West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West"},{"link_name":"Manon Lescaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut"},{"link_name":"Andrea Chénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"Oliviero de Fabritiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliviero_de_Fabritiis"},{"link_name":"Caldara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caldara"},{"link_name":"Tre giorni son che Nina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_giorni_son_che_Nina"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Giordani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Giordani"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluck"},{"link_name":"Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Leoncavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoncavallo"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Francesco Durante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Durante"},{"link_name":"Piero Gamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Gamba"},{"link_name":"Cesare Andrea Bixio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Andrea_Bixio"},{"link_name":"Ernesto de Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_de_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Arturo Buzzi-Peccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Buzzi-Peccia"},{"link_name":"Stanislao Gastaldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislao_Gastaldon"},{"link_name":"Carlo Innocenzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Innocenzi"},{"link_name":"Giovanni D'Anzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_D%27Anzi"},{"link_name":"Eldo Di Lazzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldo_Di_Lazzaro"},{"link_name":"Henry Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Tagliaferri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Tagliaferri"},{"link_name":"Paolo Tosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Tosti"},{"link_name":":it:Pasquale Mario Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Pasquale_Costa"},{"link_name":"it:Evemero Nardella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evemero_Nardella"},{"link_name":"E. A. Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Mario"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Cardillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Cardillo"},{"link_name":"Domenico Modugno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Modugno"},{"link_name":"Luigi Denza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Denza"},{"link_name":"Cesare Andrea Bixio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Andrea_Bixio"},{"link_name":"Giovanni D'Anzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_D%27Anzi"},{"link_name":"Ernesto De Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_De_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Pietro Mascagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni"},{"link_name":"Romano Musumarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Musumarra"},{"link_name":"Nino Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Rota"},{"link_name":"Elsa Morante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Morante"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Bennato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Bennato"},{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Gavin Greenaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Greenaway"},{"link_name":"Lucio Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Dalla"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Chiaramello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Chiaramello"}],"sub_title":"Studio recital albums","text":"Favourite Italian Arias – Arias from La Bohème, Tosca and Rigoletto. Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Edward Downes Decca Records 1966\nArias by Verdi & Donizetti – Arias from Luisa Miller, I due Foscari, Un ballo in maschera, Macbeth, Lucia di Lammermoor, Il duca d'Alba, La favorita and Don Sebastiano (with the Wiener Opernorchester under Edward Downes, 1968).[65]\nTenor Arias from Italian Opera – Arias from Guglielmo Tell, I puritani, Il trovatore, L'arlesiana, La bohème, Mefistofele, Don Pasquale, La Gioconda and Giuseppe Pietri's it:Maristella. Luciano Pavarotti tenor with Arleen Auger soprano. Leone Magiera (piano) Wiener Opernorchester and choir. Ambrosian Singers New Philharmonia Orchestra Nicola Rescigno 1971\nThe World's Favourite Tenor Arias' – Tosca, Carmen, Aida, Faust, Pagliacci, Martha. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Wiener Volksoper Orchester. Leone Magiera. New Philharmonia Orchestra Richard Bonynge 1973\nPavarotti in Concert – Arias and songs by Bononcini, Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Bellini, Tosti, Respighi, Rossini. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Richard Bonynge. 1973\nO Holy Night – Songs and carols by Adam, Stradella, Franck, Mercadante, Schubert, Bach (arranged Gounod), Bizet, Berlioz, Pietro Yon, Alois Melichar. Wandsworth School Boys' Choir. London Voices. National Philharmonic Orchestra, Kurt Herbert Adler 1976\nO Sole Mio – Favourite Neapolitan Songs 13 songs by Eduardo di Capua: O sole mio Francesco Paolo Tosti: 'A vucchella, Enrico Cannio: O surdato 'nnammurato, it:Salvatore Gambardella: O marenariello, Traditional: Fenesta vascia, Tosti: A Marechiare, Ernesto de Curtis: Torna a Surriento, Gaetano Errico Pennino: Pecchè?, Vincenzo d'Annibale: 'O paese d' 'o sole, Ernesto Tagliaferri: Piscatore 'e Pusilleco, Curtis: it:Tu ca nun chiagne, Capua: Maria, Mari, Luigi Denza: Funiculì funiculà. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna Anton Guadagno National Philharmonic Orchestra it:Giancarlo Chiaramello 1979\nVerismo – Arias from Fedora, Mefistofele, Adriana Lecouvreur, Iris, L'Africaine, Werther, La fanciulla del West, Manon Lescaut, Andrea Chénier. National Philharmonic Orchestra Oliviero de Fabritiis (Riccardo Chailly for Andrea Chénier arias) 1979\nMattinata – 14 songs by Caldara, formerly attrib. Pergolesi, probably by Vincenzo Ciampi: Tre giorni son che Nina, Bellini, Tommaso Giordani, Rossini, Gluck, Tosti, Donizetti, Leoncavallo, Beethoven and Francesco Durante. Philharmonia Orchestra Piero Gamba National Philharmonic Orchestra. Antonio Tonini (conductor) 1983\nMamma – songs by Cesare Andrea Bixio, Ernesto de Curtis, Arturo Buzzi-Peccia, Stanislao Gastaldon, Cesare Cesarini, A. Walter Kramer, Carlo Innocenzi, Giovanni D'Anzi, Eldo Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo De Crescenzo, Domenico Martuzzi, Aniello Califano, Colombino Arona. Arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini, 1984.\nPassione – 12 songs by Ernesto Tagliaferri, Paolo Tosti, :it:Pasquale Mario Costa, Teodoro Cottrau, it:Evemero Nardella, Rodolfo Falvo, De Curtis, Di Capua, E. A. Mario, Gaetano Lama and Salvatore Cardillo. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Giancarlo Chiaramello 1985\nVolare – 16 songs by Domenico Modugno, Luigi Denza, Cesare Andrea Bixio, Gabriele Sibella, Giovanni D'Anzi, Michael John Bonagura, Edoardo Mascheroni, Ernesto De Curtis, Ermenegildo Ruccione, Pietro Mascagni, Guido Maria Ferilli. arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini 1987\nTi Adoro – songs by Romano Musumarra, Carlo Mioli, Ornella D'Urbano, Michele Centonze, Andrea Bellantani, Daniel Vuletic, Veris Giannetti, Nino Rota/Elsa Morante, Edoardo Bennato, Hans Zimmer/Gavin Greenaway/Jeffrey Pescetto, Lucio Dalla. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Orchestra di Roma. Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra. Romano Musumarra Giancarlo Chiaramello, 2000","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozart: Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo_(Luciano_Pavarotti_film)"},{"link_name":"The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera_Centennial_Gala"},{"link_name":"The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera_Gala_1991"}],"text":"Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234, 2006\nThe Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009\nThe Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010","title":"Selected videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"National Order of the Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Order of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Cultural_Merit_(Monaco)"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"}],"sub_title":"Civil awards","text":"1976 – 3rd Class / Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n1980 – 2nd Class / Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n1988 – 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n1992 – Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour\n1993 – Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit of Monaco","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","text":"The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.[66]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Emmy Awards","text":"The Emmy Awards are awarded annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.[67]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Favorite Classical Music Performer award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Kammersänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Classical Artist of the Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Decade-End"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"World Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"United Nations Messenger of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Messengers_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"SG of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Rudy Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(Lincoln_Center)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"5203 Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5203_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Zdeňka Vávrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zde%C5%88ka_V%C3%A1vrov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"The Nansen Refugee Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nansen_Refugee_Award_recipients"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"National Italian American Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Italian_American_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Italian_American_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Honorary citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Francesco Rutelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Rutelli"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres"}],"sub_title":"Other awards and recognitions","text":"1965 – \"Principessa Carlotta\" award\n1980 – Grand Marshal at the New York City's Columbus Day Parade on October 12. He decided to lead the parade riding a horse and wearing a cloak with stripes, stars and the colours of the US flag[68]\n1984 – \"Ville de Paris\" awarded by mayor Jacques Chirac\n1986 – Favorite Classical Music Performer award from People's Choice Awards[69]\n1989 – Hamburger Kammersänger awarded by the Hamburg Senate[70]\n1990 – Classical Artist of the Decade 1980-1989 awarded by Billboard[71]\n1993 – World’s Best Classical Artist by the World Music Awards[72]\n1998 – United Nations Messenger of Peace by SG of the United Nations Kofi Annan[73]\n1998 – November 22 the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, proclaimed Luciano Pavarotti Day to celebrate his 30th anniversary at the Metropolitan Opera House.[74]\n1999 – Asteroid 5203 Pavarotti, discovered by Zdeňka Vávrová in 1984, was named after him\n2001 – Kennedy Center Honors award[75]\n2001 – The Nansen Refugee Award given by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for his work on behalf of refugees and victims of conflict[76]\n2001 – World Social Award received from president Mikhail Gorbachev in Vienna[77]\n2004 – Eisenhower Medallion[78]\n2004 – NIAF Hall of Fame in Music by the National Italian American Foundation [it]\n2006 – Honorary citizenship by the city of Sarajevo for his efforts on behalf of Bosnian children[79]\n2006 – The Puccini Award in the 36th edition of Puccini Festival Foundation[80]\n2006 – Premio Donizetti in the Bergamo Music Festival[81]\n2007 – Premio Eccellenza nella cultura given by Italy's Ministry of Culture Francesco Rutelli, awarded September 4, two days before his death[82]\nVarious honorary degrees from several universities, including Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Oklahoma City,[83] Parma, Urbino and Lima","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[{"image_text":"Pavarotti performing \"Una furtiva lagrima\" from the Italian opera L'elisir d'amore"},{"image_text":"Luciano Pavarotti in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Luciano_Pavarotti_72.jpg/180px-Luciano_Pavarotti_72.jpg"},{"image_text":"With Joan Sutherland in I puritani (1976)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pavarotti_-_Sutherland_1976.jpg/170px-Pavarotti_-_Sutherland_1976.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left: journalist Vincenzo Mollica, Pavarotti, Lucio Dalla and Zucchero on the first edition of Pavarotti & Friends (1992)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lucio_Dalla%2C_Pavarotti_e_Zucchero_al_Pavarotti_e_friends_1992.jpg/220px-Lucio_Dalla%2C_Pavarotti_e_Zucchero_al_Pavarotti_e_friends_1992.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elton John and Pavarotti in Modena, 1996","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elton_John_with_Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Modena_1996.jpg/220px-Elton_John_with_Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Modena_1996.jpg"},{"image_text":"Luciano Pavarotti performing on 15 June 2002 at a concert in the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg/170px-Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pavarotti and family, N.Y.C., 1979–1983. Clockwise from top: Luciano Pavarotti, daughters Cristina and Lorenza Pavarotti, wife Adua Veroni, daughter Giuliana Pavarotti.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luciano_Pavarotti%2C_opera_star%2C_and_family%2C_N.Y.C.%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Luciano_Pavarotti%2C_opera_star%2C_and_family%2C_N.Y.C.%2C_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pavarotti performing at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Luciano_Pavarotti_-_Concert.jpg/250px-Luciano_Pavarotti_-_Concert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Pavarotti in Eilat IMAX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Luciano_Pavarotti_IMAX.JPG/190px-Luciano_Pavarotti_IMAX.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grave of Luciano Pavarotti and his family in Montale Rangone [it]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grave_of_Luciano_Pavarotti_and_his_family.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Luciano_Pavarotti_and_his_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pavarotti embraces Karen Kondazian on the set of Yes, Giorgio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Luciano_Pavarotti_Karen_Kondazian_1981_wiki.jpg/220px-Luciano_Pavarotti_Karen_Kondazian_1981_wiki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti. Atlantic City Boardwalk New Jersey USA 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Handprint_of_Luciano_Pavarotti.jpg/220px-Handprint_of_Luciano_Pavarotti.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handprint of Luciano Pavarotti in front of the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dublin_Gaiety_Theatre_Handprint_Luciano_Pavarotti.JPG/220px-Dublin_Gaiety_Theatre_Handprint_Luciano_Pavarotti.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg"},{"title":"Opera portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Opera"},{"title":"List of best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"title":"Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_%26_Friends_for_the_Children_of_Bosnia"},{"title":"Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_%26_Friends_for_the_Children_of_Liberia"},{"title":"Pavarotti & Friends for Guatemala and Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_%26_Friends_for_Guatemala_and_Kosovo"},{"title":"Centro Educativo Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Educativo_Pavarotti"},{"title":"Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavarotti_(film)"},{"title":"Ron Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Howard"}]
[{"reference":"\"Pavarotti Luciano\". Quirinale.it. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/15868","url_text":"\"Pavarotti Luciano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinale.it","url_text":"Quirinale.it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101901/https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/15868","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Luciano Pavarotti, 1935 - 2007\". www.cbsnews.com. 14 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/luciano-pavarotti-1935-2007/","url_text":"\"Luciano Pavarotti, 1935 - 2007\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803210548/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/luciano-pavarotti-1935-2007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pavarotti eisteddfod career start\". BBC Online. 6 September 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/6981188.stm","url_text":"\"Pavarotti eisteddfod career start\""}]},{"reference":"Kennicott, Philip (13 March 2015). \"Luciano Pavarotti – the birth of a legend\". Gramophone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gramophone.co.uk/feature/luciano-pavarotti-the-birth-of-a-legend","url_text":"\"Luciano Pavarotti – the birth of a legend\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Bernard (6 September 2007). \"Luciano Pavarotti Is Dead at 71 (Published 2007)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. 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Snopes.com. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pavarotti-granddaughter-singing/","url_text":"\"Is This Pavarotti's Granddaughter Singing 'Nessun Dorma'?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128083204/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pavarotti-granddaughter-singing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com: The Pavarotti & Friends Collection: The Complete Concerts, 1992–2000: Luciano Pavarotti: Movies & TV\". Amazon. 12 November 2002. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cases
José María Cases
["1 Club career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cases and the second or maternal family name is Hernández. José María CasesPersonal informationFull name José María Cases HernándezDate of birth (1986-11-23) 23 November 1986 (age 37)Place of birth Orihuela, SpainHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Orihuela CFNumber 10Youth career EMF Orihuela VillarrealSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2003–2005 Villarreal B 2003–2005 Villarreal 2 (0)2005–2006 Terrassa 22 (3)2006–2008 Orihuela 62 (9)2008–2009 Eibar 25 (0)2009–2010 Valencia B 25 (2)2010–2012 Orihuela 51 (9)2012–2013 Granada 0 (0)2012 → Cádiz (loan) 15 (1)2012–2013 → Mirandés (loan) 7 (0)2013 → Alcoyano (loan) 18 (5)2013–2015 Panthrakikos 47 (10)2015–2017 Eupen 54 (8)2017–2018 Doxa Drama 20 (6)2018– Orihuela CF 49 (10)International career2003 Spain U17 12 (5) Medal record Representing  Spain Men's football FIFA U-17 World Cup Runner-up 2003 Finland UEFA European Under-17 Championship Runner-up 2003 Portugal *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15:53, 8 September 2020 (UTC) José María Cases Hernández (born 23 November 1986) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Orihuela CF as a midfielder. Club career Born in Orihuela, Valencian Community, Cases finished his development at Villarreal CF and started competing as a senior with the reserves in Tercera División. He made his professional debut at 16 on 22 June 2003, playing 28 minutes as a substitute for Héctor Font in a 4–1 La Liga home loss to Real Betis; over the next two seasons, he played only three more times for the Yellow Submarine, all off the bench, including once in the 2004–05 edition of the UEFA Cup. Cases spent the following campaign at Terrassa FC in Segunda División B, before joining his hometown club Orihuela CF also in that level. On 15 June 2008, he signed a two-year deal at Segunda División's SD Eibar on the expiration of his contract, despite having a previous agreement to join UD Salamanca when free. He started in 13 of his appearances for the Basques, who suffered relegation. Cases subsequently had a year at Valencia CF Mestalla, who fell into the fourth division, before returning to Orihuela. He was bought by Granada CF in summer 2012, being successively loaned to Cádiz CF, CD Mirandés, and CD Alcoyano. On 22 June 2013, Cases moved abroad for the first time, signing for Panthrakikos F.C. in the Superleague Greece. He switched countries again on 2 August 2015, when he agreed to a two-year deal with K.A.S. Eupen of the Belgian Second Division. On 13 September, four minutes after replacing countryman Víctor Curto, he received a straight red card in an eventual 4–1 home loss to Lierse SK, but his two-match suspension was rescinded on appeal. On 22 September 2017, 30-year-old Cases joined Doxa Drama F.C. in the Greek second level. Personal life Cases' older brother, Manuel, played in the same position for five teams including Orihuela, never any higher than the third tier. References ^ "El Betis se despide de la Liga goleando a un flojo Villarreal" . El Mundo (in Spanish). 22 June 2003. Retrieved 15 April 2016. ^ "El 'Boro' amarga la goleada del Villarreal" . El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 December 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "El delantero Cases, del Orihuela, ficha por dos temporadas con el Eibar" . El Correo (in Spanish). 15 June 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Una regeneración completa, o casi, para una nueva etapa" . Gara (in Spanish). 3 June 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ "Granada y Mirandés negocian la cesión de José María Cases" . Marca (in Spanish). 11 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "José María Cases también pone rumbo a Grecia" (in Spanish). Vavel. 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "José Maria Cases (ex de Villarreal) pour deux ans à Eupen" (in French). Sud Info. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Une bonne nouvelle pour Eupen" (in French). Walfoot. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Officiel: José-Maria Cases (ex-Eupen) au Doxa Drama (Grèce)" . L'Avenir (in French). 22 September 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017. ^ "Manolo Cases: Manuel Cases Hernández". BDFutbol. Retrieved 9 April 2016. External links José María Cases at BDFutbol José María Cases – FIFA competition record (archived) José María Cases at Soccerway
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Eupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.S._Eupen"},{"link_name":"Belgian Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Víctor Curto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Curto"},{"link_name":"red card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Lierse SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Doxa Drama F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxa_Drama_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greek second level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Born in Orihuela, Valencian Community, Cases finished his development at Villarreal CF and started competing as a senior with the reserves in Tercera División. He made his professional debut at 16 on 22 June 2003, playing 28 minutes as a substitute for Héctor Font in a 4–1 La Liga home loss to Real Betis;[1] over the next two seasons, he played only three more times for the Yellow Submarine, all off the bench, including once in the 2004–05 edition of the UEFA Cup.[2]Cases spent the following campaign at Terrassa FC in Segunda División B, before joining his hometown club Orihuela CF also in that level. On 15 June 2008, he signed a two-year deal at Segunda División's SD Eibar on the expiration of his contract, despite having a previous agreement to join UD Salamanca when free.[3] He started in 13 of his appearances for the Basques, who suffered relegation.[4]Cases subsequently had a year at Valencia CF Mestalla, who fell into the fourth division, before returning to Orihuela. He was bought by Granada CF in summer 2012, being successively loaned to Cádiz CF, CD Mirandés,[5] and CD Alcoyano.On 22 June 2013, Cases moved abroad for the first time, signing for Panthrakikos F.C. in the Superleague Greece.[6] He switched countries again on 2 August 2015, when he agreed to a two-year deal with K.A.S. Eupen of the Belgian Second Division.[7] On 13 September, four minutes after replacing countryman Víctor Curto, he received a straight red card in an eventual 4–1 home loss to Lierse SK, but his two-match suspension was rescinded on appeal.[8]On 22 September 2017, 30-year-old Cases joined Doxa Drama F.C. in the Greek second level.[9]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Cases' older brother, Manuel, played in the same position for five teams including Orihuela, never any higher than the third tier.[10]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomonoura
Tomonoura
["1 History","2 Preserving the historic harbor","3 In the arts and literature","3.1 Poetry","3.2 Art","3.3 Music","3.4 Books","3.5 Photography exhibitions","3.6 Films","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°22′51″N 133°22′48″E / 34.380762°N 133.380111°E / 34.380762; 133.380111Tomonoura Lighthouse Tomonoura featured on a 1939 stamp of Japan. Tomonoura (鞆の浦), formerly known as Tomonotsu (鞆の津), is a port in the Tomo ward of Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It stands on the southern point of the Numakuma Peninsula, 14 kilometers south of Fukuyama Station, with a population of about half a million people as of 2017. Tomonoura has been a prosperous port since ancient times. Its unique circular harbor was preserved even after modern port facilities were introduced. Tomonoura lies within Tomokōen (鞆公園), which forms part of the Setonaikai National Park. In 2007, the port was listed as one of the top 100 scenic municipalities in Japan and its harbor was listed as one of the top 100 historical natural features in Japan. There are many historical temples and shrines around Tomonoura, and the area is famous for red sea bream (真鯛, Madai) fishing. History 8 poems about Tomonoura are to be found in the oldest collection of Japanese poems, the Man'yōshū, compiled in the Tenpyō-hōji era. Jyoganji Temple was established by Saichō and Ioji Temple was established by Kūkai during the Heian period. According to the Engishiki (延喜式, "Procedures of the Engi Era"), mainly completed in 927 A.D., Yasaka Shrine in Kyoto had its origins in Tomonoura's Nunakuma Shrine (沼名前神社) during the Heian period. After the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Emperor Kōgon visited Tomonoura and gave a memorial written for Nitta Yoshisada to Ashikaga Takauji. The Five-story pagodas of Jyoganji Temple was destroyed during the Battle of Tomo between the Northern Court and the Southern Court in the Nanboku-chō period. The former Tomo Castle was built by the Mōri clan during the Sengoku period. After Ashikaga Yoshiaki was banished from Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga, Ashikaga formed the Tomo Bakufu with the Ise clan, the Ueno clan and the Odachi clan, and with the support of the Mōri clan. Fukushima Masanori of Bingo Province started rebuilding Tomo Castle during the Edo period, but construction was halted by order of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Mizuno Katsushige of Fukuyama Domain was opened the government office at the site of Tomo Castle. Tomonoura was the site of the sinking of the Iroha Maru, a ship belonging to Sakamoto Ryōma. Railway service between Tomo Station and Fukuyama Station started in 1913, but the line was closed in 1954. The Setonaikai National Park, which includes Tomonoura, was founded on 16 March 1934. Tomonoura was once given the nickname Shio machi minato which means "port of waiting for tides". Preserving the historic harbor The local government had a plan to build a bridge over the scenic harbor for a bypass road, which caused conflict with members of the local community concerned about the preservation of the historic harbor. The plan has now been overturned by the Hiroshima District Court. The plan led to the town being included in the World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund in 2002 and 2004. This organization later helped to restore a historic merchant house in the town with financial support from American Express. The 19th-century residence, known as Uoya-Manzo has since become an information center and guesthouse for visitors. In the arts and literature Poetry Man'yōshū - (7th to 8th century) (8 poems, including 2 Ōtomo no Tabito's poems) Art "Seto Inland Sea, Tomonotsu, 1940"; woodblock print by Tsuchiya Koitsu (土屋光逸), a sunset scene of ships in the harbor at Tomonoura. Music Haru no Umi, composed by Michio Miyagi - Koto music - (1929) Tomonoura Bojō, enka song by Misaki Iwasa (2014) (The music video was shot in Tomonoura, and the song is about feelings and the harbor.) Books Tomonotsu Chakaiki (1986), a novel by Masuji Ibuse about the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 鞆の浦殺人事件 (Murder in Tomonoura, 1988), a detective novel by Yasuo Uchida Photography exhibitions 尾道への旅 (A Journey to Onomichi, 2006) by Wim Wenders Films 白椿 (White Camellia, 2007), directed by Masatoshi Akihara, starring Hiroko Hatano, based on a story about a family in Tomo by Yumeno Kyūsaku 崖の上のポニョ (Ponyo, 2008), directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who stayed in Tomonoura for two months in 2005 The Wolverine, 2013, directed by James Mangold, starring Hugh Jackman, was filmed in Tomonoura See also Setonaikai National Park Seto Inland Sea Ponyo References ^ "Tomonoura Overview". NAVITIME Travel. Retrieved 2022-10-09. ^ Adika, Alon, "Taking in Tomonoura's many delights", Japan Times, 24 July 2011, p. 10. ^ Engishiki ^ Bektas, Yakup. Visions of Vanishing Japan. WMF.org. p. 2. ^ "Save Tomonoura". ^ "ICOMOS Symposium 2006". ^ "report of Tomonoura 2009". ^ "毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2009-10-05. ^ World Monuments Fund - Tomo Port Town External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomonoura. Tomonoura Tomonoura(in Portuguese) Yakup Bektas, "Visions of Vanishing Japan: Threatened with radical redevelopment, the rare Edo-Period port town of Tomo-no-Ura has been granted a reprieve. For just how long, no one knows." ICON Magazine, Summer 2004, p. 18-23. ・VISIT Tomonoura ・Japan Heritage Portal Site Tomonoura 34°22′51″N 133°22′48″E / 34.380762°N 133.380111°E / 34.380762; 133.380111
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomonoura01sb1890.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomonoura12bt3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Setostamp1939.JPG"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukuyama_Port&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Numakuma Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numakuma_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Setonaikai National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setonaikai_National_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"red sea bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrus_major"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"TomonouraLighthouseTomonoura featured on a 1939 stamp of Japan.Tomonoura (鞆の浦), formerly known as Tomonotsu (鞆の津), is a port in the Tomo ward of Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It stands on the southern point of the Numakuma Peninsula, 14 kilometers south of Fukuyama Station, with a population of about half a million people as of 2017.[1]Tomonoura has been a prosperous port since ancient times. Its unique circular harbor was preserved even after modern port facilities were introduced. Tomonoura lies within Tomokōen (鞆公園), which forms part of the Setonaikai National Park. In 2007, the port was listed as one of the top 100 scenic municipalities in Japan and its harbor was listed as one of the top 100 historical natural features in Japan.[citation needed]There are many historical temples and shrines around Tomonoura, and the area is famous for red sea bream (真鯛, Madai) fishing.[2]","title":"Tomonoura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Man'yōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Tenpyō-hōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-h%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Jyoganji Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyoganji_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saichō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saich%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ioji Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioji_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kūkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Engishiki (延喜式, \"Procedures of the Engi Era\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engishiki"},{"link_name":"Yasaka Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasaka_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Nunakuma Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunakuma_Shrine"},{"link_name":"沼名前神社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BC%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tatarahama (1336)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tatarahama_(1336)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Kōgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dgon"},{"link_name":"Nitta Yoshisada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Takauji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji"},{"link_name":"Five-story pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-story_pagodas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tomo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Court"},{"link_name":"Southern Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Court"},{"link_name":"Nanboku-chō period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period"},{"link_name":"Tomo Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomo_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mōri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Tomo Bakufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomo_Bakufu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ise clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise_clan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ueno clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ueno_clan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odachi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odachi_clan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Masanori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Masanori"},{"link_name":"Bingo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_Province"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Mizuno Katsushige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuno_Katsushige"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama_Domain"},{"link_name":"Sakamoto Ryōma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma"},{"link_name":"Fukuyama Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuyama_Station"},{"link_name":"Setonaikai National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setonaikai_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"8 poems about Tomonoura are to be found in the oldest collection of Japanese poems, the Man'yōshū, compiled in the Tenpyō-hōji era.\nJyoganji Temple was established by Saichō and Ioji Temple was established by Kūkai during the Heian period.[3]\nAccording to the Engishiki (延喜式, \"Procedures of the Engi Era\"), mainly completed in 927 A.D., Yasaka Shrine in Kyoto had its origins in Tomonoura's Nunakuma Shrine (沼名前神社) during the Heian period.\nAfter the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Emperor Kōgon visited Tomonoura and gave a memorial written for Nitta Yoshisada to Ashikaga Takauji.\nThe Five-story pagodas of Jyoganji Temple was destroyed during the Battle of Tomo between the Northern Court and the Southern Court in the Nanboku-chō period.\nThe former Tomo Castle was built by the Mōri clan during the Sengoku period.\nAfter Ashikaga Yoshiaki was banished from Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga, Ashikaga formed the Tomo Bakufu with the Ise clan, the Ueno clan and the Odachi clan, and with the support of the Mōri clan.\nFukushima Masanori of Bingo Province started rebuilding Tomo Castle during the Edo period, but construction was halted by order of Tokugawa Ieyasu.\nMizuno Katsushige of Fukuyama Domain was opened the government office at the site of Tomo Castle.\nTomonoura was the site of the sinking of the Iroha Maru, a ship belonging to Sakamoto Ryōma.\nRailway service between Tomo Station and Fukuyama Station started in 1913, but the line was closed in 1954.\nThe Setonaikai National Park, which includes Tomonoura, was founded on 16 March 1934.\nTomonoura was once given the nickname Shio machi minato which means \"port of waiting for tides\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World Monuments Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Watch"},{"link_name":"World Monuments Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Monuments_Watch"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"Uoya-Manzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uoya-Manzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The local government had a plan to build a bridge over the scenic harbor for a bypass road, which caused conflict with members of the local community concerned about the preservation of the historic harbor. The plan has now been overturned by the Hiroshima District Court.[5][6][7][8] The plan led to the town being included in the World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund in 2002 and 2004. This organization later helped to restore a historic merchant house in the town with financial support from American Express. The 19th-century residence, known as Uoya-Manzo has since become an information center and guesthouse for visitors.[9]","title":"Preserving the historic harbor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man'yōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo no Tabito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_no_Tabito"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Man'yōshū - (7th to 8th century) (8 poems, including 2 Ōtomo no Tabito's poems)","title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsuchiya Koitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuchiya_Koitsu"}],"sub_title":"Art","text":"\"Seto Inland Sea, Tomonotsu, 1940\"; woodblock print by Tsuchiya Koitsu (土屋光逸), a sunset scene of ships in the harbor at Tomonoura.","title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haru no Umi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haru_no_Umi"},{"link_name":"Michio Miyagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Miyagi"},{"link_name":"Koto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Tomonoura Bojō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomonoura_Boj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"enka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enka"},{"link_name":"Misaki Iwasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misaki_Iwasa"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Haru no Umi, composed by Michio Miyagi - Koto music - (1929)\nTomonoura Bojō, enka song by Misaki Iwasa (2014) (The music video was shot in Tomonoura, and the song is about feelings and the harbor.)","title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomonotsu Chakaiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomonotsu_Chakaiki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Masuji Ibuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuji_Ibuse"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Yasuo Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Uchida"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Tomonotsu Chakaiki (1986), a novel by Masuji Ibuse about the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi\n鞆の浦殺人事件 (Murder in Tomonoura, 1988), a detective novel by Yasuo Uchida","title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wim Wenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders"}],"sub_title":"Photography exhibitions","text":"尾道への旅 (A Journey to Onomichi, 2006) by Wim Wenders","title":"In the arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masatoshi Akihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Akihara"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Hatano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Hatano"},{"link_name":"Yumeno Kyūsaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumeno_Ky%C5%ABsaku"},{"link_name":"Ponyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponyo"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"The Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolverine_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Mangold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mangold"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"白椿 (White Camellia, 2007), directed by Masatoshi Akihara, starring Hiroko Hatano, based on a story about a family in Tomo by Yumeno Kyūsaku\n崖の上のポニョ (Ponyo, 2008), directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who stayed in Tomonoura for two months in 2005\nThe Wolverine, 2013, directed by James Mangold, starring Hugh Jackman, was filmed in Tomonoura","title":"In the arts and literature"}]
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[{"title":"Setonaikai National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setonaikai_National_Park"},{"title":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"title":"Ponyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponyo"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tomonoura&params=34.380762_N_133.380111_E_type:waterbody_region:JP_scale:10000","external_links_name":"34°22′51″N 133°22′48″E / 34.380762°N 133.380111°E / 34.380762; 133.380111"},{"Link":"https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrv0231-en/","external_links_name":"\"Tomonoura Overview\""},{"Link":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fv20110724a1.html","external_links_name":"Taking in Tomonoura's many delights"},{"Link":"http://tomonoura-net.jp/e_index.html","external_links_name":"\"Save Tomonoura\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.kyushu-u.ac.jp/programsinenglish/hiroshima/tomonoura.htm","external_links_name":"\"ICOMOS Symposium 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.japanlivingarts.com/?p=1782","external_links_name":"\"report of Tomonoura 2009\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713125724/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/national/news/20091001p2a00m0na020000c.html?inb=rs","external_links_name":"\"毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)\""},{"Link":"http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/national/news/20091001p2a00m0na020000c.html?inb=rs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wmf.org/project/tomo-port-town","external_links_name":"World Monuments Fund - Tomo Port Town"},{"Link":"http://www.wa-pedia.com/japan-guide/tomo_no_ura.shtml","external_links_name":"Tomonoura"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061005193755/http://www.city.fukuyama.hiroshima.jp/shiminsoudan/portuguese/kankou_tomonoura.html","external_links_name":"Tomonoura"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181847/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_18-23_tomo.pdf","external_links_name":"Yakup Bektas, \"Visions of Vanishing Japan: Threatened with radical redevelopment, the rare Edo-Period port town of Tomo-no-Ura has been granted a reprieve. For just how long, no one knows.\" ICON Magazine, Summer 2004, p. 18-23."},{"Link":"https://visittomonoura.com/?lang=en","external_links_name":"・VISIT Tomonoura"},{"Link":"https://japan-heritage.bunka.go.jp/en/stories/story065/","external_links_name":"・Japan Heritage Portal Site Tomonoura"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tomonoura&params=34.380762_N_133.380111_E_type:waterbody_region:JP_scale:10000","external_links_name":"34°22′51″N 133°22′48″E / 34.380762°N 133.380111°E / 34.380762; 133.380111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachariah_Mudge_(clergyman)
Zachariah Mudge (priest)
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Family","4 References"]
English clergyman Zachariah MudgeBorn1694Died2 April 1769SpousesMary FoxElizabeth NeellChildren5, including Thomas, Richard, and JohnChurchChurch of EnglandOrdained21 September 1729 Zachariah Mudge (1694–1769) was an English clergyman, known for his sermons, and his deist or Platonist views. Life He was born at Exeter, and after attending its grammar school was sent in 1710 to the nonconformist academy of Joseph Hallett III. When there he fell in love with a certain Mary Fox, who refused to take him seriously. He went on the road for London, but returned to Exeter after three weeks of hard knocks. In 1711 George Trosse, who had paid for his schooling, died and left Mudge half of his library, including a number of Hebrew works. About 1713 he left Hallett's, and became second master in the school of John Reynolds, vicar of St. Thomas the Apostle in Exeter. John Reynolds's son Samuel, master of Exeter grammar school, was the father of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Mudge soon became the intimate friend of three generations of the family. Mudge was painted on three separate occasions by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1761, 1762, and 1766. In 1714 he married his former love, Mary Fox. In the winter of 1717–18 he left Exeter to become master of Bideford grammar school. Here he remained until 1732. While at Bideford he entered into a long correspondence with Stephen Weston, Bishop of Exeter on the doctrines of the Church of England, which resulted in his giving up on nonconformist ministry and becoming an Anglican; he sent money to the West of England Nonconformist Association for the expenses of his education. He was ordained deacon in the Church of England on 21 September 1729, and priest on the following day. In December of the same year he was instituted to the living of Abbotsham, near Bideford, on the presentation of Peter King, 1st Baron King, and in August 1732 he obtained the living of St. Andrew's, Plymouth. Mudge was made a prebendary of Exeter Cathedral in 1736. In 1759, after the last mason's work had been completed on the Eddystone Lighthouse, and Laus Deo cut on the last stone set over the door of the lantern, John Smeaton conducted Mudge, his old friend, to the top. There they joined in singing the Old Hundredth Psalm, as a thanksgiving for the successful conclusion of the arduous undertaking. Reynolds introduced Mudge to Samuel Johnson in 1762. Mudge died at Coffleet, Devon, on the first stage of his annual trip to London, on 2 April 1769. He was buried by the communion table of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, and his funeral sermon was preached by John Gandy, his curate for many years, who succeeded to the vicarage. Johnson drew Mudge's character in the London Chronicle for 2 June and wrote: Though studious he was popular, though argumentative he was modest, though inflexible he was candid, and though metaphysical he was orthodox. Works Mudge harmonised well with the unemotional form of religion that was dominant in his day. James Boswell wrote that he was idolised in the West of England, and sermons were greatly esteemed for fifty years after his death, particularly as suitable for Oxford students. He published a selection of them in 1739. One on ‘The Origin and Obligations of Government’ was reprinted by Edmund Burke in the form of a pamphlet in 1793, as an antidote against Jacobin principles. Another, separately published in 1731, was entitled ‘Liberty: a Sermon preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exon, on Thursday, 16 September 1731, before the Gentlemen educated in the Free School at Exeter under the Rev. Mr. Reynolds.’ It contained some reflections on the nonconformists, which were answered in ‘Fate and Force, or Mr. Mudge's Liberty set in a true Light,’ London, 1732. In 1744 he issued ‘An Essay towards a New English Version of the Book of Psalms from the original Hebrew,’ London, 1744. The translation was conservative of old phraseology. Family By his first wife, Mary, Mudge had four sons—Zachariah (1714–1753), a surgeon, who died on board an Indiaman at Canton; Thomas, the horologist; Richard, a composer, clergyman and friend of Handel; and John; as well as one daughter, Mary. Mudge married, secondly, in 1762, Elizabeth Neell, who survived him many years, and died in 1782. References ^ "Headmasters". Bideford Grammar School.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Mudge, Zachariah". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist"},{"link_name":"Platonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonist"}],"text":"Zachariah Mudge (1694–1769) was an English clergyman, known for his sermons, and his deist or Platonist views.","title":"Zachariah Mudge (priest)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"nonconformist academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_academy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hallett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hallett_III"},{"link_name":"George Trosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Trosse"},{"link_name":"Sir Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Weston"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Abbotsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsham"},{"link_name":"Peter King, 1st Baron King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew's, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Exeter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Eddystone Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"John Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"Old Hundredth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hundredth"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Coffleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffleet"}],"text":"He was born at Exeter, and after attending its grammar school was sent in 1710 to the nonconformist academy of Joseph Hallett III. When there he fell in love with a certain Mary Fox, who refused to take him seriously. He went on the road for London, but returned to Exeter after three weeks of hard knocks. In 1711 George Trosse, who had paid for his schooling, died and left Mudge half of his library, including a number of Hebrew works.About 1713 he left Hallett's, and became second master in the school of John Reynolds, vicar of St. Thomas the Apostle in Exeter. John Reynolds's son Samuel, master of Exeter grammar school, was the father of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Mudge soon became the intimate friend of three generations of the family. Mudge was painted on three separate occasions by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1761, 1762, and 1766.In 1714 he married his former love, Mary Fox. In the winter of 1717–18 he left Exeter to become master of Bideford grammar school. Here he remained until 1732.[1] While at Bideford he entered into a long correspondence with Stephen Weston, Bishop of Exeter on the doctrines of the Church of England, which resulted in his giving up on nonconformist ministry and becoming an Anglican; he sent money to the West of England Nonconformist Association for the expenses of his education.He was ordained deacon in the Church of England on 21 September 1729, and priest on the following day. In December of the same year he was instituted to the living of Abbotsham, near Bideford, on the presentation of Peter King, 1st Baron King, and in August 1732 he obtained the living of St. Andrew's, Plymouth. Mudge was made a prebendary of Exeter Cathedral in 1736.In 1759, after the last mason's work had been completed on the Eddystone Lighthouse, and Laus Deo cut on the last stone set over the door of the lantern, John Smeaton conducted Mudge, his old friend, to the top. There they joined in singing the Old Hundredth Psalm, as a thanksgiving for the successful conclusion of the arduous undertaking. Reynolds introduced Mudge to Samuel Johnson in 1762. Mudge died at Coffleet, Devon, on the first stage of his annual trip to London, on 2 April 1769. He was buried by the communion table of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, and his funeral sermon was preached by John Gandy, his curate for many years, who succeeded to the vicarage. Johnson drew Mudge's character in the London Chronicle for 2 June and wrote:Though studious he was popular, though argumentative he was modest, though inflexible he was candid, and though metaphysical he was orthodox.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"},{"link_name":"Edmund Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"},{"link_name":"Jacobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobyte"}],"text":"Mudge harmonised well with the unemotional form of religion that was dominant in his day. James Boswell wrote that he was idolised in the West of England, and sermons were greatly esteemed for fifty years after his death, particularly as suitable for Oxford students. He published a selection of them in 1739. One on ‘The Origin and Obligations of Government’ was reprinted by Edmund Burke in the form of a pamphlet in 1793, as an antidote against Jacobin principles. Another, separately published in 1731, was entitled ‘Liberty: a Sermon preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exon, on Thursday, 16 September 1731, before the Gentlemen educated in the Free School at Exeter under the Rev. Mr. Reynolds.’ It contained some reflections on the nonconformists, which were answered in ‘Fate and Force, or Mr. Mudge's Liberty set in a true Light,’ London, 1732.In 1744 he issued ‘An Essay towards a New English Version of the Book of Psalms from the original Hebrew,’ London, 1744. The translation was conservative of old phraseology.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mudge_(horologist)"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mudge"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mudge"}],"text":"By his first wife, Mary, Mudge had four sons—Zachariah (1714–1753), a surgeon, who died on board an Indiaman at Canton; Thomas, the horologist; Richard, a composer, clergyman and friend of Handel; and John; as well as one daughter, Mary. Mudge married, secondly, in 1762, Elizabeth Neell, who survived him many years, and died in 1782.","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Soul_Train_Music_Awards
1990 Soul Train Music Awards
["1 Special awards","1.1 Heritage Award for Career Achievement","1.2 Sammy Davis Jr. Award for Entertainer of the Year","2 Winners and nominees","2.1 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Male","2.2 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Female","2.3 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Group, Band, or Duo","2.4 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Male","2.5 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Female","2.6 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Group, Band, or Duo","2.7 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Song of the Year","2.8 Best Music Video","2.9 Best R&B/Urban Contemporary New Artist","2.10 Best Rap Album","2.11 Best Jazz Album","2.12 Best Gospel Album","3 Performances","4 References"]
Soul Train Music AwardsDateMarch 14, 1990 (1990-03-14)LocationShrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesHosted byDionne Warwick, Patti LaBelle and Luther VandrossFirst awarded1987Most awardsJanet Jackson and Soul II Soul (3)Websitesoultrain.comTelevision/radio coverageNetworkWGN America ← 1989 · 1990 · 1991 → The 1990 Soul Train Music Awards was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California and aired live in select cities on March 14, 1990 (and was later syndicated in other areas), honoring the best in R&B, soul, rap, jazz, and gospel music from the previous year. The show was hosted by Patti LaBelle, Luther Vandross and Dionne Warrick. Special awards Heritage Award for Career Achievement Quincy Jones Sammy Davis Jr. Award for Entertainer of the Year Arsenio Hall Winners and nominees Winners are in bold text. Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Male Babyface – Tender Lover Bobby Brown – Dance!...Ya Know It! Quincy Jones – Back on the Block Luther Vandross – The Best of Luther Vandross... The Best of Love Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Female Janet Jackson – Rhythm Nation 1814 Regina Belle – Stay with Me Stacy Lattisaw – What You Need Stephanie Mills – Home Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Group, Band, or Duo Soul II Soul – Club Classics Vol. One Heavy D and the Boyz – Big Tyme Maze and Frankie Beverly – Silky Soul Milli Vanilli – Girl You Know It's True Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Male Luther Vandross – "Here and Now" Babyface – "It's No Crime" Bobby Brown – "Every Little Step" Prince – "Scandalous!" Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Female Janet Jackson – "Miss You Much" Regina Belle – "Baby Come to Me" Vesta – "Congratulations" Karyn White – "Secret Rendezvous" Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Group, Band, or Duo Soul II Soul – "Keep On Movin'" Guy – "I Like" Surface – "Shower Me with Your Love" New Kids on the Block – "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Song of the Year Soul II Soul – "Keep On Movin'" Paula Abdul – "Straight Up" Bobby Brown – "Every Little Step" Luther Vandross – "Here and Now" Best Music Video Janet Jackson – "Rhythm Nation" Public Enemy – "Fight the Power" Quincy Jones – "I'll Be Good to You" Prince – "Batdance" Best R&B/Urban Contemporary New Artist David Peaston Eric Gable Soul II Soul Young MC Best Rap Album Heavy D and the Boyz – Big Tyme Big Daddy Kane – It's a Big Daddy Thing De La Soul – 3 Feet High and Rising Young MC – Stone Cold Rhymin' Best Jazz Album Quincy Jones – Back on the Block Alex Bugnon – Love Seasons Kenny G – Kenny G Live Joe Sample – Spellbound Best Gospel Album BeBe & CeCe Winans – Heaven Al Green – I Get Joy Mississippi Mass Choir – Mississippi Mass Choir Live The Winans – Live at Carnegie Hall Performances Regina Belle – "Baby Come to Me" Big Daddy Kane – "I Get the Job Done" Bobby Brown – "On Our Own" Milli Vanilli – "Blame It on the Rain" Quincy Jones Tribute: Dionne Warwick Luther Vandross – "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" Patti LaBelle – "Just Once" Tevin Campbell – "Tomorrow (A Better You, Better Me)" Soul II Soul – "Back to Life" / "Jazzie's Groove" Jody Watley – "Everything" The Winans and Teddy Riley – "It's Time" References ^ "Soul Train Awards 1990". Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) vteSoul Train Music AwardsCategories Album of the Year Song of the Year Video of the Year The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award New Artist R&B/Soul Male Artist R&B/Soul Female Artist Soul Train Certified Award Rhythm & Bars Award Gospel/Inspirational Song Dance Performance Collaboration Discontinued R&B/Soul Album – Female R&B/Soul Album – Male R&B/Soul Album – Group, Band or Duo R&B/Soul of Rap Dance Cut R&B/Soul Single – Female R&B/Soul Single – Male R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo Rap Single Gospel Album – Solo Gospel Album – Group or Band Jazz Album – Solo Jazz Album – Group, Band or Duo Gospel Album Jazz Album Rap Album Special awards Quincy Jones Award Heritage Award Sammy Davis Jr. Award Artist of the Decade Award Stevie Wonder Award Awards ceremonies 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Shrine Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warrick"}],"text":"The 1990 Soul Train Music Awards was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California and aired live in select cities on March 14, 1990 (and was later syndicated in other areas), honoring the best in R&B, soul, rap, jazz, and gospel music from the previous year. The show was hosted by Patti LaBelle, Luther Vandross and Dionne Warrick.","title":"1990 Soul Train Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"}],"sub_title":"Heritage Award for Career Achievement","text":"Quincy Jones","title":"Special awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenio Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Hall"}],"sub_title":"Sammy Davis Jr. Award for Entertainer of the Year","text":"Arsenio Hall","title":"Special awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Winners are in bold text.[1]","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tender Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Lover"},{"link_name":"Bobby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"Dance!...Ya Know It!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance!...Ya_Know_It!"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Back on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"The Best of Luther Vandross... The Best of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Luther_Vandross..._The_Best_of_Love"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Male","text":"Babyface – Tender Lover\nBobby Brown – Dance!...Ya Know It!\nQuincy Jones – Back on the Block\nLuther Vandross – The Best of Luther Vandross... The Best of Love","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rhythm Nation 1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_Nation_1814"},{"link_name":"Regina Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Belle"},{"link_name":"Stay with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_Me_(Regina_Belle_album)"},{"link_name":"Stacy Lattisaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Lattisaw"},{"link_name":"What You Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_Need_(Stacy_Lattisaw_album)"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Mills"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(Stephanie_Mills_album)"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Female","text":"Janet Jackson – Rhythm Nation 1814\nRegina Belle – Stay with Me\nStacy Lattisaw – What You Need\nStephanie Mills – Home","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Club Classics Vol. One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Classics_Vol._One"},{"link_name":"Heavy D and the Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_D_and_the_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Big Tyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tyme"},{"link_name":"Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Beverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Beverly"},{"link_name":"Silky Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky_Soul"},{"link_name":"Milli Vanilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Vanilli"},{"link_name":"Girl You Know It's True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_You_Know_It%27s_True"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album – Group, Band, or Duo","text":"Soul II Soul – Club Classics Vol. One\nHeavy D and the Boyz – Big Tyme\nMaze and Frankie Beverly – Silky Soul\nMilli Vanilli – Girl You Know It's True","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Here and Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_and_Now_(Luther_Vandross_song)"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"It's No Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_No_Crime"},{"link_name":"Bobby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"Every Little Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Little_Step"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Scandalous!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandalous!"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Male","text":"Luther Vandross – \"Here and Now\"\nBabyface – \"It's No Crime\"\nBobby Brown – \"Every Little Step\"\nPrince – \"Scandalous!\"","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Miss You Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_Much"},{"link_name":"Regina Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Belle"},{"link_name":"Baby Come to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Come_to_Me_(Regina_Belle_song)"},{"link_name":"Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_Williams"},{"link_name":"Congratulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congratulations_(Vesta_song)"},{"link_name":"Karyn White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyn_White"},{"link_name":"Secret Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Rendezvous_(song)"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Female","text":"Janet Jackson – \"Miss You Much\"\nRegina Belle – \"Baby Come to Me\"\nVesta – \"Congratulations\"\nKaryn White – \"Secret Rendezvous\"","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Keep On Movin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_Movin%27_(Soul_II_Soul_song)"},{"link_name":"Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_(band)"},{"link_name":"I Like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Like_(Guy_song)"},{"link_name":"Surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shower Me with Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_Me_with_Your_Love"},{"link_name":"New Kids on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"You Got It (The Right Stuff)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Got_It_(The_Right_Stuff)"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Group, Band, or Duo","text":"Soul II Soul – \"Keep On Movin'\"\nGuy – \"I Like\"\nSurface – \"Shower Me with Your Love\"\nNew Kids on the Block – \"You Got It (The Right Stuff)\"","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Keep On Movin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_Movin%27_(Soul_II_Soul_song)"},{"link_name":"Paula Abdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul"},{"link_name":"Straight Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Up_(Paula_Abdul_song)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"Every Little Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Little_Step"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Here and Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_and_Now_(Luther_Vandross_song)"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Song of the Year","text":"Soul II Soul – \"Keep On Movin'\"\nPaula Abdul – \"Straight Up\"\nBobby Brown – \"Every Little Step\"\nLuther Vandross – \"Here and Now\"","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rhythm Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_Nation"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Fight the Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_the_Power_(Public_Enemy_song)"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"I'll Be Good to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Good_to_You"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Batdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batdance"}],"sub_title":"Best Music Video","text":"Janet Jackson – \"Rhythm Nation\"\nPublic Enemy – \"Fight the Power\"\nQuincy Jones – \"I'll Be Good to You\"\nPrince – \"Batdance\"","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Peaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Peaston"},{"link_name":"Eric Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gable"},{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Young MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_MC"}],"sub_title":"Best R&B/Urban Contemporary New Artist","text":"David Peaston\nEric Gable\nSoul II Soul\nYoung MC","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy D and the Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_D_and_the_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Big Tyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tyme"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane"},{"link_name":"It's a Big Daddy Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Big_Daddy_Thing"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"3 Feet High and Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Feet_High_and_Rising"},{"link_name":"Young MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_MC"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Rhymin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Rhymin%27"}],"sub_title":"Best Rap Album","text":"Heavy D and the Boyz – Big Tyme\nBig Daddy Kane – It's a Big Daddy Thing\nDe La Soul – 3 Feet High and Rising\nYoung MC – Stone Cold Rhymin'","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Back on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"Alex Bugnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bugnon"},{"link_name":"Kenny G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_G"},{"link_name":"Kenny G Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_G_Live"},{"link_name":"Joe Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sample"}],"sub_title":"Best Jazz Album","text":"Quincy Jones – Back on the Block\nAlex Bugnon – Love Seasons\nKenny G – Kenny G Live\nJoe Sample – Spellbound","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BeBe & CeCe Winans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeBe_%26_CeCe_Winans"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(BeBe_%26_CeCe_Winans_album)"},{"link_name":"Al Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Green"},{"link_name":"I Get Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Get_Joy"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Mass Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Mass_Choir"},{"link_name":"The Winans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winans"}],"sub_title":"Best Gospel Album","text":"BeBe & CeCe Winans – Heaven\nAl Green – I Get Joy\nMississippi Mass Choir – Mississippi Mass Choir Live\nThe Winans – Live at Carnegie Hall","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regina Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Belle"},{"link_name":"Baby Come to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Come_to_Me_(Regina_Belle_song)"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane"},{"link_name":"Bobby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"On Our Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Our_Own_(Bobby_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Milli Vanilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Vanilli"},{"link_name":"Blame It on the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Time_Ever_I_Saw_Your_Face"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Just Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Once"},{"link_name":"Tevin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevin_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow (A Better You, Better Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_(A_Better_You,_Better_Me)"},{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Back to Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_Life_(However_Do_You_Want_Me)"},{"link_name":"Jody Watley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Watley"},{"link_name":"Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_(Jody_Watley_song)"},{"link_name":"The Winans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winans"},{"link_name":"Teddy Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Riley"}],"text":"Regina Belle – \"Baby Come to Me\"\nBig Daddy Kane – \"I Get the Job Done\"\nBobby Brown – \"On Our Own\"\nMilli Vanilli – \"Blame It on the Rain\"\nQuincy Jones Tribute:\nDionne Warwick\nLuther Vandross – \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\"\nPatti LaBelle – \"Just Once\"\nTevin Campbell – \"Tomorrow (A Better You, Better Me)\"\nSoul II Soul – \"Back to Life\" / \"Jazzie's Groove\"\nJody Watley – \"Everything\"\nThe Winans and Teddy Riley – \"It's Time\"","title":"Performances"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Soveral
Laura Soveral
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Portuguese actress You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (July 2018) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pt|Laura Soveral}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Laura Soveral (23 March 1933 in Benguela, Angola – 12 July 2018) was a Portuguese actress. She performed in more than seventy films from 1966. Selected filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2014 Cadences obstinées 2012 Tabu O Cônsul de Bordéus 2007 Sleepwalking Land 2005 Alice References ^ SAPO. "Faleceu a atriz Laura Soveral, aos 85 anos – SAPO 24". sapo.pt. Retrieved 13 July 2018. External links Laura Soveral at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This Angolan biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Iraq
List of private contractor deaths in Iraq
["1 Incidents","1.1 2003","1.2 2004","1.3 2005","1.4 2006","1.5 2007","1.6 2008","1.7 2009","1.8 2010","1.9 2011","2 References","3 External links"]
Foreign contractor deaths in Iraq by country  USA: 355  Turkey: 130+  UK: 58  South Africa: 29  Fiji: 20    Nepal: 20  Philippines: 15  Pakistan: 8  Australia: 7  India: 7  Russia: 7  Bulgaria: 6  Jordan: 6  Canada: 5  Egypt: 5  Iran: 5  Moldova: 5  Poland: 4  Germany: 4  Lebanon: 4  Macedonia: 4  New Zealand: 4  South Korea: 4  Croatia: 3  France: 3  Ukraine: 3  Bosnia: 2  Finland: 2  Hungary: 2  Italy: 2  Uganda: 2  Austria: 1  Brazil: 1  Colombia: 1  Czech Republic: 1  Denmark: 1  Guam: 1  Honduras: 1  Indonesia: 1  Japan: 1  Kuwait: 1  Netherlands: 1  Peru: 1  Portugal: 1  Romania: 1  Somalia: 1  Sudan: 1  Syria: 1  Sweden: 1 TOTAL: 749+ As of June 23, 2011, 749 foreign private contractor deaths in Iraq as part of the Iraq War are listed in this article. Of those, 355 were Americans, at least 130 were Turks and 58 were Britons. 225 of those killed were private military contractors (PMCs). The U.S. Department of Labor confirmed that by the end of March 2009, 917 civilian contractors were killed in Iraq, of which 224 (23 percent) were U.S. citizens. This number was updated to 1,537, by the end of March 2011, with an estimated 354 of these being U.S. citizens. The total number of dead was further updated to 1,569, by July 20, 2012. Incidents This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2009) 2003 April 10, 2003 – American, Robert Grimm, was killed in a vehicle accident on the Kuwait-Iraq border. He was working for National Response Corp. of Long Island as a fireman. July 10, 2003 – American, name unknown, was killed in a vehicle accident near Basra. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. July 21, 2003 – Briton, Peter Rudolf, drowned when he fell ill while on a dive near Umm Qasr. He was working for Sub-Surface Eng'g as a diver. August 5, 2003 – American, Fred Bryant Jr., was killed by a roadside bomb near Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. August 10, 2003 – Nepali, name unknown, was killed by a riot in Basra. He was working as a PMC. August 19, 2003 – American, Nadan Audisho Younadam, was killed in an ambush in Tikrit. He was working for the U.S. Army as a translator. September 3, 2003 – American, Vernon Gaston, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as Operations Manager at the Joint Military Mail Terminal at Baghdad Airport. September 4, 2003 – Briton, Ian Rimell, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for Mines Advisory Group as a bomb disposal expert. September 12, 2003 – Jordanian, name unknown, was killed by friendly fire in Fallujah. He was working for a Jordanian hospital as a PMC. September 25, 2003 – Somali, name unknown, was killed by a bomb in Baghdad. He was working for a "al-Aike" hotel housing journalists from US television network NBC as a PMC October 9, 2003 – American, Kirk von Ackermann, was captured on a road between Kirkuk and Tikrit, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was working for IREX Services as a PMC. The United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) determined that Von Ackermann died on October 9, 2003, in a botched kidnapping attempt. They still, however, refuse to give out information on his case which is still "active." Ackermann's body was never found. November 2, 2003 – Two Americans, Roy Buckmaster and David Dyess, were killed by a roadside bomb in Fallujah. They were working for EOD Technology, Inc. as bomb disposal experts. November 13, 2003 – American, Forrest Snare, was killed in an ambush west of Balad. He was working for IAP Worldwide Services as a private contractor. November 17, 2003 – American, Brent McJennett, was killed by a land mine in Tikrit. He was working for Proactive Communications Inc as a communications contractor. November 21, 2003 – Hungarian, Péter Varga-Balázs, was killed by friendly fire near Ramadi. He was working for ToiFor Kft as a truck driver. November 23, 2003 – Two Americans, Todd Drobnick and Gordon Sinclair, were killed in a vehicle accident between Mosul and Dohuk. They were working for Titan National Security Solutions as translators. November 29, 2003 – Colombian, Jorge Arias Duque, was killed in an ambush in Balad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a PMC. November 30, 2003 – Two South Koreans, Man-Soo Kim and Kyung-Hae Kwak, were killed in an ambush south of Tikrit. They were working for Omu Electric Co. as electricians. December 14, 2003 – American, Ryan Manelick, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for IREX Services as a PMC. 2004 January 5, 2004 – Canadian, Richard Flynn, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working as a PMC. January 6, 2004 – Two Frenchmen, names unknown, were killed in an ambush in Fallujah. They were working as private contractors. January 14, 2004 – Two Americans, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Tikrit. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers. January 21, 2004 – American, Jody Deatherage, was killed in a vehicle accident. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. January 24, 2004 – Pakistani, Habibur Rehman, was killed in an ambush. He was working for a Saudi Arabian firm as a truck driver. January 26, 2004 – American, Arthur Linderman Jr., was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. January 29, 2004 – South African, Francois Strydom, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for SAS International as a PMC. Four other South African PMC were injured. February 8, 2004 – Fijian, Tomasi Ramatau, was killed in a mortar attack in Baghdad. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC. February 16, 2004 – American, Ray Parks, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for American Services Center as a private contractor. February 23, 2004 – American, Albert Luther Cayton, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. February 29, 2004 – American, Travis B. Whitman, was killed in a vehicle accident in Baghdad. He was working as a PMC. March 16, 2004 – A Dutch and a German, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Hillah. They were working as water project engineers. March 18, 2004 – Briton, Scott Mounce, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for an Italian communications company as a telecommunications engineer. March 22, 2004 – Two Finns, Seppo Haapanen and Jorma Toronen, were killed by a sniper west of Baghdad. They were both businessmen. March 28, 2004 – A Canadian and a Briton, Andy Bradsell and Christopher McDonald, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Olive Security as PMCs. March 31, 2004 – Four Americans: Wesley Batalona, Scott Helvenston, Michael Teague and Jerko Zovko, were killed when they were ambushed and massacred in Fallujah, their bodies were mutilated and hanged for public display. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. April 1, 2004 – Czech, Jiří Juran, was killed in an accidental gas explosion at a refinery in Baiji- Iraq. He was working for Chemoprojekt as a petrochemical expert. April 3, 2004 – American, Emad Mikha, was killed in an ambush in Muqdadiyah. He was working for Titan National Security Solutions as a translator. April 6, 2004 – South African, Gray Branfield, was killed during street fighting in Al Kut, his body was mutilated and hanged for public display. He was working for Hart Security Company as a PMC. April 6, 2004 – Bulgarian, Mario Manchev, was killed in an ambush south of Nasiriyah. He was working for SOMAT as a truck driver. April 7, 2004 – Two Germans, Tobias Retterath and Thomas Hafenecker, were killed by Iraqi terrorists in an ambush near Fallujah. They were members of the elite counter-terrorism unit GSG-9 working at the German embassy as guards. The second Officer; Thomas Hafenecker, is still missing today. April 8, 2004 – American, Tim Smith, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. April 9, 2004 – Briton, Michael John Bloss, was killed in an ambush near Hit. He was working for Custer Battles as a PMC. April 9, 2004 – Seven Americans: William Bradley, Timothy Bell, Stephen Hulett, Steven Scott Fisher, Tony Duane Johnson, Jack Montague and Jeffery Parker, were killed when their convoy was ambushed and decimated in Baghdad. Bradley and Bell were initially classified as missing, Bradley's remains were recovered in 2005, while Bell is still missing and presumed dead. Another American, Thomas Hamill, was captured but he escaped the next month. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers. April 9, 2004 – Two Nepalis, Ram Bahadur Gurung and Shiva Prasad Lawati, were killed by a land mine in northern Iraq. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs. April 10, 2004 – American, Nick Berg, was captured in Baghdad and executed on May 7, his remains were recovered the next day. He was a businessman. April 11, 2004 – Dane, Henrik Frandsen, was shot and killed in Baghdad. He was a businessman. Romanian, Aron Alexandru, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for Bidepa as a PMC. April 12, 2004 – South African, Hendrik Visagie, died at a U.S. military hospital from wounds received five days earlier in an ambush while escorting a convoy of diplomats from Jordan to Baghdad. He was working for Erinys International as a PMC. April 13, 2004 – Italian, Fabrizio Quattrocchi, was captured, along with three other Italians, and executed the next day. The other three Italians were rescued later that month. He was working as a PMC. April 22, 2004 – South African, Francois de Beer, was shot and killed in Baghdad. He was working for Meteoric Tactical Solutions as a PMC. April 25, 2004 – Two Americans, Thomas Carter and Vincent Foster, were killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. They were working for Cochise Consultancy Inc. as PMCs. April 28, 2004 – Filipino, Rodrigo Reyes, was killed in an ambush in Abdali, near the Kuwait border. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. April 29, 2004 – South African, name unknown, was shot and killed in Basra. He was working for a construction company as a PMC. April 30, 2004 – American, Mike Price, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He was working for Cochise Consultancy Inc. as a PMC. Date Unknown – South African, name unknown, was killed by a land mine in Fallujah. He was working for a British security company as a PMC. May 1, 2004 – American, Christian F. Kilpatrick, was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. Date Unknown – Turk, Cemal Ugar, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver. May 2, 2004 – Two Fijians, Kelepi Qaranivalu and Emori Vunibokoi, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs. May 3, 2004 – American, Aban Elias, was captured in Baghdad, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was working as a civil engineer. May 7, 2004 – American, Daniel Parker, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a PMC. May 7, 2004 – Poles, Waldemar Milewicz and Mounir Bouamrane were killed in an ambush in Latifiya. They were working as a journalist and cameraman for Polish National TV. May 10, 2004 – A New Zealander, John Robert Tyrrell, and a South African, William (Bill) John Richard, were killed in an ambush in Kirkuk. They were working for an Iraqi construction company as engineers. May 10, 2004 – Russian, Alexei Konorev, was killed in an ambush in Musayyib, south of Baghdad. He was working for InterEnergoServis as a construction worker. May 11, 2004 – Filipino, Raymundo Natividad, was killed in a mortar attack near Balad. He was working for Prime Projects International as a warehouseman. May 12, 2004 – Two Turks, Suayip Kaplanli and the other name unknown, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Yuksel Construction as construction workers. May 13, 2004 – Two Americans, Henry Doll and Jesse Gentry, were killed in a vehicle accident near Tikrit. They were working for DynCorp International as PMCs. May 14, 2004 – Briton, Brian Tilley, was killed in an ambush. He was working for an Egyptian communications project as a PMC. May 18, 2004 – Briton, Andrew Harries, was killed in an ambush between Mosul and Irbil. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC. May 24, 2004 – Two Britons, Mark Carman and Bob Morgan, were killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. Carman was working for Control Risks Group as a PMC, while Morgan was working for the British Foreign Office as a petroleum consultant. May 25, 2004 – Two Russians, Viktor Dynkin and Vyacheslav Ovsyannikov, were killed in an ambush south of Baghdad. They were working for InterEnergoServis as power plant technicians. May 30, 2004 – American, Bruce Tow, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. June 2, 2004 – American, Richard Bruce, was killed in a vehicle accident. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC. June 5, 2004 – Two Americans, Jarrod Little and Chris Neidrich, and two Poles, Krzysztof Kaskos, Artur Zukowski, were killed in an ambush in Baghdad. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. American, James Gregory Wingate, was killed by a roadside bomb near Haditha. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. Briton, Craig Dickens, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC. June 11, 2004 – Lebanese, Hussein Ali Alyan, was captured and executed. He was working as a construction worker. June 13, 2004 – American, Shaun Fyfe, died of natural causes. He was working for Environmental Chemical Corp. International as a construction worker. June 14, 2004 – An American, Bill Hoke II, two Britons, Keith Butler and John Poole, a Frenchman, name unknown, and a Filipino, Raul Flores, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. The two Britons were working for Olive Security as PMCs, while the rest worked for Granite Services, Inc. as power industry workers. June 14, 2004 – American, Rex G.Sprague III, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He worked for Titan National Security Solutions as a PMC. June 17, 2004 – American, Walter J.Zbryski, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. June 17, 2004 – Turk, Faysal Demir, was killed by friendly fire in Baghdad. He was working for a Turkish manufacturer of prefab housing as a truck driver. June 19, 2004 – Portuguese, Roberto Carlos, was killed by a roadside bomb south of Basra. He was working for Al-Atheer as a telecommunications worker. June 22, 2004 – Briton, Julian Davies, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC. June 22, 2004 – South Korean, Kim Sun-il, was captured and executed. He was working for Gana General Trading Co. as a supplier. June 27, 2004 – American, Joseph Arguelles, was killed when his transport plane was fired on over Baghdad. He worked for Readiness Mgmt. Svcs. as an electric power specialist. July 2, 2004 – American, Vern O'Neal Richerson, died at the U.S. military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, of wounds he received in a mortar attack. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a construction foreman. July 9, 2004 – Two Turks, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Samarra. They were working as truck drivers. July 12, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He worked as a truck driver. July 13, 2004 – Bulgarian, Georgi Lazov, was captured and executed in Mosul. He worked for a Bulgarian trucking company as a truck driver. July 17, 2004 – Jordanian, Ayid Nassir, was killed in an ambush in Ramadi. He worked as a truck driver. Turk, Abdulcelil Bayik, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He worked as a truck driver. July 19, 2004 – American, Mike Copley, was killed in a mortar attack in Samarra. He was working for United Defense Industries as a Bradley fighting vehicle maintenance technician. July 20, 2004 – Russian, Anatoly Korenkov, died at a Moscow hospital of wounds he received in an ambush. He worked for InterEnergoServis as a power plant technician. July 22, 2004 – Bulgarian, Ivaylo Kepov, was captured and executed near Baiji. He was working for a Bulgarian trucking company as a truck driver. July 25, 2004 – Jordanian, Marwan Zuheir Al Rusan, was shot and killed in Mosul. He was a businessman. July 28, 2004 – Two Pakistanis, Raja Azad and Sajad Naeem, were captured and executed. They were working for Al Tamimi group as construction workers. August 1, 2004 – Turk, Murat Yuce, was captured and executed. He was working for Bilintur as a cleaner. August 2, 2004 – Turk, Ferit Nural, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He worked as a truck driver. August 4, 2004 – Turk, Osman Alisan, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He worked for Ulasli Oil Company as a truck driver. August 10, 2004 – Egyptian, Mohammed Abdel Aal, was captured and executed. He worked as a car mechanic. August 11, 2004 – American, Kevin Rader, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. August 12, 2004 – Indian, Eldho Abraham, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He worked for a British construction company "Frame Project International" as an electrical engineer. August 16, 2004 – South African, Herman Pretorius, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. August 22, 2004 – Indonesian, Fahmi Ahmad, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for a subcontractor to Siemens as a telecommunications engineer. Date Unknown – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush between Tikrit & Kirkuk. He worked for a Tikrit bridge repair firm as a construction worker. August 23, 2004 – Three Macedonians: Dalibor Lazarevski, Dragan Markovikj and Zoran Naskovski, were captured and executed in Baghdad. They were working for Soufan Engineering as construction workers. Date Unknown – Jordanian, Beshir Ahmed, was killed in a car hijacking between Tikrit & Baiji. He was a businessman. August 24, 2004 – American, Jamal Tewfik Salman, was captured and executed. He was working as a translator. August 27, 2004 – Egyptian, Jawdee Baker, was shot and killed in Baiji. He was working as a private contractor. August 30, 2004 – 12 Nepalese were captured and executed. Their names were: Prakash Adhikari, Ramesh Khadka, Lalan Singh Koiri, Mangal Bahadur Limbu, Jit Bahadur Thapa Magar, Gyanendra Shrestha, Rajendra Kumar Shrestha, Bodhan Kumar Sah Sudi, Manoj Kumar Thakur, Sanjay Kumar Thakur, Bhekh Bahadur Thapa and Bishnu Hari Thapa. They were working for Morning Star Co. as cooks and cleaners. Three Turks: Majid Mehmet al-Gilami, Yahya Sadr and one name unknown, were captured and executed near Samarra. They were working as truck drivers. September 4, 2004 – American, John N.Mallery, was killed in an ambush in Taji. He was returning to his home base in Baghdad after picking up a payment at Camp Anaconda, Balad, Iraq. At the time of his death he was working for MayDay Supply as a project manager. Date Unknown – Egyptian, Nasser Salama, was captured and executed near Baiji. He was working as a private contractor. September 10, 2004 – American, William Earl Bowers, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for SEI Group Inc. as an engineer. September 14, 2004 – Two Canadians, Andrew Shmakov and Munir Toma, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. They were working as private contractors. Munir toma was actually shot 17 times along with Andrew Shmakov. The news covered it up. September 14, 2004 – American, Todd Engstrom, was killed in an ambush near Balad. He was working for EOD Technology Inc. as a PMC. September 16, 2004 – Two Americans, Eugene Armstrong and Jack Hensley, and a Briton, Kenneth Bigley, were captured in Baghdad. Armstrong was executed on September 20, Hensley was executed the next day and Bigley was executed on October 7. They were working for Gulf Services Co. as engineers. September 21, 2004 – Turk, Akar Besir, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver. September 28, 2004 – American, Roger Moffett, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. September 29, 2004 – Briton, Iain Hunter, was killed in a vehicle accident in Tikrit. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC. September 30, 2004 – Briton, Alan Wimpenny, was killed by a roadside bomb near Samarra. He was working as a PMC. October 4, 2004 – South African, Johann Hattingh, was killed and one other South African, Gavin Holtzhausen, was wounded by a suicide car-bomber on Sadoon Street, Baghdad. Holtzhausen later died of his injuries. October 11, 2004 – Two Britons, died in Kirkuk, one, Paul Chadwick, accidentally shot himself while the other, name unknown, was killed by a sniper. They were working for ArmourGroup as PMCs. Turk, Maher Kemal, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver. October 12, 2004 – Two South Africans, Johan Botha and Louis Campher, were killed in an ambush south of Baghdad. They were working for Omega Risk Solutions as PMCs. October 14, 2004 – Four Americans: Eric Miner, Steve Osborne, John Pinsonneault and Ferdinand Ibabao, were killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. They were working for DynCorp International as PMCs. Turk, Ramazan Elbu, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver. October 19, 2004 – American, Felipe E.Lugo III, was killed in a mortar attack near Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a labor foreman. October 23, 2004 – Croat, Dalibor Burazović, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for Eurodelta d.o.o. as a truck driver. Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. October 27, 2004 – American, Travis Schnoor, was killed by a roadside bomb west of Baghdad. He was working for Custer Battle as a PMC. October 29, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working as a truck driver. November 2, 2004 – American, Radim Sadeq Mohammed Sadeq, was captured in Baghdad, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was a businessman. November 3, 2004 – American, Jeffery Serrett, was killed in an attack on a prison in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a medic. Briton, John Barker, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC. November 5, 2004 – Nepali, Tikaram Gurung, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Gorkha Manpower Company as a PMC. November 7, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Samarra. He was working as a truck driver. November 8–16, 2004 – A Briton and a Turk, names unknown, were killed during the battle of Mosul. The Briton was working as a PMC, while the Turk was working as a truck driver. November 9, 2004 – Two Americans, Aaron Iversen and David Randolph, were killed in an ambush between Baghdad and Fallujah. They were working for EOD Technology Inc. as PMCs. November 11, 2004 – American, Mike Tatar, was killed with friendly fire on the way to Baghdad from FOB Ferrin-Huggins. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. November 10, 2004 – American, Douglas S.Thomas, was killed by an IED while in a convoy from Balad en route to Tikrit. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. November 14, 2004 – American, Wolf Weis, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working as a private contractor. November 7, 2004 – A Briton and a South African, Shaun Husband and Johan Terry, were killed by a roadside bomb in Zubayr, near Basra. They were working for Olive Security as PMCs. November 16, 2004 – South Korean, Jung Myeong-nam, was killed in an accident in Irbil. He was working for Taehwa Electric Co. as a private contractor. November, 2004 – South African, Jacques Oosthuize, was killed in an ambush on a road between Tikrit and Mosul. He was working for Erinys Iraq as a PMC. November 25, 2004 – Four Nepalis, names unknown, were killed by a mortar attack in Baghdad. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs. November 30, 2004 – Honduran, José Mauricio Mena Puerto, was killed in an ambush. He was working for DynCorp International as a medic. December 8, 2004 – Two Americans, Dale Stoffel and Joseph Wemple, were shot and killed outside Baghdad. They were working for CLI USA as construction contractors. December 15, 2004 – Italian, Salvatore Santoro, was shot and killed at an insurgent checkpoint outside Ramadi. He was working as an aid worker. December 20, 2004 – Turk, Saban Ozsagir, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working as a truck driver. December 21, 2004 – Four Americans: Leslie W. Davis, Brett A.Hunter, Allen Smith and Anthony M. Stramiello Jr., were killed by a suicide bomber in Mosul. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as construction foremen and technicians. 2005 January 3, 2005 – Three Britons: John Dolman, Nick Pear, John Eardley and one American, Tracy Hushin, were killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. Dolman and Pears were working for Kroll Security International as PMCs, Eardley was an engineer contracted by IPA Energy and Water Consulting, and Hushin worked for BearingPoint Inc. as a financial manager. January 16, 2005 – American, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baghdad. He was working for Steele Foundation as a PMC. Egyptian, Ibrahim Mohammed Ismail, was found dead, his body dumped in a street, in Ramadi. He was working as a truck driver. January 19, 2005 – Briton, Andrew Whyte, was killed in an ambush south of Baiji. He was working for Janusian Security Risk Mgmt. as a PMC. February 8, 2005 – Croat, Ivan Pavčević, was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working as a truck driver. March 3, 2005 – Two Americans, Jimmy A.Riddle and Brian J.Wagoner, were killed by a roadside bomb in Ashraf. They were working for Special Operations Consulting-Security Mgmt. Group Inc. as PMCs. March 12, 2005 – Two Americans, Jim Cantrell and Bruce Durr, were killed by a roadside bomb in Hilla. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. A Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. March 20, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. March 25, 2005 – American, Eugene Hyatt, was killed in an accident. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a carpenter foreman. April 1, 2005 – American, Alfred Habelman, was killed in an ambush. He was working for a California-based construction company as a PMC. April 11, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. April 16, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb south of Mosul. He was working as a truck driver. April 18, 2005 – Filipino, Rey Torres, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for Qatar International Trading Company as a PMC. April 20, 2005 – An American, an Australian and a Canadian: James Hunt, Chris Ahmelman and Stefan Surette, were killed in ambush in Baghdad. They were working for Edinburgh Risk Inc. as PMCs. Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver. April 21, 2005 – Six Americans, three Bulgarians and two Fijians were killed when their Mi-8 transport helicopter was shot down near Tarmiya, north of Baghdad. Their names were: Robert Jason Gore, Stephen Matthew McGovern, Jason Obert, David Patterson, Luke Adam Petrik, Eric Smith, Stoyan Anchev, Lyubomir Kostov, Georgi Naydenov, Jim Atalifo and Timoci Lalaqila. The Bulgarians were working as helicopter pilots, while the rest were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. American, Curtis Hundley, was killed by a roadside bomb near Ramadi. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC. Briton, Alan Parkin, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for Aegis Defence Services as a PMC. May 1, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver. May 3, 2005 – Turk, Salih Gulbol, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for a Kuwaiti company "Eskiocaklar" as a truck driver. May 7, 2005 – Two Americans, Brandon Thomas and Todd Venette, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. They were working for CTU Consulting as PMCs. May 9, 2005 – Four South Africans, names unknown, and one Japanese, Akihiko Saito, were killed when their convoy was ambushed and decimated near Hit. Saito was initially wounded and allegedly captured but died later of his wounds. They were working for Hart Security Company as PMCs under contract to PWC Logitsics at the Abu Ghraib Warehouse Distribution Center near Baghdad International Airport. May 10, 2005 – American, Thomas W.Jaichner, was killed by a sniper in Ramadi. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC. May 12, 2005 – American, Reuben Ray Miller, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. May 22, 2005 – Jordanian, Al-Sanie, was killed in an ambush. He was working as a truck driver. May 28, 2005 – Lebanese, name unknown, was killed in a drive-by shooting in Baghdad. He was working as an interpreter. June 2, 2005 – Turk, Salih Gulbol, was killed in an ambush in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. June 7, 2005 – South African, Séan Ronald Laver, was killed by a roadside bomb in Habbaniya. He was working for Hart Security Companyas as a PMC. June 9, 2005 – Turk, Yusuf Akar, was killed in an ambush in Ramadi. He was working as a truck driver. June 15, 2005 – Bosnian, Ljubiša Aleksić, was killed in an ambush 60 kilometres south of Baghdad. He was working for Lloyd-Owen International as a PMC. June 21, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush east of Balad. He was working as a truck driver. June 27, 2005 – American, Deborah Dawn Klecker, was killed by a roadside bomb east of Baghdad. She was working for DynCorp International as a PMC. July 1, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush near Baiji. He was working as a truck driver. September 2, 2005- American Leon "Vince" Kimbrell was killed by a shaped charge IED near the Al-Sadeer Compound in Baghdad. He worked for Dyncorp. September 3, 2005 – American, Ron Wiebe (US Navy Retired RVN Vet), and Briton, Jim Martin, were killed on their way back from Tikrit to Baghdad. September 20, 2005 – Four Americans: Keven Dagit, Sascha Grenner-Case, Christopher Lem and one name unknown, were killed when they were ambushed and massacred in Duluiya, their bodies were mutilated. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers. November 12, 2005 – Sudanese, name unknown, was killed in an attack on the Omani embassy in Baghdad. He was working as a private contractor. November 14, 2005 – Two South Africans, Naas Du Preez and Johannes Potgieter, were killed by a roadside bomb on Haifa Street, Baghdad. November 17, 2005 – South African, "Tabs" from 23 Battalion, died as a result of wounds he sustained from a roadside bomb on November 14, on Haifa Street, Baghdad. December 22, 2005 – An American and a South African, Kyle Kaszynski and Jan Strauss, were killed by a roadside bomb north of Baghdad. Kaszynski was working for Croll Management while Strauss was working for DynCorp International. They were both PMCs. 2006 January 5, 2006 – Indian, Sibi Kora, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working as a truck driver March 6, 2006 – South African, Morne Pieterse, was killed by a roadside bomb in Basra. May 7, 2006 – British, Karl Saville was killed in Baghdad. He was working for "Danubia Global" as security contractor. May, 2006 – South African, Richard Andrew Kolver, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad June 8, 2006 – Australian Wayne Schulz was killed when the armoured vehicle in which he was travelling was destroyed by an explosive device. He was working for ArmorGroup. June 11, 2006 Briton Kenneth Clarke killed in Tikrit by a roadside bomb June 14, 2006 – A Swedish security contractor was killed by an explosive device. He was working for "Genric Ltd.". July 15, 2006 – Syrian, Salih Fawzi al-Madani, was captured in Baghdad, his body was found mutilated at the beginning of August. He was working as a private contractor. August 19, 2006 – South African, Edmund Bruwer, was killed by a roadside bomb. September 17, 2006 – American, Darrell Leroy Wetherbee, was killed by a sniper in Hawijah. He was working for DynCorp as a PMC. October 2, 2006 – Two Turks, Nuri Akceren and Zeki Kilicwho, were killed in an ambush near Mosul. They were working as truck drivers. October 30, 2006 – South African, Morne Pieters, killed by hostile fire. 2007 January 7, 2007 – American, Glenda Oliver Butts, died of natural causes. She was working for Two Rivers Consultants as a construction consultant. January 9, 2007 – 2007 Balad aircraft crash, 5 pilots – citizens of Moldavia and 28 Turkish construction workers were killed January 17, 2007 – Croatian Željko Both was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for "Unity Resources Group" as security contractor. Also, Hungarian, Janos Nemeth, killed same contact. January 23, 2007 – Five Americans: Steve Gernet, Ron Johnson, Art Laguna, Shane Stanfield and Casey Casavant, were killed by insurgents during the rescue of US dignitaries from an ambushed meeting in Eastern Baghdad. They worked for Blackwater and were contracted Dept. of State PMCs. February, 2007 – U.S. citizen Donald E. Tolfree Jr. was killed at Camp Anaconda. He was worked for KBR, Inc. as truck driver February 15, South African, Glen Joyce, was killed by an IED in Baghdad. February 18, Don Schneider an American civilian driving a post office mail truck from Kuwait to Camp Ceder Iraq died from two 155 round IED's March 2007 – U.S. citizen Carolyn Edwards was killed in Baghdad's Green Zone. She was worked for KBR, Inc. as logistics coordinator April 5, 2007 – Kuwaiti, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Basra. He was working as a translator. April 15, 2007 – Five Iranians, names unknown, were killed in an ambush in Baqubah. They were working as truck drivers. June 12, 2007 – American, Michael Wayne Butler, was killed by a rocket propelled grenade in Tikrit. He worked for DynCorp International as a PMC. July 15, 2007 – Australians Brendan Hurst and Justin Saint were killed by a rocket propelled grenade in an ambush. They were working for BLP International. August 28, 2007 – South African, Frans Robert Brand, was killed by an IED. He was employed as a security specialist by the London-based ArmorGroup Iraq. October 10, 2007 – U.S. Citizens Michael Doheny; Micah Shaw; Steve Evrard, killed by E.F.P near Al Kut. They was worked as a PSC for SOC-LLC U.S. Private Security Company. 2008 February 18, 2008 - Mr M. Salih, Mr S. Chalil, Mr S. R. Arachchige, killed during a rocket attack on the COB, Basra Airport March 16, 2008 - Briton, Liam Carmichael, was killed when he was thrown from his vehicle after a tyre blow out in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. June 12, 2008 – Briton, Darryl Fern, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for AEGIS as a PMC. June 13, 2008 – South African Desmond Milnes died from wounds sustained in the same attack as Darryl Fern. July 6, 2008- American Justin English was killed when his convoy struck an IED. He was a firefighter for WSI. November 13, 2008 – three Russians, two Ukrainians, one Belarusian, names unknown, and one Indian, Jaychandran Appukutten, were killed when their AN12 transport plane crashed near Fallujah. They were working for Falcon Aviation Group as cargo plane operators. 2009 March 4, 2009 – American, Justin Pope, died of an accidental gunshot wound. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC March 9, 2009 – Pakistani, name unknown, was killed by Katyusha rocket fire in Basra. He was working as a private contractor at Basra International Airport. March 26, 2009 – Hungarian, Tibor Bogdan was killed by U.S. soldier near Camp Taji, north of Baghdad May 15, 2009 – Briton, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Hilla. He was working as a PMC. May 22, 2009 – American, Jim Kitterman, was stabbed and killed by fellow contractors in the Green Zone in Baghdad. He was working for Janus Construction as an engineer. Larry Eugene Young, was killed in a mortar attack on the Green Zone in Baghdad. He was working for Corporate Training Unlimited as a PMC. May 25, 2009 – American, Kenneth Rose was killed by a roadside bomb in Fallujah. He was working as a private contractor. May 25, 2009 – Two Americans, Terrance "Terry" Barnich and Dr. Maged Hussein, were killed by an IED outside Fallujah. They were working for the Iraq Transition Assistance Office. June 20, 2009 – The bodies of two Britons, Jason Creswell and Jason Swindlehurst, were recovered in Baghdad, they were captured on May 27, 2007. They were working for GardaWorld as PMCs. July 17, 2009 – Two Americans, William F. Hinchman and one name unknown, were killed when their helicopter crashed in Baghdad. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. July 29, 2009 – The bodies of two Britons, Alec MacLachlan and Alan McMenemy, were recovered in Baghdad, they were captured on May 27, 2007. They were working for GardaWorld as PMCs. August 9, 2009 – An Australian and a Briton, Darren Hoare and Paul McGuigan, were killed by a fellow contractor in the Green Zone in Baghdad. They were working for ArmourGroup as PMCs. September 1, 2009 – American, Adam Hermanson, was electrocuted in Baghdad. He was working for Triple Canopy as a PMC. September 13, 2009 – American, Lucas "Trent" Vinson, was killed by a U.S. soldier at Contingency Operating Base Speicher in Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a private contractor. 2010 March 10 – Briton, Robbie Napier, an Aegis Security contractor, died after the IED explosion in Iraq May 19 – Briton, Nic Crouch was killed by a suicide car bomber in Mosul. Two other western contractors – believed to be Americans – and at least one Iraqi contractor were seriously injured in the attack. All the contractors worked for the British security company Aegis. July 22 – Two Ugandans and a Peruvian (Juan Carlos Salazar Rodriguez), names unknown, were working as PMCs who were guarding the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad when they were killed in a rocket attack on the Green Zone. September 14 – Briton, Karl Bowen, was killed in a car accident near Kirkuk. October 4 – An American contractor, Michael Behr, died. 2011 March 16 – American, Johnnie Lee Smith died in Germany from injuries he received in Iraq when the truck he was driving hit an area covered in oil that had been ignited. He received burn injuries while trying to escape his vehicle. He was KBR truck driver June 23 – American, Stephen Everhart, was killed when his convoy was ambushed in Baghdad. He was working for USAID as an "international development and finance expert". References ^ a b c US and Coalition Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, Catherine Lutz, Watson Institute, Brown University, June 6, 2011 ^ a b c Joe Sterling. "U.S. contractor slain in Baghdad attack". CNN. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ a b "More than 100 Turkish people have been killed in Iraq since the start of the Iraq War in March 2003, Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul said in a statement on Monday. Nearly all of the killed Turkish people were truck drivers"Over 100 Turks killed in Iraq since outbreak of Iraq war // "XINHUA online" 5th June 2006Bodies of two Turkish truck drivers slain in Iraq return to TurkeyContractor Deaths in Iraq Soar to Record ^ a b "Total: 468 ... It is understood that the above lists is incomplete.""Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractors – A Partial List (10 April 2003 – 14 September 2010)". Icasualties.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-24. ^ "In outsourced U.S. wars, contractor deaths top 1,000 | Politics". Reuters. 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2009-01-30. ^ "U.S. civilian contractor fatalities, 1,569."Iraq/Afghanistan military casualties update ^ Gurkha, Iraqi die in riot-swept Basra ^ Bomb Explodes at Baghdad Hotel Housing NBC Offices // "FOX News" September 25, 2003 ^ Graeme Hosken, Elize Jacobs, Tracy Lee Goldstone. Pretoria man killed in Iraq / 29th January 2004 ^ "Two German Security Agents Missing in Iraq". FOXNews.com. 2004-04-10. Retrieved 2009-01-30. ^ Indian killed in Baghdad blast // The Times of India, 13th August 2004 ^ "Local family remembers man killed in Iraq." // Trib Live Tuesday, Sept. 7, 2004 ^ "Turkish truck driver killed in Mosul. 29/10/2004. ABC News Online". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2004-11-01. ^ Iraqi war claims CT victim / News 24, 17th November 2004 ^ "Italian Aid Worker Reported Killed in Iraq". Fox News. December 17, 2004. ^ "6 Americans, 2 Filipinos Among Copter Crash Victims". Retrieved 2009-01-30. ^ "Gulbol was killed three days ago but news of his death was only confirmed Thursday by the Turkish Embassy in Kuwait."Another Turkish truck driver has been killed in Iraq ^ "Attack on U.S. contractors revealed / Four killed when convoy was assaulted by mob in town near Baghdad last month". The San Francisco Chronicle. October 23, 2005. ^ Baghdad embassy shooting kills 4, hurts 2 // UPI, November 12, 2005 ^ Indian truck driver killed in Iraq // Hindustan Times, 2nd May 2006 ^ John Goetz, Conny Neumann. Get rich or die trying: German mercenaries seek their fortunes in Iraq // Der Spiegel, 12th November 2007 ^ "It pushes fatalities with South African links in the country to 19"Anél Powell. Families mourn Cape Town men killed in Iraq / "IOL News" 9th May 2006 ^ Aussies killed in Iraq // "Sunday Herald Sun" July 15, 2007 ^ Swede killed in Iraq // The Local, June 20, 2006 ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-03-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Bodies of two Turkish truck drivers slain in Iraq return to Turkey // "People's Daily" October 07, 2006 ^ http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/amcits-killed-in-iraq-afghanistan.pdf ^ "Молдавский самолет Ан-26 разбился в Ираке 9 января. Жертвами катастрофы стали 34 человека, включая пятерых членов экипажа - граждан Молдавии"Пилоты разбившегося в Ираке Ан-26 будут опознаны с помощью анализа ДНК // РИА "Новости" от 22 января 2007 ^ John M. Broder, James Risen. Contractor Deaths in Iraq Soar to Record // The New York Times, May 19, 2007 ^ "Hrvatski državljanin Željko Both poginuo u Iraku". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ Statement By U.S. Ambassador To Iraq Zalmay Khalilzad On Blackwater Helicopter Incident January 24, 2007 ^ Mary Flood. Houston lawsuit blames Halliburton, KBR in Iraq death // Houston Chronicle, February 6, 2009 ^ David Ivanovich. Contractor deaths up 17 percent in Iraq in 2007 // Houston Chronicle, February 10, 2008 ^ "4 British Soldiers, Kuwaiti Interpreter Killed in Ambush in Southern Iraq". Fox News. 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2009-02-03. ^ "Five Iranian truck drivers killed in Iraq". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-03-16. ^ "Two Australian men were killed and another was injured in Iraq when their vehicle was blown up outside Baghdad... The deaths take to six the number of Australian private contractors killed in Iraq"Roadside blast kills Australians in Iraq // The Sydney Morning Herald, 16th June 2007 ^ "SA contractor killed in Iraq". News 24. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ Praveen Menon. Dubai crew die in Iraq plane crash // The Nation, 14th November 2008 ^ Funeral services set for reservist from Commerce Twp. // Detroit Free Press, Mar. 10, 2009 ^ "Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Tuesday 10 March 2009 | McClatchy Washington Bureau". Archived from the original on 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2009-03-12. ^ "U.S. soldier charged in death of contractor". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ "Today's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com". NASDAQ.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ https://www.congress.gov/crec/2009/07/07/CREC-2009-07-07-pt1-PgS7189-4.pdf ^ "Iraq: American Soldier Charged In Contractor's Death" // The New York Times, September 23, 2009 ^ Wakefield bomb blast victim had just delivered baby // Yorkshire Evening-Post, March 19, 2010 ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PMS%27+GUARD+IRAQ+DEATH-a0232331692 PMS' GUARD IRAQ DEATH // The Free Library, July 23, 2010 ^ Martin Chulov. Suicide bomb kills British contractor in Iraq // The Guardian, May 19, 2010 ^ "Three killed in Green Zone attack – IOL News". Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ "Ex-Welsh Guard dies in Iraq crash". BBC News. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ R. Michael Behr 1961-2010 ^ "KBR Truck Driver Johnnie Smith dies of injuries received in Iraq (updated 03/26/2011)". Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2017. External links Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractors – A Partial List
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncdsv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slain-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turks-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iCasualties-4"},{"link_name":"private military contractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncdsv-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of June 23, 2011, 749 foreign private contractor deaths in Iraq as part of the Iraq War are listed in this article. Of those, 355 were Americans,[1][2] at least 130 were Turks[3] and 58 were Britons.[4] 225 of those killed were private military contractors (PMCs).The U.S. Department of Labor confirmed that by the end of March 2009, 917 civilian contractors were killed in Iraq, of which 224 (23 percent) were U.S. citizens. This number was updated to 1,537, by the end of March 2011, with an estimated 354 of these being U.S. citizens.[5][1] The total number of dead was further updated to 1,569, by July 20, 2012.[6]","title":"List of private contractor deaths in Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Army Criminal Investigation Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"April 10, 2003 – American, Robert Grimm, was killed in a vehicle accident on the Kuwait-Iraq border. He was working for National Response Corp. of Long Island as a fireman.\nJuly 10, 2003 – American, name unknown, was killed in a vehicle accident near Basra. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nJuly 21, 2003 – Briton, Peter Rudolf, drowned when he fell ill while on a dive near Umm Qasr. He was working for Sub-Surface Eng'g as a diver.\nAugust 5, 2003 – American, Fred Bryant Jr., was killed by a roadside bomb near Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nAugust 10, 2003 – Nepali, name unknown, was killed by a riot in Basra. He was working as a PMC.[7]\nAugust 19, 2003 – American, Nadan Audisho Younadam, was killed in an ambush in Tikrit. He was working for the U.S. Army as a translator.\nSeptember 3, 2003 – American, Vernon Gaston, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as Operations Manager at the Joint Military Mail Terminal at Baghdad Airport.\nSeptember 4, 2003 – Briton, Ian Rimell, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for Mines Advisory Group as a bomb disposal expert.\nSeptember 12, 2003 – Jordanian, name unknown, was killed by friendly fire in Fallujah. He was working for a Jordanian hospital as a PMC.\nSeptember 25, 2003 – Somali, name unknown, was killed by a bomb in Baghdad. He was working for a \"al-Aike\" hotel housing journalists from US television network NBC as a PMC[8]\nOctober 9, 2003 – American, Kirk von Ackermann, was captured on a road between Kirkuk and Tikrit, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was working for IREX Services as a PMC. The United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) determined that Von Ackermann died on October 9, 2003, in a botched kidnapping attempt. They still, however, refuse to give out information on his case which is still \"active.\" Ackermann's body was never found.\nNovember 2, 2003 – Two Americans, Roy Buckmaster and David Dyess, were killed by a roadside bomb in Fallujah. They were working for EOD Technology, Inc. as bomb disposal experts.\nNovember 13, 2003 – American, Forrest Snare, was killed in an ambush west of Balad. He was working for IAP Worldwide Services as a private contractor.\nNovember 17, 2003 – American, Brent McJennett, was killed by a land mine in Tikrit. He was working for Proactive Communications Inc as a communications contractor.\nNovember 21, 2003 – Hungarian, Péter Varga-Balázs, was killed by friendly fire near Ramadi. He was working for ToiFor Kft as a truck driver.\nNovember 23, 2003 – Two Americans, Todd Drobnick and Gordon Sinclair, were killed in a vehicle accident between Mosul and Dohuk. They were working for Titan National Security Solutions as translators.\nNovember 29, 2003 – Colombian, Jorge Arias Duque, was killed in an ambush in Balad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a PMC.\nNovember 30, 2003 – Two South Koreans, Man-Soo Kim and Kyung-Hae Kwak, were killed in an ambush south of Tikrit. They were working for Omu Electric Co. as electricians.\nDecember 14, 2003 – American, Ryan Manelick, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for IREX Services as a PMC.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GSG-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSG-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nick Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Berg"},{"link_name":"Kim Sun-il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-il"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"the battle of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)"},{"link_name":"FOB Ferrin-Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Security_Station_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dale Stoffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Stoffel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2004","text":"January 5, 2004 – Canadian, Richard Flynn, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working as a PMC.\nJanuary 6, 2004 – Two Frenchmen, names unknown, were killed in an ambush in Fallujah. They were working as private contractors.\nJanuary 14, 2004 – Two Americans, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Tikrit. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers.\nJanuary 21, 2004 – American, Jody Deatherage, was killed in a vehicle accident. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nJanuary 24, 2004 – Pakistani, Habibur Rehman, was killed in an ambush. He was working for a Saudi Arabian firm as a truck driver.\nJanuary 26, 2004 – American, Arthur Linderman Jr., was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nJanuary 29, 2004 – South African, Francois Strydom, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for SAS International as a PMC. Four other South African PMC were injured.[9]\nFebruary 8, 2004 – Fijian, Tomasi Ramatau, was killed in a mortar attack in Baghdad. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC.\nFebruary 16, 2004 – American, Ray Parks, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for American Services Center as a private contractor.\nFebruary 23, 2004 – American, Albert Luther Cayton, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nFebruary 29, 2004 – American, Travis B. Whitman, was killed in a vehicle accident in Baghdad. He was working as a PMC.\nMarch 16, 2004 – A Dutch and a German, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Hillah. They were working as water project engineers.\nMarch 18, 2004 – Briton, Scott Mounce, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for an Italian communications company as a telecommunications engineer.\nMarch 22, 2004 – Two Finns, Seppo Haapanen and Jorma Toronen, were killed by a sniper west of Baghdad. They were both businessmen.\nMarch 28, 2004 – A Canadian and a Briton, Andy Bradsell and Christopher McDonald, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Olive Security as PMCs.\nMarch 31, 2004 – Four Americans: Wesley Batalona, Scott Helvenston, Michael Teague and Jerko Zovko, were killed when they were ambushed and massacred in Fallujah, their bodies were mutilated and hanged for public display. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs.\nApril 1, 2004 – Czech, Jiří Juran, was killed in an accidental gas explosion at a refinery in Baiji- Iraq. He was working for Chemoprojekt as a petrochemical expert.\nApril 3, 2004 – American, Emad Mikha, was killed in an ambush in Muqdadiyah. He was working for Titan National Security Solutions as a translator.\nApril 6, 2004 – South African, Gray Branfield, was killed during street fighting in Al Kut, his body was mutilated and hanged for public display. He was working for Hart Security Company as a PMC.\nApril 6, 2004 – Bulgarian, Mario Manchev, was killed in an ambush south of Nasiriyah. He was working for SOMAT as a truck driver.\nApril 7, 2004 – Two Germans, Tobias Retterath and Thomas Hafenecker, were killed by Iraqi terrorists in an ambush near Fallujah. They were members of the elite counter-terrorism unit GSG-9 working at the German embassy as guards. The second Officer; Thomas Hafenecker, is still missing today.[10]\nApril 8, 2004 – American, Tim Smith, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nApril 9, 2004 – Briton, Michael John Bloss, was killed in an ambush near Hit. He was working for Custer Battles as a PMC.\nApril 9, 2004 – Seven Americans: William Bradley, Timothy Bell, Stephen Hulett, Steven Scott Fisher, Tony Duane Johnson, Jack Montague and Jeffery Parker, were killed when their convoy was ambushed and decimated in Baghdad. Bradley and Bell were initially classified as missing, Bradley's remains were recovered in 2005, while Bell is still missing and presumed dead. Another American, Thomas Hamill, was captured but he escaped the next month. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers.\nApril 9, 2004 – Two Nepalis, Ram Bahadur Gurung and Shiva Prasad Lawati, were killed by a land mine in northern Iraq. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs.\nApril 10, 2004 – American, Nick Berg, was captured in Baghdad and executed on May 7, his remains were recovered the next day. He was a businessman.\nApril 11, 2004 – Dane, Henrik Frandsen, was shot and killed in Baghdad. He was a businessman. Romanian, Aron Alexandru, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for Bidepa as a PMC.\nApril 12, 2004 – South African, Hendrik Visagie, died at a U.S. military hospital from wounds received five days earlier in an ambush while escorting a convoy of diplomats from Jordan to Baghdad. He was working for Erinys International as a PMC.\nApril 13, 2004 – Italian, Fabrizio Quattrocchi, was captured, along with three other Italians, and executed the next day. The other three Italians were rescued later that month. He was working as a PMC.\nApril 22, 2004 – South African, Francois de Beer, was shot and killed in Baghdad. He was working for Meteoric Tactical Solutions as a PMC.\nApril 25, 2004 – Two Americans, Thomas Carter and Vincent Foster, were killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. They were working for Cochise Consultancy Inc. as PMCs.\nApril 28, 2004 – Filipino, Rodrigo Reyes, was killed in an ambush in Abdali, near the Kuwait border. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nApril 29, 2004 – South African, name unknown, was shot and killed in Basra. He was working for a construction company as a PMC.\nApril 30, 2004 – American, Mike Price, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He was working for Cochise Consultancy Inc. as a PMC.\nDate Unknown – South African, name unknown, was killed by a land mine in Fallujah. He was working for a British security company as a PMC.\nMay 1, 2004 – American, Christian F. Kilpatrick, was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nDate Unknown – Turk, Cemal Ugar, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver.\nMay 2, 2004 – Two Fijians, Kelepi Qaranivalu and Emori Vunibokoi, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs.\nMay 3, 2004 – American, Aban Elias, was captured in Baghdad, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was working as a civil engineer.\nMay 7, 2004 – American, Daniel Parker, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a PMC.\nMay 7, 2004 – Poles, Waldemar Milewicz and Mounir Bouamrane were killed in an ambush in Latifiya. They were working as a journalist and cameraman for Polish National TV.\nMay 10, 2004 – A New Zealander, John Robert Tyrrell, and a South African, William (Bill) John Richard, were killed in an ambush in Kirkuk. They were working for an Iraqi construction company as engineers.\nMay 10, 2004 – Russian, Alexei Konorev, was killed in an ambush in Musayyib, south of Baghdad. He was working for InterEnergoServis as a construction worker.\nMay 11, 2004 – Filipino, Raymundo Natividad, was killed in a mortar attack near Balad. He was working for Prime Projects International as a warehouseman.\nMay 12, 2004 – Two Turks, Suayip Kaplanli and the other name unknown, were killed in an ambush in Mosul. They were working for Yuksel Construction as construction workers.\nMay 13, 2004 – Two Americans, Henry Doll and Jesse Gentry, were killed in a vehicle accident near Tikrit. They were working for DynCorp International as PMCs.\nMay 14, 2004 – Briton, Brian Tilley, was killed in an ambush. He was working for an Egyptian communications project as a PMC.\nMay 18, 2004 – Briton, Andrew Harries, was killed in an ambush between Mosul and Irbil. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC.\nMay 24, 2004 – Two Britons, Mark Carman and Bob Morgan, were killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. Carman was working for Control Risks Group as a PMC, while Morgan was working for the British Foreign Office as a petroleum consultant.\nMay 25, 2004 – Two Russians, Viktor Dynkin and Vyacheslav Ovsyannikov, were killed in an ambush south of Baghdad. They were working for InterEnergoServis as power plant technicians.\nMay 30, 2004 – American, Bruce Tow, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nJune 2, 2004 – American, Richard Bruce, was killed in a vehicle accident. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC.\nJune 5, 2004 – Two Americans, Jarrod Little and Chris Neidrich, and two Poles, Krzysztof Kaskos, Artur Zukowski, were killed in an ambush in Baghdad. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. American, James Gregory Wingate, was killed by a roadside bomb near Haditha. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver. Briton, Craig Dickens, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC.\nJune 11, 2004 – Lebanese, Hussein Ali Alyan, was captured and executed. He was working as a construction worker.\nJune 13, 2004 – American, Shaun Fyfe, died of natural causes. He was working for Environmental Chemical Corp. International as a construction worker.\nJune 14, 2004 – An American, Bill Hoke II, two Britons, Keith Butler and John Poole, a Frenchman, name unknown, and a Filipino, Raul Flores, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. The two Britons were working for Olive Security as PMCs, while the rest worked for Granite Services, Inc. as power industry workers.\nJune 14, 2004 – American, Rex G.Sprague III, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He worked for Titan National Security Solutions as a PMC.\nJune 17, 2004 – American, Walter J.Zbryski, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nJune 17, 2004 – Turk, Faysal Demir, was killed by friendly fire in Baghdad. He was working for a Turkish manufacturer of prefab housing as a truck driver.\nJune 19, 2004 – Portuguese, Roberto Carlos, was killed by a roadside bomb south of Basra. He was working for Al-Atheer as a telecommunications worker.\nJune 22, 2004 – Briton, Julian Davies, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC.\nJune 22, 2004 – South Korean, Kim Sun-il, was captured and executed. He was working for Gana General Trading Co. as a supplier.\nJune 27, 2004 – American, Joseph Arguelles, was killed when his transport plane was fired on over Baghdad. He worked for Readiness Mgmt. Svcs. as an electric power specialist.\nJuly 2, 2004 – American, Vern O'Neal Richerson, died at the U.S. military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, of wounds he received in a mortar attack. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a construction foreman.\nJuly 9, 2004 – Two Turks, names unknown, were killed in an ambush near Samarra. They were working as truck drivers.\nJuly 12, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He worked as a truck driver.\nJuly 13, 2004 – Bulgarian, Georgi Lazov, was captured and executed in Mosul. He worked for a Bulgarian trucking company as a truck driver.\nJuly 17, 2004 – Jordanian, Ayid Nassir, was killed in an ambush in Ramadi. He worked as a truck driver. Turk, Abdulcelil Bayik, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He worked as a truck driver.\nJuly 19, 2004 – American, Mike Copley, was killed in a mortar attack in Samarra. He was working for United Defense Industries as a Bradley fighting vehicle maintenance technician.\nJuly 20, 2004 – Russian, Anatoly Korenkov, died at a Moscow hospital of wounds he received in an ambush. He worked for InterEnergoServis as a power plant technician.\nJuly 22, 2004 – Bulgarian, Ivaylo Kepov, was captured and executed near Baiji. He was working for a Bulgarian trucking company as a truck driver.\nJuly 25, 2004 – Jordanian, Marwan Zuheir Al Rusan, was shot and killed in Mosul. He was a businessman.\nJuly 28, 2004 – Two Pakistanis, Raja Azad and Sajad Naeem, were captured and executed. They were working for Al Tamimi group as construction workers.\nAugust 1, 2004 – Turk, Murat Yuce, was captured and executed. He was working for Bilintur as a cleaner.\nAugust 2, 2004 – Turk, Ferit Nural, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He worked as a truck driver.\nAugust 4, 2004 – Turk, Osman Alisan, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He worked for Ulasli Oil Company as a truck driver.\nAugust 10, 2004 – Egyptian, Mohammed Abdel Aal, was captured and executed. He worked as a car mechanic.\nAugust 11, 2004 – American, Kevin Rader, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nAugust 12, 2004 – Indian, Eldho Abraham, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He worked for a British construction company \"Frame Project International\" as an electrical engineer.[11]\nAugust 16, 2004 – South African, Herman Pretorius, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nAugust 22, 2004 – Indonesian, Fahmi Ahmad, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working for a subcontractor to Siemens as a telecommunications engineer.\nDate Unknown – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush between Tikrit & Kirkuk. He worked for a Tikrit bridge repair firm as a construction worker.\nAugust 23, 2004 – Three Macedonians: Dalibor Lazarevski, Dragan Markovikj and Zoran Naskovski, were captured and executed in Baghdad. They were working for Soufan Engineering as construction workers.\nDate Unknown – Jordanian, Beshir Ahmed, was killed in a car hijacking between Tikrit & Baiji. He was a businessman.\nAugust 24, 2004 – American, Jamal Tewfik Salman, was captured and executed. He was working as a translator.\nAugust 27, 2004 – Egyptian, Jawdee Baker, was shot and killed in Baiji. He was working as a private contractor.\nAugust 30, 2004 – 12 Nepalese were captured and executed. Their names were: Prakash Adhikari, Ramesh Khadka, Lalan Singh Koiri, Mangal Bahadur Limbu, Jit Bahadur Thapa Magar, Gyanendra Shrestha, Rajendra Kumar Shrestha, Bodhan Kumar Sah Sudi, Manoj Kumar Thakur, Sanjay Kumar Thakur, Bhekh Bahadur Thapa and Bishnu Hari Thapa. They were working for Morning Star Co. as cooks and cleaners. Three Turks: Majid Mehmet al-Gilami, Yahya Sadr and one name unknown, were captured and executed near Samarra. They were working as truck drivers.\nSeptember 4, 2004 – American, John N.Mallery, was killed in an ambush in Taji. He was returning to his home base in Baghdad after picking up a payment at Camp Anaconda, Balad, Iraq. At the time of his death he was working for MayDay Supply as a project manager.[12]\nDate Unknown – Egyptian, Nasser Salama, was captured and executed near Baiji. He was working as a private contractor.\nSeptember 10, 2004 – American, William Earl Bowers, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for SEI Group Inc. as an engineer.\nSeptember 14, 2004 – Two Canadians, Andrew Shmakov and Munir Toma, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. They were working as private contractors. Munir toma was actually shot 17 times along with Andrew Shmakov. The news covered it up.\nSeptember 14, 2004 – American, Todd Engstrom, was killed in an ambush near Balad. He was working for EOD Technology Inc. as a PMC.\nSeptember 16, 2004 – Two Americans, Eugene Armstrong and Jack Hensley, and a Briton, Kenneth Bigley, were captured in Baghdad. Armstrong was executed on September 20, Hensley was executed the next day and Bigley was executed on October 7. They were working for Gulf Services Co. as engineers.\nSeptember 21, 2004 – Turk, Akar Besir, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver.\nSeptember 28, 2004 – American, Roger Moffett, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nSeptember 29, 2004 – Briton, Iain Hunter, was killed in a vehicle accident in Tikrit. He was working for ArmourGroup as a PMC.\nSeptember 30, 2004 – Briton, Alan Wimpenny, was killed by a roadside bomb near Samarra. He was working as a PMC.\nOctober 4, 2004 – South African, Johann Hattingh, was killed and one other South African, Gavin Holtzhausen, was wounded by a suicide car-bomber on Sadoon Street, Baghdad. Holtzhausen later died of his injuries.\nOctober 11, 2004 – Two Britons, died in Kirkuk, one, Paul Chadwick, accidentally shot himself while the other, name unknown, was killed by a sniper. They were working for ArmourGroup as PMCs. Turk, Maher Kemal, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver.\nOctober 12, 2004 – Two South Africans, Johan Botha and Louis Campher, were killed in an ambush south of Baghdad. They were working for Omega Risk Solutions as PMCs.\nOctober 14, 2004 – Four Americans: Eric Miner, Steve Osborne, John Pinsonneault and Ferdinand Ibabao, were killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. They were working for DynCorp International as PMCs. Turk, Ramazan Elbu, was captured and executed. He was working as a truck driver.\nOctober 19, 2004 – American, Felipe E.Lugo III, was killed in a mortar attack near Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a labor foreman.\nOctober 23, 2004 – Croat, Dalibor Burazović, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working for Eurodelta d.o.o. as a truck driver. Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nOctober 27, 2004 – American, Travis Schnoor, was killed by a roadside bomb west of Baghdad. He was working for Custer Battle as a PMC.\nOctober 29, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Mosul. He was working as a truck driver.[13]\nNovember 2, 2004 – American, Radim Sadeq Mohammed Sadeq, was captured in Baghdad, he is still missing and presumed dead. He was a businessman.\nNovember 3, 2004 – American, Jeffery Serrett, was killed in an attack on a prison in Baghdad. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a medic. Briton, John Barker, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as a PMC.\nNovember 5, 2004 – Nepali, Tikaram Gurung, was killed in an ambush. He was working for Gorkha Manpower Company as a PMC.\nNovember 7, 2004 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Samarra. He was working as a truck driver.\nNovember 8–16, 2004 – A Briton and a Turk, names unknown, were killed during the battle of Mosul. The Briton was working as a PMC, while the Turk was working as a truck driver.\nNovember 9, 2004 – Two Americans, Aaron Iversen and David Randolph, were killed in an ambush between Baghdad and Fallujah. They were working for EOD Technology Inc. as PMCs.\nNovember 11, 2004 – American, Mike Tatar, was killed with friendly fire on the way to Baghdad from FOB Ferrin-Huggins. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nNovember 10, 2004 – American, Douglas S.Thomas, was killed by an IED while in a convoy from Balad en route to Tikrit. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nNovember 14, 2004 – American, Wolf Weis, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working as a private contractor.\nNovember 7, 2004 – A Briton and a South African, Shaun Husband and Johan Terry, were killed by a roadside bomb in Zubayr, near Basra. They were working for Olive Security as PMCs.\nNovember 16, 2004 – South Korean, Jung Myeong-nam, was killed in an accident in Irbil. He was working for Taehwa Electric Co. as a private contractor.\nNovember, 2004 – South African, Jacques Oosthuize, was killed in an ambush on a road between Tikrit and Mosul. He was working for Erinys Iraq as a PMC.[14]\nNovember 25, 2004 – Four Nepalis, names unknown, were killed by a mortar attack in Baghdad. They were working for Global Risk Strategies Limited as PMCs.\nNovember 30, 2004 – Honduran, José Mauricio Mena Puerto, was killed in an ambush. He was working for DynCorp International as a medic.\nDecember 8, 2004 – Two Americans, Dale Stoffel and Joseph Wemple, were shot and killed outside Baghdad. They were working for CLI USA as construction contractors.\nDecember 15, 2004 – Italian, Salvatore Santoro, was shot and killed at an insurgent checkpoint outside Ramadi. He was working as an aid worker.[15]\nDecember 20, 2004 – Turk, Saban Ozsagir, was killed in an ambush near Mosul. He was working as a truck driver.\nDecember 21, 2004 – Four Americans: Leslie W. Davis, Brett A.Hunter, Allen Smith and Anthony M. Stramiello Jr., were killed by a suicide bomber in Mosul. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as construction foremen and technicians.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mi-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ambushed and decimated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Hit_convoy_ambush"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"January 3, 2005 – Three Britons: John Dolman, Nick Pear, John Eardley and one American, Tracy Hushin, were killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. Dolman and Pears were working for Kroll Security International as PMCs, Eardley was an engineer contracted by IPA Energy and Water Consulting, and Hushin worked for BearingPoint Inc. as a financial manager.\nJanuary 16, 2005 – American, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baghdad. He was working for Steele Foundation as a PMC. Egyptian, Ibrahim Mohammed Ismail, was found dead, his body dumped in a street, in Ramadi. He was working as a truck driver.\nJanuary 19, 2005 – Briton, Andrew Whyte, was killed in an ambush south of Baiji. He was working for Janusian Security Risk Mgmt. as a PMC.\nFebruary 8, 2005 – Croat, Ivan Pavčević, was killed in an ambush near Tikrit. He was working as a truck driver.\nMarch 3, 2005 – Two Americans, Jimmy A.Riddle and Brian J.Wagoner, were killed by a roadside bomb in Ashraf. They were working for Special Operations Consulting-Security Mgmt. Group Inc. as PMCs.\nMarch 12, 2005 – Two Americans, Jim Cantrell and Bruce Durr, were killed by a roadside bomb in Hilla. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs. A Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb near Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nMarch 20, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nMarch 25, 2005 – American, Eugene Hyatt, was killed in an accident. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a carpenter foreman.\nApril 1, 2005 – American, Alfred Habelman, was killed in an ambush. He was working for a California-based construction company as a PMC.\nApril 11, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nApril 16, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb south of Mosul. He was working as a truck driver.\nApril 18, 2005 – Filipino, Rey Torres, was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for Qatar International Trading Company as a PMC.\nApril 20, 2005 – An American, an Australian and a Canadian: James Hunt, Chris Ahmelman and Stefan Surette, were killed in ambush in Baghdad. They were working for Edinburgh Risk Inc. as PMCs. Turk, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver.\nApril 21, 2005 – Six Americans, three Bulgarians and two Fijians were killed when their Mi-8 transport helicopter was shot down near Tarmiya, north of Baghdad. Their names were: Robert Jason Gore, Stephen Matthew McGovern, Jason Obert, David Patterson, Luke Adam Petrik, Eric Smith, Stoyan Anchev, Lyubomir Kostov, Georgi Naydenov, Jim Atalifo and Timoci Lalaqila. The Bulgarians were working as helicopter pilots, while the rest were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs.[16] American, Curtis Hundley, was killed by a roadside bomb near Ramadi. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC. Briton, Alan Parkin, was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad. He was working for Aegis Defence Services as a PMC.\nMay 1, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush north of Baghdad. He was working as a truck driver.\nMay 3, 2005 – Turk, Salih Gulbol, was killed in an ambush near Baghdad. He was working for a Kuwaiti company \"Eskiocaklar\" as a truck driver.[17]\nMay 7, 2005 – Two Americans, Brandon Thomas and Todd Venette, were killed by a car bomb in Baghdad. They were working for CTU Consulting as PMCs.\nMay 9, 2005 – Four South Africans, names unknown, and one Japanese, Akihiko Saito, were killed when their convoy was ambushed and decimated near Hit. Saito was initially wounded and allegedly captured but died later of his wounds. They were working for Hart Security Company as PMCs under contract to PWC Logitsics at the Abu Ghraib Warehouse Distribution Center near Baghdad International Airport.\nMay 10, 2005 – American, Thomas W.Jaichner, was killed by a sniper in Ramadi. He was working for Blackwater Security as a PMC.\nMay 12, 2005 – American, Reuben Ray Miller, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a truck driver.\nMay 22, 2005 – Jordanian, Al-Sanie, was killed in an ambush. He was working as a truck driver.\nMay 28, 2005 – Lebanese, name unknown, was killed in a drive-by shooting in Baghdad. He was working as an interpreter.\nJune 2, 2005 – Turk, Salih Gulbol, was killed in an ambush in Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nJune 7, 2005 – South African, Séan Ronald Laver, was killed by a roadside bomb in Habbaniya. He was working for Hart Security Companyas as a PMC.\nJune 9, 2005 – Turk, Yusuf Akar, was killed in an ambush in Ramadi. He was working as a truck driver.\nJune 15, 2005 – Bosnian, Ljubiša Aleksić, was killed in an ambush 60 kilometres south of Baghdad. He was working for Lloyd-Owen International as a PMC.\nJune 21, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush east of Balad. He was working as a truck driver.\nJune 27, 2005 – American, Deborah Dawn Klecker, was killed by a roadside bomb east of Baghdad. She was working for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nJuly 1, 2005 – Turk, name unknown, was killed in an ambush near Baiji. He was working as a truck driver.\nSeptember 2, 2005- American Leon \"Vince\" Kimbrell was killed by a shaped charge IED near the Al-Sadeer Compound in Baghdad. He worked for Dyncorp.\nSeptember 3, 2005 – American, Ron Wiebe (US Navy Retired RVN Vet), and Briton, Jim Martin, were killed on their way back from Tikrit to Baghdad.\nSeptember 20, 2005 – Four Americans: Keven Dagit, Sascha Grenner-Case, Christopher Lem and one name unknown, were killed when they were ambushed and massacred in Duluiya, their bodies were mutilated. They were working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as truck drivers.[18]\nNovember 12, 2005 – Sudanese, name unknown, was killed in an attack on the Omani embassy in Baghdad. He was working as a private contractor.[19]\nNovember 14, 2005 – Two South Africans, Naas Du Preez and Johannes Potgieter, were killed by a roadside bomb on Haifa Street, Baghdad.\nNovember 17, 2005 – South African, \"Tabs\" from 23 Battalion, died as a result of wounds he sustained from a roadside bomb on November 14, on Haifa Street, Baghdad.\nDecember 22, 2005 – An American and a South African, Kyle Kaszynski and Jan Strauss, were killed by a roadside bomb north of Baghdad. Kaszynski was working for Croll Management while Strauss was working for DynCorp International. They were both PMCs.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"January 5, 2006 – Indian, Sibi Kora, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working as a truck driver[20]\nMarch 6, 2006 – South African, Morne Pieterse, was killed by a roadside bomb in Basra.\nMay 7, 2006 – British, Karl Saville was killed in Baghdad. He was working for \"Danubia Global\" as security contractor.[21]\nMay, 2006 – South African, Richard Andrew Kolver, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad[22]\nJune 8, 2006 – Australian Wayne Schulz was killed when the armoured vehicle in which he was travelling was destroyed by an explosive device. He was working for ArmorGroup.[23]\nJune 11, 2006 Briton Kenneth Clarke killed in Tikrit by a roadside bomb\nJune 14, 2006 – A Swedish security contractor was killed by an explosive device. He was working for \"Genric Ltd.\".[24]\nJuly 15, 2006 – Syrian, Salih Fawzi al-Madani, was captured in Baghdad, his body was found mutilated at the beginning of August. He was working as a private contractor.[25]\nAugust 19, 2006 – South African, Edmund Bruwer, was killed by a roadside bomb.\nSeptember 17, 2006 – American, Darrell Leroy Wetherbee, was killed by a sniper in Hawijah. He was working for DynCorp as a PMC.\nOctober 2, 2006 – Two Turks, Nuri Akceren and Zeki Kilicwho, were killed in an ambush near Mosul. They were working as truck drivers.[26]\nOctober 30, 2006 – South African, Morne Pieters, killed by hostile fire.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2007 Balad aircraft crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Balad_aircraft_crash"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"January 7, 2007 – American, Glenda Oliver Butts, died of natural causes. She was working for Two Rivers Consultants as a construction consultant.[27]\nJanuary 9, 2007 – 2007 Balad aircraft crash, 5 pilots – citizens of Moldavia[28] and 28 Turkish construction workers were killed[29]\nJanuary 17, 2007 – Croatian Željko Both was killed in an ambush in Baghdad. He was working for \"Unity Resources Group\" as security contractor.[30] Also, Hungarian, Janos Nemeth, killed same contact.\nJanuary 23, 2007 – Five Americans: Steve Gernet, Ron Johnson, Art Laguna, Shane Stanfield and Casey Casavant, were killed by insurgents during the rescue of US dignitaries from an ambushed meeting in Eastern Baghdad. They worked for Blackwater and were contracted Dept. of State PMCs.[31]\nFebruary, 2007 – U.S. citizen Donald E. Tolfree Jr. was killed at Camp Anaconda. He was worked for KBR, Inc. as truck driver[32]\nFebruary 15, South African, Glen Joyce, was killed by an IED in Baghdad.\nFebruary 18, Don Schneider an American civilian driving a post office mail truck from Kuwait to Camp Ceder Iraq died from two 155 round IED's\nMarch 2007 – U.S. citizen Carolyn Edwards was killed in Baghdad's Green Zone. She was worked for KBR, Inc. as logistics coordinator[33]\nApril 5, 2007 – Kuwaiti, name unknown, was killed in an ambush in Basra. He was working as a translator.[34]\nApril 15, 2007 – Five Iranians, names unknown, were killed in an ambush in Baqubah. They were working as truck drivers.[35]\nJune 12, 2007 – American, Michael Wayne Butler, was killed by a rocket propelled grenade in Tikrit. He worked for DynCorp International as a PMC.\nJuly 15, 2007 – Australians Brendan Hurst and Justin Saint were killed by a rocket propelled grenade in an ambush. They were working for BLP International.[36]\nAugust 28, 2007 – South African, Frans Robert Brand, was killed by an IED. He was employed as a security specialist by the London-based ArmorGroup Iraq.[37]\nOctober 10, 2007 – U.S. Citizens Michael Doheny; Micah Shaw; Steve Evrard, killed by E.F.P near Al Kut. They was worked as a PSC for SOC-LLC U.S. Private Security Company.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"February 18, 2008 - Mr M. Salih, Mr S. Chalil, Mr S. R. Arachchige, killed during a rocket attack on the COB, Basra Airport\nMarch 16, 2008 - Briton, Liam Carmichael, was killed when he was thrown from his vehicle after a tyre blow out in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.\nJune 12, 2008 – Briton, Darryl Fern, was killed by a roadside bomb. He was working for AEGIS as a PMC.\nJune 13, 2008 – South African Desmond Milnes died from wounds sustained in the same attack as Darryl Fern.\nJuly 6, 2008- American Justin English was killed when his convoy struck an IED. He was a firefighter for WSI.\nNovember 13, 2008 – three Russians, two Ukrainians, one Belarusian,[citation needed] names unknown, and one Indian, Jaychandran Appukutten, were killed when their AN12 transport plane crashed near Fallujah. They were working for Falcon Aviation Group as cargo plane operators.[38]","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jim Kitterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kitterman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"March 4, 2009 – American, Justin Pope, died of an accidental gunshot wound. He was working for DynCorp International as a PMC[39]\nMarch 9, 2009 – Pakistani, name unknown, was killed by Katyusha rocket fire in Basra. He was working as a private contractor at Basra International Airport.[40]\nMarch 26, 2009 – Hungarian, Tibor Bogdan was killed by U.S. soldier near Camp Taji, north of Baghdad[41]\nMay 15, 2009 – Briton, name unknown, was killed by a roadside bomb in Hilla. He was working as a PMC.[42]\nMay 22, 2009 – American, Jim Kitterman, was stabbed and killed by fellow contractors in the Green Zone in Baghdad. He was working for Janus Construction as an engineer. Larry Eugene Young, was killed in a mortar attack on the Green Zone in Baghdad. He was working for Corporate Training Unlimited as a PMC.\nMay 25, 2009 – American, Kenneth Rose[citation needed] was killed by a roadside bomb in Fallujah. He was working as a private contractor.\nMay 25, 2009 – Two Americans, Terrance \"Terry\" Barnich and Dr. Maged Hussein, were killed by an IED outside Fallujah. They were working for the Iraq Transition Assistance Office.[43]\nJune 20, 2009 – The bodies of two Britons, Jason Creswell and Jason Swindlehurst, were recovered in Baghdad, they were captured on May 27, 2007. They were working for GardaWorld as PMCs.\nJuly 17, 2009 – Two Americans, William F. Hinchman and one name unknown, were killed when their helicopter crashed in Baghdad. They were working for Blackwater Security as PMCs.\nJuly 29, 2009 – The bodies of two Britons, Alec MacLachlan and Alan McMenemy, were recovered in Baghdad, they were captured on May 27, 2007. They were working for GardaWorld as PMCs.\nAugust 9, 2009 – An Australian and a Briton, Darren Hoare and Paul McGuigan, were killed by a fellow contractor in the Green Zone in Baghdad. They were working for ArmourGroup as PMCs.\nSeptember 1, 2009 – American, Adam Hermanson, was electrocuted in Baghdad. He was working for Triple Canopy as a PMC.\nSeptember 13, 2009 – American, Lucas \"Trent\" Vinson, was killed by a U.S. soldier at Contingency Operating Base Speicher in Tikrit. He was working for Kellogg, Brown & Root as a private contractor.[44]","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"March 10 – Briton, Robbie Napier, an Aegis Security contractor, died after the IED explosion in Iraq[45]\nMay 19 – Briton, Nic Crouch[46] was killed by a suicide car bomber in Mosul. Two other western contractors – believed to be Americans – and at least one Iraqi contractor were seriously injured in the attack. All the contractors worked for the British security company Aegis.[47]\nJuly 22 – Two Ugandans and a Peruvian (Juan Carlos Salazar Rodriguez), names unknown, were working as PMCs who were guarding the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad when they were killed in a rocket attack on the Green Zone.[48]\nSeptember 14 – Briton, Karl Bowen, was killed in a car accident near Kirkuk.[49]\nOctober 4 – An American contractor, Michael Behr, died.[50]","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slain-2"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"March 16 – American, Johnnie Lee Smith died in Germany from injuries he received in Iraq when the truck he was driving hit an area covered in oil that had been ignited. He received burn injuries while trying to escape his vehicle. He was KBR truck driver[51]\nJune 23 – American, Stephen Everhart, was killed when his convoy was ambushed in Baghdad. He was working for USAID as an \"international development and finance expert\".[2]","title":"Incidents"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Joe Sterling. \"U.S. contractor slain in Baghdad attack\". CNN. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/23/iraq.american.killed/index.html","url_text":"\"U.S. contractor slain in Baghdad attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractors – A Partial List (10 April 2003 – 14 September 2010)\". Icasualties.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140320113321/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/Contractors.aspx","url_text":"\"Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractors – A Partial List (10 April 2003 – 14 September 2010)\""},{"url":"http://icasualties.org/Iraq/Contractors.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In outsourced U.S. wars, contractor deaths top 1,000 | Politics\". Reuters. 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2009-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN0318650320070703?sp=true","url_text":"\"In outsourced U.S. wars, contractor deaths top 1,000 | Politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two German Security Agents Missing in Iraq\". FOXNews.com. 2004-04-10. Retrieved 2009-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,116745,00.html","url_text":"\"Two German Security Agents Missing in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish truck driver killed in Mosul. 29/10/2004. ABC News Online\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2004-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041101011256/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200410/s1231191.htm","url_text":"\"Turkish truck driver killed in Mosul. 29/10/2004. ABC News Online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200410/s1231191.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian Aid Worker Reported Killed in Iraq\". Fox News. December 17, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,141751,00.html","url_text":"\"Italian Aid Worker Reported Killed in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"6 Americans, 2 Filipinos Among Copter Crash Victims\". Retrieved 2009-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=46952","url_text":"\"6 Americans, 2 Filipinos Among Copter Crash Victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attack on U.S. contractors revealed / Four killed when convoy was assaulted by mob in town near Baghdad last month\". The San Francisco Chronicle. October 23, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/23/MNGO8FCNK41.DTL","url_text":"\"Attack on U.S. contractors revealed / Four killed when convoy was assaulted by mob in town near Baghdad last month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080820210842/http://www.shrc.org/data/aspx/d4/2794.aspx","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.shrc.org/data/aspx/d4/2794.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hrvatski državljanin Željko Both poginuo u Iraku\". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407045221/http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatski-drzavljanin-zeljko-both-poginuo-u-iraku/209306/","url_text":"\"Hrvatski državljanin Željko Both poginuo u Iraku\""},{"url":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatski-drzavljanin-zeljko-both-poginuo-u-iraku/209306/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"4 British Soldiers, Kuwaiti Interpreter Killed in Ambush in Southern Iraq\". Fox News. 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2009-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,264222,00.html","url_text":"\"4 British Soldiers, Kuwaiti Interpreter Killed in Ambush in Southern Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Iranian truck drivers killed in Iraq\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012165104/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/070416/2007041607.html","url_text":"\"Five Iranian truck drivers killed in Iraq\""},{"url":"http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/070416/2007041607.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SA contractor killed in Iraq\". News 24. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-contractor-killed-in-Iraq-20070829","url_text":"\"SA contractor killed in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Tuesday 10 March 2009 | McClatchy Washington Bureau\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2009-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090311041800/http://www.mcclatchydc.com//212//story//63651.html","url_text":"\"Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Tuesday 10 March 2009 | McClatchy Washington Bureau\""},{"url":"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/63651.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. soldier charged in death of contractor\". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/06/world/fg-soldier-charged6","url_text":"\"U.S. soldier charged in death of contractor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com\". NASDAQ.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasdaq.com/news/","url_text":"\"Today's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three killed in Green Zone attack – IOL News\". Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/three-killed-in-green-zone-attack-1.670575","url_text":"\"Three killed in Green Zone attack – IOL News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Welsh Guard dies in Iraq crash\". BBC News. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11387502","url_text":"\"Ex-Welsh Guard dies in Iraq crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"KBR Truck Driver Johnnie Smith dies of injuries received in Iraq (updated 03/26/2011)\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402074002/http://mssparky.com/2011/03/kbr-truck-driver-johnny-smith-dies-from-ied-blast-in-iraq/comment-page-1/#comment-22237","url_text":"\"KBR Truck Driver Johnnie Smith dies of injuries received in Iraq (updated 03/26/2011)\""},{"url":"http://mssparky.com/2011/03/kbr-truck-driver-johnny-smith-dies-from-ied-blast-in-iraq/comment-page-1/#comment-22237","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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death"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Contractor-deaths-up-17-percent-in-Iraq-in-2007-1561776.php","external_links_name":"Contractor deaths up 17 percent in Iraq in 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,264222,00.html","external_links_name":"\"4 British Soldiers, Kuwaiti Interpreter Killed in Ambush in Southern Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012165104/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/070416/2007041607.html","external_links_name":"\"Five Iranian truck drivers killed in Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/070416/2007041607.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/roadside-blast-kills-australians-in-iraq/2007/07/15/1184438148973.html","external_links_name":"Roadside blast kills Australians in Iraq"},{"Link":"http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-contractor-killed-in-Iraq-20070829","external_links_name":"\"SA contractor killed in Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenational.ae/article/20081114/NATIONAL/906823402/-1/ART","external_links_name":"Dubai crew die in Iraq plane crash"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/article/20090310/NEWS02/903100389/","external_links_name":"Funeral services set for reservist from Commerce Twp."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090311041800/http://www.mcclatchydc.com//212//story//63651.html","external_links_name":"\"Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Tuesday 10 March 2009 | McClatchy Washington Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/63651.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/06/world/fg-soldier-charged6","external_links_name":"\"U.S. soldier charged in death of contractor\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasdaq.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Today's Stock Market News and Analysis from 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News\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11387502","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Welsh Guard dies in Iraq crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunjournal.com/2010/10/10/r-michael-behr-1961-2010/","external_links_name":"R. Michael Behr 1961-2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402074002/http://mssparky.com/2011/03/kbr-truck-driver-johnny-smith-dies-from-ied-blast-in-iraq/comment-page-1/#comment-22237","external_links_name":"\"KBR Truck Driver Johnnie Smith dies of injuries received in Iraq (updated 03/26/2011)\""},{"Link":"http://mssparky.com/2011/03/kbr-truck-driver-johnny-smith-dies-from-ied-blast-in-iraq/comment-page-1/#comment-22237","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140320113321/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/Contractors.aspx","external_links_name":"Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractors – A Partial List"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotriptor
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
["1 Medical uses","2 Procedure","3 History","4 Research","5 Veterinary use","6 Physiotherapy use","7 See also","8 References"]
Ultrasonic, non-invasive, outpatient treatment "shock wave therapy" redirects here. For the use of electrical shocks in therapy, see Electroconvulsive therapy. Extracorporeal shockwave therapyESWT device (EMS Swiss DolorClast)ICD-10-PCS6A93ICD-9-CM98.5 ESWT device Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment using powerful acoustic pulses which is mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics. Medical uses Some of the passed fragments of a 1-cm calcium oxalate stone that was smashed using lithotripsy The most common use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is for lithotripsy to treat kidney stones (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver) using an acoustic pulse. It is also reported to be used for salivary stones and pancreatic stones. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) found that the evidence for ESWT in the majority of indications is conflicting, and therefore ESWT should only be used where there are special arrangements for clinical governance and audit. Two 2017 reviews had similar findings, with moderate level evidence at best. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow, shoulder rotator cuff pain, achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, and greater trochanteric pain syndrome. ESWT is also used to promote bone healing and treat bone necrosis. It is an effective alternative to surgical treatment of non-healing fractures. ESWT is used for wound healing and has shown positive results in short-term and long-term outcomes in diabetic patients with foot ulcers. Randomised controlled trials into the use of ESWT for healing venous leg ulcers are needed as there is a lack of evidence in this area. Procedure The lithotripter attempts to break up the stone with minimal collateral damage by using an externally applied, focused, high-intensity acoustic pulse. The patient is usually sedated or anesthetized for the procedure in order to help them remain still and reduce possible discomfort. Sedation is not required in its application for soft tissue injuries. History Beginning in 1969 and funded by the German Ministry of Defense, Dornier began a study of the effects of shock waves on tissue. In 1972, on the basis of preliminary studies performed by Dornier Medical Systems, an agreement was reached with Egbert Schmiedt, director of the urologic clinic at the University of Munich. The development of the Dornier lithotripter progressed through several prototypes, ultimately culminating in February 1980 with the first treatment of a human by SWL. The production and distribution of the Dornier HM3 lithotripter began in late 1983, and SWL was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1984. In the 1980s people using ESWT for kidney stones noticed that it appeared to increase bone density in nearby bones, leading them to explore it for orthopedic purposes. Research In response to concerns raised by NICE, in 2012 a study called the Assessment of the Effectiveness of ESWT for Soft Tissue Injuries was launched (ASSERT). As of 2018 use of ESWT had been studied as a potential treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in three small studies; there were short term improvements in symptoms and few adverse effects, but the medium term results are unknown, and the results are difficult to generalize due to low quality of the studies. Veterinary use ESWT is commonly used for treating orthopedic problems in horses, including tendon and ligament injuries, kissing spine, navicular syndrome, and arthritis. The evidence for these uses is weak. Physiotherapy use ESWT is used in physical therapy for pain reduction, increase in metabolism at the cellular level, revascularisation, and recovering normal muscle tone following various disorders. The use of ESWT was demonstrated in patients with frozen shoulders compared to therapeutic ultrasound with exercises. Research suggests that ESWT can accelerate the blood flow, facilitating the healing of the inflamed Achilles tendon. In one study involving 23 patients with chronic achilles tendinopathy, 20 reported improvement in their condition and pain scores after ESWT; three saw no change, and none reported any worsening. See also Laser lithotripsy References ^ Wang, Ching-Jen (2012). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 7 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-7-11. PMC 3342893. PMID 22433113. ^ Chung, Bryan; Wiley, J. Preston (2002). "Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy". Sports Medicine. 32 (13): 851–865. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232130-00004. PMID 12392445. S2CID 30387795. ^ Setthawong V, Srisubat A, Potisat S, Lojanapiwat B, Pattanittum P (August 2023). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (8): CD007044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007044.pub4. PMC 10392035. PMID 37526261. ^ "Salivary duct stones". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Hayes JM, Ding SL (September 2012). "Pancreatic stone and treatment using ERCP and ESWL procedures: a case study and review". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 125 (1361): 89–97. PMID 22960720. ^ a b Maffulli G, Hemmings S, Maffulli N (September 2014). "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) For Soft Tissue Injuries (ASSERT): An Online Database Protocol". Translational Medicine @ UniSa. 10: 46–51. PMC 4140430. PMID 25147767. ^ Korakakis V, Whiteley R, Tzavara A, Malliaropoulos N (March 2018). "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (6): 387–407. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347. PMID 28954794. ^ Steuri R, Sattelmayer M, Elsig S, Kolly C, Tal A, Taeymans J, Hilfiker R (September 2017). "Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (18): 1340–1347. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096515. PMC 5574390. PMID 28630217. ^ "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG313. ^ Thiele S, Thiele R, Gerdesmeyer L (December 2015). "Lateral epicondylitis: This is still a main indication for extracorporeal shockwave therapy". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 165–170. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.034. PMID 26455532. ^ "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for calcific tendonitis (tendinopathy) of the shoulder". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. November 2003. IPG21. ^ Louwerens JK, Sierevelt IN, van Noort A, van den Bekerom MP (August 2014). "Evidence for minimally invasive therapies in the management of chronic calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 23 (8): 1240–1249. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.002. PMID 24774621. ^ "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory Achilles tendinopathy". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG312. ^ Wiegerinck JI, Kerkhoffs GM, van Sterkenburg MN, Sierevelt IN, van Dijk CN (June 2013). "Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review". Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 21 (6): 1345–1355. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2219-8. PMID 23052113. S2CID 2214735. ^ "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory plantar fasciitis". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG311. ^ Yin MC, Ye J, Yao M, Cui XJ, Xia Y, Shen QX, et al. (August 2014). "Is extracorporeal shock wave therapy clinical efficacy for relief of chronic, recalcitrant plantar fasciitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95 (8): 1585–1593. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.033. PMID 24662810. ^ "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory greater trochanteric pain syndrome". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. January 2011. IPG376. ^ Cheng JH, Wang CJ (December 2015). "Biological mechanism of shockwave in bone". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 143–146. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.059. PMID 26118613. ^ Kong FR, Liang YJ, Qin SG, Li JJ, Li XL (January 2010). "". Zhongguo Gu Shang = China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (in Chinese). 23 (1): 12–15. PMID 20191955. ^ Wang CJ, Cheng JH, Kuo YR, Schaden W, Mittermayr R (December 2015). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in diabetic foot ulcers". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 207–209. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.024. PMID 26079500. ^ Cooper B, Bachoo P (June 2018). "Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the healing and management of venous leg ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (6): CD011842. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011842.pub2. PMC 6513251. PMID 29889978. ^ "Lithotrypsy" National Kidney Foundation, Accessed February 6, 2017 ^ "Gastroenterology and Urology Devices; Reclassification of the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripter AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS ACTION: Proposed rule". Federal Register (US Government). February 8, 1999. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ a b Chamberlain GA, Colborne GR (2016). "A review of the cellular and molecular effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 29 (2): 99–107. doi:10.3415/VCOT-15-04-0057. PMID 26846274. S2CID 19280257. ^ Franco JV, Turk T, Jung JH, Xiao YT, Iakhno S, Garrote V, Vietto V (May 2018). "Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (5): CD012551. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012551.pub3. PMC 6494451. PMID 29757454. ^ Gündüz R, Malas FÜ, Borman P, Kocaoğlu S, Özçakar L (May 2012). "Physical therapy, corticosteroid injection, and extracorporeal shock wave treatment in lateral epicondylitis. Clinical and ultrasonographical comparison". Clinical Rheumatology. 31 (5): 807–812. doi:10.1007/s10067-012-1939-y. PMID 22278162. S2CID 13109216. ^ Muthukrishnan R, Rashid AA, Al-Alkharji F (July 2019). "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for frozen shoulder in patients with diabetes: randomized control trial". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 31 (7): 493–497. doi:10.1589/jpts.31.493. PMC 6642889. PMID 31417208. ^ Fridman R, Cain JD, Weil L, Weil L (November–December 2008). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathies: a prospective study". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98 (6): 466–468. doi:10.7547/0980466. PMID 19017855. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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For the use of electrical shocks in therapy, see Electroconvulsive therapy.ESWT deviceExtracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment using powerful acoustic pulses which is mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics.[1][2]","title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kidney_stone_fragments.png"},{"link_name":"calcium oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalate"},{"link_name":"lithotripsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotripsy"},{"link_name":"kidney stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"biliary calculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_calculi"},{"link_name":"gallbladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"salivary stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trans-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tennis elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_elbow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"achilles tendinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"plantar fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Some of the passed fragments of a 1-cm calcium oxalate stone that was smashed using lithotripsyThe most common use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is for lithotripsy to treat kidney stones[3] (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver) using an acoustic pulse. It is also reported to be used for salivary stones[4] and pancreatic stones.[5]In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) found that the evidence for ESWT in the majority of indications is conflicting, and therefore ESWT should only be used where there are special arrangements for clinical governance and audit.[6] Two 2017 reviews had similar findings, with moderate level evidence at best.[7][8]Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow,[9][10] shoulder rotator cuff pain,[11][12] achilles tendinitis,[13][14] plantar fasciitis,[15][16] and greater trochanteric pain syndrome.[17]ESWT is also used to promote bone healing and treat bone necrosis.[18] It is an effective alternative to surgical treatment of non-healing fractures.[19]ESWT is used for wound healing and has shown positive results in short-term and long-term outcomes in diabetic patients with foot ulcers.[20] Randomised controlled trials into the use of ESWT for healing venous leg ulcers are needed as there is a lack of evidence in this area.[21]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"sedated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedation"},{"link_name":"anesthetized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The lithotripter attempts to break up the stone with minimal collateral damage by using an externally applied, focused, high-intensity acoustic pulse. The patient is usually sedated or anesthetized for the procedure in order to help them remain still and reduce possible discomfort.[22] Sedation is not required in its application for soft tissue injuries.","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chamberlain2016rev-24"}],"text":"Beginning in 1969 and funded by the German Ministry of Defense, Dornier began a study of the effects of shock waves on tissue. In 1972, on the basis of preliminary studies performed by Dornier Medical Systems, an agreement was reached with Egbert Schmiedt, director of the urologic clinic at the University of Munich. The development of the Dornier lithotripter progressed through several prototypes, ultimately culminating in February 1980 with the first treatment of a human by SWL. The production and distribution of the Dornier HM3 lithotripter began in late 1983, and SWL was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1984.[23]In the 1980s people using ESWT for kidney stones noticed that it appeared to increase bone density in nearby bones, leading them to explore it for orthopedic purposes.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trans-6"},{"link_name":"chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_prostatitis/chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In response to concerns raised by NICE, in 2012 a study called the Assessment of the Effectiveness of ESWT for Soft Tissue Injuries was launched (ASSERT).[6]As of 2018 use of ESWT had been studied as a potential treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in three small studies; there were short term improvements in symptoms and few adverse effects, but the medium term results are unknown, and the results are difficult to generalize due to low quality of the studies.[25]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treating orthopedic problems in horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_equine_lameness#Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy"},{"link_name":"kissing spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_spine"},{"link_name":"navicular syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chamberlain2016rev-24"}],"text":"ESWT is commonly used for treating orthopedic problems in horses, including tendon and ligament injuries, kissing spine, navicular syndrome, and arthritis. The evidence for these uses is weak.[24]","title":"Veterinary use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revascularisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascularisation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"ESWT is used in physical therapy for pain reduction, increase in metabolism at the cellular level, revascularisation, and recovering normal muscle tone following various disorders.[26] The use of ESWT was demonstrated in patients with frozen shoulders compared to therapeutic ultrasound with exercises.[27]Research suggests that ESWT can accelerate the blood flow, facilitating the healing of the inflamed Achilles tendon.[citation needed] In one study involving 23 patients with chronic achilles tendinopathy, 20 reported improvement in their condition and pain scores after ESWT; three saw no change, and none reported any worsening.[28]","title":"Physiotherapy use"}]
[{"image_text":"ESWT device","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fokussiertes_Stosswellen-System.jpg/220px-Fokussiertes_Stosswellen-System.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some of the passed fragments of a 1-cm calcium oxalate stone that was smashed using lithotripsy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kidney_stone_fragments.png/220px-Kidney_stone_fragments.png"}]
[{"title":"Laser lithotripsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_lithotripsy"}]
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Sports Medicine. 32 (13): 851–865. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232130-00004. PMID 12392445. S2CID 30387795.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-200232130-00004","url_text":"10.2165/00007256-200232130-00004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12392445","url_text":"12392445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30387795","url_text":"30387795"}]},{"reference":"Setthawong V, Srisubat A, Potisat S, Lojanapiwat B, Pattanittum P (August 2023). \"Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (8): CD007044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007044.pub4. PMC 10392035. PMID 37526261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007044.pub4","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD007044.pub4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37526261","url_text":"37526261"}]},{"reference":"\"Salivary duct stones\". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001039.htm","url_text":"\"Salivary duct stones\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes JM, Ding SL (September 2012). \"Pancreatic stone and treatment using ERCP and ESWL procedures: a case study and review\". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 125 (1361): 89–97. PMID 22960720.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2012/vol-125-no-1361/cc-hayes","url_text":"\"Pancreatic stone and treatment using ERCP and ESWL procedures: a case study and review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22960720","url_text":"22960720"}]},{"reference":"Maffulli G, Hemmings S, Maffulli N (September 2014). \"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) For Soft Tissue Injuries (ASSERT): An Online Database Protocol\". Translational Medicine @ UniSa. 10: 46–51. PMC 4140430. PMID 25147767.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140430","url_text":"\"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) For Soft Tissue Injuries (ASSERT): An Online Database Protocol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140430","url_text":"4140430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25147767","url_text":"25147767"}]},{"reference":"Korakakis V, Whiteley R, Tzavara A, Malliaropoulos N (March 2018). \"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction\". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (6): 387–407. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347. PMID 28954794.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2016-097347","url_text":"\"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2016-097347","url_text":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28954794","url_text":"28954794"}]},{"reference":"Steuri R, Sattelmayer M, Elsig S, Kolly C, Tal A, Taeymans J, Hilfiker R (September 2017). \"Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs\". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (18): 1340–1347. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096515. PMC 5574390. PMID 28630217.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574390","url_text":"\"Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2016-096515","url_text":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-096515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574390","url_text":"5574390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28630217","url_text":"28630217"}]},{"reference":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow\". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg313","url_text":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow\""}]},{"reference":"Thiele S, Thiele R, Gerdesmeyer L (December 2015). \"Lateral epicondylitis: This is still a main indication for extracorporeal shockwave therapy\". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 165–170. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.034. PMID 26455532.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2015.09.034","url_text":"\"Lateral epicondylitis: This is still a main indication for extracorporeal shockwave therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2015.09.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26455532","url_text":"26455532"}]},{"reference":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for calcific tendonitis (tendinopathy) of the shoulder\". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. November 2003. IPG21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg21","url_text":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for calcific tendonitis (tendinopathy) of the shoulder\""}]},{"reference":"Louwerens JK, Sierevelt IN, van Noort A, van den Bekerom MP (August 2014). \"Evidence for minimally invasive therapies in the management of chronic calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff: a systematic review and meta-analysis\". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 23 (8): 1240–1249. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.002. PMID 24774621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jse.2014.02.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24774621","url_text":"24774621"}]},{"reference":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory Achilles tendinopathy\". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG312.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg312","url_text":"\"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory Achilles tendinopathy\""}]},{"reference":"Wiegerinck JI, Kerkhoffs GM, van Sterkenburg MN, Sierevelt IN, van Dijk CN (June 2013). \"Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review\". Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 21 (6): 1345–1355. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2219-8. PMID 23052113. 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PMID 20191955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20191955","url_text":"20191955"}]},{"reference":"Wang CJ, Cheng JH, Kuo YR, Schaden W, Mittermayr R (December 2015). \"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in diabetic foot ulcers\". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 207–209. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.024. 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Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/020899a.txt","url_text":"\"Gastroenterology and Urology Devices; Reclassification of the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripter AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS ACTION: Proposed rule\""}]},{"reference":"Chamberlain GA, Colborne GR (2016). \"A review of the cellular and molecular effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy\". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 29 (2): 99–107. doi:10.3415/VCOT-15-04-0057. PMID 26846274. 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PMID 22278162. S2CID 13109216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10067-012-1939-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10067-012-1939-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22278162","url_text":"22278162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13109216","url_text":"13109216"}]},{"reference":"Muthukrishnan R, Rashid AA, Al-Alkharji F (July 2019). \"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for frozen shoulder in patients with diabetes: randomized control trial\". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 31 (7): 493–497. doi:10.1589/jpts.31.493. PMC 6642889. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Kasper
Cy Kasper
["1 Head coaching record","1.1 College","2 References","3 External links"]
American football player and coach (1895–1991) Cy KasperBiographical detailsBorn(1895-05-27)May 27, 1895Faribault, Minnesota, U.S.DiedDecember 28, 1991(1991-12-28) (aged 96)Bismarck, North Dakota, U.S.Alma materNotre Dame (1921)Playing career1919–1920Notre Dame1923Rochester Jeffersons Position(s)Fullback, halfbackCoaching career (HC unless noted)1922Faribault HS (MN)1923–1924Alfred1925–1927Columbus (SD)1928–1933South Dakota State Administrative career (AD unless noted)1925–1928Columbus (SD)1928–1933South Dakota State Head coaching recordOverall48–39–4Accomplishments and honorsChampionships2 SDIC (1926–1927)1 NCC (1933) Thomas Cyril "Cy" Kasper (May 27, 1895 – December 28, 1991) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Alfred University in Alfred, New York from 1923 to 1924, Columbus College in Chamberlain, South Dakota from 1925 to 1927, and South Dakota State University from 1928 to 1933. Kasper played college football at the University of Notre Dame from 1919 to 1920 under head coach Knute Rockne. He originally played inter-hall football until being recommended to play varsity football by other football players. Rockne pushed Kasper to take the 1927 head coaching position at the University of Wyoming, but he headed to South Dakota State instead. Kasper was born on May 27, 1895, in Faribault, Minnesota, where he attended Shattuck Preparatory School. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the United States Army in 1917 and served overseas during World War I with the 88th Infantry Division. During his time in the service, he played on the Camp Dodge basketball team coached by John L. Griffith and played football for the 88th Division team with Frank McCormick and Obe Wenig. Kasper died on December 28, 1991, in Bismarck, North Dakota. Head coaching record College Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Alfred Saxons (Independent) (1923–1924) 1923 Alfred 1–7 1924 Alfred 1–6 Alfred: 2–13 Columbus Mariners (South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference) (1925–1927) 1925 Columbus 5–2 4–1 3rd 1926 Columbus 4–2–1 4–0 T–1st 1927 Columbus 7–0 5–0 T–1st Columbus: 16–4–1 13–1 South Dakota State Jackrabbits (North Central Conference) (1928–1933) 1928 South Dakota State 9–1 3–1 2nd 1929 South Dakota State 5–4–1 2–1–1 2nd 1930 South Dakota State 2–6–1 1–3 4th 1931 South Dakota State 6–3 2–2 T–2nd 1932 South Dakota State 2–5–1 1–2–1 4th 1933 South Dakota State 6–3 4–0 1st South Dakota State: 30–22–3 13–9–2 Total: 48–39–4       National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth References ^ "Columbus Mentor Recommended For Head Coach At S. D. State College". Mitchell Evening Republican. April 13, 1928. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "The University of Notre Dame du Lac" (PDF). University of Notre Dame. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ Cavanaugh, Jack (September 10, 2010). The Gipper: George Gipp, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781628731125. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ Sperber, Murray A. (2002). Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253215684. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ ""Cy" Kasper Is Selected For Athletic Director Of State College". The Daily Argus-Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. April 13, 1928. p. 9. Retrieved April 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Thomas Kasper". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. December 30, 1991. p. 9. Retrieved June 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com . External links Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference Cy Kasper at Find a Grave vteAlfred Saxons head football coaches George Hill (1895) Leonard Whitfield (1896) Walter Greene (1897–1901) Ernest Schaible (1902) Gordon B. Frost (1903–1904) John M. Reed (1905) Reginald G. Cowan (1906) Lewis Sage (1907) J. Edward Teiper (1908) Dalton Sarvey (1909) Arthur Cottrell (1910) Lester Dittemore (1911) Hubert Colton (1912–1913) Richard Farr (1914) Edwin Sweetland (1915–1917) Military officers (1918) Edwin Sweetland (1919) Al Wesbecher (1920–1922) Cy Kasper (1923–1924) Ernest R. Miller (1925) Erwin A. Heers (1926–1929) John Galloway (1930–1934) John Cox (1935–1936) Alex Yunevich (1937–1941) No team (1942–1945) Alex Yunevich (1946–1976) Sam Sanders (1977–1984) Jim Moretti (1985–1997) Dave Murray (1998–2013) Bob Rankl (2014– ) vteSouth Dakota State Jackrabbits athletic directors Jason M. Saunderson (1908–1910) Harry W. Ewing (1912–1913) Charles A. West (?–1928) Cy Kasper (1928–1933) Red Threlfall (c. 1935) Thurlo McCrady (1941–1947) R. B. Frost (1947–1960) Axel Bundgaard (1961–1965) Stanley Marshall (1965–1980) Harry Forsyth (1980– ) Fred Oien (1990–2009) Mylo Hellickson # (2009) Justin Sell (2009– ) # denotes interim athletic director vteSouth Dakota State Jackrabbits head football coaches Unknown (1889) No team (1890–1896) Unknown (1897–1898) John H. Wheeler (1899) Unknown (1900) Bert H. Morrison (1901) Leon L. Gilkey (1902) Unknown (1903) J. Harrison Werner (1904) William Blaine (1905) William Juneau (1906–1907) Jason M. Saunderson (1908–1910) Fred Johnson (1911) Harry W. Ewing (1912–1917) No team (1918) Charles A. West (1919–1927) Cy Kasper (1928–1933) Red Threlfall (1934–1937) Jack V. Barnes (1938–1940) Thurlo McCrady (1941–1942) No team (1943) Thurlo McCrady (1944–1946) Ralph Ginn (1947–1968) Dave Kragthorpe (1969) Dean Pryor (1970–1971) John Gregory (1972–1981) Wayne Haensel (1982–1990) Mike Daly (1991–1996) John Stiegelmeier (1997–2022) Jimmy Rogers (2023– ) vte1919 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—national champions 21 Hunk Anderson 66 George Gipp Eddie Anderson Leonard Bahan Norman Barry Dutch Bergman Joe Brandy Fod Cotton Frank Coughlin Cy Kasper Roger Kiley Bernard Kirk Slip Madigan Grover Malone Harry Mehre John Mohardt Buck Shaw Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith Fritz Slackford George Trafton Earl Walsh Chet A. Wynne Head coach: Knute Rockne Assistant coach: Gus Dorais *selected national champion by NCF vte1920 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—national champions 21 Hunk Anderson 66 George Gipp Eddie Anderson Norman Barry Joe Brandy Fod Cotton Frank Coughlin Chet Grant Cy Kasper Roger Kiley Harry Mehre John Mohardt Eugene Oberst Bob Phelan Buck Shaw Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith Earl Walsh Chet A. Wynne Head coach: Knute Rockne
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med_people
Med people
["1 Origin","2 Social organization","3 See also","4 References"]
Not to be confused with Medes.Sindhi fishing community The Med, Medh or Meid (Sindhi: مَيدَ) are an indigenous Sindhi fishermen community found in the coastal areas of Balochistan, Pakistan, mainly in the regions of Makran, Las Bela, Hub and southern Sindh, and the Makran region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran. It is said that they are descendants of Ham Origin The Meds are an ancient community of Sindh and Balochistan, being mentioned by Arab, Persian and Greek writers, the Arabs have written meds as "Maid or Meo". Al-Biladuri and Ibn Hawqal mentions two Sindhi tribes "Zutts (Jats) and 'Meds". He says that the Meds are water dwellers and notorious dacoits, seafarers and pirates, living on the banks of the Indus. In the Chachnama chronicles the meds are written as one of major community of Sindhi people of ancient Sindh. The Greek wrote about a community as Ichthyophagi which also represents modern Med people. According to their own tribal traditions, the Med originate from Gandava in the Kacchi region of Balochistan. It is likely that the Med are one of the earliest settlers of the Makran coast, and this is reinforced by the fact that the Meds are mentioned in the chronicle of ancient Sindh, the Chachnama, as one of the tribes that inhabited coastal Balochistan. The Med speak Makrani dialect of Balochi and Jadgali languages. The Med consider themselves as Baloch. However, in both Makran and Las Bela, they are seen as a distinct tribe by both the Sindhi and Baloch. Some tribes of Mohana community of Sindh and southern Punjab claim to be of Med origin. Social organization In Lasbela District they are found mainly in the cities of Miani and Ormara, and villages in between these towns, while in Makran they are found in the cities of Gwadar and Sonmiani, and also in the villages in between. The Med are divided into four clans, the Chilmarzai, who claim descent from the Sindhi Numrio tribe of Sindh, the Jalalzai and Gazbur, who claim Baloch ancestry and then finally the Olmari who claim Pashtun ancestry. This suggests that the Med community is of diverse origin, absorbing different groups which migrated to Makran. In recent times, the Med have absorbed groups of African ancestry such as the Siddi. Meds are Muslims and like many other Makran communities, they are also divided along sectarian lines. Many Gwadar Meds belong to the Zikri sect while the vast majority of Meds are Sunni Hanafis. Along coastal Balochistan, fishing is entirely in the hands of the Med, with an individual fishing boat owned by a particular lineage. The Med also form an important element within the Baloch population of Karachi. In Iran, the Med settlements cling to the coastline of the Makran region of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan. They are largely engaged in fishing, but some of their settlements on the banks of the various seasonal streams also engage in agriculture. The Med have vague traditions which are said to be originated in Sindh, but now they consider themselves and are looked to by others as Baloch. Like other Iranian Baloch, the Med are Sunni, as distinct from the majority in Iran, who are Shia. See also Mohana Sindhi Sammat Sindhi Jats Sindhi Rajputs References ^ a b Khushalani, Gobind (2006). Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh. Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 978-81-85002-68-2. Meds: One of the old tribes of Sindh. ^ Coastal Makran as Corridor to the Indian Ocean World by Sabir Badalkhan in Eurasian Studies (2002): 1/2 pp 257-262 ^ Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (2005). ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا (in Sindhi). p. 782. ^ Nomadism in Baluchistan by Brian Spooner in Pastoralists and nomads in South Asia by Lawrence S Leshnik pages 172 & 175 ISBN 3-447-01552-7 ^ The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India. Originals. 2004. ISBN 978-81-88629-51-0. On the authority of Ibn-Hauqal, we know with certainity that the Indian races like Mede and Zutt were the inhabitants of the country lying between Mansura and Makran... ^ "Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/138 - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-06-19. ^ Allānā, G̲h̲ulām ʻAlī (1986). Sindi Culture: A Preliminary Survey. Indus Publications. p. 3. ^ Malik, Jamal (2020-04-06). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-42271-1. Med and Jat, the two major groups inhabiting Sindh. The Med were known for their piracy and were considered robbers... ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0. ^ The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 2001. p. 42. The Arab history states that in the Arabian countries, many Indians resided with the name of Zatt (Jat), Med (Meo), Takakra (Thakur) etc. ^ Saḥrāʼī, Tāju (2012). Lake Manchar: The Most Ancient Seat of Sindhu Cultures. Culture Department, Government of Sindh. p. 42. ^ Tate, George Passman (1912). Seistan: A Memoir on the History, Topography, Ruins, and People of the Country, in Four Parts. Superintendent government printing. p. 378. ^ Bukhari, Mastoor Fatima. ""Development of Buddhism and its Cultural Influence on the Religious Beliefs and Practices of Successive Periods in Sindh"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-02-22. ^ Bellew, Henry Walter (1891). An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891). Oriental Univ. Inst. p. 182. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-11. ^ Conservatism and Change in Desert Feudalism: The Case of Southern Baluchistan by Carroll Pastner pages 247 to 260 in The nomadic alternative : modes and models of interaction in the African-Asian deserts and steppes / edited by W. Weissleder The Hague : Mouton, 1978 ^ Balochistan District Gazetteer Makran pages 105 to 107 ^ Coastal Makran as Corridor to the Indian Ocean World by Sabir Badalkhan in Eurasian Studies (2002): 1/2 pp 257-262 ^ Conservatism and Change in Desert Feudalism: The Case of Southern Baluchistan by Carroll Pastner pages 247 to 260 in The nomadic alternative : modes and models of interaction in the African-Asian deserts and steppes / edited by W. Weissleder The Hague : Mouton, 1978 ^ Balochistan District Gazetteer Makran pages 105 to 107 ^ Nomadism in Baluchistan by Brian Spooner in Pastoralists and nomads in South Asia by Lawrence S Leshnik pages 172 & 175 ISBN 3-447-01552-7
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"fishermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"Las Bela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District"},{"link_name":"Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_District"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Medes.Sindhi fishing communityThe Med, Medh or Meid (Sindhi: مَيدَ) are an indigenous Sindhi fishermen community[1] found in the coastal areas of Balochistan, Pakistan, mainly in the regions of Makran, Las Bela, Hub and southern Sindh,[2][3] and the Makran region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran.[4][5] It is said that they are descendants of Ham[6]","title":"Med people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Al-Biladuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hawqal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal"},{"link_name":"Zutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD"},{"link_name":"Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats"},{"link_name":"Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chachnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chach_Nama"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ichthyophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophagi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kach_Gandava"},{"link_name":"Kacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachhi_District"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Chachnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chach_Nama"},{"link_name":"Makrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrani_dialect"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"Jadgali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadgali_language"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"Las Bela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"Mohana community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohana_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Meds are an ancient community of Sindh and Balochistan,[7][8] being mentioned by Arab, Persian and Greek writers,[9] the Arabs have written meds as \"Maid or Meo\".[10] Al-Biladuri and Ibn Hawqal mentions two Sindhi tribes \"Zutts (Jats) and 'Meds\". He says that the Meds are water dwellers and notorious dacoits, seafarers and pirates, living on the banks of the Indus.[11][12] In the Chachnama chronicles the meds are written as one of major community of Sindhi people of ancient Sindh.[1][13] The Greek wrote about a community as Ichthyophagi which also represents modern Med people.[14][15] According to their own tribal traditions, the Med originate from Gandava in the Kacchi region of Balochistan. It is likely that the Med are one of the earliest settlers of the Makran coast, and this is reinforced by the fact that the Meds are mentioned in the chronicle of ancient Sindh, the Chachnama, as one of the tribes that inhabited coastal Balochistan. The Med speak Makrani dialect of Balochi and Jadgali languages. The Med consider themselves as Baloch. However, in both Makran and Las Bela, they are seen as a distinct tribe by both the Sindhi and Baloch. Some tribes of Mohana community of Sindh and southern Punjab claim to be of Med origin.[16][17]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lasbela District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District"},{"link_name":"Ormara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormara"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar"},{"link_name":"Sonmiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_Beach"},{"link_name":"Numrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numria_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"Siddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddi"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar"},{"link_name":"Zikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikri"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Hanafis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Iranian Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In Lasbela District they are found mainly in the cities of Miani and Ormara, and villages in between these towns, while in Makran they are found in the cities of Gwadar and Sonmiani, and also in the villages in between. The Med are divided into four clans, the Chilmarzai, who claim descent from the Sindhi Numrio tribe of Sindh, the Jalalzai and Gazbur, who claim Baloch ancestry and then finally the Olmari who claim Pashtun ancestry. This suggests that the Med community is of diverse origin, absorbing different groups which migrated to Makran. In recent times, the Med have absorbed groups of African ancestry such as the Siddi. Meds are Muslims and like many other Makran communities, they are also divided along sectarian lines. Many Gwadar Meds belong to the Zikri sect while the vast majority of Meds are Sunni Hanafis.[18] Along coastal Balochistan, fishing is entirely in the hands of the Med, with an individual fishing boat owned by a particular lineage. The Med also form an important element within the Baloch population of Karachi.[19][20]In Iran, the Med settlements cling to the coastline of the Makran region of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan. They are largely engaged in fishing, but some of their settlements on the banks of the various seasonal streams also engage in agriculture. The Med have vague traditions which are said to be originated in Sindh, but now they consider themselves and are looked to by others as Baloch. Like other Iranian Baloch, the Med are Sunni, as distinct from the majority in Iran, who are Shia.[21]","title":"Social organization"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohana_(community)"},{"title":"Sindhi Sammat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Sammat"},{"title":"Sindhi Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Jats"},{"title":"Sindhi Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_Rajputs&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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On the authority of Ibn-Hauqal, we know with certainity that the Indian races like Mede and Zutt were the inhabitants of the country lying between Mansura and Makran...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=med+tribe+makran","url_text":"The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88629-51-0","url_text":"978-81-88629-51-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/138 - Wikisource, the free online library\". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/138","url_text":"\"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/138 - Wikisource, the free online library\""}]},{"reference":"Allānā, G̲h̲ulām ʻAlī (1986). Sindi Culture: A Preliminary Survey. Indus Publications. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UuttAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+tribes","url_text":"Sindi Culture: A Preliminary Survey"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Jamal (2020-04-06). Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-42271-1. Med and Jat, the two major groups inhabiting Sindh. The Med were known for their piracy and were considered robbers...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=med+tribe+sindh&pg=PA42","url_text":"Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42271-1","url_text":"978-90-04-42271-1"}]},{"reference":"Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&q=med+&pg=PA85","url_text":"History of Civilizations of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1408-0","url_text":"978-81-208-1408-0"}]},{"reference":"The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 2001. p. 42. The Arab history states that in the Arabian countries, many Indians resided with the name of Zatt (Jat), Med (Meo), Takakra (Thakur) etc.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo8MAQAAMAAJ&q=takakra","url_text":"The Panjab Past and Present"}]},{"reference":"Saḥrāʼī, Tāju (2012). Lake Manchar: The Most Ancient Seat of Sindhu Cultures. Culture Department, Government of Sindh. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqPM5cClo68C&q=sindhi+tribes","url_text":"Lake Manchar: The Most Ancient Seat of Sindhu Cultures"}]},{"reference":"Tate, George Passman (1912). Seistan: A Memoir on the History, Topography, Ruins, and People of the Country, in Four Parts. Superintendent government printing. p. 378.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eItEAQAAMAAJ&q=Sind&pg=PA368","url_text":"Seistan: A Memoir on the History, Topography, Ruins, and People of the Country, in Four Parts"}]},{"reference":"Bukhari, Mastoor Fatima. \"\"Development of Buddhism and its Cultural Influence on the Religious Beliefs and Practices of Successive Periods in Sindh\"\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001737/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/3253H.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Development of Buddhism and its Cultural Influence on the Religious Beliefs and Practices of Successive Periods in Sindh\"\""},{"url":"http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/3253H.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bellew, Henry Walter (1891). An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891). Oriental Univ. Inst. p. 182.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fAkEAAAAMAAJ&dq=jadgal+tribes&pg=PA182","url_text":"An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891)"}]},{"reference":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History\". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/arrian-bookviii-india.asp","url_text":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Garabedian
Paul Garabedian
["1 Education and career","2 Honors and awards","3 Books","4 References","5 External links"]
Paul R. GarabedianPaul GarabedianBorn(1927-08-02)August 2, 1927Cincinnati, OhioDiedMay 13, 2010(2010-05-13) (aged 82)Manhattan, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materBrown UniversityHarvard UniversityScientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesThesisSchwarz's lemma and the Szegő kernel functions (1948)Doctoral advisorLars Ahlfors Paul Roesel Garabedian (August 2, 1927 – May 13, 2010) was a mathematician and numerical analyst. Garabedian was the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. He is known for his contributions to the fields of computational fluid dynamics and plasma physics, which ranged from elegant existence proofs for potential theory and conformal mappings to the design and optimization of stellarators. Garabedian was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1975. Education and career Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Garabedian received a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1946 and a master's degree from the Harvard University in 1947, both in mathematics. He received his Ph.D., also from Harvard University, in 1948 under the direction of Lars Ahlfors. It was at Brown University that he met his longtime colleague and collaborator, Frances Bauer. In 1949 Garabedian joined the faculty at the University of California as an Assistant Professor and became Associate Professor in 1952. In 1956, he moved to Stanford University as a Professor of mathematics. In 1959 he moved to the Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. In 1978 he was appointed the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. In a long and fruitful academic career, Garabedian supervised 27 Ph.D. theses. The first was in 1953 (Edward McLeod) and the last came in 1997 (Connie Chen). Honors and awards Sloan Fellowship, 1961–63 Guggenheim Fellowship, 1966 Fairchild Distinguished Scholar Caltech, 1975 NASA Public Service Group Achievement Award by NASA Langley Research Center, 1976 Boris Pregel Award, New York Academy of Sciences, 1980 Birkhoff Prize of the AMS and SIAM, 1983 Theodore von Kármán Prize, SIAM, 1989 Books Partial Differential Equations, 2nd ed., Chelsea Pub. Co. (1998). ISBN 0-8218-1377-3 Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium and Stability of Stellarators, with F. Bauer and O. Betancourt. Springer-Verlag (1984). ISBN 0-387-90966-4 Supercritical Wing Sections II, with F. Bauer, D. Korn and A. Jameson. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag (1975), ISBN 0-387-07029-X. References ^ "NYU > Courant Institute > Announcements". cims.nyu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-05-19. ^ Paul Garabedian at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences ^ Garabedian, P. R.; Schiffer, M. (1950). "On existence theorems of potential theory and conformal mapping". Annals of Mathematics. 52 (1): 164–187. doi:10.2307/1969517. JSTOR 1969517. ^ "Archive (1995-present)". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ "National Academy of Sciences". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2009-10-31. ^ "In Memory Of ..." American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 26 June 2010. ^ Interview with Paul Garabedian ^ Paul Roesel Garabedian - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Archived 2011-06-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "George David Birkhoff Prize in Applied Mathematics". American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2009-11-02. ^ Abstract of Supercritical Wing Sections II External links Garabedian's Curriculum Vitae Paul Garabedian at the Mathematics Genealogy Project New York Times obituary Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"numerical analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"computational fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"plasma physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics"},{"link_name":"existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_theorem"},{"link_name":"proofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"potential theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_theory"},{"link_name":"conformal mappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_mapping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"stellarators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellarator"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Paul Roesel Garabedian (August 2, 1927 – May 13, 2010) was a mathematician and numerical analyst.[1] Garabedian was the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University.[2] He is known for his contributions to the fields of computational fluid dynamics and plasma physics, which ranged from elegant existence proofs for potential theory and conformal mappings[3] to the design and optimization of stellarators.[4] Garabedian was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1975.[5]","title":"Paul Garabedian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Lars Ahlfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frances Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Fluid_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences"}],"text":"Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Garabedian received a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1946 and a master's degree from the Harvard University in 1947, both in mathematics. He received his Ph.D., also from Harvard University, in 1948 under the direction of Lars Ahlfors.[6] It was at Brown University that he met his longtime colleague and collaborator, Frances Bauer.[7]In 1949 Garabedian joined the faculty at the University of California as an Assistant Professor and became Associate Professor in 1952. In 1956, he moved to Stanford University as a Professor of mathematics. In 1959 he moved to the Institute of Mathematical Sciences [later renamed the Courant Institute] at New York University. In 1978 he was appointed the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. In a long and fruitful academic career, Garabedian supervised 27 Ph.D. theses. The first was in 1953 (Edward McLeod) and the last came in 1997 (Connie Chen).","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sloan Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"NASA Langley Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Boris Pregel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pregel"},{"link_name":"New York Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Birkhoff Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhoff_Prize"},{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"SIAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Kármán Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_Prize"},{"link_name":"SIAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics"}],"text":"Sloan Fellowship, 1961–63\nGuggenheim Fellowship, 1966[8]\nFairchild Distinguished Scholar Caltech, 1975\nNASA Public Service Group Achievement Award by NASA Langley Research Center, 1976\nBoris Pregel Award, New York Academy of Sciences, 1980\nBirkhoff Prize of the AMS and SIAM, 1983[9]\nTheodore von Kármán Prize, SIAM, 1989","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8218-1377-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-1377-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-90966-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90966-4"},{"link_name":"D. Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Korn_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"A. Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Jameson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-07029-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-07029-X"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Partial Differential Equations, 2nd ed., Chelsea Pub. Co. (1998). ISBN 0-8218-1377-3\nMagnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium and Stability of Stellarators, with F. Bauer and O. Betancourt. Springer-Verlag (1984). ISBN 0-387-90966-4\nSupercritical Wing Sections II, with F. Bauer, D. Korn and A. Jameson. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag (1975), ISBN 0-387-07029-X.[10]","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Perth
Buses in Perth
["1 History","1.1 Privatisation","1.2 21st century","2 Routes","2.1 Central Area Transit","2.2 High frequency routes","2.3 CircleRoute","2.4 Event services","3 Stations","4 Fleet","5 Ticketing","6 Contractors","7 Depots","8 Patronage","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 Further reading"]
Public transport system serving Perth, Western Australia This article is about buses in Perth, Western Australia. For buses in Perth, Scotland, see Public transport in Perth and Kinross § Bus. Buses in PerthFrom top left to bottom right: a Volvo B8RLE, a Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE operating the Fremantle CAT, a Volvo B7RLE operating the Perth CAT, a Volvo B8RLEA articulated busOverviewOwnerPublic Transport AuthorityLocalePerth, Mandurah and surroundsTransit typeBusNumber of stations37 bus-train interchanges14 bus-only stationsAnnual ridership69,381,824 (year to June 2023)HeadquartersPublic Transport CentreOperationOperator(s)Path Transit (1996–present)Swan Transit (1996–present)Transdev WA (1996–present)MTT (1958–1998)Various (before 1964)Number of vehicles1,573 as of June 2023 Buses in Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, are run under the Transperth brand. The system is owned and managed by the Public Transport Authority and operations are contracted out to private operators: Swan Transit, Path Transit and Transdev. The Transperth system has 38 bus stations, 30 of which are integrated with train stations. With 69,381,824 boardings in the year to June 2023, it is the fourth busiest bus system in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. History The first private bus operator began in Perth in 1903. In order to protect the railways, the state government passed the Transport Co-ordination Act in 1934, forcing road transport operators to obtain a licence to transport passengers or goods. The licencing board generally permitted bus operators to continue operating, but with restrictions on when the buses could operate to reduce competition with trains. This act remained in force until 1959. The first commercially successful bus companies were set up by returning soldiers following World War I. Trolleybuses were introduced in 1933 as a supplement to the existing Perth tram network. Investment in buses fell during and after World War II, leading the buses to become run-down. Car ownership became more common as well, and these factors caused bus patronage to fall following 1950. In 1957, the Parliament of Western Australia passed the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust Act. The act was assented on 10 December that year and on 15 January 1958, the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust was formed under the trading name Metropolitan Transport Trust, or MTT for short. The act called for the MTT "to provide, maintain, protect and manage … efficient passenger transport facilities." The MTT commenced operations on 31 August 1958. The first two private operators the MTT acquired were Metro Buses and Beam Transport. Later in 1958, Carlisle Bus Service, Kalamunda Bus Service and United Buses were acquired. In early 1959, Emu Buses was acquired. No further acquisitions were in the 1959–60 financial year, but negotiations commenced for the acquisition of the WA Government Tramways and Ferries, the Fremantle Municipal Transport Board, the Riverton Bus Service, and the Coogee-Spearwood Bus Company. Concession fares for pensioners and ex-service people were introduced. The following financial year, the MTT acquired the aforementioned agencies and companies. By this point, the MTT owned 26 different engine models which resulted in high maintenance and repair costs, so the MTT adopted a fleet standardisation policy. The MTT acquired the North Beach Bus Company in October 1961 and in April 1962, it acquired the Scarborough Bus Service. The MTT took over the operation of the Perth to Wanneroo bus service from Metro Tours in June 1964. Bus-ferry transfers were introduced in 1964–65, which allowed transfers between the two modes with no additional cost to the passenger. This resulted in an increase in patronage on the ferry services from the Barrack Street Jetty to the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth. Diesel buses started to take over the trolleybus routes as well that financial year. On 30 August 1969, the last trolleybuses ran, making Perth the last city in Australia where trolleybuses operated.: 8  In 1972–73, the first bus stations opened in Perth. A bus station in Morley opened in August 1972 and Wellington Street bus station opened in March 1973. These bus stations were part of a plan to build a ring of bus stations in suburban locations around Perth near shopping centres, operate feeder buses to the bus stations, where passengers could then transfer to mainline buses to the Perth central business district (CBD). Express buses would also operate between suburban bus stations and the Perth CBD during peak periods. More of these bus stations would open over the following years, including Karrinyup in September 1974, Rockingham in November 1974, Kwinana in 1975–76, Booragoon in September 1976, Innaloo in January 1977, and Mirrabooka in September 1979. In June 1980, Kelmscott railway station was redeveloped to incorporate a bus station on the railway platform for convenient transfers. Rockingham bus station was relocated to a new site in May 1981, Warwick bus station opened in March 1982, and Kalamunda bus station opened in September 1982. In September 1973, the MTT introduced the City Clipper services, which were free bus routes which ran within the Perth CBD and are predecessors to the Perth Central Area Transit (CAT) routes. In 1974, the MTT assumed control of Perth's suburban rail services, making all public transport in Perth under the control of one organisation for the first time. A common fare system between the trains and the buses was introduced for the first time that year. The new fare system meant many patrons got cheaper travel, in particular those who travelled long distances, and it reduced operating costs and helped to speed up services. Free return journeys within two hours were also facilitated by the new system. Smoking was banned on all MTT buses in May 1975, making the MTT Australia's first public transport operator to do so. The MTT adopted Transperth as its trading name on 31 August 1986. Elizabeth Quay bus station Kwinana Freeway bus on ramp at Canning Bridge railway station. The station was initially a bus station before being converted to a railway station when the Mandurah line was constructed. Construction on the Perth City Busport (now called Elizabeth Quay bus station) began in July 1988. As part of the busport, a 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) busway was constructed down the median of the Kwinana Freeway between the busport and Canning Bridge. The busway opened in November 1989. The Perth City Busport officially opened in November 1991. The Kwinana Freeway busway was extended by 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to Mount Henry Bridge in 1991 as well. The Northern Suburbs Transit System fully opened in March 1993 as the Joondalup line. Bus routes in the northern suburbs were reorganised so that they fed in to the Joondalup line. In June 1994, the new Morley bus station opened. Privatisation In 1993, planning and coordination of public transport was transferred from the MTT to the Department of Transport, whilst the operation of the system remained with the MTT. In September 1993, Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced plans to privatise the operation of Transperth bus services, following a recommendation given by a report written by the Commission to Review Public Sector Finances. The MTT would be corporatized and compete with the private sector to win contracts for the operation of Transperth services. This was planned to reduce the cost of operating the system whilst retaining the existing level of service. The system would remain an integrated system under the Transperth brand and the government would retain control of route planning, timetabling and fares as well as own all buses and infrastructure for the time being. The bus system was divided into 15 contract areas, with nine of these being put to tender in 1995 and 1996. The MTT was renamed MetroBus in February 1995 as part of its corporatization, and in July 1995, MetroBus was named the preferred tenderer for the operation of buses in the Joondalup North and Armadale South contract areas. The contract for those areas was signed in November 1995, with a length of five years. Swan Transit became the first private operator, being awarded a seven-year contract to operate buses in the Midland contract area in January 1996. Further contracts were awarded in September 1996, with Southern Coast Transit becoming the operator for the Rockingham contract area, Swan Transit becoming the operator for the Southern River and Canning contract areas, and Path Transit becoming the operator for the Marmion and Wanneroo contract areas. Contracts awarded in 1995–1996 Operator Contract area Date Term MetroBus Armadale South November 1995 5 years Joondalup North Swan Transit Midland January 1996 7 years MetroBus CAT June 1996 3 years Southern Coast Transit Rockingham September 1996 7 years Swan Transit Southern River 6 years Canning Path Transit Marmion 7 years Wanneroo The transport minister announced in October 1997 plans to tender out the operation of the remaining contract areas by July 1998. The Joondalup North, Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas had a restricted tender process where they were offered only to the three existing Transperth private sector operators. The Joondalup North contract area was awarded to Path Transit and the Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas were awarded to Swan Transit by December 1997. The remaining contract areas had a public tender process and all contracts areas were planned to be privately operated by July 1998. Southern Coast Transit was awarded the contracts for Fremantle, Cockburn and the CAT system; Connex WA was awarded the contracts for the Belmont and Claremont contract areas, and Path Transit was awarded the contract for the Morley contract area. These contracts commenced in July 1998, and so MetroBus no longer operated buses as of that month. The bus contracting model used in Perth has since been used in Singapore. Curtin University bus station opened on 17 November 1999, built at a cost of $1.5 million and jointly funded by Curtin University and the state government. 21st century Connex WA was purchased by Swan Transit in 2002, leaving the Transperth bus system with three operators. The Public Transport Authority (PTA) was formed on 1 July 2003, taking over from the Department of Transport as the owner and manager of the Transperth system. Bus interchange at Murdoch railway station on the Mandurah line The Mandurah line opened on 23 December 2007, which resulting in a radical redrawing of bus routes in the southern suburbs so that they feed into the Mandurah line stations, which all had bus interchanges. Perth Busport underground waiting area As part of the Perth City Link project, Wellington Street bus station was closed on 27 January 2014 and replaced by the temporary Roe Street bus station so that the underground Perth Busport could be constructed in the Wellington Street bus station's place. Perth Busport began operations on 17 July 2017, replacing Roe Street bus station. The busport cost $217 million and features dynamic stand allocation to increase capacity. Perth Stadium bus station opened at the start of 2018. It was built to serve Perth Stadium and services only operate during stadium events. Curtin Central bus station, at Curtin University, opened on 17 February 2019 to supplement Curtin University bus station and service a new transit-oriented development. On 3 November 2019, Henley Brook bus station opened and Ellenbrook transfer station closed. Routes Main article: List of bus routes in Perth, Western Australia Transperth has 281 standard routes, 270 school bus routes and nine Central Area Transit (CAT) routes. Central Area Transit A Volvo B7RLE operating a Perth CAT Main article: Perth Central Area Transit Central Area Transit (CAT) buses operate in the Perth CBD and Joondalup. CAT buses are free. Perth CAT buses are funded by a parking levy on non-residential parking bays in the City of Perth. Joondalup CAT buses are funded by the City of Joondalup and Edith Cowan University and only operate on weekdays. There were Fremantle CAT buses which were funded by the City of Fremantle and the PTA. On September 30th 2023, the Fremantle CAT was withdrawn. High frequency routes High frequency bus routes are numbered in the 900s. The minimum frequencies required for a high frequency route are every 15 minutes between 7 am and 7 pm on weekdays, every 15 minutes between 8 am and 7 pm on Saturdays, and every 15 minutes between 9 am and 7 pm on Sundays. High frequency routes have different coloured timetables to distinguish them from regular routes. A Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE CNG-powered bus operating route 950, the busiest bus route in Perth The first high frequency bus route in Perth was the 950, running from Morley bus station to Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre via Beaufort Street, the Perth CBD and the University of Western Australia. This route started operating on 27 January 2014, replacing several existing routes and allowing people to go from the route's northern and southern legs without transferring to a different bus route. At its most frequent, the 950 runs every one to four minutes, making it Perth's most frequent bus route. By May 2014, the 950 had 17,000 daily riders, 2,000 more than expected, and within the first year of operating, the 950 had 3.7 million total boardings, 1 million more than the bus routes the 950 replaced. By July 2014, peak hour bus lanes had been completed along Beaufort Street between Bulwer Street and Grand Promenade. More bus lanes were built along Mounts Bay Road in 2015, further speeding up the 950. In a customer satisfaction survey, it was found that passengers on the 950 were the most satisfied out of any Transperth bus route excluding CAT bus routes, with 94 percent satisfaction. In August 2017, a free wi-fi trial commenced for two buses used on the 950. On 9 October 2016, route 960 was introduced, running between Curtin University and Mirrabooka bus station via the Perth CBD and Edith Cowan University in Mount Lawley. The 960 replaced two previous routes and was made possible by new $1.4 million bus lanes along Fitzgerald Street. Route 970 also started on the same day as the 960, running between Perth Busport and Mirrabooka bus station via Flinders Street. Route Date introduced Routes replaced 910 11 October 2015 105, 106 915 19 July 2020 501 930 31 January 2016 210, 211, 212 935 7 August 2016 37 940 10 October 2022 40 950 27 January 2014 21, 22, 78, 79 960 9 October 2016 885, 888 970 9 October 2016 870 980 13 November 2022 60 990 4 May 2014 400, 408 995 18 July 2021 102, 107 CircleRoute Main article: CircleRoute The CircleRoute (routes 998 and 999) are a pair of bus routes that form a circuit around Perth's inner suburbs, linking railway stations, universities, hospitals and shopping centres and making journeys without going to the Perth CBD easier. The first section of the CircleRoute was between Fremantle station and Oats Street station, launching on 16 February 1998. By March 1998, over 4,000 people were using the CircleRoute per day. The complete CircleRoute launched on 22 February 1999. By April 1999, an average of 8,500 people were using the CircleRoute per weekday. In December 2000, the CircleRoute started running seven days per week. As of March 2017, the two CircleRoute routes were the second and third busiest Transperth bus routes. Event services Perth Stadium bus station viewed from Perth Stadium Transperth provides event services to and from Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium) before and after events. Event bus services link Perth Stadium bus station to the Perth CBD, Karrinyup bus station, Mirrabooka bus station, Morley bus station, Ellenbrook town centre via Bassendean station, Kalamunda bus station via High Wycombe station, Canning Vale, Curtin University bus station, Booragoon bus station via Canning Bridge station, and Fremantle station via Canning Bridge station. The Perth Stadium bus station is designed to move 14,300 passengers by bus within one hour after an event at the stadium out of the total stadium capacity of 60,000 people. Stations Main article: List of Transperth bus stations Transperth has fourteen bus-only stations and 37 bus-train interchange stations. Fleet At the end of the 2022–23 financial year, there were 1573 Transperth buses, of which 1210 were diesel powered, 359 were powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), and four were battery powered. These buses were manufactured by Volvo and Mercedes-Benz and the bodies were manufactured by Volgren in Malaga, Western Australia. All buses purchased since 1999 have been low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible. From 2010, Transperth has purchased Euro 5 compliant buses, and more recently, Euro 6 compliant buses. Transperth received its first natural gas-powered bus in June 1993. By April 1998, there were 46 gas buses in the fleet. In January 1999, Transperth received the first of 848 new low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible Mercedes-Benz buses, supplied by DaimlerChrysler over 10-years. It was chosen not to procure any gas buses as an "expert reference group" had determined that Euro 2 diesel buses were better. In October 2000, a trial of three compressed natural gas (CNG) buses was announced. The trial was jointly funded by the state and federal governments at a cost of $5 million. In 2001, new planning and infrastructure minister Alannah MacTiernan renegotiated the contract with DaimlerChrysler so that 451 CNG-powered buses could be supplied instead. The first of those buses entered service in early-2004. In April 2004, the government signed a contract with Origin Energy to install CNG fuelling facilities at Morley and Bayswater bus depots. In 2004, a trial of three hydrogen fuel cell buses commenced. Following the end of the previous contract, Volvo was awarded the next contract, worth $400 million for 65 buses per year over ten years. For a projected total of 650 buses. The first of those buses was delivered in June 2011. In 2013, a trial of one diesel-electric hybrid bus for the Perth CAT routes was undertaken. The trial concluded that diesel-electric buses were not suitable and that $18.2 million would be spent to replace 32 CAT buses with Euro 6 diesel buses. A new contract was signed in March 2019 with Volvo for the supply of 900 buses over ten years at a cost of $549 million. Electric CAT buses at Joondalup railway station In July 2020, the Government of Western Australia announced an electric bus trial for the Joondalup CAT routes. The trial involved four electric buses built under the existing ten-year contract that the PTA had with Volvo and Volgren. The trial involved the modification of the Joondalup bus depot for electric bus charging infrastructure and the Joondalup CAT routes were chosen as they were short routes which made them ideal for electric buses. The first electric bus entered service on 28 February 2022. They were manufactured in Melbourne, but the state government planned to manufacture future electric buses in Perth if the trial is successful. In 2022, the federal government committed $125 million to building electric bus charging infrastructure around Perth. The state government committed $125 million as well to manufacture 130 electric buses in Perth. An initial $22 million was funded using the Perth parking levy to build charging infrastructure at Elizabeth Quay bus station and build 22 electric buses. Ticketing Further information: Transperth § Ticketing SmartRider tag-on machine on a Transperth bus Contractors The bus system is split into 11 contract areas. Operator Contract area Patronage (2022–23) Path Transit Morley 9,164,000 Kalamunda 5,962,000 Swan Transit Marmion 6,497,000 Canning 6,528,000 Claremont 3,266,000 Midland 2,891,000 Southern River 3,378,000 Joondalup 5,950,000 Transdev Perth CATs Fremantle 7,653,000 Rockingham/Mandurah 5,190,000 Depots There are 20 Transperth bus depots, five of which are privately owned and the remainder are owned by the PTA. The PTA has endeavoured to replace all private depots with PTA-owned depots. In July 2019, Mount Claremont bus depot opened, replacing the privately-owned North Fremantle bus depot. Transperth depots Depot Ownership Contract area Beckenham PTA Canning Jandakot Mount Claremont Claremont Shenton Park Private Palmyra Fremantle Joondalup PTA Joondalup Nowergup Wangara Private Kalamunda PTA Kalamunda Welshpool Karrinyup Marmion Ellenbrook Private Midland Midvale Mundaring PTA Bayswater Morley Malaga East Perth Perth CATs Mandurah Rockingham/Mandurah Rockingham Southern River Southern River Patronage Perth bus patronageFYPatronage±% p.a.1900 800,000—    1910 600,000−2.84%1920 300,000−6.70%1930 1,800,000+19.62%1940 16,200,000+24.57%1945 22,400,000+6.70%1950 39,200,000+11.84%1960 56,200,000+3.67%1970 57,000,000+0.14%1980 56,100,000−0.16%1981 56,800,000+1.25%1982 53,800,000−5.28%1983 54,100,000+0.56%1984 46,600,000−13.86%1985 44,900,000−3.65%1986 48,000,000+6.90%1987 49,400,000+2.92%1988 48,800,000−1.21%1989 52,000,000+6.56%1990 54,900,000+5.58%1991 54,900,000+0.00%1992 53,400,000−2.73%1993 51,300,000−3.93%1994 49,100,000−4.29%1995 46,000,000−6.31%1996 45,600,000−0.87%1997 46,900,000+2.85%FYPatronage±% p.a.1998 46,700,000−0.43%1999 46,300,000−0.86%2000 48,600,000+4.97%2001 52,000,000+7.00%2002 54,500,000+4.81%2003 56,300,000+3.30%2004 58,998,082+4.79%2005 61,873,225+4.87%2006 63,891,362+3.26%2007 64,622,615+1.14%2008 65,693,955+1.66%2009 73,550,181+11.96%2010 74,756,477+1.64%2011 76,636,351+2.51%2012 80,626,481+5.21%2013 83,543,424+3.62%2014 83,714,090+0.20%2015 84,142,590+0.51%2016 82,390,945−2.08%2017 80,016,728−2.88%2018 78,541,440−1.84%2019 79,266,899+0.92%2020 66,256,895−16.41%2021 58,700,701−11.40%2022 58,890,882+0.32%2023 69,381,824+17.81%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: Bureau of Infrastructure & Transport Research Economics PTA With 69,381,824 boardings in the year to June 2023, the Transperth bus system has the fourth highest patronage in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The most frequently-used routes are as follows: Most frequently used bus routes from April 2016 to March 2017 Number Description Passenger boardings 950 High frequency route from Morley bus station to QEII Medical Centre via Beaufort Street, Perth and UWA 3,000,000–4,000,000 998 CircleRoute clockwise 2,000,000–3,000,000 999 CircleRoute anticlockwise 2,000,000–3,000,000 100 Cannington station to Canning Bridge station via Curtin University 1,000,000–2,000,000 910 High frequency route from Fremantle station to Elizabeth Quay bus station via Canning Highway 1,000,000–2,000,000 930 High frequency route from Thornlie station to Elizabeth Quay bus station via Shepperton Road and Albany Highway 1,000,000–2,000,000 990 High frequency route from Scarborough Beach bus station to Perth Busport via Glendalough station 1,000,000–2,000,000 References ^ a b c d e "Our history". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 17 December 2022. ^ Higham 2007, p. 38. ^ a b Auditor General 1997, p. 7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l MetroBus (1998), MetroBus Annual Report 1997–1998, pp. 41–68 ^ a b "AU WA A1001 – Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust". State Records Office of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2022. ^ Wombwell, Peter (September 1991). Fares please... : Public Transport in Perth – A History. Transperth Public Affairs. ^ a b Auditor General 1997, p. 8. ^ "Restructuring plan for Transperth". Media Statements. 14 September 1993. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Public transport letting timetable finalised". Media Statements. 19 May 1994. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Launch of MetroBus (formerly Metropolitan Transport Trust)". Media Statements. 14 February 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Preferred tenderer to provide Midland public bus services announced". Media Statements. 12 September 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b c Auditor General 1997, p. 9. ^ a b "Balance of Transperth's bus services to be tendered out to private sector transport operators". Media Statements. 5 October 1997. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "First stage of contracting out remainder of Transperth's bus service completed". Media Statements. 23 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Names of private sector tenderers to take over MetroBus services announced". Media Statements. 22 April 1998. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Private sector will take over remaining Transperth services this Sunday". Media Statements. 2 July 1998. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ Sim, Royston (21 May 2014). "Govt to overhaul public bus sector, shift from privatised to contracts model". The Straits Times. Retrieved 10 July 2023. ^ "Annual Report 2016-17" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 2017. p. 7. Retrieved 10 July 2023. ^ "Opening of Curtin University bus station". Media Statements. 17 November 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Connex WA sale approved by Government". Media Statements. 1 September 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ MetroBus (2003), MetroBus Annual Report 2002–2003, p. 3 ^ Acott, Kent (4 January 2014). "End of line for city bus station". The West Australian. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ Mooney, James (13 July 2016). "Perth's 'revolutionary' new $217m underground busport officially opens". WAtoday. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ Le Messurier, Danielle (13 July 2016). "New $217m underground Perth busport 'more like an airport'". PerthNow. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ a b "Optus Stadium". Transperth. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ "Curtin Central Bus Station complete". Media Statements. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ "1,600 Ellenbrook and surrounds locals to benefit from new bus station". Metronet. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ Transperth (24 October 2019). "Henley Brook Bus Station opens and changes to routes 335, 336, 337, 353, 355 and 955". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019. ^ "Transperth". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "CAT Services". Transperth. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "FAQs". My Say Transport. Department of Transport. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Bus Timetable 205: Joondalup CAT" (PDF). Transperth. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Council to consider CAT bus future". City of Fremantle. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Lemay-Conway, Indigo (1 June 2023). "Public Transport Authority not likely to pick up costs to fully fund Fremantle's free CAT bus". PerthNow. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b c d e f "High Frequency Bus Services". Transperth. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b "New high-frequency bus route for Perth". Public Transport Authority. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Bus Timetable 202" (PDF). Transperth. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "950 a run-away success". Public Transport Authority. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Superbus has a successful year". Public Transport Authority. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Acott, Kent (25 July 2014). "More bus lanes on way". The West Australian. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Bus priority route to improve travel times". Public Transport Authority. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Bus priority lane for Mounts Bay Road". Public Transport Authority. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Nine in 10 passengers happy with Transperth". Public Transport Authority. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Wi-fi trial to start on Transperth services". PerthNow. Eastern Reporter. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Wi-fi trial to start on Transperth services in WA-first". Public Transport Authority. 26 August 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Acott, Kent (26 August 2016). "New bus service to run every five minutes". The West Australian. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b "High-frequency bus routes to benefit passengers". Public Transport Authority. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Lim, Kristie (11 October 2016). "New Mirrabooka 960 bus route starts but not everyone impressed". PerthNow. Stirling Times. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Routes 104, 105 and 106 – Service Changes". 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Routes 104, 105 and 106 – Service Changes". 2 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ "Bus, Train and Ferry - Major Timetable Changes". 7 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Routes 36, 37, 40, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 551, 584, 587, 588, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594, 597, 598, 825 and 920 - Service Changes". 24 August 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Bus network changes to support Airport Line opening". 31 August 2022. ^ a b "Changes to Transperth Bus Services". 11 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "New Route 980 and Bus Service Changes". 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "Service Changes". 27 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "New Route 995 and changes to routes 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 66, 67, 68, 96, 97, 102, 103, 107, 390 and 950". 15 June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "CircleRoute Timetable 200" (PDF). Transperth. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Launch of first stage of Transperth Circle Route bus service at Murdoch Uni". Media Statements. 16 February 1998. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Figures show new Circle Route bus service is an outstanding success". Media Statements. 18 March 1998. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Official inauguration of 50km extension to popular Circleroute for buses". Media Statements. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "New cross-suburban Circle Route bus service gains popularity". Media Statements. 3 April 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Government announces popular Circle Route to run seven days a week". Media Statements. 15 December 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ a b c d "Planning and Management of Bus Services" (PDF). Office of the Auditor General. November 2017. pp. 20–31. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b "New Perth Stadium Transport Project Definition Plan" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. December 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Transperth Zone Map" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b c d "Annual Report 2022–2023" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 21 September 2023. p. 21–23. Retrieved 22 September 2023. ^ a b "Our fleet". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Opening of new business that converts motor vehicles for people with disabilities". Media Statements. 31 August 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Transperth to have new gas-powered bus". Media Statements. 24 June 1993. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Group to provide advice on the most appropriate fuel for Perth's buses". Media Statements. 28 April 1998. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Official launch of first of Transperth's new state-of-the-art buses". Media Statements. 25 January 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "All buses to be run on low-sulphur diesel fuel in the future". Media Statements. 14 January 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Compressed Natural Gas bus trial will benefit the environment: Minister". Media Statements. 25 October 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "WA to lead the nation with hydrogen fuel cell bus trials: Minister". Media Statements. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "New bus engines for Transperth given environmental seal of approval". Media Statements. 13 July 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "State Government plans to boost the number of gas buses". Media Statements. 11 April 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Minister unveils next generation of clean, green buses". Media Statements. 1 February 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "$30million gas contract means a cleaner, greener city". Media Statements. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Hydrogen fuel cell buses arrive in Perth as part of global trial". Media Statements. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Volvo wins $400m Transperth contract". PerthNow. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "New Transperth buses by July 2011". Media Statements. 2 November 2010. 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"Bright red Volvo electric bus begins operations in WA's Joondalup". The Driven. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Brown, Tyler (3 March 2022). "Joondalup electric CAT bus hits the streets". PerthNow. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ Brown, Tyler (7 May 2021). "Electric buses on track for Joondalup CAT trial". PerthNow. Joondalup Times. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Spagnolo, Joe (16 October 2022). "Prime Minister Anthony Albanese confirms $125 million in Federal Budget funding for electric buses in Perth". The West Australian. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Condon, Alex (23 April 2023). "Free public transport, $250m electric bus fleet promised in WA budget". WAtoday. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ "Bus fleet goes electric with $125 million State investment". Public Transport Authority. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ a b Dickers, Jessica (23 May 2018). "WA bus depot tender released". Infrastructure Magazine. Retrieved 5 July 2023. ^ a b "Mount Claremont Bus Depot". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 5 July 2023. ^ "Transperth – proposed bus depot locations" (PDF). Government of Western Australia. April 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023. ^ a b "Long-term trends in urban public transport" (PDF). Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. 2 September 2014. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-922205-97-1. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ a b "Transport performance". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 1 October 2023. ^ "Bus Timetable 20" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 21 December 2022. Bibliography Auditor General (June 1997). "Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination" (PDF). Office of the Auditor General. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Higham, Geoffrey (2007). Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia. Rail Heritage WA. ISBN 9780959969092. Further reading McCarrey, L. E. (chairman) (August 1993). Report of the Independent Commission to Review Public Sector Finances: Agenda for Reform (Report). Vol. 2. Government of Western Australia. pp. 151–162. vteBuses in Perth List of Transperth bus stations Transperth Trolleybuses in Perth Operators Metropolitan Transport Trust (1958–1998) Path Transit (1996–present) Swan Transit (1996–present) Transdev WA (1996–present) Bus stations Booragoon Causeway Curtin Central Curtin University Elizabeth Quay Henley Brook Kalamunda Karrinyup Kwinana Mirrabooka Morley Perth Busport Perth Stadium Scarborough Beach Bus-train stations Armadale Aubin Grove Bassendean Bayswater Bull Creek Butler Canning Bridge Cannington Claremont Clarkson Cockburn Central Cottesloe Fremantle Glendalough Gosnells High Wycombe Joondalup Kelmscott Kenwick Kwinana Lakelands Leederville Maddington Mandurah Midland Murdoch Oats Street Redcliffe Rockingham Shenton Park Stirling Subiaco Thornlie Warnbro Warwick Wellard Whitfords Future stations Alkimos Byford Eglinton Ellenbrook Malaga Morley Nicholson Road Noranda Ranford Road Whiteman Park Yanchep Former stations Ellenbrook transfer station Murdoch Park 'n' Ride Rockingham bus station Roe Street bus station Success Park 'n' Ride Wellington Street bus station Bus routes Central Area Transit (CAT) CircleRoute List of bus routes vtePublic transport in Perth Public Transport Authority Transperth TrainOperators Western Australian Government Railways (1890–2003) Public Transport Authority (2003–present) Lines Airport Armadale Fremantle Joondalup Mandurah Morley–Ellenbrook Midland Thornlie Rolling stockCurrent A-series B-series C-series Former ASA class ADG class ADX class ADK/ADB class ADL/ADC class Stations List of Transperth railway stations Depots Claisebrook Nowergup Infrastructure Fremantle line closure Northern Suburbs Transit System New MetroRail Perth City Link Metronet (Level Crossing Removals) BusOperators Metropolitan Transport Trust (1958–1998) Path Transit (1996–present) Swan Transit (1996–present) Transdev WA (1996–present) Services List of Transperth bus routes CircleRoute Perth Central Area Transit Stations List of Transperth bus stations FerryOperators Metropolitan Transport Trust (1960–1995) Captain Cook Cruises (1995–present) Vessels Perth Countess II Princess II Georgette Shelley Taylor-Smith Phillip Pendal Tricia Jetties Barrack Street Coode Street Elizabeth Quay Mends Street Former services Trams in Fremantle Trams in Perth Trolleybuses in Perth Proposals Metro Area Express Rockingham Light Rail Ticketing MultiRider SmartRider vteBus transport in AustraliaCities Adelaide Brisbane Bunbury Cairns Canberra Darwin Geelong Gold Coast Hobart Ipswich Kalgoorlie Logan City Mackay Melbourne Newcastle Perth Rockhampton Sunshine Coast Sydney Townsville Toowoomba Wagga Wagga States and territories Queensland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public transport in Perth and Kinross § Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Perth_and_Kinross#Bus"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Swan Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Transit"},{"link_name":"Path Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_Transit"},{"link_name":"Transdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev_WA"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)"}],"text":"This article is about buses in Perth, Western Australia. For buses in Perth, Scotland, see Public transport in Perth and Kinross § Bus.Buses in Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, are run under the Transperth brand. The system is owned and managed by the Public Transport Authority and operations are contracted out to private operators: Swan Transit, Path Transit and Transdev.The Transperth system has 38 bus stations, 30 of which are integrated with train stations. With 69,381,824 boardings in the year to June 2023, it is the fourth busiest bus system in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.","title":"Buses in Perth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham200738-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19977-3"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Perth tram network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_history-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19977-3"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"assented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_(Perth)_Passenger_Transport_Trust"},{"link_name":"trading name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SRO-5"},{"link_name":"financial year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_year"},{"link_name":"WA Government Tramways and Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WA_Government_Tramways_and_Ferries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Wanneroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanneroo"},{"link_name":"Barrack Street Jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_Street_Jetty"},{"link_name":"Mends Street Jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mends_Street_Jetty"},{"link_name":"South Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"trolleybus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fares_please-6"},{"link_name":"Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Wellington Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Street_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Karrinyup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrinyup_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Booragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booragoon_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Innaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innaloo,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mirrabooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrabooka_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Kelmscott railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmscott_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Warwick bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Kalamunda bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamunda_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Perth Central Area Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Perth's suburban rail services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_history-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19978-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking"},{"link_name":"banned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"trading name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_history-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SRO-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Quay_Busport_platform_A-B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Quay bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canning_Bridge_-_bus_lane_from_south.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kwinana Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Canning Bridge railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mandurah line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"link_name":"Perth City Busport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_City_Busport"},{"link_name":"Kwinana Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Canning Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mount Henry Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Henry_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Joondalup line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"}],"text":"The first private bus operator began in Perth in 1903.[1] In order to protect the railways, the state government passed the Transport Co-ordination Act in 1934, forcing road transport operators to obtain a licence to transport passengers or goods. The licencing board generally permitted bus operators to continue operating, but with restrictions on when the buses could operate to reduce competition with trains. This act remained in force until 1959.[2] The first commercially successful bus companies were set up by returning soldiers following World War I.[3] Trolleybuses were introduced in 1933 as a supplement to the existing Perth tram network.[1]Investment in buses fell during and after World War II, leading the buses to become run-down. Car ownership became more common as well, and these factors caused bus patronage to fall following 1950.[3]In 1957, the Parliament of Western Australia passed the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust Act. The act was assented on 10 December that year and on 15 January 1958, the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust was formed under the trading name Metropolitan Transport Trust, or MTT for short. The act called for the MTT \"to provide, maintain, protect and manage … efficient passenger transport facilities.\"[4][5]The MTT commenced operations on 31 August 1958. The first two private operators the MTT acquired were Metro Buses and Beam Transport. Later in 1958, Carlisle Bus Service, Kalamunda Bus Service and United Buses were acquired. In early 1959, Emu Buses was acquired. No further acquisitions were in the 1959–60 financial year, but negotiations commenced for the acquisition of the WA Government Tramways and Ferries, the Fremantle Municipal Transport Board, the Riverton Bus Service, and the Coogee-Spearwood Bus Company. Concession fares for pensioners and ex-service people were introduced. The following financial year, the MTT acquired the aforementioned agencies and companies. By this point, the MTT owned 26 different engine models which resulted in high maintenance and repair costs, so the MTT adopted a fleet standardisation policy.[4]The MTT acquired the North Beach Bus Company in October 1961 and in April 1962, it acquired the Scarborough Bus Service. The MTT took over the operation of the Perth to Wanneroo bus service from Metro Tours in June 1964. Bus-ferry transfers were introduced in 1964–65, which allowed transfers between the two modes with no additional cost to the passenger. This resulted in an increase in patronage on the ferry services from the Barrack Street Jetty to the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth. Diesel buses started to take over the trolleybus routes as well that financial year. On 30 August 1969, the last trolleybuses ran, making Perth the last city in Australia where trolleybuses operated.[4][6]: 8In 1972–73, the first bus stations opened in Perth. A bus station in Morley opened in August 1972 and Wellington Street bus station opened in March 1973. These bus stations were part of a plan to build a ring of bus stations in suburban locations around Perth near shopping centres, operate feeder buses to the bus stations, where passengers could then transfer to mainline buses to the Perth central business district (CBD). Express buses would also operate between suburban bus stations and the Perth CBD during peak periods. More of these bus stations would open over the following years, including Karrinyup in September 1974, Rockingham in November 1974, Kwinana in 1975–76, Booragoon in September 1976, Innaloo in January 1977, and Mirrabooka in September 1979. In June 1980, Kelmscott railway station was redeveloped to incorporate a bus station on the railway platform for convenient transfers. Rockingham bus station was relocated to a new site in May 1981, Warwick bus station opened in March 1982, and Kalamunda bus station opened in September 1982.[4]In September 1973, the MTT introduced the City Clipper services, which were free bus routes which ran within the Perth CBD and are predecessors to the Perth Central Area Transit (CAT) routes.[4]In 1974, the MTT assumed control of Perth's suburban rail services, making all public transport in Perth under the control of one organisation for the first time.[1][4][7] A common fare system between the trains and the buses was introduced for the first time that year. The new fare system meant many patrons got cheaper travel, in particular those who travelled long distances, and it reduced operating costs and helped to speed up services. Free return journeys within two hours were also facilitated by the new system.[4] Smoking was banned on all MTT buses in May 1975, making the MTT Australia's first public transport operator to do so.[4]The MTT adopted Transperth as its trading name on 31 August 1986.[1][4][5]Elizabeth Quay bus stationKwinana Freeway bus on ramp at Canning Bridge railway station. The station was initially a bus station before being converted to a railway station when the Mandurah line was constructed.Construction on the Perth City Busport (now called Elizabeth Quay bus station) began in July 1988. As part of the busport, a 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) busway was constructed down the median of the Kwinana Freeway between the busport and Canning Bridge. The busway opened in November 1989. The Perth City Busport officially opened in November 1991. The Kwinana Freeway busway was extended by 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to Mount Henry Bridge in 1991 as well.[4]The Northern Suburbs Transit System fully opened in March 1993 as the Joondalup line. Bus routes in the northern suburbs were reorganised so that they fed in to the Joondalup line. In June 1994, the new Morley bus station opened.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_history-1"},{"link_name":"Eric Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Charlton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19978-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19979-12"},{"link_name":"Swan Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Transit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19979-12"},{"link_name":"Southern Coast Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Coast_Transit"},{"link_name":"Path Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_Transit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuditor_General19979-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_Statements_5_October_1997-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_Statements_5_October_1997-13"},{"link_name":"CAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_1998-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_contracting_model_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Curtin University bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Privatisation","text":"In 1993, planning and coordination of public transport was transferred from the MTT to the Department of Transport, whilst the operation of the system remained with the MTT.[1] In September 1993, Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced plans to privatise the operation of Transperth bus services, following a recommendation given by a report written by the Commission to Review Public Sector Finances. The MTT would be corporatized and compete with the private sector to win contracts for the operation of Transperth services. This was planned to reduce the cost of operating the system whilst retaining the existing level of service.[8] The system would remain an integrated system under the Transperth brand[9] and the government would retain control of route planning, timetabling and fares as well as own all buses and infrastructure for the time being. The bus system was divided into 15 contract areas, with nine of these being put to tender in 1995 and 1996.[7]The MTT was renamed MetroBus in February 1995 as part of its corporatization,[10] and in July 1995, MetroBus was named the preferred tenderer for the operation of buses in the Joondalup North and Armadale South contract areas.[11] The contract for those areas was signed in November 1995, with a length of five years.[12] Swan Transit became the first private operator, being awarded a seven-year contract to operate buses in the Midland contract area in January 1996.[12] Further contracts were awarded in September 1996, with Southern Coast Transit becoming the operator for the Rockingham contract area, Swan Transit becoming the operator for the Southern River and Canning contract areas, and Path Transit becoming the operator for the Marmion and Wanneroo contract areas.[12]The transport minister announced in October 1997 plans to tender out the operation of the remaining contract areas by July 1998. The Joondalup North, Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas had a restricted tender process where they were offered only to the three existing Transperth private sector operators.[13] The Joondalup North contract area was awarded to Path Transit and the Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas were awarded to Swan Transit by December 1997.[14] The remaining contract areas had a public tender process and all contracts areas were planned to be privately operated by July 1998.[13] Southern Coast Transit was awarded the contracts for Fremantle, Cockburn and the CAT system; Connex WA was awarded the contracts for the Belmont and Claremont contract areas, and Path Transit was awarded the contract for the Morley contract area.[15] These contracts commenced in July 1998, and so MetroBus no longer operated buses as of that month.[4][16]The bus contracting model used in Perth has since been used in Singapore.[17][18]Curtin University bus station opened on 17 November 1999, built at a cost of $1.5 million and jointly funded by Curtin University and the state government.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transperth_Volvo_B7RLE_(Volgren_Optimus)_TP2459_@_Murdoch_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murdoch railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mandurah line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"link_name":"Mandurah line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_220716_gnangarra-32.JPG"},{"link_name":"Perth Busport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Busport"},{"link_name":"Perth City Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_City_Link"},{"link_name":"Roe Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_Street_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Perth Busport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Busport"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Optus_Stadium_Transperth-25"},{"link_name":"Curtin Central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Henley Brook bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Brook_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Ellenbrook transfer station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenbrook_transfer_station"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Connex WA was purchased by Swan Transit in 2002, leaving the Transperth bus system with three operators.[20]The Public Transport Authority (PTA) was formed on 1 July 2003, taking over from the Department of Transport as the owner and manager of the Transperth system.[21]Bus interchange at Murdoch railway station on the Mandurah lineThe Mandurah line opened on 23 December 2007, which resulting in a radical redrawing of bus routes in the southern suburbs so that they feed into the Mandurah line stations, which all had bus interchanges.Perth Busport underground waiting areaAs part of the Perth City Link project, Wellington Street bus station was closed on 27 January 2014 and replaced by the temporary Roe Street bus station so that the underground Perth Busport could be constructed in the Wellington Street bus station's place.[22] Perth Busport began operations on 17 July 2017, replacing Roe Street bus station. The busport cost $217 million and features dynamic stand allocation to increase capacity.[23][24]Perth Stadium bus station opened at the start of 2018. It was built to serve Perth Stadium and services only operate during stadium events.[25] Curtin Central bus station, at Curtin University, opened on 17 February 2019 to supplement Curtin University bus station and service a new transit-oriented development.[26] On 3 November 2019, Henley Brook bus station opened and Ellenbrook transfer station closed.[27][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Transperth has 281 standard routes, 270 school bus routes and nine Central Area Transit (CAT) routes.[29]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_CAT_2013_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_diesel_TP2142.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7RLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7RLE"},{"link_name":"Perth CAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_CAT"},{"link_name":"Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"City of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"City of Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Joondalup"},{"link_name":"Edith Cowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"City of Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Central Area Transit","text":"A Volvo B7RLE operating a Perth CATCentral Area Transit (CAT) buses operate in the Perth CBD and Joondalup. CAT buses are free.[30] Perth CAT buses are funded by a parking levy on non-residential parking bays in the City of Perth.[31] Joondalup CAT buses are funded by the City of Joondalup and Edith Cowan University and only operate on weekdays.[32] There were Fremantle CAT buses which were funded by the City of Fremantle and the PTA. On September 30th 2023, the Fremantle CAT was withdrawn.[33][34]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-High_Frequency_Bus_Services-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG,_Path_Transit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE"},{"link_name":"Morley bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Medical_Centre"},{"link_name":"Beaufort Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Street"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-950_opening-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"peak hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_hour"},{"link_name":"Grand Promenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Promenade_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Mounts Bay Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounts_Bay_Road"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"Mirrabooka bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrabooka_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Mount Lawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lawley,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-960_and_970_opening-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-960_and_970_opening-47"}],"sub_title":"High frequency routes","text":"High frequency bus routes are numbered in the 900s. The minimum frequencies required for a high frequency route are every 15 minutes between 7 am and 7 pm on weekdays, every 15 minutes between 8 am and 7 pm on Saturdays, and every 15 minutes between 9 am and 7 pm on Sundays. High frequency routes have different coloured timetables to distinguish them from regular routes.[35]A Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE CNG-powered bus operating route 950, the busiest bus route in PerthThe first high frequency bus route in Perth was the 950, running from Morley bus station to Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre via Beaufort Street, the Perth CBD and the University of Western Australia. This route started operating on 27 January 2014, replacing several existing routes and allowing people to go from the route's northern and southern legs without transferring to a different bus route. At its most frequent, the 950 runs every one to four minutes, making it Perth's most frequent bus route.[36][37] By May 2014, the 950 had 17,000 daily riders, 2,000 more than expected,[38] and within the first year of operating, the 950 had 3.7 million total boardings, 1 million more than the bus routes the 950 replaced.[39] By July 2014, peak hour bus lanes had been completed along Beaufort Street between Bulwer Street and Grand Promenade.[40][41] More bus lanes were built along Mounts Bay Road in 2015, further speeding up the 950.[42] In a customer satisfaction survey, it was found that passengers on the 950 were the most satisfied out of any Transperth bus route excluding CAT bus routes, with 94 percent satisfaction.[43] In August 2017, a free wi-fi trial commenced for two buses used on the 950.[44][45]On 9 October 2016, route 960 was introduced, running between Curtin University and Mirrabooka bus station via the Perth CBD and Edith Cowan University in Mount Lawley. The 960 replaced two previous routes and was made possible by new $1.4 million bus lanes along Fitzgerald Street.[46][47][48] Route 970 also started on the same day as the 960, running between Perth Busport and Mirrabooka bus station via Flinders Street.[47]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fremantle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oats Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routes_patronage-64"}],"sub_title":"CircleRoute","text":"The CircleRoute (routes 998 and 999) are a pair of bus routes that form a circuit around Perth's inner suburbs, linking railway stations, universities, hospitals and shopping centres and making journeys without going to the Perth CBD easier.[58] The first section of the CircleRoute was between Fremantle station and Oats Street station, launching on 16 February 1998.[59] By March 1998, over 4,000 people were using the CircleRoute per day.[60] The complete CircleRoute launched on 22 February 1999.[61] By April 1999, an average of 8,500 people were using the CircleRoute per weekday.[62] In December 2000, the CircleRoute started running seven days per week.[63] As of March 2017, the two CircleRoute routes were the second and third busiest Transperth bus routes.[64]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E37_Perth_Stadium_Open_Day_132_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Karrinyup bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrinyup_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Mirrabooka bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrabooka_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Morley bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Ellenbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenbrook,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bassendean station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassendean_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kalamunda bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamunda_bus_station"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Canning Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Vale,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Curtin University bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Booragoon bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booragoon_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Canning Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Bridge_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Fremantle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Optus_Stadium_Transperth-25"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perth_Stadium_PDP-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perth_Stadium_PDP-65"}],"sub_title":"Event services","text":"Perth Stadium bus station viewed from Perth StadiumTransperth provides event services to and from Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium) before and after events. Event bus services link Perth Stadium bus station to the Perth CBD, Karrinyup bus station, Mirrabooka bus station, Morley bus station, Ellenbrook town centre via Bassendean station, Kalamunda bus station via High Wycombe station, Canning Vale, Curtin University bus station, Booragoon bus station via Canning Bridge station, and Fremantle station via Canning Bridge station.[25][65] The Perth Stadium bus station is designed to move 14,300 passengers by bus within one hour after an event at the stadium out of the total stadium capacity of 60,000 people.[65]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Transperth has fourteen bus-only stations and 37 bus-train interchange stations.[66]","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compressed natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_2022%E2%80%932023-67"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Volgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgren"},{"link_name":"Malaga, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaga,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_fleet-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Euro 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_5"},{"link_name":"Euro 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_6"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_fleet-68"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"DaimlerChrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaimlerChrysler"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Euro 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Alannah MacTiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alannah_MacTiernan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Origin Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_Energy"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"hydrogen fuel cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric hybrid bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_bus"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transperth_Joondalup_CAT_Volvo_BZLs_4001_and_4000,_Joondalup_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joondalup railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"At the end of the 2022–23 financial year, there were 1573 Transperth buses, of which 1210 were diesel powered, 359 were powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), and four were battery powered.[67] These buses were manufactured by Volvo and Mercedes-Benz and the bodies were manufactured by Volgren in Malaga, Western Australia. All buses purchased since 1999 have been low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible.[68][69] From 2010, Transperth has purchased Euro 5 compliant buses, and more recently, Euro 6 compliant buses.[68]Transperth received its first natural gas-powered bus in June 1993.[70] By April 1998, there were 46 gas buses in the fleet.[71]In January 1999, Transperth received the first of 848 new low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible Mercedes-Benz buses, supplied by DaimlerChrysler over 10-years.[72] It was chosen not to procure any gas buses as an \"expert reference group\" had determined that Euro 2 diesel buses were better.[73] In October 2000, a trial of three compressed natural gas (CNG) buses was announced. The trial was jointly funded by the state and federal governments at a cost of $5 million.[74][75][76][77] In 2001, new planning and infrastructure minister Alannah MacTiernan renegotiated the contract with DaimlerChrysler so that 451 CNG-powered buses could be supplied instead. The first of those buses entered service in early-2004.[78] In April 2004, the government signed a contract with Origin Energy to install CNG fuelling facilities at Morley and Bayswater bus depots.[79] In 2004, a trial of three hydrogen fuel cell buses commenced.[80]Following the end of the previous contract, Volvo was awarded the next contract, worth $400 million for 65 buses per year over ten years. For a projected total of 650 buses.[81][82] The first of those buses was delivered in June 2011.[83] In 2013, a trial of one diesel-electric hybrid bus for the Perth CAT routes was undertaken.[84] The trial concluded that diesel-electric buses were not suitable and that $18.2 million would be spent to replace 32 CAT buses with Euro 6 diesel buses.[85]A new contract was signed in March 2019 with Volvo for the supply of 900 buses over ten years at a cost of $549 million.[86][87]Electric CAT buses at Joondalup railway stationIn July 2020, the Government of Western Australia announced an electric bus trial for the Joondalup CAT routes. The trial involved four electric buses built under the existing ten-year contract that the PTA had with Volvo and Volgren. The trial involved the modification of the Joondalup bus depot for electric bus charging infrastructure and the Joondalup CAT routes were chosen as they were short routes which made them ideal for electric buses.[88][89] The first electric bus entered service on 28 February 2022.[90][91][92] They were manufactured in Melbourne, but the state government planned to manufacture future electric buses in Perth if the trial is successful.[93]In 2022, the federal government committed $125 million to building electric bus charging infrastructure around Perth.[94] The state government committed $125 million as well to manufacture 130 electric buses in Perth. An initial $22 million was funded using the Perth parking levy to build charging infrastructure at Elizabeth Quay bus station and build 22 electric buses.[95][96]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transperth § Ticketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth#Ticketing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smartrider_reader_on_Transperth_bus_2584.jpg"},{"link_name":"SmartRider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartRider"}],"text":"Further information: Transperth § TicketingSmartRider tag-on machine on a Transperth bus","title":"Ticketing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The bus system is split into 11 contract areas.","title":"Contractors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infrastructure_Magazine_23_May_2018-97"},{"link_name":"Mount Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Claremont,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"North Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fremantle,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount_Claremont_bus_depot-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infrastructure_Magazine_23_May_2018-97"}],"text":"There are 20 Transperth bus depots, five of which are privately owned and the remainder are owned by the PTA. The PTA has endeavoured to replace all private depots with PTA-owned depots.[97]In July 2019, Mount Claremont bus depot opened, replacing the privately-owned North Fremantle bus depot.[98][97]","title":"Depots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTA_patronage-101"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BITRE-100"}],"text":"With 69,381,824 boardings in the year to June 2023,[101] the Transperth bus system has the fourth highest patronage in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.[100]The most frequently-used routes are as follows:","title":"Patronage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//audit.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/report97_03.pdf"},{"link_name":"Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4391335"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780959969092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780959969092"}],"text":"Auditor General (June 1997). \"Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination\" (PDF). Office of the Auditor General. Retrieved 20 December 2022.\nHigham, Geoffrey (2007). Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia. Rail Heritage WA. ISBN 9780959969092.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:TransperthBusStations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:TransperthBusStations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TransperthBusStations"},{"link_name":"Buses in Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"List of Transperth bus stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transperth_bus_stations"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses in Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transport Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Trust"},{"link_name":"Path Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_Transit"},{"link_name":"Swan Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Transit"},{"link_name":"Transdev WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev_WA"},{"link_name":"Booragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booragoon_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Curtin Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Henley Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Brook_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Kalamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamunda_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Karrinyup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrinyup_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Mirrabooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrabooka_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Perth Busport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Busport"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Beach_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Armadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Aubin Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin_Grove_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bassendean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassendean_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Bull Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Creek_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Canning Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cannington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Cockburn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cottesloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesloe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gosnells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosnells_railway_station"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kelmscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmscott_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lakelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakelands_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leederville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leederville_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oats Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Redcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Shenton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenton_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Subiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Thornlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornlie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Warnbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnbro_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Wellard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellard_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whitfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfords_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Alkimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkimos_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Byford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Ellenbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenbrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Malaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaga_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_railway_station,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Nicholson Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Noranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noranda_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ranford Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranford_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whiteman Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteman_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yanchep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanchep_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ellenbrook transfer station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenbrook_transfer_station"},{"link_name":"Murdoch Park 'n' Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_Park_%27n%27_Ride"},{"link_name":"Rockingham bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Roe Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_Street_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Success Park 'n' Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success_Park_%27n%27_Ride"},{"link_name":"Wellington Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Street_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Central Area Transit (CAT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"CircleRoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircleRoute"},{"link_name":"List of bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Perth_public_transport"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Perth_public_transport"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perth_public_transport"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Government Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Government_Railways"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_line,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Armadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale_line"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_line"},{"link_name":"Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_line"},{"link_name":"Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"link_name":"Morley–Ellenbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%E2%80%93Ellenbrook_line"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_line,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Thornlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornlie_line"},{"link_name":"A-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_A-series_train"},{"link_name":"B-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_B-series_train"},{"link_name":"C-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_C-series_train"},{"link_name":"ASA class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGR_ASA_class"},{"link_name":"ADG class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGR_ADG_class"},{"link_name":"ADX class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGR_ADX_class"},{"link_name":"ADK/ADB class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADK/ADB_class_diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"ADL/ADC class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADL/ADC_class_diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"List of Transperth railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transperth_railway_stations"},{"link_name":"Claisebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisebrook_railway_depot"},{"link_name":"Nowergup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowergup_railway_depot"},{"link_name":"Fremantle line closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%931983_Fremantle_railway_line_closure"},{"link_name":"Northern Suburbs Transit System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Suburbs_Transit_System"},{"link_name":"New MetroRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_MetroRail"},{"link_name":"Perth City Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_City_Link"},{"link_name":"Metronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronet_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Level Crossing Removals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park-Canning_Level_Crossing_Removal_Project"},{"link_name":"Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transport Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Trust"},{"link_name":"Path Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_Transit"},{"link_name":"Swan Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Transit"},{"link_name":"Transdev WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev_WA"},{"link_name":"List of Transperth bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"CircleRoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircleRoute"},{"link_name":"Perth Central Area Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"List of Transperth bus stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transperth_bus_stations"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transport Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Trust"},{"link_name":"Captain Cook Cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Cook_Cruises_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Perth"},{"link_name":"Countess II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Countess_II"},{"link_name":"Princess II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Princess_II"},{"link_name":"Georgette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Georgette"},{"link_name":"Shelley Taylor-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Shelley_Taylor-Smith"},{"link_name":"Phillip Pendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Phillip_Pendal"},{"link_name":"Tricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Tricia"},{"link_name":"Barrack Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_Street_Jetty"},{"link_name":"Coode Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coode_Street_Jetty"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay_Jetty"},{"link_name":"Mends Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mends_Street_Jetty"},{"link_name":"Trams in Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Trams in Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses in Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Metro Area Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Area_Express_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"Rockingham Light Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"MultiRider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiRider"},{"link_name":"SmartRider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartRider"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AusPTBus"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AusPTBus"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AusPTBus"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Brisbane#Buses"},{"link_name":"Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransBunbury"},{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbus_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTION"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinbus"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Transit_System"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransGoldfields"},{"link_name":"Logan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackay_Transit_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbus_Rockhampton"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbus_Townsville"},{"link_name":"Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Wagga Wagga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busabout_Wagga_Wagga"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Queensland"}],"text":"McCarrey, L. E. (chairman) (August 1993). Report of the Independent Commission to Review Public Sector Finances: Agenda for Reform (Report). Vol. 2. Government of Western Australia. pp. 151–162.vteBuses in Perth\nList of Transperth bus stations\nTransperth\nTrolleybuses in Perth\nOperators\nMetropolitan Transport Trust (1958–1998)\nPath Transit (1996–present)\nSwan Transit (1996–present)\nTransdev WA (1996–present)\nBus stations\nBooragoon\nCauseway\nCurtin Central\nCurtin University\nElizabeth Quay\nHenley Brook\nKalamunda\nKarrinyup\nKwinana\nMirrabooka\nMorley\nPerth Busport\nPerth Stadium\nScarborough Beach\nBus-train stations\nArmadale\nAubin Grove\nBassendean\nBayswater\nBull Creek\nButler\nCanning Bridge\nCannington\nClaremont\nClarkson\nCockburn Central\nCottesloe\nFremantle\nGlendalough\nGosnells\nHigh Wycombe\nJoondalup\nKelmscott\nKenwick\nKwinana\nLakelands\nLeederville\nMaddington\nMandurah\nMidland\nMurdoch\nOats Street\nRedcliffe\nRockingham\nShenton Park\nStirling\nSubiaco\nThornlie\nWarnbro\nWarwick\nWellard\nWhitfords\nFuture stations\nAlkimos\nByford\nEglinton\nEllenbrook\nMalaga\nMorley\nNicholson Road\nNoranda\nRanford Road\nWhiteman Park\nYanchep\nFormer stations\nEllenbrook transfer station\nMurdoch Park 'n' Ride\nRockingham bus station\nRoe Street bus station\nSuccess Park 'n' Ride\nWellington Street bus station\nBus routes\nCentral Area Transit (CAT)\nCircleRoute\nList of bus routesvtePublic transport in Perth\nPublic Transport Authority\nTransperth\nTrainOperators\nWestern Australian Government Railways (1890–2003)\nPublic Transport Authority (2003–present)\nLines\nAirport\nArmadale\nFremantle\nJoondalup\nMandurah\nMorley–Ellenbrook\nMidland\nThornlie\nRolling stockCurrent\nA-series\nB-series\nC-series\nFormer\nASA class\nADG class\nADX class\nADK/ADB class\nADL/ADC class\nStations\nList of Transperth railway stations\nDepots\nClaisebrook\nNowergup\nInfrastructure\nFremantle line closure\nNorthern Suburbs Transit System\nNew MetroRail\nPerth City Link\nMetronet (Level Crossing Removals)\nBusOperators\nMetropolitan Transport Trust (1958–1998)\nPath Transit (1996–present)\nSwan Transit (1996–present)\nTransdev WA (1996–present)\nServices\nList of Transperth bus routes\nCircleRoute\nPerth Central Area Transit\nStations\nList of Transperth bus stations\nFerryOperators\nMetropolitan Transport Trust (1960–1995)\nCaptain Cook Cruises (1995–present)\nVessels\nPerth\nCountess II\nPrincess II\nGeorgette\nShelley Taylor-Smith\nPhillip Pendal\nTricia\nJetties\nBarrack Street\nCoode Street\nElizabeth Quay\nMends Street\nFormer services\nTrams in Fremantle\nTrams in Perth\nTrolleybuses in Perth\nProposals\nMetro Area Express\nRockingham Light Rail\nTicketing\nMultiRider\nSmartRidervteBus transport in AustraliaCities\nAdelaide\nBrisbane\nBunbury\nCairns\nCanberra\nDarwin\nGeelong\nGold Coast\nHobart\nIpswich\nKalgoorlie\nLogan City\nMackay\nMelbourne\nNewcastle\nPerth\nRockhampton\nSunshine Coast\nSydney\nTownsville\nToowoomba\nWagga Wagga\nStates and territories\nQueensland","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Elizabeth Quay bus station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elizabeth_Quay_Busport_platform_A-B.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Quay_Busport_platform_A-B.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kwinana Freeway bus on ramp at Canning Bridge railway station. The station was initially a bus station before being converted to a railway station when the Mandurah line was constructed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canning_Bridge_-_bus_lane_from_south.jpg/220px-Canning_Bridge_-_bus_lane_from_south.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bus interchange at Murdoch railway station on the Mandurah line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Transperth_Volvo_B7RLE_%28Volgren_Optimus%29_TP2459_%40_Murdoch_Station.jpg/220px-Transperth_Volvo_B7RLE_%28Volgren_Optimus%29_TP2459_%40_Murdoch_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perth Busport underground waiting area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Perth_220716_gnangarra-32.JPG/220px-Perth_220716_gnangarra-32.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Volvo B7RLE operating a Perth CAT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Perth_CAT_2013_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_diesel_TP2142.jpg/220px-Perth_CAT_2013_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_diesel_TP2142.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE CNG-powered bus operating route 950, the busiest bus route in Perth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG%2C_Path_Transit.jpg/220px-Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG%2C_Path_Transit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perth Stadium bus station viewed from Perth Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/E37_Perth_Stadium_Open_Day_132_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-E37_Perth_Stadium_Open_Day_132_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Electric CAT buses at Joondalup railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Transperth_Joondalup_CAT_Volvo_BZLs_4001_and_4000%2C_Joondalup_Station.jpg/220px-Transperth_Joondalup_CAT_Volvo_BZLs_4001_and_4000%2C_Joondalup_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"SmartRider tag-on machine on a Transperth bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Smartrider_reader_on_Transperth_bus_2584.jpg/170px-Smartrider_reader_on_Transperth_bus_2584.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Our history\". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/about-us/our-role/our-history","url_text":"\"Our history\""}]},{"reference":"MetroBus (1998), MetroBus Annual Report 1997–1998, pp. 41–68","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"AU WA A1001 – Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust\". State Records Office of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.sro.wa.gov.au/index.php/metropolitan-perth-passenger-transport-trust-au-wa-a1001","url_text":"\"AU WA A1001 – Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust\""}]},{"reference":"Wombwell, Peter (September 1991). Fares please... : Public Transport in Perth – A History. Transperth Public Affairs.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Restructuring plan for Transperth\". Media Statements. 14 September 1993. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114702/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1993/09/Restructuring-plan-for-Transperth.aspx","url_text":"\"Restructuring plan for Transperth\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1993/09/Restructuring-plan-for-Transperth.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Public transport letting timetable finalised\". Media Statements. 19 May 1994. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221221071113/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1994/05/Public-transport-letting-timetable-finalised.aspx","url_text":"\"Public transport letting timetable finalised\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1994/05/Public-transport-letting-timetable-finalised.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Launch of MetroBus (formerly Metropolitan Transport Trust)\". Media Statements. 14 February 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080620/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1995/02/Launch-of-MetroBus-(formerly-Metropolitan-Transport-Trust).aspx","url_text":"\"Launch of MetroBus (formerly Metropolitan Transport Trust)\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1995/02/Launch-of-MetroBus-(formerly-Metropolitan-Transport-Trust).aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Preferred tenderer to provide Midland public bus services announced\". Media Statements. 12 September 1995. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121949/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1995/09/Preferred-tenderer-to-provide-Midland-public-bus-services-announced.aspx","url_text":"\"Preferred tenderer to provide Midland public bus services announced\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1995/09/Preferred-tenderer-to-provide-Midland-public-bus-services-announced.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Balance of Transperth's bus services to be tendered out to private sector transport operators\". Media Statements. 5 October 1997. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919161204/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/10/Balance-of-Transperth%27s-bus-services-to-be-tendered-out-to-private-sector-transport-operators.aspx","url_text":"\"Balance of Transperth's bus services to be tendered out to private sector transport operators\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/10/Balance-of-Transperth%27s-bus-services-to-be-tendered-out-to-private-sector-transport-operators.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First stage of contracting out remainder of Transperth's bus service completed\". Media Statements. 23 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010047/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/12/First-stage-of-contracting-out-remainder-of-Transperth%27s-bus-service-completed.aspx","url_text":"\"First stage of contracting out remainder of Transperth's bus service completed\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1997/12/First-stage-of-contracting-out-remainder-of-Transperth%27s-bus-service-completed.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Names of private sector tenderers to take over MetroBus services announced\". Media Statements. 22 April 1998. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122122/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1998/04/Names-of-private-sector-tenderers-to-take-over-MetroBus-services-announced.aspx","url_text":"\"Names of private sector tenderers to take over MetroBus services announced\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1998/04/Names-of-private-sector-tenderers-to-take-over-MetroBus-services-announced.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Private sector will take over remaining Transperth services this Sunday\". Media Statements. 2 July 1998. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114310/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1998/07/Private-sector-will-take-over-remaining-Transperth-services-this-Sunday.aspx","url_text":"\"Private sector will take over remaining Transperth services this Sunday\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Court/1998/07/Private-sector-will-take-over-remaining-Transperth-services-this-Sunday.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sim, Royston (21 May 2014). \"Govt to overhaul public bus sector, shift from privatised to contracts model\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 10 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/govt-to-overhaul-public-bus-sector-shift-from-privatised-to-contracts-model","url_text":"\"Govt to overhaul public bus sector, shift from privatised to contracts model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2016-17\" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 2017. p. 7. Retrieved 10 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/27/Skins/AnnualReport2017/pdfs/PTA-2016-17_AnnualReport.pdf?ver=2017-11-08-151559-763","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2016-17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening of Curtin University bus station\". Media Statements. 17 November 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court-Coalition-Government/Opening-of-Curtin-University-bus-station-19991117","url_text":"\"Opening of Curtin University bus station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connex WA sale approved by Government\". Media Statements. 1 September 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095827/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Gallop/2002/09/Connex-WA-sale-approved-by-Government.aspx","url_text":"\"Connex WA sale approved by Government\""},{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Gallop/2002/09/Connex-WA-sale-approved-by-Government.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MetroBus (2003), MetroBus Annual Report 2002–2003, p. 3","urls":[]},{"reference":"Acott, Kent (4 January 2014). \"End of line for city bus station\". The West Australian. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/news/australia/end-of-line-for-city-bus-station-ng-ya-363613","url_text":"\"End of line for city bus station\""}]},{"reference":"Mooney, James (13 July 2016). \"Perth's 'revolutionary' new $217m underground busport officially opens\". WAtoday. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/perths-revolutionary-new-217m-underground-busport-officially-opens-20160713-gq51yg.html","url_text":"\"Perth's 'revolutionary' new $217m underground busport officially opens\""}]},{"reference":"Le Messurier, Danielle (13 July 2016). \"New $217m underground Perth busport 'more like an airport'\". PerthNow. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/new-217m-underground-perth-busport-more-like-an-airport-ng-c22c0c7f8e37030fd5e390e5ba305200","url_text":"\"New $217m underground Perth busport 'more like an airport'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Optus Stadium\". Transperth. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Journey-Planner/Optus-Stadium","url_text":"\"Optus Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curtin Central Bus Station complete\". Media Statements. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/McGowan-Labor-Government/Curtin-Central-Bus-Station-complete-20190212","url_text":"\"Curtin Central Bus Station complete\""}]},{"reference":"\"1,600 Ellenbrook and surrounds locals to benefit from new bus station\". Metronet. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/news/latest-news/1600-ellenbrook-and-surrounds-locals-to-benefit-from-new-bus-station","url_text":"\"1,600 Ellenbrook and surrounds locals to benefit from new bus station\""}]},{"reference":"Transperth (24 October 2019). \"Henley Brook Bus Station opens and changes to routes 335, 336, 337, 353, 355 and 955\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Service-Updates/Service-Update-Details/henley-brook-bus-station-opens-and-changes-to-routes-335-336-337-353-355-and-955-95652","url_text":"\"Henley Brook Bus Station opens and changes to routes 335, 336, 337, 353, 355 and 955\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018092516/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Service-Updates/Service-Update-Details/henley-brook-bus-station-opens-and-changes-to-routes-335-336-337-353-355-and-955-95652","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transperth\". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/our-services/transperth","url_text":"\"Transperth\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAT Services\". Transperth. Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetables/cat-timetables","url_text":"\"CAT Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs\". My Say Transport. Department of Transport. 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Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/is_060.pdf","url_text":"\"Long-term trends in urban public transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922205-97-1","url_text":"978-1-922205-97-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Transport performance\". Public Transport Authority. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/about-us/priorities-and-performance/transport-performance","url_text":"\"Transport performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bus Timetable 20\" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2020%2020220911.pdf","url_text":"\"Bus Timetable 20\""}]},{"reference":"Auditor General (June 1997). \"Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination\" (PDF). Office of the Auditor General. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://audit.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/report97_03.pdf","url_text":"\"Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination\""}]},{"reference":"Higham, Geoffrey (2007). Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia. Rail Heritage WA. ISBN 9780959969092.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4391335","url_text":"Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780959969092","url_text":"9780959969092"}]},{"reference":"McCarrey, L. E. (chairman) (August 1993). Report of the Independent Commission to Review Public Sector Finances: Agenda for Reform (Report). Vol. 2. Government of Western Australia. pp. 151–162.","urls":[]}]
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released\""},{"Link":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/projects/current-projects/mount-claremont","external_links_name":"\"Mount Claremont Bus Depot\""},{"Link":"https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2019-04/05-10-Action-Plan-C-Figure-10-Transperth-Bus-Depots.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transperth – proposed bus depot locations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/is_060.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Long-term trends in urban public transport\""},{"Link":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/about-us/priorities-and-performance/transport-performance","external_links_name":"\"Transport performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2020%2020220911.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bus Timetable 20\""},{"Link":"https://audit.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/report97_03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Competition Reform of Transperth Bus Services: Performance Examination\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4391335","external_links_name":"Marble Bar to Mandurah: A History of Passenger Rail Services in Western Australia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_26
West Virginia Route 26
["1 Major intersections","2 References"]
State highway in West Virginia, United States West Virginia Route 26Route informationMaintained by WVDOHLength41.3 mi (66.5 km)Major junctionsSouth end US 50 in FellowsvilleMajor intersections WV 7 in Kingwood I-68 in Bruceton MillsNorth end PA 281 near Glade Farms LocationCountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountiesPreston Highway system West Virginia State Highway System Interstate US State ← WV 25→ WV 27 View north along WV 26 at WV 7 in Kingwood West Virginia Route 26 is a north–south state highway located within Preston County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 50 in Fellowsville. The northern terminus is at the Pennsylvania state line northeast of Glade Farms, where WV 26 continues as Pennsylvania Route 281. Major intersections The entire route is in Preston County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Fellowsville US 50 Kingwood WV 7 – Kingwood, Oakland, MD ​ I-68 – Morgantown, Cumberland, MDI-68 exit 23 ​ PA 281 north – MarkleysburgPennsylvania state line 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ Distance calculated using Microsoft MapPoint mapping software. Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Virginia Route 26. This West Virginia road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Pawson
Tony Pawson (biochemist)
["1 Biography","2 Research","3 Honours and awards","4 References","5 External links"]
British-born Canadian scientist Tony PawsonBornAnthony James Pawson(1952-10-18)18 October 1952Maidstone, EnglandDied7 August 2013(2013-08-07) (aged 60)Toronto, OntarioNationalityBritish-CanadianAlma materClare College, CambridgeKing's College London (PhD)Known forCellular signal transductionAwardsGairdner Foundation International Award (1994)Flavelle Medal (1998)Wolf Prize in Medicine (2005)Royal Medal (2005)Kyoto Prize (2008)Fellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerFieldsGenetics, microbiologyInstitutionsUniversity of TorontoMount Sinai Hospital, TorontoSamuel Lunenfeld Research InstituteThesisStudies on the Proteins and Nucleic Acids of RNA Tumour Viruses (1976) Anthony James Pawson CH, OC, OOnt, FRS, FRSC (18 October 1952 – 7 August 2013) was a British-born Canadian scientist. Biography Born in Maidstone, England, the son of the sportsman and writer Tony Pawson, and botanist and high-school teacher Hilarie, he was the eldest of three children. He was educated at Winchester College and Clare College, Cambridge, where he received an MA in biochemistry followed by a PhD from King's College London in 1976. From 1976 to 1980 he pursued postdoctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1981 to 1985, he was Assistant Professor in microbiology at the University of British Columbia. Pawson was a Distinguished Investigator and former Director of Research at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital and Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto both of which he joined in 1985. Pawson died on 7 August 2013 of unspecified causes at the age of 60. Research Pawson's research revolutionised the understanding of signal transduction, the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond to external cues, and how they communicate with each other. He identified the phosphotyrosine-binding Src homology 2 (SH2 domain) as the prototypic non-catalytic interaction module. SH2 domains serve as a model for a large family of protein modules that act together to control many aspects of cellular signalling. Since the discovery of SH2 domains, hundreds of different modules have been identified in many proteins. Honours and awards 1994 Gairdner Foundation International Award 1994 Fellow of the Royal Society of London and the Royal Society of Canada 1995 Robert L. Noble Prize from the National Cancer Institute of Canada 1998 Pezcoller-AACR International Award for Cancer Research 1998 Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1998 The Royal Society of Canada Flavelle Medal for meritorious achievement in biological science 2000 J. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine 2004 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University 2004 Poulsson Medal, the Norwegian Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2004 Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (US) 2004 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2005 Wolf Prize in Medicine "for his discovery of protein domains essential for mediating protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling pathways, and the insights this research has provided into cancer" 2005 The Royal Medal (The Queen's Medal) from The Royal Society of London 2006 Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 2007 Premiers Summit Award 2007 Howard Taylor Ricketts Award from University of Chicago 2008 Kyoto Prize – "Japan's Nobel" for "Proposing and Proving the Concept of Adapter Molecules in the Signal Transduction" 2012 Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates, candidate for Nobel Prize in Medicine "for identification of the phosphotyrosine binding SH2 domain and demonstrating its function in protein-protein interactions" 2013 Annual award of the Canadian National Proteomics Network, thereafter named the CNPN-Tony Pawson Proteomics Award References ^ a b Bernstein, Alan; Rossant, Janet (2013). "Anthony James Pawson (1952–2013) Biochemist whose vision of cell signalling transformed cancer research". Nature. 501 (7466): 168. Bibcode:2013Natur.501..168B. doi:10.1038/501168a. PMID 24025833. ^ a b Vitello, Paul (29 August 2013). "Anthony Pawson, Biologist in Cell-Protein Breakthrough, Dies at 60". The New York Times. ^ Buck, Genna (14 August 2013). "Anthony Pawson helped discover how cells communicate with each other". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ^ Kyriakis, John M. "Retrospective Tony Pawson (1952–2013)". ASBMB Today. Retrieved 16 January 2015. ^ "Tony Pawson, renowned Canadian scientist, dies at 60". CBC. 9 August 2013. ^ "Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013. ^ "Scientific community reels at the loss of the world-renowned Tony Pawson". Maclean's. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013. ^ Paul Wells (9 August 2013). "RIP Tony Pawson". Maclean's. Retrieved 10 August 2013. ^ Pawson, T.; Nash, P. (2003). "Assembly of Cell Regulatory Systems Through Protein Interaction Domains". Science. 300 (5618): 445–452. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.3136. doi:10.1126/science.1083653. PMID 12702867. S2CID 14634947. ^ Nash, P.; Tang, X.; Orlicky, S.; Chen, Q.; Gertler, F. B.; Mendenhall, M. D.; Sicheri, F.; Pawson, T.; Tyers, M. (2001). "Multisite phosphorylation of a CDK inhibitor sets a threshold for the onset of DNA replication". Nature. 414 (6863): 514–521. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..514N. doi:10.1038/35107009. PMID 11734846. S2CID 16924667. ^ Holland, S. J.; Gale, N. W.; Mbamalu, G.; Yancopoulos, G. D.; Henkemeyer, M.; Pawson, T. (1996). "Bidirectional signalling through the EPH-family receptor Nuk and its transmembrane ligands". Nature. 383 (6602): 722–725. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..722H. doi:10.1038/383722a0. hdl:1807/9444. PMID 8878483. S2CID 4349898. ^ Salcini, A. E.; McGlade, J.; Pelicci, G.; Nicoletti, I.; Pawson, T.; Pelicci, P. G. (1994). "Formation of Shc-Grb2 complexes is necessary to induce neoplastic transformation by overexpression of Shc proteins". Oncogene. 9 (10): 2827–2836. PMID 8084588. ^ Henkemeyer, M.; Marengere, L. E.; McGlade, J.; Olivier, J. P.; Conlon, R. A.; Holmyard, D. P.; Letwin, K.; Pawson, T. (1994). "Immunolocalization of the Nuk receptor tyrosine kinase suggests roles in segmental patterning of the brain and axonogenesis". Oncogene. 9 (4): 1001–1014. PMID 8134103. ^ Stephens, R. M.; Loeb, D. M.; Copeland, T. D.; Pawson, T.; Greene, L. A.; Kaplan, D. R. (1994). "Trk receptors use redundant signal transduction pathways involving SHC and PLC-gamma 1 to mediate NGF responses". Neuron. 12 (3): 691–705. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90223-2. PMID 8155326. S2CID 7053584. ^ Crowe, A. J.; McGlade, J.; Pawson, T.; Hayman, M. J. (1994). "Phosphorylation of the SHC proteins on tyrosine correlates with the transformation of fibroblasts and erythroblasts by the v-sea tyrosine kinase". Oncogene. 9 (2): 537–544. PMID 8290264. ^ Marengere, L. E. M.; Songyang, Z.; Gish, G. D.; Schaller, M. D.; Parsons, J. T.; Stern, M. J.; Cantley, L. C.; Pawson, T. (1994). "SH2 domain specificity and activity modified by a single residue". Nature. 369 (6480): 502–505. Bibcode:1994Natur.369..502M. doi:10.1038/369502a0. hdl:1807/9433. PMID 7515480. S2CID 22767669. ^ Moran, M. F. (1990). "Src Homology Region 2 Domains Direct Protein-Protein Interactions in Signal Transduction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (21): 8622–8626. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.8622M. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8622. PMC 55009. PMID 2236073. ^ Feller, Stephan M. (2013). "Tony (Anthony James) Pawson, a giant in the field of cell signaling research, dies unexpectedly at the age of 60". Cell Communication and Signaling. 11: 61. doi:10.1186/1478-811X-11-61. PMC 3766090. ^ "Past award winners". Canadian National Proteomics Network. Retrieved 16 July 2019. External links Elaine Smith (5 July 2006). "Professor named to Order of Companions of Honour". news@UofT. University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2007. "Anthony Pawson – OC, O.Ont, PhD, FRS, FRSC". Canadian Institutes of Health Research. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2005. Retrieved 18 September 2007. Laura Kane (8 August 2013). "Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Anthony Pawson official website at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Online Publications (University of Toronto) vteLaureates of the Wolf Prize in Medicine1970s George Snell / Jean Dausset / Jon J. van Rood (1978) Roger Sperry / Arvid Carlsson / Oleh Hornykiewicz (1979) 1980s César Milstein / Leo Sachs / James L. Gowans (1980) Barbara McClintock / Stanley Norman Cohen (1981) Jean-Pierre Changeux / Solomon H. Snyder / James W. Black (1982) Donald F. Steiner (1984/5) Osamu Hayaishi (1986) Pedro Cuatrecasas / Meir Wilchek (1987) Henri G. Hers / Elizabeth F. Neufeld (1988) John Gurdon / Edward B. Lewis (1989) 1990s Maclyn McCarty (1990) Seymour Benzer (1991) Judah Folkman (1992) Michael Berridge / Yasutomi Nishizuka (1994/5) Stanley B. Prusiner (1995/6) Mary F. Lyon (1996/7) Michael Sela / Ruth Arnon (1998) Eric Kandel (1999) 2000s Avram Hershko / Alexander Varshavsky (2001) Ralph L. Brinster / Mario Capecchi / Oliver Smithies (2002/3) Robert Weinberg / Roger Y. Tsien (2004) Alexander Levitzki / Anthony R. Hunter / Tony Pawson (2005) Howard Cedar / Aharon Razin (2008) 2010s Axel Ullrich (2010) Shinya Yamanaka / Rudolf Jaenisch (2011) Ronald M. Evans (2012) Nahum Sonenberg / Gary Ruvkun / Victor Ambros (2014) John Kappler / Philippa Marrack / Jeffrey V. Ravetch (2015) Lewis C. Cantley / C. Ronald Kahn (2016) James P. Allison (2017) Jeffrey M. Friedman (2019) 2020s Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna (2020) Joan Steitz / Lynne Elizabeth Maquat / Adrian Krainer (2021) Daniel J. Drucker (2023) vteHeineken PrizesBiochemistry and Biophysics Chargaff (1964) Brachet (1967) Chance (1970) De Duve (1973) Van Deenen (1976) Klug (1979) Weissmann (1982) Julesz & Reichardt (1985) Cech (1988) Leder (1990) Borst (1992) Berridge (1994) Nurse (1996) Pawson (1998) Rothman (2000) Tsien (2002) Fire (2004) Jeffreys (2006) Szostak (2008) Hartl (2010) De Lange (2012) Dobson (2014) Doudna (2016) Zhuang (2018) Stillman (2020) Medicine Lauterbur (1989) Van Rood (1990) Moncada (1992) Montagnier (1994) De Wied (1996) Marshall (1998) Kandel (2000) Selkoe (2002) Blackburn (2004) King (2006) Peto (2008) Steinman (2010) Clevers (2012) Alitalo (2014) Jackson (2016) Carmeliet (2018) Deisseroth (2020) Environmental Sciences Lovelock (1990) Branica (1992) BirdLife International (1994) Daly (1996) Ehrlich (1998) Harremoës (2000) Thompson (2002) Levin (2004) Pimm (2006) Brunekreef (2008) Tilman (2010) Laurance (2012) Sinninghe Damsté (2014) Mace (2016) Hebert (2018) Le Quéré (2020) History Gay (1990) Van der Wee (1992) Brown (1994) Oberman (1996) Ozouf (1998) De Vries (2000) Schilling (2002) Le Goff (2004) Mokyr (2006) Israel (2008) McKitterick (2010) Parker (2012) Assmann (2014) Herrin (2016) McNeill (2018) Daston (2020) Cognitive Science Anderson (2006) Dehaene (2008) Tomasello (2010) Duncan (2012) McClelland (2014) Spelke (2016) Kanwisher (2018) Zatorre (2020) Art Verhoef (1988) Bot (1990) C. Visser (1992) Röling (1994) Martens (1996) Van de Pavert (1998) Geelen (2000) Mik (2002) Van Golden (2004) Koelewijn (2006) B. Visser (2008) Manders (2010) Struycken (2012) Van Oldenborgh (2014) Dröge Wendel (2016) Van Lieshout (2018) Blom (2020) vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 1994Fellows David Aldous Raymond Baker Nick Barton Timothy Bliss Richard Borcherds Geoffrey Boxshall Jeremy Brockes Anthony Butterworth Henry Marshall Charlton Anthony Cheetham Julian Davies Nicholas Barry Davies Guy Dodson George Efstathiou John Edwin Field Graham Fleming Michael J. C. Gordon Dennis Greenland Kurt Lambeck Brian Launder Andrew Lumsden David MacLennan Tak Wah Mak Peter McCullagh Dusa McDuff Robert Michael Moor Peter Morris John Forster Nixon Andrew Clennel Palmer David Pettifor Tony Pawson Brian Ridley Derek Robinson David Sherrington Fraser Stoddart John Tooze Richard Treisman Scott Tremaine Bob White James Gordon Williams Foreign F. Albert Cotton Friedrich Hirzebruch Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov Hugh McDevitt Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics Scopus Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"OOnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natureobit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTPawson-2"}],"text":"Anthony James Pawson CH, OC, OOnt, FRS, FRSC (18 October 1952 – 7 August 2013[1]) was a British-born Canadian scientist.[2]","title":"Tony Pawson (biochemist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natureobit-1"},{"link_name":"Tony Pawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clare College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lunenfeld_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTPawson-2"}],"text":"Born in Maidstone, England,[1] the son of the sportsman and writer Tony Pawson, and botanist and high-school teacher Hilarie, he was the eldest of three children.[3] He was educated at Winchester College[4] and Clare College, Cambridge, where he received an MA in biochemistry followed by a PhD from King's College London in 1976. From 1976 to 1980 he pursued postdoctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1981 to 1985, he was Assistant Professor in microbiology at the University of British Columbia.[5]Pawson was a Distinguished Investigator and former Director of Research at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital and Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto both of which he joined in 1985.Pawson died on 7 August 2013 of unspecified causes at the age of 60.[6][7][8][2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signal transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"SH2 domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2_domain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Pawson's research revolutionised the understanding of signal transduction, the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond to external cues, and how they communicate with each other. He identified the phosphotyrosine-binding Src homology 2 (SH2 domain) as the prototypic non-catalytic interaction module. SH2 domains serve as a model for a large family of protein modules that act together to control many aspects of cellular signalling. Since the discovery of SH2 domains, hundreds of different modules have been identified in many proteins.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gairdner Foundation International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Noble Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Noble_Prize"},{"link_name":"Heineken Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken_Prize"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Wolf Prize in Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Royal Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Howard Taylor Ricketts Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Taylor_Ricketts"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prize"},{"link_name":"Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Citation_Laureates"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Proteomics Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_National_Proteomics_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"1994 Gairdner Foundation International Award\n1994 Fellow of the Royal Society of London and the Royal Society of Canada\n1995 Robert L. Noble Prize from the National Cancer Institute of Canada\n1998 Pezcoller-AACR International Award for Cancer Research\n1998 Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\n1998 The Royal Society of Canada Flavelle Medal for meritorious achievement in biological science\n2000\tJ. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine\n2004 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University\n2004 Poulsson Medal, the Norwegian Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology\n2004 Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (US)\n2004 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\n2005 Wolf Prize in Medicine \"for his discovery of protein domains essential for mediating protein-protein interactions in cellular signaling pathways, and the insights this research has provided into cancer\"\n2005 The Royal Medal (The Queen's Medal) from The Royal Society of London\n2006 Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour\n2007 Premiers Summit Award\n2007 Howard Taylor Ricketts Award from University of Chicago\n2008 Kyoto Prize – \"Japan's Nobel\" for \"Proposing and Proving the Concept of Adapter Molecules in the Signal Transduction\"\n2012 Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates, candidate for Nobel Prize in Medicine \"for identification of the phosphotyrosine binding SH2 domain and demonstrating its function in protein-protein interactions\"\n2013 Annual award of the Canadian National Proteomics Network, thereafter named the CNPN-Tony Pawson Proteomics Award[19]","title":"Honours and awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bernstein, Alan; Rossant, Janet (2013). \"Anthony James Pawson (1952–2013) Biochemist whose vision of cell signalling transformed cancer research\". Nature. 501 (7466): 168. Bibcode:2013Natur.501..168B. doi:10.1038/501168a. PMID 24025833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bernstein","url_text":"Bernstein, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Rossant","url_text":"Rossant, Janet"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F501168a","url_text":"\"Anthony James Pawson (1952–2013) Biochemist whose vision of cell signalling transformed cancer research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.501..168B","url_text":"2013Natur.501..168B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F501168a","url_text":"10.1038/501168a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24025833","url_text":"24025833"}]},{"reference":"Vitello, Paul (29 August 2013). \"Anthony Pawson, Biologist in Cell-Protein Breakthrough, Dies at 60\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/30/world/americas/anthony-pawson-biologist-in-cell-protein-breakthrough-dies-at-60.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Pawson, Biologist in Cell-Protein Breakthrough, Dies at 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Genna (14 August 2013). \"Anthony Pawson helped discover how cells communicate with each other\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/anthony-pawson-helped-discover-how-cells-communicate-with-each-other/article13778193/","url_text":"\"Anthony Pawson helped discover how cells communicate with each other\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Kyriakis, John M. \"Retrospective Tony Pawson (1952–2013)\". ASBMB Today. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=48920","url_text":"\"Retrospective Tony Pawson (1952–2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Pawson, renowned Canadian scientist, dies at 60\". CBC. 9 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tony-pawson-renowned-canadian-scientist-dies-at-60-1.1301463","url_text":"\"Tony Pawson, renowned Canadian scientist, dies at 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"CBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies | Toronto Star\". Thestar.com. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2013/08/08/renowned_toronto_genetic_researcher_dr_tony_pawson_dies.html","url_text":"\"Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies | Toronto Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific community reels at the loss of the world-renowned Tony Pawson\". Maclean's. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/2013/08/09/scientific-community-reels-at-the-loss-of-the-world-renowned-tony-pawson/","url_text":"\"Scientific community reels at the loss of the world-renowned Tony Pawson\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Wells (9 August 2013). \"RIP Tony Pawson\". Maclean's. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/2013/08/09/rip-tony-pawson/","url_text":"\"RIP Tony Pawson\""}]},{"reference":"Pawson, T.; Nash, P. (2003). \"Assembly of Cell Regulatory Systems Through Protein Interaction Domains\". Science. 300 (5618): 445–452. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.3136. doi:10.1126/science.1083653. PMID 12702867. S2CID 14634947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.3136","url_text":"10.1.1.321.3136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1083653","url_text":"10.1126/science.1083653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12702867","url_text":"12702867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14634947","url_text":"14634947"}]},{"reference":"Nash, P.; Tang, X.; Orlicky, S.; Chen, Q.; Gertler, F. B.; Mendenhall, M. D.; Sicheri, F.; Pawson, T.; Tyers, M. (2001). \"Multisite phosphorylation of a CDK inhibitor sets a threshold for the onset of DNA replication\". Nature. 414 (6863): 514–521. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..514N. doi:10.1038/35107009. PMID 11734846. S2CID 16924667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..514N","url_text":"2001Natur.414..514N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35107009","url_text":"10.1038/35107009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734846","url_text":"11734846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16924667","url_text":"16924667"}]},{"reference":"Holland, S. J.; Gale, N. W.; Mbamalu, G.; Yancopoulos, G. D.; Henkemeyer, M.; Pawson, T. (1996). \"Bidirectional signalling through the EPH-family receptor Nuk and its transmembrane ligands\". Nature. 383 (6602): 722–725. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..722H. doi:10.1038/383722a0. hdl:1807/9444. PMID 8878483. S2CID 4349898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.383..722H","url_text":"1996Natur.383..722H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F383722a0","url_text":"10.1038/383722a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F9444","url_text":"1807/9444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8878483","url_text":"8878483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4349898","url_text":"4349898"}]},{"reference":"Salcini, A. E.; McGlade, J.; Pelicci, G.; Nicoletti, I.; Pawson, T.; Pelicci, P. G. (1994). \"Formation of Shc-Grb2 complexes is necessary to induce neoplastic transformation by overexpression of Shc proteins\". Oncogene. 9 (10): 2827–2836. PMID 8084588.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8084588","url_text":"8084588"}]},{"reference":"Henkemeyer, M.; Marengere, L. E.; McGlade, J.; Olivier, J. P.; Conlon, R. A.; Holmyard, D. P.; Letwin, K.; Pawson, T. (1994). \"Immunolocalization of the Nuk receptor tyrosine kinase suggests roles in segmental patterning of the brain and axonogenesis\". Oncogene. 9 (4): 1001–1014. PMID 8134103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8134103","url_text":"8134103"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, R. M.; Loeb, D. M.; Copeland, T. D.; Pawson, T.; Greene, L. A.; Kaplan, D. R. (1994). \"Trk receptors use redundant signal transduction pathways involving SHC and PLC-gamma 1 to mediate NGF responses\". Neuron. 12 (3): 691–705. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90223-2. PMID 8155326. S2CID 7053584.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2894%2990223-2","url_text":"\"Trk receptors use redundant signal transduction pathways involving SHC and PLC-gamma 1 to mediate NGF responses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2894%2990223-2","url_text":"10.1016/0896-6273(94)90223-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8155326","url_text":"8155326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7053584","url_text":"7053584"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, A. J.; McGlade, J.; Pawson, T.; Hayman, M. J. (1994). \"Phosphorylation of the SHC proteins on tyrosine correlates with the transformation of fibroblasts and erythroblasts by the v-sea tyrosine kinase\". Oncogene. 9 (2): 537–544. PMID 8290264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8290264","url_text":"8290264"}]},{"reference":"Marengere, L. E. M.; Songyang, Z.; Gish, G. D.; Schaller, M. D.; Parsons, J. T.; Stern, M. J.; Cantley, L. C.; Pawson, T. (1994). \"SH2 domain specificity and activity modified by a single residue\". Nature. 369 (6480): 502–505. Bibcode:1994Natur.369..502M. doi:10.1038/369502a0. hdl:1807/9433. PMID 7515480. S2CID 22767669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.369..502M","url_text":"1994Natur.369..502M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F369502a0","url_text":"10.1038/369502a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F9433","url_text":"1807/9433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7515480","url_text":"7515480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22767669","url_text":"22767669"}]},{"reference":"Moran, M. F. (1990). \"Src Homology Region 2 Domains Direct Protein-Protein Interactions in Signal Transduction\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (21): 8622–8626. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.8622M. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8622. PMC 55009. PMID 2236073.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55009","url_text":"\"Src Homology Region 2 Domains Direct Protein-Protein Interactions in Signal Transduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.8622M","url_text":"1990PNAS...87.8622M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.21.8622","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.87.21.8622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55009","url_text":"55009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236073","url_text":"2236073"}]},{"reference":"Feller, Stephan M. (2013). \"Tony (Anthony James) Pawson, a giant in the field of cell signaling research, dies unexpectedly at the age of 60\". Cell Communication and Signaling. 11: 61. doi:10.1186/1478-811X-11-61. PMC 3766090.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766090","url_text":"\"Tony (Anthony James) Pawson, a giant in the field of cell signaling research, dies unexpectedly at the age of 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1478-811X-11-61","url_text":"10.1186/1478-811X-11-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766090","url_text":"3766090"}]},{"reference":"\"Past award winners\". Canadian National Proteomics Network. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnpn.ca/about/past_award_winners.html","url_text":"\"Past award winners\""}]},{"reference":"Elaine Smith (5 July 2006). \"Professor named to Order of Companions of Honour\". news@UofT. University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060705-2434.asp","url_text":"\"Professor named to Order of Companions of Honour\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915110612/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060705-2434.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Pawson – OC, O.Ont, PhD, FRS, FRSC\". Canadian Institutes of Health Research. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2005. Retrieved 18 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215174839/http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/22024.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Pawson – OC, O.Ont, PhD, FRS, FRSC\""},{"url":"https://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/22024.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laura Kane (8 August 2013). \"Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies\". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2013/08/08/renowned_toronto_genetic_researcher_dr_tony_pawson_dies.html","url_text":"\"Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies\""}]}]
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winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060705-2434.asp","external_links_name":"\"Professor named to Order of Companions of Honour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915110612/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/060705-2434.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215174839/http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/22024.html","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Pawson – OC, O.Ont, PhD, FRS, FRSC\""},{"Link":"https://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/22024.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2013/08/08/renowned_toronto_genetic_researcher_dr_tony_pawson_dies.html","external_links_name":"\"Renowned Toronto genetic researcher Dr. Tony Pawson dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012155012/http://pawsonlab.mshri.on.ca/","external_links_name":"Anthony Pawson official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/","external_links_name":"The Official Site of Louisa Gross 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerythrin
Hemerythrin
["1 O2 binding mechanism","2 Quaternary structure and cooperativity","3 Hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
InterPro Family Hemerythrin-like familySingly oxygenated hemerythrin protein. PDB: 1HMO​IdentifiersSymbolHemerythrinPfamPF01814InterProIPR035938PROSITEPDOC00476CATH1HMOSCOP22HMZ / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam  structures / ECOD  PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary Trimeric Hemerythrin Protein Complex (PDB: 1HMO​) Hemerythrin (also spelled haemerythrin; Ancient Greek: αἷμα, romanized: haîma, lit. 'blood', Ancient Greek: ἐρυθρός, romanized: erythrós, lit. 'red') is an oligomeric protein responsible for oxygen (O2) transport in the marine invertebrate phyla of sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and in a single annelid worm genus, Magelona. Myohemerythrin is a monomeric O2-binding protein found in the muscles of marine invertebrates. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are essentially colorless when deoxygenated, but turn a violet-pink in the oxygenated state. Hemerythrin does not, as the name might suggest, contain a heme. The names of the blood oxygen transporters hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin do not refer to the heme group (only found in globins). Instead, these names are derived from the Greek word for blood. Hemerythrin may also contribute to innate immunity and anterior tissue regeneration in certain worms. O2 binding mechanism The mechanism of dioxygen binding is unusual. Most O2 carriers operate via formation of dioxygen complexes, but hemerythrin holds the O2 as a hydroperoxide (HO2, or -OOH−). The site that binds O2 consists of a pair of iron centres. The iron atoms are bound to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of a glutamate and aspartates as well as through five histidine residues. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are often described according to oxidation and ligation states of the iron center: Fe2+—OH—Fe2+ deoxy (reduced) Fe2+—OH—Fe3+ semi-met Fe3+—O—Fe3+—OOH− oxy (oxidized) Fe3+—OH—Fe3+— (any other ligand) met (oxidized) The uptake of O2 by hemerythrin is accompanied by two-electron oxidation of the diferrous centre to produce a hydroperoxide (OOH−) complex. The binding of O2 is roughly described in this diagram: Active site of hemerythrin before and after oxygenation. Deoxyhemerythrin contains two high-spin ferrous ions bridged by hydroxyl group (A). One iron is hexacoordinate and another is pentacoordinate. A hydroxyl group serves as a bridging ligand but also functions as a proton donor to the O2 substrate. This proton-transfer result in the formation of a single oxygen atom (μ-oxo) bridge in oxy- and methemerythrin. O2 binds to the pentacoordinate Fe2+ centre at the vacant coordination site (B). Then electrons are transferred from the ferrous ions to generate the binuclear ferric (Fe3+,Fe3+) centre with bound peroxide (C). Quaternary structure and cooperativity Hemerythrin homooctamer with a single monomer highlighted in yellow. PDB: 1HMO​ Hemerythrin typically exists as a homooctamer or heterooctamer composed of α- and β-type subunits of 13–14 kDa each, although some species have dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric hemerythrins. Each subunit has a four-α-helix fold binding a binuclear iron centre. Because of its size hemerythrin is usually found in cells or "corpuscles" in the blood rather than free floating. Unlike hemoglobin, most hemerythrins lack cooperative binding to oxygen, making it roughly 1/4 as efficient as hemoglobin. In some brachiopods though, hemerythrin shows cooperative binding of O2. Cooperative binding is achieved by interactions between subunits: the oxygenation of one subunit increases the affinity of a second unit for oxygen. Hemerythrin affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) is actually lower than its affinity for O2, unlike hemoglobin which has a very high affinity for CO. Hemerythrin's low affinity for CO poisoning reflects the role of hydrogen-bonding in the binding of O2, a pathway mode that is incompatible with CO complexes which usually do not engage in hydrogen bonding. Hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain The hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain occurs as a duplicated domain in hemerythrins, myohemerythrins and related proteins. This domain binds iron in hemerythrin, but can bind other metals in related proteins, such as cadmium in the Nereis diversicolor hemerythrin. It is also found in the NorA protein from Cupriavidus necator, this protein is a regulator of response to nitric oxide, which suggests a different set-up for its metal ligands. A protein from Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans) that contains haemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domains is also involved in nitric oxide response. A Staphylococcus aureus protein containing this domain, iron-sulfur cluster repair protein ScdA, has been noted to be important when the organism switches to living in environments with low oxygen concentrations; perhaps this protein acts as an oxygen store or scavenger. Hemerythrin/HHE (H-HxxxE-HxxxH-HxxxxD) proteins found in bacteria are implicated in signal transduction and chemotaxis. More distantly related ones include H-HxxxE-H-HxxxE proteins (including the E3 ligase) and animal F-box proteins (H-HExxE-H-HxxxE). References ^ Coates, C.J., Decker, H. (2017). "Immunological properties of oxygen transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 74 (2): 293–317. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7. PMC 5219038. PMID 27518203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ D. M. Kurtz, Jr. "Dioxygen-binding Proteins" in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II 2003, Volume 8, Pages 229–260. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/08171-8 ^ Friesner, R. A.; Baik, M.-H.; Gherman, B. F.; Guallar, V.; Wirstam, M.; Murphy, R. B.; Lippard, S. J. (2003). "How iron-containing proteins control dioxygen chemistry: a detailed atomic level description via accurate quantum chemical and mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations". Coord. Chem. Rev. 238–239: 267–290. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00284-9. ^ Chow ED, Liu OW, O'Brien S, Madhani HD (September 2007). "Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: nitric oxide stress and body temperature". Curr. Genet. 52 (3–4): 137–48. doi:10.1007/s00294-007-0147-9. PMID 17661046. S2CID 10212964. ^ Overton TW, Justino MC, Li Y, Baptista JM, Melo AM, Cole JA, et al. (2008). "Widespread Distribution in Pathogenic Bacteria of Di-Iron Proteins That Repair Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage to Iron-Sulfur Centers". J Bacteriol. 190 (6): 2004–13. doi:10.1128/JB.01733-07. PMC 2258886. PMID 18203837. ^ Alvarez-Carreño, Claudia; Alva, Vikram; Becerra, Arturo; Lazcano, Antonio (April 2018). "Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily: Hemerythrin-like Domain Superfamily". Protein Science. 27 (4): 848–860. doi:10.1002/pro.3374. PMC 5866928. PMID 29330894. Further reading Karlsen, O.A., Ramsevik, L., Bruseth, L.J., Larsen, Ø., Brenner, A., Berven, F.S., Jensen, H.B. and Lillehaug, J.R. (2005). "Characterization of a prokaryotic haemerythrin from the methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)". FEBS J. 272 (10): 2428–2440. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04663.x. PMID 15885093. S2CID 11002682.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Stenkamp, R.E. (1994). "Dioxygen and hemerythrin". Chem. Rev. 94 (3): 715–726. doi:10.1021/cr00027a008. External links 1HMD - PDB structure of deoxyhemerythrin Themiste dyscrita (sipunculid worm) 1HMO – PDB structure of oxyhemerythrin from Themiste dyscrita 2MHR – PDB structure of azido-met myohemerythrin from Themiste zostericola (sipunculid worm) IPR002063 – InterPro entry for hemerythrin vteCarrier proteins, metalloproteins: Non-heme iron proteinheme Ferritin Bacterioferritin Lactoferrin Transferrin nonheme Hemerythrin Inositol oxygenase Iron–sulfur protein Lipoxygenase Tyrosine hydroxylase This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR012312
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Myohemerythrin is a monomeric O2-binding protein found in the muscles of marine invertebrates. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are essentially colorless when deoxygenated, but turn a violet-pink in the oxygenated state.Hemerythrin does not, as the name might suggest, contain a heme. The names of the blood oxygen transporters hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin do not refer to the heme group (only found in globins). Instead, these names are derived from the Greek word for blood. Hemerythrin may also contribute to innate immunity and anterior tissue regeneration in certain worms.[1]","title":"Hemerythrin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dioxygen complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxygen_complex"},{"link_name":"hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"aspartates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate"},{"link_name":"histidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"ferrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous"},{"link_name":"hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O2%2Bhemerythrin.svg"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"bridging ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_ligand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The mechanism of dioxygen binding is unusual. Most O2 carriers operate via formation of dioxygen complexes, but hemerythrin holds the O2 as a hydroperoxide (HO2, or -OOH−). The site that binds O2 consists of a pair of iron centres. The iron atoms are bound to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of a glutamate and aspartates as well as through five histidine residues. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are often described according to oxidation and ligation states of the iron center:The uptake of O2 by hemerythrin is accompanied by two-electron oxidation of the diferrous centre to produce a hydroperoxide (OOH−) complex. The binding of O2 is roughly described in this diagram:Active site of hemerythrin before and after oxygenation.Deoxyhemerythrin contains two high-spin ferrous ions bridged by hydroxyl group (A). One iron is hexacoordinate and another is pentacoordinate. A hydroxyl group serves as a bridging ligand but also functions as a proton donor to the O2 substrate. This proton-transfer result in the formation of a single oxygen atom (μ-oxo) bridge in oxy- and methemerythrin. O2 binds to the pentacoordinate Fe2+ centre at the vacant coordination site (B). Then electrons are transferred from the ferrous ions to generate the binuclear ferric (Fe3+,Fe3+) centre with bound peroxide (C).[2][3]","title":"O2 binding mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemerythrin_Homooctamer_(1HMO).png"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"1HMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rcsb.org/structure/1HMO"},{"link_name":"kDa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"cooperative binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_binding"},{"link_name":"brachiopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopods"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"}],"text":"Hemerythrin homooctamer with a single monomer highlighted in yellow. PDB: 1HMO​Hemerythrin typically exists as a homooctamer or heterooctamer composed of α- and β-type subunits of 13–14 kDa each, although some species have dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric hemerythrins. Each subunit has a four-α-helix fold binding a binuclear iron centre. Because of its size hemerythrin is usually found in cells or \"corpuscles\" in the blood rather than free floating.Unlike hemoglobin, most hemerythrins lack cooperative binding to oxygen, making it roughly 1/4 as efficient as hemoglobin. In some brachiopods though, hemerythrin shows cooperative binding of O2. Cooperative binding is achieved by interactions between subunits: the oxygenation of one subunit increases the affinity of a second unit for oxygen.Hemerythrin affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) is actually lower than its affinity for O2, unlike hemoglobin which has a very high affinity for CO. Hemerythrin's low affinity for CO poisoning reflects the role of hydrogen-bonding in the binding of O2, a pathway mode that is incompatible with CO complexes which usually do not engage in hydrogen bonding.","title":"Quaternary structure and cooperativity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"Nereis diversicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereis_diversicolor"},{"link_name":"Cupriavidus necator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupriavidus_necator"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligands"},{"link_name":"Cryptococcus neoformans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17661046-4"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18203837-5"},{"link_name":"chemotaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis"},{"link_name":"E3 ligase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_ligase"},{"link_name":"F-box proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-box_protein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain occurs as a duplicated domain in hemerythrins, myohemerythrins and related proteins. This domain binds iron in hemerythrin, but can bind other metals in related proteins, such as cadmium in the Nereis diversicolor hemerythrin. It is also found in the NorA protein from Cupriavidus necator, this protein is a regulator of response to nitric oxide, which suggests a different set-up for its metal ligands. A protein from Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans) that contains haemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domains is also involved in nitric oxide response.[4] A Staphylococcus aureus protein containing this domain, iron-sulfur cluster repair protein ScdA, has been noted to be important when the organism switches to living in environments with low oxygen concentrations; perhaps this protein acts as an oxygen store or scavenger.[5]Hemerythrin/HHE (H-HxxxE-HxxxH-HxxxxD) proteins found in bacteria are implicated in signal transduction and chemotaxis. More distantly related ones include H-HxxxE-H-HxxxE proteins (including the E3 ligase) and animal F-box proteins (H-HExxE-H-HxxxE).[6]","title":"Hemerythrin/HHE cation-binding domain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04663.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2005.04663.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15885093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15885093"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11002682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11002682"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/cr00027a008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr00027a008"}],"text":"Karlsen, O.A., Ramsevik, L., Bruseth, L.J., Larsen, Ø., Brenner, A., Berven, F.S., Jensen, H.B. and Lillehaug, J.R. (2005). \"Characterization of a prokaryotic haemerythrin from the methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)\". FEBS J. 272 (10): 2428–2440. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04663.x. PMID 15885093. S2CID 11002682.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nStenkamp, R.E. (1994). \"Dioxygen and hemerythrin\". Chem. Rev. 94 (3): 715–726. doi:10.1021/cr00027a008.","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Coates, C.J., Decker, H. (2017). \"Immunological properties of oxygen transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin\". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 74 (2): 293–317. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7. PMC 5219038. PMID 27518203.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5219038","url_text":"\"Immunological properties of oxygen transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-016-2326-7","url_text":"10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5219038","url_text":"5219038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27518203","url_text":"27518203"}]},{"reference":"Friesner, R. A.; Baik, M.-H.; Gherman, B. F.; Guallar, V.; Wirstam, M.; Murphy, R. B.; Lippard, S. J. (2003). \"How iron-containing proteins control dioxygen chemistry: a detailed atomic level description via accurate quantum chemical and mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations\". Coord. Chem. Rev. 238–239: 267–290. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00284-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-8545%2802%2900284-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00284-9"}]},{"reference":"Chow ED, Liu OW, O'Brien S, Madhani HD (September 2007). \"Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: nitric oxide stress and body temperature\". Curr. Genet. 52 (3–4): 137–48. doi:10.1007/s00294-007-0147-9. PMID 17661046. S2CID 10212964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00294-007-0147-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00294-007-0147-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17661046","url_text":"17661046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10212964","url_text":"10212964"}]},{"reference":"Overton TW, Justino MC, Li Y, Baptista JM, Melo AM, Cole JA, et al. (2008). \"Widespread Distribution in Pathogenic Bacteria of Di-Iron Proteins That Repair Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage to Iron-Sulfur Centers\". J Bacteriol. 190 (6): 2004–13. doi:10.1128/JB.01733-07. PMC 2258886. PMID 18203837.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258886","url_text":"\"Widespread Distribution in Pathogenic Bacteria of Di-Iron Proteins That Repair Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage to Iron-Sulfur Centers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01733-07","url_text":"10.1128/JB.01733-07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258886","url_text":"2258886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18203837","url_text":"18203837"}]},{"reference":"Alvarez-Carreño, Claudia; Alva, Vikram; Becerra, Arturo; Lazcano, Antonio (April 2018). \"Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily: Hemerythrin-like Domain Superfamily\". Protein Science. 27 (4): 848–860. doi:10.1002/pro.3374. PMC 5866928. PMID 29330894.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866928","url_text":"\"Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily: Hemerythrin-like Domain Superfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpro.3374","url_text":"10.1002/pro.3374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866928","url_text":"5866928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29330894","url_text":"29330894"}]},{"reference":"Karlsen, O.A., Ramsevik, L., Bruseth, L.J., Larsen, Ø., Brenner, A., Berven, F.S., Jensen, H.B. and Lillehaug, J.R. (2005). \"Characterization of a prokaryotic haemerythrin from the methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)\". FEBS J. 272 (10): 2428–2440. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04663.x. PMID 15885093. S2CID 11002682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2005.04663.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04663.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15885093","url_text":"15885093"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11002682","url_text":"11002682"}]},{"reference":"Stenkamp, R.E. (1994). \"Dioxygen and hemerythrin\". Chem. Rev. 94 (3): 715–726. doi:10.1021/cr00027a008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr00027a008","url_text":"10.1021/cr00027a008"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smeeton
George Smeeton
["1 Life","2 Publications","3 Notes"]
English printer and compiler of biographical collections Not to be confused with George Smeaton. George Smeeton (fl. 1800–1828) was an English printer and compiler of biographical collections. Life Smeeton rose to the proprietorship of a printing business in the neighbourhood of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields in Westminster. He became a strong ally of James Caulfield, of Wells Street, off Oxford Street. He moved to the Old Bailey, and then to Tooley Street, Southwark, by 1828, Publications Smeeton brought out Boxiana as a serial from 1812. He printed and published, in 1814, The Eccentric Magazine for Caulfield containing lives and portraits of misers, dwarfs, and idiots. In 1820 he issued, in two volumes, Reprints of Rare and Curious Tracts relating to English History, containing 16 seventeenth-century pamphlets, with reproductions of contemporary portraits and a few notes. Following in Caulfield's footsteps, Smeeton issued in 1822 Biographia Curiosa; or Memoirs of Remarkable Characters of the Reign of George III, with their Portraits (London; with 39 portraits, and a plate of the Beggars' Opera at St. Giles). From 1825, he published four volumes of The Unique, a series of engraved portraits of eminent persons, with brief memoirs. In 1828 he issued Doings in London: or Day and Night Scenes of the Frauds, Frolics, Manners, and Depravities of the Metropolis, illustrated with designs engraved by George Wilmot Bonner after Isaac Robert Cruikshank. This is a medley based to some extent on Edward Ward's The London Spy and the compilations of Pierce Egan and Charles Molloy Westmacott. Notes ^ Brailsford, Dennis. "Egan, Pierce". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8577. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Smeeton, George" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Smeeton, George". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States
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He became a strong ally of James Caulfield, of Wells Street, off Oxford Street. He moved to the Old Bailey, and then to Tooley Street, Southwark, by 1828,","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"George Wilmot Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wilmot_Bonner"},{"link_name":"Isaac Robert Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Robert_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"Edward Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ward"},{"link_name":"The London Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Spy"},{"link_name":"Pierce Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Egan"},{"link_name":"Charles Molloy Westmacott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Molloy_Westmacott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"}],"text":"Smeeton brought out Boxiana as a serial from 1812.[1] He printed and published, in 1814, The Eccentric Magazine for Caulfield containing lives and portraits of misers, dwarfs, and idiots. In 1820 he issued, in two volumes, Reprints of Rare and Curious Tracts relating to English History, containing 16 seventeenth-century pamphlets, with reproductions of contemporary portraits and a few notes.[2]Following in Caulfield's footsteps, Smeeton issued in 1822 Biographia Curiosa; or Memoirs of Remarkable Characters of the Reign of George III, with their Portraits (London; with 39 portraits, and a plate of the Beggars' Opera at St. Giles). From 1825, he published four volumes of The Unique, a series of engraved portraits of eminent persons, with brief memoirs. In 1828 he issued Doings in London: or Day and Night Scenes of the Frauds, Frolics, Manners, and Depravities of the Metropolis, illustrated with designs engraved by George Wilmot Bonner after Isaac Robert Cruikshank. This is a medley based to some extent on Edward Ward's The London Spy and the compilations of Pierce Egan and Charles Molloy Westmacott.[2]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8577"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"Smeeton, George\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Smeeton,_George"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Smeeton, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Smeeton,_George"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16228474#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000022748168"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/3406149296275680670006"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144308514"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144308514"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n82225923"}],"text":"^ Brailsford, Dennis. \"Egan, Pierce\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8577. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). \"Smeeton, George\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). \"Smeeton, George\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_River
Deli River
["1 Hydrology","2 Geography","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Coordinates: 3°46′1″N 98°42′9.8″E / 3.76694°N 98.702722°E / 3.76694; 98.702722Sumatran river Deli RiverSoengai PetaniDeli Railway Company bridge over the Deli River near BelawanLocation of river mouthShow map of SumatraDeli River (Indonesia)Show map of IndonesiaNative nameSungai Deli (Indonesian)LocationCountryIndonesiaProvinceNorth SumateraPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Sibayak • locationSibolangit • elevation2,000 m (6,600 ft) MouthStrait of Malacca • locationMedan Kota Belawan • coordinates3°46′1″N 98°42′9.8″E / 3.76694°N 98.702722°E / 3.76694; 98.702722Length73 km (45 mi)Basin size346 km2 (134 sq mi)Width  • average5.58 m (18.3 ft)Basin featuresRiver systemDeli basinPopulation1,346,520 (2015) Deli River (1905) Deli River (Indonesian: Sungai Deli) is a river located in Sumatra, Indonesia, and courses through Medan before discharging to the Strait of Malacca near the port city of Belawan. It is one of the eight rivers in Medan. The Deli Sultanate was founded on the delta of the river around 1640, and later around the 19th century, this river acted as an artery of trade for the sultanate to other areas. Hydrology The forest area in the headwaters of the Deli is 3,655 hectares, or 7.59 percent of 48 162 hectares of Deli watershed. With an area of 48 162 hectares, length of 73 kilometers (km), and a width of 5.58 m, Deli watershed should have at least 140 hectares, or 30 percent of the watershed. Today, the river is heavily polluted. 70 percent of waste in the Deli River are solid or liquid waste, due to waste generated in the densely populated city of Medan (reaching 1,725 tons a day). Geography The river flows in the northeastern area of Sumatra with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is January, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is December, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2862 mm. The wettest month is October, with an average of 446 mm rainfall, and the driest is June, with 129 mm rainfall. See also List of drainage basins of Indonesia List of rivers of Sumatra Notes 1.^ Population calculated from the sum of populations in the 14 subdistricts of Medan municipality which were used for population calculation in the citation. References ^ a b c Sembiring, Silvia Tabah Hati BR. "Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Deli" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Medan: University of North Sumatra. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kecamatan dan Jenis Kelamin, 2011–2015". Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Medan (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ Sungai Deli – Geonames.org. ^ "Timbunan Sampah di Medan 1725 Ton per Hari" (in Indonesian). Lintas Medan. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016. ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2018. ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month – TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2018. vteRivers of SumatravteRivers of Aceh Aceh Alas Cunda Jamboaye Kluet Peureulak Peusangan Renun Simpang-kanan Tamiang Teunom Tripa Woyla vteRivers of Jambi Batang Hari Merangin Tembesi Tungkal vteRivers of Lampung Mesuji Sekampung Seputih Tulang Bawang vteRivers of North Sumatra Asahan Barumun Bila Bingai Bohorok Deli Gadis Kualu Renun Silau Simpang-kanan Toru Wampu vteRivers of Riau Indragiri Kampar Kanan Kampar Kiri Kampar Kumu Mandau Ombilin Rokan Rokan-kanan Rokan-kiri Siak Simpang-kiri vteRivers of South Sumatra Banyuasin Komering Musi Ogan Rawas Simpang-kanan vteRivers of West Sumatra Batang Hari Kampar Kampar Kiri Ombilin Sinamar Rivers of Indonesia
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KITLV_-_26884_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Sungai_Deli_in_Labuan,_East_Coast_of_Sumatra_-_circa_1905.tif"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"Strait of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Belawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belawan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Deli Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"founded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli#Sri_Paduka_Tuanku_Gocah_Pahlawan,_founder_of_the_Sultanate_of_Deli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usu-1"}],"text":"Sumatran riverDeli River (1905)Deli River (Indonesian: Sungai Deli) is a river located in Sumatra, Indonesia, and courses through Medan before discharging to the Strait of Malacca near the port city of Belawan.[3] It is one of the eight rivers in Medan. The Deli Sultanate was founded on the delta of the river around 1640,[1] and later around the 19th century, this river acted as an artery of trade for the sultanate to other areas.","title":"Deli River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The forest area in the headwaters of the Deli is 3,655 hectares, or 7.59 percent of 48 162 hectares of Deli watershed. With an area of 48 162 hectares, length of 73 kilometers (km), and a width of 5.58 m, Deli watershed should have at least 140 hectares, or 30 percent of the watershed.Today, the river is heavily polluted. 70 percent of waste in the Deli River are solid or liquid waste, due to waste generated in the densely populated city of Medan (reaching 1,725 tons a day[4]).","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koppen-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasarain-7"}],"text":"The river flows in the northeastern area of Sumatra with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[5] The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is January, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is December, at 22 °C.[6] The average annual rainfall is 2862 mm. The wettest month is October, with an average of 446 mm rainfall, and the driest is June, with 129 mm rainfall.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_basinpop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usu-1"}],"text":"1.^ Population calculated from the sum of populations in the 14 subdistricts of Medan municipality which were used for population calculation in the citation.[1]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"List of drainage basins of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sumatra"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DungeonWorld_(play-by-mail_game)
DungeonWorld (play-by-mail game)
["1 History and development","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading"]
Play-by-mail fantasy role-playing game DungeonWorldOther namesDungeonDesignersSteve Tierney and teamPublishersMadhouse USAYears active1998 to currentGenresfantasy role-playing gameLanguagesEnglishPlayersunlimitedPlaying timeunlimitedMaterials requiredInstructions, order sheets, turn results, paper, pencilMedia typePlay-by-mailWebsitehttp://www.madcentral.co.uk/dungeonworld/adventures/ DungeonWorld is a play-by-mail game published by Madhouse USA. It is an open-ended, computer moderated, play-by-mail (PBM) role-playing game. Originally published as Dungeon in 1998 after playtesting, the publisher changed the name to DungeonWorld in 1999 to reflect the non-dungeon aspects of the game. In 2001, Madhouse increased the scope of the game. Players start in the fictional world of Myriad in a marketplace in the city of Berney. Various dungeons are available for players to explore and combat monsters. Players have various characters available, such as magic users, rogues, and priests. Multiple positions are also available, such as Adventurer, Trader, Monster Tribe, and Estate. The game won the Origins Awards for "Best New Play-by-Mail Game of 1998" and placed No. 1 in Flagship's "Adventure" game category in 2002 and 2003. History and development DungeonWorld is an open-ended role-playing PBM game of medium complexity. It is computer moderated, open-ended, and ran on a game engine called "Nexus". Madhouse designed it originally as the game Dungeon on the heels of their successful game Necromancer. It drew from Steve Tierney's Dungeons & Dragons experiences as a teenager. The designers' intent was to make "the largest computer-mod Adventure PBM in the world". It completed alpha test in 1998 before beginning its beta playtest. In the July–August 1999 issue of Flagship, the editors stated that Madhouse had changed the name to DungeonWorld to reflect its broad setting beyond dungeons. By 2001, Madhouse stated that the game was expanded and was "the world's largest fantasy adventure PBM". They added 20,000 new magic items and over 2,000 new monsters. By 2003, the game was also available for play by email (PBeM). Gameplay The game takes place in the city of Bereny within the fictional world of Myriad. Players could choose various positions, including the original Adventurer, Trader, Monster Tribe, and Estate. There are twelve monster races available, half good and half evil. Multiple dungeons are available, which players can enter and explore from the land above. Combat with monster denizens is central to dungeon exploration. The game features thousands of non-player character monster types including Goblins, Hobgoblins, Dark Elves, Orcs, Trolls, Ogres, Zombies, Skeletons, Ghosts, Vampires and Dragons, among others. Players begin the game in a marketplace where fighting is prohibited which is near the game's Central Dungeon. Players are allowed ten characters per position, each of which can be issued more than a dozen orders per turn. Magic is available in the game, employed by enchanters and enchantresses, while Priests employ magical healing powers. Rogues have abilities such as picking pockets, moving in the shadows, and picking locks. Reception Dungeon won the Origins Awards for "Best New Play-by-Mail Game of 1998". In the December 2002 – January 2003 issue of Flagship, DungonWorld placed No. 1 in the "Adventure" category for the second year in a row. Reviewer Dave Harris thought that DungeonWorld would appeal to strategy gamers as well. See also List of play-by-mail games References ^ a b Editors 1998. p. 11. ^ a b c Tierney 1998. p. 26. ^ a b c Tierney 1998. p. 43. ^ Editors 1999. p. 9. ^ a b Editors 2001. p. 5. ^ a b c d e f Harris 2003. p. 38. ^ Tierney 1998. pp. 26–27. ^ a b Tierney 1998. p. 27. ^ Academy of Adventure Gaming, Arts & Designs 1998. ^ Editors 2003. p. 10. Bibliography Editors (May–June 1998). "The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games: Dungeon". Flagship. No. 73. pp. 11–12. Editors (July–August 1999). "The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games". Flagship. No. 80. p. 9. Editors (September–October 2001). "The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games". Flagship. No. 80. p. 5. Editors (December 2002 – January 2003). "The Flagship PBM Ratings 2002". Flagship. No. 100. p. 10. Harris, Dave (December 2002 – January 2003). "DungeonWorld: Just a Role-Playing Game?". Flagship. No. 100. pp. 38–39. London, Andy (January–February 1999). "Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary". Flagship. No. 77. pp. 4–5. "Origins Award Winners (1998)". Academy of Adventure Gaming, Arts & Designs. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Tierney, Steve (July–August 1998). "Ghost in the Machine: Dungeon; The Making of an Adventure". Flagship. No. 74. p. 43. Tierney, Steve (May–June 1998). "A Preview of Dungeon". Paper Mayhem. No. 90. pp. 26–28. Further reading London, Andy (March–April 1999). "Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 2". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 35–36. London, Andy (May–June 1999). "Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 3". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 24–25. London, Andy (July–August 2001). "DungeonWorld: Running an Estates Position". Flagship. No. 92. pp. 10–11. London, Andy (September–October 2001). "DungeonWorld: Pt2; Running an Estates Position". Flagship. No. 93. pp. 18–19. Mosteller, Charles (September 2019). "Dwarven Descent Into DungeonWorld: The Madhouse Saga of Gobworth Browstone". Suspense & Decision. No. 19. pp. 50–54. Mulholland, Carol (November 1988). "Dungeon Play test Expands Monstrously". Flagship. No. 8. p. 12. vtePlay-by-mail gamesArena combat Adventurers Guild Arena Combat Blood Pit CTF 2187 Death by Starlight Duel II Gladiators of Death Crime Crime Lords Family Wars It's a Crime Wargames Balance of Power Battle Plan Centurion Company Commander Crisis Dawn of the Ancients Diplomacy Empires for Rent The Final Campaign Horizon's End! Nuclear Destruction Realpolitik Sirius Command State of War Strategic Conflict Victory! The Battle for Europe Warlord World Campaigns World Conquest Fantasy Alamaze Atlantrix Battle Cry Domination DungeonWorld Earthwood Epic EverMoor Fall of Rome Forgotten Realms Hyborian War Kings & Things Kings of Karadon Krahlizek The Land of Karrus Legends Lizards Loot the Castle Lords of the Earth Middle Earth PBM Odyssey Quest of the Great Jewels Realms of Fantasy Swords of the Gods Talwaithe Trolls Bottom War of the Dark God Venom Historical Adventurer Kings Aegyptus Austerlitz Conquest Conquest of Insula II Feudal Lords The Glory of Kings LandLords Midgard Moneylender Renaissance Strategic Imperial Conquest Terra II Thunder at Sea Political/Intrigue Illuminati Power SpyKor Railroad Continental Rails Roleplaying Catacombs of Chaos Crack of Doom Crasimoff's World Crystal Island Darkworld Delenda est Carthago Dukes of Hell En Garde! Firebreather Heroic Fantasy Kings Lands of Elvaria Logan's Run Lords of Valetia Midhir Monster Island Quest Realms of Sword and Thunder Saturnalia Silverdawn Trajan's Treacherous Trap TribeNet Wofan Western Stand and Deliver Westworld Science fiction Absolute Power Alien Conflict The Assassin's Quest Battle of the Gods Cosmic Crusaders Cyborg Fleet Maneuvers Galactic Prisoners The Keys of Bled Out Time Days Portinium Raumkrieg Space Battle Space Combat Starship Command Survival Challenge Tactical Assault Group The Tribes of Crane Vorcon Wars Warboid World Warp Force Empires Space Operas Ad Astra Belter Beyond the Quadra Zone Beyond the Stellar Empire Capitol Cluster Lords Continuum Eclipse Empyrean Challenge Galac-Tac Galactic Conflict Galactic Empires Galactic Power Galaxy: Alpha Infinite Conflict Lords of Destiny Mobius I New Order Pellic Quest Rimworlds Smuggler's Run Space 101 Star Cluster One Spiral Arm Star Empires Star Fleet Warlord Starglobe Star Trek: The Correspondence Game Starlord Starmaster Star Saga Stars of the Dark Well Star Venture Starweb Supernova II Takamo The Next Empire The Orion Nebula Universe II The Weapon Zorphwar Magazines Flagship Gaming Universal Paper Mayhem The Nuts & Bolts of PBM Companies Adventures by Mail Agents of Gaming Flying Buffalo, Inc. Harlequin Games KJC Games Reality Simulations, Inc. Schubel & Son Other List of play-by-mail games
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play-by-mail game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game"},{"link_name":"Madhouse USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhouse_USA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"open-ended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game#Closed_versus_open_ended"},{"link_name":"computer moderated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game#Computer_versus_human_moderated"},{"link_name":"play-by-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Origins Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_Award"},{"link_name":"Flagship's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"}],"text":"DungeonWorld is a play-by-mail game published by Madhouse USA. It is an open-ended, computer moderated, play-by-mail (PBM) role-playing game. Originally published as Dungeon in 1998 after playtesting, the publisher changed the name to DungeonWorld in 1999 to reflect the non-dungeon aspects of the game. In 2001, Madhouse increased the scope of the game. Players start in the fictional world of Myriad in a marketplace in the city of Berney. Various dungeons are available for players to explore and combat monsters. Players have various characters available, such as magic users, rogues, and priests. Multiple positions are also available, such as Adventurer, Trader, Monster Tribe, and Estate. The game won the Origins Awards for \"Best New Play-by-Mail Game of 1998\" and placed No. 1 in Flagship's \"Adventure\" game category in 2002 and 2003.","title":"DungeonWorld (play-by-mail game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors11-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney26-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney43-3"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney43-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney43-3"},{"link_name":"alpha test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-test"},{"link_name":"beta playtest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_test"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors11-1"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors9-4"},{"link_name":"magic items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_item_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters_in_Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"}],"text":"DungeonWorld is an open-ended role-playing PBM game of medium complexity.[1] It is computer moderated, open-ended, and ran on a game engine called \"Nexus\".[2] Madhouse designed it originally as the game Dungeon on the heels of their successful game Necromancer.[3] It drew from Steve Tierney's Dungeons & Dragons experiences as a teenager.[3] The designers' intent was to make \"the largest computer-mod Adventure PBM in the world\".[3]It completed alpha test in 1998 before beginning its beta playtest.[1] In the July–August 1999 issue of Flagship, the editors stated that Madhouse had changed the name to DungeonWorld to reflect its broad setting beyond dungeons.[4]By 2001, Madhouse stated that the game was expanded and was \"the world's largest fantasy adventure PBM\". They added 20,000 new magic items and over 2,000 new monsters.[5] By 2003, the game was also available for play by email (PBeM).[6]","title":"History and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney26-2"},{"link_name":"non-player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"Goblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Hobgoblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobgoblin_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Dark Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drow"},{"link_name":"Orcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Ogres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogre_(D%26D)"},{"link_name":"Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_(D%26D)"},{"link_name":"Skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(Dungeons_and_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney2627-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney26-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"},{"link_name":"Priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney27-8"},{"link_name":"Rogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney27-8"}],"text":"The game takes place in the city of Bereny within the fictional world of Myriad.[6] Players could choose various positions, including the original Adventurer, Trader, Monster Tribe, and Estate.[5] There are twelve monster races available, half good and half evil.[6] Multiple dungeons are available, which players can enter and explore from the land above.[6] Combat with monster denizens is central to dungeon exploration.[2] The game features thousands of non-player character monster types including Goblins, Hobgoblins, Dark Elves, Orcs, Trolls, Ogres, Zombies, Skeletons, Ghosts, Vampires and Dragons, among others.[7]Players begin the game in a marketplace where fighting is prohibited which is near the game's Central Dungeon.[2]Players are allowed ten characters per position, each of which can be issued more than a dozen orders per turn.[6] Magic is available in the game, employed by enchanters and enchantresses, while Priests employ magical healing powers.[8] Rogues have abilities such as picking pockets, moving in the shadows, and picking locks.[8]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Origins Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Editors10-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris38-6"}],"text":"Dungeon won the Origins Awards for \"Best New Play-by-Mail Game of 1998\".[9] In the December 2002 – January 2003 issue of Flagship, DungonWorld placed No. 1 in the \"Adventure\" category for the second year in a row.[10] Reviewer Dave Harris thought that DungeonWorld would appeal to strategy gamers as well.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Origins Award Winners (1998)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071031072248/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners"},{"link_name":"Paper Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem"}],"text":"Editors (May–June 1998). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games: Dungeon\". Flagship. No. 73. pp. 11–12.\nEditors (July–August 1999). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games\". Flagship. No. 80. p. 9.\nEditors (September–October 2001). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games\". Flagship. No. 80. p. 5.\nEditors (December 2002 – January 2003). \"The Flagship PBM Ratings 2002\". Flagship. No. 100. p. 10.\nHarris, Dave (December 2002 – January 2003). \"DungeonWorld: Just a Role-Playing Game?\". Flagship. No. 100. pp. 38–39.\nLondon, Andy (January–February 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary\". Flagship. No. 77. pp. 4–5.\n\"Origins Award Winners (1998)\". Academy of Adventure Gaming, Arts & Designs. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31.\nTierney, Steve (July–August 1998). \"Ghost in the Machine: Dungeon; The Making of an Adventure\". Flagship. No. 74. p. 43.\nTierney, Steve (May–June 1998). \"A Preview of Dungeon\". Paper Mayhem. No. 90. pp. 26–28.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Play-by-mail_games"},{"link_name":"Play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail_game"},{"link_name":"Adventurers Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurers_Guild"},{"link_name":"Arena Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Combat"},{"link_name":"Blood Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Pit"},{"link_name":"CTF 2187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTF_2187"},{"link_name":"Death by Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Duel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_II"},{"link_name":"Gladiators of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiators_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Crime Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Lords_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Family Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Wars"},{"link_name":"It's a Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Crime_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Balance of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Power_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Battle Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Plan"},{"link_name":"Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Company Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Commander_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(game)"},{"link_name":"Dawn of the Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Ancients"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Empires for Rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empires_for_Rent"},{"link_name":"The Final Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Horizon's End!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%27s_End!"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Destruction"},{"link_name":"Realpolitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik_(game)"},{"link_name":"Sirius Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Command"},{"link_name":"State of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_War_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Strategic Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Victory! The Battle for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory!_The_Battle_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"World Campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Campaigns_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"World Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conquest_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Alamaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaze"},{"link_name":"Atlantrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantrix"},{"link_name":"Battle Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Cry_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domination_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"DungeonWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Earthwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwood_(game)"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"EverMoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EverMoor_(game)"},{"link_name":"Fall of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Realms_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Hyborian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyborian_War"},{"link_name":"Kings & Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_%26_Things_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Kings of Karadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Karadon"},{"link_name":"Krahlizek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahlizek_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Land of Karrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Karrus"},{"link_name":"Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizards_(game)"},{"link_name":"Loot the Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loot_the_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lords of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Middle Earth PBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-Earth_Play-By-Mail"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Quest of the Great Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_of_the_Great_Jewels"},{"link_name":"Realms of Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realms_of_Fantasy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Swords of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Talwaithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwaithe"},{"link_name":"Trolls Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolls_Bottom"},{"link_name":"War of the Dark God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Dark_God"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(game)"},{"link_name":"Adventurer Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurer_Kings"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(game)"},{"link_name":"Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerlitz_(play-by-email_game)"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Insula II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Insula_II"},{"link_name":"Feudal Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_Lords_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"The Glory of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"LandLords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LandLords"},{"link_name":"Midgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard_(game)"},{"link_name":"Moneylender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneylender_(game)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_(game)"},{"link_name":"Strategic Imperial Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Imperial_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Terra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_II_(game)"},{"link_name":"Thunder at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(game)"},{"link_name":"SpyKor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpyKor"},{"link_name":"Continental Rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Rails"},{"link_name":"Catacombs of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Crack of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_of_Doom_(game)"},{"link_name":"Crasimoff's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasimoff%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Crystal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Island_(game)"},{"link_name":"Darkworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkworld"},{"link_name":"Delenda est Carthago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delenda_est_Carthago"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Hell"},{"link_name":"En Garde!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Garde!"},{"link_name":"Firebreather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebreather_(game)"},{"link_name":"Heroic Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Lands of Elvaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Elvaria"},{"link_name":"Logan's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan%27s_Run_(game)"},{"link_name":"Lords of Valetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Valetia"},{"link_name":"Midhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhir"},{"link_name":"Monster Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Island_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(game)"},{"link_name":"Realms of Sword and Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realms_of_Sword_and_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Saturnalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Silverdawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdawn"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Treacherous Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Treacherous_Trap"},{"link_name":"TribeNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TribeNet"},{"link_name":"Wofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wofan"},{"link_name":"Stand and Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_and_Deliver_(game)"},{"link_name":"Westworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_(game)"},{"link_name":"Absolute Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Power_(game)"},{"link_name":"Alien Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Conflict"},{"link_name":"The Assassin's Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassin%27s_Quest"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gods_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Fleet Maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Maneuvers"},{"link_name":"Galactic Prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Prisoners"},{"link_name":"The Keys of Bled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keys_of_Bled"},{"link_name":"Out Time Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Time_Days"},{"link_name":"Portinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portinium"},{"link_name":"Raumkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumkrieg"},{"link_name":"Space Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Battle_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Space Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Combat_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Starship Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Command_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Survival Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Tactical Assault Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Group_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Tribes of Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribes_of_Crane"},{"link_name":"Vorcon Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorcon_Wars"},{"link_name":"Warboid World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warboid_World"},{"link_name":"Warp Force Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_Force_Empires"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Belter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belter_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Quadra Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Quadra_Zone"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Stellar Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Stellar_Empire"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Cluster Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_Lords"},{"link_name":"Continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Empyrean Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyrean_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Galac-Tac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galac-Tac"},{"link_name":"Galactic Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empires_(game)"},{"link_name":"Galactic Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Power"},{"link_name":"Galaxy: Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy:_Alpha_(game)"},{"link_name":"Infinite Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Lords of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Destiny_(game)"},{"link_name":"Mobius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobius_I"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(game)"},{"link_name":"Pellic Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellic_Quest"},{"link_name":"Rimworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimworlds"},{"link_name":"Smuggler's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggler%27s_Run_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Space 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_101"},{"link_name":"Star Cluster One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Cluster_One"},{"link_name":"Spiral Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Arm_(game)"},{"link_name":"Star Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Empires_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Fleet Warlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fleet_Warlord"},{"link_name":"Starglobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starglobe"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Correspondence Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Correspondence_Game"},{"link_name":"Starlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlord_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Starmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starmaster_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Saga_(play-by-mail_game)"},{"link_name":"Stars of the Dark Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_of_the_Dark_Well"},{"link_name":"Star Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Venture"},{"link_name":"Starweb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starweb"},{"link_name":"Supernova II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_II"},{"link_name":"Takamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamo"},{"link_name":"The Next Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Empire"},{"link_name":"The Orion Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orion_Nebula_(game)"},{"link_name":"Universe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe_II"},{"link_name":"The Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weapon_(game)"},{"link_name":"Zorphwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorphwar"},{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Gaming Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Universal"},{"link_name":"Paper Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem"},{"link_name":"The Nuts & Bolts of PBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nuts_%26_Bolts_of_PBM"},{"link_name":"Adventures by Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_by_Mail"},{"link_name":"Agents of Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_Gaming"},{"link_name":"Flying Buffalo, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Harlequin Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_Games"},{"link_name":"KJC Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJC_Games"},{"link_name":"Reality Simulations, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_Simulations"},{"link_name":"Schubel & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubel_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"List of play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_play-by-mail_games"}],"text":"London, Andy (March–April 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 2\". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 35–36.\nLondon, Andy (May–June 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 3\". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 24–25.\nLondon, Andy (July–August 2001). \"DungeonWorld: Running an Estates Position\". Flagship. No. 92. pp. 10–11.\nLondon, Andy (September–October 2001). \"DungeonWorld: Pt2; Running an Estates Position\". Flagship. No. 93. pp. 18–19.\nMosteller, Charles (September 2019). \"Dwarven Descent Into DungeonWorld: The Madhouse Saga of Gobworth Browstone\". Suspense & Decision. No. 19. pp. 50–54.\nMulholland, Carol (November 1988). \"Dungeon Play test Expands Monstrously\". Flagship. No. 8. p. 12.vtePlay-by-mail gamesArena combat\nAdventurers Guild\nArena Combat\nBlood Pit\nCTF 2187\nDeath by Starlight\nDuel II\nGladiators of Death\nCrime\nCrime Lords\nFamily Wars\nIt's a Crime\nWargames\nBalance of Power\nBattle Plan\nCenturion\nCompany Commander\nCrisis\nDawn of the Ancients\nDiplomacy\nEmpires for Rent\nThe Final Campaign\nHorizon's End!\nNuclear Destruction\nRealpolitik\nSirius Command\nState of War\nStrategic Conflict\nVictory! The Battle for Europe\nWarlord\nWorld Campaigns\nWorld Conquest\nFantasy\nAlamaze\nAtlantrix\nBattle Cry\nDomination\nDungeonWorld\nEarthwood\nEpic\nEverMoor\nFall of Rome\nForgotten Realms\nHyborian War\nKings & Things\nKings of Karadon\nKrahlizek\nThe Land of Karrus\nLegends\nLizards\nLoot the Castle\nLords of the Earth\nMiddle Earth PBM\nOdyssey\nQuest of the Great Jewels\nRealms of Fantasy\nSwords of the Gods\nTalwaithe\nTrolls Bottom\nWar of the Dark God\nVenom\nHistorical\nAdventurer Kings\nAegyptus\nAusterlitz\nConquest\nConquest of Insula II\nFeudal Lords\nThe Glory of Kings\nLandLords\nMidgard\nMoneylender\nRenaissance\nStrategic Imperial Conquest\nTerra II\nThunder at Sea\n\nPolitical/Intrigue\nIlluminati\nPower\nSpyKor\nRailroad\nContinental Rails\nRoleplaying\nCatacombs of Chaos\nCrack of Doom\nCrasimoff's World\nCrystal Island\nDarkworld\nDelenda est Carthago\nDukes of Hell\nEn Garde!\nFirebreather\nHeroic Fantasy\nKings\nLands of Elvaria\nLogan's Run\nLords of Valetia\nMidhir\nMonster Island\nQuest\nRealms of Sword and Thunder\nSaturnalia\nSilverdawn\nTrajan's Treacherous Trap\nTribeNet\nWofan\nWestern\nStand and Deliver\nWestworld\n\nScience fiction\nAbsolute Power\nAlien Conflict\nThe Assassin's Quest\nBattle of the Gods\nCosmic Crusaders\nCyborg\nFleet Maneuvers\nGalactic Prisoners\nThe Keys of Bled\nOut Time Days\nPortinium\nRaumkrieg\nSpace Battle\nSpace Combat\nStarship Command\nSurvival Challenge\nTactical Assault Group\nThe Tribes of Crane\nVorcon Wars\nWarboid World\nWarp Force Empires\nSpace Operas\nAd Astra\nBelter\nBeyond the Quadra Zone\nBeyond the Stellar Empire\nCapitol\nCluster Lords\nContinuum\nEclipse\nEmpyrean Challenge\nGalac-Tac\nGalactic Conflict\nGalactic Empires\nGalactic Power\nGalaxy: Alpha\nInfinite Conflict\nLords of Destiny\nMobius I\nNew Order\nPellic Quest\nRimworlds\nSmuggler's Run\nSpace 101\nStar Cluster One\nSpiral Arm\nStar Empires\nStar Fleet Warlord\nStarglobe\nStar Trek: The Correspondence Game\nStarlord\nStarmaster\nStar Saga\nStars of the Dark Well\nStar Venture\nStarweb\nSupernova II\nTakamo\nThe Next Empire\nThe Orion Nebula\nUniverse II\nThe Weapon\nZorphwar\n\nMagazines\nFlagship\nGaming Universal\nPaper Mayhem\nThe Nuts & Bolts of PBM\nCompanies\nAdventures by Mail\nAgents of Gaming\nFlying Buffalo, Inc.\nHarlequin Games\nKJC Games\nReality Simulations, Inc.\nSchubel & Son\nOther\nList of play-by-mail games","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of play-by-mail games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_play-by-mail_games"}]
[{"reference":"Editors (May–June 1998). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games: Dungeon\". Flagship. No. 73. pp. 11–12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)","url_text":"Flagship"}]},{"reference":"Editors (July–August 1999). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games\". Flagship. No. 80. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Editors (September–October 2001). \"The Spokesmen Speak: Adventure Games\". Flagship. No. 80. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Editors (December 2002 – January 2003). \"The Flagship PBM Ratings 2002\". Flagship. No. 100. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Dave (December 2002 – January 2003). \"DungeonWorld: Just a Role-Playing Game?\". Flagship. No. 100. pp. 38–39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"London, Andy (January–February 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary\". Flagship. No. 77. pp. 4–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Origins Award Winners (1998)\". Academy of Adventure Gaming, Arts & Designs. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031072248/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners","url_text":"\"Origins Award Winners (1998)\""},{"url":"http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tierney, Steve (July–August 1998). \"Ghost in the Machine: Dungeon; The Making of an Adventure\". Flagship. No. 74. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tierney, Steve (May–June 1998). \"A Preview of Dungeon\". Paper Mayhem. No. 90. pp. 26–28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem","url_text":"Paper Mayhem"}]},{"reference":"London, Andy (March–April 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 2\". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 35–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"London, Andy (May–June 1999). \"Test Flight: A Dungeon Diary Part 3\". Flagship. No. 78. pp. 24–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"London, Andy (July–August 2001). \"DungeonWorld: Running an Estates Position\". Flagship. No. 92. pp. 10–11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"London, Andy (September–October 2001). \"DungeonWorld: Pt2; Running an Estates Position\". Flagship. No. 93. pp. 18–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mosteller, Charles (September 2019). \"Dwarven Descent Into DungeonWorld: The Madhouse Saga of Gobworth Browstone\". Suspense & Decision. No. 19. pp. 50–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mulholland, Carol (November 1988). \"Dungeon Play test Expands Monstrously\". Flagship. No. 8. p. 12.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.madcentral.co.uk/dungeonworld/adventures/","external_links_name":"http://www.madcentral.co.uk/dungeonworld/adventures/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031072248/http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners","external_links_name":"\"Origins Award Winners (1998)\""},{"Link":"http://www.originsgamefair.com/awards/1998/list-of-winners","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_Rouhani
Fuad Rouhani
["1 Biography","2 OPEC career","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
Fuad Rouhaniفؤاد روحانی1st Secretary General of OPECIn office21 January 1961 – 30 April 1964Preceded byOffice createdSucceeded byAbdul Rahman al-Bazzaz Personal detailsBorn23 October 1907Tehran, IranDied30 January 2004(2004-01-30) (aged 96)London, EnglandPolitical partyIndependentAlma materUniversity of London Fuad Rouhani (23 October 1907 – 30 January 2004) (Persian: فؤاد روحانی) was an Iranian administrator and translator. He served as the first Secretary-General of OPEC between 21 January 1961 and 30 April 1964. He is the only Iranian to hold this office from OPEC's establishment to date. Biography Fuad Rouhani was born in Tehran on 23 October 1907. Rouhani completed his early education in Tehran, and went to work in the oil industry, then under British control. Rouhani, educated as a lawyer, was born in Iran and trained in London and Paris. Rouhani worked in a company which discovered first and produced oil in the country, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which later became BP. He advised the Iranian government on its nationalization of the company in 1951, and later advised Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi on oil matters. He earned two law degrees from the University of London in 1937. A quarter-century later, in the middle of a career in public service, he entered the University of Paris, receiving a doctorate in law in 1968. He went on to advise the Shah from 1965 to 1968, he was secretary general of the Regional Cooperation for Development organization, which worked to foster economic integration among Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. In 1968 he entered the university of Paris where he was awarded a doctorate in law. Rouhani, though not religious himself, found time to write A Guide to the Contents of the Koran, as well as other books on religion. He also translated into Persian works by Plato and C.G.Jung, among others. OPEC career When OPEC set up its office in Geneva in 1961 before moving to Vienna Rouhani was elected the organization's first secretary general, an administrative post that also involved mediating between conflicting factions. He served for three years, the only Iranian to do so. Currently, Iran is demanding that an Iranian be chosen to fill the current opening. OPEC's success has long been a matter of debate, with many analysts saying that the marketplace and the willingness of one country, Saudi Arabia, to limit output have been the deciding factors in determining oil prices. The oil embargo of 1973 was initiated just by the Arab producers, not OPEC as a whole. In 1964 Rouhani was succeeded by an Iraqi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, who encouraged talk of both radical politics and Islamic religion. Personal life Rouhani played the tar, a traditional Persian musical instrument, and was an accomplished pianist and co-founder of the Philharmonic Society of Tehran. Rouhani was married for 76 years to Rohan, and together they had two daughters, Guitty Hosseinpour and Negar Diba. Negar Diba is married to Kamran Diba, the architect and first cousin to Empress Farah Pahlavi. Guitty Hosseinpour's son, Amir Hosseinpour is an international opera director and choreographer of note. After the Iranian revolution of 1979, when Rouhani's house and possessions were confiscated, he moved to Geneva, and later to London where he died aged 96. Bibliography History of OPEC The Republic by Plato (as translator) Psychology and religion by Carl Jung (as translator) References ^ a b BBC Persian ^ Paris Opera Revives the Unjustly Forgotten Zemlinsky - Charting a Lost Continent - NYTimes.com External links Fuad Rouhani is dead at Radio Farda Diplomatic posts Preceded byOffice Created Secretary General of OPEC 1961–1964 Succeeded byAbdul Rahman al-Bazzaz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_OPEC"},{"link_name":"the only Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Secretaries_General_of_OPEC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"}],"text":"Fuad Rouhani (23 October 1907 – 30 January 2004) (Persian: فؤاد روحانی) was an Iranian administrator and translator. He served as the first Secretary-General of OPEC between 21 January 1961 and 30 April 1964. He is the only Iranian to hold this office from OPEC's establishment to date.[1]","title":"Fuad Rouhani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Iranian Oil Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Iranian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_government"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Reza Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"C.G.Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.G.Jung"}],"text":"Fuad Rouhani was born in Tehran on 23 October 1907. Rouhani completed his early education in Tehran, and went to work in the oil industry, then under British control.Rouhani, educated as a lawyer, was born in Iran and trained in London and Paris. Rouhani worked in a company which discovered first and produced oil in the country, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which later became BP. He advised the Iranian government on its nationalization of the company in 1951, and later advised Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi on oil matters.He earned two law degrees from the University of London in 1937. A quarter-century later, in the middle of a career in public service, he entered the University of Paris, receiving a doctorate in law in 1968.He went on to advise the Shah from 1965 to 1968, he was secretary general of the Regional Cooperation for Development organization, which worked to foster economic integration among Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. In 1968 he entered the university of Paris where he was awarded a doctorate in law.Rouhani, though not religious himself, found time to write A Guide to the Contents of the Koran, as well as other books on religion. He also translated into Persian works by Plato and C.G.Jung, among others.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"oil embargo of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis#Arab_oil_embargo"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_al-Bazzaz"},{"link_name":"Islamic religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religion"}],"text":"When OPEC set up its office in Geneva in 1961 before moving to Vienna Rouhani was elected the organization's first secretary general, an administrative post that also involved mediating between conflicting factions. He served for three years, the only Iranian to do so. Currently, Iran is demanding that an Iranian be chosen to fill the current opening.OPEC's success has long been a matter of debate, with many analysts saying that the marketplace and the willingness of one country, Saudi Arabia, to limit output have been the deciding factors in determining oil prices. The oil embargo of 1973 was initiated just by the Arab producers, not OPEC as a whole.In 1964 Rouhani was succeeded by an Iraqi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, who encouraged talk of both radical politics and Islamic religion.","title":"OPEC career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"Kamran Diba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamran_Diba"},{"link_name":"Empress Farah Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Farah_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Amir Hosseinpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Hosseinpour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iranian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"}],"text":"Rouhani played the tar, a traditional Persian musical instrument, and was an accomplished pianist and co-founder of the Philharmonic Society of Tehran.Rouhani was married for 76 years to Rohan, and together they had two daughters, Guitty Hosseinpour and Negar Diba. Negar Diba is married to Kamran Diba, the architect and first cousin to Empress Farah Pahlavi. Guitty Hosseinpour's son, Amir Hosseinpour is an international opera director and choreographer of note.[2] After the Iranian revolution of 1979, when Rouhani's house and possessions were confiscated, he moved to Geneva, and later to London where he died aged 96.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Carl Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"}],"text":"History of OPEC\nThe Republic by Plato (as translator)\nPsychology and religion by Carl Jung (as translator)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2004/02/040201_a_foad_rohani.shtml","external_links_name":"BBC Persian"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/11/style/11iht-zem.t.html","external_links_name":"Paris Opera Revives the Unjustly Forgotten Zemlinsky - Charting a Lost Continent - NYTimes.com"},{"Link":"http://www.radiofarda.com/content/article/334475.html","external_links_name":"Fuad Rouhani is dead"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083634025","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22172764","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQv3dwcJxDttQtgHwt8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12110430v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12110430v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132704447","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007575081305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80075577","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p153215755","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029487234","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belamcanda_chinensis
Iris domestica
["1 Description","2 Synonyms","3 Distribution","4 Uses","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Species of flowering plant For the genus of tropical plants commonly known as leopard lilies, see Dieffenbachia. Leopard flower Iris domestica growing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Genus: Iris Species: I. domestica Binomial name Iris domestica(L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. Synonyms Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Belamcanda chinensis var. curtata Makino Belamcanda chinensis f. flava Makino Belamcanda chinensis var. taiwanensis S.S.Ying Belamcanda chinensis f. vulgaris Makino Belamcanda flabellata Grey Belamcanda pampaninii H.Lév. Belamcanda punctata Moench Bermudiana guttata Stokes Epidendrum domesticum L. Ferraria crocea Salisb. Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze Gemmingia chinensis f. aureoflora Makino Gemmingia chinensis f. rubriflora Makino Ixia chinensis L. Ixia ensifolia Noronha Moraea chinensis (L.) Thunb. Moraea chinensis (L.) Collander in Thunb. Moraea guttata Stokes Pardanthus chinensis (L.) Ker Gawl. Pardanthus nepalensis Sweet Pardanthus sinensis Van Houtte Vanilla domestica (L.) Druce Iris domestica, commonly known as leopard lily, blackberry lily, and leopard flower, is an ornamental plant in the family Iridaceae. In 2005, based on molecular DNA sequence evidence, Belamcanda chinensis, the sole species in the genus Belamcanda, was transferred to the genus Iris and renamed Iris domestica. Description A perennial herb, I. domestica may grow to a height of 0.6–1 metre (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in), with its rhizomes in shallow ground, extending horizontally. It has 3-5-stems and 8–14 leaves per stem growing in a fan, with flowers ascending proximally having orange-red scattered spots of darker pigment, blooming during summer. The seed pods open in the fall, showing clusters of black, shiny seeds whose resemblance to those of a blackberry gives the plant its common name, "blackberry lily". The plant is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone 5 and is propagated by seeds or division. In the wild, it grows in grasslands, pastures, forest clearings, meadows, and mountainous regions or shrublands. Although it has escaped cultivation in many regions, it is not considered to have potential as an invasive species. Synonyms Its synonyms are Epidendrum domesticum L., Vanilla domestica (L.) Druce, Belamcanda punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze, Ixia chinensis L., Morea chinensis, and Pardanthus chinensis Ker Gawl.) Flower petals Seed pod Seed pod Distribution The plant is native to Eastern Asia and has been cultivated worldwide in subtropical and temperate climates. Due to the ornamental value of its attractive flowers, the plant was distributed to Europe as early as the 18th century and the United States and Caribbean countries in the 19th century. Uses I. domestica is a common ornamental plant in private and public gardens, zoos, and floral displays. Its flowers provide nectar and pollen to insects and birds. The plant has been used in traditional medicine. See also List of plants known as lily References ^ "Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2014. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 371. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017 – via Korea Forest Service. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Iris domestica (blackberry lily)". CABI. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ Goldblatt P, Mabberley DJ (2005) Belamcanda Included in Iris, and the New Combination I. domestica (Iridaceae: Irideae). Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature: Vol. 15, No. 1 pp. 128–132 ^ "Iris domestica". Plants of the World Online, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2021. Bibliography Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris domestica. (in Norwegian) Belamcanda chinensis Belamcanda chinensis at USDA PLANTS Database "Belamcanda chinensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxon identifiersIris domestica Wikidata: Q1190377 Wikispecies: Iris domestica AoFP: 156 APA: 4302 APNI: 203169 BOLD: 426236 CoL: 3PZN4 EoL: 491571 EPPO: BMCCH GBIF: 5298546 GRIN: 449051 iNaturalist: 204330 IPNI: 60438342-2 ITIS: 808613 MichiganFlora: 1472 MoBotPF: 292702 NCBI: 58944 Open Tree of Life: 740491 PfaF: Belamcanda chinensis Plant List: kew-334601 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60438342-2 RHS: 253163 Tropicos: 50298171 WisFlora: 13097 WFO: wfo-0000796076 Epidendrum domesticum Wikidata: Q21874178 APNI: 4901267 CoL: 6G4H2 GBIF: 5298547 IPNI: 631739-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:631739-1 Tropicos: 50024046 WFO: wfo-0000950010
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dieffenbachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieffenbachia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"Iridaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridaceae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the genus of tropical plants commonly known as leopard lilies, see Dieffenbachia.Iris domestica, commonly known as leopard lily,[2] blackberry lily, and leopard flower, is an ornamental plant in the family Iridaceae.[3] In 2005, based on molecular DNA sequence evidence, Belamcanda chinensis, the sole species in the genus Belamcanda, was transferred to the genus Iris and renamed Iris domestica.[4]","title":"Iris domestica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennial herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_herb"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"blackberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"USDA plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"}],"text":"A perennial herb, I. domestica may grow to a height of 0.6–1 metre (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in), with its rhizomes in shallow ground, extending horizontally.[3] It has 3-5-stems and 8–14 leaves per stem growing in a fan, with flowers ascending proximally having orange-red scattered spots of darker pigment, blooming during summer.[3] The seed pods open in the fall, showing clusters of black, shiny seeds whose resemblance to those of a blackberry gives the plant its common name, \"blackberry lily\".[3] The plant is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone 5 and is propagated by seeds or division.In the wild, it grows in grasslands, pastures, forest clearings, meadows, and mountainous regions or shrublands.[3] Although it has escaped cultivation in many regions, it is not considered to have potential as an invasive species.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Druce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Claridge_Druce"},{"link_name":"Moench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Moench"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Kuntze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kuntze"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Ker Gawl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bellenden_Ker_Gawler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belamcanda_chinensis32.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belamcanda_chinensis_seeds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21-Flor_Leopardo_%E2%80%93_Belamcanda_chinensis.jpg"}],"text":"Its synonyms are Epidendrum domesticum L., Vanilla domestica (L.) Druce, Belamcanda punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze, Ixia chinensis L., Morea chinensis, and Pardanthus chinensis Ker Gawl.)Flower petals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeed pod\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeed pod","title":"Synonyms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"temperate climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kew-5"},{"link_name":"Caribbean countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"}],"text":"The plant is native to Eastern Asia and has been cultivated worldwide in subtropical and temperate climates.[3][5] Due to the ornamental value of its attractive flowers, the plant was distributed to Europe as early as the 18th century and the United States and Caribbean countries in the 19th century.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-3"}],"text":"I. domestica is a common ornamental plant in private and public gardens, zoos, and floral displays.[3] Its flowers provide nectar and pollen to insects and birds.[3] The plant has been used in traditional medicine.[3]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardening for the Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"}],"text":"Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of plants known as lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_lily"}]
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