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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Return_of_the_Caped_Crusaders | Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Revenue","5 Sequels and spin-offs","5.1 Batman vs. Two-Face (2017)","5.2 Possible Wonder Woman spin-off","6 References","7 External links"] | 2016 American filmBatman: Return of the Caped CrusadersTheatrical release posterDirected byRick MoralesScreenplay by
Michael Jelenic
James Tucker
Based onBatmanby William DozierBatmanby Bill Fingerand Bob KaneProduced by
Michael Jelenic
Benjamin Melniker
Sam Register
James Tucker
Michael Uslan
Starring
Adam West
Burt Ward
Julie Newmar
Edited byChristopher D. LozinskiMusic by
Kristopher Carter
Michael McCuistion
Lolita Ritmanis
Productioncompanies
Warner Bros. Animation
DC Entertainment
Distributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease dates
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06) (NYCC)
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10) (United States)
Running time78 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$57,343
Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders is a 2016 American animated superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. Based on the 1960s Batman TV series, the film stars the voices of Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar reprising their roles of Batman, Robin, and Catwoman from the series. In the film, Batman and Robin set out to defeat the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, and Catwoman, who have teamed up. Matters are further complicated when Batman gradually becomes more hostile.
Originally intended to be released directly on home media, the film premiered at the New York Comic Con on October 6, 2016, and had a simultaneous release in theaters on October 10, a digital release on October 11, and a physical home media release on DVD and Blu-ray on November 1.
A sequel entitled Batman vs. Two-Face was released on October 10, 2017, four months after Adam West's death.
Plot
At Wayne Manor, Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson watch their favorite show, Gotham Palace. During the programming, a band that was supposed to play on the show is revealed to be hidden and replaced by the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, and Catwoman. Bruce and Dick suit up as Batman and Robin and head to the Gotham City Police Department, where they receive a riddle from Commissioner Gordon and Chief O'Hara.
They discover that the villains are robbing the Acme Atomic Energy Laboratory of the Replication Ray, which can duplicate anything. After a brief fight, the criminals manage to escape Batman, but leave behind a clue that leads Batman and Robin to their lair in an abandoned TV dinner factory. While discussing what to do with the Replication Ray, Catwoman reveals her plan to make Batman join their side with a scratch from a substance called "Batnip". After Batman and Robin break in, they are defeated by the criminals and trapped on a frozen food tray heading towards a large oven. Catwoman uses her Batnip on Batman, but he is seemingly unaffected by it. The two escape the trap after the villains leave the factory.
Back at Wayne Manor, Bruce starts showing signs of aggression after Harriet Cooper nearly discovers the Batcave. He blames Alfred Pennyworth for the incident and fires him, leaving the butler to wander on the streets homeless. After days of not finding Joker, Penguin, Riddler, and Catwoman, Batman deduces that the four are no longer on Earth and have hijacked a space station. He and Robin go into space with the help of their Bat-Rocket. At the space station, Joker, Penguin, and Riddler betray Catwoman, distrusting her due to her feelings for Batman. They try to throw her out into space, but she is rescued by Batman and Robin and aids them in defeating her former allies for revenge. Batman savagely beats the three men and recovers the Replication Ray, but Catwoman escapes in an escape pod in the process.
After the mission, Dick expresses concern towards Bruce's increasingly hostile behavior. Bruce ejects Dick from the manor and takes a break from being Batman, resulting in a crime spree in Gotham City. A few weeks later, Batman returns to the Gotham City Police Department and blames the police for the increase in crime. He uses the Replication Ray on himself to replace most of the jobs, citizens, and political figures in Gotham with his replicas, planning to take over the world. Dick, realizing that the Batnip had a delayed effect on Batman, goes to Catwoman's lair as Robin to request her help in curing Batman. She agrees, as the effects of the Batnip were more severe than she had planned.
The two take the Catmobile to the Batcave, where Catwoman attempts to give Batman the antidote. Having anticipated this, Batman reveals that he took the Bat Anti-Antidote, nullifying Catwoman's antidote. Batman defeats the two in a fight and leaves them to die in the Atomic Pile, but they survive thanks to Robin's Bat Anti-Isotope Spray. Knowing they cannot take on an army of Batmen by themselves, Robin and Catwoman disguise themselves as prison inspectors and break most of Batman's rogues gallery from Gotham State Penitentiary by claiming to Warden Crichton that the ball and chains and pickaxes are not in good shape, replacing them with versions that carry the villains out of the prison. While a prison guard tells Crichton that Joker, Penguin, and Riddler did not escape, the three of them mysteriously turn into a pile of dust.
The two confront Batman and his army on the Gotham Palace set, but they still lose even with the help of the criminals. Before Batman is able to kill Robin and Catwoman, a disguised Alfred arrives and gives Batman a celebratory bottle of champagne laced with a strong enough antidote to counter the Bat Anti-Antidote. Batman returns to normal, and his clones turn to dust as the Replication Ray was not strong enough to make perfect clones. Batman and Robin then realize that Joker, Penguin, and Riddler tricked them by having them arrest copies of them while the real ones have been robbing the city blind, using Batman's behavior change as a distraction from their crime spree, knowing the Batnip would work as they spiked it with Joker's Laughing Gas formula to make it more potent. After catching them robbing the Gotham Art Museum, Batman, Robin, and Catwoman (as vengeance for what they did to her at the space station) chase them to Penguin's blimp, where the villainous trio are defeated after getting knocked off the blimp and falling to a safe location to be arrested. Catwoman tries to escape with the stolen loot, but Batman stops her. Unwilling to be imprisoned, Catwoman allows herself to fall into a smokestack.
Bruce and Dick then throw Harriet a surprise birthday party, acting as if that is the secret they have been hiding from her. During the party, Bruce and Dick are called away by the Bat-Signal.
Cast
Adam West as Bruce Wayne / Batman
Burt Ward as Dick Grayson / Robin
Julie Newmar as Catwoman
Jeff Bergman as Joker, Announcer
William Salyers as Penguin
Wally Wingert as Riddler
Jim Ward as Commissioner James Gordon
Steven Weber as Alfred Pennyworth
Thomas Lennon as Chief Miles O'Hara, Warden Crichton
Lynne Marie Stewart as Aunt Harriet Cooper
Sirena Irwin as Miranda Moore
Production
West and Ward announced at the Mad Monster Party one or two animated films based on the 1960s Batman TV series, starting with Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders. West, Ward, and Newmar provided the voices of their characters for the series' 50th anniversary. Five decades after the original Batman series, West jokingly remarked that it took him "about twenty seconds" to get back into character.
Release
Warner Home Video hosted the world premiere of Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders during the 2016 New York Comic Con on October 6. The film was later released digitally on October 11, while the deluxe edition DVD and combo pack Blu-ray of the film was released on November 1. Fathom Events cinemas released the film in select theaters for one night only on October 10. It also received a limited release in Australia on October 8 and 9 the same year.
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia on November 28.
Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Adam West's groovy interpretation of The Caped Crusader returns in a new medium, popping in the realm of animation with the irascible energy of an exclamation-accented onomatopoeia".
Dave Robinson of outlet Crash Landed awarded the film 3 stars out of 5, citing its success in capturing the iconic '60s television show but failing to be of the cinematic quality expected of an animated feature film.
Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave the film a score of 7/10, writing: "I wish the film dove a little deeper into its subtext... but what's there is enjoyable and entertaining". Michelle Jaworski of The Daily Dot wrote that the film was "not a continuation of the TV series that first brought Batman to our screens 50 years ago (nor the DC series, which occurs in the same universe), but it embodies the spirit that made the series so endearing over the years". Renee Schonfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 3/5 stars: "The campy, dynamic, and oh-so-self-aware Batman of 1960s TV has returned to delight old fans and inspire new ones with Adam West and Burt Ward along for the fast-moving ride".
Revenue
The film debuted at No. 17 on the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and No. 11 on the Blu-ray Disc sales chart in its first week. As of August 2017, it has earned over $1.1 million from domestic home video sales.
Sequels and spin-offs
Batman vs. Two-Face (2017)
Main article: Batman vs. Two-Face
A sequel, titled Batman vs. Two-Face, was released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. Burt Ward and Julie Newmar reprised their roles as Robin and Catwoman. On June 9, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia. According to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016.
Possible Wonder Woman spin-off
After the success of Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders, Warner Bros. had stated that their executives were also considering making an animated film based on the 1970s Wonder Woman TV series, with actress Lynda Carter reprising her role as Wonder Woman.
References
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^ Scott, Ryan (September 10, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Hits Theaters for 1 Day". Movieweb.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Julia Alexander (August 17, 2016). "Original Batman TV stars Adam West, Julie Newmar return for animated film". Polygon. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Schwerdtfeger, Conner (August 17, 2016). "Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar Are Returning To Batman, Here's What We Know". Cinemablend. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Natalie Carrion (August 17, 2016). "First trailer for Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders brings back Burt Ward and Adam West". Blastr. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
^ "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders". The Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Adam Rosenberg (August 17, 2016). "Adam West and Burt Ward reunite for a new 'Batman' movie". Mashable.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ "West, Ward & Newmar Return For Animated 'Batman' Movie". Comicsalliance.com. August 17, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Kurp, Josh (August 17, 2016). " 'Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders' Trailer". Uproxx.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Sarah Moran (August 25, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Will Premiere at NYCC". Screenrant.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ AWN Staff Editor (September 15, 2016). "'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' in Theaters One Night Only". AWN.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Brian Gallagher (August 17, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Trailer Reunites Adam West & Burt Ward". Movieweb.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ a b "ADAM WEST and the Fate of BATMAN VS. TWO-FACE". 13thdimension.com. June 13, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ "William Shatner to Voice Two-Face in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Sequel". Slashfilm.com. October 10, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Dan Wickline (June 11, 2017). "Adam West And William Shatner's Failed TV Pilot". Bleedingcool.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Fitch, Adam (August 17, 2016). "Adam West returns in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders trailer". Heroes.direct. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Jude Terror (August 17, 2016). "DC Animated Fans Perplexed by Bizarre "Return of the Caped Crusaders" Trailer". Theouthousers.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Matthew Price (August 17, 2016). "Adam West, Burt Ward, Julie Newmar return for animated 'Batman' movie". News OK. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h Gallagher, Brian (October 3, 2016). "Full Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Voice Cast Announced". MovieWeb. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
^ Perry, Spencer (August 17, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Trailer". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ a b Slead, Evan (August 17, 2016). "Adam West, Burt Ward, Julie Newmar return for animated Batman movie". EW.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Germain Lussier (March 30, 2015). "Animated Batman 1966 Movie Coming In 2016". Slashfilm.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Dan Greenfield (March 31, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: JULIE NEWMAR Will be in BATMAN '66 Animated Film | 13th Dimension, Comics, Creators, Culture". 13thdimension.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ James Whitbrook (August 17, 2016). "The Cast of Batman '66 Returns for a New Animated Movie". Io9.gizmodo.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Siegel, Lucas (August 25, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Starring Adam West World Premiere Announced for NYCC". Comicbook.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Holmes, Adam (August 23, 2016). "The Full Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders Trailer Is Zany And Nostalgic - CINEMABLEND". CinemaBlend.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Barsanti, Sam (September 12, 2016). "Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders will have a very limited theatrical run". Avclub.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Elderkin, Beth (September 13, 2016). "Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders Comes To Theatres For Two Epic Days". Kotaku.com.au. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Robinson, Dave (November 7, 2016). "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders - Blu-ray/DVD Film Review". Crash Landed. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
^ Mendelson, Scott. "Review: 'Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders' Is (By Default) The Best Batman Movie Of The Year". Forbes. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ Jaworski, Michelle (October 12, 2016). "'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' is good old '60s Batman fun". The Daily Dot. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ Schonfeld, Renee. "Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Movie Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
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^ Anderton, Ethan (October 10, 2016). "William Shatner to Voice Two-Face in 'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' Sequel". Slashfilm.com.
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^ "Adam West Finished Batman Vs. Two-Face Voice Work Before His Death". Cbr.com. June 15, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
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External links
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Cats Don't Dance (1997)
Quest for Camelot (1998)
The Iron Giant (1999)
Osmosis Jones (2001)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Storks (2016)
The Lego Batman Movie (2017)
The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017)
Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018)
Smallfoot (2018)
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019)
Scoob! (2020)
Tom & Jerry (2021)
Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021)
DC League of Super-Pets (2022)
The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2024)
The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024)
Coyote vs. Acme (unreleased)
Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased)
Television specials
A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008)
Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012)
Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012)
Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014)
Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014)
Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014)
Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014)
Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014)
Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015)
DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016)
Direct-to-video1990s
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992)
Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998)
Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998)
Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999)
Wakko's Wish (1999)
2000s
Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000)
Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000)
Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000)
Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001)
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002)
Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003)
Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004)
Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004)
¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005)
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005)
Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005)
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005)
The Batman vs. Dracula (2005)
Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005)
Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006)
Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006)
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006)
Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007)
Superman: Doomsday (2007)
Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007)
Justice League: The New Frontier (2008)
Batman: Gotham Knight (2008)
Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008)
Wonder Woman (2009)
Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009)
Green Lantern: First Flight (2009)
Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009)
2010s2010
Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo
Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths
Batman: Under the Red Hood
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes
Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare
Superman/Batman: Apocalypse
2011
All-Star Superman
Green Lantern: Emerald Knights
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz
Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur
Batman: Year One
2012
Justice League: Doom
Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire
Superman vs. The Elite
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse
Big Top Scooby-Doo!
2013
Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon
Superman: Unbound
Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map
Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox
Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure
Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright
2014
JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time
Justice League: War
Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery
Son of Batman
Batman: Assault on Arkham
Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon
2015
Justice League: Throne of Atlantis
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League
Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness
The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown!
Batman vs. Robin
Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest
Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery
Justice League: Gods and Monsters
Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run
Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom
2016
Batman: Bad Blood
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash
Justice League vs. Teen Titans
Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout
Batman: The Killing Joke
Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon
DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year
Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants
Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders
2017
Justice League Dark
Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown
The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!
Teen Titans: The Judas Contract
DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash
Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain
Batman and Harley Quinn
Batman vs. Two-Face
2018
Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold
Batman: Gotham by Gaslight
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash
Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay
Batman Ninja
Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis
The Death of Superman
Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost
DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis
2019
Reign of the Supermen
Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost
Justice League vs. the Fatal Five
Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Batman: Hush
Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans
Lego DC Batman: Family Matters
Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island
Wonder Woman: Bloodlines
2020s2020
Superman: Red Son
Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge
Lego DC: Shazam!: Magic and Monsters
Justice League Dark: Apokolips War
Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie
Superman: Man of Tomorrow
Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo!
2021
Batman: Soul of the Dragon
Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob
Justice Society: World War II
Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam
Batman: The Long Halloween
Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms
Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog
Injustice
2022
Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!
Catwoman: Hunted
Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse
King Tweety
Green Lantern: Beware My Power
Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo!
Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind
Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons
Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land
Green Lantern: Beware My Power
2023
Legion of Super-Heroes
Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham
Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen
Taz: Quest for Burger
Justice League: Warworld
Babylon 5: The Road Home
Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!
Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match
2024
Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One
Short films
The Duxorcist (1987)
The Night of the Living Duck (1988)
Box-Office Bunny (1990)
Chariots of Fur (1994)
Carrotblanca (1995)
Another Froggy Evening (1995)
Superior Duck (1996)
Pullet Surprise (1997)
Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997)
From Hare to Eternity (1997)
Father of the Bird (1997)
Little Go Beep (2000)
Chase Me (2003)
The Karate Guard (2005)
DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010)
DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010)
Coyote Falls (2010)
Fur of Flying (2010)
DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010)
Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010)
Rabid Rider (2010)
DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011)
I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011)
Daffy's Rhapsody (2012)
The Master (2016)
The Late Batsby (2018)
Other TV series1990s
Road Rovers
Waynehead
Free Willy
Histeria!
Detention
2000s
Baby Blues
¡Mucha Lucha!
3-South
Xiaolin Showdown
Firehouse Tales
Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island
Johnny Test (characters)
2010s
Mike Tyson Mysteries
Bunnicula
Right Now Kapow
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz
Green Eggs and Ham
2020s
Little Ellen
Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai
See also
List of Warner Bros. Animation productions
Warner Bros. Pictures Animation
Warner Bros. Feature Animation
Warner Bros. Cartoons
Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
Hanna-Barbera
Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Studios
Williams Street
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Unproduced projects
List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"superhero film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Adam West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_West"},{"link_name":"Burt Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Ward"},{"link_name":"Julie Newmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Newmar"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"the Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"the Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(character)"},{"link_name":"the Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"directly on home media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"simultaneous release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_release"},{"link_name":"theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_theater"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Batman vs. Two-Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_vs._Two-Face"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thdimension1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleedingcool1-17"}],"text":"2016 American filmBatman: Return of the Caped Crusaders is a 2016 American animated superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[9] Based on the 1960s Batman TV series,[10] the film stars the voices of Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar reprising their roles of Batman, Robin, and Catwoman from the series.[11] In the film, Batman and Robin set out to defeat the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, and Catwoman, who have teamed up. Matters are further complicated when Batman gradually becomes more hostile.Originally intended to be released directly on home media, the film premiered at the New York Comic Con on October 6, 2016,[12] and had a simultaneous release in theaters on October 10,[13] a digital release on October 11, and a physical home media release on DVD and Blu-ray on November 1.[14]A sequel entitled Batman vs. Two-Face[15] was released on October 10, 2017, four months after Adam West's death.[16][17]","title":"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Manor"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Dick Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"the Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"the Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(character)"},{"link_name":"the Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Commissioner Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Chief O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Batman_(TV_series)_characters#Chief_O.27Hara"},{"link_name":"Harriet Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters#Harriet_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Batcave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batcave"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"Gotham State Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_State_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Warden Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Batman_(TV_series)_characters#Warden_Crichton"},{"link_name":"prison guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_officer"},{"link_name":"Bat-Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Signal"}],"text":"At Wayne Manor, Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson watch their favorite show, Gotham Palace. During the programming, a band that was supposed to play on the show is revealed to be hidden and replaced by the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler, and Catwoman. Bruce and Dick suit up as Batman and Robin and head to the Gotham City Police Department, where they receive a riddle from Commissioner Gordon and Chief O'Hara.They discover that the villains are robbing the Acme Atomic Energy Laboratory of the Replication Ray, which can duplicate anything. After a brief fight, the criminals manage to escape Batman, but leave behind a clue that leads Batman and Robin to their lair in an abandoned TV dinner factory. While discussing what to do with the Replication Ray, Catwoman reveals her plan to make Batman join their side with a scratch from a substance called \"Batnip\". After Batman and Robin break in, they are defeated by the criminals and trapped on a frozen food tray heading towards a large oven. Catwoman uses her Batnip on Batman, but he is seemingly unaffected by it. The two escape the trap after the villains leave the factory.Back at Wayne Manor, Bruce starts showing signs of aggression after Harriet Cooper nearly discovers the Batcave. He blames Alfred Pennyworth for the incident and fires him, leaving the butler to wander on the streets homeless. After days of not finding Joker, Penguin, Riddler, and Catwoman, Batman deduces that the four are no longer on Earth and have hijacked a space station. He and Robin go into space with the help of their Bat-Rocket. At the space station, Joker, Penguin, and Riddler betray Catwoman, distrusting her due to her feelings for Batman. They try to throw her out into space, but she is rescued by Batman and Robin and aids them in defeating her former allies for revenge. Batman savagely beats the three men and recovers the Replication Ray, but Catwoman escapes in an escape pod in the process.After the mission, Dick expresses concern towards Bruce's increasingly hostile behavior. Bruce ejects Dick from the manor and takes a break from being Batman, resulting in a crime spree in Gotham City. A few weeks later, Batman returns to the Gotham City Police Department and blames the police for the increase in crime. He uses the Replication Ray on himself to replace most of the jobs, citizens, and political figures in Gotham with his replicas, planning to take over the world. Dick, realizing that the Batnip had a delayed effect on Batman, goes to Catwoman's lair as Robin to request her help in curing Batman. She agrees, as the effects of the Batnip were more severe than she had planned.The two take the Catmobile to the Batcave, where Catwoman attempts to give Batman the antidote. Having anticipated this, Batman reveals that he took the Bat Anti-Antidote, nullifying Catwoman's antidote. Batman defeats the two in a fight and leaves them to die in the Atomic Pile, but they survive thanks to Robin's Bat Anti-Isotope Spray. Knowing they cannot take on an army of Batmen by themselves, Robin and Catwoman disguise themselves as prison inspectors and break most of Batman's rogues gallery from Gotham State Penitentiary by claiming to Warden Crichton that the ball and chains and pickaxes are not in good shape, replacing them with versions that carry the villains out of the prison. While a prison guard tells Crichton that Joker, Penguin, and Riddler did not escape, the three of them mysteriously turn into a pile of dust.The two confront Batman and his army on the Gotham Palace set, but they still lose even with the help of the criminals. Before Batman is able to kill Robin and Catwoman, a disguised Alfred arrives and gives Batman a celebratory bottle of champagne laced with a strong enough antidote to counter the Bat Anti-Antidote. Batman returns to normal, and his clones turn to dust as the Replication Ray was not strong enough to make perfect clones. Batman and Robin then realize that Joker, Penguin, and Riddler tricked them by having them arrest copies of them while the real ones have been robbing the city blind, using Batman's behavior change as a distraction from their crime spree, knowing the Batnip would work as they spiked it with Joker's Laughing Gas formula to make it more potent. After catching them robbing the Gotham Art Museum, Batman, Robin, and Catwoman (as vengeance for what they did to her at the space station) chase them to Penguin's blimp, where the villainous trio are defeated after getting knocked off the blimp and falling to a safe location to be arrested. Catwoman tries to escape with the stolen loot, but Batman stops her. Unwilling to be imprisoned, Catwoman allows herself to fall into a smokestack.Bruce and Dick then throw Harriet a surprise birthday party, acting as if that is the secret they have been hiding from her. During the party, Bruce and Dick are called away by the Bat-Signal.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_West"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne / Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Burt Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Ward"},{"link_name":"Dick Grayson / Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Julie Newmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Newmar"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"William Salyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Salyers"},{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_(character)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Wally Wingert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wingert"},{"link_name":"Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Jim Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ward_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Commissioner James Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Steven Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weber_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Chief Miles O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Miles_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Lynne Marie Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Marie_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Aunt Harriet Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_DC_Comics_characters#Harriet_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"},{"link_name":"Sirena Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_Irwin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-21"}],"text":"Adam West as Bruce Wayne / Batman[18]\nBurt Ward as Dick Grayson / Robin[19]\nJulie Newmar as Catwoman[20]\nJeff Bergman as Joker, Announcer[21]\nWilliam Salyers as Penguin[21]\nWally Wingert as Riddler[21]\nJim Ward as Commissioner James Gordon[21]\nSteven Weber as Alfred Pennyworth[21]\nThomas Lennon as Chief Miles O'Hara,[21] Warden Crichton\nLynne Marie Stewart as Aunt Harriet Cooper[21]\nSirena Irwin as Miranda Moore[21]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slead-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slead-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"West and Ward announced at the Mad Monster Party one or two animated films based on the 1960s Batman TV series, starting with Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders.[22][23] West, Ward, and Newmar provided the voices of their characters for the series' 50th anniversary.[23][24][25][26] Five decades after the original Batman series, West jokingly remarked that it took him \"about twenty seconds\" to get back into character.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fathom Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom_Events"},{"link_name":"one night only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_release"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Warner Home Video hosted the world premiere of Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders during the 2016 New York Comic Con on October 6.[27] The film was later released digitally on October 11, while the deluxe edition DVD and combo pack Blu-ray of the film was released on November 1.[28] Fathom Events cinemas released the film in select theaters for one night only on October 10.[29] It also received a limited release in Australia on October 8 and 9 the same year.[30]The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia on November 28.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CrashLanded-32"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Daily Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: \"Adam West's groovy interpretation of The Caped Crusader returns in a new medium, popping in the realm of animation with the irascible energy of an exclamation-accented onomatopoeia\".[31]Dave Robinson of outlet Crash Landed awarded the film 3 stars out of 5, citing its success in capturing the iconic '60s television show but failing to be of the cinematic quality expected of an animated feature film.[32]Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave the film a score of 7/10, writing: \"I wish the film dove a little deeper into its subtext... but what's there is enjoyable and entertaining\".[33] Michelle Jaworski of The Daily Dot wrote that the film was \"not a continuation of the TV series that first brought Batman to our screens 50 years ago (nor the DC series, which occurs in the same universe), but it embodies the spirit that made the series so endearing over the years\".[34] Renee Schonfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 3/5 stars: \"The campy, dynamic, and oh-so-self-aware Batman of 1960s TV has returned to delight old fans and inspire new ones with Adam West and Burt Ward along for the fast-moving ride\".[35]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Revenue","text":"The film debuted at No. 17 on the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and No. 11 on the Blu-ray Disc sales chart in its first week.[36][37] As of August 2017, it has earned over $1.1 million from domestic home video sales.[38]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sequels and spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman vs. Two-Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_vs._Two-Face"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thdimension1-15"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"Two-Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Face"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Cool"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Batman vs. Two-Face (2017)","text":"A sequel, titled Batman vs. Two-Face,[15] was released in 2017 with William Shatner voicing Two-Face as the main antagonist. Burt Ward and Julie Newmar reprised their roles as Robin and Catwoman.[39][40] On June 9, Batman's voice actor Adam West died from leukemia.[41] According to Bleeding Cool, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016.[42]","title":"Sequels and spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lynda Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Carter"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Possible Wonder Woman spin-off","text":"After the success of Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders, Warner Bros. had stated that their executives were also considering making an animated film based on the 1970s Wonder Woman TV series, with actress Lynda Carter reprising her role as Wonder Woman.[43][needs update]","title":"Sequels and spin-offs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' to Premiere at New York Comic Con | Animation World Network\". Awn.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awn.com/NEWS/BATMAN-RETURN-CAPED-CRUSADERS-PREMIERE-NEW-YORK-COMIC-CON","url_text":"\"'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' to Premiere at New York Comic Con | Animation World Network\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ryan (September 10, 2016). \"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Hits Theaters for 1 Day\". Movieweb.com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieweb.com/batman-return-caped-crusaders-theatrical-release/","url_text":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Hits Theaters for 1 Day\""}]},{"reference":"Julia Alexander (August 17, 2016). \"Original Batman TV stars Adam West, Julie Newmar return for animated film\". Polygon. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/17/12521390/batman-caped-crusaders-adam-west","url_text":"\"Original Batman TV stars Adam West, Julie Newmar return for animated film\""}]},{"reference":"Schwerdtfeger, Conner (August 17, 2016). \"Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar Are Returning To Batman, Here's What We Know\". Cinemablend. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1546689/adam-west-burt-ward-and-julie-newmar-are-returning-to-batman-heres-what-we-know","url_text":"\"Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar Are Returning To Batman, Here's What We Know\""}]},{"reference":"Natalie Carrion (August 17, 2016). \"First trailer for Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders brings back Burt Ward and Adam West\". Blastr. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. 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Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191112164217/http://heroes.direct/movies/return-of-the-caped-crusaders-trailer/","url_text":"\"Adam West returns in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders trailer\""},{"url":"http://heroes.direct/movies/return-of-the-caped-crusaders-trailer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jude Terror (August 17, 2016). \"DC Animated Fans Perplexed by Bizarre \"Return of the Caped Crusaders\" Trailer\". Theouthousers.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theouthousers.com/index.php/news/136090-dc-animated-fans-perplexed-by-bizarre-return-of-the-caped-crusaders-trailer.html","url_text":"\"DC Animated Fans Perplexed by Bizarre \"Return of the Caped Crusaders\" Trailer\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Price (August 17, 2016). \"Adam West, Burt Ward, Julie Newmar return for animated 'Batman' movie\". News OK. 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Retrieved July 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/adam-west-completed-batman-vs-two-face/","url_text":"\"Adam West Finished Batman Vs. Two-Face Voice Work Before His Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"WB Possibly Planning Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles And Wonder Woman '77 Animated Films\". wegotthiscovered.com. October 12, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wegotthiscovered.com/movies/exclusive-wb-possibly-planning-animated-movies-batmanteenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-wonder-woman-77","url_text":"\"WB Possibly Planning Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles And Wonder Woman '77 Animated Films\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.awn.com/NEWS/BATMAN-RETURN-CAPED-CRUSADERS-PREMIERE-NEW-YORK-COMIC-CON","external_links_name":"\"'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' to Premiere at New York Comic Con | Animation World Network\""},{"Link":"http://movieweb.com/batman-return-caped-crusaders-theatrical-release/","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Hits Theaters for 1 Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/17/12521390/batman-caped-crusaders-adam-west","external_links_name":"\"Original Batman TV stars Adam West, Julie Newmar return for animated film\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1546689/adam-west-burt-ward-and-julie-newmar-are-returning-to-batman-heres-what-we-know","external_links_name":"\"Adam West, Burt Ward, and Julie Newmar Are Returning To Batman, Here's What We Know\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101172443/http://www.blastr.com/2016-8-17/first-trailer-batman-return-caped-crusaders-brings-back-adam-west-and-burt-ward","external_links_name":"\"First trailer for Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders brings back Burt Ward and Adam West\""},{"Link":"http://www.blastr.com/2016-8-17/first-trailer-batman-return-caped-crusaders-brings-back-adam-west-and-burt-ward","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/batman-return-caped-crusaders-film","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders (PG)\""},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2016W41&id=_fBATMANRETURNOFTH01","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-Return-of-the-Caped-Crusaders#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2016/08/17/batman-60s-adam-west-burt-ward-animated/","external_links_name":"\"Adam West and Burt Ward reunite for a new 'Batman' movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822015428/http://comicsalliance.com/adam-west-burt-ward-julie-newmar-animated-batman-movie/","external_links_name":"\"West, Ward & Newmar Return For Animated 'Batman' Movie\""},{"Link":"http://comicsalliance.com/adam-west-burt-ward-julie-newmar-animated-batman-movie/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uproxx.com/movies/batman-return-of-the-caped-crusaders-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"[WATCH] 'Batman: Return Of The Caped Crusaders' Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/batman-return-caped-crusaders-nycc-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Will Premiere at NYCC\""},{"Link":"http://www.awn.com/news/batman-return-caped-crusaders-theaters-one-night-only/","external_links_name":"\"'Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders' in Theaters One Night Only\""},{"Link":"http://movieweb.com/batman-return-caped-crusaders-trailer-adam-west-burt-ward/","external_links_name":"\"Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Trailer Reunites Adam West & Burt Ward\""},{"Link":"http://13thdimension.com/adam-west-and-the-fate-of-batman-vs-two-face/","external_links_name":"\"ADAM WEST and the Fate of BATMAN VS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Bursa%C4%87 | Marija Bursać | ["1 Early life","2 World War II","2.1 Pro-Partisan activity","2.2 Yugoslav Partisan","3 Legacy","4 Notes","5 References"] | Yugoslav partisan (1920–1943)
Marija BursaćPhotograph of Bursać from 1939Born(1920-08-02)2 August 1920Kamenica, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and SlovenesDied23 September 1943(1943-09-23) (aged 23)Vidovo Selo, Independent State of CroatiaAllegiance
Yugoslav Partisans (1941–43)
Years of service1943Battles/warsWorld War II in Yugoslavia (KIA)AwardsOrder of the People's Hero
Marija Bursać (Serbian Cyrillic: Марија Бурсаћ; 2 August 1920 – 23 September 1943) was a member of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia and the first woman proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Bursać was born to a Bosnian Serb farming family in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers and their creation of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941, Bursać supported the Partisan resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Like other women in her village, she collected food, clothing, and other supplies for the Partisan war effort. Bursać became a member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia in September 1941. The following August she was appointed political commissar of a company of the 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade, which harvested crops in the Sanica River valley, and was admitted to the KPJ at the end of that summer.
Bursać became a Partisan in February 1943, joining the newly formed 10th Krajina Brigade. With the brigade, she fought in the Bosansko Grahovo, Knin, Vrlika and Livno areas and served as a nurse. In September 1943, Bursać was wounded in the leg while throwing hand grenades during an attack on the German base at Prkosi in northwestern Bosnia. As she was being transported to a field hospital at Vidovo Selo, she sang Partisan songs. Bursać's wound soon developed gangrene, and she died at the hospital on 23 September 1943. She was proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia the following month. Schools, streets and organisations were named in her memory following the war, commemorating her service to the Partisan cause.
Early life
Bursać was born on 2 August 1920 in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar in the region of Bosanska Krajina, the north-western sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929). The Drvar area was inhabited primarily by ethnic Serbs, with Bosnian Muslims and Croats forming less than four per cent of the population. Bursać was the oldest of five children of stonemason Nikola Bursać and his wife, Joka, who mostly raised sheep and cattle on their family farm. Like other village girls, Bursać did not go to school—only the boys attended elementary school in Drvar. A shepherdess until age fourteen, she later helped her mother with housekeeping and agricultural work. Bursać became skilled at weaving, spinning, knitting and embroidery before completing a six-month tailoring course in Drvar.
In 1938, an elementary school opened in Kamenica at which Velimir Stojnić was a trainee teacher. Stojnić, a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije or KPJ, outlawed since 1921), organised a public library, reading and sports clubs and a cultural-artistic group. He established a secret KPJ cell in Kamenica in 1939, the first communist organisation in the area. His ideological convictions earned him a following among the village youth, including Marija's brother Dušan. The authorities soon became aware of Stojnić's activities, and he was removed from Kamenica in February 1940.
World War II
On 6 April 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded from all sides by the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany. The Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije or VKJ) capitulated on 17 April, and the Germans, Italians and Hungarians dismembered the country. A fascist puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH, including almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia-Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia) was proclaimed on 10 April. The NDH was an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate", controlled by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement under Ante Pavelić. One of the NDH's policies was to eliminate the state's ethnic Serb population with mass killings, expulsions and forced assimilation. The first Drvar Serbs were killed on 18 June 1941. The atrocities accelerated the formation of two large resistance movements in occupied Yugoslavia. Royalists and Serbian nationalists led by VKJ Colonel Draža Mihailović founded the Ravna Gora Movement, whose members were known as Chetniks. The KPJ, led by Josip Broz Tito, decided in Belgrade on 4 July to launch a nationwide armed uprising and the members of the KPJ-led forces became known as Partisans.
Pro-Partisan activity
Between 20 and 26 July 1941 local KPJ leaders organised three Partisan detachments, armed with about 200 rifles and seven light machine guns, in the immediate vicinity of Drvar; one was the Kamenica Detachment. Men from Kamenica had previously established a camp in a nearby forest for weapons and supplies. Bursać was one of the village's most active women, collecting food and clothing for the insurgents and serving as a courier for the Kamenica camp. On 27 July the Partisans liberated Drvar, beginning the uprising in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Over the next few days, other parts of Bosanska Krajina were also liberated, although at this stage the KPJ had little control of the Serb villagers who took up arms. The liberated area around Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo, under constant attack by the Ustaše, was defended by the Partisans from their surrounding positions. Bursać and other women from Kamenica joined Odbor fonda (the Funds Committee), collecting food, clothing and other supplies for the Partisans, and she made clothes for them from wool and cloth. She joined the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije, or SKOJ) in September 1941.
Rally of the Women's Anti-Fascist Front held in Drvar in 1942
On 25 September 1941 Italian troops captured Drvar and Grahovo, but the Partisans retained control of most of the area's villages. By the end of 1941, SKOJ's Kamenica branch had 23 members; the men served in Partisan units and the women, including Bursać, joined labour companies to support the war effort. A literacy course was organised for female members, which Bursać attended. Some villagers gave agricultural products such as milk, cream and eggs to the Italians, receiving salt, kerosene and rice in return. This practice was strongly condemned by the KPJ, which gathered people from several villages in the hall of the Kamenica school in January 1942 to dissuade them from trading with the enemy. After several KPJ members spoke, Bursać began her speech, but was interrupted by disparaging comments and threats from a young man in the audience. At that moment, a group of men stormed into the hall with wooden poles and pitchforks. In the ensuing chaos Bursać shouted, "You can do nothing to us, you will not hinder us!" as the other women fled through the windows. In early 1942 she joined the village committee of the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Antifašistički front žena or AFŽ), a major KPJ-affiliated women's organisation.
On 13 June 1942 Drvar was retaken by the Partisans, with Bursać's labour company clearing rubble and repairing houses in the town. The company also helped in working the land of families whose men were away fighting with the Partisans. In July, Partisan units composed of fighters from Serbia and Montenegro came to Drvar, and Bursać helped carry their wounded to field hospitals in the mountains. She was one of the most active members of Kamenica's SKOJ organisation, which sometimes met at her house. The Partisan-held territory around Drvar expanded significantly, and included the Sanica River valley in late July 1942. The valley's primarily non-Serb population had fled before the advancing Partisans, whom they feared because of Ustaše propaganda. The Partisan command engaged young people from western Bosanska Krajina to harvest wheat and other crops from the valley, transporting them to storage facilities on Mount Grmeč. The workers (mostly young women) were organised into military-style units, which were merged in mid-August into the four-battalion 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade. Bursać was appointed political commissar of the 3rd Company of the brigade's 2nd Battalion. Guarded by Partisan units, the brigade completed its work despite attacks by enemy planes. Bursać was admitted to the KPJ at the end of summer 1942; at the beginning of 1943, she was president of the village committee of the United Federation of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije, or USAOJ).
Yugoslav Partisan
Partisan nurse in action
Tito came to Drvar at the end of January 1943, during a major Axis offensive against the Partisans (code-named Fall Weiss in German). After consulting with Đuro Pucar, the head of the KPJ regional committee for Bosanska Krajina, Tito decided to form a Partisan brigade around a battalion of experienced fighters from Drvar. Additional manpower would consist of recovered Partisans who had been wounded or ill, older men not previously in combat units and young male and female volunteers. The four-battalion 10th Krajina Brigade, intended to play a primarily-defensive role at this stage, was established on 4 February 1943; its 800 members included about 120 women. Bursać, one of the volunteers, was assigned to the 2nd Battalion and was transferred to the 3rd Battalion's 3rd Company the following month. Until September 1943, she fought the Ustaše, Germans, Italians, and anti-communist Chetniks around Grahovo, Knin, Vrlika, Livno and Mount Dinara, was commended for her courage and skill in combat, and served as a nurse. In February and March 1943, during the Axis offensive, the brigade experienced constant enemy attacks, food shortages, cold, deep snow and outbreaks of typhus. Emaciated, Bursać was transferred to the military kitchen at brigade headquarters at the beginning of spring; after a month, she was returned to her company at her insistence. When she became ill some time later, Bursać was sent home to recover.
The Germans had a fortified base, Stützpunkt Podglavica, near Podglavica in the village of Prkosi (between Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf). The base, with about 500 members of the 373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division and an artillery battery, secured the roads from Bosanski Petrovac to Bihać and Kulen Vakuf. In September 1943, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 10th Krajina Brigade and a battalion of the Drvar–Petrovac Partisan Detachment were directed to attack it. Bursać volunteered to throw hand grenades at the pillboxes and machine-gun nests protecting the base. Although her company commander objected because she still appeared ill, Bursać insisted on throwing the grenades. The three Partisan battalions attacked the base from three directions on 18 September at 11 pm. Bursać and her group of grenade throwers destroyed several pillboxes before they came under fire from another. They destroyed the pillbox, but she received a serious leg wound and was carried to a less exposed area.
The Partisans overran portions of the base, retreating before daybreak after the arrival of German reinforcements from Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf. The brigade reportedly captured four howitzers, two mortars, a heavy machine gun, ten light machine guns, five rifles, a mobile radio and 29 enemy soldiers, and Stützpunkt Podglavica reported 31 German soldiers missing after the attack. The Germans described the night attack as eerie, with female Partisans' shrill shouts of "Forward!" (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Napred!). The battle at Prkosi was the first major offensive action by the 10th Krajina Brigade; in 1944, they participated in the liberation of Belgrade.
After the battle, Bursać and other heavily-wounded Partisans were carried on stretchers to the field hospital in the village of Vidovo Selo, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) away over rugged terrain. During the arduous journey (which took over three days), she sang Partisan songs such as:
Naša borba zahtijeva
Kad se gine da se pjeva ...
Our struggle thus demands
That while dying, one sings ...
Bursać had lost much blood and her wound developed gangrene, which the field hospital was poorly equipped to treat. She died in Vidovo Selo on 23 September 1943, and was buried with military honours at Kamenica; deputy commissar Veljko Ražnatović spoke on behalf of the 10th Krajina Brigade. Bursać's final eulogy was delivered by her brother Dušan, leader of the SKOJ district committee for Drvar.
Legacy
Bursać was commemorated on a 1984 Yugoslav postage stamp.
Bursać became a People's Hero of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1943, the first woman to receive the honour. Her proclamation was published in the October 1943 issue of the Bulletin of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia:
По одлуци Врховног штаба Народноослободилачке војске и партизанских одреда Југославије, a на предлог V корпуса Народноослободилачке војске Југославије, додељује се назив народног хероја другарици Марији Бурсаћ, борцу-бомбашу III батаљона X крајишке бригаде. Другарица Марија била је примјер јунаштва у свим борбама и на крају дала свој живот за слободу свога народа јуришајући на ровове непријатеља код с. Пркоса.
"By decision of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, and at the proposal of the 5th Corps of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, the Order of the People's Hero has been conferred on comrade Marija Bursać, a hand-grenade thrower of the 3rd Battalion of the 10th Krajina Brigade. Comrade Marija was an example of heroism in all fights and ultimately gave her life for the freedom of her people charging enemy trenches at the village of Prkosi."
Yugoslav writer Branko Ćopić wrote a poem, Marija na Prkosima ("Marija at Prkosi"), about Bursać. Its title, which may also be interpreted as "Marija defiant", is a play on words. Bursać "entered the triptych of history, legend, and poetry in the Yugoslav lands", according to author Jelena Batinić. After the war, schools, streets, and organisations in Yugoslavia were named after her; a Belgrade neighborhood bears her name. A 2013 comic strip, Marija na Prkosima, was published in the Serbian daily newspaper Danas as part of its Odbrana utopije ("Defense of Utopia") comic-strip project. Graphic artist Lazar Bodroža's strip combines events from Bursać's life with verses of Ćopić's poem and left-wing visual symbolism.
Notes
^ a b Zukić 1982, p. 590
^ Bokan 1988, p. 14
^ a b c d Beoković 1967, pp. 15–18
^ Bokan 1988, p. 80
^ Bokan 1988, p. 83
^ Roberts 1987, pp. 15–18
^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 60–63, 272
^ Vucinich 1949, pp. 355–358
^ Bokan 1988, p. 50
^ Roberts 1987, pp. 20–22
^ Roberts 1987, pp. 23–24
^ Bokan 1988, p. 102
^ Hoare 2006, p. 76
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 19–22
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 24–25
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 27–28
^ a b Bokan 1988, pp. 436–37
^ Beoković 1967, p. 31
^ Gončin 1990, pp. 5–15
^ a b Gončin 1990, pp. 19–23
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 32–37
^ a b c Schraml 1962, p. 168
^ a b Sopić 1974, p. 53
^ a b c d e Gončin 1990, pp. 88–100
^ Sopić 1974, pp. 57–59
^ Schraml 1962, p. 169
^ Beoković 1967, p. 38
^ Gončin 1990, p. 263
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 44–47
^ Batinić 2015, pp. 124–25
^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 50–52
^ Beoković 1967, p. 12
^ a b Bilten 1949, p. 357
^ Batinić 2009, p. 161
^ Beoković 1967, p. 5
^ Jovanović n.d., sec. "Kalvarija"
^ "Marija na Prkosima". Only God Forgives. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ Tucakov 2014, para. 5
References
Batinić, Jelena (2009). Gender, Revolution, and War: The Mobilization of Women in the Yugoslav Partisan Resistance during World War II (Thesis). Stanford, California: Stanford University. OCLC 745998890.
Batinić, Jelena (2015). Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09107-8.
Bilten Vrhovnog štaba Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Jugoslavije . Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o Narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut Jugoslovenske armije. 1949. OCLC 840575526.
Beoković, Mila (1967). Žene heroji (in Serbian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. OCLC 252328789.
Bokan, Branko J. (1988). Prvi krajiški narodnooslobodilački partizanski odred (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. OCLC 34340045.
Gončin, Milorad (1990). U dimu baruta: Deseta krajiška brigada (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. OCLC 123944315.
Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.
Jovanović, Miloje. "Naselja u Zemunu" . Zemungrad (in Serbian). Association "Zemun moj grad". Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Roberts, Walter R. (1987) . Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies,1941–1945. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0773-0.
Schraml, Franz (1962). Kriegsschauplatz Kroatien: Die deutsch-kroatischen Legions-Divisionen – 369., 373., 392. Inf.-Div. (kroat.) – ihre Ausbildungs- und Ersatzformationen (in German). Neckargemünd, Germany: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag. OCLC 4215438.
Sopić, Petar (1974). "Borba na Prkosima". In Vladimir Čerkez (ed.). Bosanski Petrovac u NOB (in Serbian). Vol. 6. Bosanski Petrovac: Opštinski odbor SUBNOR-a Bosanski Petrovac. OCLC 43218028.
Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
Tucakov, Anica (2014). "Jer bolji svet je moguć" . Danas (in Serbian). Belgrade: DAN GRAF. ISSN 1450-538X. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015.
Vucinich, Wayne S. (1949). "The Second World War and Beyond". In Robert Joseph Kerner (ed.). Yugoslavia. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 404359. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Zukić, Fatka (1982). "BURSAĆ, Marija". In Miroslav Krleža (ed.). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 2. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod. ISBN 9788670530133. OCLC 645433818.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"People's Hero of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Hero_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Kamenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenica_(Drvar)"},{"link_name":"Drvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvar"},{"link_name":"invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communist_Youth_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"political commissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar"},{"link_name":"Sanica River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Bosansko Grahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosansko_Grahovo"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Vrlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlika"},{"link_name":"Livno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livno"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Prkosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prkosi"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Vidovo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidovo_Selo"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"}],"text":"Yugoslav partisan (1920–1943)Marija Bursać (Serbian Cyrillic: Марија Бурсаћ; 2 August 1920 – 23 September 1943) was a member of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia and the first woman proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Bursać was born to a Bosnian Serb farming family in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers and their creation of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941, Bursać supported the Partisan resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Like other women in her village, she collected food, clothing, and other supplies for the Partisan war effort. Bursać became a member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia in September 1941. The following August she was appointed political commissar of a company of the 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade, which harvested crops in the Sanica River valley, and was admitted to the KPJ at the end of that summer.Bursać became a Partisan in February 1943, joining the newly formed 10th Krajina Brigade. With the brigade, she fought in the Bosansko Grahovo, Knin, Vrlika and Livno areas and served as a nurse. In September 1943, Bursać was wounded in the leg while throwing hand grenades during an attack on the German base at Prkosi in northwestern Bosnia. As she was being transported to a field hospital at Vidovo Selo, she sang Partisan songs. Bursać's wound soon developed gangrene, and she died at the hospital on 23 September 1943. She was proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia the following month. Schools, streets and organisations were named in her memory following the war, commemorating her service to the Partisan cause.","title":"Marija Bursać"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenica_(Drvar)"},{"link_name":"Drvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvar"},{"link_name":"Bosanska Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej-1"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"ethnic Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo15-3"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo15-3"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo15-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bursać was born on 2 August 1920 in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar in the region of Bosanska Krajina,[1] the north-western sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929). The Drvar area was inhabited primarily by ethnic Serbs, with Bosnian Muslims and Croats forming less than four per cent of the population.[2] Bursać was the oldest of five children of stonemason Nikola Bursać and his wife, Joka, who mostly raised sheep and cattle on their family farm. Like other village girls, Bursać did not go to school—only the boys attended elementary school in Drvar. A shepherdess until age fourteen, she later helped her mother with housekeeping and agricultural work. Bursać became skilled at weaving, spinning, knitting and embroidery before completing a six-month tailoring course in Drvar.[3]In 1938, an elementary school opened in Kamenica at which Velimir Stojnić was a trainee teacher. Stojnić, a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije or KPJ, outlawed since 1921), organised a public library, reading and sports clubs and a cultural-artistic group.[3] He established a secret KPJ cell in Kamenica in 1939, the first communist organisation in the area.[4] His ideological convictions earned him a following among the village youth, including Marija's brother Dušan.[3] The authorities soon became aware of Stojnić's activities, and he was removed from Kamenica in February 1940.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Royal Yugoslav Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob15-6"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Croatian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_nationalist"},{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Ante Pavelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"eliminate the state's ethnic Serb population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs"},{"link_name":"forced assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_assimilation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuc355-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Draža Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Chetniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob20-10"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob23-11"}],"text":"On 6 April 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded from all sides by the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany. The Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije or VKJ) capitulated on 17 April, and the Germans, Italians and Hungarians dismembered the country.[6] A fascist puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH, including almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia-Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia) was proclaimed on 10 April. The NDH was an \"Italian-German quasi-protectorate\", controlled by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement under Ante Pavelić.[7] One of the NDH's policies was to eliminate the state's ethnic Serb population with mass killings, expulsions and forced assimilation.[8] The first Drvar Serbs were killed on 18 June 1941.[9] The atrocities accelerated the formation of two large resistance movements in occupied Yugoslavia. Royalists and Serbian nationalists led by VKJ Colonel Draža Mihailović founded the Ravna Gora Movement, whose members were known as Chetniks.[10] The KPJ, led by Josip Broz Tito, decided in Belgrade on 4 July to launch a nationwide armed uprising and the members of the KPJ-led forces became known as Partisans.[11]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detachments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_(military)"},{"link_name":"light machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kamenica camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenica_camp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo15-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bosansko Grahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosansko_Grahovo"},{"link_name":"League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communist_Youth_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo19-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zbor_AF%C5%BD-a_u_Drvaru,_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"war effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_effort"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo19-14"},{"link_name":"Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo24-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo24-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo27-16"},{"link_name":"Sanica River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Mount Grmeč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grme%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bok436-17"},{"link_name":"political commissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo27-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bok436-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Pro-Partisan activity","text":"Between 20 and 26 July 1941 local KPJ leaders organised three Partisan detachments, armed with about 200 rifles and seven light machine guns, in the immediate vicinity of Drvar; one was the Kamenica Detachment.[12] Men from Kamenica had previously established a camp in a nearby forest for weapons and supplies. Bursać was one of the village's most active women, collecting food and clothing for the insurgents and serving as a courier for the Kamenica camp.[3] On 27 July the Partisans liberated Drvar, beginning the uprising in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Over the next few days, other parts of Bosanska Krajina were also liberated, although at this stage the KPJ had little control of the Serb villagers who took up arms.[13] The liberated area around Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo, under constant attack by the Ustaše, was defended by the Partisans from their surrounding positions. Bursać and other women from Kamenica joined Odbor fonda (the Funds Committee), collecting food, clothing and other supplies for the Partisans, and she made clothes for them from wool and cloth. She joined the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije, or SKOJ) in September 1941.[14]Rally of the Women's Anti-Fascist Front held in Drvar in 1942On 25 September 1941 Italian troops captured Drvar and Grahovo, but the Partisans retained control of most of the area's villages. By the end of 1941, SKOJ's Kamenica branch had 23 members; the men served in Partisan units and the women, including Bursać, joined labour companies to support the war effort. A literacy course was organised for female members, which Bursać attended. Some villagers gave agricultural products such as milk, cream and eggs to the Italians, receiving salt, kerosene and rice in return. This practice was strongly condemned by the KPJ, which gathered people from several villages in the hall of the Kamenica school in January 1942 to dissuade them from trading with the enemy. After several KPJ members spoke, Bursać began her speech, but was interrupted by disparaging comments and threats from a young man in the audience. At that moment, a group of men stormed into the hall with wooden poles and pitchforks. In the ensuing chaos Bursać shouted, \"You can do nothing to us, you will not hinder us!\" as the other women fled through the windows.[14] In early 1942 she joined the village committee of the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Antifašistički front žena or AFŽ), a major KPJ-affiliated women's organisation.[15]On 13 June 1942 Drvar was retaken by the Partisans, with Bursać's labour company clearing rubble and repairing houses in the town. The company also helped in working the land of families whose men were away fighting with the Partisans. In July, Partisan units composed of fighters from Serbia and Montenegro came to Drvar, and Bursać helped carry their wounded to field hospitals in the mountains.[15] She was one of the most active members of Kamenica's SKOJ organisation, which sometimes met at her house.[16] The Partisan-held territory around Drvar expanded significantly, and included the Sanica River valley in late July 1942. The valley's primarily non-Serb population had fled before the advancing Partisans, whom they feared because of Ustaše propaganda. The Partisan command engaged young people from western Bosanska Krajina to harvest wheat and other crops from the valley, transporting them to storage facilities on Mount Grmeč. The workers (mostly young women) were organised into military-style units, which were merged in mid-August into the four-battalion 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade.[17] Bursać was appointed political commissar of the 3rd Company of the brigade's 2nd Battalion.[16] Guarded by Partisan units, the brigade completed its work despite attacks by enemy planes.[17] Bursać was admitted to the KPJ at the end of summer 1942; at the beginning of 1943, she was president of the village committee of the United Federation of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije, or USAOJ).[18]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partizanka_previja_ranjenika.jpg"},{"link_name":"a major Axis offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_White"},{"link_name":"Đuro Pucar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90uro_Pucar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon19-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon19-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo32-21"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Vrlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlika"},{"link_name":"Livno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livno"},{"link_name":"Mount Dinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo32-21"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_base"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sch-22"},{"link_name":"Prkosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prkosi"},{"link_name":"Vrtoče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrto%C4%8De_(Bosanski_Petrovac)"},{"link_name":"Kulen Vakuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulen_Vakuf"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sop53-23"},{"link_name":"373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/373rd_(Croatian)_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"artillery battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"Bosanski Petrovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanski_Petrovac"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sop53-23"},{"link_name":"pillboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillbox_(military)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon88-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sch-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"heavy machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon88-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sch-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"liberation of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"stretchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretcher"},{"link_name":"Vidovo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidovo_Selo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon88-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo44-29"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo44-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon88-24"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo50-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beo50-31"}],"sub_title":"Yugoslav Partisan","text":"Partisan nurse in actionTito came to Drvar at the end of January 1943, during a major Axis offensive against the Partisans (code-named Fall Weiss in German). After consulting with Đuro Pucar, the head of the KPJ regional committee for Bosanska Krajina, Tito decided to form a Partisan brigade around a battalion of experienced fighters from Drvar. Additional manpower would consist of recovered Partisans who had been wounded or ill, older men not previously in combat units and young male and female volunteers. The four-battalion 10th Krajina Brigade, intended to play a primarily-defensive role at this stage, was established on 4 February 1943;[19] its 800 members included about 120 women.[20] Bursać, one of the volunteers, was assigned to the 2nd Battalion[20] and was transferred to the 3rd Battalion's 3rd Company the following month.[21] Until September 1943, she fought the Ustaše, Germans, Italians, and anti-communist Chetniks around Grahovo, Knin, Vrlika, Livno and Mount Dinara, was commended for her courage and skill in combat, and served as a nurse. In February and March 1943, during the Axis offensive, the brigade experienced constant enemy attacks, food shortages, cold, deep snow and outbreaks of typhus. Emaciated, Bursać was transferred to the military kitchen at brigade headquarters at the beginning of spring; after a month, she was returned to her company at her insistence. When she became ill some time later, Bursać was sent home to recover.[21]The Germans had a fortified base, Stützpunkt Podglavica,[22] near Podglavica in the village of Prkosi (between Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf).[23] The base, with about 500 members of the 373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division and an artillery battery, secured the roads from Bosanski Petrovac to Bihać and Kulen Vakuf.[23] In September 1943, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 10th Krajina Brigade and a battalion of the Drvar–Petrovac Partisan Detachment were directed to attack it. Bursać volunteered to throw hand grenades at the pillboxes and machine-gun nests protecting the base. Although her company commander objected because she still appeared ill, Bursać insisted on throwing the grenades. The three Partisan battalions attacked the base from three directions on 18 September at 11 pm. Bursać and her group of grenade throwers destroyed several pillboxes before they came under fire from another. They destroyed the pillbox, but she received a serious leg wound and was carried to a less exposed area.[24]The Partisans overran portions of the base, retreating before daybreak after the arrival of German reinforcements from Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf.[22][25] The brigade reportedly captured four howitzers, two mortars, a heavy machine gun, ten light machine guns, five rifles, a mobile radio and 29 enemy soldiers,[24] and Stützpunkt Podglavica reported 31 German soldiers missing after the attack.[22] The Germans described the night attack as eerie, with female Partisans' shrill shouts of \"Forward!\" (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Napred!).[26] The battle at Prkosi was the first major offensive action by the 10th Krajina Brigade;[27] in 1944, they participated in the liberation of Belgrade.[28]After the battle, Bursać and other heavily-wounded Partisans were carried on stretchers to the field hospital in the village of Vidovo Selo, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) away over rugged terrain. During the arduous journey (which took over three days), she sang Partisan songs such as:[24][29]Bursać had lost much blood and her wound developed gangrene,[29] which the field hospital was poorly equipped to treat.[24][31] She died in Vidovo Selo on 23 September 1943, and was buried with military honours at Kamenica;[32] deputy commissar Veljko Ražnatović spoke on behalf of the 10th Krajina Brigade. Bursać's final eulogy was delivered by her brother Dušan, leader of the SKOJ district committee for Drvar.[31]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marija_Bursa%C4%87_1984_Yugoslavia_stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gon88-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zbornik-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zbornik-33"},{"link_name":"Branko Ćopić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_%C4%86opi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"bears her name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Bursa%C4%87_(Zemun)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Danas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danas_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Bursać was commemorated on a 1984 Yugoslav postage stamp.Bursać became a People's Hero of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1943, the first woman to receive the honour.[1][24] Her proclamation was published in the October 1943 issue of the Bulletin of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia:[33]По одлуци Врховног штаба Народноослободилачке војске и партизанских одреда Југославије, a на предлог V корпуса Народноослободилачке војске Југославије, додељује се назив народног хероја другарици Марији Бурсаћ, борцу-бомбашу III батаљона X крајишке бригаде. Другарица Марија била је примјер јунаштва у свим борбама и на крају дала свој живот за слободу свога народа јуришајући на ровове непријатеља код с. Пркоса.\n\"By decision of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, and at the proposal of the 5th Corps of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, the Order of the People's Hero has been conferred on comrade Marija Bursać, a hand-grenade thrower of the 3rd Battalion of the 10th Krajina Brigade. Comrade Marija was an example of heroism in all fights and ultimately gave her life for the freedom of her people charging enemy trenches at the village of Prkosi.\"[33]Yugoslav writer Branko Ćopić wrote a poem, Marija na Prkosima (\"Marija at Prkosi\"), about Bursać. Its title, which may also be interpreted as \"Marija defiant\", is a play on words. Bursać \"entered the triptych of history, legend, and poetry in the Yugoslav lands\", according to author Jelena Batinić.[34] After the war, schools, streets, and organisations in Yugoslavia were named after her;[35] a Belgrade neighborhood bears her name.[36] A 2013 comic strip, Marija na Prkosima, was published in the Serbian daily newspaper Danas as part of its Odbrana utopije (\"Defense of Utopia\") comic-strip project.[37] Graphic artist Lazar Bodroža's strip combines events from Bursać's life with verses of Ćopić's poem and left-wing visual symbolism.[38]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ej_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ej_1-1"},{"link_name":"Zukić 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zukic_1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Bokan 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1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Goncin_1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Sopić 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sopic_1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Schraml 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schraml_1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Beoković 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beokovic_1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Gončin 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Goncin_1990"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-beo44_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-beo44_29-1"},{"link_name":"Beoković 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beokovic_1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bat_30-0"},{"link_name":"Batinić 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Batinic_2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-beo50_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-beo50_31-1"},{"link_name":"Beoković 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beokovic_1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Beoković 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beokovic_1967"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-zbornik_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-zbornik_33-1"},{"link_name":"Bilten 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bilten_1949"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Batinić 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Batinic_2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Beoković 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beokovic_1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Jovanović n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jovanovic_n.d."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Marija na Prkosima\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150402130529/http://lazarbodroza.squarespace.com/#/marija-na-prkosima"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lazarbodroza.squarespace.com/#/marija-na-prkosima"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Tucakov 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tucakov_2014"}],"text":"^ a b Zukić 1982, p. 590\n\n^ Bokan 1988, p. 14\n\n^ a b c d Beoković 1967, pp. 15–18\n\n^ Bokan 1988, p. 80\n\n^ Bokan 1988, p. 83\n\n^ Roberts 1987, pp. 15–18\n\n^ Tomasevich 2001, pp. 60–63, 272\n\n^ Vucinich 1949, pp. 355–358\n\n^ Bokan 1988, p. 50\n\n^ Roberts 1987, pp. 20–22\n\n^ Roberts 1987, pp. 23–24\n\n^ Bokan 1988, p. 102\n\n^ Hoare 2006, p. 76\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 19–22\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 24–25\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 27–28\n\n^ a b Bokan 1988, pp. 436–37\n\n^ Beoković 1967, p. 31\n\n^ Gončin 1990, pp. 5–15\n\n^ a b Gončin 1990, pp. 19–23\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 32–37\n\n^ a b c Schraml 1962, p. 168\n\n^ a b Sopić 1974, p. 53\n\n^ a b c d e Gončin 1990, pp. 88–100\n\n^ Sopić 1974, pp. 57–59\n\n^ Schraml 1962, p. 169\n\n^ Beoković 1967, p. 38\n\n^ Gončin 1990, p. 263\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 44–47\n\n^ Batinić 2015, pp. 124–25\n\n^ a b Beoković 1967, pp. 50–52\n\n^ Beoković 1967, p. 12\n\n^ a b Bilten 1949, p. 357\n\n^ Batinić 2009, p. 161\n\n^ Beoković 1967, p. 5\n\n^ Jovanović n.d., sec. \"Kalvarija\"\n\n^ \"Marija na Prkosima\". Only God Forgives. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.\n\n^ Tucakov 2014, para. 5","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Rally of the Women's Anti-Fascist Front held in Drvar in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zbor_AF%C5%BD-a_u_Drvaru%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Zbor_AF%C5%BD-a_u_Drvaru%2C_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partisan nurse in action","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Partizanka_previja_ranjenika.jpg/220px-Partizanka_previja_ranjenika.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bursać was commemorated on a 1984 Yugoslav postage stamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Marija_Bursa%C4%87_1984_Yugoslavia_stamp.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Marija na Prkosima\". Only God Forgives. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130529/http://lazarbodroza.squarespace.com/#/marija-na-prkosima","url_text":"\"Marija na Prkosima\""},{"url":"http://lazarbodroza.squarespace.com/#/marija-na-prkosima","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Batinić, Jelena (2009). Gender, Revolution, and War: The Mobilization of Women in the Yugoslav Partisan Resistance during World War II (Thesis). Stanford, California: Stanford University. OCLC 745998890.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NIpEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gender, Revolution, and War: The Mobilization of Women in the Yugoslav Partisan Resistance during World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University","url_text":"Stanford University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745998890","url_text":"745998890"}]},{"reference":"Batinić, Jelena (2015). Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09107-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5FutCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124","url_text":"Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09107-8","url_text":"978-1-107-09107-8"}]},{"reference":"Bilten Vrhovnog štaba Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Jugoslavije [Bulletin of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia]. Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o Narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut Jugoslovenske armije. 1949. OCLC 840575526.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=reofAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Bilten Vrhovnog štaba Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Jugoslavije"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840575526","url_text":"840575526"}]},{"reference":"Beoković, Mila (1967). Žene heroji [Women Heroes] (in Serbian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. OCLC 252328789.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oOoBAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Žene heroji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252328789","url_text":"252328789"}]},{"reference":"Bokan, Branko J. (1988). Prvi krajiški narodnooslobodilački partizanski odred [The 1st Krajina National Liberation Partisan Detachment] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. OCLC 34340045.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7AkMHQAACAAJ","url_text":"Prvi krajiški narodnooslobodilački partizanski odred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34340045","url_text":"34340045"}]},{"reference":"Gončin, Milorad (1990). U dimu baruta: Deseta krajiška brigada [In the Smoke of Gunpowder: The 10th Krajina Brigade] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. OCLC 123944315.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U4SStgAACAAJ","url_text":"U dimu baruta: Deseta krajiška brigada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123944315","url_text":"123944315"}]},{"reference":"Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726380-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Attila_Hoare","url_text":"Hoare, Marko Attila"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=94bzAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726380-8","url_text":"978-0-19-726380-8"}]},{"reference":"Jovanović, Miloje. \"Naselja u Zemunu\" [Neighbourhoods in Zemun]. Zemungrad (in Serbian). Association \"Zemun moj grad\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305120734/http://www.zemungrad.rs/zemun-naselja.html","url_text":"\"Naselja u Zemunu\""},{"url":"http://www.zemungrad.rs/zemun-naselja.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Walter R. (1987) [1973]. Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies,1941–1945. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0773-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Roberts_(writer)","url_text":"Roberts, Walter R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC","url_text":"Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies,1941–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0773-0","url_text":"978-0-8223-0773-0"}]},{"reference":"Schraml, Franz (1962). Kriegsschauplatz Kroatien: Die deutsch-kroatischen Legions-Divisionen – 369., 373., 392. Inf.-Div. (kroat.) – ihre Ausbildungs- und Ersatzformationen [The Croatian Theatre of War: German-Croatian Legion Divisions—the 369th, 373rd and 392nd (Croatian) Infantry Divisions—Their Training and Replacement Units] (in German). Neckargemünd, Germany: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag. OCLC 4215438.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6fAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kriegsschauplatz Kroatien: Die deutsch-kroatischen Legions-Divisionen – 369., 373., 392. Inf.-Div. (kroat.) – ihre Ausbildungs- und Ersatzformationen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4215438","url_text":"4215438"}]},{"reference":"Sopić, Petar (1974). \"Borba na Prkosima\". In Vladimir Čerkez (ed.). Bosanski Petrovac u NOB [Bosanski Petrovac in the National Liberation War] (in Serbian). Vol. 6. Bosanski Petrovac: Opštinski odbor SUBNOR-a Bosanski Petrovac. OCLC 43218028.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ofxXSwAACAAJ","url_text":"Bosanski Petrovac u NOB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43218028","url_text":"43218028"}]},{"reference":"Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich","url_text":"Tomasevich, Jozo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC","url_text":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2","url_text":"978-0-8047-3615-2"}]},{"reference":"Tucakov, Anica (2014). \"Jer bolji svet je moguć\" [Because a better world is possible]. Danas (in Serbian). Belgrade: DAN GRAF. ISSN 1450-538X. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/kultura/jer_bolji_svet_je_moguc.11.html?news_id=276009&action=print","url_text":"\"Jer bolji svet je moguć\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danas_(newspaper)","url_text":"Danas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1450-538X","url_text":"1450-538X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150308165444/http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/kultura/jer_bolji_svet_je_moguc.11.html?news_id=276009","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vucinich, Wayne S. (1949). \"The Second World War and Beyond\". In Robert Joseph Kerner (ed.). Yugoslavia. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 404359. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich","url_text":"Vucinich, Wayne S."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142702/https://www.questia.com/read/95013772/yugoslavia","url_text":"\"The Second World War and Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/404359","url_text":"404359"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/read/95013772/yugoslavia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zukić, Fatka (1982). \"BURSAĆ, Marija\". In Miroslav Krleža (ed.). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 2. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod. ISBN 9788670530133. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout_of_Winchester | Rout of Winchester | ["1 Background","1.1 Stephen usurps the throne","1.2 Civil War","2 Siege and Battle","3 Result","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°03′38″N 1°18′45″W / 51.060494°N 1.312523°W / 51.060494; -1.312523Conflict within the Anarchy (civil war)
Rout of WinchesterPart of The AnarchyWest Gate, Winchester, HampshireDate14 September 1141LocationWinchester, England51°03′38″N 1°18′45″W / 51.060494°N 1.312523°W / 51.060494; -1.312523Result
Blesevin victoryBelligerents
House of Blois
AngevinsCommanders and leaders
Queen MatildaHenry of BloisWilliam of Ypres
Empress MatildaRobert of Gloucester (POW)Reginald of CornwallStrength
Unknown
UnknownCasualties and losses
Light
Main body destroyed,rear guard captured
vteThe Anarchy
Wark
Clitheroe
Standard
Lincoln
Winchester
Oxford
Wilton
Wallingford
In the Rout of Winchester (14 September 1141) the army of imprisoned King Stephen of England, led by his wife, Queen Matilda of Boulogne, Stephen's brother Bishop Henry of Blois, and William of Ypres, faced the army of Stephen's cousin Empress Matilda, whose forces were commanded by her half-brother Earl Robert of Gloucester. After Empress Matilda's army besieged a castle on the edge of Winchester, Queen Matilda's army arrived and blockaded the Angevin army within the city. Cut off from supplies, the Angevin army gave up the siege, then was crushed as it began to retreat. Robert of Gloucester was captured and was subsequently exchanged for Stephen, who was returned to the throne of England. However, the civil war known as The Anarchy dragged on with neither side gaining an advantage.
Background
Stephen usurps the throne
When William Adelin drowned in the White Ship, King Henry I of England was left with no male heirs. A second marriage to 18-year-old Adeliza of Louvain would produce no children, leaving the widowed Empress Matilda as his only legitimate surviving child. Henry declared Matilda his heir and the English nobility agreed. The first person to swear fealty to Matilda was Stephen of Blois who was the son of Adela of Normandy, the daughter of William the Conqueror. Henry arranged for Matilda to marry the much younger Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and though the marriage was stormy, it finally produced a son, Henry Plantagenet.
When King Henry died in the Duchy of Normandy he reiterated that Empress Matilda was his heir. Nevertheless, Stephen immediately set out for England. He crossed the English Channel from Wissant to Dover and then made his way to London with a few retainers. The people of London acclaimed him king, followed by the nobility and the dead king's ministers. Stephen was crowned on Christmas Eve 1135. During this time, Empress Matilda was powerless to act because her husband Count Geoffrey was busy trying to put down a rebellion in Anjou. Very soon, Stephen's leadership attracted enemies. A Scottish army under King David I invaded the north but was defeated at the Battle of the Standard in August 1138. Empress Matilda and Robert of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I, landed at Portsmouth with 140 men.
Civil War
King Stephen's coronation
Empress Matilda and her party took refuge at Arundel Castle where they were welcomed by King Henry's widow Adeliza and her new husband William d'Aubigny. Robert of Gloucester rode to Bristol to rally support for the empress. Stephen quickly assembled an army and surrounded Arundel Castle, demanding that the empress be handed over to him. Though her garrison was weak, Adeliza sent word that she would fight it out. At this point Stephen committed an astonishing blunder by giving Empress Matilda a safe-conduct pass to Bristol and withdrawing his army. When his enemy reached safety, the civil war broke out in full fury. While London and the east remained loyal to Stephen, the west declared for the empress. Stephen hired a body of Flemish mercenaries under William of Ypres, antagonizing his English subjects. The system of justice established under Henry I went to pieces and the common people suffered under the harsh demands of local noblemen and officials.
In December 1140, Stephen began the siege of Lincoln Castle which had been captured by the rebel Earl Ranulf of Chester. Ranulf slipped away and got in contact with Robert of Gloucester, his father-in-law. Robert and Ranulf quickly gathered an army and marched to Lincoln. Until too late Stephen refused to believe that his enemies would make a move in winter. On 2 February 1141 in the Battle of Lincoln Stephen's army was defeated and he was captured. Empress Matilda entered London but her arrogant and hostile conduct soon alienated the people. On 24 June, the people of London chased the empress from the city. The forces of Stephen's queen, also named Matilda (Matilda of Boulogne), soon occupied London. Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, the Bishop of Winchester, who had earlier defected to Empress Matilda's Angevin faction, changed sides again to support Queen Matilda.
Siege and Battle
Mounted combat in the 1100s
Bishop Henry took a force to Winchester where he laid siege to the royal castle which was garrisoned by Angevins. Winchester's royal castle was located on the southwest side of the city, while an episcopal castle was on the southeast side. Only two other English cities at the time had more than one castle, London with three and York with two. When she heard of the bishop's incursion Empress Matilda determined to strike back. She gathered an army of her adherents and sortied from her base at Oxford around 28 July 1141. When the empress appeared before Winchester on 31 July it was a complete surprise. Bishop Henry fled the city while his soldiers retreated to Wolvesey Castle, the one belonging to the church.
Empress Matilda
While the Angevin host placed Wolvesey Castle under siege, Empress Matilda set up her headquarters in the royal castle and Robert of Gloucester established his command post near Winchester Cathedral (then Saint Swithun's). On August 2, the bishop's men set fire to Winchester, destroying a large part of the city. Wolvesey was a tough nut to crack. It was erected in 1138 and being in the corner of the city walls, could easily contact the outside world. Nevertheless, the Angevins put strong pressure on its defenders.
Queen Matilda quickly assembled an army of relief that included mercenaries hired by Bishop Henry, a levy of the queen's feudal tenants from the County of Boulogne, the nearly 1,000-strong London militia, William of Ypres' Flemish mercenary cavalry and other supporters of Stephen. The queen's army set up camp on the east side of Winchester and proceeded to blockade Empress Matilda's forces in the city. While the queen's army was well-provisioned, the Angevin forces soon began to suffer from lack of food. To weaken the blockade, Robert of Gloucester attempted to fortify Wherwell Abbey, six miles to the north of the city, but William of Ypres defeated the Angevins with heavy losses.
The supply situation convinced Robert of Gloucester that he must quit Winchester so he planned an orderly withdrawal. Earl Reginald of Cornwall and Brian fitz Count led an advance guard composed of crack troops designed to protect Empress Matilda. The main body guarded the baggage while Robert commanded the rearguard. On 14 September, the Angevins exited from the west side of Winchester on the road to Salisbury. Ahead of them, about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the northwest, the road crossed the River Test at Stockbridge.
As soon as the Angevin host left the city the queen's army attacked. They pressed past the rearguard to attack the main body. The advance guard avoided the trap and delivered Empress Matilda safely to Gloucester, but the queen's army destroyed the Angevin main body as an effective fighting force; only remnants managed to escape. Robert of Gloucester's soldiers held together, but when his soldiers reached the Test they could go no further. Surrounded by a part of the queen's troops under William of Surrey and facing a bridge choked with panicked Angevins, Robert surrendered with his men.
Result
Queen Matilda offered to exchange Robert of Gloucester for her husband Stephen, but Empress Matilda refused to give up her royal prisoner. She would swap Robert for 12 earls and some gold, but not for the king. Therefore, the queen contacted Robert's wife Amabel, who had custody of Stephen. Behind the empress' back, the two wives determined to exchange their two husbands, and both Stephen and Robert were released.
The civil war went on with neither side gaining an advantage. Meanwhile, the common people suffered under the oppression of the local barons, who took the law into their own hands. It was said that, "God and all His saints were asleep" during these grim years. Robert of Gloucester died on 31 October 1147. With her best leader gone, Empress Matilda retired to Anjou and there was a lull in the fighting. Queen Matilda died on 3 May 1151 and was buried at Faversham Abbey. In January 1153, the empress' son Henry landed in England and began seeking combat with Stephen. At Wallingford another battle was averted when the two parties agreed that Stephen would remain king during his lifetime, but that Henry Plantagenet would succeed him. Stephen died on 25 October 1154.
Notes
^ Costain 1962, p. 12.
^ Costain 1962, p. 13.
^ Costain 1962, pp. 16–17.
^ Costain 1962, pp. 18–19.
^ a b Costain 1962, pp. 20–21.
^ Costain 1962, pp. 22–23.
^ Beeler 1971, pp. 110–112.
^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 113.
^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 114.
^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 115.
^ Costain 1962, p. 29.
^ Costain 1962, p. 30.
^ Costain 1962, pp. 31–32.
^ Costain 1962, p. 34.
References
Beeler, John (1971). Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. ISBN 0-8014-9120-7.
Costain, Thomas B. (1962). The Conquering Family. New York, N.Y.: Popular Library.
External links
Britannia: The Council, Siege and Rout of Winchester | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"The Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Wark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Wark_(1138)"},{"link_name":"Clitheroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clitheroe"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1141)"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford_(1142)"},{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilton"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford_Castle#12th_century"},{"link_name":"King Stephen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Henry of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"William of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Robert of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"The Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"}],"text":"Conflict within the Anarchy (civil war)vteThe Anarchy\nWark\nClitheroe\nStandard\nLincoln\nWinchester\nOxford\nWilton\nWallingfordIn the Rout of Winchester (14 September 1141) the army of imprisoned King Stephen of England, led by his wife, Queen Matilda of Boulogne, Stephen's brother Bishop Henry of Blois, and William of Ypres, faced the army of Stephen's cousin Empress Matilda, whose forces were commanded by her half-brother Earl Robert of Gloucester. After Empress Matilda's army besieged a castle on the edge of Winchester, Queen Matilda's army arrived and blockaded the Angevin army within the city. Cut off from supplies, the Angevin army gave up the siege, then was crushed as it began to retreat. Robert of Gloucester was captured and was subsequently exchanged for Stephen, who was returned to the throne of England. However, the civil war known as The Anarchy dragged on with neither side gaining an advantage.","title":"Rout of Winchester"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Adelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adelin"},{"link_name":"White Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ship"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Adeliza of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeliza_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196212-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Adela of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196213-2"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Henry Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196216%E2%80%9317-3"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Wissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissant"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196218%E2%80%9319-4"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"King David I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard"},{"link_name":"Robert of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196220%E2%80%9321-5"}],"sub_title":"Stephen usurps the throne","text":"When William Adelin drowned in the White Ship, King Henry I of England was left with no male heirs. A second marriage to 18-year-old Adeliza of Louvain would produce no children, leaving the widowed Empress Matilda as his only legitimate surviving child.[1] Henry declared Matilda his heir and the English nobility agreed. The first person to swear fealty to Matilda was Stephen of Blois who was the son of Adela of Normandy, the daughter of William the Conqueror.[2] Henry arranged for Matilda to marry the much younger Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and though the marriage was stormy, it finally produced a son, Henry Plantagenet.[3]When King Henry died in the Duchy of Normandy he reiterated that Empress Matilda was his heir. Nevertheless, Stephen immediately set out for England. He crossed the English Channel from Wissant to Dover and then made his way to London with a few retainers. The people of London acclaimed him king, followed by the nobility and the dead king's ministers.[4] Stephen was crowned on Christmas Eve 1135. 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Robert of Gloucester rode to Bristol to rally support for the empress.[5] Stephen quickly assembled an army and surrounded Arundel Castle, demanding that the empress be handed over to him. Though her garrison was weak, Adeliza sent word that she would fight it out. At this point Stephen committed an astonishing blunder by giving Empress Matilda a safe-conduct pass to Bristol and withdrawing his army. When his enemy reached safety, the civil war broke out in full fury. While London and the east remained loyal to Stephen, the west declared for the empress. Stephen hired a body of Flemish mercenaries under William of Ypres, antagonizing his English subjects. The system of justice established under Henry I went to pieces and the common people suffered under the harsh demands of local noblemen and officials.[6]In December 1140, Stephen began the siege of Lincoln Castle which had been captured by the rebel Earl Ranulf of Chester. Ranulf slipped away and got in contact with Robert of Gloucester, his father-in-law. Robert and Ranulf quickly gathered an army and marched to Lincoln. Until too late Stephen refused to believe that his enemies would make a move in winter. On 2 February 1141 in the Battle of Lincoln Stephen's army was defeated and he was captured. Empress Matilda entered London but her arrogant and hostile conduct soon alienated the people. On 24 June, the people of London chased the empress from the city. The forces of Stephen's queen, also named Matilda (Matilda of Boulogne), soon occupied London. Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, the Bishop of Winchester, who had earlier defected to Empress Matilda's Angevin faction, changed sides again to support Queen Matilda.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Marshal_unhorses_Baldwin_Guines_at_a_skirmish_by_Matthew_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Wolvesey Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolvesey_Castle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971113-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empress_Mathilda.png"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"city walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_city_walls"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971113-8"},{"link_name":"County of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Wherwell Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wherwell_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971114-9"},{"link_name":"rearguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearguard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971114-9"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"River Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Test"},{"link_name":"Stockbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971115-10"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971115-10"}],"text":"Mounted combat in the 1100sBishop Henry took a force to Winchester where he laid siege to the royal castle which was garrisoned by Angevins. Winchester's royal castle was located on the southwest side of the city, while an episcopal castle was on the southeast side. Only two other English cities at the time had more than one castle, London with three and York with two. When she heard of the bishop's incursion Empress Matilda determined to strike back. She gathered an army of her adherents and sortied from her base at Oxford around 28 July 1141. When the empress appeared before Winchester on 31 July it was a complete surprise. Bishop Henry fled the city while his soldiers retreated to Wolvesey Castle, the one belonging to the church.[8]Empress MatildaWhile the Angevin host placed Wolvesey Castle under siege, Empress Matilda set up her headquarters in the royal castle and Robert of Gloucester established his command post near Winchester Cathedral (then Saint Swithun's). On August 2, the bishop's men set fire to Winchester, destroying a large part of the city. Wolvesey was a tough nut to crack. It was erected in 1138 and being in the corner of the city walls, could easily contact the outside world. Nevertheless, the Angevins put strong pressure on its defenders.[8]Queen Matilda quickly assembled an army of relief that included mercenaries hired by Bishop Henry, a levy of the queen's feudal tenants from the County of Boulogne, the nearly 1,000-strong London militia, William of Ypres' Flemish mercenary cavalry and other supporters of Stephen. The queen's army set up camp on the east side of Winchester and proceeded to blockade Empress Matilda's forces in the city. While the queen's army was well-provisioned, the Angevin forces soon began to suffer from lack of food. To weaken the blockade, Robert of Gloucester attempted to fortify Wherwell Abbey, six miles to the north of the city, but William of Ypres defeated the Angevins with heavy losses.[9]The supply situation convinced Robert of Gloucester that he must quit Winchester so he planned an orderly withdrawal. Earl Reginald of Cornwall and Brian fitz Count led an advance guard composed of crack troops designed to protect Empress Matilda. The main body guarded the baggage while Robert commanded the rearguard.[9] On 14 September, the Angevins exited from the west side of Winchester on the road to Salisbury. Ahead of them, about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the northwest, the road crossed the River Test at Stockbridge.[10]As soon as the Angevin host left the city the queen's army attacked. They pressed past the rearguard to attack the main body. The advance guard avoided the trap and delivered Empress Matilda safely to Gloucester, but the queen's army destroyed the Angevin main body as an effective fighting force; only remnants managed to escape. Robert of Gloucester's soldiers held together, but when his soldiers reached the Test they could go no further. Surrounded by a part of the queen's troops under William of Surrey and facing a bridge choked with panicked Angevins, Robert surrendered with his men.[10]","title":"Siege and Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196229-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196230-12"},{"link_name":"Faversham Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196231%E2%80%9332-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostain196234-14"}],"text":"Queen Matilda offered to exchange Robert of Gloucester for her husband Stephen, but Empress Matilda refused to give up her royal prisoner. She would swap Robert for 12 earls and some gold, but not for the king. Therefore, the queen contacted Robert's wife Amabel, who had custody of Stephen. Behind the empress' back, the two wives determined to exchange their two husbands, and both Stephen and Robert were released.[11]The civil war went on with neither side gaining an advantage. Meanwhile, the common people suffered under the oppression of the local barons, who took the law into their own hands. It was said that, \"God and all His saints were asleep\" during these grim years.[12] Robert of Gloucester died on 31 October 1147. With her best leader gone, Empress Matilda retired to Anjou and there was a lull in the fighting. Queen Matilda died on 3 May 1151 and was buried at Faversham Abbey. In January 1153, the empress' son Henry landed in England and began seeking combat with Stephen. At Wallingford another battle was averted when the two parties agreed that Stephen would remain king during his lifetime, but that Henry Plantagenet would succeed him.[13] Stephen died on 25 October 1154.[14]","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196212_1-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196213_2-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196216%E2%80%9317_3-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196218%E2%80%9319_4-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196220%E2%80%9321_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196220%E2%80%9321_5-1"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196222%E2%80%9323_6-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971110%E2%80%93112_7-0"},{"link_name":"Beeler 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeler1971"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971113_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971113_8-1"},{"link_name":"Beeler 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeler1971"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971114_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971114_9-1"},{"link_name":"Beeler 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeler1971"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971115_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeler1971115_10-1"},{"link_name":"Beeler 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeler1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196229_11-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196230_12-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196231%E2%80%9332_13-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostain196234_14-0"},{"link_name":"Costain 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCostain1962"}],"text":"^ Costain 1962, p. 12.\n\n^ Costain 1962, p. 13.\n\n^ Costain 1962, pp. 16–17.\n\n^ Costain 1962, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ a b Costain 1962, pp. 20–21.\n\n^ Costain 1962, pp. 22–23.\n\n^ Beeler 1971, pp. 110–112.\n\n^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 113.\n\n^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 114.\n\n^ a b Beeler 1971, p. 115.\n\n^ Costain 1962, p. 29.\n\n^ Costain 1962, p. 30.\n\n^ Costain 1962, pp. 31–32.\n\n^ Costain 1962, p. 34.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"King Stephen's coronation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/StepanAngl.jpg/190px-StepanAngl.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mounted combat in the 1100s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Richard_Marshal_unhorses_Baldwin_Guines_at_a_skirmish_by_Matthew_Paris.jpg/220px-Richard_Marshal_unhorses_Baldwin_Guines_at_a_skirmish_by_Matthew_Paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Empress Matilda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Empress_Mathilda.png/150px-Empress_Mathilda.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Beeler, John (1971). Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. ISBN 0-8014-9120-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/warfareinfeudale0000beel","url_text":"Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9120-7","url_text":"0-8014-9120-7"}]},{"reference":"Costain, Thomas B. (1962). The Conquering Family. New York, N.Y.: Popular Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Costain","url_text":"Costain, Thomas B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conqueringfamily00cost","url_text":"The Conquering Family"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rout_of_Winchester¶ms=51.060494_N_1.312523_W_source:ruwiki_region:GB_type:event","external_links_name":"51°03′38″N 1°18′45″W / 51.060494°N 1.312523°W / 51.060494; -1.312523"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rout_of_Winchester¶ms=51.060494_N_1.312523_W_source:ruwiki_region:GB_type:event","external_links_name":"51°03′38″N 1°18′45″W / 51.060494°N 1.312523°W / 51.060494; -1.312523"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/warfareinfeudale0000beel","external_links_name":"Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conqueringfamily00cost","external_links_name":"The Conquering Family"},{"Link":"http://www.britannia.com/history/siegewinch.html","external_links_name":"Britannia: The Council, Siege and Rout of Winchester"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRIP | Low rate initial production | ["1 References"] | Phase of weapons design process
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Low rate initial production" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Low rate initial production (LRIP) is a term commonly used in military weapon projects/programs to designate the phase of initial, small-quantity production. The term is also applied in fields other than weapons production, most commonly in non-weapon military equipment programs.
With LRIP, the prospective first buyer and operator (i.e., a country's defense authorities and the relevant military units) gets to thoroughly test the weapons system over some protracted amount of time—in order to gain a reasonable degree of confidence as to whether the system actually performs to the agreed-upon requirements before contracts for mass production are signed. At the same time, manufacturers can use the LRIP as a production test-phase where they develop the assembly line models that would eventually be used in mass production. Therefore, the LRIP is commonly the first step in transitioning from highly customized, hand-built prototypes to the final mass-produced end product. In practice, either the production capability or the weapons system itself can be unready during the LRIP phase. This can mean that systems produced during LRIP are built significantly differently both in terms of technique and cost owing to the immaturity of the production line or changes in the weapons system's design, necessitating a large degree of hand-assembly and trial-and-error typically associated with the prototyping stage. Furthermore, the cost of each LRIP system can be much greater than the final mass production unit cost, since the LRIP cost can include both the R&D and setup cost for production, although the goal is that this additional cost is spread out over future production carried out by the assembly capacity developed during LRIP.
Immaturity in a system's design or its method of production discovered during LRIP phase can result in additional LRIP phases to verify corrections/improvements, or project cancellation. The Congressional Budget Office has found that the United States Department of Defense rarely achieves projected cost savings because too many programs fail to move from LRIP to full-scale production. The Japanese Ministry of Defense similarly lists R&D and initial production as "high-risk phases" in an 2008 report.
References
^ a b "DoDI 5000.02, January 2015 - Operation of Defense Acquisition Strategy" (PDF).
^ Defense Aircraft Investments: Major Program Commitments Based on Optimistic Budget Projections (testimony), FAS, 3 May 1997, GAO/T-NSIAD-97-103.
^ JMOD, Project Team for the Pormotion of Comprehensive Acquisition Reform (March 2008). "Acquisition Reform Project Team Report".
This United States military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DODI5000-02-1"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DODI5000-02-1"},{"link_name":"Congressional Budget Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Low rate initial production (LRIP) is a term commonly used in military weapon projects/programs to designate the phase of initial, small-quantity production.[1] The term is also applied in fields other than weapons production, most commonly in non-weapon military equipment programs.With LRIP, the prospective first buyer and operator (i.e., a country's defense authorities and the relevant military units) gets to thoroughly test the weapons system over some protracted amount of time—in order to gain a reasonable degree of confidence as to whether the system actually performs to the agreed-upon requirements before contracts for mass production are signed. At the same time, manufacturers can use the LRIP as a production test-phase where they develop the assembly line models that would eventually be used in mass production. Therefore, the LRIP is commonly the first step in transitioning from highly customized, hand-built prototypes to the final mass-produced end product.[1] In practice, either the production capability or the weapons system itself can be unready during the LRIP phase. This can mean that systems produced during LRIP are built significantly differently both in terms of technique and cost owing to the immaturity of the production line or changes in the weapons system's design, necessitating a large degree of hand-assembly and trial-and-error typically associated with the prototyping stage. Furthermore, the cost of each LRIP system can be much greater than the final mass production unit cost, since the LRIP cost can include both the R&D and setup cost for production, although the goal is that this additional cost is spread out over future production carried out by the assembly capacity developed during LRIP.Immaturity in a system's design or its method of production discovered during LRIP phase can result in additional LRIP phases to verify corrections/improvements, or project cancellation. The Congressional Budget Office has found that the United States Department of Defense rarely achieves projected cost savings because too many programs fail to move from LRIP to full-scale production.[2] The Japanese Ministry of Defense similarly lists R&D and initial production as \"high-risk phases\" in an 2008 report.[3]","title":"Low rate initial production"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"DoDI 5000.02, January 2015 - Operation of Defense Acquisition Strategy\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://acc.dau.mil/adl/en-US/716926/file/78952/Instruction%20-%20USD%20(AT_L),%20DoDI%205000.02,%20Operation%20of%20DAS,%207%20Jan%202015.pdf","url_text":"\"DoDI 5000.02, January 2015 - Operation of Defense Acquisition Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"Defense Aircraft Investments: Major Program Commitments Based on Optimistic Budget Projections (testimony), FAS, 3 May 1997, GAO/T-NSIAD-97-103","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/man/gao/ns97103.htm","url_text":"Defense Aircraft Investments: Major Program Commitments Based on Optimistic Budget Projections"}]},{"reference":"JMOD, Project Team for the Pormotion of Comprehensive Acquisition Reform (March 2008). \"Acquisition Reform Project Team Report\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/prepareDownload?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1283470&contentNo=1","url_text":"\"Acquisition Reform Project Team Report\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22","external_links_name":"\"Low rate initial production\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Low+rate+initial+production%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://acc.dau.mil/adl/en-US/716926/file/78952/Instruction%20-%20USD%20(AT_L),%20DoDI%205000.02,%20Operation%20of%20DAS,%207%20Jan%202015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DoDI 5000.02, January 2015 - Operation of Defense Acquisition Strategy\""},{"Link":"http://www.fas.org/man/gao/ns97103.htm","external_links_name":"Defense Aircraft Investments: Major Program Commitments Based on Optimistic Budget Projections"},{"Link":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/prepareDownload?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1283470&contentNo=1","external_links_name":"\"Acquisition Reform Project Team Report\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_rate_initial_production&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anything_Is_Possible_(Will_Young_song) | Anything Is Possible (Will Young song) | ["1 Background and writing","2 Chart performance","3 Music video","4 Track listing","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","6.3 Decade-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References","10 External links"] | 2002 single by Will Young
"Anything Is Possible"Single by Will Youngfrom the album From Now On Released25 February 2002 (2002-02-25)Recorded2002Length3:42Label
19
S
RCA
BMG
Songwriter(s)
Cathy Dennis
Chris Braide
Producer(s)
Cathy Dennis
Oskar Paul
Will Young singles chronology
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" (2002)
"Light My Fire" (2002)
"Anything Is Possible" is a song co-written by Chris Braide and Cathy Dennis for the winner of the first series of Pop Idol in the United Kingdom. Will Young won the competition and therefore released the song as his debut single, with production by Dennis and Oskar Paul. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and has been certified 3× platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. It has since become the 14th best-selling single of all time in the UK, as well as the second best-selling UK single of the 21st century.
Background and writing
Pop Idol creator Simon Fuller asked Chris Braide and Cathy Dennis to write a song for the show, having been impressed by "Have You Ever", a song the pair had written for S Club 7. The song was recorded by the final three acts in the show, Will Young, Gareth Gates and Darius Danesh. After winning the show, Young released the song as his debut single and it was later included on his debut studio album, From Now On (2002). In an interview with HitQuarters, Braide said the song was written in Dennis' front room at her baby grand piano and recorded on a small Dictaphone. When the song, as recorded by Young, proved an immediate smash hit, Dennis supposedly phoned Braide and said: "You won't believe this, but that little song that we wrote in three hours is selling 100,000 copies a day." In 2011, Young first expressed his dislike of the song, telling Elle magazine: "I've never done "Anything is Possible" live. I hate it. I absolutely hate it." In 2022, he told the Official Charts Company: "I just think it’s such a terrible song. I only ever sang it once It's dreadful. I used to call it "Anything is Puss-able." It’ll never be performed again, unless somebody pays me a huge amount of money. Awful."
Chart performance
The song was performed on the Pop Idol live final by both Young and Gates. Young went on to win the show, and released "Anything Is Possible" as a double A-side single, along with "Evergreen", which was also recorded by the final three and performed by the final two. The single went straight to the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for three consecutive weeks, only to be knocked off the top spot by Gates' debut single, "Unchained Melody". It became the fastest-selling debut in UK chart history, selling 403,027 copies on its day of release. It went on to sell over 1,790,000 copies, and in the official list of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK in November 2012, it appeared 14th. It was the biggest selling single of the 2000s, and was also the biggest selling single of the 21st century until June 2015, when it was overtaken by "Happy" by Pharrell Williams.
Music video
A music video for "Anything Is Possible" was filmed in Cuba in the week of 11 February 2002. In 2011, Young express his dislike of the video in an interview with Elle magazine, saying: "I can't bear "Evergreen" or "Anything is Possible," they're absolutely shocking. And you wouldn't believe the amount of money that was spent on those videos Dreadful videos. At one moment it looks like I'm in love with a tree! Dreadful. Really odd. Dreadful. No, no, no. No."
Track listing
CD singleNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Anything Is Possible"Cathy DennisChris BraideDennisOskar Paul3:412."Evergreen"Jörgen ElofssonPer MagnussonDavid KreugerMagnussonKreugerElofsson4:13
Notes
^ signifies a co-producer
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the From Now On album booklet.
Studio
Mastered at Transfermation (London, England)
Personnel
Cathy Dennis – writing, backing vocals, programming, production
Chris Braide – writing
Lance Ellington – backing vocals
Sylvia Mason-James – backing vocals
Friðrik "Frizzy" Karlsson – guitar
Pete Murray – keyboards
Oskar Paul – production, programming
Adrian Bushby – mixing
Richard Dowling – mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Anything Is Possible"
Chart (2002)
Peakposition
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
13
Ireland (IRMA)
2
Scotland (OCC)
1
UK Singles (OCC)
1
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for "Anything Is Possible"
Chart (2002)
Position
Ireland (IRMA)
9
UK Singles (OCC)
1
Decade-end charts
Decade-end chart performance for "Anything Is Possible"
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
UK Singles (OCC)
1
Certifications
Certifications for "Anything Is Possible"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
3× Platinum
1,790,000
Release history
"Anything Is Possible" release history
Region
Date
Label
Format(s)
Ref(s)
United Kingdom
25 February 2002
19SRCABMG
CD single
References
^ Lane, Daniel (27 June 2013). "Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ a b Copsey, Rob (11 June 2015). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ a b c "Interview with Chris Braide". HitQuarters. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
^ a b "Will Young slams first single". Elle Canada. 24 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ Smith, Carl (1 June 2022). "Will Young talks lost duets, longevity and Lil Nas X as he releases 20 Years - The Greatest Hits album". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
^ "The Official Top 150 Biggest Selling Singles Of the 21st Century revealed!". Official Charts Company. 7 May 2012.
^ "Will and Gareth jet off to film pop videos". Irish Examiner. 11 February 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ "Westlife dismiss Pop Idol song". BBC Music. 13 February 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ a b "Will Young has biggest selling single of the decade". The Daily Telegraph. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ From Now On (UK CD album booklet). Will Young. 19 Recordings, S Records, RCA Records, BMG. 2002. 74321 969592.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 13. 23 March 2002. p. 18. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Anything Is Possible / Evergreen". Irish Singles Chart.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Top 100 Songs of 2002". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2002. Archived from the original on 2 June 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2002" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
^ Copsey, Rob (26 May 2015). "Will Young's Official biggest selling singles revealed: "I'm shocked by that!"". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ "British single certifications – Will Young – Anything Is Possible/Evergreen". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ "New Releases – For Week Starting 25 February 2002: Singles". Music Week. 23 February 2002. p. 35.
External links
"Anything Is Possible" lyrics
vteWill YoungDiscographyStudio albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On
Let It Go
Echoes
85% Proof
Lexicon
Crying on the Bathroom Floor
Compilation albums
The Hits
Leave Right Now
The Essential
20 Years: The Greatest Hits
Singles
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Don't Let Me Down" / "You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"
"Changes"
"Grace"
"Let It Go"
"Hopes & Fears"
"Jealousy"
"Come On"
"Losing Myself"
"Love Revolution"
"What the World Needs Now"
"All the Songs"
"My Love"
"Daniel"
Live releases
Live in London
Concert tours
Echoes Tour
Love Revolution Tour
vteBest-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom1950s
1952: "Here in My Heart" – Al Martino
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960s
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970s
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley / "In the Summertime" – Mungo Jerry (UK)
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980s
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Tainted Love" – Soft Cell (UK) / "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990s
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000s
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010s
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (UK)
2018: "One Kiss" – Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (UK)
2019: "Someone You Loved" – Lewis Capaldi (UK)
2020s
2020: "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd
2021: "Bad Habits" – Ed Sheeran (UK)
2022: "As It Was" – Harry Styles (UK)
2023: "Flowers" – Miley Cyrus
vteUK best-selling singles (by decade)
1950s: "Rock Around the Clock" - Bill Haley & His Comets
1960s: "She Loves You" - The Beatles
1970s: "Mull of Kintyre" - Wings
1980s: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" - Band Aid
1990s: "Candle in the Wind 1997" - Elton John
2000s: "Anything Is Possible"/"Evergreen" - Will Young
2010s: "Shape of You" - Ed Sheeran
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Braide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Braide"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"first series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idol_(series_1)"},{"link_name":"Pop Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idol"},{"link_name":"Will Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Young"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"14th best-selling single of all time in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top_40_2015-2"}],"text":"\"Anything Is Possible\" is a song co-written by Chris Braide and Cathy Dennis for the winner of the first series of Pop Idol in the United Kingdom. Will Young won the competition and therefore released the song as his debut single, with production by Dennis and Oskar Paul. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and has been certified 3× platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. It has since become the 14th best-selling single of all time in the UK,[1] as well as the second best-selling UK single of the 21st century.[2]","title":"Anything Is Possible (Will Young song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Chris Braide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Braide"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Have You Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Ever"},{"link_name":"S Club 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_Club_7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-3"},{"link_name":"Will Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Young"},{"link_name":"Gareth Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Gates"},{"link_name":"Darius Danesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Danesh"},{"link_name":"From Now On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Now_On_(Will_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"HitQuarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitQuarters"},{"link_name":"baby grand piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_grand_piano"},{"link_name":"Dictaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictaphone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-3"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellecanada-4"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts-5"}],"text":"Pop Idol creator Simon Fuller asked Chris Braide and Cathy Dennis to write a song for the show, having been impressed by \"Have You Ever\", a song the pair had written for S Club 7.[3] The song was recorded by the final three acts in the show, Will Young, Gareth Gates and Darius Danesh. After winning the show, Young released the song as his debut single and it was later included on his debut studio album, From Now On (2002). In an interview with HitQuarters, Braide said the song was written in Dennis' front room at her baby grand piano and recorded on a small Dictaphone.[3] When the song, as recorded by Young, proved an immediate smash hit, Dennis supposedly phoned Braide and said: \"You won't believe this, but that little song that we wrote in three hours is selling 100,000 copies a day.\"[3] In 2011, Young first expressed his dislike of the song, telling Elle magazine: \"I've never done \"Anything is Possible\" live. I hate it. I absolutely hate it.\"[4] In 2022, he told the Official Charts Company: \"I just think it’s such a terrible song. I only ever sang it once [...] It's dreadful. I used to call it \"Anything is Puss-able.\" It’ll never be performed again, unless somebody pays me a huge amount of money. Awful.\"[5]","title":"Background and writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"Evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_(Westlife_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Unchained Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchained_Melody#Gareth_Gates_version"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"biggest selling single of the 21st century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_of_the_2000s_(century)_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top_40_2015-2"}],"text":"The song was performed on the Pop Idol live final by both Young and Gates. Young went on to win the show, and released \"Anything Is Possible\" as a double A-side single, along with \"Evergreen\", which was also recorded by the final three and performed by the final two. The single went straight to the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for three consecutive weeks, only to be knocked off the top spot by Gates' debut single, \"Unchained Melody\". It became the fastest-selling debut in UK chart history, selling 403,027 copies on its day of release. It went on to sell over 1,790,000 copies, and in the official list of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK in November 2012, it appeared 14th.[6] It was the biggest selling single of the 2000s, and was also the biggest selling single of the 21st century until June 2015,[7] when it was overtaken by \"Happy\" by Pharrell Williams.[2]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellecanada-4"}],"text":"A music video for \"Anything Is Possible\" was filmed in Cuba in the week of 11 February 2002.[8][9] In 2011, Young express his dislike of the video in an interview with Elle magazine, saying: \"I can't bear \"Evergreen\" or \"Anything is Possible,\" they're absolutely shocking. And you wouldn't believe the amount of money that was spent on those videos [...] Dreadful videos. At one moment it looks like I'm in love with a tree! Dreadful. Really odd. Dreadful. No, no, no. No.\"[4]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-10"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Chris Braide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Braide"},{"link_name":"Evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_(Westlife_song)"},{"link_name":"Jörgen Elofsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Elofsson"},{"link_name":"Per Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"David Kreuger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kreuger"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"}],"text":"CD single[10]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Anything Is Possible\"Cathy DennisChris BraideDennisOskar Paul3:412.\"Evergreen\"Jörgen ElofssonPer MagnussonDavid KreugerMagnussonKreugerElofsson[a]4:13Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From Now On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Now_On_(Will_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lance Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Mason-James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Mason-James"},{"link_name":"Friðrik \"Frizzy\" Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Adrian Bushby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Bushby"}],"text":"Credits are lifted from the From Now On album booklet.[11]StudioMastered at Transfermation (London, England)PersonnelCathy Dennis – writing, backing vocals, programming, production\nChris Braide – writing\nLance Ellington – backing vocals\nSylvia Mason-James – backing vocals\nFriðrik \"Frizzy\" Karlsson – guitar\nPete Murray – keyboards\nOskar Paul – production, programming\nAdrian Bushby – mixing\nRichard Dowling – mastering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_Is_Possible_(Will_Young_song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Will_Young-13"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-14"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-15"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_Is_Possible_(Will_Young_song)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_Is_Possible_(Will_Young_song)&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-10"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Anything Is Possible\"\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[12]\n\n13\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[13]\n\n2\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[14]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[15]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Anything Is Possible\"\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[16]\n\n9\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[17]\n\n1\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\nDecade-end chart performance for \"Anything Is Possible\"\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[10]\n\n1","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lane, Daniel (27 June 2013). \"Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116005407/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/daft-punks-get-lucky-becomes-one-of-the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time-2315/","url_text":"\"Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"},{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/daft-punks-get-lucky-becomes-one-of-the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time-2315/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Rob (11 June 2015). \"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-the-millennium-so-far-revealed__9816/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Chris Braide\". HitQuarters. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006064008/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Braide02_Interview.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Chris Braide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitQuarters","url_text":"HitQuarters"},{"url":"http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Braide02_Interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Young slams first single\". Elle Canada. 24 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ellecanada.com/culture/music/will-young-slams-first-single","url_text":"\"Will Young slams first single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Canada","url_text":"Elle Canada"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Carl (1 June 2022). \"Will Young talks lost duets, longevity and Lil Nas X as he releases 20 Years - The Greatest Hits album\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/will-young-talks-lost-duets-longevity-and-lil-nas-x-as-he-releases-20-years-the-greatest-hits-album__36512/","url_text":"\"Will Young talks lost duets, longevity and Lil Nas X as he releases 20 Years - The Greatest Hits album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). \"UK's million-selling singles: the full list\". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/04/uk-million-selling-singles-full-list","url_text":"\"UK's million-selling singles: the full list\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Top 150 Biggest Selling Singles Of the 21st Century revealed!\". Official Charts Company. 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-150-biggest-selling-singles-of-the-21st-century-revealed-1382/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 150 Biggest Selling Singles Of the 21st Century revealed!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Will and Gareth jet off to film pop videos\". Irish Examiner. 11 February 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30039611.html","url_text":"\"Will and Gareth jet off to film pop videos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner","url_text":"Irish Examiner"}]},{"reference":"\"Westlife dismiss Pop Idol song\". BBC Music. 13 February 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1818563.stm","url_text":"\"Westlife dismiss Pop Idol song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music","url_text":"BBC Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Young has biggest selling single of the decade\". The Daily Telegraph. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6917900/Will-Young-has-biggest-selling-single-of-the-decade.html","url_text":"\"Will Young has biggest selling single of the decade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"From Now On (UK CD album booklet). Will Young. 19 Recordings, S Records, RCA Records, BMG. 2002. 74321 969592.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Now_On_(Will_Young_album)","url_text":"From Now On"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Young","url_text":"Will Young"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_Recordings","url_text":"19 Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syco_Music","url_text":"S Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group","url_text":"BMG"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 13. 23 March 2002. p. 18. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-03-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Songs of 2002\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2002. Archived from the original on 2 June 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040602113021/http://www.rte.ie/2fm/charts/top100_2002.html","url_text":"\"Top 100 Songs of 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann","url_text":"Raidió Teilifís Éireann"},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/2fm/charts/top100_2002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 26 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf","url_text":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKChartsPlus","url_text":"UKChartsPlus"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Rob (26 May 2015). \"Will Young's Official biggest selling singles revealed: \"I'm shocked by that!\"\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/will-youngs-official-biggest-selling-singles-revealed-im-shocked-by-that-__9444/","url_text":"\"Will Young's Official biggest selling singles revealed: \"I'm shocked by that!\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Will Young – Anything Is Possible/Evergreen\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/557-944-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Will Young – Anything Is Possible/Evergreen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting 25 February 2002: Singles\". Music Week. 23 February 2002. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116005407/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/daft-punks-get-lucky-becomes-one-of-the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time-2315/","external_links_name":"\"Daft Punk's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK's biggest selling singles of all-time!\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/daft-punks-get-lucky-becomes-one-of-the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time-2315/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-the-millennium-so-far-revealed__9816/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006064008/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Braide02_Interview.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Chris Braide\""},{"Link":"http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Braide02_Interview.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ellecanada.com/culture/music/will-young-slams-first-single","external_links_name":"\"Will Young slams first single\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/will-young-talks-lost-duets-longevity-and-lil-nas-x-as-he-releases-20-years-the-greatest-hits-album__36512/","external_links_name":"\"Will Young talks lost duets, longevity and Lil Nas X as he releases 20 Years - The Greatest Hits album\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/04/uk-million-selling-singles-full-list","external_links_name":"\"UK's million-selling singles: the full list\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-150-biggest-selling-singles-of-the-21st-century-revealed-1382/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Top 150 Biggest Selling Singles Of the 21st Century revealed!\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30039611.html","external_links_name":"\"Will and Gareth jet off to film pop videos\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1818563.stm","external_links_name":"\"Westlife dismiss Pop Idol song\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/6917900/Will-Young-has-biggest-selling-single-of-the-decade.html","external_links_name":"\"Will Young has biggest selling single of the decade\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-03-23.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Anything+Is+Possible+%2F+Evergreen","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Anything Is Possible / Evergreen\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20020303/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20020303/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040602113021/http://www.rte.ie/2fm/charts/top100_2002.html","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Songs of 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/2fm/charts/top100_2002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/will-youngs-official-biggest-selling-singles-revealed-im-shocked-by-that-__9444/","external_links_name":"\"Will Young's Official biggest selling singles revealed: \"I'm shocked by that!\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/557-944-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Will Young – Anything Is Possible/Evergreen\""},{"Link":"http://www.willyoung.co.uk/global/songs-and-lyrics/songs/anything_is_possible?page=1","external_links_name":"\"Anything Is Possible\" lyrics"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/9202c086-6159-4fd7-9b36-93075ac5b27c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Supercoppa_Italiana | 1989 Supercoppa Italiana | ["1 Match details"] | Football match1989 Supercoppa ItalianaEventSupercoppa Italiana
Internazionale
Sampdoria
Serie A
Coppa Italia
2
0
Date29 November 1989VenueSan Siro, Milan, ItalyRefereeCarlo LonghiAttendance7,221← 1988 1990 →
The 1989 Supercoppa Italiana was a match played by the 1988–89 Serie A winners Internazionale and 1988–89 Coppa Italia winners Sampdoria. It took place on 29 November 1989 at the San Siro in Milan, Italy. Inter won the match 2–0, to earn their first Supercoppa.
Match details
29 November 1989
Internazionale2–0Sampdoria
Cucchi 37'Serena 86'
Report
San Siro, Milan, ItalyAttendance: 7,221Referee: Carlo Longhi
Inter
Sampdoria
INTER:
GK
1
Walter Zenga
DF
5
Giuseppe Baresi (c)
DF
3
Andreas Brehme
MF
10
Gianfranco Matteoli
DF
2
Giuseppe Bergomi
DF
6
Corrado Verdelli
MF
7
Alessandro Bianchi
MF
4
Nicola Berti
FW
11
Dario Morello
MF
8
Enrico Cucchi
FW
9
Aldo Serena
Substitutes:
GK
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
Manager:
Giovanni Trapattoni
SAMPDORIA:
GK
1
Gianluca Pagliuca
DF
2
Moreno Mannini
DF
4
Giovanni Invernizzi
MF
3
Fausto Pari
DF
5
Pietro Vierchowod
DF
6
Srečko Katanec
45'
MF
7
Attilio Lombardo
57'
MF
8
Toninho Cerezo
FW
9
Gianluca Vialli
FW
10
Roberto Mancini (c)
MF
11
Giuseppe Dossena
Substitutes:
GK
unknown
DF
13
Amedeo Carboni
57'
MF
14
Víctor Muñoz
45'
unknown
unknown
Manager:
Vujadin Boškov
MATCH OFFICIALS
Assistant referees:
Fourth official:
MATCH RULES
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Five named substitutes
Maximum of 2 substitutions.
vte1989–90 in Italian footballDomestic leagues
Serie A
Serie B
Serie C1
Serie C2
Domestic cups
Coppa Italia (Final)
Supercoppa Italiana
Coppa Italia Lega Pro
European competitions
European Cup
Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup
Related to national team
1990 FIFA World Cup
Club seasonsSerie A
Ascoli
Atalanta
Bari
Bologna
Cesena
Cremonese
Fiorentina
Genoa
Internazionale
Juventus
Lecce
Lazio
Milan
Napoli
Roma
Sampdoria
Udinese
Verona
1989–90 transfers
vteSupercoppa ItalianaTwo-team format
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Four-team format
2023
Final
2024
Final
vteInter Milan matchesNationalItalian football championship Final
1920
Coppa Italia Finals
1939
1959
1965
1977
1978
1982
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2022
2023
Supercoppa Italiana Finals
1989
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2021
2022
2023
InternationalUEFA Champions League Finals
1964
1965
1967
1972
2010
2023
UEFA Europa League Finals
1991
1994
1997
1998
2020
UEFA Super Cup
2010
Intercontinental Cup
1964
1965
Intercontinental Supercup
1968
FIFA Club World Cup Final
2010
vteUC Sampdoria matchesCoppa Italia Finals
1985
1986
1988
1989
1991
1994
2009
Supercoppa Italiana
1988
1989
1991
1994
European Cup Final
1992
European Cup Winners' Cup Finals
1989
1990
European Super Cup
1990
Serie B play-off Final
2012
Joan Gamper Trophy matches
1997
2012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vedast_Foster_Lane | St Vedast Foster Lane | ["1 History","2 Organ","3 Listed building status","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°30′53.56″N 0°5′46.08″W / 51.5148778°N 0.0961333°W / 51.5148778; -0.0961333
Church in London, EnglandSt. Vedast Foster LanePhoto of St. Vedast Foster LaneLocationLondon, EC2CountryUnited KingdomDenominationChurch of EnglandPrevious denominationRoman CatholicArchitectureHeritage designationGrade I listed buildingArchitect(s)Sir Christopher WrenStyleBaroqueAdministrationDioceseLondonClergyRectorRevd Paul KennedyCurate(s)Revd Robert Pfeiffer
Saint Vedast Foster Lane or Saint Vedast-alias-Foster, a church in Foster Lane, in the City of London, is dedicated to St. Vedast (Foster is an Anglicisation of the name "Vaast", as the saint is known in continental Europe), a French saint whose cult arrived in England through contacts with Augustinian clergy.
History
The altar
The original church of St Vedast was founded before 1308 and was extensively repaired by 1662 on parochial initiative. The poet Robert Herrick was baptised here in 1591.
Although the church was not completely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, it was so badly damaged that it was included in the list of 50 or so churches that required reconstruction by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. The main part of the church was rebuilt 1670–1673 on the old walls at a cost of £1,853, 15s the cheapest of all Wren's City commissions. 6d. Some parts of the medieval fabric were incorporated, most noticeably the south wall which was revealed by restoration in 1992–93.
The tower, on the other hand, survived in its original state until 1694 when it was pulled down, and a new one erected (possibly on its mediaeval lower stages) in 1695–98. The three-tier spire, considered one of the most baroque of all the City spires, was added in 1709–12 at a cost of £2,958, possibly to the designs of Nicholas Hawksmoor, whose correspondence with the churchwardens also survives, but whose drawings do not. With this late completion date, it was possibly the last of Wren's city churches to be finished. The tower was built by Edward Strong the Younger, a friend of Christopher Wren the Younger.
Stained glass by Brian Thomas OBE Wren's church was gutted a second time by firebombs during the London blitz() of 1940 and 1941. A proposal by Sir Hugh Casson to leave this and several other churches as roofless ruins to serve as a war memorial was not implemented. The post-war restoration within the old walls and re-roofing was undertaken by Stephen Dykes Bower from 1953 under the new rector, Canon Charles B. Mortlock. The Parochial Church Council at the time included Sir John Betjeman and the organ builder Noel Mander.
Dykes Bower re-ordered the interior in a collegiate chapel style with seating down each side with a side chapel in the former South aisle, and squared the old walls which were not rectangular in plan so that the altar now faces the nave squarely. He made an almost imperceptible taper in the pews and floor pattern, to give a false perspective towards the altar, making the church look longer than it is. Dykes Bower designed the fine plaster ceiling, in the style of the late seventeenth century, which is embellished with gold and varnished aluminium leaf. Fittings from other destroyed City churches, including the richly carved pulpit from All Hallows Bread Street and the font and cover from St Anne and St Agnes were incorporated into the new design. Dykes Bower commissioned the Whitefriars glass windows in the East End, showing scenes from the life of St Vedast. These windows use opaque glass to hide tall buildings behind and to disguise the fact that the East wall is a wedge in plan. The work was completed in 1962. An aumbry above the south chapel altar is by Bernard Merry.
The organ
Dykes Bower also built a small Parish Room to the North East of the church in 17th-century style and a Georgian-style rectory, adjacent to the church, on Foster Lane in 1959 – in the first floor room of which is an important mural by Hans Feibusch on the subject of Jacob and the Angel. A niche in the internal courtyard of the rectory contains a carved stone head of Canon Mortlock by sculptor Jacob Epstein. Mortlock gave the eulogy at Epstein's funeral in 1959.
The church is noted for its small but lively baroque steeple, its small secluded courtyard, stained glass, and a richly decorated ceiling. It also has a ring of six bells, cast by Mears and Stainbank in 1960. They were recast from the mixed peal (of which the earliest dated back to 1671) which were all cracked in the bombing of 1941.
Organ
The current organ was originally built by John Harris (the son of Renatus Harris) & John Byfield in 1731 for St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange. That church was demolished in 1840, and its newly built replacement, St. Bartholomew, Moor Lane housed the organ from 1841. The church was in turn demolished in 1902; the organ found its way to St. Alban-the-Martyr, Fulham, (built 1894–6) in 1904; and lastly to St. Vedast in 1959. It was restored and enlarged in 1962 by Noel Mander, re-using the Harris case. It has one of the oldest soundboards still in use in the country.
The previous organ was by J.W. Walker, installed at the West end of the church in 1853. It was enlarged by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd and moved to the East end in 1885. It was destroyed during the incendiary bombing on 10 May 1941. It replaced one built by Crang & Hancock in 1774.
Listed building status
The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950. The rectory was listed as a Grade II building on 15 July 1998.
See also
Christianity portalLondon portal
List of churches and cathedrals of London
List of Christopher Wren churches in London
Notes
^ Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1893). Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the "History of Human Error". London: Elliot Stock. pp. 13–15.
^ a b c Reynolds, Herbert (1922). The Churches of the City of London. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. p. 198. NB When the book was published in 1922, only thirty-four of Wren's city churches remained.
^ Tabor, Margaret E. (1917). The City churches : a short guide with illustrations & maps. London: Swarthmore Press. p. 105.
^ a b Tucker, Tony (2006). The Visitor's Guide to the City of London Churches. London: Friends of the City Churches. ISBN 0-9553945-0-3
^ "The Survey of Building Sites in London after the Great Fire of 1666" Mills, P/ Oliver, J Vol I p19: Guildhall Library MS. 84 reproduced in facsimile, London, London Topographical Society, 1946
^ "The City of London Churches: monuments of another age" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p92: London; Quartet; 1975
^ "Farringdon Ward Within". An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, Volume 4, the City. British History Online. London: HMSO. 1929. pp. 104–120. Retrieved 20 April 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) NB Includes floor plan. See also p. 199, Appendix No. 1: Schedule of Wren's City Churches.
^ Geraghty, Anthony (2007). "St Vedast, Foster Lane: tower". The Architectural Drawings at All Souls College, Oxford: Wren and Hawksmoor. Online version 14 December 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Church of St Vedast". Historic England. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; Bradley, S. (1998). London:the City Churches. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300096552.
^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1859 by Rupert Gunnis
^ Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (2008). Keay, J. & J. (ed.). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781405049245.
^ Cobb, Gerald (1942). The Old Churches of London. London: Batsford.
^ Portrait of Mortlock c1950 at "Charles Bernard Mortlock (1888-1967), Canon and rector". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "History". St Vedast-alias-Foster. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1375660)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
^ "London's Pocket Parks: St Vedast Alias Foster, EC2". ianVisits. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard". London Gardens Online. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "St Vedast, Foster Lane". Church Bells of the City of London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Phillips, Alan John. "The 'Gorgeous Georgians'". Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Buildings found". The National Pipe Organ Register. The British Institute of Organ Studies. 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Hall, Malcolm (January 2000). "A History of Organ Builders: N.P. Mander Ltd., Part 2". Journal of the Kent County Organists' Association. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Scott, Andrew (June 2012). "Never judge a book by its cover" (PDF). IBO Newsletter (66). Institute of British Organ Building: 6. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "St. Vedast, Foster Lane ". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ de Pontigny, Victor (1900). "Crang and Hancock". In Grove, George (ed.). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 1. p. 415. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "St. Vedast, Foster Lane ". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1064666)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Vedast Foster Lane.
St Vedast-alias-Foster from Friends of the City Churches
360° panorama inside St Vedast-alias-Foster
vteChurches in the City of Londonextantchurches
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St Bartholomew-the-Great
St Bartholomew-the-Less
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St Botolph, Aldersgate
St Botolph, Aldgate
St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate
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St Dunstan-in-the-West
St Edmund, King and Martyr
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St Margaret Pattens
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St Michael, Cornhill
St Michael, Paternoster Royal
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St Vedast alias Foster
Temple Church
churches ofwhich only thetower remains
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St Augustine, Watling Street
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St Martin Orgar
St Mary Somerset
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churchesrebuilt afterthe Great Firebut sincedemolished
All Hallows Bread Street
All Hallows Lombard Street
All-Hallows-the-Great
St Antholin, Budge Row
St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange
St Benet Fink
St Benet Gracechurch
St Christopher le Stocks
St Dionis Backchurch
St George Botolph Lane
St Katherine Coleman
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street
St Matthew Friday Street
St Michael Bassishaw
St Michael, Crooked Lane
St Michael Queenhithe
St Michael Wood Street
St Mildred, Bread Street
St Mildred, Poultry
St Stephen Coleman Street
St Swithin, London Stone
churchesdestroyed inthe Great Fireand notrebuilt
All Hallows Honey Lane
All-Hallows-the-Less
Holy Trinity the Less
St Andrew Hubbard
St Ann Blackfriars
St Benet Sherehog
St Botolph Billingsgate
St Faith under St Paul's
St Gabriel Fenchurch
St Gregory by St Paul's
St John the Baptist upon Walbrook
St John the Evangelist Friday Street
St John Zachary
St Laurence Pountney
St Leonard, Eastcheap
St Leonard, Foster Lane
St Margaret Moses
St Margaret, New Fish Street
St Martin Pomary
St Martin Vintry
St Mary Bothaw
St Mary Colechurch
St Mary Magdalen Milk Street
St Mary Mounthaw
St Mary Staining
St Mary Woolchurch Haw
St Michael-le-Querne
St Nicholas Acons
St Nicholas Olave
St Olave, Silver Street
St Pancras, Soper Lane
St Peter, Paul's Wharf
St Peter, Westcheap
St Thomas the Apostle
other formerchurches
College of Minor Canons
Holy Trinity Gough Square
Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate
Hospital of St Thomas of Acre
Old St Paul's Cathedral
St Audoen within Newgate
St Augustine Papey
St James Duke's Place
St Martin Outwich
St Mary Axe
St Nicholas Shambles
St Peter le Poer
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glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Powell_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"Vedast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedast"},{"link_name":"aumbry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumbry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Vedast_Foster_Lane_Church_Interior_2,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgian-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_style"},{"link_name":"Hans Feibusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Feibusch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jacob Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Epstein"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_ringing"},{"link_name":"Mears and Stainbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The altarThe original church of St Vedast was founded before 1308 and was extensively repaired by 1662 on parochial initiative.[2] The poet Robert Herrick was baptised here in 1591.[3]Although the church was not completely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666,[4] it was so badly damaged[5] that it was included in the list of 50 or so churches that required reconstruction by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. The main part of the church was rebuilt 1670–1673 on the old walls at a cost of £1,853, 15s the cheapest of all Wren's City commissions.[6] 6d.[7] Some parts of the medieval fabric were incorporated,[4] most noticeably the south wall which was revealed by restoration in 1992–93.The tower, on the other hand, survived in its original state until 1694 when it was pulled down, and a new one erected (possibly on its mediaeval lower stages) in 1695–98.[8][2][9] The three-tier spire, considered one of the most baroque of all the City spires, was added in 1709–12[10] at a cost of £2,958, possibly to the designs of Nicholas Hawksmoor, whose correspondence with the churchwardens also survives, but whose drawings do not. With this late completion date, it was possibly the last of Wren's city churches to be finished.[2] The tower was built by Edward Strong the Younger, a friend of Christopher Wren the Younger.[11]Stained glass by Brian Thomas OBEWren's church was gutted a second time by firebombs during the London blitz([12]) of 1940 and 1941.[13] A proposal by Sir Hugh Casson to leave this and several other churches as roofless ruins to serve as a war memorial was not implemented. The post-war restoration within the old walls and re-roofing was undertaken by Stephen Dykes Bower from 1953 under the new rector, Canon Charles B. Mortlock.[14] The Parochial Church Council at the time included Sir John Betjeman and the organ builder Noel Mander.[15]Dykes Bower re-ordered the interior in a collegiate chapel style with seating down each side with a side chapel in the former South aisle, and squared the old walls which were not rectangular in plan so that the altar now faces the nave squarely. He made an almost imperceptible taper in the pews and floor pattern, to give a false perspective towards the altar, making the church look longer than it is. Dykes Bower designed the fine plaster ceiling, in the style of the late seventeenth century, which is embellished with gold and varnished aluminium leaf. Fittings from other destroyed City churches, including the richly carved pulpit from All Hallows Bread Street and the font and cover from St Anne and St Agnes were incorporated into the new design. Dykes Bower commissioned the Whitefriars glass windows in the East End, showing scenes from the life of St Vedast. These windows use opaque glass to hide tall buildings behind and to disguise the fact that the East wall is a wedge in plan. The work was completed in 1962. An aumbry above the south chapel altar is by Bernard Merry.The organDykes Bower also built a small Parish Room to the North East of the church in 17th-century style and a Georgian-style rectory, adjacent to the church, on Foster Lane in 1959 – in the first floor room of which is an important mural by Hans Feibusch on the subject of Jacob and the Angel.[16] A niche in the internal courtyard of the rectory contains a carved stone head of Canon Mortlock by sculptor Jacob Epstein.[17] Mortlock gave the eulogy at Epstein's funeral in 1959.[18]The church is noted for its small but lively baroque steeple, its small secluded courtyard, stained glass, and a richly decorated ceiling. It also has a ring of six bells, cast by Mears and Stainbank in 1960. They were recast from the mixed peal (of which the earliest dated back to 1671) which were all cracked in the bombing of 1941.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Renatus Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Harris"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew, Moor Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Noel Mander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"J.W. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Walker_%26_Sons_Ltd#Joseph_William_Walker"},{"link_name":"J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Walker_%26_Sons_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The current organ was originally built by John Harris (the son of Renatus Harris) & John Byfield in 1731 for St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange. That church was demolished in 1840, and its newly built replacement, St. Bartholomew, Moor Lane housed the organ from 1841. The church was in turn demolished in 1902; the organ found its way to St. Alban-the-Martyr, Fulham, (built 1894–6) in 1904; and lastly to St. Vedast in 1959.[20][21] It was restored and enlarged in 1962 by Noel Mander, re-using the Harris case.[22] It has one of the oldest soundboards still in use in the country.[23]The previous organ was by J.W. Walker, installed at the West end of the church in 1853. It was enlarged by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd and moved to the East end in 1885. It was destroyed during the incendiary bombing on 10 May 1941.[24] It replaced one built by Crang & Hancock[25] in 1774.[26]","title":"Organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.[27] The rectory was listed as a Grade II building on 15 July 1998.","title":"Listed building status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Wheatley, Henry Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Wheatley"},{"link_name":"Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the \"History of Human Error\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/literaryblunder00wheagoog/page/n30/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Elliot 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EC2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/londons-pocket-parks-st-vedast-alias-foster-31814/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=COL103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190918202208/http://london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Gorgeous Georgians'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alanjohnphillips.weebly.com/gorgeous-georgians.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Buildings found\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?HI=N17822"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"A History of Organ Builders: N.P. Mander Ltd., Part 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kcoa.co.uk/0100/01.htm#Contents"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Never judge a book by its cover\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ibo.co.uk/publications/newsletters/IBON-66.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17661]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=N17661"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians/Crang_and_Hancock"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17662]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=N17662"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1064666)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064666"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"}],"text":"^ Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1893). Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the \"History of Human Error\". London: Elliot Stock. pp. 13–15.\n\n^ a b c Reynolds, Herbert (1922). The Churches of the City of London. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. p. 198. NB When the book was published in 1922, only thirty-four of Wren's city churches remained.\n\n^ Tabor, Margaret E. (1917). The City churches : a short guide with illustrations & maps. London: Swarthmore Press. p. 105.\n\n^ a b Tucker, Tony (2006). The Visitor's Guide to the City of London Churches. London: Friends of the City Churches. ISBN 0-9553945-0-3\n\n^ \"The Survey of Building Sites in London after the Great Fire of 1666\" Mills, P/ Oliver, J Vol I p19: Guildhall Library MS. 84 reproduced in facsimile, London, London Topographical Society, 1946\n\n^ \"The City of London Churches: monuments of another age\" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p92: London; Quartet; 1975\n\n^ \"Farringdon Ward Within\". An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, Volume 4, the City. British History Online. London: HMSO. 1929. pp. 104–120. Retrieved 20 April 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) NB Includes floor plan. See also p. 199, Appendix No. 1: Schedule of Wren's City Churches.\n\n^ Geraghty, Anthony (2007). \"St Vedast, Foster Lane: tower\". The Architectural Drawings at All Souls College, Oxford: Wren and Hawksmoor. Online version 14 December 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Church of St Vedast\". Historic England. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; Bradley, S. (1998). London:the City Churches. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300096552.\n\n^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1859 by Rupert Gunnis\n\n^ Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (2008). Keay, J. & J. (ed.). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781405049245.\n\n^ Cobb, Gerald (1942). The Old Churches of London. London: Batsford.\n\n^ Portrait of Mortlock c1950 at \"Charles Bernard Mortlock (1888-1967), Canon and rector\". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"History\". St Vedast-alias-Foster. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1375660)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 January 2009.\n\n^ \"London's Pocket Parks: St Vedast Alias Foster, EC2\". ianVisits. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard\". London Gardens Online. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"St Vedast, Foster Lane\". Church Bells of the City of London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\n\n^ Phillips, Alan John. \"The 'Gorgeous Georgians'\". Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Buildings found\". The National Pipe Organ Register. The British Institute of Organ Studies. 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ Hall, Malcolm (January 2000). \"A History of Organ Builders: N.P. Mander Ltd., Part 2\". Journal of the Kent County Organists' Association. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ Scott, Andrew (June 2012). \"Never judge a book by its cover\" (PDF). IBO Newsletter (66). Institute of British Organ Building: 6. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17661]\". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ de Pontigny, Victor (1900). \"Crang and Hancock\". In Grove, George (ed.). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 1. p. 415. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17662]\". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1064666)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The altar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/St_Vedast_Foster_Lane_Church_Interior_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-St_Vedast_Foster_Lane_Church_Interior_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stained glass by Brian Thomas OBE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/City_of_london_st_vedast_alias_foster210817_6.jpg/220px-City_of_london_st_vedast_alias_foster210817_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"The organ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/St_Vedast_Foster_Lane_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/260px-St_Vedast_Foster_Lane_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png"},{"title":"London portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:London"},{"title":"List of churches and cathedrals of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_and_cathedrals_of_London"},{"title":"List of Christopher Wren churches in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christopher_Wren_churches_in_London"}] | [{"reference":"Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1893). Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the \"History of Human Error\". London: Elliot Stock. pp. 13–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Wheatley","url_text":"Wheatley, Henry Benjamin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/literaryblunder00wheagoog/page/n30/mode/2up","url_text":"Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the \"History of Human Error\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Stock","url_text":"Elliot Stock"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Herbert (1922). The Churches of the City of London. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. p. 198.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/churchesofcityof00reyniala/page/198/mode/2up","url_text":"The Churches of the City of London"}]},{"reference":"Tabor, Margaret E. (1917). The City churches : a short guide with illustrations & maps. London: Swarthmore Press. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/citychurchesshor00tabo/page/104/mode/2up","url_text":"The City churches : a short guide with illustrations & maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Farringdon Ward Within\". An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, Volume 4, the City. British History Online. London: HMSO. 1929. pp. 104–120. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/london/vol4/pp104-120","url_text":"An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, Volume 4, the City"}]},{"reference":"Geraghty, Anthony (2007). \"St Vedast, Foster Lane: tower\". The Architectural Drawings at All Souls College, Oxford: Wren and Hawksmoor. Online version 14 December 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://codrington.asc.ox.ac.uk/wren/st_vedast.html","url_text":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane: tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Vedast\". Historic England. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064666","url_text":"\"Church of St Vedast\""}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus; Bradley, S. (1998). London:the City Churches. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300096552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300096552","url_text":"9780300096552"}]},{"reference":"Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (2008). Keay, J. & J. (ed.). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781405049245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405049245","url_text":"9781405049245"}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Gerald (1942). The Old Churches of London. London: Batsford.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Charles Bernard Mortlock (1888-1967), Canon and rector\". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp75607/charles-bernard-mortlock","url_text":"\"Charles Bernard Mortlock (1888-1967), Canon and rector\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". St Vedast-alias-Foster. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vedast.org.uk/about/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1375660)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375660","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1375660)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"London's Pocket Parks: St Vedast Alias Foster, EC2\". ianVisits. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/londons-pocket-parks-st-vedast-alias-foster-31814/","url_text":"\"London's Pocket Parks: St Vedast Alias Foster, EC2\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard\". London Gardens Online. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=COL103","url_text":"\"St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane\". Church Bells of the City of London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918202208/http://london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm","url_text":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane\""},{"url":"http://london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Alan John. \"The 'Gorgeous Georgians'\". Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://alanjohnphillips.weebly.com/gorgeous-georgians.html","url_text":"\"The 'Gorgeous Georgians'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buildings found\". The National Pipe Organ Register. The British Institute of Organ Studies. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?HI=N17822","url_text":"\"Buildings found\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Malcolm (January 2000). \"A History of Organ Builders: N.P. Mander Ltd., Part 2\". Journal of the Kent County Organists' Association. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcoa.co.uk/0100/01.htm#Contents","url_text":"\"A History of Organ Builders: N.P. Mander Ltd., Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Andrew (June 2012). \"Never judge a book by its cover\" (PDF). IBO Newsletter (66). Institute of British Organ Building: 6. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibo.co.uk/publications/newsletters/IBON-66.pdf","url_text":"\"Never judge a book by its cover\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17661]\". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=N17661","url_text":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17661]\""}]},{"reference":"de Pontigny, Victor (1900). \"Crang and Hancock\". In Grove, George (ed.). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 1. p. 415. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians/Crang_and_Hancock","url_text":"A Dictionary of Music and Musicians"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17662]\". The National Pipe Organ Register. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=N17662","url_text":"\"St. Vedast, Foster Lane [N17662]\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1064666)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064666","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1064666)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Vedast_Foster_Lane¶ms=51_30_53.56_N_0_5_46.08_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°30′53.56″N 0°5′46.08″W / 51.5148778°N 0.0961333°W / 51.5148778; -0.0961333"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/literaryblunder00wheagoog/page/n30/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Literary Blunders: A Chapter in the \"History of Human Error\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/churchesofcityof00reyniala/page/198/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Churches of the City of London"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/citychurchesshor00tabo/page/104/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The City churches : a short guide with illustrations & maps"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/london/vol4/pp104-120","external_links_name":"An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, Volume 4, the City"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/london/vol4/p199","external_links_name":"Appendix No. 1: Schedule of Wren's City Churches"},{"Link":"https://codrington.asc.ox.ac.uk/wren/st_vedast.html","external_links_name":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane: tower\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064666","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Vedast\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp75607/charles-bernard-mortlock","external_links_name":"\"Charles Bernard Mortlock (1888-1967), Canon and rector\""},{"Link":"https://www.vedast.org.uk/about/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375660","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1375660)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/londons-pocket-parks-st-vedast-alias-foster-31814/","external_links_name":"\"London's Pocket Parks: St Vedast Alias Foster, EC2\""},{"Link":"http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=COL103","external_links_name":"\"St Vedast alias Foster Churchyard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918202208/http://london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm","external_links_name":"\"St Vedast, Foster Lane\""},{"Link":"http://london.lovesguide.com/vedast_foster.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://alanjohnphillips.weebly.com/gorgeous-georgians.html","external_links_name":"\"The 'Gorgeous Georgians'\""},{"Link":"https://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?HI=N17822","external_links_name":"\"Buildings found\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcoa.co.uk/0100/01.htm#Contents","external_links_name":"\"A History of Organ Builders: N.P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Greece | Bibliography of the Holocaust in Greece | ["1 List"] | This is a list of selected papers or books about the Holocaust in Greece.
List
Abatzopoulou, Fragiski (2015). "Griechische Juden und ihre Verfolgung als Thema der griechischen Literatur". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 233–252. ISBN 978-3-412-22467-7.
Aly, Götz (2004). "Die Bekämpfung der Inflation in Griechenland und die Deportation der Juden von Saloniki". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften. 15 (2): 7–30. doi:10.25365/oezg-2004-15-2-2.
Antoniou, Giorgos; Moses, A. Dirk (2018). "Introduction". The Holocaust in Greece. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-1-108-47467-2.
Apostolou, Andrew (2000). ""The Exception of Salonika": Bystanders and collaborators in Northern Greece". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 14 (2): 165–196. doi:10.1093/hgs/14.2.165.
Apostolou, Andrew (2010). "Strategies of evasion: Avoiding the issue of collaboration and indifference during the Holocaust in Greece". Collaboration with the Nazis. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-85171-5.
Apostolou, Andrew (2007). 'The exception of Salonika' : Greek christian reactions to the holocaust (Thesis). Oxford University.
Bowman, Steven B. (2006). Jewish Resistance in Wartime Greece. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-599-2.
Bowman, Steven B. (2009). The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7249-5.
Dalven, Rachel (1984). "The Holocaust in Janina". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 2 (1): 87–103. doi:10.1353/mgs.2010.0026. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 144138314.
Droumpouki, Anna Maria (2016). "Shaping Holocaust memory in Greece: memorials and their public history". National Identities. 18 (2): 199–216. Bibcode:2016NatId..18..199D. doi:10.1080/14608944.2015.1027760. S2CID 144999147.
Fleischer, Hagen (1991). "Griechenland" . Dimension des Volkermords. Die Zahl der judischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 241–274. ISBN 978-3-486-70833-2.
Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth (2008). Greece: A Jewish History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10272-6.
Hantzaroula, Pothiti (2020). Child Survivors of the Holocaust in Greece: Memory, Testimony and Subjectivity. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-01897-8.
Kavala, Maria (2015). Η καταστροφή των Εβραίων της Ελλάδας (1941-1944) (in Greek). Σύνδεσμος Ελληνικών Ακαδημαϊκών Βιβλιοθηκών . hdl:11419/4437. ISBN 978-960-603-463-3.
Kerem, Yitzchak (2012). "The Greek Government-in-exile and the Rescue of Jews from Greece". Holocaust Studies. 18 (2–3): 189–212. doi:10.1080/17504902.2012.11087301. S2CID 159458853.
Kornetis, Kostis (2018). "Expropriating the Space of the Other: Property Spoliations of Thessalonican Jews in the 1940s". The Holocaust in Greece. Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–252. ISBN 978-1-108-47467-2.
Králová, Kateřina (2016). "The "Holocausts" in Greece: victim competition in the context of postwar compensation for Nazi persecution". Holocaust Studies: 1–27. doi:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209837. S2CID 151405201.
Lychounas, Michalis (2015). "Von der Sichtbarkeit jüdischen Lebens im nordgriechischen Raum". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 115–128. ISBN 978-3-412-22467-7.
Marcou, Loïc (2015). "La Shoah à Salonique dans l'œuvre de l'écrivain Georges Ioannou". Cahiers balkaniques (in French). 43. doi:10.4000/ceb.8535. ISSN 0290-7402. S2CID 164607403.
Mavrogordatos, George (2012). "The Holocaust in Greece: a Vindication of Assimilation". Études balkaniques (4): 5–17. ISSN 2534-8574.
Mazower, Mark (2004). Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42757-1.
McElligott, Anthony (2022). The Last Transport: The Holocaust in the Eastern Aegean. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-2798-8.
Molho, Rena (2010). Salonica and Istanbul: Social, Political and Cultural Aspects of Jewish Life. Gorgias Press. doi:10.31826/9781463225803. ISBN 978-975-428-278-8.
Molho, Rena (2014). Το ολοκαύτωμα των Ελλήνων Εβραίων: μελέτες ιστορίας και μνήμης . Ekdoseis Patakē. ISBN 978-960-16-6146-9.
Molho, Michael; Nehama, Joseph (1948). In Memoriam: Hommage Aux Victimes Juives Des Nazis en Grèce (in French). Imp. N. Nicolaidès. OCLC 652350753.
Plaut, Joshua Eli (2000). Greek Jewry in the Twentieth Century, 1913-1983: Patterns of Jewish Survival in the Greek Provinces Before and After the Holocaust. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3911-5.
Saltiel, Leon (2020). The Holocaust in Thessaloniki: Reactions to the Anti-Jewish Persecution, 1942–1943. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-51415-9.
Varon‑Vassard, Odette (2015). "Voix de femmes. Témoignages de jeunes filles juives grecques survivantes de la Shoah". Cahiers balkaniques (in French). 43. doi:10.4000/ceb.8528. ISSN 0290-7402.
Varon-Vassard, Odette (2015). "La mémoire de la Shoah en Grèce". Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés (in French) (6): 213–233. doi:10.4000/anatoli.305. ISSN 2111-4064.
Varon-Vassard, Odette (2015). "Der Genozid an den griechischen Juden: Zeugnisse des Überlebens und Geschichtsschreibung seit 1948". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 85–114. 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de femmes. 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Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 233–252. ISBN 978-3-412-22467-7.\nAly, Götz (2004). \"Die Bekämpfung der Inflation in Griechenland und die Deportation der Juden von Saloniki\". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften. 15 (2): 7–30. doi:10.25365/oezg-2004-15-2-2.\nAntoniou, Giorgos; Moses, A. Dirk (2018). \"Introduction\". The Holocaust in Greece. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-1-108-47467-2.\nApostolou, Andrew (2000). \"\"The Exception of Salonika\": Bystanders and collaborators in Northern Greece\". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 14 (2): 165–196. doi:10.1093/hgs/14.2.165.\nApostolou, Andrew (2010). \"Strategies of evasion: Avoiding the issue of collaboration and indifference during the Holocaust in Greece\". Collaboration with the Nazis. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-85171-5.\nApostolou, Andrew (2007). 'The exception of Salonika' : Greek christian reactions to the holocaust (Thesis). Oxford University.\nBowman, Steven B. (2006). Jewish Resistance in Wartime Greece. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-599-2.\nBowman, Steven B. (2009). The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7249-5.\nDalven, Rachel (1984). \"The Holocaust in Janina\". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 2 (1): 87–103. doi:10.1353/mgs.2010.0026. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 144138314.\nDroumpouki, Anna Maria (2016). \"Shaping Holocaust memory in Greece: memorials and their public history\". National Identities. 18 (2): 199–216. Bibcode:2016NatId..18..199D. doi:10.1080/14608944.2015.1027760. S2CID 144999147.\nFleischer, Hagen (1991). \"Griechenland\" [Greece]. Dimension des Volkermords. Die Zahl der judischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus [Dimension of Genocide: The Number of Jewish Victims of National Socialism] (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 241–274. ISBN 978-3-486-70833-2.\nFleming, Katherine Elizabeth (2008). Greece: A Jewish History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10272-6.\nHantzaroula, Pothiti (2020). Child Survivors of the Holocaust in Greece: Memory, Testimony and Subjectivity. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-01897-8.\nKavala, Maria (2015). Η καταστροφή των Εβραίων της Ελλάδας (1941-1944) [The Destruction of the Jews of Greece (1941–1944)] (in Greek). Σύνδεσμος Ελληνικών Ακαδημαϊκών Βιβλιοθηκών [Hellenic Academic Libraries Link]. hdl:11419/4437. ISBN 978-960-603-463-3.\nKerem, Yitzchak (2012). \"The Greek Government-in-exile and the Rescue of Jews from Greece\". Holocaust Studies. 18 (2–3): 189–212. doi:10.1080/17504902.2012.11087301. S2CID 159458853.\nKornetis, Kostis (2018). \"Expropriating the Space of the Other: Property Spoliations of Thessalonican Jews in the 1940s\". The Holocaust in Greece. Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–252. ISBN 978-1-108-47467-2.\nKrálová, Kateřina (2016). \"The \"Holocausts\" in Greece: victim competition in the context of postwar compensation for Nazi persecution\". Holocaust Studies: 1–27. doi:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209837. S2CID 151405201.\nLychounas, Michalis (2015). \"Von der Sichtbarkeit jüdischen Lebens im nordgriechischen Raum\". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 115–128. ISBN 978-3-412-22467-7.\nMarcou, Loïc (2015). \"La Shoah à Salonique dans l'œuvre de l'écrivain Georges Ioannou\". Cahiers balkaniques (in French). 43. doi:10.4000/ceb.8535. ISSN 0290-7402. S2CID 164607403.\nMavrogordatos, George (2012). \"The Holocaust in Greece: a Vindication of Assimilation\". Études balkaniques (4): 5–17. ISSN 2534-8574.\nMazower, Mark (2004). Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42757-1.\nMcElligott, Anthony (2022). The Last Transport: The Holocaust in the Eastern Aegean. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-2798-8.\nMolho, Rena (2010). Salonica and Istanbul: Social, Political and Cultural Aspects of Jewish Life. Gorgias Press. doi:10.31826/9781463225803. ISBN 978-975-428-278-8.\nMolho, Rena (2014). Το ολοκαύτωμα των Ελλήνων Εβραίων: μελέτες ιστορίας και μνήμης [The Holocaust of the Greek Jews: studies in history and memory]. Ekdoseis Patakē. ISBN 978-960-16-6146-9.\nMolho, Michael; Nehama, Joseph (1948). In Memoriam: Hommage Aux Victimes Juives Des Nazis en Grèce (in French). Imp. N. Nicolaidès. OCLC 652350753.\nPlaut, Joshua Eli (2000). Greek Jewry in the Twentieth Century, 1913-1983: Patterns of Jewish Survival in the Greek Provinces Before and After the Holocaust. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3911-5.\nSaltiel, Leon (2020). The Holocaust in Thessaloniki: Reactions to the Anti-Jewish Persecution, 1942–1943. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-51415-9.\nVaron‑Vassard, Odette (2015). \"Voix de femmes. Témoignages de jeunes filles juives grecques survivantes de la Shoah\". Cahiers balkaniques (in French). 43. doi:10.4000/ceb.8528. ISSN 0290-7402.\nVaron-Vassard, Odette (2015). \"La mémoire de la Shoah en Grèce\". Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés (in French) (6): 213–233. doi:10.4000/anatoli.305. ISSN 2111-4064.\nVaron-Vassard, Odette (2015). \"Der Genozid an den griechischen Juden: Zeugnisse des Überlebens und Geschichtsschreibung seit 1948\". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 85–114. ISBN 978-3-412-22467-7.","title":"List"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Abatzopoulou, Fragiski (2015). \"Griechische Juden und ihre Verfolgung als Thema der griechischen Literatur\". Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_portrait_(United_States) | Portraits of presidents of the United States | ["1 Presidents","1.1 George Washington","1.2 Theodore Roosevelt","1.3 Calvin Coolidge","1.4 Warren G. Harding","1.5 Herbert Hoover","1.6 John F. Kennedy","1.7 Bill Clinton","1.8 George W. Bush","1.9 Barack Obama","1.10 Donald Trump","2 Galleries","2.1 White House Historical Association presidential portraits","2.2 National Portrait Gallery presidential portraits","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | List of each official painting or photograph for all United States presidents
The Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, the first presidential portrait
Beginning with painter Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, it has been tradition for the president of the United States to have an official portrait taken during their time in office, most commonly an oil painting. This tradition has continued to modern times, although since the adoption of photography as a widely used and reliable technology, the official portrait may also be a photograph (or at least a photograph may be viable).
Presidents will often display the official portraits of former presidents whom they admire in the Oval Office or elsewhere around the White House, loaned from the National Portrait Gallery. The gallery has collected presidential portraits since its creation in 1962, and began commissioning their portraits in 1994, starting with George H. W. Bush.
In 2018, President Donald Trump signed Public Law 115–158, which prohibits the use of federal funds to pay for an official portrait of any federal official or officer, including the president, the vice president, a member of Congress, the head of an executive agency, or the head of an office of the legislative branch. Since most recent presidential portraits have been privately funded anyway, this law will primarily prevent other governmental officers such as agency heads and speakers of the House from commissioning official portraits using federal funds.
Presidents
George Washington
Main article: Lansdowne portrait of George Washington
The presidential portrait of George Washington was famously rescued by First Lady Dolley Madison when the British burned down the White House in the War of 1812.
Theodore Roosevelt
President Theodore Roosevelt's official portrait was originally commissioned to Théobald Chartran in 1902, but when Roosevelt saw the final product he hated it and hid it in the darkest corner of the White House. When family members called it the "Mewing Cat" for making him look so harmless, he had it destroyed and hired John Singer Sargent to paint a more masculine portrait.
Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.
Sargent followed Roosevelt around the rooms of the White House, making sketches looking for the right lighting and pose, but was unhappy with them. When Roosevelt headed toward a staircase to try the rooms on the second level, both of their patience was running thin. Roosevelt suggested that Sargent did not have a clue what the artist wanted. Sargent responded that Roosevelt did not know what was needed to pose for a portrait. Roosevelt having reached the landing, planted his hand on the balustrade post, and turned to Sargent angrily demanding "Don't I?!" and the perfect pose had been found.
Roosevelt, always active, only agreed to stay still for half an hour a day, after lunch. But the portrait was eventually finished and was adored by Roosevelt.
Calvin Coolidge
During Ronald Reagan's presidency, he moved Coolidge's portrait from the Grand Hall into the Cabinet Room next to Thomas Jefferson's portrait. Reagan admired and quoted Coolidge, and thought Coolidge's impressive performance in the "roaring twenties" was outstanding. Reagan believed that Coolidge's portrait was much more suitable next to a founding father.
Warren G. Harding
The United States Commission of Fine Arts recommended F. Luis Mora to paint the portrait of Warren G. Harding. The portrait was painted from photographs. Two portraits of Harding painted by 'foreign artists' in the White House were rejected for inferior artistic merit and insufficient likeness. The painting was hung in the White House in June 1930.
Herbert Hoover
President Herbert Hoover's official portrait was completed 23 years after he left office. The first official portrait was painted by John Christen Johansen in 1941. Hoover, however, later commissioned a second portrait that was completed in 1956 by Elmer Wesley Greene. At Hoover's request, this painting replaced the original, and currently stands as the official White House portrait. The Johansen painting now resides at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa.
John F. Kennedy
White House Curator William G. Allman discusses the inspiration behind Aaron Shikler's portrait of John F. Kennedy
President John F. Kennedy's official portrait was painted posthumously by Aaron Shikler at the request of Jacqueline Kennedy in 1970. It is generally analyzed as a character study. Unlike most presidential portraits, Kennedy's depicts the president as pensive, with eyes downcast and arms folded. According to Shikler, Jackie's only stipulation was for him to create an image different from "the way everybody else makes him look, with the bags under his eyes and that penetrating gaze. I'm tired of that image." Shikler drew a few sketches based on photographs, one of which was inspired by Ted Kennedy's somber pose at his brother's (John F. Kennedy) grave, his arms crossed and his head bowed. Jackie chose that sketch as the final pose. Shikler also painted the official White House portraits of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Kennedy children.
Bill Clinton
The presidential portrait of Bill Clinton was the first of such portraits to be painted by an African American, Simmie Knox.
Before that, a portrait was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution. Years following its initial unveiling, the artist of the portrait, Nelson Shanks, revealed he added a subtle shadow on the left-hand side of the painting to reference the Monica Lewinsky scandal and how it was, "a metaphor in that it represents a shadow on the office he held, or on him". According to the Shanks, Clinton "hate the portrait" and wanted it removed from the National Portrait Gallery. As of 2015, it remained in their collection but was not on display.
George W. Bush
The official White House portrait of George W. Bush was revealed on May 31, 2012. It was painted by John Howard Sanden who also painted the official portrait for First Lady Laura Bush that was revealed at the same time as her husband's portrait. In addition, Bush's portrait for the National Portrait Gallery was uncharacteristically released several weeks before his administration had ended. Painted by Robert A. Anderson, it was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., on December 19, 2008. President Bush jokingly opened the unveiling with "Welcome to my hanging", which resulted in laughter from the room. This was an official portrait commissioned by the White House, but funded by private donorship.
The caption at the National Portrait Gallery beside President Bush's portrait originally read that his administration was "marked by a series of catastrophic events..." "...the attacks on September 11, 2001, that led to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq." Vermont senator Bernie Sanders wrote a letter to the director of the National Portrait Gallery, noting the link between the terrorist attacks and Iraq had been "debunked". Director Martin E. Sullivan assured him the label would be changed to delete "led to".
Barack Obama
Main article: President Barack Obama (painting)
Members of the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, the Smithsonian Institution, and White House staff discuss the creation of Barack Obama's 3D portrait.
Barack Obama was the first president to have his portrait taken with a digital camera in January 2009 by Pete Souza, the then–official White House photographer, using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II. Obama was also the first president to have 3D portraits taken, which were displayed in the Smithsonian Castle in December 2014.
On Monday February 12, 2018, the official presidential likenesses of Barack Obama and Michelle Obama were unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery. Kehinde Wiley painted Mr. Obama, while Amy Sherald painted Mrs. Obama. Different flowers in the background of Barack Obama's painting are symbolic, with chrysanthemums, for example, representing Chicago, and pikake representing Hawaii. The contemporary style of both paintings attracted note for breaking the trend of past presidential portraits being painted in a traditional style.
The official White House portrait of Barack Obama was unveiled on September 7, 2022. It was painted by Robert McCurdy, who focused on working off of a photograph of the former president. In the photorealistic portrait, Obama is dressed in a black suit with a gray tie, and painted against a minimal white backdrop, a signature of McCurdy's artworks. At the same time, the official portrait for First Lady Michelle Obama, painted by realism artist Sharon Sprung, was also unveiled. In First Lady Obama's oil painting portrait, she appears in an off-the-shoulder turquoise gown against a warm pink wall, looking "intent but alluring and unmistakably herself."
Donald Trump
The first official presidential portrait of Donald Trump was released the day before his inauguration and was used for the official @POTUS Twitter account until May 5, 2017. His portrait painting has been commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery using donations from Trump's Save America PAC.
Galleries
White House Historical Association presidential portraits
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Note: The official portraits for Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama were painted by artists who were not employed by the federal government at the time. These images are not in the public domain, and as such, are not included in this gallery. The full list can be seen here: The White House Historical Association Presidential Portraits. The White House Historical Association portrait of Donald Trump is yet to be unveiled.
National Portrait Gallery presidential portraits
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
William McKinley
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Note: Theodore Roosevelt and the presidents following Coolidge are excluded due to their being out of the public domain. The full list may be seen at this link: National Portrait Gallery's "America's Presidents" collection. For the article about the portrait of Barack Obama from the National Portrait Gallery, see President Barack Obama (painting).
See also
List of presidents of the United States
National Portrait Gallery
References
^ Heil, Emily. "Don't look for Obama's official portrait anytime soon". Washington Post.
^ "Fact Sheet: "America's Presidents" | National Portrait Gallery". Npg.si.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
^ Bill, Cassidy (March 27, 2018). "S.188 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Eliminating Government-funded Oil-painting Act". www.congress.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "Trump signs bill barring federal funds to pay for official portraits". Politico. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "The White House Historical Association > Classroom". Whitehousehistory.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ Barber, J.; Verone, A. (1998). Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-295-97753-9. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ a b Natasha. "John Singer Sargent's President Theodore Roosevelt". Jssgallery.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ Canfield, M.R. (2015). Theodore Roosevelt in the Field. University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-226-29840-5. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ Glass, Andrew (January 5, 2019). "Calvin Coolidge dies at age 60, Jan. 5, 1933". POLITICO. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ United States. Commission of Fine Arts (1936). Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 31.
^ "APPROVES HARDING PAINTING; Authorities Accept Mora Portrait to Be Hung in White House". New York Times. June 13, 1930. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
^ Timothy Walch (July 18, 2013). Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Documentary History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1-137-33409-1.
^ "National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution". Npgportraits.si.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
^ Clurman, Shirley (May 4, 1981). "At $25,000-Plus for a Portrait, Painter Aaron Shikler Can Give Critics the Brush". People. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ "White House Portraits of President Clinton and First Lady by Simmie Knox Unveiled; First Painted by a Black Artist". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. July 5, 2004. p. 34. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ "President Bush Welcomes President Clinton and Senator Clinton". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. June 14, 2004. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ Calamur, Krishnadev (March 2, 2015). "Clinton's Portrait Has Hint Of Lewinsky's Blue Dress, Artist Says". NPR. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ Yuhas, Alan (March 2, 2015). "Bill Clinton portrait artist hints at Monica Lewinsky scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ "President George W. and Laura Bush Portrait Unveiling". C-SPAN.
^ "Bush in Philadelphia: 'Welcome to my hanging'". CNN.
^ "National Portrait Gallery | Portraits of George W. and Laura Bush". Npg.si.edu. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ "The Huffington Post - UK News and Opinion". News.aol.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ "New official portrait released Wednesday". change.gov, Office of the President-Elect. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Ng,
David (December 2, 2014). Smithsonian exhibits 3-D portraits of President Obama. Los Angeles Times .
^ Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). "Portraits or Politics? Presidential Likenesses Blend Fact and Fiction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ "'Pretty sharp!' Obama says, revealing his presidential portrait". NBC News.
^ Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). "Obama Portraits Blend Paint and Politics, and Fact and Fiction". The New York Times.
^ "'A Game Changer.' How a Painting of President Obama Broke the Rules".
^ "The Mystery of Amy Sherald's Portrait of Michelle Obama". The New Yorker. February 13, 2018.
^ Smith, Roberta (October 16, 2017). "Why the Obamas' Portrait Choices Matter". The New York Times.
^ Deb, Sopan (February 14, 2018). "The Obama Portraits Drew a Strong Reaction. What Did They Mean to You?". The New York Times.
^ "Barack and Michelle Obama make first joint return to the White House for unveiling of official portraits". CNN. September 7, 2022.
^ a b Will Heinrich (September 7, 2022). "Painting Michelle Obama Took 9 Months. Keeping It Secret Took 6 Years". New York Times.
^ "Trump actually looks happy in his official White House portrait". Newsweek. October 31, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ Levinthal, Dave (August 22, 2022). "Trump PAC's $650,000 'charitable contribution' to the Smithsonian will pay for portraits of Donald and Melania Trump". Business Insider. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Official portraits of presidents of the United States.
The White House Official Portraits of the US Presidents (archive)
White House Historical Association
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United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_(Lansdowne_Portrait)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne portrait of George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait_of_George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"oil painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"speakers of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, the first presidential portraitBeginning with painter Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, it has been tradition for the president of the United States to have an official portrait taken during their time in office, most commonly an oil painting. 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Since most recent presidential portraits have been privately funded anyway, this law will primarily prevent other governmental officers such as agency heads and speakers of the House from commissioning official portraits using federal funds.[3][4]","title":"Portraits of presidents of the United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"Dolley Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolley_Madison"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"George Washington","text":"The presidential portrait of George Washington was famously rescued by First Lady Dolley Madison when the British burned down the White House in the War of 1812.[5]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Théobald Chartran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jssgallery.org-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent,_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jssgallery.org-7"}],"sub_title":"Theodore Roosevelt","text":"President Theodore Roosevelt's official portrait was originally commissioned to Théobald Chartran in 1902, but when Roosevelt saw the final product he hated it and hid it in the darkest corner of the White House. When family members called it the \"Mewing Cat\" for making him look so harmless, he had it destroyed and hired John Singer Sargent to paint a more masculine portrait.[6][7]Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.Sargent followed Roosevelt around the rooms of the White House, making sketches looking for the right lighting and pose, but was unhappy with them. When Roosevelt headed toward a staircase to try the rooms on the second level, both of their patience was running thin. Roosevelt suggested that Sargent did not have a clue what the artist wanted. Sargent responded that Roosevelt did not know what was needed to pose for a portrait. Roosevelt having reached the landing, planted his hand on the balustrade post, and turned to Sargent angrily demanding \"Don't I?!\" and the perfect pose had been found.[8]Roosevelt, always active, only agreed to stay still for half an hour a day, after lunch. But the portrait was eventually finished and was adored by Roosevelt.[7]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"founding father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Calvin Coolidge","text":"During Ronald Reagan's presidency, he moved Coolidge's portrait from the Grand Hall into the Cabinet Room next to Thomas Jefferson's portrait. Reagan admired and quoted Coolidge, and thought Coolidge's impressive performance in the \"roaring twenties\" was outstanding. Reagan believed that Coolidge's portrait was much more suitable next to a founding father.[9]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Commission of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"F. Luis Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Luis_Mora"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts1936-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTJun30-11"}],"sub_title":"Warren G. Harding","text":"The United States Commission of Fine Arts recommended F. Luis Mora to paint the portrait of Warren G. Harding. The portrait was painted from photographs. Two portraits of Harding painted by 'foreign artists' in the White House were rejected for inferior artistic merit and insufficient likeness.[10] The painting was hung in the White House in June 1930.[11]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"John Christen Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christen_Johansen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walch2013-12"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"West Branch, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MyUser_Npgportraits.si.edu_March_11_2015c-13"}],"sub_title":"Herbert Hoover","text":"President Herbert Hoover's official portrait was completed 23 years after he left office. The first official portrait was painted by John Christen Johansen in 1941. Hoover, however, later commissioned a second portrait that was completed in 1956 by Elmer Wesley Greene. At Hoover's request, this painting replaced the original, and currently stands as the official White House portrait.[12] The Johansen painting now resides at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa.[13]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House Curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Curator"},{"link_name":"William G. Allman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Allman"},{"link_name":"Aaron Shikler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Shikler"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Aaron Shikler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Shikler"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"John F. Kennedy","text":"White House Curator William G. Allman discusses the inspiration behind Aaron Shikler's portrait of John F. KennedyPresident John F. Kennedy's official portrait was painted posthumously by Aaron Shikler at the request of Jacqueline Kennedy in 1970. It is generally analyzed as a character study. Unlike most presidential portraits, Kennedy's depicts the president as pensive, with eyes downcast and arms folded. According to Shikler, Jackie's only stipulation was for him to create an image different from \"the way everybody else makes him look, with the bags under his eyes and that penetrating gaze. I'm tired of that image.\" Shikler drew a few sketches based on photographs, one of which was inspired by Ted Kennedy's somber pose at his brother's (John F. Kennedy) grave, his arms crossed and his head bowed. Jackie chose that sketch as the final pose.[14] Shikler also painted the official White House portraits of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Kennedy children.","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Simmie Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmie_Knox"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Nelson Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Monica Lewinsky scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton-Lewinsky_scandal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Bill Clinton","text":"The presidential portrait of Bill Clinton was the first of such portraits to be painted by an African American, Simmie Knox.[15][16]Before that, a portrait was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution. Years following its initial unveiling, the artist of the portrait, Nelson Shanks, revealed he added a subtle shadow on the left-hand side of the painting to reference the Monica Lewinsky scandal and how it was, \"a metaphor in that it represents a shadow on the office he held, or on him\".[17] According to the Shanks, Clinton \"hate[d] the portrait\" and wanted it removed from the National Portrait Gallery. As of 2015, it remained in their collection but was not on display.[18]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John Howard Sanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Sanden"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Martin E. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_E._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"George W. Bush","text":"The official White House portrait of George W. Bush was revealed on May 31, 2012.[19] It was painted by John Howard Sanden who also painted the official portrait for First Lady Laura Bush that was revealed at the same time as her husband's portrait. In addition, Bush's portrait for the National Portrait Gallery was uncharacteristically released several weeks before his administration had ended. Painted by Robert A. Anderson, it was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., on December 19, 2008. President Bush jokingly opened the unveiling with \"Welcome to my hanging\", which resulted in laughter from the room.[20] This was an official portrait commissioned by the White House, but funded by private donorship.[21]The caption at the National Portrait Gallery beside President Bush's portrait originally read that his administration was \"marked by a series of catastrophic events...\" [including] \"...the attacks on September 11, 2001, that led to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.\" Vermont senator Bernie Sanders wrote a letter to the director of the National Portrait Gallery, noting the link between the terrorist attacks and Iraq had been \"debunked\". Director Martin E. Sullivan assured him the label would be changed to delete \"led to\".[22]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Institute for Creative Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creative_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"Pete Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Souza"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS 5D Mark II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Castle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kehinde Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehinde_Wiley"},{"link_name":"Amy Sherald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sherald"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObamaPortrait-27"},{"link_name":"chrysanthemums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemums"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"pikake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikake"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Robert McCurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCurdy"},{"link_name":"photorealistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealism"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Sprung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Sprung"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heinrich-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heinrich-33"}],"sub_title":"Barack Obama","text":"Members of the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, the Smithsonian Institution, and White House staff discuss the creation of Barack Obama's 3D portrait.Barack Obama was the first president to have his portrait taken with a digital camera in January 2009 by Pete Souza, the then–official White House photographer,[23] using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II.[citation needed] Obama was also the first president to have 3D portraits taken, which were displayed in the Smithsonian Castle in December 2014.[24]On Monday February 12, 2018, the official presidential likenesses of Barack Obama and Michelle Obama were unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery.[25] Kehinde Wiley painted Mr. Obama, while Amy Sherald painted Mrs. Obama.[26][27] Different flowers in the background of Barack Obama's painting are symbolic, with chrysanthemums, for example, representing Chicago, and pikake representing Hawaii.[28] The contemporary style of both paintings attracted note for breaking the trend of past presidential portraits being painted in a traditional style.[29][30][31]The official White House portrait of Barack Obama was unveiled on September 7, 2022. It was painted by Robert McCurdy, who focused on working off of a photograph of the former president. In the photorealistic portrait, Obama is dressed in a black suit with a gray tie, and painted against a minimal white backdrop, a signature of McCurdy's artworks. At the same time, the official portrait for First Lady Michelle Obama, painted by realism artist Sharon Sprung, was also unveiled.[32][33] In First Lady Obama's oil painting portrait, she appears in an off-the-shoulder turquoise gown against a warm pink wall, looking \"intent but alluring and unmistakably herself.\"[33]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Save America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_America"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Donald Trump","text":"The first official presidential portrait of Donald Trump was released the day before his inauguration and was used for the official @POTUS Twitter account[34] until May 5, 2017. His portrait painting has been commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery using donations from Trump's Save America PAC.[35]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Galleries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_(by_John_Trumbull,_circa_1792).jpg"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Vanderlyn_-_James_Madison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_F._B._Morse_-_James_Monroe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams_by_GPA_Healy,_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ralph_Eleaser_Whiteside_Earl_-_Andrew_Jackson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mvanburen.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Henry_Harrison_by_James_Reid_Lambdin,_1835.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WHOportTyler.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy,_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zachary_Taylor_by_Joseph_Henry_Bush,_c1848.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_P.A._Healy_-_Millard_Fillmore_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_Pierce_by_GPA_Healy,_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Henry_Brown_-_J._Buchanan_-_White_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alincoln.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ajohnson.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ugrant.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhayes.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jgarfield.jpeg"},{"link_name":"James A. Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carthur.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gcleveland.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastman_Johnson_-_Benjamin_Harrison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wmckinley.jpeg"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troosevelt.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_by_Anders_Zorn,_1911.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913).jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wharding.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccoolidge.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hhoover.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Froosevelt.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarryTruman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_official_Presidential_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ljohnson.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"The White House Historical Association Presidential Portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.whitehousehistory.org/galleries/presidential-portraits"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"}],"sub_title":"White House Historical Association presidential portraits","text":"George Washington\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Adams\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Jefferson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Madison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Monroe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrew Jackson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartin Van Buren\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Henry Harrison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Tyler\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames K. Polk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZachary Taylor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMillard Fillmore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranklin Pierce\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Buchanan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbraham Lincoln\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrew Johnson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUlysses S. Grant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRutherford B. Hayes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames A. Garfield\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChester A. Arthur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrover Cleveland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBenjamin Harrison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam McKinley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheodore Roosevelt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Howard Taft\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoodrow Wilson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarren G. Harding\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalvin Coolidge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHerbert Hoover\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHarry S. Truman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDwight D. Eisenhower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn F. Kennedy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLyndon B. Johnson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRichard NixonNote: The official portraits for Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama were painted by artists who were not employed by the federal government at the time. These images are not in the public domain, and as such, are not included in this gallery. The full list can be seen here: The White House Historical Association Presidential Portraits. The White House Historical Association portrait of Donald Trump is yet to be unveiled.","title":"Galleries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_George_Washington_(Lansdowne_portrait,_1796).jpg"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Trumbull_-_John_Adams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_Harding_-_James_Madison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Monroe_by_John_Vanderlyn,_1816_-_DSC03228.JPG"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Caleb_Bingham_-_John_Quincy_Adams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_A13734.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin_Hoit_-_William_Henry_Harrison_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_Portrait_of_John_Tyler_(1859)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JamesKnoxPolk.jpg"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Reid_Lambdin_-_Zachary_Taylor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millard_Fillmore_by_James_Reid_Lambdin_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_Franklin_Pierce_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Buchanan,_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_Portrait_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1887)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Bogart_Cooper_-_Andrew_Johnson_(after_1866)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulysses_S._Grant_by_Thomas_Le_Clear_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutherford_B._Hayes_by_Eliphalet_Frazer_Andrews_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling_-_James_Garfield_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"James A. Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling_-_Chester_A._Arthur_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anders_Leonard_Zorn_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison_by_Theodore_C._Steele_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_Benziger_-_William_McKinley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Valentine_Schevill_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson_by_John_Christen_Johansen_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warren_G._Harding_by_Margaret_Lindsay_Williams_(National_Portrait_Gallery).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_President_Calvin_Coolidge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery's \"America's Presidents\" collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americaspresidents.si.edu/gallery"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"President Barack Obama (painting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)"}],"sub_title":"National Portrait Gallery presidential portraits","text":"George Washington\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Adams\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Jefferson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Madison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Monroe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrew Jackson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartin Van Buren\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Henry Harrison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Tyler\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames K. Polk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZachary Taylor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMillard Fillmore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranklin Pierce\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Buchanan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbraham Lincoln\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrew Johnson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUlysses S. Grant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRutherford B. Hayes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames A. Garfield\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChester A. Arthur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrover Cleveland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBenjamin Harrison\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam McKinley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Howard Taft\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoodrow Wilson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarren G. Harding\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalvin CoolidgeNote: Theodore Roosevelt and the presidents following Coolidge are excluded due to their being out of the public domain. The full list may be seen at this link: National Portrait Gallery's \"America's Presidents\" collection. For the article about the portrait of Barack Obama from the National Portrait Gallery, see President Barack Obama (painting).","title":"Galleries"}] | [{"image_text":"The Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, the first presidential portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_George_Washington_%28Lansdowne_Portrait%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg/170px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"White House Curator William G. Allman discusses the inspiration behind Aaron Shikler's portrait of John F. Kennedy"},{"image_text":"Members of the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, the Smithsonian Institution, and White House staff discuss the creation of Barack Obama's 3D portrait."}] | [{"title":"List of presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)"}] | [{"reference":"Heil, Emily. \"Don't look for Obama's official portrait anytime soon\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2017/06/13/dont-look-for-obamas-official-portrait-anytime-soon/","url_text":"\"Don't look for Obama's official portrait anytime soon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet: \"America's Presidents\" | National Portrait Gallery\". Npg.si.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://npg.si.edu/about-us/press-release/fact-sheet-%E2%80%9Camerica%E2%80%99s-presidents%E2%80%9D","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet: \"America's Presidents\" | National Portrait Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Bill, Cassidy (March 27, 2018). \"S.188 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Eliminating Government-funded Oil-painting Act\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/188","url_text":"\"S.188 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Eliminating Government-funded Oil-painting Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump signs bill barring federal funds to pay for official portraits\". Politico. Retrieved April 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/28/trump-official-portraits-federal-funds-489685","url_text":"\"Trump signs bill barring federal funds to pay for official portraits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"The White House Historical Association > Classroom\". Whitehousehistory.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027085547/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/04_b_1812.html","url_text":"\"The White House Historical Association > Classroom\""},{"url":"http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/04_b_1812.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barber, J.; Verone, A. (1998). Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-295-97753-9. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGN3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97753-9","url_text":"978-0-295-97753-9"}]},{"reference":"Natasha. \"John Singer Sargent's President Theodore Roosevelt\". Jssgallery.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jssgallery.org/Paintings/President_Theodore_Roosevelt.htm#Pic","url_text":"\"John Singer Sargent's President Theodore Roosevelt\""}]},{"reference":"Canfield, M.R. (2015). Theodore Roosevelt in the Field. University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-226-29840-5. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iV3rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"Theodore Roosevelt in the Field"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-29840-5","url_text":"978-0-226-29840-5"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Andrew (January 5, 2019). \"Calvin Coolidge dies at age 60, Jan. 5, 1933\". POLITICO. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/05/calvin-coolidge-dies-1933-1079489","url_text":"\"Calvin Coolidge dies at age 60, Jan. 5, 1933\""}]},{"reference":"United States. Commission of Fine Arts (1936). Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZphLAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Report"}]},{"reference":"\"APPROVES HARDING PAINTING; Authorities Accept Mora Portrait to Be Hung in White House\". New York Times. June 13, 1930. Retrieved March 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/13/archives/approves-harding-painting-authorities-accept-mora-portrait-to-be.html","url_text":"\"APPROVES HARDING PAINTING; Authorities Accept Mora Portrait to Be Hung in White House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Timothy Walch (July 18, 2013). Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Documentary History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1-137-33409-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Rs0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160","url_text":"Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Documentary History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33409-1","url_text":"978-1-137-33409-1"}]},{"reference":"\"National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution\". Npgportraits.si.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://npgportraits.si.edu/eMuseumNPG/code/emuseum.asp?rawsearch=ObjectID/,/is/,/18484/,/false/,/false&newprofile=CAP&newstyle=single","url_text":"\"National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution\""}]},{"reference":"Clurman, Shirley (May 4, 1981). \"At $25,000-Plus for a Portrait, Painter Aaron Shikler Can Give Critics the Brush\". People. Retrieved May 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20079180,00.html","url_text":"\"At $25,000-Plus for a Portrait, Painter Aaron Shikler Can Give Critics the Brush\""}]},{"reference":"\"White House Portraits of President Clinton and First Lady by Simmie Knox Unveiled; First Painted by a Black Artist\". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. July 5, 2004. p. 34. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-bUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"White House Portraits of President Clinton and First Lady by Simmie Knox Unveiled; First Painted by a Black Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Bush Welcomes President Clinton and Senator Clinton\". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. June 14, 2004. Retrieved December 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/06/20040614-2.html","url_text":"\"President Bush Welcomes President Clinton and Senator Clinton\""}]},{"reference":"Calamur, Krishnadev (March 2, 2015). \"Clinton's Portrait Has Hint Of Lewinsky's Blue Dress, Artist Says\". NPR. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/02/390196140/clintons-portrait-has-hint-of-lewinskys-blue-dress-artist-says","url_text":"\"Clinton's Portrait Has Hint Of Lewinsky's Blue Dress, Artist Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Yuhas, Alan (March 2, 2015). \"Bill Clinton portrait artist hints at Monica Lewinsky scandal\". The Guardian. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/02/bill-clinton-portrait-artist-monica-lewinsky-scandal","url_text":"\"Bill Clinton portrait artist hints at Monica Lewinsky scandal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"President George W. and Laura Bush Portrait Unveiling\". C-SPAN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/WBushPo","url_text":"\"President George W. and Laura Bush Portrait Unveiling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bush in Philadelphia: 'Welcome to my hanging'\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/12/06/bush-in-philadelphia-welcome-to-my-hanging/","url_text":"\"Bush in Philadelphia: 'Welcome to my hanging'\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Portrait Gallery | Portraits of George W. and Laura Bush\". Npg.si.edu. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225155436/http://www.npg.si.edu/collect/bushportraits.htm","url_text":"\"National Portrait Gallery | Portraits of George W. and Laura Bush\""},{"url":"http://www.npg.si.edu/collect/bushportraits.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Huffington Post - UK News and Opinion\". News.aol.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.aol.com/main/obama-presidency/article/official-obama-portrait-released/306567","url_text":"\"The Huffington Post - UK News and Opinion\""}]},{"reference":"\"New official portrait released Wednesday\". change.gov, Office of the President-Elect. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110910101456/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/new_official_portrait_released/","url_text":"\"New official portrait released Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_President-Elect","url_text":"Office of the President-Elect"}]},{"reference":"Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). \"Portraits or Politics? Presidential Likenesses Blend Fact and Fiction\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/arts/design/obama-portrait.html","url_text":"\"Portraits or Politics? Presidential Likenesses Blend Fact and Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"'Pretty sharp!' Obama says, revealing his presidential portrait\". NBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/barack-obama-s-presidential-portrait-be-unveiled-n847111","url_text":"\"'Pretty sharp!' Obama says, revealing his presidential portrait\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]},{"reference":"Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). \"Obama Portraits Blend Paint and Politics, and Fact and Fiction\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/arts/design/obama-portrait.html","url_text":"\"Obama Portraits Blend Paint and Politics, and Fact and Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"\"'A Game Changer.' How a Painting of President Obama Broke the Rules\".","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/5158961/obama-portrait-kehinde-wiley-amy-sherald-interview/","url_text":"\"'A Game Changer.' How a Painting of President Obama Broke the Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mystery of Amy Sherald's Portrait of Michelle Obama\". The New Yorker. February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-appearances/the-mystery-of-amy-sheralds-portrait-of-michelle-obama","url_text":"\"The Mystery of Amy Sherald's Portrait of Michelle Obama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roberta (October 16, 2017). \"Why the Obamas' Portrait Choices Matter\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/arts/design/obamas-presidential-portraits.html","url_text":"\"Why the Obamas' Portrait Choices Matter\""}]},{"reference":"Deb, Sopan (February 14, 2018). \"The Obama Portraits Drew a Strong Reaction. What Did They Mean to You?\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/13/arts/design/obama-portraits-reaction-what-did-they-mean-to-you.html","url_text":"\"The Obama Portraits Drew a Strong Reaction. What Did They Mean to You?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barack and Michelle Obama make first joint return to the White House for unveiling of official portraits\". CNN. September 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/07/politics/obamas-white-house-official-portraits/index.html","url_text":"\"Barack and Michelle Obama make first joint return to the White House for unveiling of official portraits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Will Heinrich (September 7, 2022). \"Painting Michelle Obama Took 9 Months. Keeping It Secret Took 6 Years\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/07/arts/design/michelle-obama-portrait-white-house-susan-sprung.html","url_text":"\"Painting Michelle Obama Took 9 Months. Keeping It Secret Took 6 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump actually looks happy in his official White House portrait\". Newsweek. October 31, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/trump-portrait-happy-697317","url_text":"\"Trump actually looks happy in his official White House portrait\""}]},{"reference":"Levinthal, Dave (August 22, 2022). \"Trump PAC's $650,000 'charitable contribution' to the Smithsonian will pay for portraits of Donald and Melania Trump\". Business Insider. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-portraits-smithsonian-donation-save-america-pac-650000-2022-8","url_text":"\"Trump PAC's $650,000 'charitable contribution' to the Smithsonian will pay for portraits of Donald and Melania Trump\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/galleries/presidential-portraits","external_links_name":"The White House Historical Association Presidential Portraits"},{"Link":"https://americaspresidents.si.edu/gallery","external_links_name":"National Portrait Gallery's \"America's Presidents\" collection"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2017/06/13/dont-look-for-obamas-official-portrait-anytime-soon/","external_links_name":"\"Don't look for Obama's official portrait anytime soon\""},{"Link":"https://npg.si.edu/about-us/press-release/fact-sheet-%E2%80%9Camerica%E2%80%99s-presidents%E2%80%9D","external_links_name":"\"Fact Sheet: \"America's Presidents\" | National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/188","external_links_name":"\"S.188 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Eliminating Government-funded Oil-painting Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/28/trump-official-portraits-federal-funds-489685","external_links_name":"\"Trump signs bill barring federal funds to pay for official portraits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027085547/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/04_b_1812.html","external_links_name":"\"The White House Historical Association > Classroom\""},{"Link":"http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/04_b_1812.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGN3AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century"},{"Link":"http://www.jssgallery.org/Paintings/President_Theodore_Roosevelt.htm#Pic","external_links_name":"\"John Singer Sargent's President Theodore Roosevelt\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iV3rCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Theodore Roosevelt in the Field"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/05/calvin-coolidge-dies-1933-1079489","external_links_name":"\"Calvin Coolidge dies at age 60, Jan. 5, 1933\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZphLAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/13/archives/approves-harding-painting-authorities-accept-mora-portrait-to-be.html","external_links_name":"\"APPROVES HARDING PAINTING; Authorities Accept Mora Portrait to Be Hung in White House\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Rs0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Petry | Ann Petry | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Selected bibliography","4 References","5 External links"] | American novelist
Ann Lane PetryBornAnn Lane Petry(1908-10-12)October 12, 1908Old Saybrook, CT, USDiedApril 28, 1997(1997-04-28) (aged 88)Old Saybrook, CT, USPen nameArnold PetriOccupationWriterLanguageEnglishEducationPh.G.Alma materConnecticut College of PharmacyYears active1946–71Notable worksThe Street (1946)The Narrows (1953)SpouseGeorge PetryChildrenLiz Petry Literature portal
Ann Petry (October 12, 1908 – April 28, 1997) was an American writer of novels, short stories, children's books and journalism. Her 1946 debut novel The Street became the first novel by an African-American woman to sell more than a million copies.
In 2019, the Library of America published a volume of her work containing The Street as well as her 1953 masterpiece The Narrows and a few shorter pieces of nonfiction.
Early life
Ann, born Anna Houston Lane, was born in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was the youngest of three daughters to Peter Clark Lane and Bertha James Lane. Her parents belonged to the black minority, numbering 15 inhabitants of the small town. Her father was a pharmacist and her mother was a shop owner, chiropodist, and hairdresser. Ann was also the niece of Anna Louise James.
Ann and her sister were raised "in the classic New England tradition: a study in efficiency, thrift, and utility (…) They were filled with ambitions that they might not have entertained had they lived in a city along with thousands of poor blacks stuck in demeaning jobs."
In 1925, Ann graduated from high school as the only person of Afro-American descent.
The family had none of the trappings of the middle class until Petry was well into adulthood. Before her mother became a businesswoman, she worked in a factory, and her sisters worked as maids. The Lane girls were raised sheltered from most of the disadvantages that other black people in the United States had to experience due to the color of their skin; however there were a number of incidents of racial discrimination.
As Petry wrote in "My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience", published in Negro Digest in 1946, there was an incident where a racist decided that they did not want her on a beach. Her father wrote a letter to The Crisis in 1920 or 1921 complaining about a teacher who refused to teach his daughters and his niece. Another teacher humiliated her by making her read the part of Jupiter, the illiterate ex-slave in the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Gold-Bug".
Petry had a strong family foundation with well-traveled uncles, who had many stories to tell her when coming home; her father, who overcame racial obstacles, opened a pharmacy in the small town; and her mother and aunts set a strong example: Petry, interviewed by The Washington Post in 1992, says about her tough female family members that "it never occurred to them that there were things they couldn’t do because they were women."
Career
Petry's desire to become a professional writer was raised first in high school when her English teacher read her essay to the class and commented on it with the words: "I honestly believe that you could be a writer if you wanted to." The decision to become a pharmacist was her family's. After graduating in 1929 from Old Saybrook High School, she went to college and graduated with a Ph.G. degree from the University of Connecticut College of Pharmacy in New Haven in 1931 and worked in the family business for several years, while also writing short stories.
On February 22, 1938, she married George D. Petry of New Iberia, Louisiana, and moved to New York. She worked as a journalist writing articles for newspapers including The Amsterdam News (between 1938 and 1941) and The People's Voice (1941–44), and published short stories in The Crisis, where her first story appeared in 1943, Phylon, and other outlets. Between 1944 and 1946 she studied creative writing at Columbia University. She also worked at an after-school program at P.S. 10 in Harlem. It was during this period that she experienced and understood what the majority of the black population of the United States had to go through in their everyday life. Traversing the Harlem streets, living for the first time among large numbers of poor black people, seeing neglected children up close—Petry's early years in New York inevitably made impressions on her and led her to put her experiences to paper. Her daughter Liz explained to The Washington Post'' that "her way of dealing with the problem was to write this book , which maybe was something that people who had grown up in Harlem couldn’t do."
Petry's first and most popular novel, The Street, was published in 1946 and won the Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship with book sales exceeding one million copies. She was featured in a brief All-American News film segment covering her winning the award.
Back in Old Saybrook in 1947, Petry worked on Country Place (1947), The Narrows (1953), other stories, and books for children, but they never achieved the same success as her first book. She drew on her personal experiences of the hurricane in Old Saybrook in Country Place. Although the novel is set in the immediate aftermath of World War II, Petry identified the 1938 New England hurricane as the source for the storm that is at the center of her narrative.
Petry was a member of the American Negro Theater and appeared in productions including On Striver's Row. She also lectured at University of California, Berkeley, Miami University and Suffolk University, and was Visiting Professor of English at the University of Hawaii.
She died in Old Saybrook at the age of 88 on April 28, 1997. She was outlived by her husband George, who died in 2000, and her only daughter, Liz Petry.
In November, 2018, Tayari Jones called for a revival of Petry's acclaim, writing that Petry "is the writer we have been waiting for, hers are the stories we need to fully illuminate the questions of our moment, while also offering a page-turning good time." In her home state of Connecticut, poet and activist, Jose B. Gonzalez has also led a movement to get Petry more recognition.
Selected bibliography
"Marie of the Cabin Club" (short story), Baltimore Afro-American, 1939. Originally published under the pseudonym Arnold Petri.
The Street (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946; New York: Pyramid, 1961; Boston: Beacon Press, 1985; London: Michael Joseph, 1947; Ace Books, 1958; Virago, 1988.
Country Place (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947; London: Michael Joseph, 1948; Chatham, NJ: Chatham Bookseller, 1971. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2019.
The Drugstore Cat (for children; illus. Susanne Suba), New York: Crowell, 1949; Boston: Beacon, 1988.
The Narrows (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017.
Tituba of Salem Village (historical novel for children), 1955, New York: Crowell, 1964; Harper trophy, 1991.
Harriet Tubman: Conductor On The Underground Railroad (non-fiction), New York: Crowell, 1955; as The Girl Called Moses: The Story of Harriet Tubman, London: Methuen, 1960.
Legends of the Saints (illus. Anne Rockwell), New York: Crowell, 1970.
Miss Muriel and Other Stories (story collection), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017.
In Darkness and Confusion (short story), published in 1947.
References
^ Reporter, Chronicle. "Little Known Black History Fact: Ann Petry". Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ "Ann Petry", AALBC.com.
^ a b McKay, p. 127.
^ Sehgal, Parul (April 16, 2019). "Two Novels by Ann Petry, a Writer Who Believed in Art That Delivers a Message". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^ "archives.nypl.org -- Ann Petry papers". archives.nypl.org. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ a b Cott, Nancy F., and Kathryn Allamong Jacob, "New Cache of Letters Illuminates Life of African American Novelist Ann Petry" Archived August 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Schlesinger Newsletter, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University.
^ Andrews, Gregory E. (July 1, 1994). "NRHP Inventory-Nomination: James Pharmacy". National Park Service. With accompanying 10 photos, exterior and interior, from 1993 (see photo captions last page of text document).
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Holladay, p. 7.
^ Harris, Trudier, ed. (1988), Afro-American Writers, 1940-1955, Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 76, Detroit: Gale Research Co., p. 141, ISBN 0810345544
^ Petry, Elisabeth, At Home Inside, p. 27.
^ Holladay, p. 5.
^ Holladay, p. 6.
^ "Ann Lane Petry", Black History Now, July 7, 2014.
^ a b "Ann Petry", Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "Petry, Ann (1908–1997)", Ann Petry Collection, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center.
^ Streitfeld, David (February 25, 1992). "PETRY'S BREW: LAUGHTER FURY". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 22, 2017..
^ "All-American news. ". Library of Congress.
^ Atlas, Nava, "Ann Petry", Literary Ladies Guide, April 22, 2015.
^ Busby, Margaret, "Ann Petry", Daughters of Africa, 1992, p. 229.
^ Jones, Tayari (February 15, 2018). "In Praise of Ann Petry". The New York Times. No. 15 February 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
^ "Why you should know about Ann Petry, one of the first major Black woman fiction writers".
^ "Author Ann Petry gets spotlight at panel discussion in Waterford".
^ "Ann Petry". FemBio.
Sources
Condon, Garret, "Ann Petry", Hartford Courant Northeast, November 8, 1992.
Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1988.
Hernton, Calvin (1987). The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers. Anchor Press. ISBN 0-385-23921-1.
Holladay, Hilary (1996). Ann Petry. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7842-7.
McKay, Nellie, "Ann Petry's The Street and The Narrows: A Study of the Influence of Class, Race, and Gender on Afro-American Women's Lives", in Maria Diedrich and Dorothea Fischer-Hornung (eds), Women and War, New York: Berg, 1990.
Petry, Elisabeth (ed.),Can Anything Beat White? A Black Family’s Letters. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005.
Petry, Elisabeth, At Home Inside: A Daughter's Tribute to Ann Petry. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008. ISBN 978-1604731002
"English and the Urban Scene", speech delivered to Hartford Public High School's English Department and NDEA Institute of Trinity College, March 6, 1969.
External links
Ann Petry papers. Mugar Memorial Library Boston, Massachusetts
Ann Petry Manuscripts. Howard Gottlieb Archival Research Center
Ann Petry Manuscripts. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"debut novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"The Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Street_(novel)"},{"link_name":"novel by an African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKay-3"},{"link_name":"Library of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows_(Petry_novel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ann Petry (October 12, 1908 – April 28, 1997) was an American writer of novels, short stories, children's books and journalism. Her 1946 debut novel The Street became the first novel by an African-American woman to sell more than a million copies.[2][3]In 2019, the Library of America published a volume of her work containing The Street as well as her 1953 masterpiece The Narrows and a few shorter pieces of nonfiction.[4]","title":"Ann Petry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Old Saybrook, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlesinger-6"},{"link_name":"chiropodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropodist"},{"link_name":"Anna Louise James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Louise_James"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Negro Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Digest"},{"link_name":"The Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"The Gold-Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gold-Bug"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ann, born Anna Houston Lane,[5] was born in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was the youngest of three daughters to Peter Clark Lane and Bertha James Lane. Her parents belonged to the black minority, numbering 15 inhabitants of the small town.[6] Her father was a pharmacist and her mother was a shop owner, chiropodist, and hairdresser. Ann was also the niece of Anna Louise James.[7][8]Ann and her sister were raised \"in the classic New England tradition: a study in efficiency, thrift, and utility (…) They were filled with ambitions that they might not have entertained had they lived in a city along with thousands of poor blacks stuck in demeaning jobs.\"[9]\nIn 1925, Ann graduated from high school as the only person of Afro-American descent.[10]The family had none of the trappings of the middle class until Petry was well into adulthood. Before her mother became a businesswoman, she worked in a factory, and her sisters worked as maids. The Lane girls were raised sheltered from most of the disadvantages that other black people in the United States had to experience due to the color of their skin; however there were a number of incidents of racial discrimination.As Petry wrote in \"My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience\", published in Negro Digest in 1946, there was an incident where a racist decided that they did not want her on a beach. Her father wrote a letter to The Crisis in 1920 or 1921 complaining about a teacher who refused to teach his daughters and his niece.[11] Another teacher humiliated her by making her read the part of Jupiter, the illiterate ex-slave in the Edgar Allan Poe short story \"The Gold-Bug\".Petry had a strong family foundation with well-traveled uncles, who had many stories to tell her when coming home; her father, who overcame racial obstacles, opened a pharmacy in the small town; and her mother and aunts set a strong example: Petry, interviewed by The Washington Post in 1992, says about her tough female family members that \"it never occurred to them that there were things they couldn’t do because they were women.\"[12]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"University of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"New Iberia, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Iberia,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"The Amsterdam News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amsterdam_News"},{"link_name":"The People's Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Voice_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-15"},{"link_name":"The Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlesinger-6"},{"link_name":"Phylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-15"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKay-3"},{"link_name":"All-American News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_News"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows_(1953_novel)"},{"link_name":"1938 New England hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane"},{"link_name":"American Negro Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Negro_Theater"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Miami University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_University"},{"link_name":"Suffolk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tayari Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayari_Jones"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jose B. Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_B._Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Petry's desire to become a professional writer was raised first in high school when her English teacher read her essay to the class and commented on it with the words: \"I honestly believe that you could be a writer if you wanted to.\"[13] The decision to become a pharmacist was her family's. After graduating in 1929 from Old Saybrook High School,[14] she went to college and graduated with a Ph.G. degree from the University of Connecticut College of Pharmacy in New Haven in 1931 and worked in the family business for several years, while also writing short stories.\nOn February 22, 1938, she married George D. Petry of New Iberia, Louisiana, and moved to New York. She worked as a journalist writing articles for newspapers including The Amsterdam News (between 1938 and 1941) and The People's Voice (1941–44),[15] and published short stories in The Crisis, where her first story appeared in 1943,[6] Phylon, and other outlets.[16] Between 1944 and 1946 she studied creative writing at Columbia University.[15] She also worked at an after-school program at P.S. 10 in Harlem. It was during this period that she experienced and understood what the majority of the black population of the United States had to go through in their everyday life. Traversing the Harlem streets, living for the first time among large numbers of poor black people, seeing neglected children up close—Petry's early years in New York inevitably made impressions on her and led her to put her experiences to paper. Her daughter Liz explained to The Washington Post'' that \"her way of dealing with the problem was to write this book [The Street], which maybe was something that people who had grown up in Harlem couldn’t do.\"[17]Petry's first and most popular novel, The Street, was published in 1946 and won the Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship with book sales exceeding one million copies.[3] She was featured in a brief All-American News film segment covering her winning the award.[18]Back in Old Saybrook in 1947, Petry worked on Country Place (1947), The Narrows (1953), other stories, and books for children, but they never achieved the same success as her first book. She drew on her personal experiences of the hurricane in Old Saybrook in Country Place. Although the novel is set in the immediate aftermath of World War II, Petry identified the 1938 New England hurricane as the source for the storm that is at the center of her narrative.Petry was a member of the American Negro Theater and appeared in productions including On Striver's Row.[19] She also lectured at University of California, Berkeley, Miami University and Suffolk University, and was Visiting Professor of English at the University of Hawaii.[20]She died in Old Saybrook at the age of 88 on April 28, 1997. She was outlived by her husband George, who died in 2000, and her only daughter, Liz Petry.In November, 2018, Tayari Jones called for a revival of Petry's acclaim, writing that Petry \"is the writer we have been waiting for, hers are the stories we need to fully illuminate the questions of our moment, while also offering a page-turning good time.\"[21] In her home state of Connecticut, poet and activist, Jose B. Gonzalez has also led a movement to get Petry more recognition.[22][23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Afro-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Street_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press"},{"link_name":"The Drugstore Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drugstore_Cat"},{"link_name":"Susanne Suba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Suba"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows_(1953_novel)"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Tituba of Salem Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tituba_of_Salem_Village"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press"},{"link_name":"In Darkness and Confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Darkness_and_Confusion"}],"text":"\"Marie of the Cabin Club\" (short story), Baltimore Afro-American, 1939. Originally published under the pseudonym Arnold Petri.[24]\nThe Street (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946; New York: Pyramid, 1961; Boston: Beacon Press, 1985; London: Michael Joseph, 1947; Ace Books, 1958; Virago, 1988.\nCountry Place (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947; London: Michael Joseph, 1948; Chatham, NJ: Chatham Bookseller, 1971. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2019.\nThe Drugstore Cat (for children; illus. Susanne Suba), New York: Crowell, 1949; Boston: Beacon, 1988.\nThe Narrows (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017.\nTituba of Salem Village (historical novel for children), 1955, New York: Crowell, 1964; Harper trophy, 1991.\nHarriet Tubman: Conductor On The Underground Railroad (non-fiction), New York: Crowell, 1955; as The Girl Called Moses: The Story of Harriet Tubman, London: Methuen, 1960.\nLegends of the Saints (illus. Anne Rockwell), New York: Crowell, 1970.\nMiss Muriel and Other Stories (story collection), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017.\nIn Darkness and Confusion (short story), published in 1947.","title":"Selected bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reporter, Chronicle. \"Little Known Black History Fact: Ann Petry\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202183509/https://blackchronicle.com/little-known-black-history-fact-ann-petry/","url_text":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Ann Petry\""},{"url":"https://blackchronicle.com/little-known-black-history-fact-ann-petry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sehgal, Parul (April 16, 2019). \"Two Novels by Ann Petry, a Writer Who Believed in Art That Delivers a Message\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parul_Sehgal","url_text":"Sehgal, Parul"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/16/books/review-street-narrows-ann-petry.html","url_text":"\"Two Novels by Ann Petry, a Writer Who Believed in Art That Delivers a Message\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Ann Petry papers\". archives.nypl.org. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nypl.org/scm/24832#overview","url_text":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Ann Petry papers\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Gregory E. (July 1, 1994). \"NRHP Inventory-Nomination: James Pharmacy\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/94000845_text","url_text":"\"NRHP Inventory-Nomination: James Pharmacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Trudier, ed. (1988), Afro-American Writers, 1940-1955, Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 76, Detroit: Gale Research Co., p. 141, ISBN 0810345544","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Literary Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810345544","url_text":"0810345544"}]},{"reference":"Streitfeld, David (February 25, 1992). \"PETRY'S BREW: LAUGHTER FURY\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/25/petrys-brew-laughter-fury/50381df8-8308-4ac9-902d-b5717c20d9c6/","url_text":"\"PETRY'S BREW: LAUGHTER FURY\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-American news. [1945-05, no. 4]\". Library of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/2018600204/","url_text":"\"All-American news. [1945-05, no. 4]\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Tayari (February 15, 2018). \"In Praise of Ann Petry\". The New York Times. No. 15 February 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/10/books/review/in-praise-of-ann-petry.html","url_text":"\"In Praise of Ann Petry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why you should know about Ann Petry, one of the first major Black woman fiction writers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/2023/02/09/waterford-rise-to-hold-talk-about-old-saybrook-author-ann-petry-black-history-month/69875889007/","url_text":"\"Why you should know about Ann Petry, one of the first major Black woman fiction writers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author Ann Petry gets spotlight at panel discussion in Waterford\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theday.com/local-news/20230211/author-ann-petry-gets-spotlight-at-panel-discussion-in-waterford/","url_text":"\"Author Ann Petry gets spotlight at panel discussion in Waterford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ann Petry\". FemBio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/ann-petry/","url_text":"\"Ann Petry\""}]},{"reference":"Hernton, Calvin (1987). The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers. Anchor Press. ISBN 0-385-23921-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexualmountainb00hern","url_text":"The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-23921-1","url_text":"0-385-23921-1"}]},{"reference":"Holladay, Hilary (1996). Ann Petry. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7842-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7842-7","url_text":"978-0-8057-7842-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202183509/https://blackchronicle.com/little-known-black-history-fact-ann-petry/","external_links_name":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Ann Petry\""},{"Link":"https://blackchronicle.com/little-known-black-history-fact-ann-petry/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Ann+Petry","external_links_name":"\"Ann Petry\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/16/books/review-street-narrows-ann-petry.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Novels by Ann Petry, a Writer Who Believed in Art That Delivers a Message\""},{"Link":"http://archives.nypl.org/scm/24832#overview","external_links_name":"\"archives.nypl.org -- Ann Petry papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/schlesinger-newsletter/new-cache-letters-illuminates-life-african-american-novelist-ann-petry","external_links_name":"\"New Cache of Letters Illuminates Life of African American Novelist Ann Petry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815192509/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/schlesinger-newsletter/new-cache-letters-illuminates-life-african-american-novelist-ann-petry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/94000845_text","external_links_name":"\"NRHP Inventory-Nomination: James Pharmacy\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/94000845_photos","external_links_name":"accompanying 10 photos, exterior and interior, from 1993 (see photo captions last page of text document)."},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://blackhistorynow.com/ann-lane-petry/","external_links_name":"\"Ann Lane Petry\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ann-Petry","external_links_name":"\"Ann Petry\""},{"Link":"http://archives.bu.edu/collections/collection?id=122587","external_links_name":"\"Petry, Ann (1908–1997)\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/25/petrys-brew-laughter-fury/50381df8-8308-4ac9-902d-b5717c20d9c6/","external_links_name":"\"PETRY'S BREW: LAUGHTER FURY\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/2018600204/","external_links_name":"\"All-American news. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelliferous | Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era | ["1 Timeline","2 See also"] | This is the timeline of the stelliferous era but also partly charts the primordial era, and charts more of the degenerate era of the heat death scenario.
The scale is
10
×
log
10
{
t
}
{\displaystyle 10\times \log _{10}\{t\}}
where
{
t
}
{\displaystyle \{t\}}
is the time since the Big Bang expressed in years. Example: one million years is
{
t
}
=
1,000,000
;
10
×
log
10
{
t
}
=
10
×
6
=
60
{\displaystyle \{t\}=1{,}000{,}000;\ \ 10\times \log _{10}\{t\}=10\times 6=60}
.
Timeline
See also
Big Bang
Cyclic model
Dyson's eternal intelligence
Final anthropic principle
Future of an expanding universe
Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death. Timeline uses double-logarithmic scale.
Graphical timeline of the Big Bang
Graphical timeline of the universe. Timeline uses linear time.
Heat death of the universe
List of other end scenarios than Heat Death
1 E19 s and more
Second law of thermodynamics
Ultimate fate of the Universe
The Last Question, story by Isaac Asimov which considers the oncome of heat death in the universe and how it may be reversed. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time since the Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_time"}],"text":"The scale is \n \n \n \n 10\n ×\n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n \n {\n t\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 10\\times \\log _{10}\\{t\\}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n {\n t\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{t\\}}\n \n is the time since the Big Bang expressed in years. Example: one million years is \n \n \n \n {\n t\n }\n =\n 1,000,000\n ;\n \n \n 10\n ×\n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n \n {\n t\n }\n =\n 10\n ×\n 6\n =\n 60\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{t\\}=1{,}000{,}000;\\ \\ 10\\times \\log _{10}\\{t\\}=10\\times 6=60}\n \n.","title":"Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}] | [] | [{"title":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"title":"Cyclic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_model"},{"title":"Dyson's eternal intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence"},{"title":"Final anthropic principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_anthropic_principle"},{"title":"Future of an expanding universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe"},{"title":"Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_timeline_from_Big_Bang_to_Heat_Death"},{"title":"Graphical timeline of the Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_Big_Bang"},{"title":"Graphical timeline of the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_universe"},{"title":"Heat death of the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe"},{"title":"List of other end scenarios than Heat Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_Universe#Theories_about_the_end_of_universe"},{"title":"1 E19 s and more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E19_s_and_more"},{"title":"Second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"title":"Ultimate fate of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_Universe"},{"title":"The Last Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Question"},{"title":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_56B | Convoy JW 56B | ["1 Ships","2 Action","3 Conclusion","4 Notes","5 References"] | HMS Hardy was hit by a torpedo
vteArctic naval operations of World War II1940
Weserübung
Narvik
Alphabet
Juno
1941
Claymore
Polyarny
1942
Sportpalast
Rösselsprung
Doppelschlag (cancelled)
Zarin
Wunderland
Cape Pikshuev
Orator
Motovsky Gulf
Barents Sea
Regenbogen
1943
Kara Sea
Zitronella
Ostfront
North Cape
1944
Mascot
Petsamo–Kirkenes
Convoys1941
Dervish
PQ 1
PQ 2
PQ 3
PQ 4
PQ 5
PQ 6
PQ 7
QP 1
QP 2
QP 3
QP 4
1942
PQ 8
PQ 9/10
QP 10
PQ 11
PQ 12
PQ 13
QP 13
PQ 14
QP 14
PQ 15
QP 15
QP 11
PQ 16
PQ 17
PQ 18
FB
JW 51A
JW 51B
QP 5
QP 6
QP 7
QP 8
QP 9
QP 12
RA 51
1943
JW 52
JW 53
JW 54A
JW 54B
JW 55A
JW 55B
RA 52
RA 53
RA 54A
RA 54B
RA 55A
RA 55B
1944
JW 56A
JW 56B
JW 57
JW 58
JW 59
JW 60
JW 61
JW 61A
JW 62
JW 63
JW 64
RA 56
RA 57
RA 58
RA 59
RA 59A
RA 60
RA 61
RA 61A
RA 62
RA 63
1945
JW 64
JW 65
JW 66
JW 67
RA 64
RA 65
RA 66
RA 67
Convoy JW 56B was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II. It sailed in late January 1944, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the beginning of February. All ships arrived safely.
During the voyage JW 56B was attacked by a German U-boat force; no merchant ships were sunk, though one of the escorts was lost. One attacking U-boat was destroyed in the operation.
Ships
The convoy consisted of 17 merchant ships which departed from Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944.
Close escort was provided by a force of two destroyers and three other escort vessels. There was also an ocean escort, comprising the destroyer Milne (Capt. IMR Campbell commanding) and six other destroyers.
The convoy was accompanied initially by a local escort group from Britain, and was also joined later by a further escort force, from the preceding convoy JW 56A.
A cruiser cover force comprising Kent (R.Adm AFE Palliser), Berwick and Bermuda was also at sea, to guard the two convoys against attack by surface units.
JW 56B was opposed by a U-boat force of fifteen boats, code-named Werewolf, in the Barents Sea.
Action
JW 56B departed Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944, ten days after the preceding convoy, JW 56A. It was accompanied by its local escort, the destroyer Wrestler, a corvette, and two minesweepers, and the close escort of five warships.
On 26 January, the day JW 56A came under attack, the local escort departed, to be replaced by the ocean escort of six Home Fleet destroyers.
On 29 January the convoy came into the area where JW 56A had been attacked. Waiting there were the ten U-boats of wolfpack Isengrim, re-inforced with five newcomers and re-organized as the group Werewolf.
At midday on 29 January JW 56B was sighted by U-956 and reported, though U-956 came under heavy attack when she was detected.
By the morning of 30 January the U-boats had assembled, but JW 56B had also been re-inforced, being joined by the ocean escort of JW 56A, seven destroyers led by Hardy.
Six of the U-boats made contact, mounting a total of thirteen attacks during that day. They were unable to reach the merchant ships, but U-278 hit Hardy with an acoustic torpedo. She was crippled and abandoned, to be sunk later by an attending destroyer.
In response U-314 was destroyed by Whitehall and Meteor.
Following this the Werewolf pack abandoned its assault, and JW 56B arrived at Kola three days later, on 2 February.
Conclusion
German U-boat Command (BdU) was delighted with the actions against convoys JW 56A and 56B, believing they had sunk seven escorts and damaged another four, with four ships sunk and a further six damaged.
The actual losses from the two convoys were three ships, and one escort sunk and one damaged. Twenty nine ships from both convoys arrived safely.
Notes
^ Kemp p166
^ Blair p514
References
Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945. ISBN 0-304-35261-6.
Paul Kemp : Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters (1993) ISBN 1-85409-130-1
Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars. Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
Niestle, Axel (1998). German U-Boat Losses During World War II. Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-352-8.
Bob Ruegg, Arnold Hague : Convoys to Russia (1992) ISBN 0-905617-66-5
Bernard Schofield : (1964) The Russian Convoys BT Batsford ISBN (none)
JW 56B at Convoyweb
Arctic convoys of World War II1941Outbound
Dervish
PQ 1
PQ 2
PQ 3
PQ 4
PQ 5
PQ 6
Homebound
QP 1
QP 2
QP 3
1942Outbound
PQ 7a
PQ 7b
PQ 8
PQ 9
PQ 10
PQ 11
PQ 12
PQ 13
PQ 14
PQ 15
PQ 16
PQ 17
PQ 18
Operation FB
JW 51A
JW 51B
Homebound
QP 4
QP 5
QP 6
QP 7
QP 8
QP 9
QP 10
QP 11
QP 12
QP 13
QP 14
QP 15
RA 51
1943Outbound
JW 52
JW 53
JW 54A
JW 54B
JW 55A
JW 55B
Homebound
RA 52
RA 53
RA 54A
RA 54B
RA 55A
RA 55B
1944Outbound
JW 56A
JW 56B
JW 57
JW 58
JW 59
JW 60
JW 61
JW 61A
JW 62
JW 63
Homebound
RA 56
RA 57
RA 58
RA 59
RA 59A
RA 60
RA 61
RA 61A
RA 62
RA 63
1945Outbound
JW 64
JW 65
JW 66
JW 67
Homebound
RA 64
RA 65
RA 66
RA 67 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Hardy_1943_IWM_FL_9572.jpg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Arctic_Naval_Operations_of_WWII"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Arctic_Naval_Operations_of_WWII"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Arctic_Naval_Operations_of_WWII"},{"link_name":"Arctic naval operations of World War 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(cancelled)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Doppelschlag"},{"link_name":"Zarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarin"},{"link_name":"Wunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wunderland"},{"link_name":"Cape Pikshuev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landing_at_Cape_Pikshuev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Orator"},{"link_name":"Motovsky Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Motovsky_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea"},{"link_name":"Regenbogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Regenbogen_(Arctic)"},{"link_name":"Kara 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13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_13"},{"link_name":"QP 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_QP_13"},{"link_name":"PQ 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_14"},{"link_name":"QP 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_QP_14"},{"link_name":"PQ 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_15"},{"link_name":"QP 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_QP_15"},{"link_name":"QP 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_QP_11"},{"link_name":"PQ 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_16"},{"link_name":"PQ 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17"},{"link_name":"PQ 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18"},{"link_name":"FB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_FB"},{"link_name":"JW 51A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_51A"},{"link_name":"JW 51B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_51B"},{"link_name":"QP 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QP 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QP 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QP 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QP 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QP 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_QP_12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_51&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_52&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_53&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 54A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_54A"},{"link_name":"JW 54B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_54B"},{"link_name":"JW 55A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_55A"},{"link_name":"JW 55B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_55B"},{"link_name":"RA 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_52&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_53&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 54A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_54A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 54B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_54B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 55A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_RA_55A"},{"link_name":"RA 55B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_RA_55B"},{"link_name":"JW 56A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_56A"},{"link_name":"JW 56B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"JW 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_57"},{"link_name":"JW 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_58"},{"link_name":"JW 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_59&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_60&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_61&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 61A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_61A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_62&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_63&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_64&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_56&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_57&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_58&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_59&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 59A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_59A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_60&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_61&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 61A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_61A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_62&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_63&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_64&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_65&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_66&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JW 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_JW_67&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_64&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_65&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_66&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RA 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoy_RA_67&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arctic convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Western Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"}],"text":"HMS Hardy was hit by a torpedovteArctic naval operations of World War II1940\nWeserübung\nNarvik\nAlphabet\nJuno\n1941\n\nClaymore\nPolyarny\n1942\n\nSportpalast\nRösselsprung\nDoppelschlag (cancelled)\nZarin\nWunderland\nCape Pikshuev\nOrator\nMotovsky Gulf\nBarents Sea\nRegenbogen\n1943\n\nKara Sea\nZitronella\nOstfront\nNorth Cape\n1944\n\nMascot\nPetsamo–Kirkenes\nConvoys1941\nDervish\nPQ 1\nPQ 2\nPQ 3\nPQ 4\nPQ 5\nPQ 6\nPQ 7\nQP 1\nQP 2\nQP 3\nQP 4\n1942\n\nPQ 8\nPQ 9/10\nQP 10\nPQ 11\nPQ 12\nPQ 13\nQP 13\nPQ 14\nQP 14\nPQ 15\nQP 15\nQP 11\nPQ 16\nPQ 17\nPQ 18\nFB\nJW 51A\nJW 51B\nQP 5\nQP 6\nQP 7\nQP 8\nQP 9\nQP 12\nRA 51\n1943\n\nJW 52\nJW 53\nJW 54A\nJW 54B\nJW 55A\nJW 55B\nRA 52\nRA 53\nRA 54A\nRA 54B\nRA 55A\nRA 55B\n1944\n\nJW 56A\nJW 56B\nJW 57\nJW 58\nJW 59\nJW 60\nJW 61\nJW 61A\nJW 62\nJW 63\nJW 64\nRA 56\nRA 57\nRA 58\nRA 59\nRA 59A\nRA 60\nRA 61\nRA 61A\nRA 62\nRA 63\n1945\n\nJW 64\nJW 65\nJW 66\nJW 67\nRA 64\nRA 65\nRA 66\nRA 67Convoy JW 56B was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II. It sailed in late January 1944, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the beginning of February. All ships arrived safely.\nDuring the voyage JW 56B was attacked by a German U-boat force; no merchant ships were sunk, though one of the escorts was lost. One attacking U-boat was destroyed in the operation.","title":"Convoy JW 56B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loch Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ewe"},{"link_name":"Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Milne_(G14)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kent_(54)"},{"link_name":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Berwick_(65)"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bermuda_(52)"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"}],"text":"The convoy consisted of 17 merchant ships which departed from Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944.\nClose escort was provided by a force of two destroyers and three other escort vessels. There was also an ocean escort, comprising the destroyer Milne (Capt. IMR Campbell commanding) and six other destroyers. \nThe convoy was accompanied initially by a local escort group from Britain, and was also joined later by a further escort force, from the preceding convoy JW 56A. \nA cruiser cover force comprising Kent (R.Adm AFE Palliser), Berwick and Bermuda was also at sea, to guard the two convoys against attack by surface units.JW 56B was opposed by a U-boat force of fifteen boats, code-named Werewolf, in the Barents Sea.","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loch Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ewe"},{"link_name":"JW 56A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_JW_56A"},{"link_name":"Wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wrestler_(1918)"},{"link_name":"wolfpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)"},{"link_name":"Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hardy_(R08)"},{"link_name":"acoustic torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_torpedo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Inlet"}],"text":"JW 56B departed Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944, ten days after the preceding convoy, JW 56A. It was accompanied by its local escort, the destroyer Wrestler, a corvette, and two minesweepers, and the close escort of five warships. \nOn 26 January, the day JW 56A came under attack, the local escort departed, to be replaced by the ocean escort of six Home Fleet destroyers. \nOn 29 January the convoy came into the area where JW 56A had been attacked. Waiting there were the ten U-boats of wolfpack Isengrim, re-inforced with five newcomers and re-organized as the group Werewolf.\nAt midday on 29 January JW 56B was sighted by U-956 and reported, though U-956 came under heavy attack when she was detected. \nBy the morning of 30 January the U-boats had assembled, but JW 56B had also been re-inforced, being joined by the ocean escort of JW 56A, seven destroyers led by Hardy. \nSix of the U-boats made contact, mounting a total of thirteen attacks during that day. They were unable to reach the merchant ships, but U-278 hit Hardy with an acoustic torpedo. She was crippled and abandoned, to be sunk later by an attending destroyer. \nIn response U-314 was destroyed by Whitehall and Meteor.[1] \nFollowing this the Werewolf pack abandoned its assault, and JW 56B arrived at Kola three days later, on 2 February.","title":"Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BdU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BdU"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"German U-boat Command (BdU) was delighted with the actions against convoys JW 56A and 56B, believing they had sunk seven escorts and damaged another four, with four ships sunk and a further six damaged.[2] \nThe actual losses from the two convoys were three ships, and one escort sunk and one damaged. Twenty nine ships from both convoys arrived safely.","title":"Conclusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Kemp p166\n\n^ Blair p514","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"HMS Hardy was hit by a torpedo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HMS_Hardy_1943_IWM_FL_9572.jpg/220px-HMS_Hardy_1943_IWM_FL_9572.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945. ISBN 0-304-35261-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Blair","url_text":"Blair, Clay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35261-6","url_text":"0-304-35261-6"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars. Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-515-3","url_text":"1-85409-515-3"}]},{"reference":"Niestle, Axel (1998). German U-Boat Losses During World War II. Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-352-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-352-8","url_text":"1-85367-352-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/russian/convoy1.php?convoy=JW-56B","external_links_name":"JW 56B at Convoyweb"}] |
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Interstate 10Pearl Harbor Memorial HighwayI-10 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by CaltransLength242.54 mi (390.33 km)ExistedAugust 7, 1947, by FHWAJuly 1, 1964, by Caltrans–presentNHSEntire routeMajor junctionsWest end SR 1 in Santa MonicaMajor intersections
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LocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountiesLos Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside
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Freeways
← SR 9→ SR 11
Interstate 10 (I-10) is a transcontinental Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Santa Monica, California, to Jacksonville, Florida. The segment of I-10 in California, also known as the Pearl Harbor Memorial Highway, runs east from Santa Monica through Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Palm Springs before crossing into the state of Arizona. In the Greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica and San Bernardino freeways, linked by a short concurrency on I-5 (Golden State Freeway) at the East Los Angeles Interchange. I-10 also has parts designated as the Rosa Parks and Sonny Bono Memorial freeways. Some parts were also formerly designated as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. However, the California State Legislature removed this designation following the passage of a bill on August 31, 2022. I-10 is also known colloquially as "the 10" to Southern California residents (See also California English § Freeways).
Route description
Time-lapse video of a trip on I-10 from Baldwin Park to its western terminus in Santa MonicaI-10 is signed as if it begins at the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica, although it legally begins farther east at the SR 1 interchange at Lincoln BoulevardA typical traffic jam on the Santa Monica Freeway, at 2:30 pm on a Wednesday afternoon near Robertson BoulevardDowntown Los Angeles skyline as seen from the freeway. A slight (smaller than usual rush hour) traffic jam is ahead.The Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange (I-110), as seen by traffic going westbound on the Santa MonicaHeavily defaced button copy sign marking an entrance to the Santa Monica Freeway in Downtown Los Angeles, 2005Interchange with the Ontario Freeway (I-15) as seen by westbound traffic on the San Bernardino FreewayHeavy traffic from Downtown San Bernardino along the San Bernardino Freeway near the interchange with I-215Cabazon Dinosaurs is a roadside attraction at the Main Street exit in CabazonI-10 near the SR 111, looking east with the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm in the background. Note, the overhead signs reading "Indio, other Desert Cities". Also note the signage for exit 112, since renumbered to exit 111.I-10 eastbound near Indio
The California Streets and Highways Code defines I-10 from: (a) Route 1 in Santa Monica to Route 5 near Seventh Street in Los Angeles.(b) Route 101 near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe. Despite the legislative definition, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) connects the two sections of the route by cosigning I-10 down I-5 between the East Los Angeles Interchange and the Santa Monica Freeway, negating a section of the San Bernardino Freeway west of I-5. This short section of I-10 between I-5 and US 101, which was formerly defined as Route 110 (signed as I-110) until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound and for US 101 westbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)'s Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California.
I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the FHWA. I-10 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by Caltrans. The Santa Monica Freeway is I-10 from SR 1 to I-5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25, 1957. The section between the Harbor (I-110) and San Diego (I-405) freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African-American civil rights activist. The I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica. The removal of this designation, however, may result in the eventual removal of this signage.
Santa Monica Freeway
The Santa Monica Freeway is the westernmost segment of I-10, beginning at the east end of the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica and ending southeast of Downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange.
I-10 begins its eastward journey in the city of Santa Monica after SR 1 turns east through the McClure Tunnel. Note that the McClure Tunnel is part of SR 1 in its entirety, and the western terminus of I-10 is to the east of the tunnel at 4th Street. SR 1 then exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a four-level interchange with I-405. I-10 then continues through Sawtelle, Rancho Park, Cheviot Hills, Beverlywood, and Crestview in West Los Angeles; Lafayette Square and Wellington Square in Mid City; and Arlington Heights, West Adams, and Jefferson Park into Downtown Los Angeles. On the western edge of downtown at the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange, I-10 has an interchange with I-110 to the south and SR 110 to the north. I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange.
At the East Los Angeles Interchange, SR 60 diverges east toward Riverside and Pomona. I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with I-5 for approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km). Then, I-10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US 101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway.
The freeway is 14 lanes wide (two local and five express lanes in each direction) from the Harbor Freeway (I-110) interchange to the Arlington Avenue offramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times (even on Saturdays). The remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965 with four to six lanes, with a formal dedication held in 1966.
While the construction of the Century Freeway several miles to the south reduced traffic congestion to a considerable amount by creating an alternate route from downtown to Los Angeles International Airport, the Santa Monica Freeway is still one of the busiest freeways in the world. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion and are routinely ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the US.
Due to the high traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special accident investigation sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the through traffic lanes, and the fences reduce congestion by preventing rubbernecking (in which vehicles slow down so their occupants can watch the accident investigation).
The Santa Monica Freeway is considered the border between Downtown and South Los Angeles. Part of the freeway also skims the Byzantine-Latino Quarter, which is home to many immigrants affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox Church.
San Bernardino Freeway
I-10 heads east from the East Los Angeles Interchange to I-710 in Monterey Park. It then continues through the San Gabriel Valley suburbs of Alhambra, Rosemead, San Gabriel, El Monte, and Baldwin Park before intersecting with I-605. It then travels through West Covina, briefly enters Covina, and then travels up the Kellogg Hill into San Dimas, where I-10 intersects with SR 57 (formerly part of I-210) and SR 71 at the Kellogg Interchange. I-10 then heads east through Pomona and Claremont, leaving Los Angeles County to enter San Bernardino County.
In San Bernardino County, I-10 travels through Montclair, Upland, and Ontario, providing access to Ontario International Airport. I-10 then has a four-level interchange with I-15 before traveling through Fontana, Rialto, and Colton. I-10 then intersects with I-215, where the San Bernardino Freeway ends, before briefly entering San Bernardino city proper and traveling through Loma Linda and Redlands. In Redlands, I-10 intersects with the SR 210 freeway (future I-210) and with SR 38 before entering Yucaipa and eventually Riverside County.
In 2019, SBCTA planned to add two more interchanges in Fontana at Beech and Alder Avenues to reduce congestion at the Sierra and Cherry avenue exits.
Riverside County
In Riverside County, I-10 goes through Calimesa before entering Beaumont and merging with the eastern end of SR 60 (itself formerly the California segment of US 60). In Banning, I-10 has a diamond intersection with SR 243 before passing through San Gorgonio Pass between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains (where the vegetation makes a rapid change between Mediterranean and desert ecology) and entering Palm Springs. The next 35 miles (56 km) of the freeway, between SR 111 and Dillon Road, was named the Sonny Bono Memorial Freeway in 2002. Although I-10 intersects with the northern terminus of SR 111, the major artery to Palm Springs, it mostly bypasses the city, then connects to SR 62, a major east–west route through the Colorado Desert. I-10 cuts through Cathedral City and passes just outside the northern city limits of Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, and La Quinta before entering Indio. I-10 then has an interchange in Coachella with the northern end of the SR 86 expressway, which also leads to SR 111.
Several miles east and roughly halfway between Indio and Blythe, in the community of Desert Center, I-10 intersects with SR 177, a turnoff that leads to Desert Center Airport and connects to SR 62. Three miles (4.8 km) south of I-10 at the Wiley's Well exit, between Desert Center and Blythe, are the Chuckawalla Valley and Ironwood state prisons. Near the Arizona state line, I-10 meets the terminus of SR 78. In the city of Blythe, I-10 runs concurrently with US 95 as both routes cross the Colorado River into Arizona.
The speed limit on the entire Riverside County segment of I-10 is 70 mph (110 km/h). I-10 westbound is usually signed as toward San Bernardino and/or Los Angeles in the Colorado Desert. Eastbound, in the San Gorgonio Pass, the signage indicates "Indio, Other Desert Cities" and indicates "Blythe" after Indio; the first sign for Phoenix does not occur until Indio.
Express lanes
The El Monte Busway is a grade-separated, shared-use express bus and high-occupancy toll (HOT) corridor running along the San Bernardino Freeway between Alameda Street near Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles and a point west of I-605 in El Monte. From Alameda Street to I-710, the El Monte Busway runs parallel to the north side of the freeway. After the I-710 interchange, these lanes merge back to the median of I-10. Eastbound busses exit the HOT lanes at El Monte Station west of I-605. Each vehicle using the HOT lanes is required to carry a FasTrak Flex transponder, with its switch set to indicate the number of the vehicle's occupants (one, two, three, or more), regardless of whether they qualify for free.
Plans are to extend the HOT lanes from I-605 to Ford Street in Redlands. This expansion is planned in four phases. As of 2022, the proposed segment in Los Angeles County between I-605 and the San Bernardino County line is under environmental review, the segment in San Bernardino County between the county line and Etiwanda Avenue at the Ontario–Fontana city limit is scheduled to be completed in 2024, the section to Pepper Avenue in Colton is planned to break ground in 2024, and the segment to Ford Street in Redlands is still in the planning stage.
History
I-10 after the 1994 collapse
What is now I-10 east of Los Angeles was generally part of the Atlantic and Pacific Highway, one of many transcontinental national auto trails. By 1926, when the US Numbered Highways were assigned, the road across the desert east of Indio was unimproved, while the road from Indio west to San Bernardino (as well as various roads west to Los Angeles) was paved. In late 1926, US 99 was designated along the section of road from San Bernardino to Indio, where it turned south along present SR 86 on the west side of the Salton Sea. West of San Bernardino, US 99 ran to Los Angeles, concurrent with US 66 (via Pasadena) before turning north; this route to Los Angeles is north of the later alignment of I-10. The piece of this between San Bernardino and Indio was defined in 1915 as Legislative Route 26 (LR 26). (It continued south from Indio via El Centro to Heber. A 1931 extension took it south to Calexico on present SR 111.)
The route from Indio via Mecca to the Arizona state line near Blythe was defined in 1919 as pre-1964 LR 64. (Later extensions took LR 64 west along present SR 74; a 1931 cutoff bypassed Mecca to the north.) LR 26 was extended west from San Bernardino to Los Angeles in 1931, running along an alignment south of the existing US 66/US 99. Neither of these was a signed route until around 1932, when US 60 was extended west from Arizona to Los Angeles, running along LR 64 to Indio, LR 26 (with US 99) to Beaumont, pre-1964 LR 19 to Pomona, and LR 26 to Los Angeles. (The original alignment of LR 26 ran roughly where SR 60 now is west of Pomona, but an alignment close to present I-10 opened around 1934).
Thus, in 1931, what is now I-10 east of Los Angeles had been defined as LR 26 from Los Angeles to Indio and LR 64 from Indio to Arizona. It was signed as US 99 from San Bernardino to Indio, and US 60 came along around 1932 from Los Angeles to Pomona and from Beaumont to Arizona. US 70 was extended west from Arizona c. 1936 along the whole route to Los Angeles, and, between 1933 and 1942, US 99 moved from US 66 to present I-10 between San Bernardino and Los Angeles, forming a three-way concurrency between Pomona and Los Angeles. Old alignments and names include Valley Boulevard, Ramona Boulevard, and Garvey Avenue.
I-10 holds the distinction of being the first freeway in Los Angeles. A four-mile (6.4 km) section of today's freeway was built between 1933 and 1935 at a cost of $877,000 (equivalent to $15.3 million in 2023). The "Ramona Boulevard" highway linked downtown Los Angeles to the communities of the southern San Gabriel Valley. The roadway, which opened on April 20, 1935, was dubbed the "Air Line route" and was seen as a major achievement in traffic design.
The route east from Los Angeles was added to the Interstate Highway System on August 7, 1957. It was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957, and the short piece west of I-5 was approved as I-110 on November 10, 1958. By then, most if not all of the San Bernardino Freeway had been completed, and I-10 was signed along the existing freeway along with US 70, US 99, and part of US 60. US 70 and US 99 were removed in the 1964 renumbering, while US 60 was removed in 1972, leaving only I-10.
The part west of Downtown Los Angeles was pre-1964 LR 173, defined in 1933 from Santa Monica to Downtown Los Angeles. It was signed as SR 26 by 1942, running primarily Olympic Boulevard. It was later replaced by the Santa Monica Freeway and added to the Interstate Highway System on September 15, 1955. It too was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957. It was completed c. 1964 and became I-10 in the 1964 renumbering.
Portions of the Santa Monica Freeway going over La Cienega Boulevard collapsed after the Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1994, and were rebuilt using new seismic-resistant bridge designs.
The El Monte Busway was converted to HOT lanes in 2013 as part of the Metro ExpressLanes project.
On July 19, 2015, a bridge carrying the eastbound lanes of I-10 near Desert Center collapsed from floodwater from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores, trapping a vehicle.
Shortly after midnight of November 11, 2023, a mile-long (1.6 km) segment of the freeway in Downtown Los Angeles between Alameda Street and Santa Fe Avenue suffered significant damage due to a fire at a pallet yard underneath the freeway. The fire melted the freeway's guardrails and damaged the supporting concrete columns. The Los Angeles Times reported a couple of days later that "sanitizer accumulated during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic was stored under the overpass and helped fuel the flames". Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency in response to the fire; the freeway was reopened after eight days, far ahead of the original five-week estimate.
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
The I-10 is part of the auto tour route of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service unit in the US national Historic and Millennium trail programs. In 2005, Caltrans began posting signs on roads that overlap with the historic 1776 Juan Bautista de Anza trail route, so that California drivers can now follow the trail.
Exit list
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
Los AngelesSanta Monica0.000.00 SR 1 north (Pacific Coast Highway) – OxnardWestern end of SR 1 concurrency; former US 101 Alternate; western end of Santa Monica Freeway
1A4th Street / 5th StreetWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
0.961.541B Lincoln Boulevard to SR 1 southEastern end of SR 1 concurrency; signed as exit 1A eastbound; former SR 2 / US 66 / US 101 Alternate
20th StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
2.083.351CCloverfield BoulevardWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
2.303.702ACentinela AvenueSigned as exit 2 eastbound
Los Angeles2.353.782B-CBundy DriveWestbound exits and eastbound entrance; signed as exits 2B (south) and 2C (north)
3.11–3.295.01–5.293 I-405 – Sacramento, LAX Airport, Long BeachSigned as exits 3A (north) and 3B (south); former SR 7; exit 53B on I-405
4.246.824Overland Avenue / National BoulevardNo westbound signage for National Boulevard
5.058.135National BoulevardWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
5.769.276Robertson Boulevard – Culver City
6.8110.967A SR 187 (Venice Boulevard) / La Cienega BoulevardSR 187 / Venice Boulevard not signed eastbound
7.0011.277BFairfax Avenue / Washington BoulevardWashington Boulevard not signed eastbound
8.2713.318La Brea Avenue
9.2314.859Crenshaw Boulevard
10.1616.3510Arlington Avenue
10.6617.1611Western Avenue
12Normandie AvenueSigned as exit 11 westbound
11.64–12.2518.73–19.71Vermont Avenue / Hoover Street
12.6820.4113A I-110 south (Harbor Freeway south) / Grand Avenue – San Pedro, Convention CenterDosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange; signed as exit 13 westbound; Grand Avenue is not accessible westbound; Pico Boulevard is not accessible eastbound; exit 21 on Harbor Freeway
12.7320.4913B SR 110 north (Harbor Freeway north) / Pico Boulevard – Pasadena, Downtown, Convention Center
13.6421.9514AMaple AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
Los Angeles Street – Convention CenterWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
14.2222.8814BSan Pedro StreetNo westbound entrance
14.5523.4215ACentral Avenue
15.1924.4515BAlameda Street
15.5525.0316AMateo Street / Santa Fe Avenue
16.2326.1216B SR 60 east – PomonaEastbound exit and westbound entrance; western end of East Los Angeles Interchange; exit 1A on SR 60
I-5 south – Santa Ana
—Boyle AvenueEastbound exit only
16B I-5 south / Soto Street – Santa AnaWestern end of I-5 overlap; eastern end of East Los Angeles Interchange proper; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; eastern end of Santa Monica Freeway; exit 1E on SR 60
SR 60 east – Pomona
135AFourth Street
135BCesar Chavez AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance; formerly Brooklyn Avenue
19.00–19.0730.58–30.6919AState StreetWestbound left exit and eastbound entrance
19B I-5 north – SacramentoEastern end of I-5 overlap; 5-10 Split portion of the East Los Angeles Interchange; exit 135B-C on I-5
San Bernardino Freeway spur to US 101 north (Santa Ana Freeway) – Los AngelesWestbound left exit and eastbound entrance
19CSoto StreetNo eastbound entrance; signed as exit 19 eastbound
—Marengo StreetEastbound entrance only
East Los Angeles19.5931.5320ACity Terrace DriveEastbound exit and westbound entrance
20.2432.5720BEastern AvenueWestbound access is part of the I-710 exit; serves CSU Los Angeles
Monterey Park20.7733.4321 I-710 (Long Beach Freeway) / Valley Boulevard – Long BeachEastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps also include ramps to/from Ramona Road; I-710 exit 22 northbound, 22A-B southbound
Alhambra— El Monte Busway west to US 101 north / Alameda StreetExpress Lanes access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
—I-10 LA Metro Express LanesFirst westernmost access point from mainline I-10
21.7034.9222Fremont Avenue – South Pasadena
22.7236.5623AAtlantic Boulevard – Monterey Park
23.3837.6323BGarfield Avenue
Alhambra–San Gabriel–Monterey Park tripoint24.2238.9824New Avenue
San Gabriel–Rosemead line24.7239.78—Del Mar AvenueExpress Lanes access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
25ADel Mar AvenuePreviously exit 25B
25.2340.6025BSan Gabriel Boulevard
Rosemead25.7341.4126AWalnut Grove Avenue
Rosemead–El Monte line26.2542.2526B SR 19 (Rosemead Boulevard) – PasadenaIncludes access to/from Flair Drive eastbound
27.3544.0227Temple City BoulevardWestbound signage; previously exit 28
Baldwin AvenueEastbound signage
—El Monte Busway east to El Monte StationBuses only via Express Lanes; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
El Monte28.0645.1628Santa Anita AvenuePreviously exit 29
28.8946.4929APeck Road South
28.94–29.2246.57–47.0329BPeck Road North, Valley BoulevardWestbound exits signed as 29B (Valley Boulevard) and 29C (Peck Road North)
—I-10 LA Metro Express LanesEastern end of Express Lanes
—I-10 LA Metro Express Lanes (eastern expansion)Western end of proposed expansion
29.9748.2330Garvey Avenue, Durfee AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Baldwin Park30.54–30.5949.15–49.2331A I-605 (San Gabriel River Freeway)Eastbound exits signed as 31A (south) and 31B (north); I-605 exit 22
30.9349.7831BFrazier StreetSigned as exit 31C eastbound; no eastbound entrance
31.6150.8732ABaldwin Park Boulevard
32.0551.5832BFrancisquito Avenue – La PuenteNo eastbound entrance; previously exit 33A
32.7452.6933Puente Avenue – Industry
West Covina33.8554.4834APacific Avenue, West Covina ParkwaySigned as exit 34 eastbound
34.2455.1034BSunset AvenueWestbound exit only
34.7855.9735Vincent Avenue
35.8957.7636 SR 39 (Azusa Avenue)
36.8759.3437ACitrus Street
37.4060.1937BBarranca Street
37.9060.9938AGrand Avenue
West Covina–Covina line38.3961.7838BHolt Avenue
Covina–San Dimas line39.8564.1340Via Verde
Pomona41.4166.6441Kellogg Drive – Cal Poly UniversityNo eastbound entrance
Pomona–San Dimas line41.8367.3242A SR 57 (Orange Freeway) to I-210 (Foothill Freeway) – Santa AnaWestern end of Kellogg Interchange; signed as exit 42 westbound; SR 57 north is former I-210; SR 57 exit 21 northbound, 22A-B southbound
42.0767.7142B SR 71 south (Chino Valley Freeway) / Campus Drive – CoronaEastern end of Kellogg Interchange; westbound access is via exit 44; SR 71 exit 15
Pomona43.0569.2843Fairplex DriveFormerly Ganesha Boulevard; westbound exit is part of exit 44; serves Los Angeles County Fair
43.5870.1444Dudley Street
44.6771.8945AWhite AvenueWestbound access is via exit 45; previously exit 45
45.1272.6145BGarey Avenue, Orange Grove AvenueSigned as exit 45 westbound; Orange Grove Avenue not signed eastbound
45.8073.7146Towne Avenue
Claremont47.1375.8547Indian Hill Boulevard
Los Angeles–San Bernardinocounty lineClaremont–Montclair line—I-10 LA Metro Express Lanes (eastern expansion)Western end of proposed expansion
—I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (Phase 1)Western end of express lane-under construction; scheduled to open in 2024
San BernardinoMontclair48.3477.8048Monte Vista Avenue
48.8978.6849Central Avenue
Ontario–Upland line50.0380.5250Mountain Avenue – Mount Baldy
51.1382.2951 SR 83 (Euclid Avenue) – Ontario, Upland
Ontario52.9085.13534th Street
53.7686.5254Vineyard Avenue
54.8288.2255AHolt BoulevardEastbound access is via exit 54; former US 99 north
55B Archibald Avenue – Ontario AirportSingle-point urban interchange, signed as exit 55 eastbound
55.8389.8556Haven Avenue
56.8491.4857Milliken Avenue
57.6092.7058 I-15 (Ontario Freeway) – San Diego, BarstowSigned as exits 58A (north) and 58B (south) eastbound; I-15 exit 109 northbound, 109A-B southbound
Ontario–Fontana line58.7994.6159Etiwanda Avenue, Valley BoulevardValley Boulevard was former US 99 south
—I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (Phase 1)Eastern end of express lane-under construction; scheduled to open in spring 2024
—I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (eastern expansion)Western end of proposed expansion
Fontana60.8397.9061Cherry Avenue
62.84101.1363Citrus Avenue
63.88102.8064Sierra AvenueSingle-point urban interchange
Bloomington66.15106.4666Cedar Avenue – Bloomington
Rialto67.63108.8468Riverside Avenue
Colton68.63110.4569Pepper Avenue
69.62112.0470ARancho Avenue
70.28113.1070B9th Street – Downtown Colton
70.91114.1271Mt. Vernon Avenue
71.90115.7172 I-215 – San Bernardino, Barstow, RiversideFormer I-15E / US 91 / US 395; eastern end of San Bernardino Freeway; I-215 exit 40A-B northbound, 40 southbound
San Bernardino72.92117.3573Waterman AvenueSigned as exits 73A (south) and 73B (north) eastbound
San Bernardino–Loma Linda line73.93118.9874 Tippecanoe Avenue, Anderson Street – San Bernardino International Airport, Loma Linda University
Loma Linda74.96120.6475Mountain View Avenue
Redlands75.96122.2576California Street
76.97123.8777AAlabama Street
77.29124.3977B SR 210 west (Foothill Freeway) to SR 330 north – Pasadena, Running SpringsFormer SR 30 west; SR 210 exits 85A-B eastbound; future I-210 west; signed as exit 77C westbound
77.45124.6477CTennessee Street
78.56126.4379 SR 38 east (Orange Street) / Eureka StreetEastbound signage
6th Street to SR 38 – Big BearWestbound signage
79.53127.9980University StreetEastbound signage
Cypress AvenueWestbound signage
80.79130.0281Ford Street, Redlands BoulevardRedlands Boulevard is former US 99 north
—I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (eastern expansion)Eastern end of proposed expansion
81.95131.8982Wabash AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Yucaipa83.16133.8383Yucaipa Boulevard
84.69136.3085Oak Glen Road, Live Oak Canyon Road
85.63137.81Wildwood Rest Area (eastbound only)
San Bernardino–Riversidecounty lineYucaipa–Calimesa line86.84139.7687County Line Road
RiversideCalimesa87.68141.1188Calimesa BoulevardFormer US 99 north
88.74142.8189Singleton RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
89.87144.6390Cherry Valley Boulevard – Cherry Valley
90.88146.26Brookside Rest Area (westbound only)
Beaumont92.35148.6292Oak Valley Parkway
93.49150.4693 SR 60 west (Moreno Valley Freeway) – RiversideLeft exit westbound; no westbound entrance; former US 60 west
6th StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance; former US 60 east / US 99 south
94.39151.9194 SR 79 south (Beaumont Avenue)
95.03152.9495Pennsylvania AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Beaumont–Banning line96.13154.7196Highland Springs Avenue
Banning98.15157.9698Sunset Avenue
98.78158.979922nd Street – Downtown Banning
99.67160.40100 SR 243 south (8th Street) – Idyllwild
100.68162.03101Hargrave Street – Idyllwild
101.58163.48102Ramsey StreetWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; former US 60 west / US 99 north
Banning–Cabazon line103.36166.34103Malki RoadFormerly Fields Road
Cabazon104.48168.14104Morongo Trail – CabazonFormer US 99 south; formerly Apache Trail
106.22170.94106Main Street – CabazonFormer US 99 north
111.37179.23110Haugen–Lehmann WayFormerly Verbena Avenue; formerly exit 111
Palm Springs112.02180.28111 SR 111 south – Palm SpringsEastbound exit and westbound entrance; formerly exit 112
113.07181.97Whitewater Rest Area
114.05183.55114Whitewater (Tipton Road, Whitewater Cutoff)
116.51187.50117 SR 62 east – Twentynine Palms, Yucca ValleySigned as "29 Palms"
Palm Springs–Desert Hot Springs line119.95193.04120Indian Canyon Drive – North Palm SpringsFormerly Indian Avenue
122.96197.88123Gene Autry Trail, Palm Drive – Desert Hot Springs
Cathedral City126.31203.28126Date Palm Drive
130.18209.50130Bob Hope Drive, Ramon Road – Palm Springs
Palm Desert131.33211.36131Monterey Avenue – Thousand Palms
133Portola AvenueProposed interchange
133.71215.19134Cook Street
137.27220.91137Washington Street
Indio139.16223.96139Indio Boulevard, Jefferson StreetIndio Boulevard is former US 99 south / SR 86 south
141.56227.82142Monroe Street – Central Indio
142.56229.43143Jackson Street
143.77231.38144 Golf Center Parkway to SR 111
144.65232.79145 SR 86 south (Expressway) – Brawley, El CentroEastbound exit and westbound entrance; former SR 86S
Coachella145.71234.50146 Dillon Road to SR 86 south (Expressway) – CoachellaSigned as Dillon Road only eastbound
151Avenue 50Proposed interchange
158.82255.60Cactus City Rest Area
161.94260.62162Frontage Road
168.37270.97168Cottonwood Springs Road – Mecca, Twentynine PalmsFormer SR 195
172.89278.24173Summit Road – Chiriaco Summit
176.94284.76177Hayfield Road
181.87292.69182Red Cloud Road
188.83303.89189Eagle Mountain Road
Desert Center191.92308.87192 SR 177 north (Rice Road) – Desert Center
201.22323.83201Corn Springs Road
216.76348.84217Ford Dry Lake Road
221.87357.07222Wiley's Well Road
231.94373.27232 Mesa Drive – Blythe Airport, Mesa VerdeFormer US 60 east
Blythe235.97379.76236 SR 78 west (Neighbours Boulevard south) / I-10 BL east (Neighbours Boulevard north) – Brawley
238.97384.58239Lovekin Boulevard
239.98386.212407th Street
240.99387.84241 US 95 north (Intake Boulevard) – Needles, FairgroundsWestern end of US 95 overlap
242E. Hobson Way (I-10 BL)Westbound exit and entrance
242.92390.94243Riviera Drive / I-10 BL westEastbound exit and entrance; westbound exit and entrance replaced by exit 242; I-10 Bus. is former US 60 west
Agricultural Inspection Station (westbound only)
Colorado River243.31391.57California–Arizona line
I-10 east / US 95 south – Phoenix, YumaContinuation into Ehrenberg, Arizona
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Electronic toll collection Incomplete access Route transition
^ a b Exit number follows I-5 rather than I-10.
Spur to US 101
Interstate 10 Spur to US 101LocationLos AngelesLength1.0 mi (1.6 km)Existed1964–present
The legislative definition of Route 10 includes a spur from I-5 (the Golden State Freeway) west to US 101 (the Santa Ana Freeway) near downtown Los Angeles. This section of roadway, the westernmost part of the San Bernardino Freeway, was in fact part of the original San Bernardino Freeway, carrying US 60/US 70/US 99 long before the Golden State Freeway opened. It was added to the Interstate Highway System by 1958 as I-110, but in 1968 it was removed from the system, becoming a Route 10 spur.
This road is signed only for the roads it feeds into: US 101 northbound and I-10 eastbound. It has only two interchanges between its ends: a westbound exit off the spur at Mission Road immediately before merging with US 101 northbound, and the eastbound exit for State Street and Soto Street before it merges onto I-10 eastbound—this one is numbered (as exit 19). There is no direct access from the I-10 spur to I-5.
Exit list
The entire route is in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County.
mikmExitDestinationsNotes
0.00.0— US 101 north (Santa Ana Freeway)Western terminus of San Bernardino Freeway; no access to US 101 south; US 101 exit 1D
0.10.16—Mission RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; also includes access from Pleasant Avenue and northbound US 101 (via exit 1D) onto entrance ramp
0.60.9719State Street to Soto StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
1.01.6— I-10 east (San Bernardino Freeway east)No access to I-10 west; freeway continues as I-10 east
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access Route transition
Related routes
There are three auxiliary Interstate Highways associated with I-10 in California:
The Harbor Freeway between SR 47 in the San Pedro district of Los Angeles and I-10 near Downtown Los Angeles is designated as I-110. The rest of the highway, running along the historic Arroyo Seco Parkway to Pasadena, is instead designated as SR 110.
The Foothill Freeway between I-5 in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles and SR 57 in Glendora is designated as I-210. The rest of the Foothill Freeway, between SR 57 and I-10 in Redlands, is instead designated as SR 210.
The Long Beach Freeway between SR 47 in Long Beach and I-10 in Monterey Park is designated as I-710. Due to community opposition, a northern extension through South Pasadena was never constructed; the segment that was completed in Pasadena between California Boulevard and I-210 instead has the unsigned designation of SR 710.
One business loop of I-10 exists in California, running through Blythe in Riverside County.
See also
California Roads portal
Lloyd G. Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–1951, urged rail transportation on the Santa Monica Freeway
References
^ Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
^ a b c "Interstate Highway Types and the History of California's Interstates". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ "Interstate 10". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ 2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. January 2021. p. 30. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ a b Trone, Kimberly (January 11, 2002). "Freeway Signs Pay Tribute to Bono". The Desert Sun. p. B1.
^ 2004 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances In California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. January 2004. pp. 7–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ a b "California Legislature Approves Removal of the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway Designation of the I-10 Freeway". Los Angeles City County Native American Indian Commission. September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
^ a b "Christopher Columbus' name to be removed from stretch of I-10 in LA". Spectrum News 1. Charter Communications. September 1, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
^ Adderly, Kevin (December 31, 2014). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2014". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
^ "Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: California (South) (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^ "Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets & Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ California Department of Transportation (August 2019). "Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways" (XLSX). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
^ California Department of Transportation; California State Transportation Agency (January 2021). 2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. pp. 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2022.
^ a b c d e Clarion, Christian (March 17, 2020). "Interstate 10 Freeway Interchanges" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^ a b c d e Rand McNally (2008). The Road Atlas. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 15, 17–19.
^ a b c d Thomas Brothers (1999). Los Angeles and Orange Counties Street Guide and Directory. Thomas Brothers. pp. 596–600, 631–641, 671.
^ Masters, Nathan (September 10, 2012). "Creating the Santa Monica Freeway". KCET. Retrieved July 4, 2016. Photo caption: Opening of the Interstate 10 freeway into Santa Monica on January 5, 1966.
^ Dimassa, Cara Mia (November 27, 2001). "Freeway a Mess? Stop and Take a Look at Yourself". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ a b Thomas Brothers (1999). San Bernardino and Riverside Counties Street Guide and Directory. Thomas Brothers. pp. 390–392, 601–608, 648–649, 689–690, 720–726, 756–758, 788, 819, 5410, 5471, 5491.
^ https://www.gosbcta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/I-10-Corridor-FINAL-ENGLISH-071019.pdf
^ Google (September 2021). "Eastbound I-10 approaching SR 111". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ Google (September 2021). "Sonny Bono Mem Fwy (Eastbound I-10 near SR 86)". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ "Using Metro ExpressLanes". www.metroexpresslanes.net. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ a b c "I-10 ExpressLanes Extension Project". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ a b c d e "I-10 Express Lanes". San Bernardino County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Rand McNally (1926). California (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ United States Numbered Highways. American Association of State Highway Officials. 1927.
^ Rand McNally (1926). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ a b "Chronology of California Highways 1915–1932". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
^ Masters, Nathan (August 15, 2012). "L.A.'s First Freeways". KCET. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ "Chronology of California Highways 1933–1946". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
^ "The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons Learned in Seismic-Resistant Bridge Design". Public Roads. Federal Highway Administration. Summer 1994. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ "Metro ExpressLanes to Open on San Bernardino (10) Freeway". Los Angeles: KNBC-TV. February 22, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
^ Brunell, Natalie; Terlecky, Megan (July 19, 2015). "Bridge Collapses on I-10 in Desert Center, Traps Vehicle". Palm Springs, CA: KESQ-TV. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
^ "Bridge over 10 Fwy East of Coachella Collapses into Flood Waters". Los Angeles: KABC-TV. July 20, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ Vives, Ruben (November 11, 2023). "10 Freeway in downtown L.A. shut down indefinitely following fire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Chow, Vivian (November 11, 2023). "Massive fire leads to indefinite closure of 10 Freeway in downtown Los Angeles". KTLA. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Solis, Nathan; Vives, Ruben; Winton, Richard; Dixson, Brennon; Ahn, Ashley (November 13, 2023). "Arson is behind the massive fire that shut down the 10 Freeway, officials say". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023.
^ Yusra Farzan; Kevin Tidmarsh; Makenna Sievertson; Mariana Dale; Frank Stoltze (November 20, 2023). "The 10 Freeway Is Now Open Again. Repairs Done Weeks Ahead Of Original Timeline". LAist.
^ "Pomona: Ganesha Blvd. Renamed". Los Angeles Times. March 22, 1990. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
^ Department of Public Works. "I-10/Portola Avenue Interchange Project". City of Palm Desert. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
^ DiPierro, Amy. "A developer bought four square miles north of I-10 in Coachella for $14 million". Desert Sun. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
^ Google (May 15, 2015). "Map of the I-10 spur (San Bernardino Freeway)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 10 in California.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 10 in CaliforniaKML is from Wikidata
Caltrans: I-10 highway conditions
Caltrans Traffic Conditions Map
California Highway Patrol Traffic Incidents
Metro ExpressLanes – includes toll information on the I-10 Express Lanes
Interstate 10, Interstate-Guide.com
Interstate 10, California @ AARoads.com
Interstate 10, California Highways
Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail official U.S. National Park Service website
Interstate 10
Previous state:Terminus
California
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vteAuxiliary routes of Interstate 10
California
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New Mexico
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Texas
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610
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Louisiana
110
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Mississippi
110
3102
Alabama
2101
Florida
110
1Former
2Proposed
3Unbuilt
4Unsigned | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80 in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Greater Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"East Los Angeles Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbmf-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr2-8"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"California English § Freeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_English#Freeways"}],"text":"Interstate Highway in CaliforniaThis article is about the section of Interstate 10 in California. For the entire route, see Interstate 10.\"Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway\" redirects here. For the similarly named highway in New Jersey, see Interstate 80 in New Jersey.Interstate 10 (I-10) is a transcontinental Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Santa Monica, California, to Jacksonville, Florida. The segment of I-10 in California, also known as the Pearl Harbor Memorial Highway,[4] runs east from Santa Monica through Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Palm Springs before crossing into the state of Arizona. In the Greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica and San Bernardino freeways, linked by a short concurrency on I-5 (Golden State Freeway) at the East Los Angeles Interchange. I-10 also has parts designated as the Rosa Parks and Sonny Bono Memorial freeways.[5] Some parts were also formerly designated as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway.[6] However, the California State Legislature removed this designation following the passage of a bill on August 31, 2022.[7][8] I-10 is also known colloquially as \"the 10\" to Southern California residents (See also California English § Freeways).","title":"Interstate 10 in California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McClure_Tunnel_west.jpg"},{"link_name":"the McClure Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica"},{"link_name":"the SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Boulevard_(Los_Angeles_County)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santamonicafreewaynearrobertson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robertson Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Boulevard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Los_Angeles_Skyline_from_10_freeway.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santamonicafreeway2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosan_Ahn_Chang_Ho_Memorial_Interchange"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I10-800.jpeg"},{"link_name":"button copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_copy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interchangeofinterstate10and15.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-10m_215_Interchange_traffic,_San_Bernardino,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CabazonDinosaurs-BuildingShapedLikeDinosaur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cabazon Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabazon_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"roadside attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadside_attraction"},{"link_name":"Cabazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabazon,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind_farm_from_Interstate_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"San Gorgonio Pass wind farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Pass_wind_farm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-10_near_Indio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"US Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Mission Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Road"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Monterey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_California"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton,_California"},{"link_name":"Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"Chiriaco Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiriaco_Summit,_California"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California"},{"link_name":"California Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"East Los Angeles Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"California Freeway and Expressway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Freeway_and_Expressway_System"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cafes-10"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fhwa-nhs-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-FHWA-12"},{"link_name":"State Scenic Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Scenic_Highway_System_(California)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scenic-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caltransscenic-14"},{"link_name":"Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Freeway"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"African-American civil rights activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-named-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr2-8"}],"text":"Time-lapse video of a trip on I-10 from Baldwin Park to its western terminus in Santa MonicaI-10 is signed as if it begins at the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica, although it legally begins farther east at the SR 1 interchange at Lincoln BoulevardA typical traffic jam on the Santa Monica Freeway, at 2:30 pm on a Wednesday afternoon near Robertson BoulevardDowntown Los Angeles skyline as seen from the freeway. A slight (smaller than usual rush hour) traffic jam is ahead.The Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange (I-110), as seen by traffic going westbound on the Santa MonicaHeavily defaced button copy sign marking an entrance to the Santa Monica Freeway in Downtown Los Angeles, 2005Interchange with the Ontario Freeway (I-15) as seen by westbound traffic on the San Bernardino FreewayHeavy traffic from Downtown San Bernardino along the San Bernardino Freeway near the interchange with I-215Cabazon Dinosaurs is a roadside attraction at the Main Street exit in CabazonI-10 near the SR 111, looking east with the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm in the background. Note, the overhead signs reading \"Indio, other Desert Cities\". Also note the signage for exit 112, since renumbered to exit 111.I-10 eastbound near IndioThe California Streets and Highways Code defines I-10 from:(a) Route 1 [State Route 1 (SR 1)] in Santa Monica to Route 5 [I-5] near Seventh Street in Los Angeles.(b) Route 101 [US Route 101 (US 101)] near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe.Despite the legislative definition, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) connects the two sections of the route by cosigning I-10 down I-5 between the East Los Angeles Interchange and the Santa Monica Freeway, negating a section of the San Bernardino Freeway west of I-5. This short section of I-10 between I-5 and US 101, which was formerly defined as Route 110 (signed as I-110) until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound and for US 101 westbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)'s Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California.[9]I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System[10] and is part of the National Highway System,[11] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the FHWA.[12] I-10 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System,[13] but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by Caltrans.[14] The Santa Monica Freeway is I-10 from SR 1 to I-5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25, 1957. The section between the Harbor (I-110) and San Diego (I-405) freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African-American civil rights activist. The I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica.[15] The removal of this designation, however, may result in the eventual removal of this signage.[7][8]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McClure Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"East Los Angeles Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calnexus-16"},{"link_name":"Sawtelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtelle,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Rancho Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Cheviot Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviot_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Beverlywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverlywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"West Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Wellington Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Square,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Arlington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"West Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Adams,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosan_Ahn_Chang_Ho_Memorial_Interchange"},{"link_name":"I-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_110_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tglaor-18"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tglaor-18"},{"link_name":"I-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_110_and_State_Route_110_(California)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Century Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Freeway"},{"link_name":"traffic congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"car accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accident"},{"link_name":"California Highway Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol"},{"link_name":"rubbernecking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbernecking"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Byzantine-Latino Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine-Latino_Quarter,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"}],"sub_title":"Santa Monica Freeway","text":"The Santa Monica Freeway is the westernmost segment of I-10, beginning at the east end of the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica and ending southeast of Downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange.I-10 begins its eastward journey in the city of Santa Monica after SR 1 turns east through the McClure Tunnel. Note that the McClure Tunnel is part of SR 1 in its entirety, and the western terminus of I-10 is to the east of the tunnel at 4th Street.[16] SR 1 then exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a four-level interchange with I-405. I-10 then continues through Sawtelle, Rancho Park, Cheviot Hills, Beverlywood, and Crestview in West Los Angeles; Lafayette Square and Wellington Square in Mid City; and Arlington Heights, West Adams, and Jefferson Park into Downtown Los Angeles. On the western edge of downtown at the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange, I-10 has an interchange with I-110 to the south and SR 110 to the north. I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange.[17][18]At the East Los Angeles Interchange, SR 60 diverges east toward Riverside and Pomona. I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with I-5 for approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km). Then, I-10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US 101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway.[17][18]The freeway is 14 lanes wide (two local and five express lanes in each direction) from the Harbor Freeway (I-110) interchange to the Arlington Avenue offramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times (even on Saturdays). The remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965 with four to six lanes, with a formal dedication held in 1966.[19]While the construction of the Century Freeway several miles to the south reduced traffic congestion to a considerable amount by creating an alternate route from downtown to Los Angeles International Airport, the Santa Monica Freeway is still one of the busiest freeways in the world. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion and are routinely ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the US.[citation needed]Due to the high traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special accident investigation sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the through traffic lanes, and the fences reduce congestion by preventing rubbernecking (in which vehicles slow down so their occupants can watch the accident investigation).[20]The Santa Monica Freeway is considered the border between Downtown and South Los Angeles. Part of the freeway also skims the Byzantine-Latino Quarter, which is home to many immigrants affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox Church.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Los Angeles Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles_Interchange"},{"link_name":"I-710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_710_(California)"},{"link_name":"Monterey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_California"},{"link_name":"Rosemead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemead,_California"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California"},{"link_name":"El Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte,_California"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"I-605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_605"},{"link_name":"West Covina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Covina,_California"},{"link_name":"Covina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covina,_California"},{"link_name":"San Dimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Dimas,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_57"},{"link_name":"I-210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_210_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_71"},{"link_name":"Kellogg Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tglaor-18"},{"link_name":"Montclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_California"},{"link_name":"Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland,_California"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"},{"link_name":"Ontario International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana,_California"},{"link_name":"Rialto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto,_California"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton,_California"},{"link_name":"I-215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_215_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Loma Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California"},{"link_name":"Redlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_210"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Yucaipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucaipa,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgsbdriv-21"},{"link_name":"SBCTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBCTA"},{"link_name":"Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana,_California"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"San Bernardino Freeway","text":"I-10 heads east from the East Los Angeles Interchange to I-710 in Monterey Park. It then continues through the San Gabriel Valley suburbs of Alhambra, Rosemead, San Gabriel, El Monte, and Baldwin Park before intersecting with I-605. It then travels through West Covina, briefly enters Covina, and then travels up the Kellogg Hill into San Dimas, where I-10 intersects with SR 57 (formerly part of I-210) and SR 71 at the Kellogg Interchange. I-10 then heads east through Pomona and Claremont, leaving Los Angeles County to enter San Bernardino County.[17][18]In San Bernardino County, I-10 travels through Montclair, Upland, and Ontario, providing access to Ontario International Airport. I-10 then has a four-level interchange with I-15 before traveling through Fontana, Rialto, and Colton. I-10 then intersects with I-215, where the San Bernardino Freeway ends, before briefly entering San Bernardino city proper and traveling through Loma Linda and Redlands. In Redlands, I-10 intersects with the SR 210 freeway (future I-210) and with SR 38 before entering Yucaipa and eventually Riverside County.[17][21]In 2019, SBCTA planned to add two more interchanges in Fontana at Beech and Alder Avenues to reduce congestion at the Sierra and Cherry avenue exits. [22]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calimesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calimesa,_California"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_California"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_California"},{"link_name":"Banning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banning,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_243"},{"link_name":"San Gorgonio Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Pass"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbmf-5"},{"link_name":"SR 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_62"},{"link_name":"Colorado Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Desert"},{"link_name":"Cathedral City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Desert,_California"},{"link_name":"La Quinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quinta,_California"},{"link_name":"Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"Coachella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California"},{"link_name":"Desert Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Center,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_177"},{"link_name":"Desert Center Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Center_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wiley's Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley%27s_Well"},{"link_name":"Chuckawalla Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckawalla_Valley_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"Ironwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwood_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"SR 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"US 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgsbdriv-21"},{"link_name":"Colorado Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Desert"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Riverside County","text":"In Riverside County, I-10 goes through Calimesa before entering Beaumont and merging with the eastern end of SR 60 (itself formerly the California segment of US 60). In Banning, I-10 has a diamond intersection with SR 243 before passing through San Gorgonio Pass between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains (where the vegetation makes a rapid change between Mediterranean and desert ecology) and entering Palm Springs. The next 35 miles (56 km) of the freeway, between SR 111 and Dillon Road, was named the Sonny Bono Memorial Freeway in 2002.[5] Although I-10 intersects with the northern terminus of SR 111, the major artery to Palm Springs, it mostly bypasses the city, then connects to SR 62, a major east–west route through the Colorado Desert. I-10 cuts through Cathedral City and passes just outside the northern city limits of Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, and La Quinta before entering Indio. I-10 then has an interchange in Coachella with the northern end of the SR 86 expressway, which also leads to SR 111.Several miles east and roughly halfway between Indio and Blythe, in the community of Desert Center, I-10 intersects with SR 177, a turnoff that leads to Desert Center Airport and connects to SR 62. Three miles (4.8 km) south of I-10 at the Wiley's Well exit, between Desert Center and Blythe, are the Chuckawalla Valley and Ironwood state prisons. Near the Arizona state line, I-10 meets the terminus of SR 78. In the city of Blythe, I-10 runs concurrently with US 95 as both routes cross the Colorado River into Arizona.[17][21]The speed limit on the entire Riverside County segment of I-10 is 70 mph (110 km/h). I-10 westbound is usually signed as toward San Bernardino and/or Los Angeles in the Colorado Desert. Eastbound, in the San Gorgonio Pass, the signage indicates \"Indio, Other Desert Cities\" and indicates \"Blythe\" after Indio; the first sign for Phoenix does not occur until Indio.[23][24]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Monte Busway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte_Busway"},{"link_name":"express bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_bus"},{"link_name":"high-occupancy toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_toll"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"I-605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_605"},{"link_name":"El Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte,_California"},{"link_name":"I-710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_710_(California)"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_strip"},{"link_name":"El Monte Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte_Station"},{"link_name":"FasTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FasTrak"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_10_in_California&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Express_Lanes_extension-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SB_Express_Lanes-27"}],"text":"The El Monte Busway is a grade-separated, shared-use express bus and high-occupancy toll (HOT) corridor running along the San Bernardino Freeway between Alameda Street near Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles and a point west of I-605 in El Monte. From Alameda Street to I-710, the El Monte Busway runs parallel to the north side of the freeway. After the I-710 interchange, these lanes merge back to the median of I-10. Eastbound busses exit the HOT lanes at El Monte Station west of I-605. Each vehicle using the HOT lanes is required to carry a FasTrak Flex transponder, with its switch set to indicate the number of the vehicle's occupants (one, two, three, or more), regardless of whether they qualify for free.[25]Plans are to extend the HOT lanes from I-605 to Ford Street in Redlands. This expansion is planned in four phases. As of 2022[update], the proposed segment in Los Angeles County between I-605 and the San Bernardino County line is under environmental review,[26] the segment in San Bernardino County between the county line and Etiwanda Avenue at the Ontario–Fontana city limit is scheduled to be completed in 2024, the section to Pepper Avenue in Colton is planned to break ground in 2024, and the segment to Ford Street in Redlands is still in the planning stage.[27]","title":"Express lanes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northridge_earthquake_10_frwy2.png"},{"link_name":"1994 collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Atlantic and Pacific Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_and_Pacific_Highway"},{"link_name":"national auto trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_auto_trail"},{"link_name":"US Numbered Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Numbered_Highway"},{"link_name":"Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"unimproved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_road"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"US 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_99_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Salton Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_California"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"El Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Centro,_California"},{"link_name":"Heber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber,_California"},{"link_name":"Calexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexico,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cah_1915-1932-31"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca,_California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cah_1915-1932-31"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_California"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_California"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Valley Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Garvey Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvey_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cah_Interstates-2"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Freeway"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"1964 renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_state_highway_renumbering_(California)"},{"link_name":"pre-1964 LR 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Legislative_Route_173_(pre-1964)"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_26_(pre-1964)"},{"link_name":"Olympic Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cah_Interstates-2"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridgelog-35"},{"link_name":"Northridge earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northridge_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"El Monte Busway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte_Busway"},{"link_name":"HOT lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT_lane"},{"link_name":"Metro ExpressLanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_ExpressLanes"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Desert Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Center,_California"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dolores_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Alameda Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Street"},{"link_name":"pallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-11-11-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"I-10 after the 1994 collapseWhat is now I-10 east of Los Angeles was generally part of the Atlantic and Pacific Highway, one of many transcontinental national auto trails. By 1926, when the US Numbered Highways were assigned, the road across the desert east of Indio was unimproved, while the road from Indio west to San Bernardino (as well as various roads west to Los Angeles) was paved.[28] In late 1926, US 99 was designated along the section of road from San Bernardino to Indio, where it turned south along present SR 86 on the west side of the Salton Sea.[29] West of San Bernardino, US 99 ran to Los Angeles, concurrent with US 66 (via Pasadena) before turning north; this route to Los Angeles is north of the later alignment of I-10.[30] The piece of this between San Bernardino and Indio was defined in 1915 as Legislative Route 26 (LR 26). (It continued south from Indio via El Centro to Heber. A 1931 extension took it south to Calexico on present SR 111.)[31]The route from Indio via Mecca to the Arizona state line near Blythe was defined in 1919 as pre-1964 LR 64. (Later extensions took LR 64 west along present SR 74; a 1931 cutoff bypassed Mecca to the north.) LR 26 was extended west from San Bernardino to Los Angeles in 1931, running along an alignment south of the existing US 66/US 99.[31] Neither of these was a signed route until around 1932, when US 60 was extended west from Arizona to Los Angeles, running along LR 64 to Indio, LR 26 (with US 99) to Beaumont, pre-1964 LR 19 to Pomona, and LR 26 to Los Angeles. (The original alignment of LR 26 ran roughly where SR 60 now is west of Pomona, but an alignment close to present I-10 opened around 1934).[citation needed]Thus, in 1931, what is now I-10 east of Los Angeles had been defined as LR 26 from Los Angeles to Indio and LR 64 from Indio to Arizona. It was signed as US 99 from San Bernardino to Indio, and US 60 came along around 1932 from Los Angeles to Pomona and from Beaumont to Arizona. US 70 was extended west from Arizona c. 1936 along the whole route to Los Angeles,[citation needed] and, between 1933 and 1942,[citation needed] US 99 moved from US 66 to present I-10 between San Bernardino and Los Angeles, forming a three-way concurrency between Pomona and Los Angeles. Old alignments and names include Valley Boulevard, Ramona Boulevard, and Garvey Avenue.I-10 holds the distinction of being the first freeway in Los Angeles. A four-mile (6.4 km) section of today's freeway was built between 1933 and 1935 at a cost of $877,000 (equivalent to $15.3 million in 2023[32]). The \"Ramona Boulevard\" highway linked downtown Los Angeles to the communities of the southern San Gabriel Valley. The roadway, which opened on April 20, 1935, was dubbed the \"Air Line route\" and was seen as a major achievement in traffic design.[33]The route east from Los Angeles was added to the Interstate Highway System on August 7, 1957. It was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957, and the short piece west of I-5 was approved as I-110 on November 10, 1958.[2] By then, most if not all of the San Bernardino Freeway had been completed, and I-10 was signed along the existing freeway along with US 70, US 99, and part of US 60. US 70 and US 99 were removed in the 1964 renumbering, while US 60 was removed in 1972, leaving only I-10.The part west of Downtown Los Angeles was pre-1964 LR 173, defined in 1933 from Santa Monica to Downtown Los Angeles.[34] It was signed as SR 26 by 1942, running primarily Olympic Boulevard.[citation needed] It was later replaced by the Santa Monica Freeway and added to the Interstate Highway System on September 15, 1955. It too was assigned the I-10 number on August 14, 1957.[2] It was completed c. 1964[35] and became I-10 in the 1964 renumbering.Portions of the Santa Monica Freeway going over La Cienega Boulevard collapsed after the Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1994, and were rebuilt using new seismic-resistant bridge designs.[36]The El Monte Busway was converted to HOT lanes in 2013 as part of the Metro ExpressLanes project.[37]On July 19, 2015, a bridge carrying the eastbound lanes of I-10 near Desert Center collapsed from floodwater from the remnants of Hurricane Dolores, trapping a vehicle.[38][39]Shortly after midnight of November 11, 2023, a mile-long (1.6 km) segment of the freeway in Downtown Los Angeles between Alameda Street and Santa Fe Avenue suffered significant damage due to a fire at a pallet yard underneath the freeway. The fire melted the freeway's guardrails and damaged the supporting concrete columns.[40][41] The Los Angeles Times reported a couple of days later that \"sanitizer accumulated during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic was stored under the overpass and helped fuel the flames\".[42] Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency in response to the fire; the freeway was reopened after eight days, far ahead of the original five-week estimate.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_National_Historic_Trail"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Trail"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Millennium_Trail"},{"link_name":"Caltrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza"}],"sub_title":"Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail","text":"The I-10 is part of the auto tour route of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service unit in the US national Historic and Millennium trail programs. In 2005, Caltrans began posting signs on roads that overlap with the historic 1776 Juan Bautista de Anza trail route, so that California drivers can now follow the trail.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-I-5_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-I-5_44-1"}],"text":"^ a b Exit number follows I-5 rather than I-10.","title":"Exit list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Golden State Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Freeway"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Freeway"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_California"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_California"},{"link_name":"US 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_99_in_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"interchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calnexus-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tglaor-18"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"}],"text":"The legislative definition of Route 10 includes a spur from I-5 (the Golden State Freeway) west to US 101 (the Santa Ana Freeway) near downtown Los Angeles. This section of roadway, the westernmost part of the San Bernardino Freeway, was in fact part of the original San Bernardino Freeway, carrying US 60/US 70/US 99 long before the Golden State Freeway opened. It was added to the Interstate Highway System by 1958 as I-110, but in 1968 it was removed from the system, becoming a Route 10 spur.This road is signed only for the roads it feeds into: US 101 northbound and I-10 eastbound. It has only two interchanges between its ends: a westbound exit off the spur at Mission Road immediately before merging with US 101 northbound, and the eastbound exit for State Street and Soto Street before it merges onto I-10 eastbound—this one is numbered (as exit 19).[16] There is no direct access from the I-10 spur to I-5.[18]Exit list\nThe entire route is in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County.","title":"Spur to US 101"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harbor Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Freeway"},{"link_name":"SR 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Seco Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Foothill Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Freeway"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Sylmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylmar,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"SR 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_57"},{"link_name":"Glendora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendora,_California"},{"link_name":"Redlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands,_California"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"South Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"business loop of I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_Business_(Blythe,_California)"},{"link_name":"Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"}],"text":"There are three auxiliary Interstate Highways associated with I-10 in California:The Harbor Freeway between SR 47 in the San Pedro district of Los Angeles and I-10 near Downtown Los Angeles is designated as I-110. The rest of the highway, running along the historic Arroyo Seco Parkway to Pasadena, is instead designated as SR 110.\nThe Foothill Freeway between I-5 in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles and SR 57 in Glendora is designated as I-210. The rest of the Foothill Freeway, between SR 57 and I-10 in Redlands, is instead designated as SR 210.\nThe Long Beach Freeway between SR 47 in Long Beach and I-10 in Monterey Park is designated as I-710. Due to community opposition, a northern extension through South Pasadena was never constructed; the segment that was completed in Pasadena between California Boulevard and I-210 instead has the unsigned designation of SR 710.One business loop of I-10 exists in California, running through Blythe in Riverside County.","title":"Related routes"}] | [{"image_text":"I-10 after the 1994 collapse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Northridge_earthquake_10_frwy2.png/250px-Northridge_earthquake_10_frwy2.png"}] | [{"title":"California Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California_Roads"},{"title":"Lloyd G. Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_G._Davies"}] | [{"reference":"Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). \"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Interstate Highway Types and the History of California's Interstates\". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cahighways.org/itypes.html","url_text":"\"Interstate Highway Types and the History of California's Interstates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interstate 10\". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cahighways.org/009-016.html#010","url_text":"\"Interstate 10\""}]},{"reference":"2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. January 2021. p. 30. Retrieved February 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/place-names/web-2020-named-freeways-final-a11y.pdf","url_text":"2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"California Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Trone, Kimberly (January 11, 2002). \"Freeway Signs Pay Tribute to Bono\". The Desert Sun. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"2004 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances In California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. January 2004. pp. 7–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/HSEB/products/named_freeways_2004.pdf","url_text":"2004 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances In California"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051107090736/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/HSEB/products/named_freeways_2004.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"California Legislature Approves Removal of the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway Designation of the I-10 Freeway\". Los Angeles City County Native American Indian Commission. September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lanaic.lacounty.gov/california-legislature-approves-removal-of-the-christopher-columbus-transcontinental-highway-designation-of-the-i-10-freeway/","url_text":"\"California Legislature Approves Removal of the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway Designation of the I-10 Freeway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christopher Columbus' name to be removed from stretch of I-10 in LA\". Spectrum News 1. Charter Communications. September 1, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2022/09/01/christopher-columbus--name-to-be-removed-from-stretch-of-i-10-in-la","url_text":"\"Christopher Columbus' name to be removed from stretch of I-10 in LA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications","url_text":"Charter Communications"}]},{"reference":"Adderly, Kevin (December 31, 2014). \"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2014\". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routefinder/table1.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1\". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=SHC&division=1.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article=2.","url_text":"\"Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: California (South) (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/california/ca_californiasouth.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System: California (South)"}]},{"reference":"Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). \"What is the National Highway System?\". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"\"What is the National Highway System?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1\". California Streets & Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=SHC&division=1.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article=2.5.","url_text":"\"Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1\""}]},{"reference":"California Department of Transportation (August 2019). \"Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways\" (XLSX). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/design/documents/desig-and-eligible-aug2019_a11y.xlsx","url_text":"\"Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways\""}]},{"reference":"California Department of Transportation; California State Transportation Agency (January 2021). 2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. pp. 17–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010125421/https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/place-names/web-2020-named-freeways-final-a11y.pdf","url_text":"2020 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California"},{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/place-names/web-2020-named-freeways-final-a11y.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clarion, Christian (March 17, 2020). \"Interstate 10 Freeway Interchanges\" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/safety-programs/documents/exit/calnexus-i-10-03-2020-a11y.pdf","url_text":"\"Interstate 10 Freeway Interchanges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Numbered_Exit_Uniform_System","url_text":"California Numbered Exit Uniform System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"California Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2008). The Road Atlas. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 15, 17–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas Brothers (1999). Los Angeles and Orange Counties Street Guide and Directory. Thomas Brothers. pp. 596–600, 631–641, 671.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Masters, Nathan (September 10, 2012). \"Creating the Santa Monica Freeway\". KCET. Retrieved July 4, 2016. Photo caption: Opening of the Interstate 10 freeway into Santa Monica on January 5, 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/creating-the-santa-monica-freeway","url_text":"\"Creating the Santa Monica Freeway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCET","url_text":"KCET"}]},{"reference":"Dimassa, Cara Mia (November 27, 2001). \"Freeway a Mess? Stop and Take a Look at Yourself\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/27/local/me-8706","url_text":"\"Freeway a Mess? Stop and Take a Look at Yourself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Brothers (1999). San Bernardino and Riverside Counties Street Guide and Directory. Thomas Brothers. pp. 390–392, 601–608, 648–649, 689–690, 720–726, 756–758, 788, 819, 5410, 5471, 5491.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Google (September 2021). \"Eastbound I-10 approaching SR 111\". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved May 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/6TFHkrZrgicd9RRr6","url_text":"\"Eastbound I-10 approaching SR 111\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View","url_text":"Google Street View"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 2021). \"Sonny Bono Mem Fwy (Eastbound I-10 near SR 86)\". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved May 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/cddXk5o5145RPcxg7","url_text":"\"Sonny Bono Mem Fwy (Eastbound I-10 near SR 86)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Using Metro ExpressLanes\". www.metroexpresslanes.net. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/how-it-works/using-metro-expresslanes/","url_text":"\"Using Metro ExpressLanes\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-10 ExpressLanes Extension Project\". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.net/projects/i-10-extension/","url_text":"\"I-10 ExpressLanes Extension Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-10 Express Lanes\". San Bernardino County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gosbcta.com/project/i-10-corridor-project-phase-i/","url_text":"\"I-10 Express Lanes\""}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (1926). California (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726002910/http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/26mp_sca.jpg","url_text":"California"},{"url":"http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/26mp_sca.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States Numbered Highways. American Association of State Highway Officials. 1927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway Officials"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (1926). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525023948/http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/26mp_la.jpg","url_text":"Los Angeles and Vicinity"},{"url":"http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/26mp_la.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of California Highways 1915–1932\". California Highways. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cahighways.org/chrphas2.html","url_text":"\"Chronology of California Highways 1915–1932\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). \"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\". MeasuringWorth. 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Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120701125434/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/structur/strmaint/brlog2.htm","url_text":"\"Log of Bridges on State Highways\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons Learned in Seismic-Resistant Bridge Design\". Public Roads. Federal Highway Administration. Summer 1994. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/94summer/p94su26.cfm","url_text":"\"The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons Learned in Seismic-Resistant Bridge Design\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro ExpressLanes to Open on San Bernardino (10) Freeway\". Los Angeles: KNBC-TV. February 22, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Metro-Express-Lanes-to-Open-On-San-Bernardino-10-Freeway--192563661.html","url_text":"\"Metro ExpressLanes to Open on San Bernardino (10) Freeway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNBC-TV","url_text":"KNBC-TV"}]},{"reference":"Brunell, Natalie; Terlecky, Megan (July 19, 2015). \"Bridge Collapses on I-10 in Desert Center, Traps Vehicle\". Palm Springs, CA: KESQ-TV. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721235047/http://www.kesq.com/news/bridge-collapses-on-i10-in-desert-center-traps-vehicle/34247286","url_text":"\"Bridge Collapses on I-10 in Desert Center, Traps Vehicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KESQ-TV","url_text":"KESQ-TV"},{"url":"http://www.kesq.com/news/bridge-collapses-on-i10-in-desert-center-traps-vehicle/34247286","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bridge over 10 Fwy East of Coachella Collapses into Flood Waters\". Los Angeles: KABC-TV. July 20, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc7.com/news/bridge-over-10-fwy-east-of-coachella-collapses-into-flood-waters/865077/","url_text":"\"Bridge over 10 Fwy East of Coachella Collapses into Flood Waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV","url_text":"KABC-TV"}]},{"reference":"Vives, Ruben (November 11, 2023). \"10 Freeway in downtown L.A. shut down indefinitely following fire\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-11/10-freeway-shut-down-indefinitely-in-downtown-los-angeles-following-fire","url_text":"\"10 Freeway in downtown L.A. shut down indefinitely following fire\""}]},{"reference":"Chow, Vivian (November 11, 2023). \"Massive fire leads to indefinite closure of 10 Freeway in downtown Los Angeles\". KTLA. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ktla.com/news/local-news/state-of-emergency-declared-after-fire-shuts-down-10-freeway/","url_text":"\"Massive fire leads to indefinite closure of 10 Freeway in downtown Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"Solis, Nathan; Vives, Ruben; Winton, Richard; Dixson, Brennon; Ahn, Ashley (November 13, 2023). \"Arson is behind the massive fire that shut down the 10 Freeway, officials say\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231114002331/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-13/10-freeway-closure-snarls-commute-after-huge-downtown-los-angeles-fire","url_text":"\"Arson is behind the massive fire that shut down the 10 Freeway, officials say\""},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-13/10-freeway-closure-snarls-commute-after-huge-downtown-los-angeles-fire","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yusra Farzan; Kevin Tidmarsh; Makenna Sievertson; Mariana Dale; Frank Stoltze (November 20, 2023). \"The 10 Freeway Is Now Open Again. Repairs Done Weeks Ahead Of Original Timeline\". LAist.","urls":[{"url":"https://laist.com/news/transportation/the-10-is-closed-downtown-due-to-huge-pallet-yard-fire","url_text":"\"The 10 Freeway Is Now Open Again. Repairs Done Weeks Ahead Of Original Timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAist","url_text":"LAist"}]},{"reference":"\"Pomona: Ganesha Blvd. Renamed\". Los Angeles Times. March 22, 1990. Retrieved March 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-22-ga-849-story.html","url_text":"\"Pomona: Ganesha Blvd. Renamed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Department of Public Works. \"I-10/Portola Avenue Interchange Project\". City of Palm Desert. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719105208/https://www.cityofpalmdesert.org/our-city/departments/public-works/transportation/i-10-and-portola-interchange-project","url_text":"\"I-10/Portola Avenue Interchange Project\""},{"url":"https://www.cityofpalmdesert.org/our-city/departments/public-works/transportation/i-10-and-portola-interchange-project","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DiPierro, Amy. \"A developer bought four square miles north of I-10 in Coachella for $14 million\". Desert Sun. Retrieved August 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.desertsun.com/story/money/real-estate/2018/11/26/riverside-based-developer-kpc-buys-coachella-land/2013179002/","url_text":"\"A developer bought four square miles north of I-10 in Coachella for $14 million\""}]},{"reference":"Google (May 15, 2015). \"Map of the I-10 spur (San Bernardino Freeway)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Santa+Ana+Fwy,+Los+Angeles,+CA+90033/34.0524581,-118.2242199/34.0551538,-118.2160551/34.054295,-118.2099755/@34.054647,-118.2165317,320m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m11!4m10!1m5!1m1!1s0x80c2c66b26066abb:0xbe0fced52de6e68a!2m2!1d-118.22604!2d34.0525455!1m0!1m0!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Map of the I-10 spur (San Bernardino Freeway)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_10_in_California&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Gymnasium | Carter Gymnasium | ["1 Notable moments","2 References"] | Coordinates: 35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764Arena in Buies Creek, North Carolina, US
35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764
Carter Gymnasium
Carter Gymnasium is a 947-seat multi-purpose arena in Buies Creek, North Carolina. It was previously home to the Campbell University Fighting Camels men's basketball and women's basketball teams. It was one of the smallest college basketball venues in Division I (the G. B. Hodge Center, home to the University of South Carolina Upstate's program, is the current smallest Division I men's basketball arena). The building was named for textile executive Howard Carter. Built in 1952 and opened in 1953, the dimensions of the basketball court are smaller than regulation, but a grandfather clause allowed Campbell University to continue its tenure in the division. The Fighting Camels began play in 2008 in the new John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center. The new $30 million arena seats 3,000 spectators for athletic events.
Notable moments
First men's basketball game: February 25, 1953 loss to Wake Forest College JV, 66–63
First women's basketball game: February 25, 1953 win over Worth's Business College, 55–50
First senior college men's basketball game: November 29, 1961, win over Atlantic Christian College, 64–59
February 29, 1964, Angier High School and Boone Trail High School, two Harnett County, North Carolina high schools, played a 13-overtime contest. Boone Trail won, 56–54, and neither team substituted any players.
Host venue for 1988 Big South Conference Women's Basketball Tournament
References
^ Campbell breaks ground on the John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center (accessed 08 February 2007)
vteCampbell UniversityAcademics
Lundy-Fetterman School of Business
Divinity School
School of Education
Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law
School of Osteopathic Medicine
Pharmacy School
Athletics
Fighting Camels
Football
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Baseball
Men's soccer
Wrestling
Barker-Lane Stadium
Carter Gymnasium
Johnson Memorial Natatorium
John W. Pope Jr. Convocation Center
Keith Hills
Jim Perry Stadium
Campus
Baldwin Hall
Bob Barker Hall
Butler Chapel
D. Rich Memorial
Fredrick T. Hall of Religion
Kitchen Hall
Kivett Hall
Layton Hall
Maddox Hall
Marshbanks Dining Hall
Wallace Student Center
Wiggins Memorial Library
Taylor Bott Rogers Fine Arts Building
Student life
Buies Creek
The Campbell Times
People
James Archibald Campbell
Leslie H. Campbell
Norman Adrian Wiggins
Jerry M. Wallace
Notable alumni
vteCampbell Fighting Camels men's basketballVenues
Carter Gymnasium (1953–2008)
Cumberland County Civic Center (alternate; 1968–1997)
Cape Fear HS (alternate; 1969)
South Johnston HS (alternate; 1976–1977)
Harnett Central HS (alternate; 1977–1980)
Raleigh Civic Center (alternate; 1978–1982)
Crown Coliseum (alternate; 1997–1999)
John W. Pope Jr. Convocation Center (2008–present)
People
Head coaches
Statistical leaders
Seasons
List of seasons
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
This article about a sports venue in North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carter_Gymnasium¶ms=35.510526_N_78.737764_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carter_Gymnasium.jpg"},{"link_name":"arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena"},{"link_name":"Buies Creek, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buies_Creek,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Campbell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_University"},{"link_name":"Fighting Camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Fighting_Camels"},{"link_name":"men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Fighting_Camels_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"G. B. Hodge Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Hodge_Center"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina Upstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Upstate"},{"link_name":"Fighting Camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Fighting_Camels"},{"link_name":"John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Pope,_Jr._Convocation_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Arena in Buies Creek, North Carolina, US35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764Carter GymnasiumCarter Gymnasium is a 947-seat multi-purpose arena in Buies Creek, North Carolina. It was previously home to the Campbell University Fighting Camels men's basketball and women's basketball teams. It was one of the smallest college basketball venues in Division I (the G. B. Hodge Center, home to the University of South Carolina Upstate's program, is the current smallest Division I men's basketball arena). The building was named for textile executive Howard Carter. Built in 1952 and opened in 1953, the dimensions of the basketball court are smaller than regulation, but a grandfather clause allowed Campbell University to continue its tenure in the division. The Fighting Camels began play in 2008 in the new John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center. The new $30 million arena seats 3,000 spectators for athletic events.[1]","title":"Carter Gymnasium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wake Forest College JV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_University"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_College"},{"link_name":"Harnett County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnett_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference"}],"text":"First men's basketball game: February 25, 1953 loss to Wake Forest College JV, 66–63\nFirst women's basketball game: February 25, 1953 win over Worth's Business College, 55–50\nFirst senior college men's basketball game: November 29, 1961, win over Atlantic Christian College, 64–59\nFebruary 29, 1964, Angier High School and Boone Trail High School, two Harnett County, North Carolina high schools, played a 13-overtime contest. Boone Trail won, 56–54, and neither team substituted any players.\nHost venue for 1988 Big South Conference Women's Basketball Tournament","title":"Notable moments"}] | [{"image_text":"Carter Gymnasium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carter_Gymnasium.jpg/300px-Carter_Gymnasium.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carter_Gymnasium¶ms=35.510526_N_78.737764_W_","external_links_name":"35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carter_Gymnasium¶ms=35.510526_N_78.737764_W_","external_links_name":"35°30′38″N 78°44′16″W / 35.510526°N 78.737764°W / 35.510526; -78.737764"},{"Link":"http://www.campbell.edu/news/releases/fa06/fa06/ns_rel.0007.html","external_links_name":"Campbell breaks ground on the John W. Pope, Jr. Convocation Center"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carter_Gymnasium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadetta_montana | Cicadetta montana | ["1 Food plants","2 Taxonomic history","2.1 Synonyms","3 New Forest cicada project","4 References","5 External links"] | Species of true bug
Cicadetta montana
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Auchenorrhyncha
Family:
Cicadidae
Subfamily:
Cicadettinae
Tribe:
Cicadettini
Genus:
Cicadetta
Species:
C. montana
Binomial name
Cicadetta montana(Scopoli, 1772)
Cicadetta montana male
Cicadetta montana (also known as the New Forest cicada) is a species of Cicadetta found throughout Europe and in parts of Asia.
It is regarded as endangered over large parts of Europe, and has vanished from several areas in Western Europe.
It is the only cicada species native to England and Finland (Åminneforss in Pohja).
The adult females inject their eggs into the stems of food plants, and, when the larvae emerge, they burrow underground and as nymphs feeding on root sap. These underground cycles may last many years, differing for each species.
Females have a body measuring about 50 mm in length, with the males being much smaller. It has transparent wings with prominent veins, folded over the back when at rest, and a dark slate-grey or black body with dull orange rings around the abdomen. The legs are marked with dull orange as are the leading edges of the wings (costae).
As with all cicadas, the males produce the shrill, buzzing calls by rapidly flexing drumhead-like membranes, while the females are limited to producing clicks.
The call of C montana sounds like static hiss to the unaided human ear and is sustained with relatively short lulls at irregular intervals. Their shrilling was venerated by the ancient Greeks, but detested by Virgil.
Food plants
Betula pendula (European white birch)
Betula pubescens (downy birch)
Corylus avellana (common hazel)
Crataegus monogyna (common hawthorn)
Fagus sylvatica (European beech)
Pteridium aquilinum (northern bracken fern)
Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
Ulex europaeus (common gorse)
Taxonomic history
In 1772, Scopoli described and named the type specimen from Slovenia as Melampsalta montana, and this was later changed to Cicadetta montana. It has turned out to be not a single taxon, but a complex of closely related species distinguishable by their songs. Using this method of differentiation, at least 10 species have been separated from the complex. Classification by calls has led to three main groups being proposed which largely correspond with the clades suggested by DNA analyses – one new species not fitting in the proposed scheme.
Synonyms
Melampsalta montana Scopoli, 1772
Cicadetta flavofenestrata Goeze, 1778
C. schafferi Gmelin, 1780
C. pygmaea Olivier, 1790
C. dimidiata Fabricius, 1803
C. anglica Samouelle, 1819
C. parvula Walker, 1850
C. saxonica Hartwig, 1857
C. megerlei Fieber, 1876
C. longipennis Fieber, 1876
New Forest cicada project
C. montana has not been seen or heard anywhere in Britain since 2000. In 2013, in an attempt to locate remaining specimens, developers have written application software for smartphones, enabling users to listen to sound frequencies beyond the normal human range. Up to December 2015, over 3,000 people have downloaded the ″Hunt for the New Forest Cicada app″ without success in Britain, although the app has recorded the insect in Slovenia. From 2016 onwards, 100 autonomous acoustic monitoring devices have been deployed each year throughout the New Forest.
C. montana also disappeared between 1941 and 1961, so their current absence may be part of a cycle.
In 2024 a project to re-introduce the species to the New Forest was launched by the Species Recovery Trust. The project will involve capturing individuals from the Idrija region of Slovenia, with some to be captive bred and others released into a series of carefully monitored locations.
References
^ "Cicadetta montana Scopoli, 1772 Distribution: AT, BE, BG, DK, FI, FR, DE, GB, GR, HU, IT, NO, IL,
PL, ES, SE, SLO, TR, AZ, GG, KG, MD, N-RU, M-RU, S-RU, TJ, UA, YU."
The Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha of Turkey - Emine Demir
^ An Encyclopedia of Natural History
^ The genus is also represented in Australia and New Zealand. Cicada sensations, behavior, song patterns
^ "Sound clip from Songs of Cicadas". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ Taxonomy, distribution, biology and conservation status of Finnish Auchenorrhyncha - Guy Söderman Archived May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ http://globalspecies.org/mtaxa/1000036612
^ "Present status of mountain cicadas Cicadetta montana (sensu lato) in Europe" Archived 2015-01-11 at the Wayback Machine - Matija Gogala, Sakis Drosopoulos, Tomi Trilar (Bulletin of Insectology 61 (1): 123-124, 2008)ISSN 1721-8861
^ Cicadetta montana complex in Greece – Matija Gogala, Sakis Drosopoulos, Tomi Trilar
^ Molecular systematics of the cryptic Cicadetta montana species complex - Elizabeth Wade
^ Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara
^ "New Forest Cicada Project". Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
^ Baraniuk, Chris (2 December 2015). "The search for Britain's only native species of cicada". BBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ The Guardian
^ https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/insects-invertebrates/new-forest-cicada-reintroduction-uk
External links
A review of the genera of Australian cicadas - M. S. Moulds
Taxon identifiersCicadetta montana
Wikidata: Q5119333
Wikispecies: Cicadetta montana
ARKive: cicadetta-montana
BioLib: 102882
CoL: V74Y
EPPO: CCDTMO
Fauna Europaea: 239538
Fauna Europaea (new): d354b0f7-47f1-4d5e-b472-760ccfcc5c44
GBIF: 9497766
iNaturalist: 362341
NBN: NBNSYS0000010417
NCBI: 179415
Observation.org: 157059
Open Tree of Life: 916038 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cicadetta_montana04.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"},{"link_name":"Cicadetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadetta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Pohja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohja"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nymphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cicadetta montana maleCicadetta montana (also known as the New Forest cicada) is a species of Cicadetta found throughout Europe and in parts of Asia.[1]It is regarded as endangered over large parts of Europe, and has vanished from several areas in Western Europe.[2]\nIt is the only cicada species native to England and Finland (Åminneforss in Pohja).[3]The adult females inject their eggs into the stems of food plants, and, when the larvae emerge, they burrow underground and as nymphs feeding on root sap. These underground cycles may last many years, differing for each species.Females have a body measuring about 50 mm in length, with the males being much smaller. It has transparent wings with prominent veins, folded over the back when at rest, and a dark slate-grey or black body with dull orange rings around the abdomen. The legs are marked with dull orange as are the leading edges of the wings (costae).As with all cicadas, the males produce the shrill, buzzing calls by rapidly flexing drumhead-like membranes, while the females are limited to producing clicks. \nThe call of C montana sounds like static hiss to the unaided human ear and is sustained with relatively short lulls at irregular intervals.[4] Their shrilling was venerated by the ancient Greeks, but detested by Virgil.[5]","title":"Cicadetta montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betula pendula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendula"},{"link_name":"Betula pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_pubescens"},{"link_name":"Corylus avellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_avellana"},{"link_name":"Crataegus monogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Pteridium aquilinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum"},{"link_name":"Quercus robur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"link_name":"Ulex europaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulex_europaeus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Betula pendula (European white birch)\nBetula pubescens (downy birch)\nCorylus avellana (common hazel)\nCrataegus monogyna (common hawthorn)\nFagus sylvatica (European beech)\nPteridium aquilinum (northern bracken fern)\nQuercus robur (pedunculate oak)\nUlex europaeus (common gorse) [6]","title":"Food plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clades"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1772, Scopoli described and named the type specimen from Slovenia as Melampsalta montana, and this was later changed to Cicadetta montana. It has turned out to be not a single taxon, but a complex of closely related species distinguishable by their songs. Using this method of differentiation, at least 10 species have been separated from the complex. Classification by calls has led to three main groups being proposed which largely correspond with the clades suggested by DNA analyses – one new species not fitting in the proposed scheme.[7][8][9]","title":"Taxonomic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Synonyms","text":"Melampsalta montana Scopoli, 1772\nCicadetta flavofenestrata Goeze, 1778\nC. schafferi Gmelin, 1780\nC. pygmaea Olivier, 1790\nC. dimidiata Fabricius, 1803\nC. anglica Samouelle, 1819\nC. parvula Walker, 1850\nC. saxonica Hartwig, 1857\nC. megerlei Fieber, 1876\nC. longipennis Fieber, 1876 [10]","title":"Taxonomic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"C. montana has not been seen or heard anywhere in Britain since 2000. In 2013, in an attempt to locate remaining specimens, developers have written application software for smartphones, enabling users to listen to sound frequencies beyond the normal human range.[11] Up to December 2015, over 3,000 people have downloaded the ″Hunt for the New Forest Cicada app″ without success in Britain, although the app has recorded the insect in Slovenia. From 2016 onwards, 100 autonomous acoustic monitoring devices have been deployed each year throughout the New Forest.[12]C. montana also disappeared between 1941 and 1961, so their current absence may be part of a cycle.[13]In 2024 a project to re-introduce the species to the New Forest was launched by the Species Recovery Trust. The project will involve capturing individuals from the Idrija region of Slovenia, with some to be captive bred and others released into a series of carefully monitored locations. [14]","title":"New Forest cicada project"}] | [{"image_text":"Cicadetta montana male","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cicadetta_montana04.jpg/220px-Cicadetta_montana04.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sound clip from Songs of Cicadas\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000418/http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/montana.au","url_text":"\"Sound clip from Songs of Cicadas\""},{"url":"http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/montana.au","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Forest Cicada Project\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515175717/http://www.newforestcicada.info/","url_text":"\"New Forest Cicada Project\""},{"url":"http://www.newforestcicada.info/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baraniuk, Chris (2 December 2015). \"The search for Britain's only native species of cicada\". BBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34956063","url_text":"\"The search for Britain's only native species of cicada\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/6227.pdf","external_links_name":"The Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha of Turkey - Emine Demir"},{"Link":"http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/c700lm29sec05.pdf","external_links_name":"Cicada sensations, behavior, song patterns"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000418/http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/montana.au","external_links_name":"\"Sound clip from Songs of Cicadas\""},{"Link":"http://www2.arnes.si/~ljprirodm3/montana.au","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=64759&lan=en","external_links_name":"Taxonomy, distribution, biology and conservation status of Finnish Auchenorrhyncha - Guy Söderman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120516021256/http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=64759&lan=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://globalspecies.org/mtaxa/1000036612","external_links_name":"http://globalspecies.org/mtaxa/1000036612"},{"Link":"http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol61-2008-123-124gogala.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Present status of mountain cicadas Cicadetta montana (sensu lato) in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213716/http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol61-2008-123-124gogala.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1721-8861","external_links_name":"1721-8861"},{"Link":"http://www.cicadasong.eu/files/article-19.pdf","external_links_name":"Cicadetta montana complex in Greece – Matija Gogala, Sakis Drosopoulos, Tomi Trilar"},{"Link":"http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/simon_lab/peet_pages/10_Wade_C_montana.pdf","external_links_name":"Molecular systematics of the cryptic Cicadetta montana species complex - Elizabeth Wade"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826185905/http://avam.yyu.edu.tr/2009_2010_Resimler/Cesa55.pdf","external_links_name":"Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515175717/http://www.newforestcicada.info/","external_links_name":"\"New Forest Cicada Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.newforestcicada.info/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34956063","external_links_name":"\"The search for Britain's only native species of cicada\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/20/smartphone-endangered-cicada-detector?newsfeed=true","external_links_name":"The Guardian"},{"Link":"https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/insects-invertebrates/new-forest-cicada-reintroduction-uk","external_links_name":"https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/insects-invertebrates/new-forest-cicada-reintroduction-uk"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03287p262.pdf","external_links_name":"A review of the genera of Australian cicadas - M. S. Moulds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/new-forest-cicada/cicadetta-montana/","external_links_name":"cicadetta-montana"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id102882","external_links_name":"102882"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/V74Y","external_links_name":"V74Y"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CCDTMO","external_links_name":"CCDTMO"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:239538","external_links_name":"239538"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d354b0f7-47f1-4d5e-b472-760ccfcc5c44","external_links_name":"d354b0f7-47f1-4d5e-b472-760ccfcc5c44"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9497766","external_links_name":"9497766"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/362341","external_links_name":"362341"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000010417","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000010417"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=179415","external_links_name":"179415"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/157059/","external_links_name":"157059"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=916038","external_links_name":"916038"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Columbia | Fort Columbia State Park | ["1 History","2 Features","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°15′36″N 123°55′08″W / 46.26000°N 123.91889°W / 46.26000; -123.91889Fort Columbia State ParkHistoric wood-frame buildings at Fort Columbia State ParkLocation in the state of WashingtonShow map of Washington (state)Fort Columbia State Park (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationPacific County, Washington, United StatesCoordinates46°15′36″N 123°55′08″W / 46.26000°N 123.91889°W / 46.26000; -123.91889Area618 acres (250 ha)Elevation709 ft (216 m)Established1950OperatorWashington State Parks and Recreation CommissionWebsiteFort Columbia State Park
Fort Columbia State Park is a public recreation area and historic preserve at the site of former Fort Columbia, located on Chinook Point at the mouth of the Columbia River in Chinook, Washington. The 618-acre (250 ha) state park features twelve historic wood-frame fort buildings as well as an interpretive center and hiking trails. The park's grounds are located over a tunneled section of U.S. Route 101.
History
Fort Columbia was built from 1896 to 1904 to support the defense of the Columbia River. The fort was constructed on the Chinook Point promontory as part of a "triangle of fire" defensive strategy that included Fort Canby and Fort Stevens. Fort Columbia was declared surplus at the end of World War II and was transferred to the custody of the state of Washington in 1950.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Battery 246 was outfitted to serve as a Civil Defense Emergency Operating Center and was one of several possible locations the governor could use in an emergency. In 1993, the park received a pair of 6-inch guns that were transferred to Battery 246 from the former Fort McAndrew, Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, Canada.
Features
One of the park's two coastal artillery guns
Exhibits at the Fort Columbia Interpretive Center focus on the fort's history, early explorers and pioneer history. The Commanding Officers Quarters is decorated with turn-of-the-century furnishings. The park grounds feature three artillery batteries and two coastal artillery guns. There are picnicking facilities and 5 miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails that work their way up Scarborough Hill. Two historic homes, the Steward's House and Scarborough House, are offered for rental. The park is one of several state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that make up the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.
References
^ a b "Fort Columbia State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ a b c "Fort Columbia State Park". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Fort Columbia". Coast Defense Study Group. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
^ "Battery 246". FortWiki.com.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Columbia State Park.
Fort Columbia State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
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VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinook Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Point"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wasp-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_Washington"}],"text":"Fort Columbia State Park is a public recreation area and historic preserve at the site of former Fort Columbia, located on Chinook Point at the mouth of the Columbia River in Chinook, Washington. The 618-acre (250 ha) state park features twelve historic wood-frame fort buildings as well as an interpretive center and hiking trails.[2] The park's grounds are located over a tunneled section of U.S. Route 101.","title":"Fort Columbia State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Chinook Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Point"},{"link_name":"Fort Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Canby_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Fort Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stevens_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-studygroup-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wasp-2"},{"link_name":"6-inch guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1905"},{"link_name":"Fort McAndrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McAndrew"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortwiki-4"}],"text":"Fort Columbia was built from 1896 to 1904 to support the defense of the Columbia River. The fort was constructed on the Chinook Point promontory as part of a \"triangle of fire\" defensive strategy that included Fort Canby and Fort Stevens.[3] Fort Columbia was declared surplus at the end of World War II and was transferred to the custody of the state of Washington in 1950.[2]In the 1960s and 1970s, Battery 246 was outfitted to serve as a Civil Defense Emergency Operating Center and was one of several possible locations the governor could use in an emergency. In 1993, the park received a pair of 6-inch guns that were transferred to Battery 246 from the former Fort McAndrew, Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, Canada.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coastal_artillery_gun_at_Fort_Columbia_State_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"artillery batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"coastal artillery guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_artillery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wasp-2"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Historical_Park"}],"text":"One of the park's two coastal artillery gunsExhibits at the Fort Columbia Interpretive Center focus on the fort's history, early explorers and pioneer history. The Commanding Officers Quarters is decorated with turn-of-the-century furnishings. The park grounds feature three artillery batteries and two coastal artillery guns. There are picnicking facilities and 5 miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails that work their way up Scarborough Hill. Two historic homes, the Steward's House and Scarborough House, are offered for rental.[2] The park is one of several state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that make up the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.","title":"Features"}] | [{"image_text":"One of the park's two coastal artillery guns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Coastal_artillery_gun_at_Fort_Columbia_State_Park.jpg/220px-Coastal_artillery_gun_at_Fort_Columbia_State_Park.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1510669","url_text":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://parks.state.wa.us/506/Fort-Columbia","url_text":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Columbia\". Coast Defense Study Group. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdsg.org/fort-columbia/","url_text":"\"Fort Columbia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battery 246\". FortWiki.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_246","url_text":"\"Battery 246\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Columbia_State_Park¶ms=46_15_36_N_123_55_08_W_type:landmark_dim:2km","external_links_name":"46°15′36″N 123°55′08″W / 46.26000°N 123.91889°W / 46.26000; -123.91889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Columbia_State_Park¶ms=46_15_36_N_123_55_08_W_type:landmark_dim:2km","external_links_name":"46°15′36″N 123°55′08″W / 46.26000°N 123.91889°W / 46.26000; -123.91889"},{"Link":"http://parks.state.wa.us/506/Fort-Columbia","external_links_name":"Fort Columbia State Park"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1510669","external_links_name":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\""},{"Link":"http://parks.state.wa.us/506/Fort-Columbia","external_links_name":"\"Fort Columbia State Park\""},{"Link":"http://cdsg.org/fort-columbia/","external_links_name":"\"Fort Columbia\""},{"Link":"http://www.fortwiki.com/Battery_246","external_links_name":"\"Battery 246\""},{"Link":"http://parks.state.wa.us/506/Fort-Columbia","external_links_name":"Fort Columbia State Park"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315528684","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rvek%C3%BCla_Nature_Reserve | Järveküla Nature Reserve | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 58°10′26″N 26°01′09″E / 58.17389°N 26.01917°E / 58.17389; 26.01917Protected area in Estonia
Järveküla Nature ReserveLocationEstoniaCoordinates58°10′26″N 26°01′09″E / 58.17389°N 26.01917°E / 58.17389; 26.01917Area267.9 ha (662 acres)Established1990
Järveküla Nature Reserve is a nature reserve founded in 1990, situated by Lake Vörtsjärv in southern Estonia (Viljandi County) near the village of Järveküla. The nature reserve has been established to protect the population of white-tailed eagles present in the area, and includes pine forest and patches of bog.
Other birds found in Järveküla Nature Reserve include: the Barn swallow (the national bird of Estonia), Eurasian wryneck, Eurasian golden oriole, Icterine warbler, River warbler, Spotted flycatcher, Eurasian tree sparrow, Common chaffinch, European greenfinch, European pied flycatcher, Eurasian skylark, Fieldfare, White wagtail, Yellowhammer, Hooded crow, Garden warbler, Grey heron, Eurasian blue tit, Eurasian blackcap, Common rosefinch, European goldfinch and Common chiffchaff among others.
References
^ "Protected Natural Objects of Viljandi County" (PDF). Estonian Environmental Board. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ xeno-canto Retrieved 19 January 2016.
vteNature reserves of Estonia (Detailed list)Harju
Alema
Anija
Kämbla
Laukesoo
Maapaju
Mahtra
Muraste
Niinsoni
Põhja-Kõrvemaa
Orkjärve
Paraspõllu
Parila
Ruila
Suure-Aru
Suurupi
Ülgase
Hiiu
Hüti
Kalana
Kukka
Kõpu
Kõrgessaare
Leigri
Paope
Pihla-Kaibaldi
Tahkuna
Tihu
Ida-Viru
Agusalu
Muraka
Puhatu
Selisoo
Järva
Iidva
Kareda
Kurisoo
Nõmme Mire
Prandi
Rumbi
Silmsi
Väätsa
Jõgeva
Aidu
Altnurga
Endla
Kirikuraba
Kivimurru
Kärasi
Mustallika
Sopimetsa
Tellise
Võtikvere
Lääne
Leidissoo
Marimetsa
Nõva
Silma
Lääne-Viru
Lasila
Luusika
Mahu-Rannametsa
Ohepalu
Paadenurme
Sirtsi
Suigu
Toolse
Tudusoo
Uhtju
Varangu
Pärnu
Audru Polder's
Avaste
Jäärumetsa
Kabli
Kalita
Karinõmme
Kergu
Kihnu Islets
Kikepera
Kolga
Kuiaru
Laiksaare
Lauaru
Laulaste
Lavassaare
Lindi
Luitemaa
Lähkma
Madissaare
Metsaääre
Mihkli
Naissoo
Nedrema
Nehatu
Nigula
Nätsi-Võlla
Paadrema
Puhtu-Laelatu
Pärnu Grasslands
Sanga
Siiraku
Soo-otsa
Sookuninga
Sorgu
Tolkuse
Tuhu
Vahenurme
Vaiste
Varbla Islets
Vaskjõe
Ännikse
Põlva
Akste
Ihamaru
Maruoru
Meelva
Valgesoo
Veski
Rapla
Linnuraba
Nabala-Tuhala
Taarikõnnu
Tillniidu
Tõrasoo
Vardi
Saare
Abruka
Allirahu
Haavassoo
Kesknõmme
Koimla
Koorunõmme
Laidevahe
Laidu Island
Liiva-Putla
Pühametsa
Rahuste
Siplase
Suuremõisa Bay
Sääre
Säärenõmme
Teesu
Viidumäe
Viieristi
Tartu
Alam-Pedja
Anne
Järvselja
Keeri-Karijärve
Konguta
Kärevere
Padakõrve
Peipsiveere
Pähklisaare
Raadi
Ropka-Ihaste
Välgi
Valga
Keisripalu
Koorküla
Riidaja
Rubina
Soontaga
Tündre
Viljandi
Järveküla
Kahvena
Kurimetsa
Lehtsaare
Leppoja
Maalasti
Parika
Raudna
Võru
Luhasoo
Meenikunno
Mõisamõtsa
Parmu
Piusa Caves
Pähni
Timmase | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Lake Vörtsjärv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rtsj%C3%A4rv"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Viljandi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljandi_County"},{"link_name":"Järveküla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rvek%C3%BCla,_Viljandi_County"},{"link_name":"white-tailed eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barn swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_swallow"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wryneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wryneck"},{"link_name":"Eurasian golden oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_golden_oriole"},{"link_name":"Icterine warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icterine_warbler"},{"link_name":"River warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_warbler"},{"link_name":"Spotted flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Eurasian tree sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow"},{"link_name":"Common chaffinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chaffinch"},{"link_name":"European greenfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_greenfinch"},{"link_name":"European pied flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_pied_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Eurasian skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_skylark"},{"link_name":"Fieldfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldfare"},{"link_name":"White wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Yellowhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhammer"},{"link_name":"Hooded crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_crow"},{"link_name":"Garden warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_warbler"},{"link_name":"Grey heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_heron"},{"link_name":"Eurasian blue tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_blue_tit"},{"link_name":"Eurasian blackcap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_blackcap"},{"link_name":"Common rosefinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rosefinch"},{"link_name":"European goldfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_goldfinch"},{"link_name":"Common chiffchaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chiffchaff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Protected area in EstoniaJärveküla Nature Reserve is a nature reserve founded in 1990, situated by Lake Vörtsjärv in southern Estonia (Viljandi County) near the village of Järveküla. The nature reserve has been established to protect the population of white-tailed eagles present in the area, and includes pine forest and patches of bog.[1]Other birds found in Järveküla Nature Reserve include: the Barn swallow (the national bird of Estonia), Eurasian wryneck, Eurasian golden oriole, Icterine warbler, River warbler, Spotted flycatcher, Eurasian tree sparrow, Common chaffinch, European greenfinch, European pied flycatcher, Eurasian skylark, Fieldfare, White wagtail, Yellowhammer, Hooded crow, Garden warbler, Grey heron, Eurasian blue tit, Eurasian blackcap, Common rosefinch, European goldfinch and Common chiffchaff among others.[2]","title":"Järveküla Nature Reserve"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Protected Natural Objects of Viljandi County\" (PDF). Estonian Environmental Board. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102756/http://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/public/Keskkonnaharidus/trykised/Viljandi_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Protected Natural Objects of Viljandi County\""},{"url":"http://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/public/Keskkonnaharidus/trykised/Viljandi_eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%A4rvek%C3%BCla_Nature_Reserve¶ms=58_10_26_N_26_01_09_E_region:EE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"58°10′26″N 26°01′09″E / 58.17389°N 26.01917°E / 58.17389; 26.01917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%A4rvek%C3%BCla_Nature_Reserve¶ms=58_10_26_N_26_01_09_E_region:EE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"58°10′26″N 26°01′09″E / 58.17389°N 26.01917°E / 58.17389; 26.01917"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102756/http://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/public/Keskkonnaharidus/trykised/Viljandi_eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Protected Natural Objects of Viljandi County\""},{"Link":"http://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/public/Keskkonnaharidus/trykised/Viljandi_eng.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.xeno-canto.org/location/map?lat=58.1769&long=25.977&loc=J%C3%A4rvek%C3%BCla%2C+Tarvastu+Parish%2C+Viljandi+County","external_links_name":"xeno-canto"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Premiership_Rugby | 1998–99 Premiership Rugby | ["1 Participating teams","2 Table","3 Results","3.1 Week 1","3.2 Week 2","3.3 Week 3","3.4 Week 4","3.5 Week 5","3.6 Week 6","3.7 Week 7","3.8 Week 7","3.9 Week 8","3.10 Week 9","3.11 Week 10","3.12 Week 11","3.13 Week 12","3.14 Week 13","3.15 Week 14","3.16 Week 15","3.17 Week 16","3.18 Week 17","3.19 Week 18","3.20 Week 19","3.21 Week 20","3.22 Week 21","3.23 Week 22","3.24 Week 23","3.25 Week 24","3.26 Week 25","3.27 Week 26","3.28 Week 27","3.29 Week 28","3.30 Week 29","3.31 Week 30","4 Leading scorers","4.1 Most points","4.2 Most tries","5 References","6 External links"] | 1998-1999 Allied Dunbar PremiershipCountries EnglandChampionsLeicester Tigers (3rd title)Runners-upNorthampton SaintsRelegatedWest HartlepoolMatches played182Attendance1,002,308 (average 5,507 per match)← 1997–981999–00 →
The 1998–1999 English Premiership (called the Allied Dunbar Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 12th season of the league at the top of the English rugby union pyramid, the Premiership (rugby union).
This was the second season under the sponsorship of Allied Dunbar.
The league was expanded to include 14 teams instead of 12, with London Scottish, West Hartlepool and Bedford Blues being elected to the premiership. The league commenced on 5 September 1998 and finished on 20 May 1999.
Participating teams
BathBedfordGloucesterLeicesterLondonL. IrishNewcastleNorthamptonRichmondSaleSaracensW HartlepoolLondon teams:HarlequinsLondon ScottishWaspsclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 1998–99 Allied Dunbar Premiership teams
HarlequinsLondon ScottishWaspsclass=notpageimage| Greater London Allied Dunbar Premiership clubs
Team
Stadium
Capacity
City/Area
Bath
Recreation Ground
8,200
Bath, Somerset
Bedford
Goldington Road
6,000
Bedford, Bedfordshire
Gloucester
Kingsholm
11,000
Gloucester, Gloucestershire
Harlequins
The Stoop
8,500
Twickenham, London
Leicester Tigers
Welford Road
16,000
Leicester, Leicestershire
London Irish
The Avenue
6,600
Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey
London Scottish
The Stoop
8,500
Twickenham, London
Newcastle Falcons
Kingston Park
10,000
Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
Northampton Saints
Franklin's Gardens
10,000
Northampton, Northamptonshire
Richmond
Madejski Stadium
24,161
Reading, Berkshire
Sale
Heywood Road
5,400
Sale, Greater Manchester
Saracens
Vicarage Road
22,000
Watford, Hertfordshire
Wasps
Loftus Road
18,439
Shepherd's Bush, London
West Hartlepool
Victoria Park
7,856
Hartlepool, County Durham
Notes
^ *Newcastle would also play 3 home games on at the Gateshead International Stadium in Gateshead on 12 September 1998, 27 September 1998 and 11 October 1998
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
TF
TA
Pts
Qualification
1
Leicester Tigers (C)
26
22
0
4
771
423
+348
86
34
44
Champion
2
Northampton Saints
26
19
0
7
754
556
+198
85
64
38
3
Saracens
26
16
1
9
748
583
+165
82
59
33
4
Harlequins
26
16
1
9
690
653
+37
64
75
33
5
Wasps
26
15
1
10
717
506
+211
80
45
31
6
Bath
26
15
0
11
698
574
+124
81
68
30
7
London Irish
26
15
0
11
703
607
+96
75
65
30
8
Newcastle Falcons
26
14
0
12
719
639
+80
85
69
28
9
Richmond (A)
26
11
2
13
720
715
+5
96
75
24
Placed into administration
10
Gloucester
26
9
1
16
554
643
−89
58
67
19
11
Sale Sharks
26
9
1
16
604
731
−127
76
80
19
12
London Scottish (A)
26
8
0
18
491
734
−243
40
85
16
Placed into administration
13
Bedford Blues
26
6
0
20
541
840
−299
63
101
12
14
West Hartlepool (R)
26
3
1
22
501
1007
−506
50
134
7
Relegated
Source: (A) Placed into administration; (C) Champion; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ a b At the end of the 1998–99 season, Richmond and London Scottish were placed into administration and merged with London Irish, and thus did not compete in the subsequent season.
Results
Week 1
5 September 199814:15Richmond41–29Newcastle FalconsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 9,530
5 September 199815:00Bath Rugby36–27WaspsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,000
5 September 199815:00Gloucester29–22London IrishKingsholmAttendance: 5,267
5 September 199815:00Leicester Tigers49–15NEC HarlequinsWelford RoadAttendance: 13,130
5 September 199815:00London Scottish25–20Sale SharksTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,300
6 September 199815:00Saracens34–7Northampton SaintsVicarage RoadAttendance: 8,243
Week 2
12 September 199814:15Newcastle Falcons19–17Bath RugbyGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 3,000
12 September 199815:00London Scottish3–38Leicester TigersTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,138
12 September 199815:00Northampton Saints25–6NEC HarlequinsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 5,870
12 September 199815:00Richmond22–25GloucesterMadejski StadiumAttendance: 7,054
12 September 199815:00Sale Sharks39–21Bedford BluesHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,100
13 September 199815:00West Hartlepool20–44London IrishVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,059
Week 3
19 September 199814:15Leicester Tigers35–25Northampton SaintsWelford RoadAttendance: 13,292
19 September 199815:00Bath Rugby36–14RichmondRecreation GroundAttendance: 7,600
19 September 199815:00Bedford Blues24–16London ScottishGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,347
19 September 199815:00London Irish24–36WaspsThe AvenueAttendance: 3,800
20 September 199815:00Gloucester36–3West HartlepoolKingsholmAttendance: 5,576
20 September 199815:00Saracens43–26Sale SharksVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,597
Week 4
26 September 199814:15Bedford Blues23–32Leicester TigersGoldington RoadAttendance: 4,165
26 September 199815:00Bath Rugby21–16GloucesterRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,200
26 September 199815:00London Scottish20–58SaracensTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,412
26 September 199815:00Sale Sharks44–34NEC HarlequinsHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,200
27 September 199815:00Wasps71–14West HartlepoolLoftus RoadAttendance: 2,797
27 September 199815:00Newcastle Falcons21–23London IrishGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 4,184
Week 5
3 October 199814:15Gloucester12–13WaspsKingsholmAttendance: 5,821
3 October 199815:00Bath Rugby57–19Bedford BluesRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,000
3 October 199815:00London Irish29–33RichmondThe AvenueAttendance: 3,900
3 October 199815:00NEC Harlequins22–20London ScottishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,609
3 October 199815:00Northampton Saints37–17Sale SharksFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,464
4 October 199815:00West Hartlepool19–24Newcastle FalconsVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,702
Week 6
10 October 199815:00Bath Rugby23–20London IrishRecreation GroundAttendance: 7,000
10 October 199815:00Bedford Blues35–33NEC HarlequinsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,521
10 October 199815:00Richmond41–23West HartlepoolMadejski StadiumAttendance: 4,357
10 October 199818:00London Scottish22–33Northampton SaintsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,900
11 October 199815:00Newcastle Falcons27–19WaspsGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 4,284
11 October 199815:00Saracens22–10Leicester TigersVicarage RoadAttendance: 17,347
Week 7
17 October 199814:15NEC Harlequins41–28SaracensTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,396
17 October 199815:00Gloucester41–32Newcastle FalconsKingsholmAttendance: 6,915
17 October 199815:00Leicester Tigers31–15Sale SharksWelford RoadAttendance: 9,861
17 October 199815:00Northampton Saints34–29Bedford BluesFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,739
17 October 199815:00West Hartlepool20–50Bath RugbyVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,743
18 October 199815:00London Wasps22–27RichmondLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,778
Week 7
20 October 199819:30London Irish24–23Leicester TigersThe AvenueAttendance: 2,950
20 October 199819:30NEC Harlequins39–7GloucesterTwickenham StoopAttendance: 4,174
20 October 199819:30West Hartlepool3–52SaracensVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,000
21 October 199819:45Wasps35–19Bedford BluesLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,216
24 October 199814:15Leicester Tigers27–0RichmondWelford RoadAttendance: 8,443
24 October 199815:00Bath Rugby27–3Sale SharksRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,800
24 October 199815:00Bedford Blues22–29Newcastle FalconsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,902
24 October 199815:00London Irish10–26Northampton SaintsThe AvenueAttendance: 2,560
24 October 199815:00NEC Harlequins25–10West HartlepoolTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,476
25 October 199815:00Gloucester29–16London ScottishKingsholmAttendance: 6,000
25 October 199815:00Saracens17–31London WaspsVicarage RoadAttendance: 11,261
Week 8
28 October 199819:45Sale Sharks10–39RichmondHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,500
31 October 199814:15Newcastle Falcons43–12SaracensKingston ParkAttendance: 4,833
31 October 199815:00London Scottish13–11Bath RugbyTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,267
31 October 199815:00Northampton Saints22–8GloucesterFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,284
1 November 199815:00Wasps21–22NEC HarlequinsLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,627
1 November 199815:00Richmond38–32Bedford BluesMadejski StadiumAttendance: 6,541
1 November 199815:00West Hartlepool15–45Leicester TigersVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,846
Week 9
7 November 199814:15Leicester Tigers36–13Bath RugbyWelford RoadAttendance: 15,873
7 November 199815:00Gloucester31–21Bedford BluesKingsholmAttendance: 5,147
7 November 199815:00London Irish25–31Sale SharksThe AvenueAttendance: 2,300
7 November 199815:00NEC Harlequins25–20Newcastle FalconsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,974
7 November 199815:00Northampton Saints26–21WaspsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,722
8 November 199815:00Saracens33–17RichmondVicarage RoadAttendance: 9,217
Week 10
13 November 199819:30Sale Sharks42–26West HartlepoolHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,338
14 November 199815:00London Scottish17–23London IrishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,000
15 November 199815:00Bedford Blues20–25SaracensGoldington RoadAttendance: 5,125
15 November 199815:00Wasps45–17Leicester TigersLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,027
15 November 199815:00Newcastle Falcons45–35Northampton SaintsKingston ParkAttendance: 4,293
Week 11
21 November 199814:15Northampton Saints44–27RichmondFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 5,978
21 November 199815:00Gloucester28–27SaracensKingsholmAttendance: 6,627
21 November 199815:00London Irish30–19Bedford BluesThe AvenueAttendance: 2,200
21 November 199815:00NEC Harlequins43–31Bath RugbyTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,875
22 November 199815:00Wasps32–19Sale SharksLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,865
22 November 199815:00West Hartlepool7–37London ScottishVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,837
Week 12
12 December 199814:00Sale Sharks26–10GloucesterHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,200
12 December 199815:00Bath Rugby9–15Northampton SaintsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,200
12 December 199815:00Bedford Blues10–23West HartlepoolGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,398
12 December 199815:00Leicester Tigers31–18Newcastle FalconsWelford RoadAttendance: 11,226
12 December 199815:00London Scottish9–17WaspsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,159
13 December 199815:00Saracens40–26London IrishVicarage RoadAttendance: 10,373
Week 13
19 December 199814:00Bath Rugby11–19SaracensRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,200
19 December 199815:00Gloucester18–23Leicester TigersKingsholmAttendance: 7,222
19 December 199815:00London Irish20–16NEC HarlequinsThe AvenueAttendance: 5,460
19 December 199818:00London Scottish16–28RichmondTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,540
20 December 199815:00Newcastle Falcons30–15Sale SharksKingston ParkAttendance: 3,020
20 December 199815:00West Hartlepool9–33Northampton SaintsVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,613
Week 14
26 December 199815:00Leicester Tigers26–0Bedford BluesWelford RoadAttendance: 10,689
26 December 199815:00Richmond13–25London IrishMadejski StadiumAttendance: 9,621
27 December 199815:00Wasps23–9GloucesterLoftus RoadAttendance: 5,362
27 December 199815:00NEC Harlequins17–15Sale SharksTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,100
27 December 199815:00Newcastle Falcons29–13West HartlepoolKingston ParkAttendance: 3,403
27 December 199815:15Saracens7–24London ScottishVicarage RoadAttendance: 10,257
Week 15
2 January 199914:00Gloucester23–7Bath RugbyKingsholmAttendance: 10,109
2 January 199915:00London Irish16–14Newcastle FalconsThe AvenueAttendance: 4,250
2 January 199915:00London Scottish24–35NEC HarlequinsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 4,600
2 January 199915:00Sale Sharks24–39Northampton SaintsHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,300
3 January 199915:00Saracens44–13Bedford BluesVicarage RoadAttendance: 6,593
3 January 199915:00West Hartlepool21–17WaspsVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,133
Week 16
5 January 199919:30London Scottish24–13GloucesterTwickenham StoopAttendance: 850
5 January 199919:30Newcastle Falcons34–23Bedford BluesKingston ParkAttendance: 2,070
5 January 199919:30Northampton Saints8–32London IrishFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,450
5 January 199919:30Sale Sharks30–32Bath RugbyHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,500
6 January 199919:30Wasps15–15SaracensLoftus RoadAttendance: 8,534
Week 17
16 January 199914:30Leicester Tigers24–12London ScottishWelford RoadAttendance: 9,985
16 January 199915:00Bath Rugby16–11Newcastle FalconsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,200
16 January 199915:00London Irish43–21West HartlepoolThe AvenueAttendance: 2,129
16 January 199915:00NEC Harlequins17–24Northampton SaintsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 8,500
16 January 199916:15Gloucester24–24RichmondKingsholmAttendance: 4,811
Week 18
23 January 199914:00NEC Harlequins17–22London IrishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 7,824
23 January 199914:30Leicester Tigers23–16GloucesterWelford RoadAttendance: 11,394
23 January 199915:00Bedford Blues17–30Bath RugbyGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,673
23 January 199915:00Northampton Saints19–14West HartlepoolFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,023
23 January 199915:00Richmond40–22London ScottishMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,445
23 January 199915:00Sale Sharks20–28Newcastle FalconsHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,500
26 January 199920:00Richmond11–23Leicester TigersMadejski StadiumAttendance: 7,981
Week 19
6 February 199915:00NEC Harlequins9–34Leicester TigersTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,212
6 February 199915:00Northampton Saints18–21SaracensFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 8,253
6 February 199915:00Sale Sharks7–23London ScottishHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,200
7 February 199914:30Wasps35–0Bath RugbyLoftus RoadAttendance: 9,526
7 February 199915:00London Irish42–20GloucesterThe AvenueAttendance: 5,020
Week 20
13 February 199914:00Leicester Tigers31–10London IrishWelford RoadAttendance: 15,132
13 February 199915:00Bedford Blues25–23WaspsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,440
13 February 199915:00Gloucester20–31NEC HarlequinsKingsholmAttendance: 6,046
13 February 199915:00London Scottish27–17Newcastle FalconsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,101
14 February 199915:00Richmond29–24Sale SharksMadejski StadiumAttendance: 4,695
14 February 199915:00Saracens48–27West HartlepoolVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,872
Week 21
27 February 199915:00Bedford Blues7–18Sale SharksGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,139
Week 22
13 March 199915:00London Scottish15–24Bedford BluesTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,273
13 March 199915:00Richmond23–30Bath RugbyMadejski StadiumAttendance: 10,096
13 March 199915:00Sale Sharks32–24SaracensHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,570
13 March 199916:00Northampton Saints15–22Leicester TigersFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 10,000
14 March 199915:00Wasps38–27London IrishLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,048
14 March 199915:00West Hartlepool33–32GloucesterVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,300
Week 23
27 March 199915:00Bedford Blues19–15GloucesterGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,417
27 March 199915:00Leicester Tigers16–6WaspsWelford RoadAttendance: 12,449
27 March 199915:00London Irish35–12London ScottishThe AvenueAttendance: 4,400
27 March 199915:00NEC Harlequins32–32RichmondTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,600
27 March 199915:00Northampton Saints57–16Newcastle FalconsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,540
28 March 199915:00Saracens14–33Bath RugbyVicarage RoadAttendance: 14,219
28 March 199915:00West Hartlepool33–33Sale SharksVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,531
Week 24
31 March 199919:30Newcastle Falcons43–20London ScottishKingston ParkAttendance: 2,506
3 April 199915:00Bath Rugby24–16Leicester TigersRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,500
3 April 199915:00Sale Sharks30–27London IrishHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,515
Week 25
13 April 199919:45London Wasps15–24Northampton SaintsLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,126
17 April 199914:15Leicester Tigers25–18SaracensWelford RoadAttendance: 13,823
17 April 199915:00London Irish47–22Bath RugbyThe AvenueAttendance: 6,600
17 April 199915:00NEC Harlequins29–16Bedford BluesTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,828
17 April 199915:00Northampton Saints44–13London ScottishFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,108
18 April 199915:00Wasps34–33Newcastle FalconsLoftus RoadAttendance: 5,104
18 April 199915:00West Hartlepool35–36RichmondVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,206
Week 26
21 April 199919:30Newcastle Falcons47–14RichmondKingston ParkAttendance: 2,728
21 April 199919:30West Hartlepool37–47NEC HarlequinsVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,107
24 April 199915:00Bath Rugby56–24West HartlepoolRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,500
24 April 199915:00Bedford Blues31–42Northampton SaintsGoldington RoadAttendance: 4,689
24 April 199915:00Sale Sharks17–41Leicester TigersHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,800
25 April 199915:00Newcastle Falcons39–15GloucesterKingston ParkAttendance: 3,748
25 April 199915:00Richmond5–29WaspsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,594
25 April 199915:00Saracens30–38NEC HarlequinsVicarage RoadAttendance: 8,719
Week 27
1 May 199915:00Gloucester24–34Sale SharksKingsholmAttendance: 4,528
1 May 199915:00London Irish21–26SaracensThe AvenueAttendance: 6,710
1 May 199915:00Northampton Saints40–17Bath RugbyFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 8,843
2 May 199915:00Wasps45–22London ScottishLoftus RoadAttendance: 4,419
2 May 199915:00Newcastle Falcons12–21Leicester TigersKingston ParkAttendance: 5,207
2 May 199915:00West Hartlepool0–39Bedford BluesVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,400
3 May 199915:00Richmond23–30NEC HarlequinsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,300
Week 28
7 May 199919:45Saracens26–10GloucesterVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,261
8 May 199915:00Bath Rugby13–17NEC HarlequinsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,200
8 May 199915:00Bedford Blues21–36London IrishGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,572
8 May 199915:00London Scottish26–14West HartlepoolTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,459
8 May 199915:00Richmond19–31Northampton SaintsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,500
8 May 199915:00Sale Sharks13–27WaspsHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,495
Week 29
11 May 199919:30Newcastle Falcons33–23NEC HarlequinsKingston ParkAttendance: 4,133
12 May 199920:00Richmond18–25SaracensMadejski StadiumAttendance: 2,613
15 May 199917:00Bath Rugby76–13London ScottishRecreation GroundAttendance: 4,800
16 May 199915:00Bedford Blues12–106RichmondGoldington RoadAttendance: 1,308
16 May 199915:00Gloucester43–31Northampton SaintsKingsholmAttendance: 4,935
16 May 199915:00Leicester Tigers72–37West HartlepoolWelford RoadAttendance: 12,958
Week 30
19 May 199919:30NEC Harlequins27–20WaspsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,232
20 May 199919:45Saracens40–26Newcastle FalconsVicarage RoadAttendance: 6,982
Leading scorers
Note: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under World Rugby eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who did not yet earn international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-WR nationalities.
Most points
Source:
Rank
Player
Club
Points
1
John Schuster
Harlquins
331
2
Gavin Johnson
Saracens
318
3
Jonny Wilkinson
Newcastle Falcons
306
4
Mike Catt
Bath
294
5
Kenny Logan
Wasps
263
6
/ Shane Howarth
Sale
246
7
Steven Vile
West Hartlepool
240
8
Niall Woods
London Irish
215
9
Earl Va'a
Richmond
205
10
Joel Stransky
Leicester Tigers
202
Most tries
Source:
Rank
Player
Club
Tries
1
Neil Back
Leicester Tigers
16
2
Jeremy Guscott
Bath
14
Pat Lam
Northampton Saints
4
Iain Balshaw
Bath
13
5
Gary Armstrong
Newcastle Falcons
12
Brendon Daniel
Saracens
Steve Hanley
Sale
Va'aiga Tuigamala
Newcastle Falcons
Rory Underwood
Bedford
Niall Woods
London Irish
References
^ "1998-99 Premiership Rugby top points scorers". ESPNScrum. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ "1998-99 Premiership Rugby top try scorers". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
External links
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The Showdown | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Allied Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"Bedford Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Blues"}],"text":"The 1998–1999 English Premiership (called the Allied Dunbar Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 12th season of the league at the top of the English rugby union pyramid, the Premiership (rugby union).This was the second season under the sponsorship of Allied Dunbar.The league was expanded to include 14 teams instead of 12, with London Scottish, West Hartlepool and Bedford Blues being elected to the premiership. The league commenced on 5 September 1998 and finished on 20 May 1999.","title":"1998–99 Premiership Rugby"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Blues"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"L. Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Saints"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens_F.C."},{"link_name":"W Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_F.C."},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_London_UK_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_F.C."},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_London_UK_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Newcastle_1-0"},{"link_name":"Gateshead International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead"}],"text":"BathBedfordGloucesterLeicesterLondonL. IrishNewcastleNorthamptonRichmondSaleSaracensW HartlepoolLondon teams:HarlequinsLondon ScottishWaspsclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 1998–99 Allied Dunbar Premiership teamsHarlequinsLondon ScottishWaspsclass=notpageimage| Greater London Allied Dunbar Premiership clubsNotes^ *Newcastle would also play 3 home games on at the Gateshead International Stadium in Gateshead on 12 September 1998, 27 September 1998 and 11 October 1998","title":"Participating teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_RIC0.30347244362509_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_RIC0.30347244362509_2-1"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed](A) Placed into administration; (C) Champion; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ a b At the end of the 1998–99 season, Richmond and London Scottish were placed into administration and merged with London Irish, and thus did not compete in the subsequent season.","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 1","text":"5 September 199814:15Richmond41–29Newcastle FalconsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 9,5305 September 199815:00Bath Rugby36–27WaspsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,0005 September 199815:00Gloucester29–22London IrishKingsholmAttendance: 5,2675 September 199815:00Leicester Tigers49–15NEC HarlequinsWelford RoadAttendance: 13,1305 September 199815:00London Scottish25–20Sale SharksTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,3006 September 199815:00Saracens34–7Northampton SaintsVicarage RoadAttendance: 8,243","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 2","text":"12 September 199814:15Newcastle Falcons19–17Bath RugbyGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 3,00012 September 199815:00London Scottish3–38Leicester TigersTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,13812 September 199815:00Northampton Saints25–6NEC HarlequinsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 5,87012 September 199815:00Richmond22–25GloucesterMadejski StadiumAttendance: 7,05412 September 199815:00Sale Sharks39–21Bedford BluesHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,10013 September 199815:00West Hartlepool20–44London IrishVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,059","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 3","text":"19 September 199814:15Leicester Tigers35–25Northampton SaintsWelford RoadAttendance: 13,29219 September 199815:00Bath Rugby36–14RichmondRecreation GroundAttendance: 7,60019 September 199815:00Bedford Blues24–16London ScottishGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,34719 September 199815:00London Irish24–36WaspsThe AvenueAttendance: 3,80020 September 199815:00Gloucester36–3West HartlepoolKingsholmAttendance: 5,57620 September 199815:00Saracens43–26Sale SharksVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,597","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 4","text":"26 September 199814:15Bedford Blues23–32Leicester TigersGoldington RoadAttendance: 4,16526 September 199815:00Bath Rugby21–16GloucesterRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,20026 September 199815:00London Scottish20–58SaracensTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,41226 September 199815:00Sale Sharks44–34NEC HarlequinsHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,20027 September 199815:00Wasps71–14West HartlepoolLoftus RoadAttendance: 2,79727 September 199815:00Newcastle Falcons21–23London IrishGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 4,184","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 5","text":"3 October 199814:15Gloucester12–13WaspsKingsholmAttendance: 5,8213 October 199815:00Bath Rugby57–19Bedford BluesRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,0003 October 199815:00London Irish29–33RichmondThe AvenueAttendance: 3,9003 October 199815:00NEC Harlequins22–20London ScottishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,6093 October 199815:00Northampton Saints37–17Sale SharksFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,4644 October 199815:00West Hartlepool19–24Newcastle FalconsVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,702","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 6","text":"10 October 199815:00Bath Rugby23–20London IrishRecreation GroundAttendance: 7,00010 October 199815:00Bedford Blues35–33NEC HarlequinsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,52110 October 199815:00Richmond41–23West HartlepoolMadejski StadiumAttendance: 4,35710 October 199818:00London Scottish22–33Northampton SaintsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,90011 October 199815:00Newcastle Falcons27–19WaspsGateshead International StadiumAttendance: 4,28411 October 199815:00Saracens22–10Leicester TigersVicarage RoadAttendance: 17,347","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 7","text":"17 October 199814:15NEC Harlequins41–28SaracensTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,39617 October 199815:00Gloucester41–32Newcastle FalconsKingsholmAttendance: 6,91517 October 199815:00Leicester Tigers31–15Sale SharksWelford RoadAttendance: 9,86117 October 199815:00Northampton Saints34–29Bedford BluesFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,73917 October 199815:00West Hartlepool20–50Bath RugbyVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,74318 October 199815:00London Wasps22–27RichmondLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,778","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 7","text":"20 October 199819:30London Irish24–23Leicester TigersThe AvenueAttendance: 2,95020 October 199819:30NEC Harlequins39–7GloucesterTwickenham StoopAttendance: 4,17420 October 199819:30West Hartlepool3–52SaracensVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,00021 October 199819:45Wasps35–19Bedford BluesLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,21624 October 199814:15Leicester Tigers27–0RichmondWelford RoadAttendance: 8,44324 October 199815:00Bath Rugby27–3Sale SharksRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,80024 October 199815:00Bedford Blues22–29Newcastle FalconsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,90224 October 199815:00London Irish10–26Northampton SaintsThe AvenueAttendance: 2,56024 October 199815:00NEC Harlequins25–10West HartlepoolTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,47625 October 199815:00Gloucester29–16London ScottishKingsholmAttendance: 6,00025 October 199815:00Saracens17–31London WaspsVicarage RoadAttendance: 11,261","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 8","text":"28 October 199819:45Sale Sharks10–39RichmondHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,50031 October 199814:15Newcastle Falcons43–12SaracensKingston ParkAttendance: 4,83331 October 199815:00London Scottish13–11Bath RugbyTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,26731 October 199815:00Northampton Saints22–8GloucesterFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,2841 November 199815:00Wasps21–22NEC HarlequinsLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,6271 November 199815:00Richmond38–32Bedford BluesMadejski StadiumAttendance: 6,5411 November 199815:00West Hartlepool15–45Leicester TigersVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,846","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 9","text":"7 November 199814:15Leicester Tigers36–13Bath RugbyWelford RoadAttendance: 15,8737 November 199815:00Gloucester31–21Bedford BluesKingsholmAttendance: 5,1477 November 199815:00London Irish25–31Sale SharksThe AvenueAttendance: 2,3007 November 199815:00NEC Harlequins25–20Newcastle FalconsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,9747 November 199815:00Northampton Saints26–21WaspsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,7228 November 199815:00Saracens33–17RichmondVicarage RoadAttendance: 9,217","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 10","text":"13 November 199819:30Sale Sharks42–26West HartlepoolHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,33814 November 199815:00London Scottish17–23London IrishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,00015 November 199815:00Bedford Blues20–25SaracensGoldington RoadAttendance: 5,12515 November 199815:00Wasps45–17Leicester TigersLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,02715 November 199815:00Newcastle Falcons45–35Northampton SaintsKingston ParkAttendance: 4,293","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 11","text":"21 November 199814:15Northampton Saints44–27RichmondFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 5,97821 November 199815:00Gloucester28–27SaracensKingsholmAttendance: 6,62721 November 199815:00London Irish30–19Bedford BluesThe AvenueAttendance: 2,20021 November 199815:00NEC Harlequins43–31Bath RugbyTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,87522 November 199815:00Wasps32–19Sale SharksLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,86522 November 199815:00West Hartlepool7–37London ScottishVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,837","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 12","text":"12 December 199814:00Sale Sharks26–10GloucesterHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,20012 December 199815:00Bath Rugby9–15Northampton SaintsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,20012 December 199815:00Bedford Blues10–23West HartlepoolGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,39812 December 199815:00Leicester Tigers31–18Newcastle FalconsWelford RoadAttendance: 11,22612 December 199815:00London Scottish9–17WaspsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,15913 December 199815:00Saracens40–26London IrishVicarage RoadAttendance: 10,373","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 13","text":"19 December 199814:00Bath Rugby11–19SaracensRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,20019 December 199815:00Gloucester18–23Leicester TigersKingsholmAttendance: 7,22219 December 199815:00London Irish20–16NEC HarlequinsThe AvenueAttendance: 5,46019 December 199818:00London Scottish16–28RichmondTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,54020 December 199815:00Newcastle Falcons30–15Sale SharksKingston ParkAttendance: 3,02020 December 199815:00West Hartlepool9–33Northampton SaintsVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,613","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 14","text":"26 December 199815:00Leicester Tigers26–0Bedford BluesWelford RoadAttendance: 10,68926 December 199815:00Richmond13–25London IrishMadejski StadiumAttendance: 9,62127 December 199815:00Wasps23–9GloucesterLoftus RoadAttendance: 5,36227 December 199815:00NEC Harlequins17–15Sale SharksTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,10027 December 199815:00Newcastle Falcons29–13West HartlepoolKingston ParkAttendance: 3,40327 December 199815:15Saracens7–24London ScottishVicarage RoadAttendance: 10,257","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 15","text":"2 January 199914:00Gloucester23–7Bath RugbyKingsholmAttendance: 10,1092 January 199915:00London Irish16–14Newcastle FalconsThe AvenueAttendance: 4,2502 January 199915:00London Scottish24–35NEC HarlequinsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 4,6002 January 199915:00Sale Sharks24–39Northampton SaintsHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,3003 January 199915:00Saracens44–13Bedford BluesVicarage RoadAttendance: 6,5933 January 199915:00West Hartlepool21–17WaspsVictoria ParkAttendance: 2,133","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 16","text":"5 January 199919:30London Scottish24–13GloucesterTwickenham StoopAttendance: 8505 January 199919:30Newcastle Falcons34–23Bedford BluesKingston ParkAttendance: 2,0705 January 199919:30Northampton Saints8–32London IrishFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,4505 January 199919:30Sale Sharks30–32Bath RugbyHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,5006 January 199919:30Wasps15–15SaracensLoftus RoadAttendance: 8,534","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 17","text":"16 January 199914:30Leicester Tigers24–12London ScottishWelford RoadAttendance: 9,98516 January 199915:00Bath Rugby16–11Newcastle FalconsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,20016 January 199915:00London Irish43–21West HartlepoolThe AvenueAttendance: 2,12916 January 199915:00NEC Harlequins17–24Northampton SaintsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 8,50016 January 199916:15Gloucester24–24RichmondKingsholmAttendance: 4,811","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 18","text":"23 January 199914:00NEC Harlequins17–22London IrishTwickenham StoopAttendance: 7,82423 January 199914:30Leicester Tigers23–16GloucesterWelford RoadAttendance: 11,39423 January 199915:00Bedford Blues17–30Bath RugbyGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,67323 January 199915:00Northampton Saints19–14West HartlepoolFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,02323 January 199915:00Richmond40–22London ScottishMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,44523 January 199915:00Sale Sharks20–28Newcastle FalconsHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,50026 January 199920:00Richmond11–23Leicester TigersMadejski StadiumAttendance: 7,981","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 19","text":"6 February 199915:00NEC Harlequins9–34Leicester TigersTwickenham StoopAttendance: 6,2126 February 199915:00Northampton Saints18–21SaracensFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 8,2536 February 199915:00Sale Sharks7–23London ScottishHeywood RoadAttendance: 2,2007 February 199914:30Wasps35–0Bath RugbyLoftus RoadAttendance: 9,5267 February 199915:00London Irish42–20GloucesterThe AvenueAttendance: 5,020","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 20","text":"13 February 199914:00Leicester Tigers31–10London IrishWelford RoadAttendance: 15,13213 February 199915:00Bedford Blues25–23WaspsGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,44013 February 199915:00Gloucester20–31NEC HarlequinsKingsholmAttendance: 6,04613 February 199915:00London Scottish27–17Newcastle FalconsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 2,10114 February 199915:00Richmond29–24Sale SharksMadejski StadiumAttendance: 4,69514 February 199915:00Saracens48–27West HartlepoolVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,872","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 21","text":"27 February 199915:00Bedford Blues7–18Sale SharksGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,139","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 22","text":"13 March 199915:00London Scottish15–24Bedford BluesTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,27313 March 199915:00Richmond23–30Bath RugbyMadejski StadiumAttendance: 10,09613 March 199915:00Sale Sharks32–24SaracensHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,57013 March 199916:00Northampton Saints15–22Leicester TigersFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 10,00014 March 199915:00Wasps38–27London IrishLoftus RoadAttendance: 6,04814 March 199915:00West Hartlepool33–32GloucesterVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,300","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 23","text":"27 March 199915:00Bedford Blues19–15GloucesterGoldington RoadAttendance: 2,41727 March 199915:00Leicester Tigers16–6WaspsWelford RoadAttendance: 12,44927 March 199915:00London Irish35–12London ScottishThe AvenueAttendance: 4,40027 March 199915:00NEC Harlequins32–32RichmondTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,60027 March 199915:00Northampton Saints57–16Newcastle FalconsFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 6,54028 March 199915:00Saracens14–33Bath RugbyVicarage RoadAttendance: 14,21928 March 199915:00West Hartlepool33–33Sale SharksVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,531","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 24","text":"31 March 199919:30Newcastle Falcons43–20London ScottishKingston ParkAttendance: 2,5063 April 199915:00Bath Rugby24–16Leicester TigersRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,5003 April 199915:00Sale Sharks30–27London IrishHeywood RoadAttendance: 3,515","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 25","text":"13 April 199919:45London Wasps15–24Northampton SaintsLoftus RoadAttendance: 3,12617 April 199914:15Leicester Tigers25–18SaracensWelford RoadAttendance: 13,82317 April 199915:00London Irish47–22Bath RugbyThe AvenueAttendance: 6,60017 April 199915:00NEC Harlequins29–16Bedford BluesTwickenham StoopAttendance: 3,82817 April 199915:00Northampton Saints44–13London ScottishFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 7,10818 April 199915:00Wasps34–33Newcastle FalconsLoftus RoadAttendance: 5,10418 April 199915:00West Hartlepool35–36RichmondVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,206","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 26","text":"21 April 199919:30Newcastle Falcons47–14RichmondKingston ParkAttendance: 2,72821 April 199919:30West Hartlepool37–47NEC HarlequinsVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,10724 April 199915:00Bath Rugby56–24West HartlepoolRecreation GroundAttendance: 6,50024 April 199915:00Bedford Blues31–42Northampton SaintsGoldington RoadAttendance: 4,68924 April 199915:00Sale Sharks17–41Leicester TigersHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,80025 April 199915:00Newcastle Falcons39–15GloucesterKingston ParkAttendance: 3,74825 April 199915:00Richmond5–29WaspsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,59425 April 199915:00Saracens30–38NEC HarlequinsVicarage RoadAttendance: 8,719","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 27","text":"1 May 199915:00Gloucester24–34Sale SharksKingsholmAttendance: 4,5281 May 199915:00London Irish21–26SaracensThe AvenueAttendance: 6,7101 May 199915:00Northampton Saints40–17Bath RugbyFranklin’s GardensAttendance: 8,8432 May 199915:00Wasps45–22London ScottishLoftus RoadAttendance: 4,4192 May 199915:00Newcastle Falcons12–21Leicester TigersKingston ParkAttendance: 5,2072 May 199915:00West Hartlepool0–39Bedford BluesVictoria ParkAttendance: 1,4003 May 199915:00Richmond23–30NEC HarlequinsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,300","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 28","text":"7 May 199919:45Saracens26–10GloucesterVicarage RoadAttendance: 5,2618 May 199915:00Bath Rugby13–17NEC HarlequinsRecreation GroundAttendance: 8,2008 May 199915:00Bedford Blues21–36London IrishGoldington RoadAttendance: 3,5728 May 199915:00London Scottish26–14West HartlepoolTwickenham StoopAttendance: 1,4598 May 199915:00Richmond19–31Northampton SaintsMadejski StadiumAttendance: 3,5008 May 199915:00Sale Sharks13–27WaspsHeywood RoadAttendance: 4,495","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 29","text":"11 May 199919:30Newcastle Falcons33–23NEC HarlequinsKingston ParkAttendance: 4,13312 May 199920:00Richmond18–25SaracensMadejski StadiumAttendance: 2,61315 May 199917:00Bath Rugby76–13London ScottishRecreation GroundAttendance: 4,80016 May 199915:00Bedford Blues12–106RichmondGoldington RoadAttendance: 1,30816 May 199915:00Gloucester43–31Northampton SaintsKingsholmAttendance: 4,93516 May 199915:00Leicester Tigers72–37West HartlepoolWelford RoadAttendance: 12,958","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 30","text":"19 May 199919:30NEC Harlequins27–20WaspsTwickenham StoopAttendance: 5,23220 May 199919:45Saracens40–26Newcastle FalconsVicarage RoadAttendance: 6,982","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_Premiership_Rugby&action=edit§ion=36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"John Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Harlquins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Gavin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Johnson_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jonny Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Catt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Catt"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kenny Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Logan"},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Shane Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Howarth"},{"link_name":"Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Steven Vile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Vile"},{"link_name":"West Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartlepool_R.F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Niall Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Woods"},{"link_name":"London Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Earl Va'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Va%27a"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Joel Stransky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Stransky"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_Premiership_Rugby&action=edit§ion=37"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Neil Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Back"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Guscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Guscott"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Pat Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Lam"},{"link_name":"Northampton Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Saints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Iain Balshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Balshaw"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gary Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Armstrong_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Brendon Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Daniel_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hanley_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Va'aiga Tuigamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%27aiga_Tuigamala"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Rory Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Blues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Niall Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Woods"},{"link_name":"London Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish"}],"text":"Note: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under World Rugby eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who did not yet earn international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-WR nationalities.Most points[edit]\nSource:[1]\n\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n John Schuster\nHarlquins\n331\n\n\n2\n Gavin Johnson\nSaracens\n318\n\n\n3\n Jonny Wilkinson\nNewcastle Falcons\n306\n\n\n4\n Mike Catt\nBath\n294\n\n\n5\n Kenny Logan\nWasps\n263\n\n\n6\n/ Shane Howarth\nSale\n246\n\n\n7\n Steven Vile\nWest Hartlepool\n240\n\n\n8\n Niall Woods\nLondon Irish\n215\n\n\n9\n Earl Va'a\nRichmond\n205\n\n\n10\n Joel Stransky\nLeicester Tigers\n202\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMost tries[edit]\nSource:[2]\n\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nTries\n\n\n1\n Neil Back\nLeicester Tigers\n16\n\n\n2\n Jeremy Guscott\nBath\n14\n\n\n Pat Lam\nNorthampton Saints\n\n\n4\n Iain Balshaw\nBath\n13\n\n\n5\n Gary Armstrong\nNewcastle Falcons\n12\n\n\n Brendon Daniel\nSaracens\n\n\n Steve Hanley\nSale\n\n\n Va'aiga Tuigamala\nNewcastle Falcons\n\n\n Rory Underwood\nBedford\n\n\n Niall Woods\nLondon Irish","title":"Leading scorers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top points scorers\". ESPNScrum. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/most_points.html?id=1998%2F99;trophy=65;type=season","url_text":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top points scorers\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top try scorers\". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/most_tries.html?id=1998%2F99;trophy=65;type=season;type=tournament","url_text":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top try scorers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/most_points.html?id=1998%2F99;trophy=65;type=season","external_links_name":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top points scorers\""},{"Link":"http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/player/most_tries.html?id=1998%2F99;trophy=65;type=season;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"1998-99 Premiership Rugby top try scorers\""},{"Link":"http://www.guinnesspremiership.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brutus | Big Brutus | ["1 Description","2 Museum","3 Fatal accident","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°16′26″N 94°56′20″W / 37.273882°N 94.938827°W / 37.273882; -94.938827Power shovel used in southeastern Kansas strip mining
Big Brutus
Big Brutus in 2014
Class overview
NameBig Brutus (1963-Present)
BuildersBucyrus-Erie
Operators United States
Succeeded byModel 1950-B-series Electric power shovel
CostUS$6.5 million (1987)
In service1963-1974
Planned1
Completed1
Preserved1
History
United States
NameBig Brutus
BuilderBucyrus-Erie
Launched1962
ChristenedMay 1963
CommissionedMay 1963
Fate
Retired in 1974
Preserved in 1987
NotesLargest power shovel preserved
General characteristics
Class and typeModel 1850-B-series Electric power shovel
Tonnage4,200 t (9,260,000 lb) + 770 t (1,700,000 lb) ballast when operational
Length
24.2 m (79 ft) (house) + 45.72 m (150 ft) (max boom length)
Total: 69.92 m (229 ft)
Beam18 m (59 ft)
Height48.8 m (160 ft) (to tip of boom)
Installed power
2 x 2.57 MW (3,500 hp) electric motors + external power substation
Total: ≥5.5 MW (7,500 hp) standard or ≥11 MW (15,000 hp) peak
Propulsion8 x caterpillar tracks
Speed0.22 mph (19 ft/min) (5.8m/min) max
CapacityBlade capacity: 90 cubic yards (68.8 m3) or 150 short tons (140 t)
Complement3
United States historic placeBig BrutusU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Built1963NRHP reference No.100001945Added to NRHPJanuary 5, 2018
Note cars by track for scale
Big Brutus is the nickname of the Bucyrus-Erie model 1850-B electric shovel, which was the second largest of its type in operation in the 1960s and 1970s. Big Brutus is the centerpiece of a mining museum in West Mineral, Kansas, United States, where it was used in coal strip mining operations. The shovel was designed to dig from 20 to 69 feet (6.1 to 21.0 m) down to unearth relatively shallow coal seams, which would then be mined with smaller equipment.
Description
The fabrication of Big Brutus was completed in May 1963, after which it was shipped on 150 railroad cars to be assembled in Kansas. It operated until 1974, when coal was uneconomic to mine at the site. At that time, it was considered too big to move and was left in place.
Big Brutus, while not the largest electric shovel ever built, is the largest electric shovel still in existence. The Captain, at 28 million pounds (13 kt) – triple that of Big Brutus – was the largest shovel and one of the largest land-based mobile machines ever built, only exceeded by some dragline and bucket-wheel excavators. It was scrapped in 1992, after receiving extreme damage from an hours-long internal fire.
Museum
The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company donated Big Brutus in 1984 as the core of a mining museum which opened in 1985. In 1987, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated Big Brutus a Regional Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
The museum offers tours and camping.
Fatal accident
On January 16, 2010, Mark Mosley, a 49-year-old dentist from Lowell, Arkansas, died attempting to base-jump from the top of the boom. Climbing the boom had been prohibited years earlier; after the accident, the attraction's board of directors considered additional restrictions on climbing. During the accident's investigation, examiner Tom Dolphin determined that Mosley had accidentally fallen off the boom while preparing to jump.
See also
The Silver Spade
Bucket wheel excavator
Dragline
Dump truck
Excavator
Marion Power Shovel
Power shovel
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, Kansas
References
^ a b c d e "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-03. Retrieved 2010-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Big Brutus". October 4, 2022.
^ Haddock, Keith (September 18, 2000). Colossal Earthmovers. MBI. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-7603-0771-7.
^ "About Big Brutus". Big Brutus, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ Younker, Emily (18 January 2010). "Co-worker: Base jumper no novice". Joplin Globe. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
^ "Report: Parachute worked". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. February 11, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Brutus.
Official website
Big Brutus, Sept. 1987, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
vteBucyrus InternationalSubsidiaries
Marion Power Shovel Company
Osgood Company
Products
Big Brutus
Big Muskie
Bucyrus MT6300AC
GEM of Egypt
Marion 6360
Marion Steam Shovel
The Silver Spade
People
Edward Huber
Related
Caterpillar Inc.
37°16′26″N 94°56′20″W / 37.273882°N 94.938827°W / 37.273882; -94.938827 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Big_Brutus,%22_a_giant_strip-mining_shovel_that_once_roared_across_the_southeast_Kansas_countryside,_digging_bituminous_coal_in_West_Mineral,_Kansas_LCCN2011633916.tif"},{"link_name":"Bucyrus-Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucyrus-Erie"},{"link_name":"shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_shovel"},{"link_name":"West Mineral, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mineral,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"strip mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mining"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asme-1"}],"text":"Power shovel used in southeastern Kansas strip miningUnited States historic placeNote cars by track for scaleBig Brutus is the nickname of the Bucyrus-Erie model 1850-B electric shovel, which was the second largest of its type in operation in the 1960s and 1970s. Big Brutus is the centerpiece of a mining museum in West Mineral, Kansas, United States, where it was used in coal strip mining operations. The shovel was designed to dig from 20 to 69 feet (6.1 to 21.0 m)[1] down to unearth relatively shallow coal seams, which would then be mined with smaller equipment.","title":"Big Brutus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_6360"},{"link_name":"dragline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragline_excavator"},{"link_name":"bucket-wheel excavators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-col-3"}],"text":"The fabrication of Big Brutus was completed in May 1963, after which it was shipped on 150 railroad cars to be assembled in Kansas. It operated until 1974, when coal was uneconomic to mine at the site. At that time, it was considered too big to move and was left in place.Big Brutus, while not the largest electric shovel ever built, is the largest electric shovel still in existence. The Captain, at 28 million pounds (13 kt) – triple that of Big Brutus – was the largest shovel and one of the largest land-based mobile machines ever built, only exceeded by some dragline and bucket-wheel excavators. It was scrapped in 1992, after receiving extreme damage from an hours-long internal fire.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg_%26_Midway_Coal_Company"},{"link_name":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company donated Big Brutus in 1984 as the core of a mining museum which opened in 1985. In 1987, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated Big Brutus a Regional Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark.[4] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.The museum offers tours and camping.","title":"Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dentist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentist"},{"link_name":"Lowell, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"base-jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On January 16, 2010, Mark Mosley, a 49-year-old dentist from Lowell, Arkansas, died attempting to base-jump from the top of the boom. Climbing the boom had been prohibited years earlier; after the accident, the attraction's board of directors considered additional restrictions on climbing.[5] During the accident's investigation, examiner Tom Dolphin determined that Mosley had accidentally fallen off the boom while preparing to jump.[6]","title":"Fatal accident"}] | [{"image_text":"Note cars by track for scale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%22Big_Brutus%2C%22_a_giant_strip-mining_shovel_that_once_roared_across_the_southeast_Kansas_countryside%2C_digging_bituminous_coal_in_West_Mineral%2C_Kansas_LCCN2011633916.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg"}] | [{"title":"The Silver Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Spade"},{"title":"Bucket wheel excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_wheel_excavator"},{"title":"Dragline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragline"},{"title":"Dump truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck"},{"title":"Excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator"},{"title":"Marion Power Shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Power_Shovel"},{"title":"Power shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_shovel"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cherokee_County,_Kansas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-03. Retrieved 2010-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703023704/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5504.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5504.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Brutus\". October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodfoodandfarawayplaces.com/2022/10/04/big-brutus/","url_text":"\"Big Brutus\""}]},{"reference":"Haddock, Keith (September 18, 2000). Colossal Earthmovers. MBI. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-7603-0771-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/colossalearthmov00keit/page/67","url_text":"Colossal Earthmovers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/colossalearthmov00keit/page/67","url_text":"67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0771-7","url_text":"978-0-7603-0771-7"}]},{"reference":"\"About Big Brutus\". Big Brutus, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigbrutus.org/about.html","url_text":"\"About Big Brutus\""}]},{"reference":"Younker, Emily (18 January 2010). \"Co-worker: Base jumper no novice\". Joplin Globe. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/co-worker-base-jumper-no-novice/article_a9e33c32-2ac8-5587-baa2-03bff07b9cc9.html","url_text":"\"Co-worker: Base jumper no novice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Parachute worked\". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. February 11, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/usa/arkansas-democrat-gazette/20100211/284004713332290","url_text":"\"Report: Parachute worked\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Brutus¶ms=37.273882_N_94.938827_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°16′26″N 94°56′20″W / 37.273882°N 94.938827°W / 37.273882; -94.938827"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/100001945","external_links_name":"100001945"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703023704/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5504.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5504.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://goodfoodandfarawayplaces.com/2022/10/04/big-brutus/","external_links_name":"\"Big Brutus\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/colossalearthmov00keit/page/67","external_links_name":"Colossal Earthmovers"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/colossalearthmov00keit/page/67","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"https://www.bigbrutus.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Big Brutus\""},{"Link":"http://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/co-worker-base-jumper-no-novice/article_a9e33c32-2ac8-5587-baa2-03bff07b9cc9.html","external_links_name":"\"Co-worker: Base jumper no novice\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/usa/arkansas-democrat-gazette/20100211/284004713332290","external_links_name":"\"Report: Parachute worked\""},{"Link":"https://www.bigbrutus.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703023704/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5504.pdf","external_links_name":"Big Brutus, Sept. 1987, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Brutus¶ms=37.273882_N_94.938827_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°16′26″N 94°56′20″W / 37.273882°N 94.938827°W / 37.273882; -94.938827"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_(video_game) | Just Cause (video game) | ["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2006 action-adventure game
2006 video gameJust CauseBox art, featuring Rico RodriguezDeveloper(s)Avalanche StudiosPublisher(s)Eidos InteractiveDirector(s)Christofer SundbergProducer(s)Fredrik SjööDesigner(s)Magnus NedforsProgrammer(s)Andreas ThorsenSara RoosFredrik LönnArtist(s)Stefan LjungqvistWriter(s)Odd AhlgrenMatthew J. CostelloNeil RichardsComposer(s)Rob LordSeriesJust CausePlatform(s)WindowsPlayStation 2XboxXbox 360ReleaseEU: 22 September 2006NA: 27 September 2006AU: 29 September 2006Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player
Just Cause is a 2006 third-person action-adventure game set in an open world environment. It is developed by Swedish developer Avalanche Studios and published by Eidos Interactive, and is the first game in the Just Cause series. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Xbox 360. The area explored during the game is described as being over 1,024 km2 (395 sq mi) in size, with 21 story missions and over 300 side missions to complete.
As of 23 April 2009, it has sold more than one million copies. A sequel to the game developed by Avalanche Studios, published by Eidos Interactive and distributed by Square Enix, titled Just Cause 2, was released in March 2010. Just Cause 3 was revealed in November 2014 and released in December 2015. Just Cause 4 was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in December 2018. It has been confirmed by the CEO of Square Enix, Yosuke Matsuda that a 5th is in development but should not be expected to be out any time soon.
Gameplay
The core gameplay consists of elements of a third-person shooter and a driving game, with a large, open world environment in which to move. On foot, the player's character is capable of walking, swimming, and jumping, as well as utilizing weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can take control of a variety of vehicles, including cars, boats, aircraft, helicopters, and motorcycles. Players can also perform stunts with their cars in which they can stand on the roof and jump to another car, or choose to open their parachute while still in motion on the roof. Other key features of the game include skydiving, base jumping, and parasailing (by latching onto a moving car or boat while one's parachute is deployed).
The open, non-linear environment allows players to explore and choose how they wish to play the game. Although storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game, players can complete them at their own leisure. When not taking on a storyline mission, players can roam freely. However, doing so can attract unwanted and potentially fatal attention from the authorities.
The player can partake in a variety of optional side missions, for example, liberating a village or taking over a drug cartel hideout. These are necessary to gain points with certain factions.
Plot
Just Cause begins in 2006 with Rico Rodriguez, an operative for an organization known only as the "Agency", being dropped into a Caribbean island nation called San Esperito to link up with his mentor and Agency superior, Tom Sheldon, and help him overthrow San Esperito's dictator, President Salvador Mendoza, whom the Agency believes to be in possession of weapons of mass destruction. After his arrival, Rico meets up with Sheldon and fellow agent Maria Kane, and they ally themselves with a guerrilla group and the Rioja drug cartel staging a rebellion against both Mendoza and the Montano drug cartel, which has exploited the corruption of the regime to expand its operations throughout San Esperito. Most of the game focuses on Rico's efforts to dismantle Mendoza's regime, eliminate the Black Hand mercenaries hired to oppress the people of San Esperito, and fight back against the cartels. Rico can also assist in the liberation of various territories to further destabilize the government's rule over the island.
Eventually, Sheldon discovers that Mendoza does, indeed, have control of WMDs, and with San Esperito lost to his control, the president is forced to retreat to his private island just off the mainland. To stop him from using the weapons, Sheldon and Kane fly Rico to the island, causing Mendoza to attempt an escape by jet. However, Rico boards the jet and kills Mendoza and his remaining bodyguards, ending his reign over the islands and allowing the Agency to secure the WMDs.
Development
The game was in development for 3 years.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePCPS2XboxXbox 360Metacritic75/10067/10074/10073/100Review scoresPublicationScorePCPS2XboxXbox 360Computer Games MagazineN/AN/AN/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A6.67/106.67/106.67/10EurogamerN/AN/AN/A6/10FamitsuN/AN/AN/A(X360) 32/4031/40Game Informer7.25/107.25/107.25/107.25/10GameProN/AN/AN/A4.25/5GameSpot7.2/106.7/107.2/107.2/10GameSpyN/AN/AN/AGameTrailersN/AN/AN/A7.6/10GameZoneN/AN/A7.5/107.9/10IGN6.8/105.5/106.8/10(UK) 8.8/10(US) 6.8/10Official U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/A4/10N/AN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A8/108.5/10PC Gamer (US)93%N/AN/AN/AThe Sydney Morning HeraldThe Times
The PC version of Just Cause received "generally favourable reviews", while the rest of the console versions received "mixed or average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the Xbox 360 version was ported for release under the name Just Cause: Viva Revolution and published by Electronic Arts on 8 November 2007, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox 360 gave it a score of one seven, one eight, one nine, and one eight for a total of 32 out of 40.
IGN noted that the gameplay of the same console version lacked depth and that the side quests are boring and repetitive. The game suffers from its share of bug-related issues though, as noted by many reviewers, who felt the game may have been "rushed" to market without sufficient time to fix certain problems. The PlayStation 2 version, in particular, suffers from a number of 'game-killing' bugs that render certain missions impossible to complete, or the entire game unplayable until it is reset. Eidos had not released a patch for the PC or Xbox 360 versions of the game.
The Times gave the game all five stars and said, "Fans of the Nintendo SNES classic Pilotwings will literally jump at the chance to parachute from any of the aircraft for spectacular views of the vast landscape below. There is bound to be a sequel, because this original is so good." Edge gave the Xbox 360 version seven out of ten and said, "For all its quirks, the overriding impression of Just Cause is favourable. There's an almost childish enthusiasm at work here – and an unparalleled sense of freedom that can be enjoyed just as easily as it can be criticised." However, 411Mania gave the same console version 6.5 out of 10 and called it "a fun game but only a must-own by a wide stretch of the imagination." The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and said, "Sloppy vehicle handling, some bugs in the design of the missions and the endless travel means it doesn't hit the same high notes as Grand Theft Auto and others, but the mindless action is still good dumb fun."
The Xbox 360 version stayed on top of the Xbox 360 sales chart in the UK for three weeks in a row.
References
^ Douglass C. Perry (22 August 2006). "Just Cause Hands-on". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Corporate Strategy Meeting" (PDF). Square Enix. 22 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ The Just Cause instruction manual clearly states that the game begins on April 20, 2006.
^ Ricardo Torres (26 April 2006). "E3 06: Just Cause First Look". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Just Cause: Special Vehicle FAQ". GamersHell. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ Killa, Thrills (7 July 2006). "Just Cause Interview". Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ "Just Cause". Computer Games Magazine. January 2007. p. 72.
^ a b c EGM staff (November 2006). "Just Cause (PS2, Xbox, X360)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 209. Ziff Davis.
^ a b Kristan Reed (25 September 2006). "Just Cause (Xbox 360)". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b c "ジャストコーズ 〜ビバ・レボリューション〜 ". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b c d Jeremy Zoss (October 2006). "Just Cause". Game Informer. No. 162. GameStop. p. 93. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Mr. Marbles (25 September 2006). "Review: Just Cause (X360)". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ a b c Ryan Davis (21 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (PC, Xbox, X360)". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Ryan Davis (21 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (PS2)". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Justin Leeper (21 September 2006). "GameSpy: Just Cause (X360)". GameSpy. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ "Just Cause Review (X360)". GameTrailers. Viacom. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ John Wrentmore (23 October 2006). "Just Cause - XB - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ Louis Bedigian (9 October 2006). "Just Cause - 360 - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ Erik Brudvig (26 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (PC)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Erik Brudvig (18 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (PS2)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Erik Brudvig (18 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (Xbox)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Matt Wales (18 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (X360)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b Erik Brudvig (18 September 2006). "Just Cause Review (X360)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Just Cause". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Ziff Davis. November 2006. p. 117.
^ "Just Cause (Xbox)". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. December 2006. p. 84.
^ "Just Cause (X360)". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. November 2006. p. 72.
^ "Just Cause". PC Gamer. Vol. 13, no. 12. Future US. December 2006. p. 52.
^ a b c d Eliot Fish (7 October 2006). "Just Cause". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b c d e f Tim Wapshott (23 September 2006). "Just Cause". The Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2018.(subscription required)
^ a b "Just Cause for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b "Just Cause for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b "Just Cause for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ a b "Just Cause for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Edge staff (November 2006). "Just Cause (X360)". Edge. No. 168. Future plc. p. 82.
^ Chris McCarver (9 October 2006). "Just Cause (Xbox 360) Review". 411Mania. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "TOP 20 MICROSOFT XBOX 360 (FULL PRICE), WEEK ENDING 30 September 2006". Chart-Track. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
External links
Just Cause at MobyGames
vteJust Cause seriesGames
Just Cause
Just Cause 2
Just Cause 3
Just Cause 4
Companies
Square Enix
Avalanche Studios Group
vteAvalanche Studios GroupJust Cause series
Just Cause
Just Cause 2
Just Cause 3
Just Cause 4
Other games
theHunter
Renegade Ops
Mad Max
Rage 2
Generation Zero
Second Extinction
Related companies
Bethesda Softworks
Eidos Interactive
id Software
Nordisk Film
Sega
Square Enix
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
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BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action-adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Avalanche Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Studios"},{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Just Cause series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_2"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_3"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"}],"text":"2006 video gameJust Cause is a 2006 third-person action-adventure game set in an open world environment. 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These are necessary to gain points with certain factions.[citation needed]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_island"},{"link_name":"dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"drug cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Just Cause begins in 2006 [3] with Rico Rodriguez, an operative for an organization known only as the \"Agency\", being dropped into a Caribbean island nation called San Esperito to link up with his mentor and Agency superior, Tom Sheldon, and help him overthrow San Esperito's dictator, President Salvador Mendoza, whom the Agency believes to be in possession of weapons of mass destruction.[4] After his arrival, Rico meets up with Sheldon and fellow agent Maria Kane, and they ally themselves with a guerrilla group and the Rioja drug cartel staging a rebellion against both Mendoza and the Montano drug cartel, which has exploited the corruption of the regime to expand its operations throughout San Esperito. Most of the game focuses on Rico's efforts to dismantle Mendoza's regime, eliminate the Black Hand mercenaries hired to oppress the people of San Esperito, and fight back against the cartels. Rico can also assist in the liberation of various territories to further destabilize the government's rule over the island.Eventually, Sheldon discovers that Mendoza does, indeed, have control of WMDs, and with San Esperito lost to his control, the president is forced to retreat to his private island just off the mainland. To stop him from using the weapons, Sheldon and Kane fly Rico to the island, causing Mendoza to attempt an escape by jet. However, Rico boards the jet and kills Mendoza and his remaining bodyguards, ending his reign over the islands and allowing the Agency to secure the WMDs.[5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The game was in development for 3 years.[6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXB-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-33"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming 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Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXB-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-33"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-10"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-23"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroG-9"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Pilotwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotwings"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimes-29"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePCPS2XboxXbox 360Metacritic75/100[30]67/100[31]74/100[32]73/100[33]Review scoresPublicationScorePCPS2XboxXbox 360Computer Games Magazine[7]N/AN/AN/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A6.67/10[8]6.67/10[8]6.67/10[8]EurogamerN/AN/AN/A6/10[9]FamitsuN/AN/AN/A(X360) 32/40[10]31/40[10]Game Informer7.25/10[11]7.25/10[11]7.25/10[11]7.25/10[11]GameProN/AN/AN/A4.25/5[12]GameSpot7.2/10[13]6.7/10[14]7.2/10[13]7.2/10[13]GameSpyN/AN/AN/A[15]GameTrailersN/AN/AN/A7.6/10[16]GameZoneN/AN/A7.5/10[17]7.9/10[18]IGN6.8/10[19]5.5/10[20]6.8/10[21](UK) 8.8/10[22](US) 6.8/10[23]Official U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/A4/10[24]N/AN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A8/10[25]8.5/10[26]PC Gamer (US)93%[27]N/AN/AN/AThe Sydney Morning Herald[28][28][28][28]The Times[29][29][29][29]The PC version of Just Cause received \"generally favourable reviews\", while the rest of the console versions received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[30][31][32][33] In Japan, where the Xbox 360 version was ported for release under the name Just Cause: Viva Revolution and published by Electronic Arts on 8 November 2007, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox 360 gave it a score of one seven, one eight, one nine, and one eight for a total of 32 out of 40.[10]IGN noted that the gameplay of the same console version lacked depth and that the side quests are boring and repetitive.[23] The game suffers from its share of bug-related issues though, as noted by many reviewers, who felt the game may have been \"rushed\" to market without sufficient time to fix certain problems.[9] The PlayStation 2 version, in particular, suffers from a number of 'game-killing' bugs that render certain missions impossible to complete, or the entire game unplayable until it is reset. Eidos had not released a patch for the PC or Xbox 360 versions of the game.The Times gave the game all five stars and said, \"Fans of the Nintendo SNES classic Pilotwings will literally jump at the chance to parachute from any of the aircraft for spectacular views of the vast landscape below. There is bound to be a sequel, because this original is so good.\"[29] Edge gave the Xbox 360 version seven out of ten and said, \"For all its quirks, the overriding impression of Just Cause is favourable. There's an almost childish enthusiasm at work here – and an unparalleled sense of freedom that can be enjoyed just as easily as it can be criticised.\"[34] However, 411Mania gave the same console version 6.5 out of 10 and called it \"a fun game but only a must-own by a wide stretch of the imagination.\"[35] The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and said, \"Sloppy vehicle handling, some bugs in the design of the missions and the endless travel means it doesn't hit the same high notes as Grand Theft Auto and others, but the mindless action is still good dumb fun.\"[29]The Xbox 360 version stayed on top of the Xbox 360 sales chart in the UK for three weeks in a row.[36]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Douglass C. Perry (22 August 2006). \"Just Cause Hands-on\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/08/23/just-cause-hands-on","url_text":"\"Just Cause Hands-on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213443/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/08/23/just-cause-hands-on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Strategy Meeting\" (PDF). Square Enix. 22 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/pdf/news/20090422_02en.pdf","url_text":"\"Corporate Strategy Meeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix","url_text":"Square Enix"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106223651/http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/pdf/news/20090422_02en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ricardo Torres (26 April 2006). \"E3 06: Just Cause First Look\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-06-just-cause-first-look/1100-6148447/","url_text":"\"E3 06: Just Cause First Look\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929152536/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-06-just-cause-first-look/1100-6148447/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause: Special Vehicle FAQ\". GamersHell. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002444/http://www.gamershell.com/faqs/justcausespecialvehiclefaq/1.01/","url_text":"\"Just Cause: Special Vehicle FAQ\""},{"url":"http://www.gamershell.com/faqs/justcausespecialvehiclefaq/1.01/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Killa, Thrills (7 July 2006). \"Just Cause Interview\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071019090321/http://thexboxdomain.net/2006/07/07/just-cause-interview/","url_text":"\"Just Cause Interview\""},{"url":"http://thexboxdomain.net/2006/07/07/just-cause-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause\". Computer Games Magazine. January 2007. p. 72.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine","url_text":"Computer Games Magazine"}]},{"reference":"EGM staff (November 2006). \"Just Cause (PS2, Xbox, X360)\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 209. Ziff Davis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"}]},{"reference":"Kristan Reed (25 September 2006). \"Just Cause (Xbox 360)\". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_justcause_x360","url_text":"\"Just Cause (Xbox 360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024175345/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_justcause_x360","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ジャストコーズ 〜ビバ・レボリューション〜 [Xbox 360]\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=8881","url_text":"\"ジャストコーズ 〜ビバ・レボリューション〜 [Xbox 360]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Zoss (October 2006). \"Just Cause\". Game Informer. No. 162. GameStop. p. 93. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235627/http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/2CFCBE2A-C19E-4C49-8239-7C47AC8FEFFF.htm","url_text":"\"Just Cause\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop","url_text":"GameStop"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/2CFCBE2A-C19E-4C49-8239-7C47AC8FEFFF.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mr. Marbles (25 September 2006). \"Review: Just Cause (X360)\". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061105163457/http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/games/reviews/82320.shtml","url_text":"\"Review: Just Cause (X360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/games/reviews/82320.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan Davis (21 September 2006). \"Just Cause Review (PC, Xbox, X360)\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/just-cause-review/1900-6158129/","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (PC, Xbox, X360)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020125349/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/just-cause-review/1900-6158129/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan Davis (21 September 2006). \"Just Cause Review (PS2)\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/just-cause-review/1900-6158134/","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024013431/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/just-cause-review/1900-6158134/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Justin Leeper (21 September 2006). \"GameSpy: Just Cause (X360)\". GameSpy. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/just-cause/734118p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Just Cause (X360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210213214646/http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/just-cause/734118p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause Review (X360)\". GameTrailers. Viacom. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080204174221/http://www.gametrailers.com/game/2824.html?id=2824","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (X360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers","url_text":"GameTrailers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"},{"url":"http://www.gametrailers.com/game/2824.html?id=2824","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Wrentmore (23 October 2006). \"Just Cause - XB - Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/just_cause_xb_review/","url_text":"\"Just Cause - XB - Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007012630/http://xbox.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r26788.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Louis Bedigian (9 October 2006). \"Just Cause - 360 - Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/just_cause_360_review/","url_text":"\"Just Cause - 360 - Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517033354/http://xbox360.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r26788.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erik Brudvig (26 September 2006). \"Just Cause Review (PC)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/27/just-cause-review","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (PC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150709163237/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/27/just-cause-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erik Brudvig (18 September 2006). \"Just Cause Review (PS2)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/18/just-cause-review-2","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906193320/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/18/just-cause-review-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erik Brudvig (18 September 2006). \"Just Cause Review (Xbox)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. 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Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/18/just-cause-review-5","url_text":"\"Just Cause Review (X360)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428101628/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/18/just-cause-review-5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause\". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Ziff Davis. November 2006. p. 117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_U.S._PlayStation_Magazine","url_text":"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause (Xbox)\". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. December 2006. p. 84.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine","url_text":"Official Xbox Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Future US"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause (X360)\". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. November 2006. p. 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Just Cause\". PC Gamer. Vol. 13, no. 12. Future US. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Grounds | Tony Grounds | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | British playwright and screenwriter
Tony Grounds and Lee Evans.
Tony Grounds (born in 1967 East London) is a British playwright and screenwriter, who has worked extensively in television. Described by The Independent (11 October 2002) as "the best TV writer of his generation", Grounds has written for all four of Britain's main channels.
Career
He started writing for the theatre, winning the Verity Bargate Award for Made in Spain, which was subsequently performed in London and published by Methuen. It was then filmed for ITV and transmitted in their Screenplay slot. There then followed stints on EastEnders and The Bill before he penned episodes of 'Chancer', which starred Clive Owen.
Grounds created and wrote Gone to the Dogs starring Jim Broadbent, Alison Steadman, Warren Clarke and Harry Enfield. It was nominated for a Writers Guild Award. He wrote Gone to Seed, in which Peter Cook made his final dramatic appearance. The series was nominated for a Royal Television Society Award.
The single film Our Boy with Ray Winstone and Pauline Quirke won Tony International Acclaim winning the Munich International Drama Award.
Grounds wrote the series The Ghostbusters of East Finchley for BBC2 and First Sign of Madness for ITV. The latter won the WorldFest Charleston Gold Award. He wrote Sex and Chocolate for Dawn French before writing the award-winning and BAFTA nominated Births Marriages & Deaths, once again starring Ray Winstone.
Mel Gibson's Icon Films then commissioned him to write and direct The Martins starring Lee Evans and Kathy Burke, which was nominated for a Golden Hitchcock at the Dinard Film Festival.
Grounds teamed up with director Joe Wright, writing Bodily Harm for Channel Four, where Tim Spall, George Cole, Leslie Manville and Annette Crosby garnered acting nominations. It was described by The Daily Telegraph as "an outstanding work of art depicting a nightmarishly apocalyptic vision of suburbia..."
Grounds wrote BBC1's Family Business. He worked again with Ray Winstone for Channel Four's exposé on corruption in the Premier League with All in the Game, which also featured The Wire's Idris Elba. Grounds wrote one of BBC1's Canterbury Tales. His 2004 TV film When I'm 64 for BBC2 starring Alun Armstrong and Paul Freeman won the Prix Europa Award for the best drama on any channel across Europe.
Grounds wrote single films for BBC1, A Class Apart and The Dinner Party which became the two most watched single films of the year. Grounds wrote one-off episode for BBC Drama, Our Girl that was broadcast 24 March 2013 on BBC One. Following the success of it, BBC commissioned 5 further episodes that were broadcast in 2014. The series began airing on 21 September 2014. Apart from writing the series, Grounds was also executive producer of the series together with Caroline Skinner. The series got to the semi-finals of the Radio Times TV Champion in 2014 where it was against Sherlock. The series returned in September 2016 for a series two starring Michelle Keegan and has aired a further 3 series since then.
Personal life
Grounds is special advisor for Save the Children and ran the London Marathon with Lee Evans in 2010. He is also a supporter of West Ham United F.C. and often refers to the East London club in his plays and works.
References
^ Lynn Barber (7 May 2006). "'I had to keep kissing Angelina Jolie'". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2010. Ray Winstone rolls into his agent's office in Soho to meet me midafternoon, with his friend the writer Tony Grounds.
^ KathrynFlett (25 March 2007). "But what of plot and plausibility?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2010. For about 88 of its 90 minutes, Tony Grounds's A Class Apart (BBC1) looked like the sort of fairy tale in which extremely unlikely people fall in love against the odds by way of heartfelt if overlong soliloquies, and you suddenly feel as though, hey, maybe it is a wonderful life after all.
^ Jed Mercurio (17 March 2007). "Classic twists". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2010. Tony Grounds, writer of Birth, Marriages and Deaths, comments: "There's obviously a place for all these adaptations and historical dramas that are rife at the moment. To me, great writing is when dramatists stick their pens in their hearts and give us something magical."
^ "Prix Europa 2005". Retrieved 16 February 2011.
^ "Home".
External links
Tony Grounds at IMDb
Interview with both Tony Grounds and Ray Winstone
Donations for Save the Children
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonygroundsandleeevans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Evans_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsDecZ44k-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsDecZ44la-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsDecZ44lb-3"}],"text":"Tony Grounds and Lee Evans.Tony Grounds (born in 1967 East London) is a British playwright and screenwriter, who has worked extensively in television.[1][2][3] Described by The Independent (11 October 2002) as \"the best TV writer of his generation\", Grounds has written for all four of Britain's main channels.","title":"Tony Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verity Bargate 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It was then filmed for ITV and transmitted in their Screenplay slot. There then followed stints on EastEnders and The Bill before he penned episodes of 'Chancer', which starred Clive Owen.Grounds created and wrote Gone to the Dogs starring Jim Broadbent, Alison Steadman, Warren Clarke and Harry Enfield. It was nominated for a Writers Guild Award. He wrote Gone to Seed, in which Peter Cook made his final dramatic appearance. The series was nominated for a Royal Television Society Award.The single film Our Boy with Ray Winstone and Pauline Quirke won Tony International Acclaim winning the Munich International Drama Award.[citation needed]Grounds wrote the series The Ghostbusters of East Finchley for BBC2 and First Sign of Madness for ITV. The latter won the WorldFest Charleston Gold Award.[citation needed] He wrote Sex and Chocolate for Dawn French before writing the award-winning and BAFTA nominated Births Marriages & Deaths, once again starring Ray Winstone.Mel Gibson's Icon Films then commissioned him to write and direct The Martins starring Lee Evans and Kathy Burke, which was nominated for a Golden Hitchcock at the Dinard Film Festival.Grounds teamed up with director Joe Wright, writing Bodily Harm for Channel Four, where Tim Spall, George Cole, Leslie Manville and Annette Crosby garnered acting nominations. It was described by The Daily Telegraph as \"an outstanding work of art depicting a nightmarishly apocalyptic vision of suburbia...\"Grounds wrote BBC1's Family Business. He worked again with Ray Winstone for Channel Four's exposé on corruption in the Premier League with All in the Game, which also featured The Wire's Idris Elba. Grounds wrote one of BBC1's Canterbury Tales. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonnycastle | John Bonnycastle | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 Writings","4 Notes","5 References"] | John Bonnycastle (baptized 29 December 1751 in Hardwick or Whitchurch, England – 15 May 1821 in Woolwich, England) was an English teacher of mathematics and author.
Life
John Bonnycastle was born in Buckinghamshire, in about 1750.
Nothing is known of his family or early life, but he went to London where he established an Academy.
He became a tutor to the two sons of the Earl of Pontefract at Easton in Northumberland.
Between 1782 and 1785, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he remained until his death on 15 May 1821.
He was a prolific writer, and wrote for the early volumes of Rees's Cyclopædia, about algebra, analysis and astronomy.
Family
At the age of 19, he married a Miss Rolt, but she died young. On Oct.7th, 1786 he married Brigette Newell with whom he had six children Charlotte, William, Mary, Sir Richard (Royal Engineer/Author), Humphrey and Charles.
His son Richard Henry Bonnycastle settled in Canada, where the family became quite well known in Winnipeg and Calgary.
His son, Charles Bonnycastle (1796-1840) became Professor of Mathematics at the University of Virginia.
Writings
The Scholar's guide to Arithmetic, 1780
Introduction to Algebra, 1782
Introduction to Astronomy, 1786 (7th edition 1816)
Euclid's 'Elements' with notes, 1789
A Treatise on Plane and Spherical Geometry, 1806
A Treatise of Algebra, 1813
Notes
^ a b Whittaker 1886.
References
Whittaker, Thomas (1886). "Bonnycastle, John" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Gentleman's Magazine, 1821, i, 472, 482
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Bonnycastle", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John Bonnycastle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1886-1"},{"link_name":"Rees's Cyclopædia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia"}],"text":"John Bonnycastle was born in Buckinghamshire, in about 1750.\nNothing is known of his family or early life, but he went to London where he established an Academy.\nHe became a tutor to the two sons of the Earl of Pontefract at Easton in Northumberland.\nBetween 1782 and 1785, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he remained until his death on 15 May 1821.[1]He was a prolific writer, and wrote for the early volumes of Rees's Cyclopædia, about algebra, analysis and astronomy.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Henry Bonnycastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Bonnycastle"},{"link_name":"Charles Bonnycastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bonnycastle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"At the age of 19, he married a Miss Rolt, but she died young. On Oct.7th, 1786 he married Brigette Newell with whom he had six children Charlotte, William, Mary, Sir Richard (Royal Engineer/Author), Humphrey and Charles.His son Richard Henry Bonnycastle settled in Canada, where the family became quite well known in Winnipeg and Calgary.His son, Charles Bonnycastle (1796-1840) became Professor of Mathematics at the University of Virginia.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Bonnycastle.png"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/anintroductiont06bonngoog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1886-1"}],"text":"The Scholar's guide to Arithmetic, 1780\nIntroduction to Algebra, 1782\nIntroduction to Astronomy, 1786 (7th edition 1816)\nEuclid's 'Elements' with notes, 1789\nA Treatise on Plane and Spherical Geometry, 1806\nA Treatise of Algebra, 1813[1]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1886_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker1886_1-1"},{"link_name":"Whittaker 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhittaker1886"}],"text":"^ a b Whittaker 1886.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Bonnycastle.png/220px-John_Bonnycastle.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Whittaker, Thomas (1886). \"Bonnycastle, John\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Kishore_Saxena | Ram Kishore Saxena | ["1 Published work","2 References"] | Indian mathematician
Ram Kishore Saxena D.Sc, FNASc (11 November 1936) is an Indian mathematician and Emeritus professor, UGC Jai Narain Vyas University and former Professor and Head, Department of Mathematics.
Ram Kishore Saxena DSc, FNAScBorn (1936-11-11) 11 November 1936 (age 87)Jaipur RajasthanNationalityIndianEducationUniversity of Rajasthan BSc, MSc 1956, PhD1962
University of Jodhpur DSc 1971Alma materMcGill University, Research Associate
University of Jodhpur
University of RajasthanOrganization(s)University of Sulaymaniyah Associate Professor
Al-Fateh University Professor
University of Jodhpur
Jaswant College, Jodhpur
Lohia College, Churu
Maharana Bhupal College, Udaipur
Mohanlal Sukhadia University
Jai Narain Vyas UniversityKnown forMathematicsNotable workFox H-function
Meijer G-functionSpouseBimlesh SaxenaAwardsPost-Doctoral Fellowship of National Research Council Canada
Fellow of National Academy of Sciences, India
Published work
Saxena has published 356 research papers; under his supervision many scholars has done PhD and post-doctoral research. Saxena has published books.
References
^ a b "Curriculum Vitae 1. Name : Saxena Ram Kshore 2. Date of - ". documents.pub. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
^ "Ram Saxena - The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.mathgenealogy.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
^ "Saxena, Ram Kishore ".
^ a b "MR: Saxena, Ram Kishore - 193316". mathscinet.ams.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
^ "Ram Kishore Saxena".
^ "Ram Kishore Saxena".
^ Mathai, A. M.; Saxena, R. K.; Saxena, Ram Kishore (1973). Generalized Hypergeometric Functions with Applications in Statistics and Physical Sciences. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-06482-6.
^ "H-function".
^ "The H-Function: Theory And Applications - A.M. Mathai, Ram Kishore Saxena, Hans J. Haubold". www.iri.upc.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
^ Mathai, A. M.; Saxena, Rajendra Kumar (1978). The H-function with Applications in Statistics and Other Disciplines. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-26380-8.
^ "Journal of Ramanujan Society of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences". www.rsmams.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
Authority control databases International
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_Game_Music_Concert | Symphonic Game Music Concerts | ["1 Concerts in Leipzig (2003-2007)","1.1 Development","1.2 GC in Concert","2 Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)","2.1 Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert","2.2 Symphonic Fantasies – music from Square Enix","2.3 Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo","2.4 Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu","3 Concerts worldwide (from 2013)","3.1 Final Symphony – Music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X","3.2 Final Symphony II – Music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX and XIII","3.3 Symphonic Memories – music from Square Enix","3.4 Skyrim 10th Anniversary Concert","3.5 Starfield - A Night with the London Symphony Orchestra","4 Chamber music and school concerts","5 Awards","6 External links","7 References"] | The participants of Symphonic Fantasies after the performance of the concert in 2009
The Symphonic Game Music Concerts (shortened to: Game Concerts) are a series of award-winning orchestral video game music concerts first performed in 2003 at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, Germany, notable for being the longest running and the first of their kind outside Japan. They are produced by Thomas Böcker and performed by various orchestras conducted by Andy Brick (2003–2007), Arnie Roth (2008, 2009 and 2011), Niklas Willén (2010, 2012) and Eckehard Stier (from 2012).
In Leipzig, the Game Concerts series was held as GC in Concert from 2003 to 2007 as the official, annual opening ceremony of the GC - Games Convention. From 2008 to 2012, a cooperation with the WDR and its in-house orchestra, the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln, was established, with concerts primarily held at the Kölner Philharmonie. Since 2013, the events have been presented internationally, including performances with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican Centre in London.
Concerts in Leipzig (2003-2007)
Development
Producer Thomas Böcker
Inspired by Far Eastern concerts with music from video games, in particular the Orchestral Game Music Concerts from the nineties, Thomas Böcker developed the concept for the first event of its kind outside Japan. Wanting to reach as many people in the demographic as possible, he planned the concert alongside an established industry event. In 2002, he submitted his idea to the Leipzig Trade Fair, and they agreed to present a video game music concert during the GC - Games Convention, the first video game fair in Europe. The Leipzig Trade Fair promoted GC in Concert, while Böcker acted as creative director and producer. This involved creating a concert programme and obtaining the permission of individual publishers to perform music from their game releases.
GC in Concert
The GC in Concert logo used in 2007
On 20 August 2003, the first GC in Concert took place as part of the official opening ceremony of the GC - Games Convention, performed by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra. Four annual concerts with different programmes followed until 2007, from then on featuring the FILMharmonic Orchestra Prague. Böcker decided not to limit the selection of compositions for the GC in Concert series to European games and instead chose Asian, American and European titles, resulting in a variety of musical styles. The focus of the first concert was on music from publishers that had been recorded previously with live orchestras, which reduced the development phase to four months, starting in mid-April 2003.
After evaluating feedback from the audience, more music from classic games eventually found its way into the programmes. The following concerts had Böcker busy with the planning for one year each and increasingly included newly written and more experimental arrangements that were not merely orchestral versions of the original compositions, but personal interpretations by the arrangers. The pioneering work done by Böcker and his team paved the way for many comparable events.
All five concerts in Leipzig took place in front of sold-out audiences of around 2000 people each. In their role as official opening ceremonies of the GC - Games Convention, they also included various speeches by industry representatives and politicians such as Wolfgang Tiefensee. In addition, numerous composers took part, including Nobuo Uematsu, Yuzo Koshiro, Chris Hülsbeck, Rob Hubbard and Allister Brimble.
Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)
Following an invitation by Thomas Böcker, Winfried Fechner, the manager of the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln, attended the fifth GC in Concert in Leipzig in the hope of introducing a new genre of music to his own ensemble. Impressed by the response of the audience there, he saw an opportunity to inspire young people with orchestral music and entered into a collaboration with Böcker's Merregnon Studios, which soon led to the CD release drammatica -The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura-, the first in-house concert including video game music titled PROMS That's Sound, that's Rhythm and, a little later, Symphonic Shades - Hülsbeck in Concert.
Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert
The WDR Funkhausorchester Köln and the FILMharmonic Choir Prague performing Symphonic Shades in 2008
Main article: Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert
In late 2007, Thomas Böcker announced his role as producer of Symphonic Shades, two concerts held on 23 August 2008 dedicated to the music of German composer Chris Hülsbeck. The premiere performance with the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln at the Funkhaus Wallrafplatz was the first game music concert to be broadcast live on the radio, WDR4.
On 4 August 2009, pieces from Symphonic Shades were performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. They were part of the concert Sinfonia Drammatica at the Stockholm Concert Hall, which additionally featured tracks from drammatica -The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura. The Duisburg Philharmonic Orchestra's 3rd Family Concert also featured arrangements from Symphonic Shades.
Symphonic Fantasies – music from Square Enix
Main article: Symphonic Fantasies
Uematsu, Mitsuda, Shimomura and Kikuta at an autograph session before Symphonic Fantasies in 2009
Symphonic Fantasies - music from Square Enix took place on 12 September 2009 at the Kölner Philharmonie. Tickets for the event quickly sold out, necessitating a second concert on 11 September 2009 at the Rudolf Weber-Arena in Oberhausen. The concert at the Philharmonie was broadcast on WDR4 and for the first time available via video streaming on the Internet. This was to be the case for all Game Concerts until 2011.
Symphonic Fantasies is dedicated to Japanese game developer Square Enix and includes arrangements of pieces from Final Fantasy, Secret of Mana, Chrono Trigger, Chrono Cross and Kingdom Hearts.
In 2012, five more concerts were performed in Tokyo, Stockholm and again in Cologne, with an additional performance in 2016 at the Barbican Centre in London with the London Symphony Orchestra. Albums have been released of concert recordings from both Cologne (via Decca Records) and Tokyo (via X5Music/Merregnon Records).
Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo
Main article: Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo
After the positive feedback from attendees of Symphonic Fantasies, the WDR announced another game concert titled Symphonic Legends, which took place at the Kölner Philharmonie on 23 September 2010. The event featured music from Japanese game developer Nintendo, with titles such as Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong, Metroid, F-Zero and The Legend of Zelda being performed. The symphonic poem of The Legend of Zelda made up the entire second half of Symphonic Legends.
The LEGENDS performance on 1 June 2011, presented by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, was partly based on arrangements from Symphonic Legends. On 13 July 2014, the London Symphony Orchestra performed the symphonic poem for The Legend of Zelda from this programme.
Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu
Main article: Symphonic Odysseys
With the reveal of Symphonic Legends, Winfried Fechner opened up in an interview that audiences could expect two game music concerts a year and announced Symphonic Odysseys - Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, a homage to the Japanese composer Nobuo Uematsu. The programme, featuring arrangements from titles such as Lost Odyssey, Final Fantasy Legend, Blue Dragon and the Final Fantasy series, was performed twice at the Kölner Philharmonie on 9 July 2011.
Symphonic Odysseys was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in June 2017, on 18 June at the Philharmonie de Paris and on 20 June at the Barbican Centre. A recording of the concerts in Cologne was released as a double album on 28 December 2011 by Dog Ear Records, Uematsu's own label.
Concerts worldwide (from 2013)
The official logo of the series adopted in 2016
Final Symphony – Music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X
Main article: Final Symphony
In May 2012, Thomas Böcker announced his tenth concert production titled Final Symphony, comprising music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X, composed by Nobuo Uematsu and Masashi Hamauzu. The world premiere took place on 11 May 2013 and was performed by the Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal at the Stadthalle Wuppertal. Another performance took place on 30 May 2013 with the London Symphony Orchestra, the first concert of game music for the orchestra. The Final Symphony programme then went on a world tour with performances in Japan, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, the USA, New Zealand, China, Austria, Australia and Poland.
A studio recording of Final Symphony was released on 23 February 2015 (via X5Music/Merregnon Records), performed by the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios.
Final Symphony II – Music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX and XIII
Main article: Final Symphony II
Plans for Final Symphony II were announced in March 2015. The world premiere with music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX, and XIII took place on 29 August 2015 at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, performed by the Beethoven Orchester Bonn, followed by four performances in September and October 2015 by the London Symphony Orchestra in London, Osaka and twice in Yokohama. These performances marked the first time that a foreign orchestra gave concerts of game music in Japan. In addition to the events in Germany, the UK and Japan, Final Symphony II was also presented in Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands.
A studio recording of Final Symphony II was released on 4 August 2023 (via Merregnon Records), performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at Konserthuset Stockholm.
Symphonic Memories – music from Square Enix
Symphonic Memories - Music from Square Enix was premiered by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at the Stockholm Concert Hall on 9 June 2018. The concept of the production is to present popular scores from previous programmes such as Symphonic Fantasies, Final Symphony and Final Symphony II, and to combine some of them with new arrangements. In addition to music from Final Fantasy VI, VIII and the Chronos series, a suite of music from Final Fantasy XV was heard for the first time in Stockholm. Further events took place in Finland, Switzerland, Japan and Germany.
The concerts in Japan were recorded and published as a double album by Square Enix's music label. In addition to arrangements from Final Fantasy VIII and Final Fantasy XV, the world premieres of Octopath Traveler and Xenogears are part of the release.
Skyrim 10th Anniversary Concert
In 2021, for the tenth anniversary of Bethesda Softworks' action role-playing game Skyrim, Thomas Böcker produced a concert film featuring the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Voices at Alexandra Palace in London.
The video was released on YouTube on 11 November 2021, shortly followed by a music album.
Starfield - A Night with the London Symphony Orchestra
In September 2023, Thomas Böcker produced another concert film, again for Bethesda Softworks, for the action role-playing game Starfield, which had just been released at the time. The recording took place with the London Symphony Orchestra at LSO St Luke's. The video was published on YouTube on 13 September 2023.
Chamber music and school concerts
The Chamber Music Game Concerts performed by a string ensemble as well as the school concerts Heroes of Our Imagination and Super Mario Galaxy - A Musical Adventure were three sub-series of events also produced by Böcker.
A Chamber Music Game Concert in 2005 was held in conjunction with the gaming tournament GC-Cup at Augustusplatz in Leipzig, while two more of these performances were given in the context of a GC - Games Convention press conference and the exhibition Nintendo - Vom Kartenspiel zum Game Boy at the Landesmuseum Koblenz.
The four school concerts Heroes of our Imagination by the Elbland Philharmonie Sachsen in 2006 were conceived to demonstrate the differences and similarities between classical music and game music and to make orchestral concerts more accessible to a younger audience. Five more school concerts took place in January 2010. The Super Mario Galaxy - A Musical Adventure series was the spiritual successor to Heroes of Our Imagination. The concerts were officially licensed and sponsored by Nintendo. The music was accompanied with short narrations of the Super Mario Galaxy story.
Awards
2020 Best Album - Official Arranged Album: Symphonic Memories Concert – music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2020
2015 Best Album - Arranged Album: Final Symphony - music from Final Fantasy, Annual Game Music Awards 2015
2013 Outstanding Production - Concert: Final Symphony London - music from Final Fantasy, Annual Game Music Awards 2013
2012 Outstanding Production - Concert: Symphonic Fantasies Tokyo - music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2012
2011 Outstanding Production – Concert: Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, Annual Game Music Awards 2011
2011 Best Live Concert: Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, Annual Original Sound Version Awards 2011
2011 Best Live Concert: Symphonic Legends – music from Nintendo, Annual Original Sound Version Awards 2010
2010 Best Arranged Album - Solo / Ensemble: Symphonic Fantasies - music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2010
2010 Best Concert: Symphonic Legends - music from Nintendo, Swedish LEVEL magazine
External links
Game Concerts
Symphonic Fantasies
Final Symphony
Personal website of Thomas Böcker
References
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Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz series | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphonicfantasies.jpg"},{"link_name":"video game music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"Gewandhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewandhaus"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Böcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B%C3%B6cker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andy Brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Brick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Arnie Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Roth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Niklas Willén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Will%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GC - Games Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Convention"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"WDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_Fernsehen"},{"link_name":"Kölner Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"}],"text":"The participants of Symphonic Fantasies after the performance of the concert in 2009The Symphonic Game Music Concerts (shortened to: Game Concerts) are a series of award-winning orchestral video game music concerts first performed in 2003 at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, Germany, notable for being the longest running and the first of their kind outside Japan.[1][2][3] They are produced by Thomas Böcker[4] and performed by various orchestras conducted by Andy Brick (2003–2007),[5] Arnie Roth (2008, 2009 and 2011),[6] Niklas Willén (2010, 2012)[7] and Eckehard Stier (from 2012).[8]In Leipzig, the Game Concerts series was held as GC in Concert from 2003 to 2007 as the official, annual opening ceremony of the GC - Games Convention.[9] From 2008 to 2012, a cooperation with the WDR and its in-house orchestra, the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln, was established, with concerts primarily held at the Kölner Philharmonie.[10] Since 2013, the events have been presented internationally, including performances with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican Centre in London.[11]","title":"Symphonic Game Music Concerts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concerts in Leipzig (2003-2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Boecker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern"},{"link_name":"nineties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineties"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Trade Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Producer Thomas BöckerInspired by Far Eastern concerts with music from video games, in particular the Orchestral Game Music Concerts from the nineties, Thomas Böcker developed the concept for the first event of its kind outside Japan.[12] Wanting to reach as many people in the demographic as possible, he planned the concert alongside an established industry event.[13] In 2002, he submitted his idea to the Leipzig Trade Fair, and they agreed to present a video game music concert during the GC - Games Convention, the first video game fair in Europe. The Leipzig Trade Fair promoted GC in Concert, while Böcker acted as creative director and producer. This involved creating a concert programme and obtaining the permission of individual publishers to perform music from their game releases.[12]","title":"Concerts in Leipzig (2003-2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GC_in_Concert_logo2007.png"},{"link_name":"Czech National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Tiefensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Tiefensee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Uematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu"},{"link_name":"Yuzo Koshiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro"},{"link_name":"Chris Hülsbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Huelsbeck"},{"link_name":"Rob Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Allister Brimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allister_Brimble"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konzertprogramme-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"GC in Concert","text":"The GC in Concert logo used in 2007On 20 August 2003, the first GC in Concert took place as part of the official opening ceremony of the GC - Games Convention, performed by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra. Four annual concerts with different programmes followed until 2007, from then on featuring the FILMharmonic Orchestra Prague. Böcker decided not to limit the selection of compositions for the GC in Concert series to European games and instead chose Asian, American and European titles, resulting in a variety of musical styles. The focus of the first concert was on music from publishers that had been recorded previously with live orchestras, which reduced the development phase to four months, starting in mid-April 2003.[13]After evaluating feedback from the audience, more music from classic games eventually found its way into the programmes. The following concerts had Böcker busy with the planning for one year each[12] and increasingly included newly written and more experimental arrangements that were not merely orchestral versions of the original compositions, but personal interpretations by the arrangers.[14] The pioneering work done by Böcker and his team paved the way for many comparable events.[13]All five concerts in Leipzig took place in front of sold-out audiences of around 2000 people each.[2][9][15] In their role as official opening ceremonies of the GC - Games Convention, they also included various speeches by industry representatives and politicians such as Wolfgang Tiefensee.[16] In addition, numerous composers took part, including Nobuo Uematsu, Yuzo Koshiro, Chris Hülsbeck, Rob Hubbard and Allister Brimble.[17][18]","title":"Concerts in Leipzig (2003-2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Merregnon Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merregnon_Studios"},{"link_name":"drammatica -The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammatica:_The_Very_Best_of_Yoko_Shimomura"},{"link_name":"Symphonic Shades - Hülsbeck in Concert.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_Shades_%E2%80%93_H%C3%BClsbeck_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Following an invitation by Thomas Böcker, Winfried Fechner, the manager of the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln, attended the fifth GC in Concert in Leipzig in the hope of introducing a new genre of music to his own ensemble.[19] Impressed by the response of the audience there, he saw an opportunity to inspire young people with orchestral music and entered into a collaboration with Böcker's Merregnon Studios, which soon led to the CD release drammatica -The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura-, the first in-house concert including video game music titled PROMS That's Sound, that's Rhythm and, a little later, Symphonic Shades - Hülsbeck in Concert.[20][21]","title":"Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphonicshades_performance.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WDR4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Stockholm_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Duisburg Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert","text":"The WDR Funkhausorchester Köln and the FILMharmonic Choir Prague performing Symphonic Shades in 2008In late 2007, Thomas Böcker announced his role as producer of Symphonic Shades, two concerts held on 23 August 2008 dedicated to the music of German composer Chris Hülsbeck.[22] The premiere performance with the WDR Funkhausorchester Köln at the Funkhaus Wallrafplatz was the first game music concert to be broadcast live on the radio, WDR4.[23]On 4 August 2009, pieces from Symphonic Shades were performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. They were part of the concert Sinfonia Drammatica at the Stockholm Concert Hall, which additionally featured tracks from drammatica -The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura.[24] The Duisburg Philharmonic Orchestra's 3rd Family Concert also featured arrangements from Symphonic Shades.[25]","title":"Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symphonicfantasiesautographs.png"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Weber-Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Weber-Arena"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Secret of Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_of_Mana"},{"link_name":"Chrono Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger"},{"link_name":"Chrono Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Cross"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"X5Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X5_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic Fantasies – music from Square Enix","text":"Uematsu, Mitsuda, Shimomura and Kikuta at an autograph session before Symphonic Fantasies in 2009Symphonic Fantasies - music from Square Enix took place on 12 September 2009 at the Kölner Philharmonie.[26] Tickets for the event quickly sold out, necessitating a second concert on 11 September 2009 at the Rudolf Weber-Arena in Oberhausen.[27] The concert at the Philharmonie was broadcast on WDR4 and for the first time available via video streaming on the Internet. This was to be the case for all Game Concerts until 2011.[28]Symphonic Fantasies is dedicated to Japanese game developer Square Enix and includes arrangements of pieces from Final Fantasy, Secret of Mana, Chrono Trigger, Chrono Cross and Kingdom Hearts.[29]In 2012, five more concerts were performed in Tokyo, Stockholm and again in Cologne, with an additional performance in 2016 at the Barbican Centre in London with the London Symphony Orchestra. Albums have been released of concert recordings from both Cologne (via Decca Records)[30] and Tokyo (via X5Music/Merregnon Records).[31]","title":"Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong"},{"link_name":"Metroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid"},{"link_name":"F-Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Zero"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"symphonic poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_poem"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic Legends – Music from Nintendo","text":"After the positive feedback from attendees of Symphonic Fantasies, the WDR announced another game concert titled Symphonic Legends,[32] which took place at the Kölner Philharmonie on 23 September 2010. The event featured music from Japanese game developer Nintendo, with titles such as Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong, Metroid, F-Zero and The Legend of Zelda being performed.[33] The symphonic poem of The Legend of Zelda made up the entire second half of Symphonic Legends.[34]The LEGENDS performance on 1 June 2011, presented by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, was partly based on arrangements from Symphonic Legends.[35] On 13 July 2014, the London Symphony Orchestra performed the symphonic poem for The Legend of Zelda from this programme.[36]","title":"Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lost Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Fantasy_Legend"},{"link_name":"Blue Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Philharmonie de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Dog Ear Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Ear_Records"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu","text":"With the reveal of Symphonic Legends, Winfried Fechner opened up in an interview[37] that audiences could expect two game music concerts a year and announced Symphonic Odysseys - Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, a homage to the Japanese composer Nobuo Uematsu. The programme, featuring arrangements from titles such as Lost Odyssey, Final Fantasy Legend, Blue Dragon and the Final Fantasy series, was performed twice at the Kölner Philharmonie on 9 July 2011.Symphonic Odysseys was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in June 2017, on 18 June at the Philharmonie de Paris and on 20 June at the Barbican Centre.[38][39] A recording of the concerts in Cologne was released as a double album on 28 December 2011 by Dog Ear Records, Uematsu's own label.[40]","title":"Concerts in Cologne (2008-2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spielemusikkonzertelogo.png"}],"text":"The official logo of the series adopted in 2016","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI"},{"link_name":"VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X"},{"link_name":"Masashi Hamauzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Hamauzu"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Final Symphony – Music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X","text":"In May 2012, Thomas Böcker announced his tenth concert production titled Final Symphony, comprising music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X, composed by Nobuo Uematsu and Masashi Hamauzu.[41] The world premiere took place on 11 May 2013 and was performed by the Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal at the Stadthalle Wuppertal. Another performance took place on 30 May 2013 with the London Symphony Orchestra, the first concert of game music for the orchestra.[11] The Final Symphony programme then went on a world tour with performances in Japan, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, the USA, New Zealand, China, Austria, Australia and Poland.A studio recording of Final Symphony was released on 23 February 2015 (via X5Music/Merregnon Records), performed by the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios.[42]","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_V"},{"link_name":"VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VIII"},{"link_name":"IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IX"},{"link_name":"XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIII"},{"link_name":"Beethovenhalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethovenhalle"},{"link_name":"Beethoven Orchester Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_Orchester_Bonn"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Final Symphony II – Music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX and XIII","text":"Plans for Final Symphony II were announced in March 2015.[43] The world premiere with music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX, and XIII took place on 29 August 2015 at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, performed by the Beethoven Orchester Bonn, followed by four performances in September and October 2015 by the London Symphony Orchestra in London, Osaka and twice in Yokohama.[44] These performances marked the first time that a foreign orchestra gave concerts of game music in Japan.[45] In addition to the events in Germany, the UK and Japan, Final Symphony II was also presented in Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands.[46]A studio recording of Final Symphony II was released on 4 August 2023 (via Merregnon Records), performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at Konserthuset Stockholm.[47]","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XV"},{"link_name":"Octopath Traveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopath_Traveler"},{"link_name":"Xenogears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenogears"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic Memories – music from Square Enix","text":"Symphonic Memories - Music from Square Enix was premiered by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at the Stockholm Concert Hall on 9 June 2018.[48] The concept of the production is to present popular scores from previous programmes such as Symphonic Fantasies, Final Symphony and Final Symphony II, and to combine some of them with new arrangements.[49] In addition to music from Final Fantasy VI, VIII and the Chronos series, a suite of music from Final Fantasy XV was heard for the first time in Stockholm. Further events took place in Finland, Switzerland, Japan and Germany.The concerts in Japan were recorded and published as a double album by Square Enix's music label. In addition to arrangements from Final Fantasy VIII and Final Fantasy XV, the world premieres of Octopath Traveler and Xenogears are part of the release.[50]","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethesda Softworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks"},{"link_name":"Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"London Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Voices"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Palace"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Skyrim 10th Anniversary Concert","text":"In 2021, for the tenth anniversary of Bethesda Softworks' action role-playing game Skyrim, Thomas Böcker produced a concert film featuring the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Voices at Alexandra Palace in London.The video was released on YouTube on 11 November 2021, shortly followed by a music album.[51]","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfield_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"LSO St Luke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke_Old_Street"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Starfield - A Night with the London Symphony Orchestra","text":"In September 2023, Thomas Böcker produced another concert film, again for Bethesda Softworks, for the action role-playing game Starfield, which had just been released at the time. The recording took place with the London Symphony Orchestra at LSO St Luke's. The video was published on YouTube on 13 September 2023.[52]","title":"Concerts worldwide (from 2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Mario Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"Augustusplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustusplatz"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-53"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"The Chamber Music Game Concerts performed by a string ensemble as well as the school concerts Heroes of Our Imagination and Super Mario Galaxy - A Musical Adventure were three sub-series of events also produced by Böcker.[32]A Chamber Music Game Concert in 2005 was held in conjunction with the gaming tournament GC-Cup at Augustusplatz in Leipzig, while two more of these performances were given in the context of a GC - Games Convention press conference and the exhibition Nintendo - Vom Kartenspiel zum Game Boy at the Landesmuseum Koblenz.[53]The four school concerts Heroes of our Imagination by the Elbland Philharmonie Sachsen in 2006 were conceived to demonstrate the differences and similarities between classical music and game music and to make orchestral concerts more accessible to a younger audience.[53] Five more school concerts took place in January 2010. The Super Mario Galaxy - A Musical Adventure series was the spiritual successor to Heroes of Our Imagination. The concerts were officially licensed and sponsored by Nintendo. The music was accompanied with short narrations of the Super Mario Galaxy story.[54]","title":"Chamber music and school concerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"2020 Best Album - Official Arranged Album: Symphonic Memories Concert – music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2020[55]\n2015 Best Album - Arranged Album: Final Symphony - music from Final Fantasy, Annual Game Music Awards 2015[56]\n2013 Outstanding Production - Concert: Final Symphony London - music from Final Fantasy, Annual Game Music Awards 2013[57]\n2012 Outstanding Production - Concert: Symphonic Fantasies Tokyo - music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2012[58]\n2011 Outstanding Production – Concert: Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, Annual Game Music Awards 2011[59]\n2011 Best Live Concert: Symphonic Odysseys – Tribute to Nobuo Uematsu, Annual Original Sound Version Awards 2011[60]\n2011 Best Live Concert: Symphonic Legends – music from Nintendo, Annual Original Sound Version Awards 2010[61]\n2010 Best Arranged Album - Solo / Ensemble: Symphonic Fantasies - music from Square Enix, Annual Game Music Awards 2010[62]\n2010 Best Concert: Symphonic Legends - music from Nintendo, Swedish LEVEL magazine[63]","title":"Awards"}] | [{"image_text":"The participants of Symphonic Fantasies after the performance of the concert in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Symphonicfantasies.jpg/250px-Symphonicfantasies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Producer Thomas Böcker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Thomas_Boecker.jpg/150px-Thomas_Boecker.jpg"},{"image_text":"The GC in Concert logo used in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/GC_in_Concert_logo2007.png"},{"image_text":"The WDR Funkhausorchester Köln and the FILMharmonic Choir Prague performing Symphonic Shades in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Symphonicshades_performance.jpg/200px-Symphonicshades_performance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uematsu, Mitsuda, Shimomura and Kikuta at an autograph session before Symphonic Fantasies in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Symphonicfantasiesautographs.png/220px-Symphonicfantasiesautographs.png"},{"image_text":"The official logo of the series adopted in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Spielemusikkonzertelogo.png/220px-Spielemusikkonzertelogo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ZEIT ONLINE | Von der Konsole auf den Konzertflügel\". www.zeit.de. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2010-11/pixel-punkte-partituren?page=1","url_text":"\"ZEIT ONLINE | Von der Konsole auf den Konzertflügel\""}]},{"reference":"\"First live videogame concert outside of Japan\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/397361-first-live-videogame-concert-outside-of-japan","url_text":"\"First live videogame concert outside of Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sound Byte: Symphonic Game Music Concerts\". GameSpot. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sound-byte-symphonic-game-music-concerts/1100-6275522/","url_text":"\"Sound Byte: Symphonic Game Music Concerts\""}]},{"reference":"Böcker, Thomas; Fritsch, Melanie; Summers, Tim (2021), Fritsch, Melanie; Summers, Tim (eds.), \"Producing Game Music Concerts\", The Cambridge Companion to Video Game Music, Cambridge Companions to Music, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 424–432, ISBN 978-1-108-47302-6, retrieved 6 June 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-video-game-music/producing-game-music-concerts/1F3134466E27D5FD1846951DBB78556B","url_text":"\"Producing Game Music Concerts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47302-6","url_text":"978-1-108-47302-6"}]},{"reference":"Dubin, Jayson (4 May 2012). \"Film Composer/Symphonist Andy Brick Conducts First Video Game Symphony Concert\". GameZone. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/news/film_composer_symphonist_andy_brick_conducts_first_video_game_symphony_concert/","url_text":"\"Film Composer/Symphonist Andy Brick Conducts First Video Game Symphony Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arnie Roth Interview: Conductor of Symphonic Shades (August 2008)\". www.game-ost.com. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.game-ost.com/articles.php?id=189&action=view","url_text":"\"Arnie Roth Interview: Conductor of Symphonic Shades (August 2008)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Symphonic Legends Music from Nintendo\". Nintendo of Europe GmbH (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.de/News/2010/Symphonic-Legends-Music-from-Nintendo-257551.html","url_text":"\"Symphonic Legends Music from Nintendo\""}]},{"reference":"Rundfunk, Bayerischer (1 February 2017). \"Kleine Geschichte der Video Game Music: Von \"Pong\" bis \"Final Symphony\" | BR-Klassik\". www.br-klassik.de (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.br-klassik.de/video-game-music-computerspielmusik-muenchner-rundfunkorchester-100.html","url_text":"\"Kleine Geschichte der Video Game Music: Von \"Pong\" bis \"Final Symphony\" | BR-Klassik\""}]},{"reference":"\"The story of video game music concerts - A European first\". Classic FM. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/video-game/concerts/leipzig-gewandhaus/","url_text":"\"The story of video game music concerts - A European first\""}]},{"reference":"Schmitz, Petra (2 February 2009). \"Symphonic Fantasies - WDR-Rundfunkorchester mit neuem Spielemusik-Konzert\". GameStar (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamestar.de/artikel/symphonic-fantasies-wdr-rundfunkorchester-mit-neuem-spielemusik-konzert,1953325.html","url_text":"\"Symphonic Fantasies - WDR-Rundfunkorchester mit neuem Spielemusik-Konzert\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Symphony Orchestra - Final Symphony: available to download\". lso.co.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lso.co.uk/more/news/387-final-symphony-available-to-download.html","url_text":"\"London Symphony Orchestra - Final Symphony: available to download\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Böcker on Symphonic Game Music\". bachtrack.com (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Ludlow-Hewitt | Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt | ["1 Early life","2 First World War","3 Later career","4 References"] | Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal (1886-1973)
Sir Edgar Ludlow-HewittAir Chief Marshal Ludlow-HewittBorn(1886-06-09)9 June 1886Died15 August 1973(1973-08-15) (aged 87)AllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish Army (1905–18)Royal Air Force (1918–45)Years of service1905–45RankAir Chief MarshalCommands heldInspector-General of the RAF (1940–45)Bomber Command (1937–40)RAF India (1935–37)Iraq Command (1930–32)RAF Staff College (1926–30)3rd (Corps) Wing (1916–17)No. 3 Squadron (1915–16)No. 15 Squadron (1915)Battles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the BathKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the British EmpireCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeDistinguished Service OrderMilitary CrossMentioned in Despatches (6)Knight of the Legion of Honour (France)
Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt, GCB, GBE, CMG, DSO, MC, DL (9 June 1886 – 15 August 1973) was a senior Royal Air Force commander.
Early life
He was the second son and the second of five children of the Rev. Thomas Arthur Ludlow-Hewitt (17 May 1850 - 16 June 1936) of Clancoole, County Cork and later vicar of Minety, Wiltshire and Edith Annie Hudson (9 March 1854 - 15 November 1944).
First World War
Educated at Eastman's School, Radley College and Sandhurst, Ludlow-Hewitt was commissioned into the Royal Irish Rifles in 1905, but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) before the First World War, where he qualified on 11 September 1914 for the Royal Aero Club's Aviator's Certificate no. 886. During the war he served first as a pilot in No. 1 Squadron Royal Flying Corps and then later as the Officer Commanding No. 15 Squadron and No. 3 Squadron on the Western Front. In 1916 Ludlow-Hewitt took up command of the 3rd (Corps) Wing as a temporary lieutenant colonel. Late in the following year, he was promoted to brigadier general and made the Inspector of Training at the headquarters of the RFC Training Division. Like other members of the RFC, he transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF) on its creation on 1 April 1918. It was also on that date that he became General Officer Commanding (GOC) the Training Division. Less than two months later he was appointed GOC the 10th Brigade.
Later career
He was appointed Air Secretary in 1922 and Commandant of the RAF Staff College in 1926. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command in 1930, Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence in 1933 and Air Officer Commanding the RAF India in 1935. In 1937 Ludlow-Hewitt was promoted to Air Chief Marshal and appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Bomber Command. In the Second World War, Ludlow-Hewitt was replaced by Portal in April 1940 because of Ludlow-Hewitt's insistence on the formation of Operational Training Units, at the expense of the availability of front line airmen. He spent the remainder of the war as Inspector-General of the RAF and did not retire until November 1945, making him the RAF officer with the longest service as an Air Chief Marshal during the 20th century.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt.
^ "Hewitt, Sir Edgar Rainey Ludlow-". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31380. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Hammerton, Sir John ABC of the RAF London 1941 p.48
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt
^ "RAF Commanders in WW-II". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Military offices
New title
General Officer Commanding X Brigade 1918
Succeeded byunknown
Preceded byRobert Brooke-Popham
Commandant RAF Staff College, Andover 1926–1930
Succeeded byPhilip Joubert de la Ferté
Preceded byRobert Brooke-Popham
Air Officer Commanding Iraq Command 1930–1932
Succeeded byChristopher Courtney
Preceded byCharles Burnett
Deputy Chief of the Air Staffand Director of Operations and Intelligence 1 February 1933 – 26 January 1935
Succeeded byChristopher Courtney
Preceded bySir John Steel
Air Officer Commanding RAF India 1935–1937
Succeeded bySir Philip Joubert de la Ferté
Preceded bySir John Steel
Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bomber Command 1937–1940
Succeeded bySir Charles Portal
Preceded bySir Leslie Gossage
Inspector-General of the RAF 1940–1945
Succeeded bySir Arthur Barratt
vteRoyal Air Force generalsRAF generals between 1 April 1918 and 31 July 1919Brigadier-Generals
Charles Burnett
Percy Robert Clifford Groves
Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt
John Miles Steel
Major-Generals
Edward Ashmore
Sefton Brancker
George Cayley
Edward Ellington
Philip Game
Frederick Gordon
Frederick Heath-Caldwell
John Higgins
Mark Kerr
Charles Lambe
Charles Longcroft
Godfrey Paine
Geoffrey Salmond
John Salmond
Frederick Sykes
Hugh Trenchard
Tom Webb-Bowen
Lieutenant-Generals
David Henderson
John de Mestre Hutchison | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Chief Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"}],"text":"Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt, GCB, GBE, CMG, DSO, MC, DL (9 June 1886 – 15 August 1973) was a senior Royal Air Force commander.","title":"Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was the second son and the second of five children of the Rev. 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transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF) on its creation on 1 April 1918.[3] It was also on that date that he became General Officer Commanding (GOC) the Training Division.[3] Less than two months later he was appointed GOC the 10th Brigade.[3]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Secretary"},{"link_name":"RAF Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Staff_College,_Andover"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-3"},{"link_name":"Iraq Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Iraq_Command"},{"link_name":"Deputy Chief of the Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"RAF India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-3"},{"link_name":"Air Chief 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boots_Company | Boots (company) | ["1 History","1.1 1849 to 2000","1.2 2000 to present","2 Products and services","3 Stores","4 Charity work","5 The Boots Factory Site","6 Controversies","6.1 No. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum","6.2 Sale of homeopathic products","6.3 Charging the NHS for carrying out unnecessary medicine reviews","6.4 2016 reports of workplace pressure","6.5 BBC documentary and press coverage in 2018","6.6 Supply of the \"morning after pill\"","6.7 Pharmacist suicide","6.8 Overcharging the NHS for products","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | British multinational pharmacy store chain
Boots UK LimitedLogo used since 2019FormerlyBoots the Chemists Limited (1968–2007)Boots Cash ChemistsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryPharmaceuticalsHealthcareBeautyPhotographyFounded1849FounderJohn BootHeadquartersBeeston, Nottinghamshire, England, United KingdomNumber of locations2,200 (2022)Area servedUnited KingdomRepublic of IrelandNetherlandsNorwayItalyUnited Arab EmiratesThailandIndonesiaQatarKey peopleSebastian James (President and Managing Director at Boots UK and ROI; September 2018–present)BrandsNo7Natural CollectionSoap and GlorySoltanNumber of employees56,000ParentWalgreens Boots AllianceSubsidiariesBoots OpticiansBoots IrelandWebsiteboots.com
Boots UK Limited (formerly Boots the Chemists Limited), trading as Boots, is a health and beauty retailer and pharmacy chain that operates in the United Kingdom. It also operates internationally, including Ireland, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Malta, Thailand and Indonesia.
The parent company, The Boots Company plc, merged with Alliance UniChem in 2006 to form Alliance Boots. In 2007, Alliance Boots was bought by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, taking the company private, and moving its headquarters to Switzerland, making it the first-ever FTSE 100 company to be bought by a private equity firm. In 2012, Walgreens bought a 45% stake in Alliance Boots, with the option to buy the rest within three years. It exercised this option in 2014, and as a result Boots became a subsidiary of the new company, Walgreens Boots Alliance, on 31 December 2014.
Boots is one of the largest retailers in the UK and Ireland, both in terms of revenue and the number of shops. It has 2,200 shops across the United Kingdom and Ireland ranging from local pharmacies to large health and beauty shops in 2022. Its shops are primarily located on the high streets and in shopping centres. It sells many health and beauty products, and also provides optician and hearing care services within shops and as standalone practices. Boots also operates a retail website and a loyalty card programme called the Boots Advantage Card.
History
1849 to 2000
An advertisement for Boots from 1911
Boots was established in 1849, by John Boot. After his father's death in 1860, Jesse Boot, aged 10, helped his mother run the family's herbal medicine shop in Nottingham, which was incorporated as Boot and Co. Ltd in 1883, becoming Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd in 1888. In 1920, Jesse Boot sold the company to the American United Drug Company. However, because of deteriorating economic circumstances in North America Boots was sold back into British hands in 1933. The grandson of the founder, John Boot, who inherited the title Baron Trent from his father, headed the company. The Boots Pure Drug Company name was changed to The Boots Company Limited in 1971.
Between 1898 and 1966, many branches of Boots incorporated a lending library department, known as Boots Book-Lovers' Library.
Logo used from the mid-1960s to 2019
Boots diversified into the research and manufacturing of drugs with its development of the Ibuprofen painkiller during the 1960s, invented by John Nicholson and Stewart Adams. The company was awarded the Queen's Award For Technical Achievement for this in 1987. A major research focus of Boots in the 1980s, was the drug for congestive heart failure, Manoplax. The withdrawal from market of Manoplax due to safety concerns in 1993, caused major pressure from investors, and in 1994, Boots divested its prescription drugs division, which had become no longer viable, to BASF. In 2006, it sold the Nurofen brand to Reckitt Benckiser. The 2006 sale of Boots Healthcare International included everything made by Crookes Healthcare, based on the Nottingham site.
In 1968, Boots acquired the 622-strong Timothy Whites and Taylors Ltd chain. Boots expanded into Canada by purchasing the Tamblyn Drugs chain circa 1978. Most Canadian Boots shops were converted to Pharma Plus in 1989, after sale to Oshawa Group, although a handful of locations remained as late as 1993, if not later. Boots products briefly surfaced in Canada when it was sold at the short-lived Target foray into Canada. In 1982, the company opened a new manufacturing plant in Cramlington, Northumberland. In the early 1990s, Boots began to diversify and bought Halfords, the bicycle and car parts business in 1991. The company offered numerous private label products, e.g., offering the PT400 typewriter, a rebadged Silverette model by Silver Seiko Ltd. of Japan. It also developed the Children's World business of larger out of town superstores in the 1980s, but sold this chain to Mothercare in 1996. Halfords was sold in 2002.
Boots Opticians Ltd was formed in 1987, with the acquisition of Clement Clarke Ltd and Curry and Paxton Ltd. Boots Opticians became the UK's second-largest retail optics chain. In 2009, Boots Opticians acquired Dollond & Aitchison, an optician chain that was founded in 1750.
Boots diversified into dentistry in 1998, with a number of shops offering this service. Boots sold the Do-It-All DIY chain to Focus DIY in 1998. Boots also made a venture into "Wellbeing" services offering customers treatments ranging from facials, homoeopathy, and nutritional advice to laser eye surgery and Botox but these services were abandoned in 2003, despite a launch that included a dedicated Freeview and Sky TV channel of the same name, and even redirecting web traffic from boots.com to wellbeing.com
2000 to present
Boots branch in Belfast, Northern Ireland
In late 2004, Boots sold its laser eye surgery business to Optical Express.
In October 2005, a merger with Alliance UniChem was announced by the then chairman, Sir Nigel Rudd. The CEO Richard Baker left, and the new group became Alliance Boots plc. The merger became effective on 31 July 2006.
Boots branch in Mullingar, Ireland
Alliance Boots was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, the deputy chairman of the company, in April 2007 for £11.1 billion, taking the company private and beating a rival bid from Guy Hands's Terra Firma Capital Partners. This was the first ever instance of a FTSE 100 company having been bought by a private equity firm. In June 2008, the group headquarters were moved to Zug, Switzerland. According to John Ralfe, Boots' former head of corporate finance, "the UK has lost about £100m a year in tax as result".
'Boots the Chemists Limited' was re-registered under the name 'Boots UK Limited' on 1 October 2007. Management of all staff was moved to Boots Management Services Limited on 1 July 2010.
In June 2012, it was announced that Walgreens, the United States' largest chemist chain, would purchase a 45% stake in Alliance Boots for US$6.7 billion. The deal was said to be a long-term plan to give maximum exposure to both brands, Boots more so in the US and, Walgreens more so in the UK and in China through Boots' presence in that market. The deal gave the option to complete a full merger of the organisations within three years costing an extra $9.5bn. Walgreens confirmed on 6 August 2014, that it would purchase the remaining 55% and merge with Alliance Boots to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. Walgreens and Boots both become subsidiaries of the new company on 31 December 2014.
In April 2019, Boots announced it would sponsor the England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland women's football teams in a multi-million pound/euro deal. The deal was to last three years and cover the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and the UEFA Women's Euro 2021 competitions.Boots branch at Pondok Indah Mall in JakartaIn May 2019, Boots announced that it was closing 200+ underperforming shops.
Profits for 2019, were £167 million, 47.3% less than in 2018. The company blamed "lower volume and lower revenue item growth and continuing UK government reimbursement pressure".
In July 2020, the group announced that it would be cutting 4,000 jobs and shutting 48 optician stores in the UK.
Since September 2018, Sebastian James has been a senior vice president of Walgreens Boots Alliance, and president and managing director of Boots.
In November 2020, Boots Ireland appointed Stephen Watkins as managing director for Ireland, succeeding Bernadette Lavery who has been appointed director of pharmacy with Boots UK.
Products and services
Boots sell the following products and services:
Prescription medicines sold via their pharmacies
Retail (non-prescription) medicines
Wide range of health and beauty products including related electrical products (hairdryers, shavers, electric toothbrushes)
Photography - Boots is an established provider of photography services. Traditionally the shops offered photographic processing services, but with the shift from film to digital photography, the shops now include kiosk printing services.
Clothing - baby and toddler ranges and maternity wear
Food and drink (branded as Boots Delicious) - most branches sell lunchtime food and drink products which are available as part of a "Meal Deal" promotion.
Opticians
Hearing care
Mental health - in 2022 the company launched the Boots Online Doctor Depression & Anxiety Treatment which offers treatments for depression and anxiety for £65 per month. This includes a GP consultation and access to medicines. There is also a ‘SupportRoom’ offering psychological support by text message or video for £40 per month and a ‘symptom checker’ questionnaire for patients, which is reviewed by a mental health professional.
Stores
As of 2023, Walgreens Boots Alliance run 2 561 Boots branded stores across three countries:
United Kingdom: 2 232
Thailand: 237
Republic of Ireland: 92
The Alshaya Group, a franchise operator based in Kuwait, operates a number of Boots-branded stores throughout the Middle East, including in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, while Boots-branded stores throughout Indonesia are operated by PT Mitra Adiperkasa Tbk.
Charity work
The company funds the Boots Charitable Trust, which is an independent registered charity in the UK, administered by Nottinghamshire Community Foundation. The trust was established in the early 1970s, to fund registered charities benefiting people who live in Nottinghamshire.
Additionally, the company supports BBC Children in Need, Macmillan Cancer Support,
Supporting "WE Feel Good" The Prince's Trust, The Boots Orchestra in Nottingham, and the Boots Benevolent Fund.
The Boots Factory Site
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Main article: Boots Factory Site
D6 building in Beeston
The Boots Factory Site, near the Nottingham suburb of Beeston, features a number of listed buildings. This includes the two principal factory buildings, D6 and D10, designed by Sir Owen Williams and built in 1932, and 1935–1938, respectively. Both are Grade I listed. The former fire station of 1938, D34, is also by Williams and is Grade II listed. The headquarters office building known as D90 is Grade II* and was built to designs by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 1966–68.
Staff have a restaurant, coffee and snack shops, newsagent, a branch of Boots the Chemist, an opticians branch and cash point situated within landscaped grounds. The grounds include the Millennium Garden, which features a herb garden (with some plants that Jesse Boot used in his original herbal remedies) in the shape of a goose foot – harking back to Jesse's original shop on Goose Gate, Nottingham.
The Boots Museum is now closed; however, historical items are in storage or on display in the reception area of the D90 building.
Controversies
This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (March 2024)
No. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum
Professor Chris Griffiths' University of Manchester team found the Serum, formerly, No. 7 Refine & Rewind Beauty Serum stimulated the production of fibrillin-1 and appeared to smooth out wrinkles, (published in the British Journal of Dermatology). In 2007, an independent investigation by the BBC's Horizon programme caused a run on a product in the same product range after it was found to be the only one to have a beneficial effect. Richard Weller, an Edinburgh University dermatologist, said it was unlikely to be as effective as prescription retinoids.
Sale of homeopathic products
In 2009, Boots Superintendent Pharmacist Paul Bennett was interviewed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee about the company's sale of homeopathic medicines. He told the committee that the company had no evidence to suggest that homeopathic medicines are efficacious but Boots sold them anyway, for reasons of "consumer choice". The comments attracted media attention.
In 2010, protesters staged a mass homeopathy "overdose" outside Boots shops.
Charging the NHS for carrying out unnecessary medicine reviews
In April 2016, the Pharmacists' Defence Association stated that company managers were exploiting the NHS by insisting that each outlet carry out medicine use reviews, even if patients did not need them. The NHS paid £28 per review up to a maximum of 400 per shop per year. The Guardian said that the General Pharmaceutical Council was poised to investigate.
2016 reports of workplace pressure
At the same time as the article about medicine reviews, The Guardian published a longer report on the same day called 'How Boots went Rogue', which told the story from the eyes of a Boots pharmacist talking about working conditions at the company. It also covered the buyout of the company and the owners' financial approach. Four days later it published an article with emails from some pharmacists who had written about how "the chain allegedly compels staff to compromise ethics for targets". The article said "The letters editor believes this may be the largest haul of mail he has ever received about a single article. Others rang in."
There were two further follow-up articles in the days following. The Guardian subsequently noted a letter purporting to be from an "independent pharmacist" criticising its stance on the issue which it identified as having been edited and amended by one of the firm's vice-presidents. The letter was emailed as a Word document and contained tracked changes.
Following the Guardian reports, Boots announced the departure of UK operations director, Simon Roberts, in June 2016.
BBC documentary and press coverage in 2018
On 8 January 2018, the BBC broadcast an Inside Out documentary called "Boots: Pharmacists under Pressure?" about the deaths of three patients following dispensing errors. It also featured accounts from three whistleblowers, who alleged that there were staffing issues at the company. One of the whistleblowers, who had formerly worked in a patient safety role, stated that Boots had calculated that in excess of £100m additional investment in staffing was required each year in its pharmacies and to meet the company's expectations of its staff. The BBC also published two articles on the same day.
A separate article almost three weeks later told the story of a patient who was given the wrong medicine in December 2017 by a "frazzled" pharmacist. The patient said there was clearly a staffing problem.
Boots had told the BBC documentary makers that there had been no further patient deaths associated with dispensing errors since 2015. However, in July 2018, it was reported that an error had occurred in 2016 in which two lots of the same medicines were dispensed and supplied to the same patient, Richard Lee, who subsequently died. The error was found at a coroner's inquest to have contributed to his death.
Supply of the "morning after pill"
In July 2017, the British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) revealed that Boots was selling emergency contraceptive medication at four times the cost price and had refused requests to join rival pharmacy retail chains, including Superdrug and Tesco, which had agreed to cease profiting financially in this way. In a written response to BPAS, Boots revealed that they were frequently contacted by individuals who disapproved of the dispensing of such medication, which might be viewed as "incentivising inappropriate use", an assertion which campaigners described as "insulting and sexist".
BPAS called on the public to boycott the company and email them requesting that they reverse the policy. Following the boycott's launch, lawyers representing Boots alleged that the online complaint form created by BPAS had resulted in a "torrent of abuse" to five of Boots' senior managers and that BPAS had facilitated and tacitly encouraged harassment by naming individual staff members on the form. In response, BPAS stated that Boots had "failed to provide any evidence of abuse sent through the campaign". In November 2017, more than 130 Labour politicians signed a letter criticising Boots' failure to fulfil its promise to stock a low-cost alternative in its shops by October. At the end of January 2018, Boots confirmed that it was now offering the cheaper medication in all of its pharmacies.
Throughout the media coverage, a May–July 2017, pricelist from its wholesaler and sister company Alliance Healthcare stated that the "Normal Retail Price inc. VAT" of Levonelle One Step was £12.72.
Pharmacist suicide
On 25 October 2017, a debate was held in the House of Commons about pharmacists' mental health and the support that employers give to employees. Much of the discussion concerned the suicide of a Boots pharmacist, Alison Stamps, in May 2015, and Boots' response was criticised. Part of a letter from Alison Stamps' parents was read out by MP Kevan Jones, which said: "It is clear that Alison was a victim of corporate greed and collateral damage by an uncaring company intent only on its own agenda."
Overcharging the NHS for products
In February 2018, Boots was criticised for charging excessive prices for low-value products supplied to the NHS: in one case, it was found that the pharmacy was billing in excess of £1,500 for a moisturiser which normally retailed at less than £2. In May 2018, a further investigation by The Times found that on at least five occasions between 2013 and 2017, Boots had charged over £3,200 for a medicinal mouthwash used to treat mouth ulcers in chemotherapy patients, in comparison to an independent supplier which had charged the equivalent of £93 for the same product. The investigation found that Boots had ordered the product from Alliance Healthcare, a supplier owned by Boots' parent company. In response, a spokesman for Walgreens Boots Alliance rejected accusations of overcharging the NHS and said that the bespoke nature of the orders, often requested at short notice, results in the high cost.
See also
Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom
References
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Further reading
Roberts, Cecil (1966) Achievement: a record of fifty years' progress of Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd London: Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boots the Chemist.
Official website
Documents and clippings about Boots in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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No. 7
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Predecessors
Alliance Boots
Cunningham Drug
Dollond & Aitchison
Drug Fair
Farmacias El Amal
Happy Harry's
Kerr Drug
USA Drug
People
Stefano Pessina
Elizabeth Fagan
Simon Roberts
Charles Rudolph Walgreen
Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.
Gregory Wasson
Jim Skinner
Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent
John Boot, 2nd Baron Trent
John Boot
Ornella Barra
Yves Romestan
Randy Lewis
Stewart Adams
Sir Gordon Hobday
Kathleen Wilson-Thompson
Related
Grupo Sanborns
Ibuprofen
Intercom Plus
Schoep's Ice Cream
Strepsils
Wag's
Walgreen Drug Store Historic Site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Other
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"},{"link_name":"trading as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Alliance UniChem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"Alliance Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Boots"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Stefano Pessina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Pessina"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"FTSE 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100_Index"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"Walgreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens"},{"link_name":"Walgreens Boots Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"high streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_street"},{"link_name":"optician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optician"},{"link_name":"hearing care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology"},{"link_name":"loyalty card programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_program"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Boots UK Limited (formerly Boots the Chemists Limited),[1] trading as Boots, is a health and beauty retailer and pharmacy chain that operates in the United Kingdom. It also operates internationally, including Ireland, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Malta, Thailand and Indonesia.The parent company, The Boots Company plc, merged with Alliance UniChem in 2006 to form Alliance Boots.[2] In 2007, Alliance Boots was bought by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, taking the company private, and moving its headquarters to Switzerland, making it the first-ever FTSE 100 company to be bought by a private equity firm.[3] In 2012, Walgreens bought a 45% stake in Alliance Boots, with the option to buy the rest within three years. It exercised this option in 2014, and as a result Boots became a subsidiary of the new company, Walgreens Boots Alliance, on 31 December 2014.[4]Boots is one of the largest retailers in the UK and Ireland, both in terms of revenue and the number of shops. It has 2,200 shops across the United Kingdom and Ireland ranging from local pharmacies to large health and beauty shops in 2022.[5] Its shops are primarily located on the high streets and in shopping centres. It sells many health and beauty products, and also provides optician and hearing care services within shops and as standalone practices. Boots also operates a retail website and a loyalty card programme called the Boots Advantage Card.[6]","title":"Boots (company)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_advert.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jesse Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Boot"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jesse Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Boot,_1st_Baron_Trent"},{"link_name":"United Drug Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Drug_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-9"},{"link_name":"deteriorating economic circumstances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-9"},{"link_name":"John Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boot,_2nd_Baron_Trent"},{"link_name":"Baron Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Trent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boots Book-Lovers' Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_Book-Lovers%27_Library"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_UK_(logo).svg"},{"link_name":"drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"Ibuprofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen"},{"link_name":"painkiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"Stewart Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Adams_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Queen's Award For Technical Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Manoplax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flosequinan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nurofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurofen"},{"link_name":"Reckitt Benckiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckitt_Benckiser"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Crookes Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"Timothy Whites and Taylors Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Whites"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-9"},{"link_name":"Tamblyn Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamblyn_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Pharma Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharma_Plus"},{"link_name":"Oshawa Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cramlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramlington"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-9"},{"link_name":"Halfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfords"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"private label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_engineering"},{"link_name":"Silverette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Seiko_Ltd.#Silver_Reed_Silverette_typewriter"},{"link_name":"Silver Seiko Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Seiko_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Children's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_World_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Mothercare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothercare"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dollond & Aitchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollond_%26_Aitchison"},{"link_name":"dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Do-It-All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do-It-All&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Focus DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_DIY"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"facials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial"},{"link_name":"homoeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeopathy"},{"link_name":"Botox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botox"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"1849 to 2000","text":"An advertisement for Boots from 1911Boots was established in 1849, by John Boot.[7] After his father's death in 1860, Jesse Boot, aged 10, helped his mother run the family's herbal medicine shop in Nottingham,[8] which was incorporated as Boot and Co. Ltd in 1883, becoming Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd in 1888. In 1920, Jesse Boot sold the company to the American United Drug Company.[9] However, because of deteriorating economic circumstances in North America Boots was sold back into British hands in 1933.[9] The grandson of the founder, John Boot, who inherited the title Baron Trent from his father, headed the company.[10] The Boots Pure Drug Company name was changed to The Boots Company Limited in 1971.Between 1898 and 1966, many branches of Boots incorporated a lending library department, known as Boots Book-Lovers' Library.[11]Logo used from the mid-1960s to 2019Boots diversified into the research and manufacturing of drugs with its development of the Ibuprofen painkiller during the 1960s, invented by John Nicholson and Stewart Adams.[12] The company was awarded the Queen's Award For Technical Achievement for this in 1987. A major research focus of Boots in the 1980s, was the drug for congestive heart failure, Manoplax.[13] The withdrawal from market of Manoplax due to safety concerns in 1993, caused major pressure from investors, and in 1994, Boots divested its prescription drugs division, which had become no longer viable, to BASF.[14][15] In 2006, it sold the Nurofen brand to Reckitt Benckiser.[16] The 2006 sale of Boots Healthcare International included everything made by Crookes Healthcare, based on the Nottingham site.In 1968, Boots acquired the 622-strong Timothy Whites and Taylors Ltd chain.[9] Boots expanded into Canada by purchasing the Tamblyn Drugs chain circa 1978. Most Canadian Boots shops were converted to Pharma Plus in 1989, after sale to Oshawa Group, although a handful of locations remained as late as 1993, if not later.[citation needed] Boots products briefly surfaced in Canada when it was sold at the short-lived Target foray into Canada. In 1982, the company opened a new manufacturing plant in Cramlington, Northumberland.[9] In the early 1990s, Boots began to diversify and bought Halfords, the bicycle and car parts business in 1991.[17] The company offered numerous private label products, e.g., offering the PT400 typewriter, a rebadged Silverette model by Silver Seiko Ltd. of Japan. It also developed the Children's World business of larger out of town superstores in the 1980s, but sold this chain to Mothercare in 1996.[18] Halfords was sold in 2002.[19]Boots Opticians Ltd was formed in 1987, with the acquisition of Clement Clarke Ltd and Curry and Paxton Ltd. Boots Opticians became the UK's second-largest retail optics chain. In 2009, Boots Opticians acquired Dollond & Aitchison, an optician chain that was founded in 1750.Boots diversified into dentistry in 1998, with a number of shops offering this service.[20] Boots sold the Do-It-All DIY chain to Focus DIY in 1998.[21] Boots also made a venture into \"Wellbeing\" services offering customers treatments ranging from facials, homoeopathy, and nutritional advice to laser eye surgery and Botox but these services were abandoned in 2003, despite a launch that included a dedicated Freeview and Sky TV channel of the same name, and even redirecting web traffic from boots.com to wellbeing.com[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots,_Belfast,_May_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Optical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Express"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alliance UniChem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_UniChem"},{"link_name":"Nigel Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Alliance Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Boots"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_store,_Mullingar.png"},{"link_name":"Mullingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullingar"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Alliance Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Boots"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Stefano Pessina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Pessina"},{"link_name":"Guy Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hands"},{"link_name":"Terra Firma Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Firma_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-25"},{"link_name":"FTSE 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100_Index"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"Zug, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walgreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens"},{"link_name":"Alliance Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Boots"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Alliance Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Boots"},{"link_name":"Walgreens Boots Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2021"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_at_Pondok_Indah_Mall_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pondok Indah Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Walgreens Boots Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Boots Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"2000 to present","text":"Boots branch in Belfast, Northern IrelandIn late 2004, Boots sold its laser eye surgery business to Optical Express.[23]In October 2005, a merger with Alliance UniChem was announced by the then chairman, Sir Nigel Rudd. The CEO Richard Baker left, and the new group became Alliance Boots plc. The merger became effective on 31 July 2006.[24]Boots branch in Mullingar, IrelandAlliance Boots was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, the deputy chairman of the company, in April 2007 for £11.1 billion, taking the company private and beating a rival bid from Guy Hands's Terra Firma Capital Partners.[25] This was the first ever instance of a FTSE 100 company having been bought by a private equity firm.[3] In June 2008, the group headquarters were moved to Zug, Switzerland. According to John Ralfe, Boots' former head of corporate finance, \"the UK has lost about £100m a year in tax as result\".[26]'Boots the Chemists Limited' was re-registered under the name 'Boots UK Limited' on 1 October 2007.[27] Management of all staff was moved to Boots Management Services Limited on 1 July 2010.[28]In June 2012, it was announced that Walgreens, the United States' largest chemist chain, would purchase a 45% stake in Alliance Boots for US$6.7 billion. The deal was said to be a long-term plan to give maximum exposure to both brands, Boots more so in the US and, Walgreens more so in the UK and in China through Boots' presence in that market. The deal gave the option to complete a full merger of the organisations within three years costing an extra $9.5bn.[29] Walgreens confirmed on 6 August 2014, that it would purchase the remaining 55% and merge with Alliance Boots to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc.[30] Walgreens and Boots both become subsidiaries of the new company on 31 December 2014.In April 2019, Boots announced it would sponsor the England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland women's football teams in a multi-million pound/euro deal. The deal was to last three years and cover the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and the UEFA Women's Euro 2021 competitions.[31]Boots branch at Pondok Indah Mall in JakartaIn May 2019, Boots announced that it was closing 200+ underperforming shops.[32][33]Profits for 2019, were £167 million, 47.3% less than in 2018. The company blamed \"lower volume and lower revenue item growth and continuing UK government reimbursement pressure\".[34]In July 2020, the group announced that it would be cutting 4,000 jobs and shutting 48 optician stores in the UK.[35]Since September 2018, Sebastian James has been a senior vice president of Walgreens Boots Alliance, and president and managing director of Boots.In November 2020, Boots Ireland appointed Stephen Watkins as managing director for Ireland, succeeding Bernadette Lavery who has been appointed director of pharmacy with Boots UK.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prescription medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_medicines"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"photographic processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Boots sell the following products and services:Prescription medicines sold via their pharmacies\nRetail (non-prescription) medicines\nWide range of health and beauty products including related electrical products (hairdryers, shavers, electric toothbrushes)\nPhotography - Boots is an established provider of photography services.[37] Traditionally the shops offered photographic processing services, but with the shift from film to digital photography, the shops now include kiosk printing services.\nClothing - baby and toddler ranges and maternity wear\nFood and drink (branded as Boots Delicious) - most branches sell lunchtime food and drink products which are available as part of a \"Meal Deal\" promotion.[38]\nOpticians\nHearing care\nMental health - in 2022 the company launched the Boots Online Doctor Depression & Anxiety Treatment which offers treatments for depression and anxiety for £65 per month. This includes a GP consultation and access to medicines. There is also a ‘SupportRoom’ offering psychological support by text message or video for £40 per month and a ‘symptom checker’ questionnaire for patients, which is reviewed by a mental health professional.[39]","title":"Products and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Alshaya Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alshaya"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"As of 2023, Walgreens Boots Alliance run 2 561 Boots branded stores across three countries:[40]United Kingdom: 2 232\nThailand: 237\nRepublic of Ireland: 92The Alshaya Group, a franchise operator based in Kuwait, operates a number of Boots-branded stores throughout the Middle East, including in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates,[41] while Boots-branded stores throughout Indonesia are operated by PT Mitra Adiperkasa Tbk.[42]","title":"Stores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"The company funds the Boots Charitable Trust, which is an independent registered charity in the UK, administered by Nottinghamshire Community Foundation. The trust was established in the early 1970s, to fund registered charities benefiting people who live in Nottinghamshire.[43]Additionally, the company supports BBC Children in Need,[44] Macmillan Cancer Support,[45]\nSupporting \"WE Feel Good\" [46] The Prince's Trust,[47] The Boots Orchestra in Nottingham,[48][49][50] and the Boots Benevolent Fund.[51]","title":"Charity work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots,_Beeston_-_D6_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_680837.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeston,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Beeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeston,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Owen Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Williams_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"herb garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_garden"},{"link_name":"Goose Gate, Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Gate,_Nottingham"}],"text":"D6 building in BeestonThe Boots Factory Site, near the Nottingham suburb of Beeston, features a number of listed buildings. This includes the two principal factory buildings, D6 and D10, designed by Sir Owen Williams and built in 1932, and 1935–1938, respectively. Both are Grade I listed.[52][53] The former fire station of 1938, D34, is also by Williams[54] and is Grade II listed.[55] The headquarters office building known as D90 is Grade II* and was built to designs by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 1966–68.[56]Staff have a restaurant, coffee and snack shops, newsagent, a branch of Boots the Chemist, an opticians branch and cash point situated within landscaped grounds. The grounds include the Millennium Garden, which features a herb garden (with some plants that Jesse Boot used in his original herbal remedies) in the shape of a goose foot – harking back to Jesse's original shop on Goose Gate, Nottingham.The Boots Museum is now closed; however, historical items are in storage or on display in the reception area of the D90 building.","title":"The Boots Factory Site"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian/2012/apr/16/history-no7-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk/8022644-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian/2009/apr/28/boots-59"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard.co.uk-7191293-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodhousekeeping/a568183-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimes.co.uk-mlvfnzl78-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk/6623709-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-latest-38-serum-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harpersbazaar/a27096393-65"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian/2009/apr/28/boots-59"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishexaminer-20276712-66"}],"sub_title":"No. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum","text":"Professor Chris Griffiths' University of Manchester team found the Serum, formerly, No. 7[57] Refine & Rewind Beauty Serum stimulated the production of fibrillin-1 and appeared to smooth out wrinkles, (published in the British Journal of Dermatology).[58][59] In 2007, an independent investigation by the BBC's Horizon programme caused a run on a product in the same product range after it was found to be the only one to have a beneficial effect.[60][61][62][63][64][65] Richard Weller, an Edinburgh University dermatologist, said it was unlikely to be as effective as prescription retinoids.[59][66]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consumer choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_choice"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Sale of homeopathic products","text":"In 2009, Boots Superintendent Pharmacist Paul Bennett was interviewed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee about the company's sale of homeopathic medicines. He told the committee that the company had no evidence to suggest that homeopathic medicines are efficacious but Boots sold them anyway, for reasons of \"consumer choice\".[67] The comments attracted media attention.[68][69]In 2010, protesters staged a mass homeopathy \"overdose\" outside Boots shops.[70][71]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharmacists' Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacists%27_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"medicine use reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_use_review"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"General Pharmaceutical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Pharmaceutical_Council"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Charging the NHS for carrying out unnecessary medicine reviews","text":"In April 2016, the Pharmacists' Defence Association stated that company managers were exploiting the NHS by insisting that each outlet carry out medicine use reviews, even if patients did not need them. The NHS paid £28 per review up to a maximum of 400 per shop per year.[72] The Guardian said that the General Pharmaceutical Council was poised to investigate.[73][needs update]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Simon Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Roberts_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"2016 reports of workplace pressure","text":"At the same time as the article about medicine reviews, The Guardian published a longer report on the same day called 'How Boots went Rogue', which told the story from the eyes of a Boots pharmacist talking about working conditions at the company. It also covered the buyout of the company and the owners' financial approach.[74] Four days later it published an article with emails from some pharmacists who had written about how \"the chain allegedly compels staff to compromise ethics for targets\". The article said \"The letters editor believes this may be the largest haul of mail he has ever received about a single article. Others rang in.\"[75]There were two further follow-up articles in the days following.[76][77] The Guardian subsequently noted a letter purporting to be from an \"independent pharmacist\" criticising its stance on the issue which it identified as having been edited and amended by one of the firm's vice-presidents. The letter was emailed as a Word document and contained tracked changes.[78]Following the Guardian reports, Boots announced the departure of UK operations director, Simon Roberts, in June 2016.[79][80]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"BBC documentary and press coverage in 2018","text":"On 8 January 2018, the BBC broadcast an Inside Out documentary called \"Boots: Pharmacists under Pressure?\" about the deaths of three patients following dispensing errors. It also featured accounts from three whistleblowers, who alleged that there were staffing issues at the company. One of the whistleblowers, who had formerly worked in a patient safety role, stated that Boots had calculated that in excess of £100m additional investment in staffing was required each year in its pharmacies and to meet the company's expectations of its staff.[81] The BBC also published two articles on the same day.[82][83][84]A separate article almost three weeks later told the story of a patient who was given the wrong medicine in December 2017 by a \"frazzled\" pharmacist. The patient said there was clearly a staffing problem.[85]Boots had told the BBC documentary makers that there had been no further patient deaths associated with dispensing errors since 2015. However, in July 2018, it was reported that an error had occurred in 2016 in which two lots of the same medicines were dispensed and supplied to the same patient, Richard Lee, who subsequently died. The error was found at a coroner's inquest to have contributed to his death.[86][87]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Pregnancy Advisory Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pregnancy_Advisory_Service"},{"link_name":"emergency contraceptive medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception"},{"link_name":"cost price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_price"},{"link_name":"Superdrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdrug"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Alliance Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Supply of the \"morning after pill\"","text":"In July 2017, the British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) revealed that Boots was selling emergency contraceptive medication at four times the cost price and had refused requests to join rival pharmacy retail chains, including Superdrug and Tesco, which had agreed to cease profiting financially in this way.[88] In a written response to BPAS, Boots revealed that they were frequently contacted by individuals who disapproved of the dispensing of such medication, which might be viewed as \"incentivising inappropriate use\",[89][90] an assertion which campaigners described as \"insulting and sexist\".[91]BPAS called on the public to boycott the company and email them requesting that they reverse the policy. Following the boycott's launch, lawyers representing Boots alleged that the online complaint form created by BPAS had resulted in a \"torrent of abuse\" to five of Boots' senior managers and that BPAS had facilitated and tacitly encouraged harassment by naming individual staff members on the form. In response, BPAS stated that Boots had \"failed to provide any evidence of abuse sent through the campaign\".[92] In November 2017, more than 130 Labour politicians signed a letter criticising Boots' failure to fulfil its promise to stock a low-cost alternative in its shops by October.[93] At the end of January 2018, Boots confirmed that it was now offering the cheaper medication in all of its pharmacies.[94]Throughout the media coverage, a May–July 2017, pricelist from its wholesaler and sister company Alliance Healthcare stated that the \"Normal Retail Price inc. VAT\" of Levonelle One Step was £12.72.[95]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Kevan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevan_Jones"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacist suicide","text":"On 25 October 2017, a debate was held in the House of Commons about pharmacists' mental health and the support that employers give to employees. Much of the discussion concerned the suicide of a Boots pharmacist, Alison Stamps, in May 2015, and Boots' response was criticised. Part of a letter from Alison Stamps' parents was read out by MP Kevan Jones, which said: \"It is clear that Alison was a victim of corporate greed and collateral damage by an uncaring company intent only on its own agenda.\"[96][non-primary source needed]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"mouth ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Overcharging the NHS for products","text":"In February 2018, Boots was criticised for charging excessive prices for low-value products supplied to the NHS: in one case, it was found that the pharmacy was billing in excess of £1,500 for a moisturiser which normally retailed at less than £2.[97] In May 2018, a further investigation by The Times found that on at least five occasions between 2013 and 2017, Boots had charged over £3,200 for a medicinal mouthwash used to treat mouth ulcers in chemotherapy patients, in comparison to an independent supplier which had charged the equivalent of £93 for the same product. The investigation found that Boots had ordered the product from Alliance Healthcare, a supplier owned by Boots' parent company. In response, a spokesman for Walgreens Boots Alliance rejected accusations of overcharging the NHS and said that the bespoke nature of the orders, often requested at short notice, results in the high cost.[98][99]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roberts, Cecil (1966) Achievement: a record of fifty years' progress of Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd London: Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"An advertisement for Boots from 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Boots_advert.jpg/220px-Boots_advert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo used from the mid-1960s to 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Boots_UK_%28logo%29.svg/220px-Boots_UK_%28logo%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Boots branch in Belfast, Northern Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Boots%2C_Belfast%2C_May_2013.JPG/220px-Boots%2C_Belfast%2C_May_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"Boots branch in Mullingar, Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Boots_store%2C_Mullingar.png/220px-Boots_store%2C_Mullingar.png"},{"image_text":"Boots branch at Pondok Indah Mall in Jakarta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Boots_at_Pondok_Indah_Mall_3.jpg/220px-Boots_at_Pondok_Indah_Mall_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"D6 building in Beeston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Boots%2C_Beeston_-_D6_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_680837.jpg/220px-Boots%2C_Beeston_-_D6_building_-_geograph.org.uk_-_680837.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"\"Boots UK Limited overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK\". Companies House. 11 March 1968. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00928555","url_text":"\"Boots UK Limited overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"Companies House"}]},{"reference":"\"Alliance UniChem Plc and Boots Group PLC merger archive | Walgreens Boots Alliance\". investor.walgreensbootsalliance.com. Retrieved 28 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.walgreensbootsalliance.com/mergerArchive.cfm","url_text":"\"Alliance UniChem Plc and Boots Group PLC merger archive | Walgreens Boots Alliance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alliance Boots takeover approved\". BBC. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6708245.stm","url_text":"\"Alliance Boots takeover approved\""}]},{"reference":"Jean, Ellen Hirst (31 December 2014). \"Walgreen-Alliance Boots deal is complete\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-walgreen-completes-merger-0101-biz-20141231-story.html","url_text":"\"Walgreen-Alliance Boots deal is complete\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Boots UK - Welcome to Boots UK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boots-uk.com/","url_text":"\"Boots UK - Welcome to Boots UK\""}]},{"reference":"Quilter, James (21 March 2007). \"Boots revamps Advantage Card kiosks\". Campaign Live. 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Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9341323/Alliance-Boots-sells-45pc-stake-to-Walgreens.html","url_text":"\"Alliance Boots sells 45pc stake to Walgreens\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9341323/Alliance-Boots-sells-45pc-stake-to-Walgreens.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Walgreens to buy up Alliance Boots\". BBC News. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28674140","url_text":"\"Walgreens to buy up Alliance Boots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boots to sponsor women's home nations and Republic of Ireland sides\". BBC Sport. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47777716","url_text":"\"Boots to sponsor women's home nations and Republic of Ireland sides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boots review puts 200 stores at risk\". 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Alliance Healthcare website.","urls":[{"url":"https://direct.alliance-healthcare.co.uk/uni2/docs/medicaldirectory_may17.pdf","url_text":"\"Product Medical Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mental Health: Pharmacists - House of Commons Debate\". 25 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-10-25/debates/0F49DF34-CFEF-425C-AF94-57FDE472553B/MentalHealthPharmacists","url_text":"\"Mental Health: Pharmacists - House of Commons Debate\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan-Bentley, Paul (2 February 2018). \"NHS forced to pay £1,500 for £2 pot of moisturiser\". The Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/nhs-forced-to-pay-1-500-for-2-pot-of-moisturiser-3d0ckn3gh","url_text":"\"NHS forced to pay £1,500 for £2 pot of moisturiser\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan-Bentley, Paul; Kenber, Billy (25 May 2018). \"Boots faces inquiry over cancer drug price hike\". The Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/boots-faces-inquiry-over-cancer-drug-price-hike-98lqx52s9","url_text":"\"Boots faces inquiry over cancer drug price hike\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boots owner denies overcharging NHS for cancer mouthwash\". BBC News. 25 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44263620","url_text":"\"Boots owner denies overcharging NHS for cancer mouthwash\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://boots.com/","external_links_name":"boots.com"},{"Link":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00928555","external_links_name":"\"Boots UK Limited overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"http://investor.walgreensbootsalliance.com/mergerArchive.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Alliance UniChem Plc and Boots Group PLC merger archive | Walgreens Boots Alliance\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6708245.stm","external_links_name":"\"Alliance Boots takeover approved\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-walgreen-completes-merger-0101-biz-20141231-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Walgreen-Alliance Boots deal is complete\""},{"Link":"http://www.boots-uk.com/","external_links_name":"\"Boots UK - Welcome to Boots UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/boots-revamps-advantage-card-kiosks/644579","external_links_name":"\"Boots revamps Advantage Card kiosks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/business/take-sneak-peek-inside-boots-2549470","external_links_name":"\"Inside the Boots archives which reveals the company's incredible history\""},{"Link":"http://www.bootslearningstore.com/about/history.php","external_links_name":"\"Boots Learning Store\""},{"Link":"https://booksbird.wordpress.com/2019/01/26/the-history-of-boots-book-lovers-libraries/","external_links_name":"\"The History of Boots Book-lovers' Libraries\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inventor-ibuprofen-tested-drug-his-own-hangover-180975088/","external_links_name":"\"The Inventor of Ibuprofen Tested the Drug on His Own Hangover\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/manoplax-from-heart-to-heartbreak-with-millions-lost-on-its-wonder-drug-patrick-hosking-asks-whether-1487095.html","external_links_name":"\"Manoplax: from heart to heartbreak: With millions lost on its 'wonder\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3007/is_/ai_n28649801","external_links_name":"\"Boots is pacesetter for drug chains in the UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/15/business/company-news-boots-pharmaceuticals-unit-to-go-to-basf-of-germany.html","external_links_name":"\"COMPANY NEWS; Boots Pharmaceuticals Unit To Go to BASF of Germany\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2923472/Boots-sells-Nurofen-in-1.9bn-deal.html","external_links_name":"Boots sells Nurofen in £1.9bn deal"},{"Link":"http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article527856.ece","external_links_name":"And it's all thanks to a passion for a penny-farthing bicycle"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2758468/Boots-in-childrenswear-pact-to-sell-Adams-range.html","external_links_name":"Boots in Childrenswear pact to sell Adams range"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/jul/26/5","external_links_name":"Boots sells Halfords"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/168340.stm","external_links_name":"\"Boots to launch dental clinics\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60770190","external_links_name":"\"Boots decides that for £68m Focus can do-it-all\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/boots-ditches-wellbeing-strategy-to-return-to-its-roots-as-a-chemist-112739.html","external_links_name":"\"Boots ditches Wellbeing strategy to return to its roots as a chemist\""},{"Link":"http://www.opticianonline.net/Articles/2004/10/22/12845/Optical+Express+buys+Boots'+laser+business.htm","external_links_name":"Optical Express buys Boots laser business"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4303570.stm","external_links_name":"\"Boots announces £7bn merger deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6UHJIzPzX54","external_links_name":"\"KKR Agrees to Buy Alliance Boots, Beating Guy Hands\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/11/boots-switzerland-uk","external_links_name":"\"How Boots' Swiss move cost UK£100m a year\""},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00928555","external_links_name":"\"BOOTS UK LIMITED - 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We take an exclusive look at the latest £38 wrinkle serum by No7\""},{"Link":"https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/beauty/skincare/a27096393/no7-new-booster-serums/","external_links_name":"\"No7's new serums launch today to a waiting list of 37, 000 people\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20276712.html","external_links_name":"\"Can a €30 cream really turn back the clock?\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/09112506.htm","external_links_name":"\"Commons Science and Technology Committee Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6658864/Boots-we-sell-homeopathic-remedies-because-they-sell-not-because-they-work.html","external_links_name":"\"Boots: 'we sell homeopathic remedies because they sell, not because they work'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6658864/Boots-we-sell-homeopathic-remedies-because-they-sell-not-because-they-work.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/142635/Homeopathic-medicines-don-t-work","external_links_name":"\"'Homeopathic medicines don't work'\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/mass-overdose-staged-in-homeopathic-protest-1884019.html","external_links_name":"\"Boots director on homeopathy and the top 10 Gerald Ratner moments\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/29/sceptics-homeopathy-mass-overdose-boots","external_links_name":"\"Homeopathy protesters to take 'mass overdose' outside Boots\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/apr/13/boots-staff-under-pressure-to-milk-the-nhs-says-pharmacists-union","external_links_name":"\"Boots staff under pressure to milk the NHS for cash, says pharmacists' union\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/apr/17/boots-regulator-investigation-general-pharmaceutical-council-nhs","external_links_name":"\"Boots could face regulator's investigation after Guardian report\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/13/how-boots-went-rogue","external_links_name":"\"How Boots went Rogue\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/apr/17/yours-a-stressed-pharmacist-boots-article-prompts-flood-of-letters","external_links_name":"\"Yours, a stressed pharmacist: Boots article prompts flood of letters\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/19/the-guardian-view-on-boots-sick-staff-a-healthcare-business-and-the-public-purse","external_links_name":"\"The Guardian view on Boots: sick staff, a healthcare business and the public purse\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/27/bhs-boots-corporations-workers-philip-green-shareholder-power","external_links_name":"\"BHS, Boots … our misbehaving corporations need their wings clipped\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/apr/29/boots-investigation-independent-pharmacists-letter-edited-by-head-office","external_links_name":"\"'Independent' pharmacist's letter edited by Boots' owner\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/09/boots-uk-boss-simon-roberts-quits","external_links_name":"\"Boots UK boss Simon Roberts quits\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/12/new-boots-boss-offers-chance-to-change","external_links_name":"\"New Boots boss offers chance to change\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09m6rfl","external_links_name":"\"Boots: Pharmacists under Pressure?\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/boots-inside-out","external_links_name":"\"Some Boots pharmacists claim they are at 'breaking point'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-41468171","external_links_name":"\"Boots pharmacists raise staffing concerns\""},{"Link":"https://subsaga.com/bbc/factual/inside-out/30-boots-pharmacists-under-pressure.html","external_links_name":"\"Boots: Pharmacists under Pressure? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FA_Charity_Shield | 1999 FA Charity Shield | ["1 Background","2 Pre-match","3 Match","3.1 Team selection","3.2 Summary","3.3 Details","3.4 Statistics","4 Post-match","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"] | Football match1999 FA Charity ShieldThe match programme cover.
Arsenal
Manchester United
2
1
Date1 August 1999VenueWembley Stadium, LondonMan of the MatchNwankwo Kanu (Arsenal)RefereeGraham Barber (Hertfordshire)Attendance70,185WeatherClear29 °C (84 °F)← 1998 2000 →
The 1999 Football Association Charity Shield (also known as The One 2 One FA Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 77th FA Charity Shield, an annual English football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions. The teams involved were Manchester United, who had won both the Premier League and FA Cup as part of the Treble the previous season, and Arsenal, who finished runners-up in the league. Watched by a crowd of 70,185 at Wembley Stadium, Arsenal won the match 2–1.
This was Arsenal's 15th Charity Shield appearance and Manchester United's 19th. Leading up to the match, both clubs were embroiled in controversy: United withdrew from English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup, in order to take part in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship; Arsenal were entangled in a transfer saga involving their own player, striker Nicolas Anelka, who vowed to never play for the club again. United goalkeeper Mark Bosnich, signed as a replacement for Peter Schmeichel, made the first appearance of his second spell with the club. Sylvinho started his first game for Arsenal, whereas other signing Oleh Luzhnyi was named on the substitutes' bench. United went ahead seven minutes before the end of the first half, when David Beckham's free-kick hit the underside of the crossbar and narrowly crossed the line before Dwight Yorke made sure. Arsenal were awarded a penalty in the second half which Nwankwo Kanu converted and the striker assisted his teammate Ray Parlour to score the winner.
This result marked Manchester United's first defeat of 1999. It was the second consecutive year that Arsenal beat United to win the Charity Shield. Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger described it as psychological boost to beat his opponents and felt the win showed that his team were ready for the upcoming season. United manager Sir Alex Ferguson, on the other hand, believed the defeat highlighted his players needed more game time.
Background
Manchester United acclaimed a treble of trophies in the 1998–99 season.
Founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, the FA Charity Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, although in 1913, it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI. In 1921, it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time. Wembley Stadium acted as the host of the Shield from 1974.
Manchester United qualified for the 1999 FA Charity Shield as winners of the 1998–99 FA Premier League. The team overcame close competition from Arsenal to win their fifth league title in seven years. In the 1999 FA Cup Final, Manchester United beat Newcastle United by two goals to nil and completed the domestic double. The team later went on to win the UEFA Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich in the season's final and became the first English team to acclaim a treble of trophies in one season. Given United won both domestic honours, the other Charity Shield place went to league runners-up Arsenal. United appeared in 18 previous Shields, winning 10 outright (1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1983, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997), sharing four (1965, 1967, 1977, 1990) and losing four (1948, 1963, 1985, 1998). In contrast, Arsenal won eight previous Shields (1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1998), shared one with Tottenham Hotspur in 1991 and lost five (1935, 1936, 1979, 1989, 1993).
The most recent meeting between the two clubs was in the FA Cup semi-finals; the tie was decided by a replay as the initial game finished goalless. The match was settled in extra time when Giggs ran the length of the pitch and evaded several Arsenal players to score the winning goal. In the close season, Anelka was involved in a protracted transfer saga and vowed to never play for Arsenal again. He cited the media in England as a reason for wanting to leave the club: "The one thing I can tell you is that I can't stand the English Press, who cause me enormous problems on a personal level," but it was implied that his "gold-digging brothers" wanted Anelka to move abroad to make more money – they served as his agents.
In June 1999, United accepted an offer from the FA to withdraw from the FA Cup in order to participate in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, staged in Brazil. It was criticised by the new Sports minister Kate Hoey, who suggested the club were treating its supporters in a "shabby way". Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson however replied that United had been pressured to make the decision, which aimed to solidify England's 2006 FIFA World Cup bid: "The Government are saying that we should be in the FA Cup, but they are the very people that were saying originally that we have to go to Brazil. They could tell us quite clearly: 'Do not bother about the World Cup bid, leave that to us. It should not be Manchester United's responsibility.'"
Pre-match
Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger warned some United players might take a while to get into their stride after last season's exploits: "You will always have a dip when you have been on a high like they have, it takes some time to settle and to understand that you have to fight again. We had players who won the World Cup, the players who won the Double and to get them right psychologically and physically took us some time." Ferguson described the 3–0 defeat in the previous season's Shield as a "humiliation", before discussing how it made the team prepare for the challenges ahead: "I have reminded the players how hard it is to lose when you are playing for United these days – it makes so many other people happy." Indeed, United only lost five matches of the whole of last season, with their last defeat coming at home to Middlesbrough in December 1998.
Match
Team selection
Both teams were without several first-team players because of injury problems. Manchester United midfielder Roy Keane was still suffering from an ankle injury sustained in the previous season's FA Cup final, which meant defender Denis Irwin took responsibility as the team captain. Ryan Giggs was also ruled out of the game, though his injury was unspecified. Forwards Andy Cole and Dwight Yorke started upfront for United, in a 4–4–2 formation where David Beckham and Jordi Cruyff acted as the two wide midfield players. Goalkeeper Mark Bosnich, signed as a replacement for Peter Schmeichel, also started, having rejoined the club after a nine-year spell with Aston Villa.
For Arsenal, defender Tony Adams was ruled out with injury, as was Dennis Bergkamp, Marc Overmars, and goalkeeper David Seaman. Anelka did not partake, given his transfer to Real Madrid was on the verge of being completed. New signings Oleh Luzhnyi and Sylvinho were both named in the squad, but whereas Sylvinho started the game, Luzhnyi was selected as a substitute. Arsenal, like United, lined up in a 4–4–2 formation. Up front, Freddie Ljungberg was paired with the club's only available recognised striker, Nwankwo Kanu.
Summary
The severe heat meant Manchester United and Arsenal found it hard to find any rhythm early on. Sylvinho fashioned an early chance for Arsenal, though his shot was deflected over. Although midfield pair Patrick Vieira and Emmanuel Petit did well to contain their opponents in the opening half-hour, Arsenal's lack of pace and incisiveness upfront was evident – Ljungberg missed three chances before half-time. Midway through the first half, Beckham was booked by referee Graham Barber for dissent. Moments later Nicky Butt was involved in a brawl with Martin Keown, after the defender nearly caught Butt's face with his boot. Both players were booked for confronting each other, as was Vieira for getting involved. United performed better the longer the match went on and scored the opening goal. Beckham's 30 yards (27 m) free kick hit the underside of the crossbar and bounced out; Yorke headed the rebounded ball past goalkeeper Alex Manninger. Although replays suggested the goal was Beckham's as his free kick crossed the goal line, it was given to Yorke. Arsenal responded for a short while, but missed "three half-chances".
Defender Jaap Stam, "nursing an Achilles injury all summer", was substituted in the second half for David May. Arsenal began the half the better of the two teams and Vieira believed he earned his team a penalty in the 49th minute – it was turned down by Barber. The substitution of Sylvinho for Luis Boa Morte in the 64th minute allowed Ljungberg to play in a natural midfield role. Two minutes later, Arsenal were awarded a penalty. Vieira, chasing down the ball was adjudged to have his shirt tugged by Irwin in the 18-yard box. Kanu converted the penalty, sending Bosnich the wrong way. Yorke soon after mistimed his goal effort after being sent clear by Cole. Substitute Ole Gunnar Solskjær then put Cole through, only for Manninger to produce a one-handed save. Arsenal scored what proved to be the match winner in the 78th minute. A goal-kick by Bosnich was headed back into United's half by Vieira; Kanu controlled the ball "deftly" and set up Parlour, whose shot went into the net. Teddy Sheringham was brought on by Ferguson for Butt with nine minutes of normal time remaining, but with a fourth striker on the field, United were unable to score an equaliser. Luzhnyi later came on for Parlour, the final substitution of the match.
Details
1 August 199915:00 BST
Arsenal2–1Manchester United
Kanu 67' (pen.)Parlour 78'
Report
Yorke 36'
Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 70,185Referee: Graham Barber (Hertfordshire)
Arsenal
Manchester United
GK
13
Alex Manninger
RB
2
Lee Dixon
CB
5
Martin Keown
25'
CB
18
Gilles Grimandi
LB
3
Nigel Winterburn (c)
RM
15
Ray Parlour
88'
CM
4
Patrick Vieira
25'
CM
17
Emmanuel Petit
LM
16
Sylvinho
64'
AM
8
Freddie Ljungberg
CF
25
Nwankwo Kanu
Substitutes:
GK
24
Stuart Taylor
GK
31
John Lukic
DF
19
Stefan Malz
DF
22
Oleh Luzhnyi
88'
MF
21
Luís Boa Morte
64'
MF
30
Paolo Vernazza
FW
12
Christopher Wreh
Manager:
Arsène Wenger
GK
1
Mark Bosnich
RB
12
Phil Neville
CB
21
Henning Berg
CB
6
Jaap Stam
46'
LB
3
Denis Irwin (c)
RM
7
David Beckham
21'
CM
8
Nicky Butt
25'
81'
CM
18
Paul Scholes
LM
14
Jordi Cruyff
62'
CF
19
Dwight Yorke
CF
9
Andy Cole
Substitutes:
GK
31
Nick Culkin
DF
4
David May
46'
DF
13
John Curtis
MF
33
Mark Wilson
MF
34
Jonathan Greening
FW
10
Teddy Sheringham
81'
FW
20
Ole Gunnar Solskjær
62'
Manager:
Sir Alex Ferguson
Source:
Statistics
Statistic
Arsenal
Manchester United
Goals scored
2
1
Shots on target
3
3
Shots off target
5
3
Corner kicks
6
7
Yellow cards
2
2
Red cards
0
0
Source:
Post-match
A defeat is a defeat. But I hope that we have as good a season this season as we did last season after losing to Arsenal in last year's Charity Shield.
Sir Alex Ferguson, 2 August 1999.
The result marked the first time that Manchester United had lost in the calendar year, ending a 33-match unbeaten run. Wenger believed the result showed that Arsenal were "ready for the season", albeit admitting that the defence had trouble coping with Yorke. He thought it was "...psychologically important to beat United, especially after the great run they have had". Wenger confirmed afterwards that Anelka would sign for Real Madrid: "I hope everything will be finalised in the next couple of days. In any case, he is not coming back here, and although the contract is not signed yet, I hope it will be after his medical and that is the end of it." Kanu, who scored Arsenal's equaliser and set up the match winner, was pleased with his performance and relished the opportunity of establishing himself in the first team, after Anelka's departure.
Ferguson said the defeat showed that Manchester United needed more games to be ready, "particularly, in the second half" and felt travelling "half way across the world" for pre-season did not aid their preparation. In terms of the result, he said it was "about as significant" as it was last year. Bosnich's performance in goal received mixed reviews in the English press; The Sun questioned his positioning and said his kicking was "poor". The player himself assessed: "My kicking has been atrocious and, generally, my distribution from the back has to improve."
See also
1999–2000 FA Premier League
1999–2000 FA Cup
Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry
Notes
^ The Premier League replaced the Football League First Division at the top of the English football pyramid after its inception in 1992.
References
^ a b c d Harris, Harry (2 August 1999). "You've got it all right Arsenal". The Mirror. London. p. 47.
^ "History for London City, United Kingdom". Weather Underground. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ "Abandonment of the Sheriff Shield". The Observer. London. 19 April 1908. p. 11.
^ "The F.A. Charity Shield". The Times. 7 October 1913. p. 10.
^ "The Shield: From the beginning". Manchester City F.C. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ Fynn, Alex (2 December 2001). "Continental or the full English?". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
^ "The FA Community Shield history". TheFA.com (The Football Association). Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ a b "It's time to have a ball". Sunday Mail. Queensland. 1 August 1999. p. 128.
^ "Glorious United crowned champions". BBC News. 17 May 1999. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
^ "Double joy for Man United". BBC News. 22 May 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Lawrence, Amy (22 May 2010). "Trebles all round to celebrate rarity becoming routine". The Observer. London. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Ross, James (15 August 2013). "List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ Millar, Steve (12 April 1999). "Fergie Fury at Offside Howler". The Mirror. London. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
^ "Giggs magic sinks Gunners". BBC News. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
^ a b "Anelka: The story so far ..." BBC News. 2 August 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Lacey, David (3 August 1999). "Arsenal snap up Suker to fill the Anelka gap". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ "United pull out of FA Cup". BBC News. 30 August 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ a b Wood, Stephen; Baldwin, Tom (31 July 1999). "Sir Alex accuses Arsenal 'Cabinet'". The Times. p. 1.
^ Taylor, Daniel; Brodkin, Jon (31 July 1999). "Hoey wilts under United risposte". The Guardian. London. p. 2. Retrieved 4 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Wood, Stephen (31 July 1999). "Ferguson ready for return to familiar hostilities". The Times. p. 33.
^ "Arsenal en Real akkoord over Anelka". Het Parool (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 2 August 1999. p. S3.
^ "Big two gear up for Wembley". BBC News. 30 July 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ "Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win". BBC Sport. 1 August 1999. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ a b Montgomery, Alex (1 August 1999). "It's United reserves v Arsenal reserves". News of the World. London. p. 67.
^ a b c d e Lacey, David (2 August 1999). "Arsenal play their troubles away". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
^ Fox, Norman (1 August 1999). "Anelka: Is this for real?". The Independent on Sunday. London. p. S1.
^ a b Barclay, Bill (1 August 1999). "No charity for United as Arsenal sound warning". Agence France Presse. London. p. 34.
^ a b c d e Harris, Harry (2 August 1999). "You've got it all right Arsenal". The Mirror. London. pp. 46–47.
^ a b c d e "Arsenal beat Man Utd at Wembley". Evening Herald. Plymouth. 2 August 1999. p. 34.
^ Collett, Mike (3 August 1999). "Gunner glory as United run ends". The Advertiser. Adelaide. p. 45.
^ Bradley, Mark (2 August 1999). "Gunners fire out warning shot". Birmingham Evening Mail. p. 55.
^ Moore, Glenn (2 August 1999). "Kanu ignites the Gunners". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ "Arsenal in double celebration". Courier Mail. Queensland. 3 August 1999. p. 33.
^ Cross, John (3 August 1999). "I kan beat them all". The Mirror. London. p. 51.
^ a b Pierce, Bill (2 August 1999). "Anelka farce real-ly at an end". Birmingham Post. p. 17.
^ "Reflexes are sharp Bosnich". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 4 August 1999. p. 35.
^ Wood, Stephen (3 August 1999). "Bosnich aims to kick weakness into touch". The Times. p. 50.
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1985
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2013 A-League All Stars | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One 2 One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_UK"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Treble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000 FIFA Club World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_FIFA_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Anelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Anelka"},{"link_name":"Mark Bosnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bosnich"},{"link_name":"Peter Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schmeichel"},{"link_name":"Sylvinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvinho"},{"link_name":"Oleh Luzhnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Luzhnyi"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yorke"},{"link_name":"Nwankwo Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"link_name":"Ray Parlour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Parlour"},{"link_name":"Arsène Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"Sir Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"}],"text":"Football matchThe 1999 Football Association Charity Shield (also known as The One 2 One FA Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 77th FA Charity Shield, an annual English football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions. The teams involved were Manchester United, who had won both the Premier League and FA Cup as part of the Treble the previous season, and Arsenal, who finished runners-up in the league. Watched by a crowd of 70,185 at Wembley Stadium, Arsenal won the match 2–1.This was Arsenal's 15th Charity Shield appearance and Manchester United's 19th. Leading up to the match, both clubs were embroiled in controversy: United withdrew from English football's primary cup competition, the FA Cup, in order to take part in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship; Arsenal were entangled in a transfer saga involving their own player, striker Nicolas Anelka, who vowed to never play for the club again. United goalkeeper Mark Bosnich, signed as a replacement for Peter Schmeichel, made the first appearance of his second spell with the club. Sylvinho started his first game for Arsenal, whereas other signing Oleh Luzhnyi was named on the substitutes' bench. United went ahead seven minutes before the end of the first half, when David Beckham's free-kick hit the underside of the crossbar and narrowly crossed the line before Dwight Yorke made sure. Arsenal were awarded a penalty in the second half which Nwankwo Kanu converted and the striker assisted his teammate Ray Parlour to score the winner.This result marked Manchester United's first defeat of 1999. It was the second consecutive year that Arsenal beat United to win the Charity Shield. Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger described it as psychological boost to beat his opponents and felt the win showed that his team were ready for the upcoming season. 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Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"treble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rule-9"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FA Cup semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FA_Cup#Semi-finals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anelk-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anelk-16"},{"link_name":"agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_agent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2000 FIFA Club World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_FIFA_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sports minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Sport_and_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Kate Hoey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferg-19"},{"link_name":"Sir Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_hosts#2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferg-19"}],"text":"Manchester United acclaimed a treble of trophies in the 1998–99 season.Founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield,[3] the FA Charity Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, although in 1913, it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI.[4] In 1921, it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time.[5][a] Wembley Stadium acted as the host of the Shield from 1974.[7]Manchester United qualified for the 1999 FA Charity Shield as winners of the 1998–99 FA Premier League.[8] The team overcame close competition from Arsenal to win their fifth league title in seven years.[9] In the 1999 FA Cup Final, Manchester United beat Newcastle United by two goals to nil and completed the domestic double.[10] The team later went on to win the UEFA Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich in the season's final and became the first English team to acclaim a treble of trophies in one season.[11] Given United won both domestic honours, the other Charity Shield place went to league runners-up Arsenal.[8] United appeared in 18 previous Shields, winning 10 outright (1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1983, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997), sharing four (1965, 1967, 1977, 1990) and losing four (1948, 1963, 1985, 1998). In contrast, Arsenal won eight previous Shields (1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1998), shared one with Tottenham Hotspur in 1991 and lost five (1935, 1936, 1979, 1989, 1993).[12]The most recent meeting between the two clubs was in the FA Cup semi-finals; the tie was decided by a replay as the initial game finished goalless.[13] The match was settled in extra time when Giggs ran the length of the pitch and evaded several Arsenal players to score the winning goal.[14] In the close season, Anelka was involved in a protracted transfer saga and vowed to never play for Arsenal again.[15] He cited the media in England as a reason for wanting to leave the club: \"The one thing I can tell you is that I can't stand the English Press, who cause me enormous problems on a personal level,\"[15] but it was implied that his \"gold-digging brothers\" wanted Anelka to move abroad to make more money – they served as his agents.[16]In June 1999, United accepted an offer from the FA to withdraw from the FA Cup in order to participate in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, staged in Brazil.[17] It was criticised by the new Sports minister Kate Hoey, who suggested the club were treating its supporters in a \"shabby way\".[18] Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson however replied that United had been pressured to make the decision, which aimed to solidify England's 2006 FIFA World Cup bid: \"The Government are saying that we should be in the FA Cup, but they are the very people that were saying originally that we have to go to Brazil. They could tell us quite clearly: 'Do not bother about the World Cup bid, leave that to us. It should not be Manchester United's responsibility.'\"[18]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsène Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger warned some United players might take a while to get into their stride after last season's exploits: \"You will always have a dip when you have been on a high like they have, it takes some time to settle and to understand that you have to fight again. We had players who won the World Cup, the players who won the Double and to get them right psychologically and physically took us some time.\"[19] Ferguson described the 3–0 defeat in the previous season's Shield as a \"humiliation\", before discussing how it made the team prepare for the challenges ahead: \"I have reminded the players how hard it is to lose when you are playing for United these days – it makes so many other people happy.\"[20] Indeed, United only lost five matches of the whole of last season, with their last defeat coming at home to Middlesbrough in December 1998.[21]","title":"Pre-match"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Keane"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Denis Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Irwin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inj-25"},{"link_name":"Andy Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cole"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yorke"},{"link_name":"4–4–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(association_football)#4%E2%80%934%E2%80%932"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Jordi Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"Mark Bosnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bosnich"},{"link_name":"Peter Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schmeichel"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-26"},{"link_name":"Tony Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Adams_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Bergkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bergkamp"},{"link_name":"Marc Overmars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Overmars"},{"link_name":"David Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seaman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inj-25"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Oleh Luzhnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Luzhnyi"},{"link_name":"Sylvinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvinho"},{"link_name":"Freddie Ljungberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Ljungberg"},{"link_name":"Nwankwo Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-26"}],"sub_title":"Team selection","text":"Both teams were without several first-team players because of injury problems. Manchester United midfielder Roy Keane was still suffering from an ankle injury sustained in the previous season's FA Cup final,[22] which meant defender Denis Irwin took responsibility as the team captain.[23] Ryan Giggs was also ruled out of the game, though his injury was unspecified.[24] Forwards Andy Cole and Dwight Yorke started upfront for United, in a 4–4–2 formation where David Beckham and Jordi Cruyff acted as the two wide midfield players. Goalkeeper Mark Bosnich, signed as a replacement for Peter Schmeichel, also started, having rejoined the club after a nine-year spell with Aston Villa.[25]For Arsenal, defender Tony Adams was ruled out with injury, as was Dennis Bergkamp, Marc Overmars, and goalkeeper David Seaman.[24] Anelka did not partake, given his transfer to Real Madrid was on the verge of being completed.[26] New signings Oleh Luzhnyi and Sylvinho were both named in the squad, but whereas Sylvinho started the game, Luzhnyi was selected as a substitute. Arsenal, like United, lined up in a 4–4–2 formation. Up front, Freddie Ljungberg was paired with the club's only available recognised striker, Nwankwo Kanu.[25]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-28"},{"link_name":"Patrick Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vieira"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Petit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-28"},{"link_name":"Graham Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-26"},{"link_name":"Nicky Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Butt"},{"link_name":"Martin Keown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Keown"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirr-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirr-29"},{"link_name":"free kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_free_kick"},{"link_name":"Alex Manninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Manninger"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirr-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ply-30"},{"link_name":"Jaap Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Stam"},{"link_name":"David May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_May_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-26"},{"link_name":"Luis Boa Morte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Boa_Morte"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ply-30"},{"link_name":"18-yard box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_area"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ply-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ply-30"},{"link_name":"Ole Gunnar Solskjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Gunnar_Solskj%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ply-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-26"},{"link_name":"Teddy Sheringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Sheringham"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirr-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirr-29"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"The severe heat meant Manchester United and Arsenal found it hard to find any rhythm early on.[27] Sylvinho fashioned an early chance for Arsenal, though his shot was deflected over. Although midfield pair Patrick Vieira and Emmanuel Petit did well to contain their opponents in the opening half-hour, Arsenal's lack of pace and incisiveness upfront was evident – Ljungberg missed three chances before half-time.[27] Midway through the first half, Beckham was booked by referee Graham Barber for dissent.[25] Moments later Nicky Butt was involved in a brawl with Martin Keown, after the defender nearly caught Butt's face with his boot.[28] Both players were booked for confronting each other, as was Vieira for getting involved.[28] United performed better the longer the match went on and scored the opening goal. Beckham's 30 yards (27 m) free kick hit the underside of the crossbar and bounced out; Yorke headed the rebounded ball past goalkeeper Alex Manninger.[28] Although replays suggested the goal was Beckham's as his free kick crossed the goal line, it was given to Yorke. Arsenal responded for a short while, but missed \"three half-chances\".[29]Defender Jaap Stam, \"nursing an Achilles injury all summer\", was substituted in the second half for David May.[25] Arsenal began the half the better of the two teams and Vieira believed he earned his team a penalty in the 49th minute – it was turned down by Barber. The substitution of Sylvinho for Luis Boa Morte in the 64th minute allowed Ljungberg to play in a natural midfield role.[29] Two minutes later, Arsenal were awarded a penalty. Vieira, chasing down the ball was adjudged to have his shirt tugged by Irwin in the 18-yard box. Kanu converted the penalty, sending Bosnich the wrong way.[29] Yorke soon after mistimed his goal effort after being sent clear by Cole.[29] Substitute Ole Gunnar Solskjær then put Cole through, only for Manninger to produce a one-handed save.[29] Arsenal scored what proved to be the match winner in the 78th minute. A goal-kick by Bosnich was headed back into United's half by Vieira; Kanu controlled the ball \"deftly\" and set up Parlour, whose shot went into the net.[25] Teddy Sheringham was brought on by Ferguson for Butt with nine minutes of normal time remaining, but with a fourth striker on the field, United were unable to score an equaliser.[28] Luzhnyi later came on for Parlour, the final substitution of the match.[28]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Parlour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Parlour"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/football/1999/aug/02/newsstory.sport4"},{"link_name":"Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yorke"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Graham Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-str-1"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"1 August 199915:00 BST\nArsenal2–1Manchester United\nKanu 67' (pen.)Parlour 78'\nReport\nYorke 36'\nWembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 70,185Referee: Graham Barber (Hertfordshire)Source: [1]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"pre-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)#Preseason"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-36"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"A defeat is a defeat. But I hope that we have as good a season this season as we did last season after losing to Arsenal in last year's Charity Shield.\n\n\nSir Alex Ferguson, 2 August 1999.[30]The result marked the first time that Manchester United had lost in the calendar year, ending a 33-match unbeaten run.[31] Wenger believed the result showed that Arsenal were \"ready for the season\", albeit admitting that the defence had trouble coping with Yorke. He thought it was \"...psychologically important to beat United, especially after the great run they have had\".[32] Wenger confirmed afterwards that Anelka would sign for Real Madrid: \"I hope everything will be finalised in the next couple of days. In any case, he is not coming back here, and although the contract is not signed yet, I hope it will be after his medical and that is the end of it.\"[33] Kanu, who scored Arsenal's equaliser and set up the match winner, was pleased with his performance and relished the opportunity of establishing himself in the first team, after Anelka's departure.[34]Ferguson said the defeat showed that Manchester United needed more games to be ready, \"particularly, in the second half\" and felt travelling \"half way across the world\" for pre-season did not aid their preparation.[35] In terms of the result, he said it was \"about as significant\" as it was last year.[35] Bosnich's performance in goal received mixed reviews in the English press; The Sun questioned his positioning and said his kicking was \"poor\".[36] The player himself assessed: \"My kicking has been atrocious and, generally, my distribution from the back has to improve.\"[37]","title":"Post-match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"English football pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"^ The Premier League replaced the Football League First Division at the top of the English football pyramid after its inception in 1992.[6]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Manchester United acclaimed a treble of trophies in the 1998–99 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PalmaresManU.jpg/170px-PalmaresManU.jpg"}] | [{"title":"1999–2000 FA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_FA_Premier_League"},{"title":"1999–2000 FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_FA_Cup"},{"title":"Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.%E2%80%93Manchester_United_F.C._rivalry"}] | [{"reference":"Harris, Harry (2 August 1999). \"You've got it all right Arsenal\". The Mirror. London. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History for London City, United Kingdom\". Weather Underground. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGLC/1999/8/1/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA","url_text":"\"History for London City, United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abandonment of the Sheriff Shield\". The Observer. London. 19 April 1908. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The F.A. Charity Shield\". The Times. 7 October 1913. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Shield: From the beginning\". Manchester City F.C. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/archive/2011/august/community-shield-2011/the-shield-from-the-beginning","url_text":"\"The Shield: From the beginning\""}]},{"reference":"Fynn, Alex (2 December 2001). \"Continental or the full English?\". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/dec/02/sport.sportfeatures","url_text":"\"Continental or the full English?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The FA Community Shield history\". TheFA.com (The Football Association). Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/fa-community-shield/more/history","url_text":"\"The FA Community Shield history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609184712/http://www.thefa.com/fa-community-shield/more/history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"It's time to have a ball\". Sunday Mail. Queensland. 1 August 1999. p. 128.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Glorious United crowned champions\". BBC News. 17 May 1999. Retrieved 9 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/345445.stm","url_text":"\"Glorious United crowned champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Double joy for Man United\". BBC News. 22 May 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/350192.stm","url_text":"\"Double joy for Man United\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Amy (22 May 2010). \"Trebles all round to celebrate rarity becoming routine\". The Observer. London. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/may/22/bayern-munich-inter-treble-bid","url_text":"\"Trebles all round to celebrate rarity becoming routine\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, James (15 August 2013). \"List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engsupcuphist.html","url_text":"\"List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches\""}]},{"reference":"Millar, Steve (12 April 1999). \"Fergie Fury at Offside Howler\". The Mirror. London. Retrieved 27 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Football%3A+Fergie+Fury+At+Offside+Howler%3B+Man+Utd+0+Arsenal+0.-a060389139","url_text":"\"Fergie Fury at Offside Howler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giggs magic sinks Gunners\". BBC News. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/319696.stm","url_text":"\"Giggs magic sinks Gunners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anelka: The story so far ...\" BBC News. 2 August 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/405221.stm","url_text":"\"Anelka: The story so far ...\""}]},{"reference":"Lacey, David (3 August 1999). \"Arsenal snap up Suker to fill the Anelka gap\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/aug/03/newsstory.sport8","url_text":"\"Arsenal snap up Suker to fill the Anelka gap\""}]},{"reference":"\"United pull out of FA Cup\". 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S3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Big two gear up for Wembley\". BBC News. 30 July 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/408265.stm","url_text":"\"Big two gear up for Wembley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win\". BBC Sport. 1 August 1999. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/409273.stm","url_text":"\"Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Alex (1 August 1999). \"It's United reserves v Arsenal reserves\". News of the World. London. p. 67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lacey, David (2 August 1999). \"Arsenal play their troubles away\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/aug/02/newsstory.sport4","url_text":"\"Arsenal play their troubles away\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Norman (1 August 1999). \"Anelka: Is this for real?\". The Independent on Sunday. London. p. S1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barclay, Bill (1 August 1999). \"No charity for United as Arsenal sound warning\". Agence France Presse. London. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Harry (2 August 1999). \"You've got it all right Arsenal\". The Mirror. London. pp. 46–47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal beat Man Utd at Wembley\". Evening Herald. Plymouth. 2 August 1999. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Collett, Mike (3 August 1999). \"Gunner glory as United run ends\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. p. 45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bradley, Mark (2 August 1999). \"Gunners fire out warning shot\". Birmingham Evening Mail. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moore, Glenn (2 August 1999). \"Kanu ignites the Gunners\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-kanu-ignites-the-gunners-arsenal-2-manchester-united-1-1110158.html","url_text":"\"Kanu ignites the Gunners\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-kanu-ignites-the-gunners-arsenal-2-manchester-united-1-1110158.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal in double celebration\". Courier Mail. Queensland. 3 August 1999. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cross, John (3 August 1999). \"I kan beat them all\". The Mirror. London. p. 51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pierce, Bill (2 August 1999). \"Anelka farce real-ly at an end\". Birmingham Post. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Reflexes are sharp Bosnich\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 4 August 1999. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wood, Stephen (3 August 1999). \"Bosnich aims to kick weakness into touch\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Jimmy_Ray%3F | Are You Jimmy Ray? | ["1 Critical reception","2 Music video","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References","7 External links"] | 1997 single by Jimmy Ray
"Are You Jimmy Ray?"Single by Jimmy Rayfrom the album Jimmy Ray Released13 October 1997 (1997-10-13)StudioBunk Junk & GeniusGenre
Rockabilly
pop
hip hop
alternative rock
Length3:29 (single)Label
Epic
Sony Soho Square
Songwriter(s)
Con Fitzpatrick
Jimmy Ray
Producer(s)Con FitzpatrickJimmy Ray singles chronology
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" (1997)
"Goin' to Vegas" (1998)
Music video"Are You Jimmy Ray?" on YouTube
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" is a song by English singer Jimmy Ray. It was released in October 1997 as the first single from his self-titled debut album (1997). The song peaked at number 13 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. It was most successful in Canada, reaching number two on the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart. It has been Jimmy Ray's most popular single to date. Ray later re-recorded this song as "Who Wants to Know" on his second album, Live to Fight Another Day, in 2017.
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine declared the song as "infectious". Larry Flick from Billboard viewed it as a "quirky pop ditty". He noted that "the question now is, Will it grow into a full-fledged pop fire, à la Chumbawamba's similarly chantable breakout smash "Tubthumping"? Chances are certainly in its favor. The track has a fun, galloping beat, as well as scratchy guitars that are mildly reminiscent of '80s-era new wave. Who cares that the song does not appear to be about anything in particular? The words are cute if completely innocuous, and the chorus is as sticky as cotton candy." Tom Lanham from Entertainment Weekly wrote that Ray "gleefully pairs techno rhythms with a Sun-session slap back and chirpy female chorus."
Jerry Crowe of Los Angeles Times described it as "catchy", noting the song's "infectious" chorus; "Are you Johnnie Ray? Are you Stingray? Are you Fay Wray? Are you Jimmy Ray?" Pan-European magazine Music & Media constated that "he certainly is Jimmy Ray, and this sparkling, rocky, track is guaranteed to ensure that radio programmers across Europe won't forget this lanky London lad's name in a hurry. Ray's a new face, but there's a degree of familiarity about the music here; it owes much of its clout to a reworked Bo Diddley guitar riff." Music Week rated it five out of five, commenting that "pouting Jimmy looks the part of a popstar, and this self-penned song with well-thought out remixes should catapult him to stardom." A reviewer from People Magazine felt that the singer "exudes the sort of animal magnetism that has been a pop rarity lately."
Music video
A music video went into heavy rotation on music television. The video juxtaposed Ray's rockabilly image with a trailer park setting as women in sports jerseys and football shorts danced behind him. It was directed by British director Vaughan Arnell. The video was filmed in Los Angeles and in some of the scenes, Ray can be seen walking in front of the downtown LA skyline.
Track listing
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" (radio edit) – 3:29 (Sax: Gary Barnacle)
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" (Jimcon Extended Mix) – 6:10
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" (Xenomania Club Mix) – 6:45
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1997–1998)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
84
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
2
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)
18
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
79
Germany (Official German Charts)
74
Hungary (Mahasz)
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
31
Scotland (OCC)
19
Spain (AFYVE)
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
53
UK Singles (OCC)
13
US Billboard Hot 100
13
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
25
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)
42
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
10
Year-end charts
Chart (1998)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
25
US Billboard Hot 100
65
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
82
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
58
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000
References
^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. 11 October 1997. p. 29.
^ a b c d Crowe, Jerry (25 March 1998). "Looking for Respect". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
^ a b Partridge, Kenneth (18 July 2017). "Are You Jimmy Ray?: How a Rockabilly Jam Made Its Way Onto '90s Mainstream Charts". Mental Floss. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
^ a b Flick, Larry (7 March 1998). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 10. p. 61. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Jimmy Ray – Jimmy Ray". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ Lanham, Tom (6 March 1998). "Are You Jimmy Ray?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^ "Airborne" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 43. 25 October 1997. p. 18. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ "Reviews: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 4 October 1997. p. 30. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
^ "Picks and Pans Review: Jimmy Ray". People. 23 March 1998. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 230.
^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3504." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 3506." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 44. 1 November 1997. p. 16. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ "Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts.
^ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 15, no. 1–3. 17 January 1998. p. 14. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?". Top 40 Singles.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
^ "Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?". Singles Top 100.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ "Jimmy Ray Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
^ "Jimmy Ray Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
^ "Jimmy Ray Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
^ "Jimmy Ray Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
^ "RPM's Top 100 Hit Tracks of '98" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 63, no. 12. 14 December 1998. p. 20. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1998". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
^ "Most Played Adult Top 40 Songs of 1998". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 52. 25 December 1998. p. 55.
^ "Most Played Mainstream Top 40 Songs of 1998". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 52. 25 December 1998. p. 45.
^ "Best-Selling Records of 1998". Billboard. 111 (5): 75. 30 January 1999. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
^ "American single certifications – Ray, Jimmy – Are You Jimmy Ray?". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" music video on YouTube
Authority control databases
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Ray's a new face, but there's a degree of familiarity about the music here; it owes much of its clout to a reworked Bo Diddley guitar riff.\"[7] Music Week rated it five out of five, commenting that \"pouting Jimmy looks the part of a popstar, and this self-penned song with well-thought out remixes should catapult him to stardom.\"[8] A reviewer from People Magazine felt that the singer \"exudes the sort of animal magnetism that has been a pop rarity lately.\"[9]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Arnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Arnell"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"A music video went into heavy rotation on music television. The video juxtaposed Ray's rockabilly image with a trailer park setting as women in sports jerseys and football shorts danced behind him. It was directed by British director Vaughan Arnell. The video was filmed in Los Angeles and in some of the scenes, Ray can be seen walking in front of the downtown LA skyline.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Barnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barnacle"}],"text":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" (radio edit) – 3:29 (Sax: Gary Barnacle)\n\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" (Jimcon Extended Mix) – 6:10\n\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" (Xenomania Club Mix) – 6:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_Jimmy_Ray%3F&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-11"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadaadultcontemporary_-12"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Jimmy_Ray-14"},{"link_name":"Mahasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Jimmy_Ray-16"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-17"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Jimmy_Ray-19"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-20"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Jimmy_Ray-21"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Jimmy_Ray-22"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Jimmy_Ray-23"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Jimmy_Ray-24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_Jimmy_Ray%3F&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1997–1998)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[10]\n\n84\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[11]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[12]\n\n18\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]\n\n79\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[14]\n\n74\n\n\nHungary (Mahasz)[15]\n\n5\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[16]\n\n31\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[17]\n\n19\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[18]\n\n4\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[19]\n\n53\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[20]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[21]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[22]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[23]\n\n42\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[24]\n\n10\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[25]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[26]\n\n65\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[27]\n\n82\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[28]\n\n58","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\". Music Week. 11 October 1997. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, Jerry (25 March 1998). \"Looking for Respect\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-25-ca-32380-story.html","url_text":"\"Looking for Respect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Partridge, Kenneth (18 July 2017). \"Are You Jimmy Ray?: How a Rockabilly Jam Made Its Way Onto '90s Mainstream Charts\". Mental Floss. Retrieved 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/93241/how-throwback-rockabilly-jam-made-its-way-90s-mainstream-charts","url_text":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?: How a Rockabilly Jam Made Its Way Onto '90s Mainstream Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (7 March 1998). \"Single Reviews\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 10. p. 61. Retrieved 9 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick","url_text":"Flick, Larry"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-03-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Jimmy Ray – Jimmy Ray\". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/jimmy-ray-mw0000033488","url_text":"\"Jimmy Ray – Jimmy Ray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Lanham, Tom (6 March 1998). \"Are You Jimmy Ray?\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/1998/03/06/are-you-jimmy-ray/","url_text":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Airborne\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 43. 25 October 1997. p. 18. Retrieved 23 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-10-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Airborne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 4 October 1997. p. 30. Retrieved 17 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-10-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Picks and Pans Review: Jimmy Ray\". People. 23 March 1998. Retrieved 13 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-jimmy-ray-vol-49-no-11/","url_text":"\"Picks and Pans Review: Jimmy Ray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 230.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 14, no. 44. 1 November 1997. p. 16. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-11-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top National Sellers\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 15, no. 1–3. 17 January 1998. p. 14. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1998/MM-1998-01-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Top National Sellers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM's Top 100 Hit Tracks of '98\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 63, no. 12. 14 December 1998. p. 20. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume+68-No.+12-December+14%2C+1998.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM's Top 100 Hit Tracks of '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1998\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309202636/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998","url_text":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1998\""},{"url":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Most Played Adult Top 40 Songs of 1998\". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 52. 25 December 1998. p. 55.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_Monitor","url_text":"Airplay Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"Most Played Mainstream Top 40 Songs of 1998\". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 52. 25 December 1998. p. 45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1998\". Billboard. 111 (5): 75. 30 January 1999. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Ray, Jimmy – Are You Jimmy Ray?\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Ray%2C+Jimmy&ti=Are+You+Jimmy+Ray%3F&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Ray, Jimmy – Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqnO40AGRSc","external_links_name":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-25-ca-32380-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Looking for Respect\""},{"Link":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/93241/how-throwback-rockabilly-jam-made-its-way-90s-mainstream-charts","external_links_name":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?: How a Rockabilly Jam Made Its Way Onto '90s Mainstream Charts\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-03-07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Single Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/jimmy-ray-mw0000033488","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Ray – Jimmy Ray\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/1998/03/06/are-you-jimmy-ray/","external_links_name":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-10-25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Airborne\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-10-04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-jimmy-ray-vol-49-no-11/","external_links_name":"\"Picks and Pans Review: Jimmy Ray\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3504&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3504.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3504","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 3504"},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3506&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3506.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3506","external_links_name":"Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 3506"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-11-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-9319","external_links_name":"Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1998/MM-1998-01-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top National Sellers\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Jimmy+Ray&titel=Are+You+Jimmy+Ray?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19971025/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jimmy+Ray&titel=Are+You+Jimmy+Ray?&cat=s","external_links_name":"Jimmy Ray – Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19971025/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jimmy-Ray/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Ray Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jimmy-Ray/chart-history/ATF","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Ray Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jimmy-Ray/chart-history/DSA","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Ray Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jimmy-Ray/chart-history/TFM","external_links_name":"\"Jimmy Ray Chart History (Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume+68-No.+12-December+14%2C+1998.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RPM's Top 100 Hit Tracks of '98\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309202636/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1998\""},{"Link":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1998","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Ray%2C+Jimmy&ti=Are+You+Jimmy+Ray%3F&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Ray, Jimmy – Are You Jimmy Ray?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqnO40AGRSc","external_links_name":"\"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" music video"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/cdf3b3a0-3e25-3616-a32e-e3a618e41fbc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%9Fmoor | Haßmoor | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 54°17′37″N 9°49′13″E / 54.29361°N 9.82028°E / 54.29361; 9.82028Municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, GermanyHaßmoor Municipality
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Haßmoor within Rendsburg-Eckernförde district
Haßmoor Show map of GermanyHaßmoor Show map of Schleswig-HolsteinCoordinates: 54°17′37″N 9°49′13″E / 54.29361°N 9.82028°E / 54.29361; 9.82028CountryGermanyStateSchleswig-HolsteinDistrictRendsburg-Eckernförde Municipal assoc.EiderkanalGovernment • MayorEggert VossArea • Total10.28 km2 (3.97 sq mi)Elevation21 m (69 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total266 • Density26/km2 (67/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes24783Dialling codes04330, 04331Vehicle registrationRDWebsitewww.amt-eiderkanal.de
Haßmoor is a municipality in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
References
^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein.
vteTowns and municipalities in Rendsburg-Eckernförde
Achterwehr
Ahlefeld-Bistensee
Alt Duvenstedt
Altenhof
Altenholz
Arpsdorf
Ascheffel
Aukrug
Bargstall
Bargstedt
Barkelsby
Beldorf
Bendorf
Beringstedt
Bissee
Blumenthal
Böhnhusen
Bokel
Bordesholm
Borgdorf-Seedorf
Borgstedt
Bornholt
Bovenau
Brammer
Bredenbek
Breiholz
Brekendorf
Brinjahe
Brodersby
Brügge
Büdelsdorf
Bünsdorf
Christiansholm
Damendorf
Damp
Dänischenhagen
Dätgen
Dörphof
Eckernförde
Ehndorf
Eisendorf
Ellerdorf
Elsdorf-Westermühlen
Embühren
Emkendorf
Felde
Felm
Fleckeby
Flintbek
Fockbek
Friedrichsgraben
Friedrichsholm
Gammelby
Gettorf
Gnutz
Gokels
Goosefeld
Grauel
Grevenkrug
Groß Buchwald
Groß Vollstedt
Groß Wittensee
Güby
Haale
Haby
Hamdorf
Hamweddel
Hanerau-Hademarschen
Haßmoor
Heinkenborstel
Hoffeld
Hohenwestedt
Hohn
Holtsee
Holzbunge
Holzdorf
Hörsten
Hummelfeld
Hütten
Jahrsdorf
Jevenstedt
Karby
Klein Wittensee
Königshügel
Kosel
Krogaspe
Kronshagen
Krummwisch
Langwedel
Lindau
Lohe-Föhrden
Loop
Loose
Luhnstedt
Lütjenwestedt
Meezen
Melsdorf
Mielkendorf
Molfsee
Mörel
Mühbrook
Negenharrie
Neudorf-Bornstein
Neu Duvenstedt
Neuwittenbek
Nienborstel
Nindorf
Noer
Nortorf
Nübbel
Oldenbüttel
Oldenhütten
Osdorf
Ostenfeld
Osterby
Osterrönfeld
Osterstedt
Ottendorf
Owschlag
Padenstedt
Prinzenmoor
Quarnbek
Rade bei Hohenwestedt
Rade bei Rendsburg
Reesdorf
Remmels
Rendsburg
Rickert
Rieseby
Rodenbek
Rumohr
Schacht-Audorf
Schierensee
Schinkel
Schmalstede
Schönbek
Schönhorst
Schülldorf
Schülp bei Nortorf
Schülp bei Rendsburg
Schwedeneck
Seefeld
Sehestedt
Sophienhamm
Sören
Stafstedt
Steenfeld
Strande
Tackesdorf
Tappendorf
Techelsdorf
Thaden
Thumby
Timmaspe
Todenbüttel
Tüttendorf
Waabs
Wapelfeld
Warder
Wasbek
Wattenbek
Westensee
Westerrönfeld
Windeby
Winnemark
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Rendsburg-Eckernförde location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rendsburg-Eckernförde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendsburg-Eckernf%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, GermanyHaßmoor is a municipality in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.","title":"Haßmoor"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022\" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_2_S/A_I_2_vj_22-4_Zensus_SH_neu.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Amt_f%C3%BCr_Hamburg_und_Schleswig-Holstein","url_text":"Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ha%C3%9Fmoor¶ms=54_17_37_N_9_49_13_E_type:city(266)_region:DE-SH","external_links_name":"54°17′37″N 9°49′13″E / 54.29361°N 9.82028°E / 54.29361; 9.82028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ha%C3%9Fmoor¶ms=54_17_37_N_9_49_13_E_type:city(266)_region:DE-SH","external_links_name":"54°17′37″N 9°49′13″E / 54.29361°N 9.82028°E / 54.29361; 9.82028"},{"Link":"http://www.amt-eiderkanal.de/","external_links_name":"www.amt-eiderkanal.de"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_2_S/A_I_2_vj_22-4_Zensus_SH_neu.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242155546","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4207251-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ha%C3%9Fmoor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Women%27s_Basketball_League | Slovenian Women's Basketball League | ["1 2023–24 teams","2 Champions","3 List of champions","4 References","5 External links"] | Slovenian Women's Basketball LeagueSportBasketballFounded1991No. of teams8CountrySloveniaContinentEuropeMost recentchampion(s)Cinkarna Celje (20th title) (2023–24)Most titlesCinkarna Celje (20 titles)Domestic cup(s)Slovenian Women's CupOfficial websitekzs.si
The Slovenian Women's Basketball League (Slovene: 1. SKL za ženske) is the premier league for women's basketball clubs in Slovenia. Founded in 1991 following the independence of the country, it is contested by eight teams.
ŽKK Celje is the league's most successful team with 20 titles.
2023–24 teams
Akson Ilirija
Cinkarna Celje
Domel
Domžale
GMi Konjice
Ježica
Maribor
Triglav
Champions
Season
Winners
Runners-up
Result
1991–92
Ježica
Kozmetika Afrodita
/
1992–93
Ježica
Ivec Wetrok
2–0
1993–94
Ježica
Ivec Wetrok
2–0
1994–95
Ježica
Maribor
2–0
1995–96
Ježica
Celje
2–0
1996–97
Ježica
Ilirija
2–0
1997–98
Ježica
Ingrad Celje
2–0
1998–99
Ježica
Ilirija
2–0
1999–2000
Merkur Celje
Ježica
2–1
2000–01
Lek Ježica
Merkur Celje
2–1
2001–02
Lek Ježica
Merkur Celje
3–1
2002–03
Merkur Celje
Ježica
3–0
2003–04
Merkur Celje
Ježica
3–0
2004–05
Merkur Celje
Ježica
3–0
2005–06
Merkur Celje
Ježica
3–1
2006–07
Hit Kranjska Gora
Merkur Celje
3–1
2007–08
Merkur Celje
Hit Kranjska Gora
3–0
2008–09
Merkur Celje
Hit Kranjska Gora
3–1
2009–10
Hit Kranjska Gora
Merkur Celje
3–2
2010–11
Hit Kranjska Gora
Athlete Celje
3–2
2011–12
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2012–13
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2013–14
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2014–15
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2015–16
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2016–17
Athlete Celje
Triglav
3–0
2017–18
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
2018–19
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
2019–20
Cinkarna Celje
Ježica
—
2020–21
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
2021–22
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
2022–23
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
2023–24
Cinkarna Celje
Triglav
3–0
^ The playoffs were not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia.
List of champions
Team
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up
Celje
20
7
2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2010, 2011
Ježica
10
6
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002
2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2020
Kranjska Gora
3
2
2007, 2010, 2011
2008, 2009
Triglav
—
12
—
2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Maribor
—
3
—
1993, 1994, 1995
Ilirija
—
2
—
1997, 1999
Rogaška
—
1
—
1992
References
^ List of champions at the Basketball Federation of Slovenia's website
External links
Official website (in Slovene)
vte Basketball in Slovenia
Basketball Federation of Slovenia
National teamsMen
Senior
U20
U19
U17
3x3
Women
Senior
U20
U18
U16
League competitionsMen
Adriatic League
Slovenian Basketball League
Slovenian Second Basketball League
Women
WABA League
Slovenian Women's Basketball League
Cup competitionsMen
Slovenian Basketball Cup
Slovenian Basketball Supercup
Women
Slovenian Women's Basketball Cup
vteTop sport leagues in SloveniaLeaguesMen's
Basketball
Football
futsal
Handball
Ice hockey
Volleyball
Women's
Basketball
Football
Handball
Volleyball
OthersIndividual
Badminton
Chess
Cycling
road race
time trial
Figure skating
Gymnastics
Rhythmic
vteWomen's basketball leagues
FIBA
Women's World League (defunct)
Other leagues
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
DR Congo
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Gabon
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Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Morocco
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Tunisia
Uganda
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Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
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United States
U.S. Minor: WBDA
NCAA
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bahrain
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Malaysia
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Philippines
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Syria
Taiwan
Thailand
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Europe
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
North
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
England
Scotland
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2nd division
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldavia
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Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
2nd division
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
2nd division
Ukraine
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
InternationaltournamentsAfrica
African Champions Cup
Arab Club Championship
Americas
South American Championships
Europe
EuroLeague Women
EuroCup Women
Europe SuperCup
Adriatic League
Baltic League
Central Europe League
Eastern European League
Defunct leaguesAmericas
Central American Championships
Europe
Ronchetti Cup
Vojko Herksel Cup
Middle European League
Adriatic Friendly League
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Soviet Union
Serbia and Montenegro
Yugoslavia
United Kingdom (old league) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"ŽKK Celje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDKK_Celje"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Slovenian Women's Basketball League (Slovene: 1. SKL za ženske) is the premier league for women's basketball clubs in Slovenia. Founded in 1991 following the independence of the country, it is contested by eight teams.ŽKK Celje is the league's most successful team with 20 titles.[1]","title":"Slovenian Women's Basketball League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinkarna Celje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDKK_Celje"},{"link_name":"Ježica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDKD_Je%C5%BEica"}],"text":"Akson Ilirija\nCinkarna Celje\nDomel\nDomžale\nGMi Konjice\nJežica\nMaribor\nTriglav","title":"2023–24 teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia"}],"text":"^ The playoffs were not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia.","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of champions"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.kzs.si/tekmovanja/ligaska-tekmovanja/1-skl-za-zenske?tab=tekme","external_links_name":"kzs.si"},{"Link":"https://kzs.si/clanek/Tekmovanja/1.-SKL-za-zenske/Vse-prvakinje/cid/185#menu","external_links_name":"List of champions"},{"Link":"https://www.kzs.si/tekmovanja/ligaska-tekmovanja/1-skl-za-zenske?tab=tekme","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodakos | Apodakos | ["1 Literature"] | 2nd century BC king of Characene
Coin of Apodakos
Apodakos was a king of Characene, a kingdom presumably vassal of the Parthian Empire.
Apodakos is known from his silver and bronze coins, only some of which are dated.
The dated coins belong to the years 110/09 to 104/3 BC.
In 124 BC, Hyspaosines, the first king of Characene died. After his death, his widow Thalassia tried to install their son on the throne. However, the events surrounding the succession are known from Babylonian cuneiform texts and the name of the son is not mentioned.
Whether Apodakos was the son of Hyspaosines remains undetermined, however, he has certain historicity from about 14 years later, as king of the small kingdom.
Literature
^ Richard Nelson Frye, The History of Ancient Iran(C.H.Beck, 1984) p277.
^ E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press page 487
^ Monika Schuol: Die Charakene. Ein mesopotamisches Königreich in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit, Stuttgart 2000, p. 220-221, 300-303 ISBN 3-515-07709-X
Preceded byHyspaosines
King of Characene 110/09 to 104/3 BC.
Succeeded byTiraios I | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apodakos.jpg"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"Characene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hyspaosines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyspaosines"},{"link_name":"Thalassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassia_(queen)"},{"link_name":"succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"}],"text":"Coin of ApodakosApodakos was a king of Characene,[1][2] a kingdom presumably vassal of the Parthian Empire.Apodakos is known from his silver and bronze coins, only some of which are dated.\n[3] The dated coins belong to the years 110/09 to 104/3 BC.In 124 BC, Hyspaosines, the first king of Characene died. After his death, his widow Thalassia tried to install their son on the throne. However, the events surrounding the succession are known from Babylonian cuneiform texts and the name of the son is not mentioned.Whether Apodakos was the son of Hyspaosines remains undetermined, however, he has certain historicity from about 14 years later, as king of the small kingdom.","title":"Apodakos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"page 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&dq=Tiraios+I&pg=PA315"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-515-07709-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07709-X"}],"text":"^ Richard Nelson Frye, The History of Ancient Iran(C.H.Beck, 1984) p277.\n\n^ E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press page 487\n\n^ Monika Schuol: Die Charakene. Ein mesopotamisches Königreich in hellenistisch-parthischer Zeit, Stuttgart 2000, p. 220-221, 300-303 ISBN 3-515-07709-X","title":"Literature"}] | [{"image_text":"Coin of Apodakos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Apodakos.jpg/250px-Apodakos.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&dq=Tiraios+I&pg=PA315","external_links_name":"page 487"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Down_We_Go | Way Down We Go | ["1 Commercial performance","2 Live performances","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 Release history","6 Appearances in other media","7 References"] | 2015 song by Kaleo
"Way Down We Go"Single by Kaleofrom the album A/B Released7 August 2015StudioCRC (Chicago)GenreBlues rockLength3:39LabelElektraAtlanticSongwriter(s)JJ Julius SonProducer(s)KaleoMike CrosseyKaleo singles chronology
"All the Pretty Girls" (2015)
"Way Down We Go" (2015)
"No Good" (2016)
Music video"Way Down We Go" on YouTube
"Way Down We Go" is a song by Icelandic rock band Kaleo, released as the second single for their second studio album A/B by Elektra Records and Atlantic Records.
Commercial performance
"Way Down We Go" peaked at No. 1 on Billboard's Alternative Songs and Rock Airplay charts.
Live performances
A live performance of the song was recorded in the magma chamber of the dormant Icelandic volcano Thrihnukagigur.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2016–17)
Peak position
Australia (ARIA)
30
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
44
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
60
Canada Rock (Billboard)
6
CIS (TopHit)
2
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
4
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
55
Euro Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
14
France (SNEP)
4
Germany (Official German Charts)
6
Greece (IFPI Greece)
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
6
Hungary (Single Top 40)
14
Ireland (IRMA)
98
Portugal (AFP)
86
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
1
Scotland (OCC)
42
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
31
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
56
Slovenia (SloTop50)
8
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
10
UK Singles (OCC)
96
US Billboard Hot 100
54
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
18
US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)
5
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
36
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2016)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
92
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)
20
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
4
Chart (2017)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
60
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
87
CIS (Tophit)
4
France (SNEP)
51
Germany (Official German Charts)
61
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
98
Hungary (Single Top 40)
75
Russia Airplay (Tophit)
1
Slovenia (SloTop50)
44
Spain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
28
Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)
25
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)
13
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
20
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
5× Platinum
350,000‡
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Platinum
30,000‡
Belgium (BEA)
Gold
10,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)
9× Platinum
720,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Platinum
90,000‡
France (SNEP)
Diamond
333,333‡
Germany (BVMI)
Platinum
400,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Platinum
70,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
3× Platinum
60,000‡
Portugal (AFP)
Platinum
20,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
Platinum
60,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
United States (RIAA)
2× Platinum
2,000,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
United States
4 October 2016
Mainstream radio
ElektraAtlantic
Appearances in other media
The song was used in the movie Collateral Beauty, in a trailer for the movie Logan, in the trailer for the fourth season of Orange Is the New Black, as well as the shows Suits, Supergirl, Manifest, The Walking Dead, The Blacklist, Notorious, Lucifer, Grey's Anatomy, Teen Wolf, Blindspot, Eyewitness, This Is Us, Frequency and The Vampire Diaries, an advertisement for Boots UK, Riverdale, NCIS and Dolce &
Gabbana and was featured in the sports video games FIFA 16 and FIFA 23.
A remix of the song was also played by EDM artist Lost Frequencies during his set at Tomorrowland in 2018, and DJIDJIT during his backyard live set in 2024. It is also available as DLC for the game Rocksmith 2014.
References
^ Childers, Chad (September 9, 2016). "Kaleo Rock 'Way Down We Go' + 'No Good' on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live'". Loudwire. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ Rutherford, Kevin (August 11, 2016). "Kaleo Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 with 'Way Down We Go'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Rutherford, Kevin (August 25, 2016). "Cage the Elephant & Kaleo Collect New Airplay Chart No. 1s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ Kaleo — Way Down We Go. TopHit. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201716 into search. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201715 into search. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Euro Digital Song Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 12, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
^ "Airplay Chart of the week" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ "Chart Track: Week 42, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
^ "Russia Airplay Chart for 2017-07-03." TopHit. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201719 into search. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201715 into search. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
^ "Kaleo – Way Down We Go". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ "Kaleo Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
^ "Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2016". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
^ "Rock Airplay Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ "Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Single-Charts 2017". oe3.orf.at. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
^ "CIS Year-End Radio Hits (2017)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Top de l'année Top Singles 2017" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
^ "Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
^ "Russian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2017)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official Year-End singles chart". SloTop50. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
^ "Top 50 Radios Annual: 2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
^ "Ukrainian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2017)". Tophit. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
^ "Rock Airplay Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2023 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
^ "Austrian single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2017". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go". Music Canada. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
^ "Danish single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "French single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Kaleo; 'Way Down We Go')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ "Italian single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Platynowe płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2021 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ "Portuguese single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
^ "Spanish single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ "British single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
^ "American single certifications – Kaleo – Way Down We Go". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "Top 40/M Future Releases | Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates".
^ "Collateral Beauty (2016) Music Soundtrack - Complete Song List". Tunefind. Tunefind LLC. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ "New 'Logan' Trailer Features Powerful Music from Kaleo". Radio.com. January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ "The Song In The 'Orange Is The New Black' Season 4 Trailer Perfectly Fits The Dramatic Tone — VIDEO". Bustle. May 11, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ "Lucifer Soundtrack - S2E6: Monster". Tunefind. Tunefind LLC. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ "Teen Wolf Soundtrack - S6E9: Memory Found". Tunefind. Tunefind LLC. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ "Watch Kaleo's 'Way Down We Go' Featured on NBC's Blindspot (Video) – Leo Sigh". November 29, 2015.
^ "Music from Frequency S1E06". Tunefind. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Zellner, Xander (January 11, 2017). "Kaleo's 'Way Down We Go' Leads THR's Top TV Songs Chart for December". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ "Boots Help on Twitter". Twitter. April 16, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ "Tunefind describes the scene in which this song is played on Riverdale".
^ "FIFA 16 Soundtrack". EA SPORTS. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ "FIFA 23 soundtrack: World Cup songs confirmed & how to listen". Radio Times. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Kaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleo_(band)"},{"link_name":"A/B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B_(album)"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"}],"text":"2015 song by Kaleo\"Way Down We Go\" is a song by Icelandic rock band Kaleo, released as the second single for their second studio album A/B by Elektra Records and Atlantic Records.","title":"Way Down We Go"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Way Down We Go\" peaked at No. 1 on Billboard's Alternative Songs and Rock Airplay charts.[2][3]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magma chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_chamber"},{"link_name":"Thrihnukagigur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrihnukagigur"}],"text":"A live performance of the song was recorded in the magma chamber of the dormant Icelandic volcano Thrihnukagigur.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_Down_We_Go&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Kaleo-5"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Kaleo-6"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Kaleo-7"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Kaleo-8"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Rock"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadarock_Kaleo-9"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_Kaleo-10"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_-11"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-12"},{"link_name":"Euro Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts#Discontinued_charts"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardeurodigital_Kaleo-13"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Kaleo-15"},{"link_name":"IFPI Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-17"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-18"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland_-19"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Kaleo-20"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Russia_Kaleo-21"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-22"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-23"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_-24"},{"link_name":"SloTop50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloTop50"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Kaleo-26"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Kaleo-27"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-28"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Kaleo-29"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Kaleo-30"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrocksongs_Kaleo-31"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Kaleo-32"},{"link_name":"Rock Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrockairplay_Kaleo-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_Down_We_Go&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016–17)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[4]\n\n30\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[5]\n\n10\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[6]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[7]\n\n44\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[8]\n\n60\n\n\nCanada Rock (Billboard)[9]\n\n6\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[10]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[11]\n\n4\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[12]\n\n55\n\n\nEuro Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[13]\n\n14\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[14]\n\n4\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[15]\n\n6\n\n\nGreece (IFPI Greece)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[17]\n\n6\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[18]\n\n14\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[19]\n\n98\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[20]\n\n86\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[22]\n\n42\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[23]\n\n31\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[24]\n\n56\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[25]\n\n8\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[26]\n\n14\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27]\n\n10\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[28]\n\n96\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[29]\n\n54\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[30]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)[31]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32]\n\n36\n\n\nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard)[33]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[34]\n\n92\n\n\nUS Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[35]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard)[36]\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[37]\n\n60\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[38]\n\n87\n\n\nCIS (Tophit)[39]\n\n4\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[40]\n\n51\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[41]\n\n61\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[42]\n\n98\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[43]\n\n75\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[45]\n\n44\n\n\nSpain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)[46]\n\n11\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[47]\n\n28\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (Tophit)[48]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[49]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard)[50]\n\n20","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collateral Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Orange Is the New Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suits_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Manifest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Notorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notorious_(2016_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Teen Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Wolf_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Blindspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindspot_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Eyewitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"This Is Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"The Vampire Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Boots UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_UK"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"FIFA 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_16"},{"link_name":"FIFA 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_23"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Lost Frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Frequencies"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Rocksmith 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksmith_2014"}],"text":"The song was used in the movie Collateral Beauty,[65] in a trailer for the movie Logan,[66] in the trailer for the fourth season of Orange Is the New Black,[67] as well as the shows Suits, Supergirl, Manifest, The Walking Dead, The Blacklist, Notorious, Lucifer,[68] Grey's Anatomy, Teen Wolf,[69] Blindspot,[70] Eyewitness, This Is Us, Frequency[71] and The Vampire Diaries,[72] an advertisement for Boots UK,[73] Riverdale,[74] NCIS and Dolce & \nGabbana and was featured in the sports video games FIFA 16 and FIFA 23.[75][76]\nA remix of the song was also played by EDM artist Lost Frequencies during his set at Tomorrowland in 2018, and DJIDJIT during his backyard live set in 2024. It is also available as DLC for the game Rocksmith 2014.","title":"Appearances in other media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Childers, Chad (September 9, 2016). \"Kaleo Rock 'Way Down We Go' + 'No Good' on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live'\". Loudwire. Retrieved January 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/kaleo-way-down-we-go-no-good-jimmy-kimmel-live/","url_text":"\"Kaleo Rock 'Way Down We Go' + 'No Good' on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Kevin (August 11, 2016). \"Kaleo Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 with 'Way Down We Go'\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7469309/kaleo-ealternative-songs-no-1-way-down-we-go","url_text":"\"Kaleo Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 with 'Way Down We Go'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Kevin (August 25, 2016). \"Cage the Elephant & Kaleo Collect New Airplay Chart No. 1s\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7487644/cage-the-elephant-kaleo-collect-new-airplay-chart-no-1s","url_text":"\"Cage the Elephant & Kaleo Collect New Airplay Chart No. 1s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles\". Australian Recording Industry Association. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 12, 2017)\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=12","url_text":"\"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 12, 2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"Airplay Chart of the week\" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/airplay_el.html","url_text":"\"Airplay Chart of the week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI Greece"}]},{"reference":"\"SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart\". slotop50.si. Retrieved August 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2017&week=16","url_text":"\"SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2016\". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2016","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2016\". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-rock-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock Airplay Songs - Year-End 2016\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/rock-airplay-songs","url_text":"\"Rock Airplay Songs - Year-End 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Single-Charts 2017\". oe3.orf.at. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/2886107/","url_text":"\"Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Single-Charts 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2017\". Ultratop. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_(Gratz_novel) | Refugee (Gratz novel) | ["1 Characters","1.1 Isabel Fernandez","1.2 Mahmoud Bishara","2 References"] | Book by Alan Gratz
For the 1983 science-fiction novel by Piers Anthony, see Refugee (Anthony novel).
First edition
Refugee is a young adult literature novel by Alan Gratz published by Scholastic Corporation in 2017.
The book revolves around three main characters from three different eras: Nazi Germany, 1990s Cuba, and modern-day Syria. It follows Josef Landau, a German Jew in the 1930s, who tries to leave Germany to Cuba, Isabel Fernandez, a Cuban girl in 1994, who tries to escape Cuba's hunger crisis following the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the US, and Mahmoud Bishara, a Syrian youth in 2015 whose house gets destroyed by a missile and whose family decides to seek asylum in Germany. It has received positive reviews, which praised its style and historical accuracy. The novel eventually made it to The New York Times Best Seller list.
Characters
Josef Landau
Josef Landau is 12 years old at the beginning of the book, living in Germany in 1938. Josef's story begins when his father Aaron gets taken away on Kristallnacht and is sent to the Dachau concentration camp by Nazi Stormtroopers. When his father is released six months later, Josef, his mother Rachel, his sister Ruthie, and his father, now traumatized by his experiences at Dachau, all board the MS St. Louis—sailed by Captain Schröder—which is set to take them for asylum in Cuba. A week into their voyage on the St. Louis, Josef has his bar mitzvah. In becoming a Jewish adult, he now has many responsibilities that he is forced to take on. With his father's mental health deteriorating quickly, Josef threatens him to ensure that he can pass the medical inspection to get into Cuba, reversing their roles as father and son. While the passengers wait to be allowed to disembark, Josef encounters Mariano Padron (who is later revealed to be Isabel Fernadez's grandfather), who is a Cuban government officer bound by his governmental duty not to let the Jewish refugees in, despite feeling sorry for them. Josef's maturation continues as the situation worsens: after his father attempts suicide, he alone is allowed to disembark for medical attention in Cuba. Rachel is stricken with grief at the family separation, so Josef makes sure that Ruthie is being cared for and protected while their mother is unable to provide this care. When the Jewish refugees are rejected from entering Cuba, the US and Canada, and it seems likely that the ship is going to take them back to Germany, Josef works with other passengers to try to take the ship hostage so that they can avoid this fate.
They fail, but they are not sent back to Germany due to the captain's intervention. Instead, passengers are divided up among Allied European nations, with Josef's family going to France, where they stay. However, when Germany invades and begins the occupying France at the end of the novel, the Nazis give his mother the choice of setting only one of her children free. Josef sacrifices himself to relieve his mother from the burden of this choice, and to save his little sister Ruthie from the concentration camps. Josef later dies in a camp, as does his mother. It is later learned that Josef's father was alive and well in Cuba, but then died before Ruthie got to him.
Isabel Fernandez
Isabel Fernandez is 11 years old in 1994, growing up in Havana, Cuba, under Fidel Castro's communist regime. Isabel is deeply tied to her Cuban heritage, particularly through her music. One issue she experiences, however, is that she is unable to count a Cuban rhythm called clave, which she thinks is made to come naturally to Cubans. Isabel takes on a great deal of responsibility for her family due to the upheaval in which she lives. When her father, Geraldo, is worried that the police are coming after him for protesting, Isabel rallies her own family and another family, the Castillos, to take a boat to Miami and escape the oppression of Cuba. She trades her trumpet for gasoline in order to get the boat to start. Among the people who join Isabel on the journey is her grandfather Lito, who is eventually revealed to be Mariano Padron, the Cuban officer who, decades ago, prevented Josef from entering Havana. Isabel spends much of the dangerous trip acting as an adult: she takes care of her eight-and-a-half-months pregnant mother, Teresa; she saves Señor Castillo when he is thrown overboard by waves; and she spends much of the trip relentlessly bailing out water from their boat so that they can continue their journey. Isabel also deals with a fair share of trauma that expedites this maturity: two years prior, her grandmother Lita drowned during a cyclone in Havana, and on this boat trip Isabel's best friend, Iván, is killed in the water by sharks. Despite her grief, Isabel is able to persevere and guide her family to reach the shores of Miami. At the end of the book, Isabel is able to reconnect with her heritage when her great uncle Guillermo gives her a new trumpet, and Isabel is able to count clave.
Mahmoud Bishara
In the novel, Mahmoud Bishara is a 12-year-old living in Aleppo, Syria in 2015. He resides with his parents Yousef and Fatima, his brother Waleed, who is a 10-year-old, and his sister Hana, a baby. Mahmoud lived through the trauma of the Syrian Civil War, which has already been raging for four years, in Mahmoud's story. Mahmoud copes with these conditions by protecting Waleed and learning to blend in with everyone else for survival. After a drone strike destroys their apartment, the Bishara family hurriedly flees Syria. They travel through several countries and end up in Greece, waiting for a boat. As Mahmoud and his family travel from Greece, they become stranded in the Mediterranean Sea when their boat capsizes in the water. When another dinghy passes by that doesn't have space for his family, he offers up Hana to them to ensure that she can survive. Mahmoud's family continue to cross different countries: Macedonia, Serbia, Hungary, and Austria. Eventually, Mahmoud and his family make it to Germany and are given shelter by a family. This family consists of the elderly Saul Rosenberg and his wife, Ruthie—Josef's little sister, who survived the Holocaust. But Hana is lost and nowhere to be found, presumably dead. The family hopes she is alive and wishes that Hana is with them again.
References
^ Jordan, Tina (2018-08-03). "That Huge Surprise in His Own Family Genealogy? It's Playing out in His Novels (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
^ "LitCharts". LitCharts. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "LitCharts". LitCharts. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "LitCharts". LitCharts. Retrieved 2021-04-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Refugee (Anthony novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_(Anthony_novel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Refugee_(Gratz_novel).jpg"},{"link_name":"young adult literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_literature"},{"link_name":"Alan Gratz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gratz"},{"link_name":"Scholastic Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the 1983 science-fiction novel by Piers Anthony, see Refugee (Anthony novel).First editionRefugee is a young adult literature novel by Alan Gratz published by Scholastic Corporation in 2017.The book revolves around three main characters from three different eras: Nazi Germany, 1990s Cuba, and modern-day Syria. It follows Josef Landau, a German Jew in the 1930s, who tries to leave Germany to Cuba, Isabel Fernandez, a Cuban girl in 1994, who tries to escape Cuba's hunger crisis following the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the US, and Mahmoud Bishara, a Syrian youth in 2015 whose house gets destroyed by a missile and whose family decides to seek asylum in Germany. It has received positive reviews, which praised its style and historical accuracy. The novel eventually made it to The New York Times Best Seller list.[1]","title":"Refugee (Gratz novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kristallnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht"},{"link_name":"Dachau concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Nazi Stormtroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"MS St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Captain Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"bar mitzvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah"},{"link_name":"attempts suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attempt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"occupying France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Josef Landau\nJosef Landau is 12 years old at the beginning of the book, living in Germany in 1938. Josef's story begins when his father Aaron gets taken away on Kristallnacht and is sent to the Dachau concentration camp by Nazi Stormtroopers. When his father is released six months later, Josef, his mother Rachel, his sister Ruthie, and his father, now traumatized by his experiences at Dachau, all board the MS St. Louis—sailed by Captain Schröder—which is set to take them for asylum in Cuba. A week into their voyage on the St. Louis, Josef has his bar mitzvah. In becoming a Jewish adult, he now has many responsibilities that he is forced to take on. With his father's mental health deteriorating quickly, Josef threatens him to ensure that he can pass the medical inspection to get into Cuba, reversing their roles as father and son. While the passengers wait to be allowed to disembark, Josef encounters Mariano Padron (who is later revealed to be Isabel Fernadez's grandfather), who is a Cuban government officer bound by his governmental duty not to let the Jewish refugees in, despite feeling sorry for them. Josef's maturation continues as the situation worsens: after his father attempts suicide, he alone is allowed to disembark for medical attention in Cuba. Rachel is stricken with grief at the family separation, so Josef makes sure that Ruthie is being cared for and protected while their mother is unable to provide this care. When the Jewish refugees are rejected from entering Cuba, the US and Canada, and it seems likely that the ship is going to take them back to Germany, Josef works with other passengers to try to take the ship hostage so that they can avoid this fate.They fail, but they are not sent back to Germany due to the captain's intervention. Instead, passengers are divided up among Allied European nations, with Josef's family going to France, where they stay. However, when Germany invades and begins the occupying France at the end of the novel, the Nazis give his mother the choice of setting only one of her children free. Josef sacrifices himself to relieve his mother from the burden of this choice, and to save his little sister Ruthie from the concentration camps. Josef later dies in a camp, as does his mother.[2] It is later learned that Josef's father was alive and well in Cuba, but then died before Ruthie got to him.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Cuban heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"clave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"protesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleconazo"},{"link_name":"take a boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"a cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_attack"},{"link_name":"clave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Isabel Fernandez","text":"Isabel Fernandez is 11 years old in 1994, growing up in Havana, Cuba, under Fidel Castro's communist regime. Isabel is deeply tied to her Cuban heritage, particularly through her music. One issue she experiences, however, is that she is unable to count a Cuban rhythm called clave, which she thinks is made to come naturally to Cubans. Isabel takes on a great deal of responsibility for her family due to the upheaval in which she lives. When her father, Geraldo, is worried that the police are coming after him for protesting, Isabel rallies her own family and another family, the Castillos, to take a boat to Miami and escape the oppression of Cuba. She trades her trumpet for gasoline in order to get the boat to start. Among the people who join Isabel on the journey is her grandfather Lito, who is eventually revealed to be Mariano Padron, the Cuban officer who, decades ago, prevented Josef from entering Havana. Isabel spends much of the dangerous trip acting as an adult: she takes care of her eight-and-a-half-months pregnant mother, Teresa; she saves Señor Castillo when he is thrown overboard by waves; and she spends much of the trip relentlessly bailing out water from their boat so that they can continue their journey. Isabel also deals with a fair share of trauma that expedites this maturity: two years prior, her grandmother Lita drowned during a cyclone in Havana, and on this boat trip Isabel's best friend, Iván, is killed in the water by sharks. Despite her grief, Isabel is able to persevere and guide her family to reach the shores of Miami. At the end of the book, Isabel is able to reconnect with her heritage when her great uncle Guillermo gives her a new trumpet, and Isabel is able to count clave.[3]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"capsizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsizing"},{"link_name":"dinghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Mahmoud Bishara","text":"In the novel, Mahmoud Bishara is a 12-year-old living in Aleppo, Syria in 2015. He resides with his parents Yousef and Fatima, his brother Waleed, who is a 10-year-old, and his sister Hana, a baby. Mahmoud lived through the trauma of the Syrian Civil War, which has already been raging for four years, in Mahmoud's story. Mahmoud copes with these conditions by protecting Waleed and learning to blend in with everyone else for survival. After a drone strike destroys their apartment, the Bishara family hurriedly flees Syria. They travel through several countries and end up in Greece, waiting for a boat. As Mahmoud and his family travel from Greece, they become stranded in the Mediterranean Sea when their boat capsizes in the water. When another dinghy passes by that doesn't have space for his family, he offers up Hana to them to ensure that she can survive. Mahmoud's family continue to cross different countries: Macedonia, Serbia, Hungary, and Austria. Eventually, Mahmoud and his family make it to Germany and are given shelter by a family. This family consists of the elderly Saul Rosenberg and his wife, Ruthie—Josef's little sister, who survived the Holocaust. But Hana is lost and nowhere to be found, presumably dead. The family hopes she is alive and wishes that Hana is with them again.[4]","title":"Characters"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Refugee_%28Gratz_novel%29.jpg/220px-Refugee_%28Gratz_novel%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jordan, Tina (2018-08-03). \"That Huge Surprise in His Own Family Genealogy? It's Playing out in His Novels (Published 2018)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/03/books/review/refugee-alan-gratz-best-seller.html","url_text":"\"That Huge Surprise in His Own Family Genealogy? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Boyd_(New_Jersey) | Adam Boyd (politician) | ["1 Early life and career","1.1 Politics","2 Congress","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"] | Adam Boyd (March 21, 1746 – August 15, 1835) was an American politician and jurist who served as a United States Representative from New Jersey from 1803 to 1805, and from 1808 to 1813.
He was a slaveholder.
Early life and career
Born in Mendham Township, he moved to Bergen County and to Hackensack a few years later.
Politics
He was a member of the Bergen County board of freeholders and justices in 1773, 1784, 1791, 1794, and 1798, and was sheriff of Bergen County from 1778 to 1781 and again in 1789. Boyd was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1782, 1783, 1787, 1794, and 1795, and was judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Bergen County from 1803 to 1805.
Congress
Boyd was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Eighth Congress, serving from March 4, 1803, to March 3, 1805, and was elected to the Tenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ezra Darby. He was reelected to the Eleventh and Twelfth Congresses and served from March 8, 1808, to March 3, 1813. He was again judge of the court of common pleas from 1813 to 1833.
Death
Boyd died in Hackensack, and was interred there in the First Reformed Dutch Church, Hackensack.
References
^ Weil, Julie Zauzmer; Blanco, Adrian; Dominguez, Leo (20 January 2022). "More than 1,700 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ Adam Boyd, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 22, 2007.
External links
United States Congress. "Adam Boyd (id: B000714)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Adam Boyd at The Political Graveyard
Adam Boyd at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJohn Condit
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's at-large congressional district March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1805
Succeeded byEzra Darby
Preceded byEzra Darby
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's at-large congressional district March 8, 1808 – March 3, 1813
Succeeded byEzra Baker
Authority control databases: People
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriving_Somewhere... | Arriving Somewhere... | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","2.1 DVD disc 1","2.2 DVD disc 2","2.3 CD/downloadable version","3 Personnel","4 Chart positions","5 References"] | 2006 video by Porcupine TreeArriving Somewhere...Video by Porcupine TreeReleased21 August 200621 April 2008Recorded11 and 12 October 2005VenuePark West (Chicago, IL)GenreProgressive rock, progressive metalLength101:48 (Show)LabelSnapper/KscopeDirectorLasse HoileProducerSteven Wilson, Porcupine TreePorcupine Tree chronology
Arriving Somewhere...(2006)
Anesthetize(2010)
Arriving Somewhere... is the first live performance DVD by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. Disc one is a full show from the Deadwing tour filmed by "Studio M" with nine High Def cameras at Park West, Chicago on 11 and 12 October 2005, edited by Lasse Hoile, with the soundtrack mixed in stereo and 5.1 surround sound by Steven Wilson, and mastered by Darcy Proper. Disc two includes live performances on the German television show Rockpalast, a promotional video for "Lazarus", the live films used as the backdrop for three songs, Gavin Harrison's "Cymbal Song", and a photo gallery with over 100 images. The soundtrack to the DVD is available in FLAC and MP3 formats from the band's download store since April 2007. This audio edition is in the top 10 of the "Top Albums of 2007" chart of Rate Your Music website. The DVD was re-released under Kscope record label on 21 April 2008 the same day of the regular release for the DVD-A edition of Lightbulb Sun. In March 2018, Blu-ray and 2CD set was released.
Critical reception
The following are notes written by the press about the DVD and the shows in the context of the Deadwing and Arriving Somewhere DVD tours:
Time Out (19 May 2005) – " Wilson has long demonstrated a knack for reconciling vintage influences with contemporary sounds, while never forgetting the strength of a solid hook... capable of soaring melodies and celestial harmonies"
Daily Variety (14 June 2005) – "Porcupine Tree... delivered music that was opulent, aggressive, and occasionally haunting yet consistently pristine in the execution"
The New York Times (10/6/2006) – "Suitelike songs, complex meters, and epic ambitions"
Boston Herald (10/7/2006) – "In front of a sold-out, intensely devoted crowd at the Berklee Performance Center Thursday night, the... quintet demonstrated its unique gift for shifting sound dynamics with a mind-bending two-hour performance."
Record Collector – "Captures the Brit quartet at the peak of their powers"
Sound and Vision (11/10/2006) – "When it comes to surround sound, Porcupine Tree is in a league by itself"
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingBlogcriticsProduction & Production: (9/10)Record CollectorSound and VisionShow: DVD Picture/Sound: Extras:
Track listing
DVD disc 1
No.TitleWriter(s)Original releaseLength1."Revenant"Richard BarbieriDeadwing bonus track (2005)3:042."Open Car"Steven WilsonDeadwing4:463."Blackest Eyes"WilsonIn Absentia (2002)4:414."Lazarus"WilsonDeadwing4:065."Hatesong"Colin Edwin, WilsonLightbulb Sun (2000)9:146."Don't Hate Me"WilsonStupid Dream (1999)8:387."Mother and Child Divided"Gavin Harrison, WilsonDeadwing bonus track5:118."Buying New Soul"Barbieri, Edwin, Chris Maitland, WilsonRecordings (2001)7:179."So-Called Friend"Barbieri, Edwin, Harrison, Wilson"Lazarus" b-side (2005)4:5510."Arriving Somewhere but Not Here"WilsonDeadwing12:5711."Heartattack in a Layby"WilsonIn Absentia4:0712."Start of Something Beautiful"Harrison, WilsonDeadwing7:1913."Halo"Barbieri, Edwin, Harrison, WilsonDeadwing6:4214."The Sound of Muzak"WilsonIn Absentia5:1415."Even Less"WilsonStupid Dream6:5416."Trains"WilsonIn Absentia7:1817."End Credits"Harrison, Wilsonspecial alternate mix of "Mother and Child Divided"2:05
DVD disc 2
Bonus discNo.TitleWriter(s)Original releaseLength1."Futile" (from Rockpalast broadcast)Harrison, WilsonIn Absentia bonus track6:092."Radioactive Toy" (from Rockpalast broadcast)WilsonOn the Sunday of Life (1992)5:593."Lazarus" (promo clip directed by Lasse Hoile)WilsonDeadwing3:574."The Start of Something Beautiful" (live film directed by Przemyslaw Vshebor and Lasse Hoile)Harrison, WilsonDeadwing7:105."Halo" (live film directed by Lasse Hoile)Barbieri, Edwin, Harrison, WilsonDeadwing5:546."Mother and Child Divided" (live film directed by Lasse Hoile)Harrison, WilsonDeadwing bonus track4:567."Cymbal Song" (by Gavin Harrison)Harrison 3:578."Gallery" (photo gallery with exclusive ambient music by Richard Barbieri & Steven Wilson)Barbieri, Wilson 9:21
CD/downloadable version
Soundtrack to the Arriving Somewhere... DVD, recorded at Park West, Chicago on 11–12 October 2005. Mixed by Steven Wilson at No Man's Land Studios, UK. Mastered by Darcy Proper at Galaxy Studios, Belgium.
Disc 1
"Revenant" – 3:04
"Open Car" – 4:46
"Blackest Eyes" – 4:41
"Lazarus" – 4:06
"Hatesong" – 9:14
"Don't Hate Me" – 8:38
"Mother and Child Divided" – 5:11
"Buying New Soul" – 7:17
"So Called Friend" – 4:55
Disc 2
"Arriving Somewhere But Not Here" – 12:57
"Heartattack in a Layby" – 4:07
"Start of Something Beautiful" – 7:19
"Halo" – 6:42
"The Sound of Muzak" – 5:14
"Even Less" – 6:54
"Trains" – 7:18
End Credits ("Mother and Child Divided") – 2:05
Personnel
Porcupine Tree
Steven Wilson – lead vocals and guitar
John Wesley – session guitar and backing vocals
Colin Edwin – bass
Richard Barbieri – keyboards
Gavin Harrison – drums
Chart positions
Chart
Position
Billboard Comprehensive Music Videos
36
References
^ "Studio M Live". Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
^ "Rate Your Music - Top Albums of 2007". Retrieved 12 August 2008.
^ a b "Kscope " Blog Archive " Porcupine Tree Live". 11 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
^ a b "Shore Fire – Press Release". 13 September 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
^ a b "Shore Fire – Press Release". 17 October 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
^ "Sound and Vision Magazine – Pink Floyd & Porcupine Tree". Sound and Vision. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
^ Roy, Paul (2011). "Music DVD Review: Porcupine Tree – Arriving Somewhere... – Blogcritics Music". blogcritics.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ "Kscope " Blog Archive " Porcupine Tree Live". kscopemusic.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ Mettler, Mike (2011). "Sound & Vision Magazine – Pink Floyd & Porcupine Tree". Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ "Billboard Comprehensive Music Videos – Arriving Somewhere". Billboard. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
vtePorcupine Tree
Richard Barbieri
Gavin Harrison
Steven Wilson
Chris Maitland
Colin Edwin
Studio albums
On the Sunday of Life...
Up the Downstair
The Sky Moves Sideways
Signify
Stupid Dream
Lightbulb Sun
In Absentia
Deadwing
Fear of a Blank Planet
The Incident
Closure/Continuation
EPs
Moonloop
Coma Divine II
Transmission IV
Futile
Nil Recurring
Live albums
Spiral Circus
Coma Divine – Recorded Live in Rome
XM
Rockpalast
Arriving Somewhere...
We Lost the Skyline
Ilosaarirock
Anesthetize
Atlanta
Octane Twisted
Closure/Continuation.Live
Compilations
Yellow Hedgerow Dreamscape
Voyage 34: The Complete Trip
Insignificance
Metanoia
Recordings
Singles
"Waiting"
"Stranger by the Minute"
"Shesmovedon"
"Shallow"
"Lazarus"
"Fear of a Blank Planet"
"Way Out of Here"
"Time Flies"
"Harridan"
"Of the New Day"
"Herd Culling"
"Rats Return"
Related articles
Porcupine Tree discography
No-Man
Bass Communion
Blackfield
I.E.M.
John Wesley
Storm Corrosion
Lasse Hoile
Opeth
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Tree"},{"link_name":"Deadwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studio_M-1"},{"link_name":"Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_West_(music_venue)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Lasse Hoile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hoile"},{"link_name":"Steven Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Rockpalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockpalast"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(Porcupine_Tree_song)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"FLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAC"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"band's download store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Shed"},{"link_name":"Rate Your Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_Your_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lightbulb Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbulb_Sun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kscope-3"}],"text":"2006 video by Porcupine TreeArriving Somewhere... is the first live performance DVD by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. Disc one is a full show from the Deadwing tour filmed by \"Studio M\" with nine High Def cameras[1] at Park West, Chicago on 11 and 12 October 2005, edited by Lasse Hoile, with the soundtrack mixed in stereo and 5.1 surround sound by Steven Wilson, and mastered by Darcy Proper. Disc two includes live performances on the German television show Rockpalast, a promotional video for \"Lazarus\", the live films used as the backdrop for three songs, Gavin Harrison's \"Cymbal Song\", and a photo gallery with over 100 images. The soundtrack to the DVD is available in FLAC and MP3 formats from the band's download store since April 2007. This audio edition is in the top 10 of the \"Top Albums of 2007\" chart of Rate Your Music website.[2] The DVD was re-released under Kscope record label on 21 April 2008 the same day of the regular release for the DVD-A edition of Lightbulb Sun.[3] In March 2018, Blu-ray and 2CD set was released.","title":"Arriving Somewhere..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(company)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shore_Fire-4"},{"link_name":"Daily Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shore_Fire-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shore_Fire_2-5"},{"link_name":"Boston 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pristine in the execution\"[4]\nThe New York Times (10/6/2006) – \"Suitelike songs, complex meters, and epic ambitions\"[5]\nBoston Herald (10/7/2006) – \"In front of a sold-out, intensely devoted crowd at the Berklee Performance Center Thursday night, the... quintet demonstrated its unique gift for shifting sound dynamics with a mind-bending two-hour performance.\"[5]\nRecord Collector – \"Captures the Brit quartet at the peak of their powers\"[3]\nSound and Vision (11/10/2006) – \"When it comes to surround sound, Porcupine Tree is in a league by itself\"[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deadwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwing"},{"link_name":"In Absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Absentia"},{"link_name":"Lightbulb Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbulb_Sun"},{"link_name":"Stupid 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WilsonDeadwing7:1913.\"Halo\"Barbieri, Edwin, Harrison, WilsonDeadwing6:4214.\"The Sound of Muzak\"WilsonIn Absentia5:1415.\"Even Less\"WilsonStupid Dream6:5416.\"Trains\"WilsonIn Absentia7:1817.\"End Credits\"Harrison, Wilsonspecial alternate mix of \"Mother and Child Divided\"2:05","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockpalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockpalast_(download_double_CD)"},{"link_name":"On the Sunday of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sunday_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Lasse Hoile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hoile"}],"sub_title":"DVD disc 2","text":"Bonus discNo.TitleWriter(s)Original releaseLength1.\"Futile\" (from Rockpalast broadcast)Harrison, WilsonIn Absentia bonus track6:092.\"Radioactive Toy\" (from Rockpalast broadcast)WilsonOn the Sunday of Life (1992)5:593.\"Lazarus\" (promo clip directed by Lasse Hoile)WilsonDeadwing3:574.\"The Start of Something Beautiful\" (live film directed by Przemyslaw Vshebor and Lasse Hoile)Harrison, WilsonDeadwing7:105.\"Halo\" (live film directed by Lasse Hoile)Barbieri, Edwin, Harrison, WilsonDeadwing5:546.\"Mother and Child Divided\" (live film directed by Lasse Hoile)Harrison, WilsonDeadwing bonus track4:567.\"Cymbal Song\" (by Gavin Harrison)Harrison 3:578.\"Gallery\" (photo gallery with exclusive ambient music by Richard Barbieri & Steven Wilson)Barbieri, Wilson 9:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD/downloadable version","text":"Soundtrack to the Arriving Somewhere... DVD, recorded at Park West, Chicago on 11–12 October 2005. Mixed by Steven Wilson at No Man's Land Studios, UK. Mastered by Darcy Proper at Galaxy Studios, Belgium.Disc 1\"Revenant\" – 3:04\n\"Open Car\" – 4:46\n\"Blackest Eyes\" – 4:41\n\"Lazarus\" – 4:06\n\"Hatesong\" – 9:14\n\"Don't Hate Me\" – 8:38\n\"Mother and Child Divided\" – 5:11\n\"Buying New Soul\" – 7:17\n\"So Called Friend\" – 4:55Disc 2\"Arriving Somewhere But Not Here\" – 12:57\n\"Heartattack in a Layby\" – 4:07\n\"Start of Something Beautiful\" – 7:19\n\"Halo\" – 6:42\n\"The Sound of Muzak\" – 5:14\n\"Even Less\" – 6:54\n\"Trains\" – 7:18\nEnd Credits (\"Mother and Child Divided\") – 2:05","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wilson"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"John Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Colin Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Edwin"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Richard Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barbieri"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Gavin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"}],"text":"Porcupine TreeSteven Wilson – lead vocals and guitar\nJohn Wesley – session guitar and backing vocals\nColin Edwin – bass\nRichard Barbieri – keyboards\nGavin Harrison – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Studio M Live\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_San_Pablo_Yacht_Harbor | Point San Pablo Harbor | ["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°57′48″N 122°25′06″W / 37.9634°N 122.4183°W / 37.9634; -122.4183Human settlement in Richmond, California, United States of America
The marina as seen from the road leading in
Point San Pablo Harbor is a marina and small community at the far end of Point San Pablo in San Pablo Bay, within Richmond, in Contra Costa County, California. It is located at 1900 Stenmark Drive, Richmond CA 94801.
Overview
The community is home to a few dozen individuals living in boats and 10 floating homes. Point San Pablo Harbor was originally envisioned by Captain Clark who was the brainchild behind the origins of the Richmond San Rafael Ferry. The area also features the Point San Pablo Marina, Sailing Goat Restaurant, and The San Pablo Bay Sportsmen's Club. The harbor village is located in a ravine at the northern tip of the Potrero Hills and alongside a small cove the opens to San Pablo Bay, where the marina is protected from waves, in addition to a breakwater. The harbor is also the starting point for visitors to East Brother Light Station a historic landmark.
The area is near the Chevron Richmond Refinery and some tank farm containers are visible in addition to the Richmond Landfill across the waters of Castro Cove, a contaminated estuarine habitat. Point San Pablo Beach is also located here.
The harbor has panoramic views of the undeveloped coastlines of southern Napa, Sonoma, and Solano counties and eastern central Marin County. The hills surrounding the village feature Eucalyptus trees and coastal chaparral vegetation. The isolation of the area and undeveloped lands make deer sightings commonplace. Other animals in the area include the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail. The areas around the marina and breakwaters have many egrets, herons and other birds that enjoy the small wetlands areas.
The Point San Pablo Harbor is privately owned. The Point San Pablo Preservation Society is a non-profit organization located at the harbor. The society's goal is to preserve the harbor and surrounding lands and waterways for public use and enjoyment.
See also
San Pablo Peninsula
San Pablo Bay topics
References
^ a b Point Molate Casino EIR, Volume I, 2009, accessed May 25, 2010
^ "Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor". Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
External links
Point San Pablo Harbor website
Point San Pablo History website
37°57′48″N 122°25′06″W / 37.9634°N 122.4183°W / 37.9634; -122.4183
vteRichmond, CaliforniaNeighborhoods
Atchison Village
Brickyard Cove
Carriage Hills
Campus Bay
Chevron Richmond Refinery
Downtown Richmond
El Sobrante Hills
Hilltop
Hilltop Green
Iron Triangle
Marina Bay
North & East
Parchester Village
Point Isabel
Point Richmond
Pullman
Richmond Annex
Richmond Heights
Parks
Brooks Island
McLaughlin Eastshore State Park
Kennedy Grove
Miller / Knox
Point Isabel
Point Pinole
Point Molate Beach Park
Potrero Ridge
Red Rock Cove
Richmond Greenway
Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front National Historical Park
San Pablo Peninsula
Sobrante Ridge
Wildcat Canyon
Pointsof interest
Brother Islands
Castro Rocks
East Brother Island Lighthouse
Ford Richmond Plant
Golden State Model Railroad Museum
East Bay Science and Technology Center
Macdonald 80 Shopping Center
Masquers Playhouse
Mechanics Bank
Pacific East Mall
The Plunge
Point Molate Naval Fuel Depot
Red Rock Island
SS Red Oak Victory Ship Museum
Richmond Country Club
Richmond Medical Center
Richmond Shipyards
Richmond Transit Village (Metro Walk)
West County Detention Center
Winehaven
Education
Contra Costa College
West Contra Costa Unified School District
De Anza High School
John F. Kennedy High School
Richmond High School
Salesian College Preparatory
TransportationPublictransit
AC Transit
Richmond Ferry Terminal
San Francisco Bay Ferry
Richmond Parkway Transit Center
Richmond station
BART
California Zephyr
Capitol Corridor
San Joaquins
Roads
23rd Street
Cutting Boulevard
I-580
Richmond–San Rafael Bridge
I-80
Macdonald Avenue
Richmond Parkway
San Pablo Avenue (SR 123)
Port of Richmond
Richmond Pacific Railroad
Richmond–San Rafael Ferry Company
Shipyard RailwayPolitics
2006 Richmond, California city election
2014 Richmond, California city election
City Council
Richmond Globe
Richmond Post
Richmond Progressive Alliance
vteEast BayCounties
Alameda
Contra Costa
Major cities
Oakland
Fremont
Hayward
Concord
Berkeley
Richmond
Antioch
Cities and towns25k-100k
Alameda
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Danville
Dublin
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Newark
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Pleasanton
San Leandro
San Pablo
San Ramon
Union City
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Cities and towns10k-25k
Alamo
Albany
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Bay Point
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Pinole
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Cities and towns under 10k
Bayview
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Tara Hills
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Regional organizations
AC Transit
East Bay Municipal Utility District
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East Bay Tribune
East Bay Electric Lines (historic)
East Bay Green Corridor
Authority control databases
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_from_the_road.jpg"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Contra Costa County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptmolate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psbyh-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in Richmond, California, United States of AmericaThe marina as seen from the road leading inPoint San Pablo Harbor is a marina and small community at the far end of Point San Pablo in San Pablo Bay, within Richmond, in Contra Costa County, California.[1][2] It is located at 1900 Stenmark Drive, Richmond CA 94801.","title":"Point San Pablo Harbor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Point_San_Pablo_yacht_harbor.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Point San Pablo Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_San_Pablo_Marina"},{"link_name":"The San Pablo Bay Sportsmen's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spbsc.org&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Potrero Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero_Hills_(Richmond,_California)"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Bay"},{"link_name":"East Brother Light Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Brother_Light_Station"},{"link_name":"Chevron Richmond Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Richmond_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Castro Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Cove"},{"link_name":"estuarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarine"},{"link_name":"Point San Pablo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_San_Pablo_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Napa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County"},{"link_name":"Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County"},{"link_name":"Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County"},{"link_name":"Marin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County"},{"link_name":"salt marsh harvest mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh_harvest_mouse"},{"link_name":"California clapper rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_clapper_rail"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptmolate-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The community is home to a few dozen individuals living in boats and 10 floating homes. Point San Pablo Harbor was originally envisioned by Captain Clark who was the brainchild behind the origins of the Richmond San Rafael Ferry. The area also features the Point San Pablo Marina, Sailing Goat Restaurant, and The San Pablo Bay Sportsmen's Club. The harbor village is located in a ravine at the northern tip of the Potrero Hills and alongside a small cove the opens to San Pablo Bay, where the marina is protected from waves, in addition to a breakwater. The harbor is also the starting point for visitors to East Brother Light Station a historic landmark.The area is near the Chevron Richmond Refinery and some tank farm containers are visible in addition to the Richmond Landfill across the waters of Castro Cove, a contaminated estuarine habitat. Point San Pablo Beach is also located here.The harbor has panoramic views of the undeveloped coastlines of southern Napa, Sonoma, and Solano counties and eastern central Marin County. The hills surrounding the village feature Eucalyptus trees and coastal chaparral vegetation. The isolation of the area and undeveloped lands make deer sightings commonplace. Other animals in the area include the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail. The areas around the marina and breakwaters have many egrets, herons and other birds that enjoy the small wetlands areas.[1]The Point San Pablo Harbor is privately owned. The Point San Pablo Preservation Society is a non-profit organization located at the harbor. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi_(The_Young_Ones) | Bambi (The Young Ones) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 1st episode of the 2nd series of The Young Ones
"Bambi"The Young Ones episodeEpisode no.Series 2Episode 1Directed byPaul JacksonWritten byBen EltonRik MayallLise MayerProduced byPaul JacksonFeatured musicPeter BrewisOriginal air date8 May 1984 (1984-05-08)Running time34:52Guest appearances
Featuring
Motörhead
With
Robbie Coltrane as Dr. CarlisleHugh Laurie as Lord MontyStephen Fry as Lord SnotBen Elton as Kendal MintcakeEmma Thompson as Miss Money SterlingTony RobinsonandGriff Rhys Jones as Bambi GascoigneMel Smith as Security GuardTamsin Heatley
Episode chronology
← Previous"Flood"
Next →"Cash"
"Bambi" is the seventh episode of British sitcom The Young Ones. It was written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall and Lise Mayer, and directed by Paul Jackson. It was broadcast on BBC2 on 8 May 1984, as the first episode of the show's second series. It parodies University Challenge. This scene also showcased the two emerging sides of British comedy at the time: The Young Ones, representative of the new British 'Punk' Alternative Comedy scene, against comedians who represented the new "Oxbridge" Comedy Scene.
Plot
An upset Neil bursts into the house, interrupting a story Rick is telling an uninterested Vyvyan and Mike, and describes an encounter in which a complete stranger called him smelly. Mike realises that none of the four has washed any laundry for over two years. One of Vyvyan's dirty socks comes to life and tries to escape the house; after they destroy it, Mike insists that they visit the local launderette immediately, but Vyvyan reminds him that they have to wait until it opens the next morning.
After a night's sleep, the four rush downstairs and set out for the launderette, only to find that none of the washing machines will accept their clothing. Vyvyan tricks one machine into opening its door so he can stuff in the load, but the four then discover that they have neither any laundry detergent nor the coins needed to operate the machine. Once they return to their house, Neil suddenly remembers that they have been invited to represent Scumbag College on University Challenge that evening. Still wearing their dirty clothes, they rush to catch a train as Motörhead perform their song "Ace of Spades" in the living room.
During the train ride, Neil frantically studies some of Rick's old class notes, Rick complains about disparaging comments written in them by his classmates, and Vyvyan has Neil quiz him from a book of bizarre trivia and world records. Ignoring posted warning signs, Vyvyan sticks his head out the window as the train enters a tunnel and accidentally decapitates himself. The four leave the train to chase down Vyvyan's head and end up hitchhiking to the studio. They arrive two weeks later, bedraggled and filthy, and Vyvyan tries and fails to smuggle in a pig. Mike's friend, Bambi, is the host of University Challenge (and a play on host Bamber Gascoigne). He is now walking on two legs, exactly resembling a human, and he declines Rick's request to let Scumbag win.
Scumbag is pitted against the incredibly wealthy Footlights College team from Oxbridge, to whom Bambi shows blatant favouritism by accepting wrong answers and bribes. The teams are arranged physically one above the other, in a parody of the show's split-screen format. The match is complicated by Neil's desperate need to use a toilet. Enraged at not receiving easier questions, Vyvyan kicks the head of the Footlights team member, Kendal Mintcake above whom he is sitting, then blows up the entire team with a German stick grenade. The questions become much easier, with Vyvyan recognising them as being from his book of trivia, but Mike and Neil beat him to the buzzer every time. A trick question fools Rick into admitting that he cheated by swapping the question cards, causing the audience to boo and throw things at Scumbag. They are suddenly squashed by a giant éclair, which belongs to a medical doctor who has been observing the events of the episode as a bacterial culture under his microscope. The episode ends when the doctor later feeds it to an elephant, Jumbo, who is supposedly a horribly disfigured man.
Cast
As with all episodes of The Young Ones, the main four characters were student housemates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall); and Neil (Nigel Planer). The title character was portrayed by Griff Rhys Jones in a parody of real-life University Challenge presenter Bamber Gascoigne, while Jones' comedy partner Mel Smith has a cameo as a security guard. The opposing University Challenge team, from (the fictional) Footlights College, Oxbridge, comprises Lord Monty (Hugh Laurie); Lord Snot (Stephen Fry: who had himself appeared on University Challenge while a Cambridge student); Miss Money-Sterling (Emma Thompson); and Kendal Mintcake (Ben Elton). Alexei Sayle appears briefly as a train driver to deliver his trademark monologue (in this case to a lone Mexican bandido). Robbie Coltrane portrays Dr Carlisle, who has been observing the episode under a microscope. Tony Robinson portrays Dr Not-The-Nine-O'Clock-News, who brings in the elephant. The episode's musical guests, the heavy metal group Motörhead, perform their 1980 single "Ace of Spades". This was the first appearance with newly joined guitarists Würzel and Phil Campbell, and the last with drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor in his original stint.
Reception
Writing for The Times in 1984, Peter Lee said the broadcast of this episode ought to cause "great rejoicing".
Writing for The Guardian in 2013, Alexei Sayle claimed that "Bambi" had a detrimental effect on the UK alternative comedy scene of the 1980s, as the guest stars were prominent members of the established Cambridge Footlights, in direct contrast to Sayle's Marxist leanings. Sayle refused to appear with the guests or the regular cast, delivering a taped monologue instead.
References
1980s portal
Chrissie Macdonald. "Episode 1 - Bambi". That's Anarchy! The Story of a Revolution in the World of TV Comedy. Temple House Pty Ltd. Australia. 2002. Pages 79 to 83. See also "Bambi" at pages 45, 50, 51 and 56.
Young Ones, The: Bambi (TV)". Paley Center for Media.
"S2E1: Bambi" in "The Young Ones Music Guide: Series Two". Dirty Feed. 15 November 2020.
Robert Ham. "2. Motorhead—“Ace Of Spades” (from S02E01)" in "Ranking The Young Ones' Musical Performances". Paste. 9 February 2016.
^ "The Young Ones – Bambi". Transcription of the "Young Ones" episode "Bambi" as it aired on American MTV in the mid-'80s. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
^ Peter Lee (ed). "Today's television and radio programmes". The Times. 8 May 1984. p 29.
^ Sayle, Alexei (22 January 2013). "Alexei Sayle: 'I'm still full of hate'". The Guardian.
External links
"Bambi" at IMDb
"Bambi" at British Comedy Guide
vteThe Young OnesEpisodesSeries 1
"Demolition"
"Oil"
"Boring"
"Bomb"
"Interesting"
"Flood"
Series 2
"Bambi"
"Cash"
"Nasty"
"Time"
"Sick"
"Summer Holiday"
Related
Cliff Richard song
Video game
"Living Doll"
Neil's Heavy Concept Album
Oh, No! Not THEM!
vteUniversity ChallengeSeries
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Hosts
Bamber Gascoigne
Jeremy Paxman
Amol Rajan
Related series
Christmas University Challenge
College Bowl
University Challenge (New Zealand)
Challenging Times
Quiz bowl
In popular culture
Starter for Ten (novel)
Starter for 10 (film)
"Bambi" (The Young Ones) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Young Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Ones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ben Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Elton"},{"link_name":"Rik Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Lise Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Paul Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jackson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"University Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Challenge"},{"link_name":"new British 'Punk' Alternative Comedy scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_comedy#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"new \"Oxbridge\" Comedy Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Footlights_Revue#1981_revue"}],"text":"1st episode of the 2nd series of The Young Ones\"Bambi\" is the seventh episode of British sitcom The Young Ones. It was written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall and Lise Mayer, and directed by Paul Jackson. It was broadcast on BBC2 on 8 May 1984, as the first episode of the show's second series. It parodies University Challenge. This scene also showcased the two emerging sides of British comedy at the time: The Young Ones, representative of the new British 'Punk' Alternative Comedy scene, against comedians who represented the new \"Oxbridge\" Comedy Scene.","title":"Bambi (The Young Ones)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Ace of Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_of_Spades_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bamber Gascoigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne"},{"link_name":"Footlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footlights"},{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"German stick grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stielhandgranate"},{"link_name":"trick question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_question"},{"link_name":"éclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"An upset Neil bursts into the house, interrupting a story Rick is telling an uninterested Vyvyan and Mike, and describes an encounter in which a complete stranger called him smelly. Mike realises that none of the four has washed any laundry for over two years. One of Vyvyan's dirty socks comes to life and tries to escape the house; after they destroy it, Mike insists that they visit the local launderette immediately, but Vyvyan reminds him that they have to wait until it opens the next morning.After a night's sleep, the four rush downstairs and set out for the launderette, only to find that none of the washing machines will accept their clothing. Vyvyan tricks one machine into opening its door so he can stuff in the load, but the four then discover that they have neither any laundry detergent nor the coins needed to operate the machine. Once they return to their house, Neil suddenly remembers that they have been invited to represent Scumbag College on University Challenge that evening. Still wearing their dirty clothes, they rush to catch a train as Motörhead perform their song \"Ace of Spades\" in the living room.During the train ride, Neil frantically studies some of Rick's old class notes, Rick complains about disparaging comments written in them by his classmates, and Vyvyan has Neil quiz him from a book of bizarre trivia and world records. Ignoring posted warning signs, Vyvyan sticks his head out the window as the train enters a tunnel and accidentally decapitates himself. The four leave the train to chase down Vyvyan's head and end up hitchhiking to the studio. They arrive two weeks later, bedraggled and filthy, and Vyvyan tries and fails to smuggle in a pig. Mike's friend, Bambi, is the host of University Challenge (and a play on host Bamber Gascoigne). He is now walking on two legs, exactly resembling a human, and he declines Rick's request to let Scumbag win.Scumbag is pitted against the incredibly wealthy Footlights College team from Oxbridge, to whom Bambi shows blatant favouritism by accepting wrong answers and bribes. The teams are arranged physically one above the other, in a parody of the show's split-screen format. The match is complicated by Neil's desperate need to use a toilet. Enraged at not receiving easier questions, Vyvyan kicks the head of the Footlights team member, Kendal Mintcake above whom he is sitting, then blows up the entire team with a German stick grenade. The questions become much easier, with Vyvyan recognising them as being from his book of trivia, but Mike and Neil beat him to the buzzer every time. A trick question fools Rick into admitting that he cheated by swapping the question cards, causing the audience to boo and throw things at Scumbag. They are suddenly squashed by a giant éclair, which belongs to a medical doctor who has been observing the events of the episode as a bacterial culture under his microscope. The episode ends when the doctor later feeds it to an elephant, Jumbo, who is supposedly a horribly disfigured man.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Adrian Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Edmondson"},{"link_name":"Rik Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Nigel Planer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Planer"},{"link_name":"Griff Rhys Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff_Rhys_Jones"},{"link_name":"University Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Bamber Gascoigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne"},{"link_name":"Mel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Footlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footlights"},{"link_name":"College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_Oxbridge_colleges"},{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Money-Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Kendal Mintcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal_Mint_Cake"},{"link_name":"Ben Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Elton"},{"link_name":"Alexei Sayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Sayle"},{"link_name":"monologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue"},{"link_name":"Robbie Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Tony Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Not-The-Nine-O'Clock-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_the_Nine_O%27Clock_News"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Ace of Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_of_Spades_(song)"},{"link_name":"Würzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzel"},{"link_name":"Phil Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Campbell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_%22Philthy_Animal%22_Taylor"}],"text":"As with all episodes of The Young Ones, the main four characters were student housemates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall); and Neil (Nigel Planer). The title character was portrayed by Griff Rhys Jones in a parody of real-life University Challenge presenter Bamber Gascoigne, while Jones' comedy partner Mel Smith has a cameo as a security guard. The opposing University Challenge team, from (the fictional) Footlights College, Oxbridge, comprises Lord Monty (Hugh Laurie); Lord Snot (Stephen Fry: who had himself appeared on University Challenge while a Cambridge student); Miss Money-Sterling (Emma Thompson); and Kendal Mintcake (Ben Elton). Alexei Sayle appears briefly as a train driver to deliver his trademark monologue (in this case to a lone Mexican bandido). Robbie Coltrane portrays Dr Carlisle, who has been observing the episode under a microscope. Tony Robinson portrays Dr Not-The-Nine-O'Clock-News, who brings in the elephant. The episode's musical guests, the heavy metal group Motörhead, perform their 1980 single \"Ace of Spades\". This was the first appearance with newly joined guitarists Würzel and Phil Campbell, and the last with drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor in his original stint.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"alternative comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_comedy"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Footlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Footlights"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Writing for The Times in 1984, Peter Lee said the broadcast of this episode ought to cause \"great rejoicing\".[2]Writing for The Guardian in 2013, Alexei Sayle claimed that \"Bambi\" had a detrimental effect on the UK alternative comedy scene of the 1980s, as the guest stars were prominent members of the established Cambridge Footlights, in direct contrast to Sayle's Marxist leanings. Sayle refused to appear with the guests or the regular cast, delivering a taped monologue instead.[3]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Young Ones – Bambi\". Transcription of the \"Young Ones\" episode \"Bambi\" as it aired on American MTV in the mid-'80s. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309155934/http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/hawkslane/231/yo21.html","url_text":"\"The Young Ones – Bambi\""},{"url":"http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/hawkslane/231/yo21.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sayle, Alexei (22 January 2013). \"Alexei Sayle: 'I'm still full of hate'\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jan/22/alexei-sayle-still-full-hate","url_text":"\"Alexei Sayle: 'I'm still full of hate'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thatsanarchystor0000macd/page/79/mode/1up","external_links_name":"79"},{"Link":"https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?item=T:09096","external_links_name":"Young Ones, The: Bambi (TV)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dirtyfeed.org/2020/11/the-young-ones-music-guide-series-two/","external_links_name":"\"The Young Ones Music Guide: Series Two\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/comedy/ranking-the-young-ones-musical-performances","external_links_name":"\"Ranking The Young Ones' Musical Performances\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309155934/http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/hawkslane/231/yo21.html","external_links_name":"\"The Young Ones – Bambi\""},{"Link":"http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/hawkslane/231/yo21.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jan/22/alexei-sayle-still-full-hate","external_links_name":"\"Alexei Sayle: 'I'm still full of hate'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0752252/","external_links_name":"\"Bambi\""},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/the_young_ones/episodes/2/1/","external_links_name":"\"Bambi\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor-Essex_Pride | Windsor-Essex Pride | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Annual LGBT event in Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Windsor-Essex Pride Fest is an LGBT Pride festival, held annually in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The event is organized by Windsor Essex Pride Fest, a non-profit organization, and is currently held in early August each year.
The event was first held in 1992. Most festival events take place at the downtown Riverfront Festival Plaza, with the concluding parade taking place on Ouellette Avenue between Elliott Street and Riverside Drive.
Windsor-Essex Pride Fest also organizes other LGBT community events throughout the year, as well as participating in tourism marketing projects including the publication of an LGBT tourism guide to Windsor and Essex County in 2012. The organization received a $210,000 grant from the Ontario Trillium Foundation in 2012 to expand its programming.
References
^ a b "Windsor Pride Fest becoming more family-friendly". Windsor Star, August 8, 2012.
^ a b "Pride Fest Underway". Blackburn Radio, August 10, 2012.
^ a b "Windsor-Essex Pride Fest gets $210K grant for bigger, better event". Windsor Star, June 27, 2012.
^ "Windsor-Essex looks to court LGBT tourists". Metro, November 24, 2012.
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This article related to a Canadian festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related festival or event is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Pride"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-1"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-1"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Festival Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Festival_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackburn-2"},{"link_name":"Ouellette Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouellette_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackburn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trillium-3"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trillium-3"}],"text":"Windsor-Essex Pride Fest is an LGBT Pride festival, held annually in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.[1] The event is organized by Windsor Essex Pride Fest, a non-profit organization, and is currently held in early August each year.The event was first held in 1992.[1] Most festival events take place at the downtown Riverfront Festival Plaza,[2] with the concluding parade taking place on Ouellette Avenue between Elliott Street and Riverside Drive.[2]Windsor-Essex Pride Fest also organizes other LGBT community events throughout the year,[3] as well as participating in tourism marketing projects including the publication of an LGBT tourism guide to Windsor and Essex County in 2012.[4] The organization received a $210,000 grant from the Ontario Trillium Foundation in 2012 to expand its programming.[3]","title":"Windsor-Essex Pride"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://blogs.windsorstar.com/2012/08/08/windsor-pride-fest-becoming-more-family-friendly/","external_links_name":"\"Windsor Pride Fest becoming more family-friendly\""},{"Link":"http://blackburnnews.com/windsor/windsor-news/2012/08/10/pride-fest-underway/","external_links_name":"\"Pride Fest Underway\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.windsorstar.com/2012/06/27/windsor-pride-fest-gets-200k-grant-for-bigger-better-event/","external_links_name":"\"Windsor-Essex Pride Fest gets $210K grant for bigger, better event\""},{"Link":"http://metronews.ca/news/windsor/451671/windsor-essex-to-court-lgbt-tourists/","external_links_name":"\"Windsor-Essex looks to court LGBT tourists\""},{"Link":"http://www.wepridefest.com/","external_links_name":"Windsor Pride"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windsor-Essex_Pride&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windsor-Essex_Pride&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond_and_The_Trossachs_National_Park | Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park | ["1 Geography","2 Formation of the national park","3 Wildlife and conservation","3.1 Conservation designations","4 Recreation and tourism","5 Administration","6 Towns and villages within the park","7 Munros within the Park","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 56°15′N 4°37′W / 56.250°N 4.617°W / 56.250; -4.617National park in Scotland
Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National ParkIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Looking eastwards along Loch KatrineLocationUnited Kingdom (Scotland)Coordinates56°15′N 4°37′W / 56.250°N 4.617°W / 56.250; -4.617Area1,865 km2 (720 sq mi)Established2002Governing bodyNational park authorityWebsiteOfficial Website
UK National Parks
England
Peak District (1951)
Lake District (1951)
Dartmoor (1951)
North York Moors (1952)
Yorkshire Dales (1954)
Exmoor (1954)
Northumberland (1956)
The Broads‡ (1988)
New Forest (2005)
South Downs (2010)
South PenninesRegional Park†
Northern Ireland
Mourne Mountains†
Scotland
Loch Lomond andThe Trossachs (2002)
Cairngorms (2003)
Wales
Snowdonia (Eryri; 1951)
Pembrokeshire Coast (1952)
Brecon Beacons(Bannau Brycheiniog; 1957)
North East Wales†
Parentheses denotes the year. An area with ‡ has similar status to a UK National Park. Areas marked † are proposed.vte
Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park (Scottish Gaelic: Pàirc Nàiseanta Loch Laomainn is nan Tròisichean) is a national park in Scotland centred on Loch Lomond and the hills and glens of the Trossachs, along with several other ranges of hills. It was the first of the two national parks established by the Scottish Parliament in 2002, the second being the Cairngorms National Park. The park extends to cover much of the western part of the southern highlands, lying to the north of the Glasgow conurbation, and contains many mountains and lochs. It is the fourth-largest national park in the British Isles, with a total area of 1,865 km2 (720 sq mi) and a boundary of some 350 km (220 mi) in length. It features 21 Munros (including Ben Lomond, Ben Lui, Beinn Challuim, Ben More and two peaks called Ben Vorlich) and 20 Corbetts.
The park straddles the Highland Boundary Fault, which divides it into two distinct regions - lowland and highland - that differ in underlying geology, soil types and topography. The change in rock type can most clearly be seen at Loch Lomond itself, as the fault runs across the islands of Inchmurrin, Creinch, Torrinch and Inchcailloch and over the ridge of Conic Hill. To the south lie green fields and cultivated land; to the north, mountains.
The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park lies close to Scotland's heavily populated Central Belt, and the area has long been popular with visitors. Principal attractions are viewing scenery and wildlife, walking, climbing, water sports, and other outdoor activities. In 2017, there were 2.9 million visits to the park, of which 2.1 million were day visits and 783,000 were made by visitors staying overnight within the park.
Geography
Loch Lomond, viewed from the slopes of Ben Lomond.
The national park extends to cover much of the western part of the southern highlands, lying to the north of the Glasgow conurbation. The park authority defines the park as being split into four sections: Breadalbane, Loch Lomond, The Trossachs, and Cowal.
The park is centred on Loch Lomond, the largest lake in Great Britain by surface area, with a surface area of 71 km2 (27.5 sq mi). The loch contains many islands, including Inchmurrin, the largest fresh-water island in the British Isles. It is a popular leisure destination, and is surrounded by hills, including Ben Lomond on the eastern shore, which is 974 metres (3,196 ft) in height, and the most southerly of the Scottish Munro peaks. A 2005 poll of Radio Times readers voted Loch Lomond as the sixth greatest natural wonder in Britain.
The Trossachs are an area of wooded hills, glens and lochs that lie to the east of Loch Lomond. The name was originally applied only to a small woodland glen that lies at the centre of the area, but is now generally applied to the wider region. They have long been visited by tourists due to the relative proximity of major population centres such as Glasgow and Stirling, and the area remains popular with walkers, cyclists and tourists. The wooded hills and lochs of the area may be considered to represent a microcosm of a typical highland landscape, and the woodlands are an important habitat for many species.
Much of the Trossachs area is protected by various different conservation designations, including the "Great Trossachs Forest" national nature reserve.
Breadalbane refers to the northern part of the park, including the villages of Crianlarich and Tyndrum. The area consists of the steep hills and mountains of the southern highlands, and includes Ben More, the highest mountain in the national park. Breadalbane formed one of the traditional provinces of Scotland, and traditionally comprised the watershed of Loch Tay (i.e. Glen Dochart, Glen Lochay, and the banks of Loch Tay itself), thus extending well beyond the boundaries of the national park.
The westernmost part of the park comprises the eastern side of the Cowal peninsula, which is separated from the rest of the park by Loch Long. Much of the peninsula is covered by the Argyll Forest Park, which is managed by Forestry and Land Scotland. The Arrochar Alps, a popular location for hillwalking and climbing, lie at the northern edge of Cowal, overlooking Loch Lomond.
Several major transport routes pass through the park, including the A82 road between Glasgow and Fort William, which follows the western shore of Loch Lomond, continuing north via Strath Fillan to bypass the village of Crianlarich and pass through Tyndrum. The A85 road from Edinburgh passes to the east of the Trossachs and through the Breadalbane area of the park, meeting the A82 at Crianlarich. The only railway in the national park is the West Highland Line, which follows the eastern shore of Loch Long as far as Arrochar, and thence runs close to the A82 as far as Tyndrum.
Formation of the national park
Many countries have established national parks on the basis of setting aside areas of wilderness; Scotland however, lacks any such areas, as thousands of years of human activity have altered the landscape. Human settlement and activity, including agriculture, historical deforestation, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and extensive 20th century afforestation with introduced tree species (particularly conifers) have resulted in landscapes which are best described as semi-natural.
Despite the lack of true "wilderness" the idea that areas of Scotland having wild or remote character should be designated to protect the environment and encourage public access grew in popularity throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the Second World War, a committee was established to consider the issue of national parks in Scotland. The report, published in 1945, proposed national parks in five areas, one of which was Loch Lomond and The Trossachs. The government designated these five areas as "National Park Direction Areas", giving powers for planning decisions taken by local authorities to be reviewed by central government, however the areas were not given full national park status. In 1981 the direction areas were replaced by national scenic areas, of which there are now 40. In 1990 the Countryside Commission for Scotland (CCS) produced a report into protection of the landscape of Scotland, which recommended that four areas were under such pressure that they ought to be designated as national parks, each with an independent planning board, in order to retain their heritage value. The four areas identified were similar to those proposed in 1945, and thus again included Loch Lomond and The Trossachs.
Despite this long history of recommendations that national parks be established in Scotland, no action was taken until the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park was designated as such under the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, which was one of the first pieces of legislation to be passed by the Parliament. The park was formally established on 1 July 2002.
Wildlife and conservation
Remnants of the Caledonian forest in Glen Falloch.
Over 200 species of birds and over 25% of all the species of plants known to occur in Britain have been recorded in the national park. The park is home to many of the species most associated with the Scottish highlands, including capercaillie, red deer, red squirrel, Scottish wildcat, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, black grouse, buzzard and osprey. Beavers are also now present in the park, with signs of beaver activity being observed on Loch Achray in the Trossachs during a survey undertaken over the winter of 2017–18; the beavers are assumed to have spread there from the existing population on the River Tay. A colony of wallabies has lived on Inchconnachan, an island in Loch Lomond, since 1940.
Many different habitats are present in the park, including large areas of woodland, which covers approximately 30% of the park. Around 22.5% is covered commercial conifer plantations, whilst native woodlands cover 7.5%. Native woodland in the park includes area of Atlantic oakwoods, Caledonian pinewoods, and areas of wet woodland. Higher up there are important upland habitats such as heathland, blanket bog and willow scrub. The park has 22 large lochs and 50 rivers and larger burns, along with numerous smaller lochs, lochans and burns. These waters support fish species such as salmon, trout, Arctic charr, powan and river, brook and sea lampreys.
The park also includes 63 kilometres (39 mi) of coastline around three sea lochs: Loch Long, Loch Goil and the Holy Loch. This coastline consists of many rocky shores, cliffs, and areas of salt marsh and mudflats. The coastal habitat is rich in marine invertebrates, and supports a range of waders and seabirds. Marine wildlife such as harbour seals and porpoises can be found further offshore.
Conservation designations
The national park is classified as a Category v protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
In total 67 sites within the park hold some form of conservation designation for their natural heritage value, including 8 Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and 2 Special Protection Areas (SPA). Two of Scotland's national scenic areas - Loch Lomond NSA and the Trossachs NSA - are wholly within the national park, and the westernmost part of the River Earn (Comrie to St Fillans) NSA also lies within the park's boundaries. Additionally, there are two forest parks (Queen Elizabeth Forest Park and Argyll Forest Park) and two national nature reserves (NNR) (Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve and The Great Trossachs Forest National Nature Reserve) within the National Park. The Loch Lomond NNR is managed by a partnership of the National Park Authority, RSPB Scotland and NatureScot, whilst The Great Trossachs Forest is managed by a partnership of Forestry and Land Scotland, RSPB Scotland and Woodland Trust Scotland.
Recreation and tourism
The Cobbler, one of the most popular hillwalking venues in the park.
The area has long been popular with tourists, with the Trossachs being one of the first parts of Scotland to become a recognised tourist destination due to its position on the southern edge of the Highlands and to the quality of the scenery, which may be considered to represent a microcosm of a typical Highland landscape. Loch Lomond was also a popular destination for early travellers, such that when James Boswell and Samuel Johnson visited on the return from their tour of the Western Isles in 1773, the area was already firmly enough established as a destination for Boswell to note that it would be unnecessary to attempt any description.
In 2017 there were 2.9 million visits to the park, of which 2.1 million were day visits and 783,000 were made by visitors staying overnight within the park. Beauty spots include the Falls of Dochart, the viewpoint at the Rest and be thankful, and Inchcailloch island in Loch Lomond. There is a national park visitor centre in Balloch at the southern end of Loch Lomond, called Loch Lomond Shores, which includes a visitor information centre at the most popular gateway to the park, as well as an aquarium, shops and restaurants.
Loch Lomond is one of Scotland's premier boating and watersports venues, with visitors enjoying activities including kayaking, Canadian canoeing, paddle boarding, wake boarding, water skiing and wake surfing. The national park authority has tried to achieve a balance between land-based tourists and loch users, with environmentally sensitive areas subject to a strictly enforced 11 km/h (5.9 kn; 6.8 mph) speed limit, but the rest of the loch open to speeds of up to 90 km/h (49 kn; 56 mph). Cruises on the loch can be taken from Tarbet, Inversnaid, Luss and Rowardennan, and on Loch Katrine in the Trossachs visitors can travel on the historic steamship SS Sir Walter Scott (launched in 1899).
The park is popular with walkers, with routes ranging from easy family strolls through to hillwalking on the park's highest summits. Popular summits include Ben Lomond in Dunbartonshire and The Cobbler in the Arrochar Alps. The West Highland Way, Scotland's first officially designated long-distance footpath, passes through the park, following the eastern shore of Loch Lomond and passing close to Crianlarich. In addition to the West Highland Way five more of Scotland's Great Trails pass through sections of the park, including the Loch Lomond and Cowal Way, the Three Lochs Way and the Great Trossachs Path.
As with all land and inland water in Scotland there is a right of responsible access to the land, lochs and rivers of the park for those wishing to participate in recreational pursuits such as walking, camping, swimming and canoeing. In 2017 the national park authority introduced byelaws restricting the right to camp along much of the shoreline of Loch Lomond, due to issues such as litter and anti-social behaviour that were blamed on some irresponsible campers. The byelaws were opposed by groups such as Mountaineering Scotland and Ramblers Scotland, who argued that they would criminalise camping even where it was carried out responsibly, and that the national park authority already had sufficient powers to address irresponsible behaviour using existing laws. The restrictions have since been extended to cover a number of other parts of the park, including land around most of the major lochs. In these areas camping is now restricted to designated sites, and campers are required to purchase a permit to camp within these areas between March and October.
Administration
Visitor centre in Balmaha, showing the national park authority's logo.
The national park is administered by a national park authority, which is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government. Under the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, national parks in Scotland have four aims:
To conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area
To promote sustainable use of the natural resources of the area
To promote understanding and enjoyment (including enjoyment in the form of recreation) of the special qualities of the area by the public
To promote sustainable economic and social development of the area's communities
The aims are slightly broader than the duties and purposes set out for English and Welsh national parks under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 and amending legislation. The general purpose of the national park authority, as defined in the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, is to ensure that these aims are "collectively achieved ...in a coordinated way". Although the four aims have equal status, in accordance with the Sandford Principle, the first aim (conservation and enhancement of the natural and cultural heritage) is to be given greater weight when it appears to the park authority that there is irreconcilable conflict with the other aims.
The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority is a full planning authority, exercising powers that would otherwise be exercised by local authorities, and also takes responsibility for managing access to the countryside that elsewhere falls to local authorities. Aside from the planning and access function, the national parks authority has considerable flexibility as to how the four aims are achieved. It can, for example, acquire land, make byelaws and management agreements, provide grants, offer advice, and undertake or commission research. The authority is headquartered in Balloch, at the southern end of Loch Lomond.
The national park authority is run by a board, consisting of 17 members. Five members are elected by the community and twelve are appointed by the Scottish Government, of whom six are nominated by the Local Authorities. The board meets in public at least three times a year.
Towns and villages within the park
Lochgoilhead in Cowal.
As of the 2011 census the population of the national park was 15,168.
Council area
Towns and villages
Stirling
Aberfoyle, Balmaha, Brig o' Turk, Callander, Crianlarich, Croftamie, Drymen, Inversnaid, Killin, Lochearnhead, Port of Menteith, Tyndrum, Strathyre, Balquhidder, Kilmahog, Gartmore, Inchmahome (Island of Lake of Menteith)
West Dunbartonshire
Balloch, Croftamie, Gartocharn
Perth and Kinross
St Fillans
Argyll and Bute
Ardentinny, Ardlui, Arrochar, Blairmore, Carrick Castle (village), Glenbranter, Kilmun, Lochgoilhead, Luss, Tarbet, Succoth, Strone, Whistlefield.
Munros within the Park
Ben More is the highest peak in the national park.
There are 21 Munros (mountains over 3,000 feet (914 m)) in the National Park, of which 16 are within the Breadalbane section of the park. Ben Lomond is the most frequently climbed mountain in Scotland. A list of Munros within the park and the closest village is given below:
Ben More (1,174 m; 3,852 ft), Crianlarich
Stob Binnein (1,165 m; 3,822 ft), Crianlarich
Ben Lui (1,130 m; 3,707 ft), Tyndrum
Cruach Ardrain (1,046 m; 3,432 ft), Crianlarich
Ben Oss (1,029 m; 3,376 ft), Tyndrum
Ben Challum (1,025 m; 3,363 ft), Tyndrum
Beinn Ime (1,011 m; 3,317 ft), Arrochar
An Caisteal (995 m; 3,264 ft), Crianlarich
Ben Vorlich (985 m; 3,232 ft), Lochearnhead
Beinn Dubhchraig (978 m; 3,209 ft), Tyndrum
Stuc a' Chroin (975 m; 3,199 ft), Lochearnhead
Ben Lomond (974 m; 3,196 ft), Balmaha
Meall Glas (959 m; 3,146 ft), Crianlarich
Beinn Tulaichean (945 m; 3,100 ft), Crianlarich
Ben Vorlich (943 m; 3,094 ft), Ardlui
Beinn a' Chroin (940 m; 3,084 ft), Crianlarich
Beinn Chabhair (933 m; 3,061 ft), Ardlui
Beinn Narnain (926 m; 3,038 ft), Arrochar
Sgiath Chuil (921 m; 3,022 ft), Crianlarich
Beinn a' Chleibh (916 m; 3,005 ft), Tyndrum
Ben Vane (915 m; 3,002 ft), Ardlui
See also
National parks of Scotland
Tourism in Scotland
Geology of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park
References
Citations
^ a b c d "Key Facts". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ a b "National park 'goes live'". BBC News. 8 July 2002.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 55.
^ a b Tom Weir (1980). The Scottish Lochs. Constable and Company. pp. 33–43. ISBN 0-09-463270-7.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b Global Tourism Solutions (UK) Ltd (11 January 2019). "Tourism Economic Impact 2017" (PDF). Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Explore by map". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ Peter Matthews, ed. (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1995. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-85112-736-1.
^ Worsley, Harry (1988). Loch Lomond: The Loch, the Lairds and the Legends. Glasgow: Lindsay Publications. ISBN 978-1-898169-34-5.
^ a b "Loch Lomond". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ a b c Ordnance Survey 1:50000 Landranger Map. Sheet 56. Loch Lomond and Inverary.
^ "Caves win 'natural wonder' vote" BBC.co.uk Retrieved 10 December 2006.
^ a b c D. Bennet (ed.) The Southern Highlands. Scottish Mountaineering Club District Guides - Scottish Mountaineering Trust. 2nd edition (August 1986). pp. 47-49.
^ "Strath Gartney, Achray and Loch Ard Forest: Special qualities of the Trossachs" (PDF). Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. 2006. pp. 130–131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Sitelink - Map Search". Scottish Natural Heritage. 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ SNH Commissioned Report 376: The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. p. 26.
^ "Argyll Forest Park". Forestry Commission Scotland. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Arrochar Alps and Crianlarich". WalkHighlands. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Ordnance Survey 1:50000 Landranger Map. Sheet 50. Glen Orchy & Loch Etive.
^ "Wildness in Scotland's Countryside" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ a b "History Leading to the Cairngorms National Park". Cairngorms National Park Authority. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Brief History of National Parks Proposals". SNH. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "National Scenic Areas". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Unfinished Business a national parks strategy for scotland" (PDF). Scottish Campaign for National Parks. March 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Wildlife & Nature in and around the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park". Visit Loch Lomond. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "SNH Research Report 1013 - Survey of the Tayside area beaver population 2017-2018" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2018. p. iii. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "About Loch Lomond". Visitscotland. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ "Trees and Woodland Strategy" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. April 2019. p. 5. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 24.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 31.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 35.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 44.
^ "Loch Lomond and The Trossachs in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Protected Planet. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Where are we now?". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ Wild Park 2020. p. 162.
^ SNH Commissioned Report 376: The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. p. 1.
^ "Search by A-Z". Scotland's National Nature Reserves. NatureScot. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ S. Johnson & J. Boswell (ed. R. Black). To the Hebrides: "Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland" and "Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides", p. 423. Published by Birlinn, 2007.
^ "Loch Lomond Shores". Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Loch Lomond Byelaws 2013" (PDF). Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ "Cruise Loch Lomond". Cruise Loch Lomond. 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Loch Katrine - Loch Cruises". Steamship Sir Walter Scott Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Loch Lomond and The Trossachs". WalkHighlands. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "West Highland Way". Scotland's Great Trails. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Long distance walking routes". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Scotland's Great Trails: the official guide". Scotland's Great Trails. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Scottish Outdoor Access Code" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ "Loch Lomond camping byelaws come into force". Mountaineering Scotland. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Camping in the National Park" (PDF). Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ "Camping and Motorhome Byelaw Q&As". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Executive non-departmental public bodies". Scottish Government. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ a b "National Park". Scottish Natural Heritage. 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Future National Parks in Scotland: Possible Governance Models" (PDF). Scottish Campaign for National Parks. August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^ "A National Park in Galloway? A Discussion Paper" (PDF). Galloway National Park Association. October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ a b "Our Board & Committees". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
"Wild Park 2020 - Our Biodiversity Action Plan" (PDF). Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. July 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
"SNH Commissioned Report 376: The Special Landscape Qualities of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.
Official website
Argyll Forest Park - Forestry and Land Scotland
vteNational parks of the United KingdomEngland
Peak District (1951)
Lake District (1951)
Dartmoor (1951)
North York Moors (1952)
Yorkshire Dales (1954)
Exmoor (1954)
Northumberland (1956)
The Broads‡ (1988)
New Forest (2005)
South Downs (2010)
South Pennines Regional Park†
Northern Ireland
Mourne Mountains†
Scotland
Loch Lomond and The Trossachs (2002)
Cairngorms (2003)
Wales
Snowdonia (Eryri; 1951)
Pembrokeshire Coast (1952)
Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog; 1957)
North East Wales†
Parentheses denote year of establishment as a National Park. An area with ‡ has similar status to a UK National Park. Areas marked † are proposed.
vteExecutive non-departmental public bodies of the Scottish Government
Accounts Commission for Scotland
Architecture and Design Scotland
Bòrd na Gàidhlig
Cairngorms National Park Authority
Care Inspectorate
Children's Hearings Scotland
Community Justice Scotland
Creative Scotland
Crofting Commission
David MacBrayne Ltd
Ferguson Marine (Port Glasgow) Ltd
Highlands and Islands Airports Ltd
Highlands and Islands Enterprise
Historic Environment Scotland
Independent Living Fund Scotland
The Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority
National Galleries Scotland
National Library of Scotland
National Museums Scotland
NatureScot
Police Investigations and Review Commissioner
Quality Meat Scotland
Redress Scotland
Risk Management Authority
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Scottish Agricultural Wages Board
Scottish Canals
Scottish Children's Reporter Administration
Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission
Scottish Enterprise
Scottish Environment Protection Agency
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Futures Trust
Scottish Land Commission
Scottish Legal Aid Board
Scottish Legal Complaints Commission
Scottish National Investment Bank
Scottish Qualifications Authority
Scottish Rail Holdings
Scottish Social Services Council
Skills Development Scotland
South of Scotland Enterprise
sportscotland
VisitScotland
Water Industry Commission for Scotland
Portal: Scotland
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Trossachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trossachs"},{"link_name":"two national parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-establish-2"},{"link_name":"Cairngorms National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairngorms_National_Park"},{"link_name":"highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Munros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munro"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Ben Lui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lui"},{"link_name":"Beinn Challuim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Challuim"},{"link_name":"Ben More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_More_(Crianlarich)"},{"link_name":"Ben Vorlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vorlich_(Loch_Lomond)"},{"link_name":"Corbetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_lists_in_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Highland Boundary Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Inchmurrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchmurrin"},{"link_name":"Creinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creinch"},{"link_name":"Torrinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrinch"},{"link_name":"Inchcailloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchcailloch"},{"link_name":"Conic Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-4"},{"link_name":"Central Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Belt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitors-6"}],"text":"National park in ScotlandLoch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park (Scottish Gaelic: Pàirc Nàiseanta Loch Laomainn is nan Tròisichean) is a national park in Scotland centred on Loch Lomond and the hills and glens of the Trossachs, along with several other ranges of hills. It was the first of the two national parks established by the Scottish Parliament in 2002,[2] the second being the Cairngorms National Park. The park extends to cover much of the western part of the southern highlands, lying to the north of the Glasgow conurbation, and contains many mountains and lochs. It is the fourth-largest national park in the British Isles, with a total area of 1,865 km2 (720 sq mi) and a boundary of some 350 km (220 mi) in length. It features 21 Munros (including Ben Lomond, Ben Lui, Beinn Challuim, Ben More and two peaks called Ben Vorlich) and 20 Corbetts.The park straddles the Highland Boundary Fault, which divides it into two distinct regions - lowland and highland - that differ in underlying geology, soil types and topography.[3] The change in rock type can most clearly be seen at Loch Lomond itself, as the fault runs across the islands of Inchmurrin, Creinch, Torrinch and Inchcailloch and over the ridge of Conic Hill. To the south lie green fields and cultivated land; to the north, mountains.[4]The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park lies close to Scotland's heavily populated Central Belt, and the area has long been popular with visitors. Principal attractions are viewing scenery and wildlife, walking, climbing, water sports, and other outdoor activities.[5] In 2017, there were 2.9 million visits to the park, of which 2.1 million were day visits and 783,000 were made by visitors staying overnight within the park.[6]","title":"Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loch_Lomond_from_the_slopes_of_Ben_Lomond.jpg"},{"link_name":"highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Breadalbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadalbane,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-areas-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weir-4"},{"link_name":"Inchmurrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchmurrin"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worsley-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theloch-10"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheet56-11"},{"link_name":"Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munro"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMC-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMC-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qualities-14"},{"link_name":"conservation designations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"national nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sitelink-15"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Ben More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_More_(Crianlarich)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key-facts-1"},{"link_name":"traditional provinces of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"Loch Tay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Tay"},{"link_name":"Glen Dochart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Dochart"},{"link_name":"Glen Lochay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Lochay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowal"},{"link_name":"Loch Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Long"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheet56-11"},{"link_name":"Argyll Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"Forestry and Land Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_and_Land_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Arrochar Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrochar_Alps"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"A82 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A82_road"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Fort William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Highland"},{"link_name":"Strath Fillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strath_Fillan"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"A85 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A85_road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"West Highland Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Line"},{"link_name":"Arrochar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrochar,_Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheet56-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheet50-19"}],"text":"Loch Lomond, viewed from the slopes of Ben Lomond.The national park extends to cover much of the western part of the southern highlands, lying to the north of the Glasgow conurbation. The park authority defines the park as being split into four sections: Breadalbane, Loch Lomond, The Trossachs, and Cowal.[7]The park is centred on Loch Lomond, the largest lake in Great Britain by surface area,[8] with a surface area of 71 km2 (27.5 sq mi).[4] The loch contains many islands, including Inchmurrin, the largest fresh-water island in the British Isles.[9] It is a popular leisure destination, and is surrounded by hills,[10] including Ben Lomond on the eastern shore, which is 974 metres (3,196 ft) in height,[11] and the most southerly of the Scottish Munro peaks. A 2005 poll of Radio Times readers voted Loch Lomond as the sixth greatest natural wonder in Britain.[12]The Trossachs are an area of wooded hills, glens and lochs that lie to the east of Loch Lomond. The name was originally applied only to a small woodland glen that lies at the centre of the area, but is now generally applied to the wider region. They have long been visited by tourists due to the relative proximity of major population centres such as Glasgow and Stirling, and the area remains popular with walkers, cyclists and tourists.[13] The wooded hills and lochs of the area may be considered to represent a microcosm of a typical highland landscape,[13] and the woodlands are an important habitat for many species.[14]Much of the Trossachs area is protected by various different conservation designations, including the \"Great Trossachs Forest\" national nature reserve.[15]Breadalbane refers to the northern part of the park, including the villages of Crianlarich and Tyndrum. The area consists of the steep hills and mountains of the southern highlands, and includes Ben More,[16] the highest mountain in the national park.[1] Breadalbane formed one of the traditional provinces of Scotland, and traditionally comprised the watershed of Loch Tay (i.e. Glen Dochart, Glen Lochay, and the banks of Loch Tay itself), thus extending well beyond the boundaries of the national park.[citation needed]The westernmost part of the park comprises the eastern side of the Cowal peninsula, which is separated from the rest of the park by Loch Long.[11] Much of the peninsula is covered by the Argyll Forest Park, which is managed by Forestry and Land Scotland.[17] The Arrochar Alps, a popular location for hillwalking and climbing, lie at the northern edge of Cowal, overlooking Loch Lomond.[18]Several major transport routes pass through the park, including the A82 road between Glasgow and Fort William, which follows the western shore of Loch Lomond, continuing north via Strath Fillan to bypass the village of Crianlarich and pass through Tyndrum. The A85 road from Edinburgh passes to the east of the Trossachs and through the Breadalbane area of the park, meeting the A82 at Crianlarich. The only railway in the national park is the West Highland Line, which follows the eastern shore of Loch Long as far as Arrochar, and thence runs close to the A82 as far as Tyndrum.[11][19]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"overgrazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"afforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_species"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildness-20"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairngom-history-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snh-history-22"},{"link_name":"national scenic areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scenic_Area_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Countryside Commission for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside_Commission_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfinished-24"},{"link_name":"establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_(Scotland)_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairngom-history-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-establish-2"}],"text":"Many countries have established national parks on the basis of setting aside areas of wilderness; Scotland however, lacks any such areas, as thousands of years of human activity have altered the landscape. Human settlement and activity, including agriculture, historical deforestation, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and extensive 20th century afforestation with introduced tree species (particularly conifers) have resulted in landscapes which are best described as semi-natural.[20]Despite the lack of true \"wilderness\" the idea that areas of Scotland having wild or remote character should be designated to protect the environment and encourage public access grew in popularity throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the Second World War, a committee was established to consider the issue of national parks in Scotland. The report, published in 1945, proposed national parks in five areas, one of which was Loch Lomond and The Trossachs.[21] The government designated these five areas as \"National Park Direction Areas\", giving powers for planning decisions taken by local authorities to be reviewed by central government, however the areas were not given full national park status.[22] In 1981 the direction areas were replaced by national scenic areas, of which there are now 40.[23] In 1990 the Countryside Commission for Scotland (CCS) produced a report into protection of the landscape of Scotland, which recommended that four areas were under such pressure that they ought to be designated as national parks, each with an independent planning board, in order to retain their heritage value. The four areas identified were similar to those proposed in 1945, and thus again included Loch Lomond and The Trossachs.[24]Despite this long history of recommendations that national parks be established in Scotland, no action was taken until the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park was designated as such under the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, which was one of the first pieces of legislation to be passed by the Parliament.[21] The park was formally established on 1 July 2002.[2]","title":"Formation of the national park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Falloch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1059231.jpg"},{"link_name":"capercaillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_capercaillie"},{"link_name":"red deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer"},{"link_name":"red squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Scottish wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_wildcat"},{"link_name":"golden eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"black grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_grouse"},{"link_name":"buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_buzzard"},{"link_name":"osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_beaver"},{"link_name":"Loch Achray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Achray"},{"link_name":"River Tay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tay"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby"},{"link_name":"Inchconnachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchconnachan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitscotland-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Atlantic oakwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_oakwood"},{"link_name":"Caledonian pinewoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_pinewood"},{"link_name":"wet woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_woodland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath"},{"link_name":"blanket bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_bog"},{"link_name":"willow scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willow_scrub&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"Arctic charr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_charr"},{"link_name":"powan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powan"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_river_lamprey"},{"link_name":"brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_lamprey"},{"link_name":"sea lampreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lamprey"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"sea lochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_loch"},{"link_name":"Loch Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Long"},{"link_name":"Loch Goil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Goil"},{"link_name":"Holy Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Loch"},{"link_name":"waders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wading_birds"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabirds"},{"link_name":"harbour seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_seal"},{"link_name":"porpoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoise"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Remnants of the Caledonian forest in Glen Falloch.Over 200 species of birds and over 25% of all the species of plants known to occur in Britain have been recorded in the national park. The park is home to many of the species most associated with the Scottish highlands, including capercaillie, red deer, red squirrel, Scottish wildcat, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, black grouse, buzzard and osprey.[25] Beavers are also now present in the park, with signs of beaver activity being observed on Loch Achray in the Trossachs during a survey undertaken over the winter of 2017–18; the beavers are assumed to have spread there from the existing population on the River Tay.[26] A colony of wallabies has lived on Inchconnachan, an island in Loch Lomond, since 1940.[27]Many different habitats are present in the park, including large areas of woodland, which covers approximately 30% of the park. Around 22.5% is covered commercial conifer plantations, whilst native woodlands cover 7.5%.[28] Native woodland in the park includes area of Atlantic oakwoods, Caledonian pinewoods, and areas of wet woodland.[29] Higher up there are important upland habitats such as heathland, blanket bog and willow scrub.[30] The park has 22 large lochs and 50 rivers and larger burns, along with numerous smaller lochs, lochans and burns. These waters support fish species such as salmon, trout, Arctic charr, powan and river, brook and sea lampreys.[31]The park also includes 63 kilometres (39 mi) of coastline around three sea lochs: Loch Long, Loch Goil and the Holy Loch. This coastline consists of many rocky shores, cliffs, and areas of salt marsh and mudflats. The coastal habitat is rich in marine invertebrates, and supports a range of waders and seabirds. Marine wildlife such as harbour seals and porpoises can be found further offshore.[32]","title":"Wildlife and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area#IUCN_Protected_Area_Management_Categories"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"conservation designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Special Areas of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"Special Protection Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"national scenic areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scenic_Area_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"River Earn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Earn"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"forest parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_parks_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"Argyll Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"national nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond_National_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"The Great Trossachs Forest National Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trossachs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key-facts-1"},{"link_name":"RSPB Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds"},{"link_name":"NatureScot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureScot"},{"link_name":"Forestry and Land Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_and_Land_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Woodland Trust Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Trust"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nnr-37"}],"sub_title":"Conservation designations","text":"The national park is classified as a Category v protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[33] \nIn total 67 sites within the park hold some form of conservation designation for their natural heritage value,[34] including 8 Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and 2 Special Protection Areas (SPA).[35] Two of Scotland's national scenic areas - Loch Lomond NSA and the Trossachs NSA - are wholly within the national park, and the westernmost part of the River Earn (Comrie to St Fillans) NSA also lies within the park's boundaries.[36] Additionally, there are two forest parks (Queen Elizabeth Forest Park and Argyll Forest Park) and two national nature reserves (NNR) (Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve and The Great Trossachs Forest National Nature Reserve) within the National Park.[1] The Loch Lomond NNR is managed by a partnership of the National Park Authority, RSPB Scotland and NatureScot, whilst The Great Trossachs Forest is managed by a partnership of Forestry and Land Scotland, RSPB Scotland and Woodland Trust Scotland.[37]","title":"Wildlife and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cobbler_February_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_highlands"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMC-13"},{"link_name":"James Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"tour of the Western Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Journey_to_the_Western_Islands_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boswell-38"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitors-6"},{"link_name":"Falls of Dochart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_of_Dochart"},{"link_name":"Rest and be thankful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_and_be_thankful"},{"link_name":"Inchcailloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchcailloch"},{"link_name":"Balloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloch,_West_Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak"},{"link_name":"Canadian canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_canoe"},{"link_name":"paddle boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_board"},{"link_name":"wake boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_boarding"},{"link_name":"water skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing"},{"link_name":"wake surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_surfing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theloch-10"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Tarbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbet,_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Inversnaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversnaid"},{"link_name":"Luss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luss"},{"link_name":"Rowardennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowardennan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Loch Katrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Katrine"},{"link_name":"SS Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katrine1-42"},{"link_name":"hillwalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillwalking"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"The Cobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cobbler"},{"link_name":"Arrochar Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrochar_Alps"},{"link_name":"West Highland Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Way"},{"link_name":"long-distance footpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_footpaths_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgt-whw-44"},{"link_name":"Scotland's Great Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland%27s_Great_Trails"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond and Cowal Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond_and_Cowal_Way"},{"link_name":"Three Lochs Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Lochs_Way"},{"link_name":"Great Trossachs Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Trossachs_Path"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgt-46"},{"link_name":"right of responsible access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_to_roam"},{"link_name":"walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming"},{"link_name":"canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"byelaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelaw"},{"link_name":"Mountaineering Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ramblers Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramblers"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The Cobbler, one of the most popular hillwalking venues in the park.The area has long been popular with tourists, with the Trossachs being one of the first parts of Scotland to become a recognised tourist destination due to its position on the southern edge of the Highlands and to the quality of the scenery, which may be considered to represent a microcosm of a typical Highland landscape.[13] Loch Lomond was also a popular destination for early travellers, such that when James Boswell and Samuel Johnson visited on the return from their tour of the Western Isles in 1773, the area was already firmly enough established as a destination for Boswell to note that it would be unnecessary to attempt any description.[38]In 2017 there were 2.9 million visits to the park, of which 2.1 million were day visits and 783,000 were made by visitors staying overnight within the park.[6] Beauty spots include the Falls of Dochart, the viewpoint at the Rest and be thankful, and Inchcailloch island in Loch Lomond. There is a national park visitor centre in Balloch at the southern end of Loch Lomond, called Loch Lomond Shores, which includes a visitor information centre at the most popular gateway to the park, as well as an aquarium, shops and restaurants.[39]Loch Lomond is one of Scotland's premier boating and watersports venues, with visitors enjoying activities including kayaking, Canadian canoeing, paddle boarding, wake boarding, water skiing and wake surfing.[10] The national park authority has tried to achieve a balance between land-based tourists and loch users, with environmentally sensitive areas subject to a strictly enforced 11 km/h (5.9 kn; 6.8 mph) speed limit, but the rest of the loch open to speeds of up to 90 km/h (49 kn; 56 mph).[40] Cruises on the loch can be taken from Tarbet, Inversnaid, Luss and Rowardennan,[41] and on Loch Katrine in the Trossachs visitors can travel on the historic steamship SS Sir Walter Scott (launched in 1899).[42]The park is popular with walkers, with routes ranging from easy family strolls through to hillwalking on the park's highest summits.[43] Popular summits include Ben Lomond in Dunbartonshire and The Cobbler in the Arrochar Alps. The West Highland Way, Scotland's first officially designated long-distance footpath,[44] passes through the park, following the eastern shore of Loch Lomond and passing close to Crianlarich. In addition to the West Highland Way five more of Scotland's Great Trails pass through sections of the park,[45] including the Loch Lomond and Cowal Way, the Three Lochs Way and the Great Trossachs Path.[46]As with all land and inland water in Scotland there is a right of responsible access to the land, lochs and rivers of the park for those wishing to participate in recreational pursuits such as walking, camping, swimming and canoeing.[47] In 2017 the national park authority introduced byelaws restricting the right to camp along much of the shoreline of Loch Lomond, due to issues such as litter and anti-social behaviour that were blamed on some irresponsible campers. The byelaws were opposed by groups such as Mountaineering Scotland and Ramblers Scotland, who argued that they would criminalise camping even where it was carried out responsibly, and that the national park authority already had sufficient powers to address irresponsible behaviour using existing laws.[48] The restrictions have since been extended to cover a number of other parts of the park, including land around most of the major lochs.[49] In these areas camping is now restricted to designated sites, and campers are required to purchase a permit to camp within these areas between March and October.[50]","title":"Recreation and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loch_Lomond_Visitor_Centre_Scotland_12295657126_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"national park authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park_authority"},{"link_name":"executive non-departmental public body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bodies_of_the_Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_(Scotland)_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snh-52"},{"link_name":"sustainable use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_use"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources"},{"link_name":"sustainable economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_economic_development"},{"link_name":"National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act_1949"},{"link_name":"Sandford Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandford_Principle"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snh-52"},{"link_name":"local authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govern-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galloway-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-55"}],"text":"Visitor centre in Balmaha, showing the national park authority's logo.The national park is administered by a national park authority, which is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government.[51] Under the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, national parks in Scotland have four aims:[52]To conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area\nTo promote sustainable use of the natural resources of the area\nTo promote understanding and enjoyment (including enjoyment in the form of recreation) of the special qualities of the area by the public\nTo promote sustainable economic and social development of the area's communitiesThe aims are slightly broader than the duties and purposes set out for English and Welsh national parks under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 and amending legislation. The general purpose of the national park authority, as defined in the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, is to ensure that these aims are \"collectively achieved ...in a coordinated way\". Although the four aims have equal status, in accordance with the Sandford Principle, the first aim (conservation and enhancement of the natural and cultural heritage) is to be given greater weight when it appears to the park authority that there is irreconcilable conflict with the other aims.[52]The Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority is a full planning authority, exercising powers that would otherwise be exercised by local authorities,[53] and also takes responsibility for managing access to the countryside that elsewhere falls to local authorities. Aside from the planning and access function, the national parks authority has considerable flexibility as to how the four aims are achieved. It can, for example, acquire land, make byelaws and management agreements, provide grants, offer advice, and undertake or commission research.[54] The authority is headquartered in Balloch, at the southern end of Loch Lomond.[55]The national park authority is run by a board, consisting of 17 members. Five members are elected by the community and twelve are appointed by the Scottish Government, of whom six are nominated by the Local Authorities. The board meets in public at least three times a year.[55]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lochgoilhead.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-key-facts-1"}],"text":"Lochgoilhead in Cowal.As of the 2011 census the population of the national park was 15,168.[1]","title":"Towns and villages within the park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_More_from_Stob_Binnein_(17223032816).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ben More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_More_(Crianlarich)"},{"link_name":"Munros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munro"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ben More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_More_(Crianlarich)"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Stob Binnein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stob_Binnein"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Ben Lui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lui"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Cruach Ardrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruach_Ardrain"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Ben Oss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Oss"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Ben Challum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Challum"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Beinn Ime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Ime"},{"link_name":"Arrochar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrochar,_Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"An Caisteal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caisteal"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Ben Vorlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vorlich,_Loch_Earn"},{"link_name":"Lochearnhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochearnhead"},{"link_name":"Beinn Dubhchraig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Dubhchraig"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Stuc a' Chroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuc_a%27_Chroin"},{"link_name":"Lochearnhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochearnhead"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Balmaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmaha"},{"link_name":"Meall Glas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meall_Glas"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Beinn Tulaichean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Tulaichean"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Ben Vorlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vorlich,_Loch_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Ardlui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardlui"},{"link_name":"Beinn a' Chroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_a%27_Chroin"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Beinn Chabhair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Chabhair"},{"link_name":"Ardlui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardlui"},{"link_name":"Beinn Narnain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Narnain"},{"link_name":"Arrochar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrochar,_Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Sgiath Chuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgiath_Chuil"},{"link_name":"Crianlarich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianlarich"},{"link_name":"Beinn a' Chleibh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_a%27_Chleibh"},{"link_name":"Tyndrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndrum"},{"link_name":"Ben Vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vane"},{"link_name":"Ardlui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardlui"}],"text":"Ben More is the highest peak in the national park.There are 21 Munros (mountains over 3,000 feet (914 m)) in the National Park, of which 16 are within the Breadalbane section of the park. Ben Lomond is the most frequently climbed mountain in Scotland.[citation needed] A list of Munros within the park and the closest village is given below:Ben More (1,174 m; 3,852 ft), Crianlarich\nStob Binnein (1,165 m; 3,822 ft), Crianlarich\nBen Lui (1,130 m; 3,707 ft), Tyndrum\nCruach Ardrain (1,046 m; 3,432 ft), Crianlarich\nBen Oss (1,029 m; 3,376 ft), Tyndrum\nBen Challum (1,025 m; 3,363 ft), Tyndrum\nBeinn Ime (1,011 m; 3,317 ft), Arrochar\nAn Caisteal (995 m; 3,264 ft), Crianlarich\nBen Vorlich (985 m; 3,232 ft), Lochearnhead\nBeinn Dubhchraig (978 m; 3,209 ft), Tyndrum\nStuc a' Chroin (975 m; 3,199 ft), Lochearnhead\nBen Lomond (974 m; 3,196 ft), Balmaha\nMeall Glas (959 m; 3,146 ft), Crianlarich\nBeinn Tulaichean (945 m; 3,100 ft), Crianlarich\nBen Vorlich (943 m; 3,094 ft), Ardlui\nBeinn a' Chroin (940 m; 3,084 ft), Crianlarich\nBeinn Chabhair (933 m; 3,061 ft), Ardlui\nBeinn Narnain (926 m; 3,038 ft), Arrochar\nSgiath Chuil (921 m; 3,022 ft), Crianlarich\nBeinn a' Chleibh (916 m; 3,005 ft), Tyndrum\nBen Vane (915 m; 3,002 ft), Ardlui","title":"Munros within the Park"}] | [{"image_text":"Loch Lomond, viewed from the slopes of Ben Lomond.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Loch_Lomond_from_the_slopes_of_Ben_Lomond.jpg/220px-Loch_Lomond_from_the_slopes_of_Ben_Lomond.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remnants of the Caledonian forest in Glen Falloch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Glen_Falloch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1059231.jpg/220px-Glen_Falloch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1059231.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cobbler, one of the most popular hillwalking venues in the park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Cobbler_February_2019.jpg/220px-The_Cobbler_February_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visitor centre in Balmaha, showing the national park authority's logo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Loch_Lomond_Visitor_Centre_Scotland_12295657126_o.jpg/220px-Loch_Lomond_Visitor_Centre_Scotland_12295657126_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lochgoilhead in Cowal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lochgoilhead.jpg/220px-Lochgoilhead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ben More is the highest peak in the national park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ben_More_from_Stob_Binnein_%2817223032816%29.jpg/220px-Ben_More_from_Stob_Binnein_%2817223032816%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"National parks of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Tourism in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland"},{"title":"Geology of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Loch_Lomond_and_The_Trossachs_National_Park"}] | [{"reference":"\"Key Facts\". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/discover-the-park/key-facts/","url_text":"\"Key Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"National park 'goes live'\". BBC News. 8 July 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2110640.stm","url_text":"\"National park 'goes live'\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Weir (1980). The Scottish Lochs. Constable and Company. pp. 33–43. ISBN 0-09-463270-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Weir","url_text":"Tom Weir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-463270-7","url_text":"0-09-463270-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614215203/https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/rr-content/uploads/2016/07/Downloadable-map-of-Loch-Lomond-and-the-Trossachs-National-Park.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/rr-content/uploads/2016/07/Downloadable-map-of-Loch-Lomond-and-the-Trossachs-National-Park.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Global Tourism Solutions (UK) Ltd (11 January 2019). \"Tourism Economic Impact 2017\" (PDF). Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/rr-content/uploads/2019/01/LLTNP-2017-Narrative.pdf","url_text":"\"Tourism Economic Impact 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore by map\". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/explore-by-map/","url_text":"\"Explore by map\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Matthews, ed. (1994). The Guinness Book of Records 1995. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-85112-736-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newguinnessbooko00pete/page/17","url_text":"The Guinness Book of Records 1995"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newguinnessbooko00pete/page/17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-736-1","url_text":"978-0-85112-736-1"}]},{"reference":"Worsley, Harry (1988). Loch Lomond: The Loch, the Lairds and the Legends. Glasgow: Lindsay Publications. ISBN 978-1-898169-34-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898169-34-5","url_text":"978-1-898169-34-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Loch Lomond\". Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/things-to-see/lochs-in-the-national-park/loch-lomond/","url_text":"\"Loch Lomond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strath Gartney, Achray and Loch Ard Forest: Special qualities of the Trossachs\" (PDF). Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority. 2006. pp. 130–131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124959/http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/rr-content/uploads/2018/01/Ch7_SQ_low.pdf","url_text":"\"Strath Gartney, Achray and Loch Ard Forest: Special qualities of the Trossachs\""},{"url":"http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/rr-content/uploads/2018/01/Ch7_SQ_low.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sitelink - Map Search\". Scottish Natural Heritage. 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://gateway.snh.gov.uk/sitelink/index.jsp","url_text":"\"Sitelink - Map Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argyll Forest Park\". Forestry Commission Scotland. Retrieved 11 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/forest-parks/argyll-forest-park","url_text":"\"Argyll Forest Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrochar Alps and Crianlarich\". WalkHighlands. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/lochlomond/arrochar.shtml","url_text":"\"Arrochar Alps and Crianlarich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildness in Scotland's Countryside\" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-06/A150654%20-%20policy%20statement%200203-%20wildness%20in%20Scotland%27s%20countryside%20-%202003.pdf","url_text":"\"Wildness in Scotland's Countryside\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Leading to the Cairngorms National Park\". Cairngorms National Park Authority. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185119/http://cairngormslearningzone.co.uk/managing-the-park/the-national-park-family/history-leading-to-the-cairngorms-national-park/","url_text":"\"History Leading to the Cairngorms National Park\""},{"url":"http://cairngormslearningzone.co.uk/managing-the-park/the-national-park-family/history-leading-to-the-cairngorms-national-park/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief History of National Parks Proposals\". SNH. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004435/http://www.snh.org.uk/strategy/natparks/sr-npc02g.asp","url_text":"\"Brief History of National Parks Proposals\""},{"url":"http://www.snh.org.uk/strategy/natparks/sr-npc02g.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Scenic Areas\". Scottish Natural Heritage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Stern_Center_for_Business_and_Human_Rights | NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights | ["1 Background","2 Research","2.1 Technology and democracy","3 Advocacy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°43′44″N 73°59′47″W / 40.728989°N 73.996430°W / 40.728989; -73.996430Academic research and advocacy organization
The NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights is an academic research and advocacy organization at the New York University Stern School of Business founded in March 2013. It is the first center to focus on human rights as an integral part of business education.
The Center is directed by Michael Posner, former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and board chair of the Fair Labor Association and Paul M. Barrett, deputy director of the Center, and a former editor and reporter for Bloomberg Businessweek and The Wall Street Journal.
The Center is a member of the Global Business School Network, an organization of more than 100 business schools in 50 countries, dedicated to investing in and fostering business leadership in the developing world. The network is preparing to publish a curriculum toolkit for business schools to teach human rights as a core part of business education.
Background
The mission of the center is “to challenge and empower companies and future business leaders to make practical progress on human rights.”
The Center conducts academic research and offers courses covering business and human rights topics to undergraduate and MBA students. It also conducts policy advocacy aimed at changing business practices to be more respectful of human rights.
Since 2017, the Center has focused on academic research and reporting around issues of technology and democracy, including online disinformation, social media content moderation policies, and Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act. This initiative is led by Paul M. Barrett, deputy director of the Center and a former reporter for Bloomberg News.
Working with Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights and the Diverse Asset Managers Initiative, the Center convened in 2018 representatives from 13 of the largest college and university endowments in the United States to develop best practices to identify and hire diverse firms, owned by women and minorities to manage university funds. In 2020, in a letter to the president of Harvard University, Rep. Emanuel Cleaver and Rep. Joe Kennedy III called for greater transparency and efforts by the university’s investment office to hire diverse asset managers.
Research
The Center conducts research across business sectors to examine how business practices influence human rights outcomes. The Center’s first major report “Business as Usual is Not an Option” was released in April 2014. The report centered on the garment industry in Bangladesh and was launched on the first anniversary of the Rana Plaza building collapse. Since then the Center conducted more studies of the readymade garment industry in Bangladesh. The Center’s research estimated more than 7,000 factories producing for the export textile market, roughly 2,000 more factories than had been previously estimated. On the fifth anniversary of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Center reported on gaps in the steps taken by those two efforts and the government of Bangladesh, and advocated for “shared responsibility.” The Center provided testimony at a hearing about the Bangladesh RMG industry at the European Parliament. The Center also studied the garment industry in Ethiopia at Hawassa Industrial Park finding that the wages paid to workers there were among the lowest factory wages in the world. Shortly after the Center’s research was released, Ethiopia created a commission to set a minimum wage.
In March 2017, the Center’s Sarah Labowitz and Casey O’Connor released a report, “Putting the ‘S’ in ESG: Measuring Human Rights Performance for Investors,” which found major gaps in companies’ environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) initiatives. The report recommended establishing clearer standards for socially responsible investing.
The Center has studied the treatment of migrant workers in the construction industry in Persian Gulf region including practices like charging workers exorbitant recruitment fees, employers withholding workers’ passports, mandatory overtime and crowded dormitories. This has been an ongoing human rights concern for construction projects such as 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar and NYU’s portal campus New York University Abu Dhabi.
Technology and democracy
“Harmful Content: The Role of Internet Platform Companies in Fighting Terrorist Incitement and Politically Motivated Disinformation,” published in November 2017, called on social media companies to address the problem of disinformation and recommended enhancing company governance, refining algorithms, and introducing more “friction” to users’ experiences. The Center published three reports on online disinformation and its impact on American society and elections: "Combating Russian Disinformation," in July 2018, "Tackling Domestic Disinformation," in March 2019 and "Disinformation and the 2020 Election," in September 2019. In June 2020, the Center published “Who Moderates the Social Media Giants? A Call to End Outsourcing.”
In September 2020, the Center published “Regulating Social Media: The Fight Over Section 230 — and Beyond”, which identifies problems with Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act—the law that regulates social media content moderation in the U.S.—and makes recommendations for amending the law. Namely, the report calls on Congress to keep Section 230 in place, while amending it to make its liability protection contingent on greater transparency and reporting from social media firms. It also recommends establishing a new federal agency to oversee and enforce Section 230 as amended.
In February 2021, the Center published “False Accusation: The Unfounded Claim that Social Media Companies Censor Conservatives,” which found that major social media platforms do not systemically suppress conservatives users’ voices online. On the contrary, it found that conservative users often gain from online platforms’ algorithmic content amplification schemes.
In September 2021, the Center published “Fueling the Fire: How Social Media Intensifies U.S. Political Polarization—And What Can Be Done About It,” which found that major social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube drive partisan political polarization in the United States. It recommends that the social media companies, the Biden administration, and the U.S. Congress take several steps to reverse online-driven polarization.
Advocacy
The Center seeks to increase respect for human rights in different sectors by participating in public debates and convening meetings and events.
See also
Michael Posner
References
^ Elizabeth Rowe (2013-07-26). "NYU's Michael Posner: Bringing Human Rights to B-School - Bloomberg Business". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ "MICHAEL POSNER NAMED CHAIR OF FAIR LABOR ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS". Fair Labor Association. Fair Labor Association. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Team". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
^ "Paul Barrett Former Bloomberg Businessweek Columnist". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
^ "Network". Global Business School Network. Global Business School Network. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ "The NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights Joins GNI". Global Network Initiative. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ "Stern Center Brings Human Rights into Business Education - Poets & Quants for Undergrads Poets & Quants for Undergrads". Poetsandquantsforundergrads.com. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ Bradshaw, Della (2013-07-14). "Stern centre aims to show there is good business in human rights". FT.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ "Technology". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. New York University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Team". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. New York University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ McCauley, Kerin. "The Role of Universities in Addressing Racial and Gender Equity in the Asset Management Industry". Intentional Endowments Network. Intentional Endowments Network. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ McCauley, Kerin (August 18, 2020). "Advancing Equity in the Investment Sector". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Letter" (PDF). Harvard Management Company. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Letter" (PDF). Harvard Management Co. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Report: A Year After Bangladesh Disaster, Retailers Fail To Address Biggest Factory Risks". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ Sarah Butler (24 April 2014). "Bangladesh garment workers still vulnerable a year after Rana Plaza | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ "Disney and Other Big Brands Need to Address the Real Challenges to Outsourcing". The New York Times. 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
^ "Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ Russell, Michelle (April 19, 2018). "On the fifth anniversary of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Center reported on gaps in the steps taken by those two efforts and the government of Bangladesh, and advocated for "shared responsibility."". Just-Style. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ Posner, Michael (February 11, 2020). "How To Move Bangladesh Factory Safety Forward". Forbes. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul; Baumann-Pauly, Dorothee. "Made in Ethiopia: Challenges in the Garment Industry's New Frontier". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ AP (May 7, 2019). "Report: Ethiopia's garment workers are world's lowest paid". CNBC.
^ Astatike, Dawit (May 13, 2019). "Commission to set national minimum wage". Capital. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ O’Connor, Casey; Labowitz-Pauly, Sarah. "Putting the 'S' in ESG: Measuring Human Rights Performance for Investors". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Alina, Dizik (June 24, 2019). "The Difficulty of Measuring a Company's Social Impact". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Frazer, Steven (June 20, 2019). "The ultimate guide to ESG investing". Shares magazine. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Batrawy, Aya (April 16, 2017). "Study: Arab Gulf migrants abused". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. The Associated Press. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Segall, David; Labowitz, Sarah. "Making Workers Pay" (PDF). NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Malo, Sebastien (April 11, 2017). "Millions of migrant Gulf workers forced to pay for right to work: report". Reuters. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Kaminer, Ariel; O’Driscoll, Sean (May 18, 2014). "Workers at N.Y.U.'s Abu Dhabi Site Faced Harsh Conditions". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ "Harmful Content: The Role of Internet Platform Companies in Fighting Terrorist Incitement and Politically Motivated Disinformation". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Grigonis, Hillary K. (February 19, 2018). "Governments are stepping in to regulate social media, but there may be a better way". DigitalTrends. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul; Wadhwa, Tara; Baumann-Pauly, Dorothee. ""Combating Russian Disinformation," dealing with Russian disinformation campaigns;". Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul (March 14, 2019). "The Disinformation Problem Starts at Home". Wired. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul. "Tackling Domestic Disinformation;". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul (March 14, 2019). "The Disinformation Problem Starts at Home". Wired. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul. "Disinformation and the 2020 Election". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Silverstein, Jason (September 3, 2019). "Instagram could be biggest target for disinformation in 2020 election". CBS News. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Zakrzewski, Kat (June 8, 2020). "The Technology 202: NYU report calls social media titans to stop outsourcing content moderation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Barrett, Paul. "Who Moderates the Social Media Giants". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ "Research Highlights | Regulating Social Media: The Fight Over Section 230 — and Beyond - NYU Stern". www.stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
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^ "Claim of anti-conservative bias by social media firms is baseless, report finds". the Guardian. 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
^ "Analysis | The Technology 202: New report calls conservative claims of social media censorship 'a form of disinformation'". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
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External links
Official website
New York University
40°43′44″N 73°59′47″W / 40.728989°N 73.996430°W / 40.728989; -73.996430 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University Stern School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Posner_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Academic research and advocacy organizationThe NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights is an academic research and advocacy organization at the New York University Stern School of Business founded in March 2013. It is the first center to focus on human rights as an integral part of business education.[1]The Center is directed by Michael Posner, former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and board chair of the Fair Labor Association[2] and Paul M. Barrett, deputy director of the Center, and a former editor and reporter for Bloomberg Businessweek and The Wall Street Journal.[3][4]The Center is a member of the Global Business School Network, an organization of more than 100 business schools in 50 countries, dedicated to investing in and fostering business leadership in the developing world.[5] The network is preparing to publish a curriculum toolkit for business schools to teach human rights as a core part of business education.","title":"NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Communications Decency Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Cleaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Cleaver"},{"link_name":"Joe Kennedy III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The mission of the center is “to challenge and empower companies and future business leaders to make practical progress on human rights.”[6]The Center conducts academic research and offers courses covering business and human rights topics to undergraduate and MBA students.[7] It also conducts policy advocacy aimed at changing business practices to be more respectful of human rights.[8]Since 2017, the Center has focused on academic research and reporting around issues of technology and democracy, including online disinformation, social media content moderation policies, and Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act.[9] This initiative is led by Paul M. Barrett, deputy director of the Center and a former reporter for Bloomberg News.[10]Working with Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights and the Diverse Asset Managers Initiative, the Center convened in 2018 representatives from 13 of the largest college and university endowments in the United States to develop best practices to identify and hire diverse firms, owned by women and minorities to manage university funds.[11][12] In 2020, in a letter to the president of Harvard University, Rep. Emanuel Cleaver and Rep. Joe Kennedy III called for greater transparency and efforts by the university’s investment office to hire diverse asset managers.[13][14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rana Plaza building collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//world.time.com/2013/04/24/bangladesh-garment-factory-collapse/"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rana Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hawassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawassa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sarah Labowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Labowitz"},{"link_name":"environmental, social and corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"socially responsible investing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Center conducts research across business sectors to examine how business practices influence human rights outcomes. The Center’s first major report “Business as Usual is Not an Option” was released in April 2014.[15][16] The report centered on the garment industry in Bangladesh and was launched on the first anniversary of the Rana Plaza building collapse.[17] Since then the Center conducted more studies of the readymade garment industry in Bangladesh. The Center’s research estimated more than 7,000 factories producing for the export textile market, roughly 2,000 more factories than had been previously estimated.[18] On the fifth anniversary of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Center reported on gaps in the steps taken by those two efforts and the government of Bangladesh, and advocated for “shared responsibility.”[19] The Center provided testimony at a hearing about the Bangladesh RMG industry at the European Parliament.[20] The Center also studied the garment industry in Ethiopia at Hawassa Industrial Park finding that the wages paid to workers there were among the lowest factory wages in the world.[21][22] Shortly after the Center’s research was released, Ethiopia created a commission to set a minimum wage.[23]In March 2017, the Center’s Sarah Labowitz and Casey O’Connor released a report, “Putting the ‘S’ in ESG: Measuring Human Rights Performance for Investors,” which found major gaps in companies’ environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) initiatives.[24][25] The report recommended establishing clearer standards for socially responsible investing.[26]The Center has studied the treatment of migrant workers in the construction industry in Persian Gulf region including practices like charging workers exorbitant recruitment fees, employers withholding workers’ passports, mandatory overtime and crowded dormitories.[27][28][29] This has been an ongoing human rights concern for construction projects such as 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar and NYU’s portal campus New York University Abu Dhabi.[30]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Section 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230"},{"link_name":"Communications Decency Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"algorithmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"political polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Biden administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Technology and democracy","text":"“Harmful Content: The Role of Internet Platform Companies in Fighting Terrorist Incitement and Politically Motivated Disinformation,” published in November 2017, called on social media companies to address the problem of disinformation and recommended enhancing company governance, refining algorithms, and introducing more “friction” to users’ experiences.[31][32] The Center published three reports on online disinformation and its impact on American society and elections: \"Combating Russian Disinformation,\" in July 2018,[33][34] \"Tackling Domestic Disinformation,\" in March 2019[35][36] and \"Disinformation and the 2020 Election,\" in September 2019.[37][38] In June 2020, the Center published “Who Moderates the Social Media Giants? A Call to End Outsourcing.”[39][40]In September 2020, the Center published “Regulating Social Media: The Fight Over Section 230 — and Beyond”,[41] which identifies problems with Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act—the law that regulates social media content moderation in the U.S.—and makes recommendations for amending the law. Namely, the report calls on Congress to keep Section 230 in place, while amending it to make its liability protection contingent on greater transparency and reporting from social media firms. It also recommends establishing a new federal agency to oversee and enforce Section 230 as amended.[42][43][44]In February 2021, the Center published “False Accusation: The Unfounded Claim that Social Media Companies Censor Conservatives,”[45] which found that major social media platforms do not systemically suppress conservatives users’ voices online. On the contrary, it found that conservative users often gain from online platforms’ algorithmic content amplification schemes.[46][47][48]In September 2021, the Center published “Fueling the Fire: How Social Media Intensifies U.S. Political Polarization—And What Can Be Done About It,” which found that major social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube drive partisan political polarization in the United States.[49] It recommends that the social media companies, the Biden administration, and the U.S. Congress take several steps to reverse online-driven polarization.[50][51][52]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"The Center seeks to increase respect for human rights in different sectors by participating in public debates[53] and convening meetings and events.[54][55]","title":"Advocacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Michael Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Posner_(lawyer)"}] | [{"reference":"Elizabeth Rowe (2013-07-26). \"NYU's Michael Posner: Bringing Human Rights to B-School - Bloomberg Business\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-07-26/nyus-michael-posner-bringing-human-rights-to-b-school","url_text":"\"NYU's Michael Posner: Bringing Human Rights to B-School - Bloomberg Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"MICHAEL POSNER NAMED CHAIR OF FAIR LABOR ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS\". Fair Labor Association. Fair Labor Association. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairlabor.org/blog/entry/michael-posner-named-chair-fair-labor-association-board-directors","url_text":"\"MICHAEL POSNER NAMED CHAIR OF FAIR LABOR ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team\". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 2022-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://bhr.stern.nyu.edu/team","url_text":"\"Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Barrett Former Bloomberg Businessweek Columnist\". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/authors/APy9cY2L9xk/paul-barrett","url_text":"\"Paul Barrett Former Bloomberg Businessweek Columnist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Network\". Global Business School Network. Global Business School Network. Retrieved 11 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gbsn.org/network/","url_text":"\"Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"The NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights Joins GNI\". Global Network Initiative. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org/news/nyu-stern-center-business-and-human-rights-joins-gni","url_text":"\"The NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights Joins GNI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stern Center Brings Human Rights into Business Education - Poets & Quants for Undergrads Poets & Quants for Undergrads\". Poetsandquantsforundergrads.com. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://poetsandquantsforundergrads.com/2014/11/17/stern-center-brings-human-rights-into-business-education/","url_text":"\"Stern Center Brings Human Rights into Business Education - Poets & Quants for Undergrads Poets & Quants for Undergrads\""}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, Della (2013-07-14). \"Stern centre aims to show there is good business in human rights\". FT.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/de78afb2-e586-11e2-8d0b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3UZAKg8ga","url_text":"\"Stern centre aims to show there is good business in human rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technology\". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. New York University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bhr.stern.nyu.edu/tech","url_text":"\"Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team\". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. New York University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bhr.stern.nyu.edu/team","url_text":"\"Team\""}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Kerin. \"The Role of Universities in Addressing Racial and Gender Equity in the Asset Management Industry\". Intentional Endowments Network. Intentional Endowments Network. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intentionalendowments.org/2020_crisis_views_part_15","url_text":"\"The Role of Universities in Addressing Racial and Gender Equity in the Asset Management Industry\""}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Kerin (August 18, 2020). \"Advancing Equity in the Investment Sector\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/08/18/colleges-should-invest-endowment-funds-more-firms-owned-women-and-people-color","url_text":"\"Advancing Equity in the Investment Sector\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter\" (PDF). Harvard Management Company. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/content/HMC%20and%20diverse%20asset%20managers.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter\" (PDF). Harvard Management Co. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/content/HMC%20and%20diverse%20asset%20managers.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: A Year After Bangladesh Disaster, Retailers Fail To Address Biggest Factory Risks\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/04/24/report-a-year-after-bangladesh-disaster-retailers-fail-to-address-biggest-factory-risks/","url_text":"\"Report: A Year After Bangladesh Disaster, Retailers Fail To Address Biggest Factory Risks\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Butler (24 April 2014). \"Bangladesh garment workers still vulnerable a year after Rana Plaza | World news\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/24/bangladesh-garment-workers-rights-rana-plaza-disaster","url_text":"\"Bangladesh garment workers still vulnerable a year after Rana Plaza | World news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney and Other Big Brands Need to Address the Real Challenges to Outsourcing\". The New York Times. 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/02/when-does-corporate-responsibility-mean-abandoning-ship/disney-and-other-big-brands-need-to-address-the-real-challenges-to-outsourcing","url_text":"\"Disney and Other Big Brands Need to Address the Real Challenges to Outsourcing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg\". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/nyusterncenterforbusinessandhumanri/docs/beyond_the_tip_of_the_iceberg_repor_7d4d85b9812bb8?e=31640827/54958256","url_text":"\"Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Michelle (April 19, 2018). \"On the fifth anniversary of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Center reported on gaps in the steps taken by those two efforts and the government of Bangladesh, and advocated for \"shared responsibility.\"\". Just-Style. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.just-style.com/news/us12bn-cost-to-complete-bangladesh-factory-remediation_id133343.aspx","url_text":"\"On the fifth anniversary of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Center reported on gaps in the steps taken by those two efforts and the government of Bangladesh, and advocated for \"shared responsibility.\"\""}]},{"reference":"Posner, Michael (February 11, 2020). \"How To Move Bangladesh Factory Safety Forward\". Forbes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Zureiq | Constantin Zureiq | ["1 Life and academic career","2 Views on Arab society","3 Reflection and evaluation of Arab culture","4 Contribution to Arab nationalism","5 Debate of nationalism and religion","6 Engagement in intellectual debate","7 Arab liberal thought","8 Major works","9 References","10 External links"] | Syrian historian (1909–2000)
Constantin Kaysar Zurayk قنسطنطين زريقActing President of the American University of BeirutIn office1954–1957Preceded byStephen Beasley Linnard Penrose, Jr.Succeeded byFouad Elskaf
Personal detailsBorn(1909-04-18)April 18, 1909Damascus, Syria Vilayet, Ottoman SyriaDiedAugust 11, 2000(2000-08-11) (aged 91)Beirut, LebanonRelativesAfaf Zurayk Dimitri Zurayk Camille ZuraykSami ZuraykIbrahim ZuraykMichelle ZuraykMichel ZuraykGilbert ZuraykKamil ZuraykAlma materAmerican University of Beirut, Princeton University, University of MichiganProfessionProfessor, Academic
Constantin Zurayk (Arabic: قنسطنطين زريق; 18 April 1909 – 11 August 2000) was a prominent Syrian Arab intellectual who was one of the first to pioneer and express the importance of Arab nationalism. He stressed the urgent need to transform stagnant Arab society by means of rational thought and radical modification of the methods of thinking and acting. Some of his ideas, such as the "Arab mission" and "national philosophy" became key concepts for Arab nationalist thinkers. He was a strong proponent of the intellectual reformation of Arab society, emphasizing the need for rationalism and an ethical revolution.
Zurayik is credited with coining the term Nakba (Arabic for "the catastrophe") to refer to the expulsion of the Palestinians from their lands in 1948 in his 1948 book Maʿna an-Nakba.
Life and academic career
Constantine Zurayk was born in Damascus, Syria Vilayet on April 18, 1909, during the waning years of the ruling Ottoman Empire, to a Greek Orthodox Christian family. He received his primary and secondary education in the Orthodox school systems and had an obsession with acquiring knowledge. He continued his education at the American University of Beirut, and eventually received his PhD at Princeton University all by the age of twenty-one. He immediately turned to teaching and became a professor of history at the American University of Beirut.
After receiving his PhD, Zurayk focused his aims in teaching and politics. Alongside his work as a tenured professor, Zurayk experimented as the 1st Counselor to the Syrian Legation of the United States in 1945, and acted as the delegate to the UN Security Council and to the UN General Assembly in 1946.
Zurayk later took an offer to become the vice president of the American University of Beirut in 1952, and completed his education by receiving his doctorate in literature at the University of Michigan in 1967.
He died 11 August 2000 in Beirut.
Views on Arab society
During the last fifty years of his life, Zurayk dedicated himself in attempting to solve the various issues revolving around Arab society. His goal was to discover a means of radically and expeditiously transforming Arab society into a practical, rational, and scientific society. Zurayk focused his attention on contemporary Arab society and the current crisis of Arab civilization. He blamed the change in Arab personality as the reason for the weakened Arab civilization. Zurayk noted that the turning away from the "ideas of unity, loyalty, and the universal outlook led to the replacement of the spiritual motivations with material ones". Although this process of decline was an internal cause, Zurayk attributed the cause of the Nahda, or modern Arab renaissance, to external factors. One of the external contributors, which Zurayk believed played a significant role in demanding change in Arab society, was "Western" or modern civilization. Because the West would continue to impose itself on Arab society, it was imperative that the Arabs work to understand and comprehend it in order to confront it. Zurayk urged the Arab society to keep up with modern civilization and accept, rather than disregard, the scientific and technological influences of modern civilization.
In order to revitalize the Arab society, Zurayk demanded that there must be a radical change in Arab life. He called "for science and productivity," and warned that the advancement of Arab society is dependent on whether that notion became a part of Arab's "feelings and thoughts and a source of their will".
Although science and technology were of utmost importance, Zurayk considered ideals of citizenship, nationalism, and unity as additional, necessary requirements for the modernization of Arab society. Zurayk insisted that the combination of rational powers and ethical powers would lead to a successful future.
Zurayk delved deeper to describe the primary challenge of Arab civilization. He believed rationalism was the "prerequisite that encompassed all other prerequisites" for a future, modern Arab society. The cultural backwardness remained the most dangerous battle in the fight for a modern Arab society, and only through rational thinking would the Arab society look towards the future, realize their human potentials, and build a higher civilization.
Zurayk made it clear that Arab society must join the modern world, and to do this, they must change their previous ways. Zurayk even left a list of changes that must be made in order for a revolution to succeed: there must be use of the machine on a wide scale, the state and religion must be separated, the scientific spirit of each individual and the society as a whole must be invigorated, and Arab society must be open toward the rational and spiritual values of other human civilizations.
Reflection and evaluation of Arab culture
For Zurayk, the human powers that make culture are the civilizational powers of human reason in its critical and creative functions. Zurayk focused on the values of honesty, hard work, perseverance, seriousness, commitment, responsibility, and freedom as the values that allow humans to acquire scientific knowledge and to develop a sense of beauty and justice. In this regard, Zurayk was inspired by the prominent Egyptian intellectual, Taha Hussein, who sternly believed that the advancement of Arab society was dependent on the education of every individual. Hussein was the Minister of Education at Cairo University in 1950 and was eventually able to provide free education for all Egyptians. Both intellectuals sought to help Arab people uncover their hidden gems that would lead to a more advanced Arab society. Zurayk focused on encouraging the Arab people to access their hidden human powers which would enable them to work toward a just and moral society. He introduced what he called the "revolution of reason," where he called for a national Arab unity based on a "secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect".
Contribution to Arab nationalism
For Zurayk, Arab nationalism was a "civilizational project rather than a defensive obsession with identity boundaries in need of protection". For the project to become successful, the responsibilities of the Arab people were great. Zurayk emphasized that Arab culture must be "earned and created by human effort". In his book In the Battle for Culture (1964), Zurayk further stresses the importance of the decisive role of human agency:
"The main factors in civilizational changes are in our view acquired volitional human factors.... Natural or environmental factors, such as race and heredity, geographic situation, economic system, and social, intellectual, and moral conditions, are all possibilities or bonds. And possibilities and bonds do not make life, nor do they give rise to cultures. It is the human being who becomes aware of these bonds and strives to overcome them, and who realizes the possibilities and works to fulfill them, who is the maker. It is with this awareness and this striving that civilizations rise and fall".
Zurayk essentially rejected the doctrines of determinism and monism that prevailed in theories of culture such as the progressive reason in European Enlightenment thinking, the evolutionary progress in the positivism of Darwin, and the will of God in monotheism. He believed the doctrines to be "superimposed on human history rather than derived from its concrete givens".
Zurayk's first notable publication, based on a lecture that he gave in 1938, was entitled The Arab Consciousness (al-Wa`i al-`Arabi). In the book, he introduced the concept of the "Arab mission" and stated that the aim of each nation was "the message it brings to human culture and general civilization" and that a nation without a mission was not worthy of the name. The consciousness of having a "national mission" would bring the Arab struggle for independence new strength and meaning and would regain for the Arabs their world role. As for the Arab mission itself, in the current age it would be "to absorb the knowledge of the West and to join it with the views that have arisen in reaction to it, and to combine them in a new unity that will be a sign of the coming life, and that the Arabs will spread to the world as they spread their brilliant civilization in the past ages".
It was also in this work that Zurayk called for a "national philosophy", which he expressed as the thought absorbed by the youth of the nation combined with their feelings to form a "nationalist creed." Such a philosophy, he declared, was necessary for national renewal.
Debate of nationalism and religion
While many enlightened thinkers believed religion was not a determining factor of a nation, Zurayk "sought to establish a rapport between Islam and Arab nationalism". Throughout his research and observation, Zurayk indeed made a connection between religion and nationalism. Although he was not Muslim himself, Zurayk believed Islam was the missing link for Arab nationalism. Arab society was spiritually awakened "wherever was established and spread." To Zurayk, it was simple: whenever Islam was flourishing, so was Arab civilization; and whenever Islam "reduced itself to beliefs transmitted blindly and religious laws and statutes unwisely imposed, Arab civilization waned".
Many Arab thinkers insisted the Arab nation existed and prospered prior to Islam, while Islamists define the nation based on the religious community. Zurayk looked at the issue from a different perspective. In essence, he viewed Arab Nationalism as a spiritual movement much like any religion, Islam in particular. He made clear, "true nationalism cannot in any way contradict true religion, for in its essence it is a spiritual movement which aims at resurrecting the inner forces of the nation and at realizing its intellectual and spiritual potentialities".
Furthermore, Zurayk explained the significance of Muhammad and his connection to Arab nationalism. He reiterated the importance of cultural heritage in that it must not be forgotten to build a modern Arab society. Zurayk explained how Muhammad came to the Arab world in a time of great need and unified the community. He was a man of conviction who put up with persecution and humiliation all for the sake of inspiring and transforming his fellow companions to broaden their horizons and access their potentials to build a new civilization. Zurayk concluded his argument by saying: "Whatever his sect or religious community, therefore, it is the duty of every Arab to interest himself in his past culture. This interest is the first duty enjoined on him by his nationality. He must come forward to study Islam and understand its true nature and thus sanctify the memory of the great Prophet to whom Islam was revealed".
Engagement in intellectual debate
For Zurayk, the role of intellectuals remained crucial in efforts to "raise the level of the masses" and bring Arab society out of its weakened condition. Analyzing the Arab response to their failure to prevent the establishment of Israel, Zurayk wrote in his book The Meaning of Disaster that:
"Seven Arab states declare war on Zionism in Palestine, stop impotent before it, and turn on their heels. The representatives of the Arabs deliver fiery speeches in the highest international forums, warning what the Arab state and peoples will do if this or that decision be enacted. Declarations fall like bombs from the mouths of officials at the meetings of the Arab League, but when action becomes necessary, the fire is still and quiet and steel and iron are rusted and twisted, quick to bend and disintegrate".
Zurayk later reaffirms his thoughts on stagnant Arab society by stating:
"The reason for the victory of the Zionists was that the roots of Zionism are grounded in modern Western life, while we for the most part are still distant from this life and hostile to it. They live in the present and for the future, while we continue to dream the dreams of the past and to stupefy ourselves with its fading glory".
Arab liberal thought
Zurayk had a strong view on history and rejected all forms of "historical determinism and all forms of dogmatic ideological reading of history". His most critical belief was that of Arab history in particular. He rejected the thin view of Arab history that limited it to Islamic history. Zurayk felt Arab history needed to be understood in the widest sense possible and needed to be explored in connection with other ancient civilizations of the area. He firmly expressed that history should be judged with a mind completely free of dogma.
Zurayk's "revolution of reason" proved to be his most influential contribution to modern Arab liberal thought. He called for a national Arab unity based on a "secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect". Since Zurayk grew up in an Orthodox Christian family, tolerance was a key tenet. In order to have a unified and sufficient Arab society, Zurayk asked for openness to interfaith dialogue and conflict resolution with such communities as the Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Unlike other Arab intellectuals, Zurayk did not see reason as the blind imitation of the West. Rather, he saw critical reason more as the "dominating characteristic of modernity, with all its achievements and weaknesses". Like enlightenment through critical reason, Arab unity still remained the ultimate goal in the eyes of Zurayk. His approach was distinguished by an "ethical concern for unity's ends and means. This unity, for him, not the telos of an inexorable ethnic or religious destiny, but a form of solidarity for mutual empowerment by democratic means aimed at serving both individuals' and communities' dignity and freedom".
Major works
On National Awakening (1939)
What is to be done? An address to the rising Arab generations (1939)
The Arab Consciousness (1939)
The Meaning of ‘Nakba’ (1948)
Facing History (1959)
We and History (1959)
In The Battle For Culture (1964)
Facing The Future (1977)
What to Do? (1998)
References
^ a b c d "Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)". Cork, Ireland: University College Cork. Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database). Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Title: Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba). By: Constantine K. Zureik. Date of issue: August 1948. Topic(s) addressed: كبة/Nakbah/Naqba/הנכבה (Arabic, "the catastrophe") expulsion of Palestinians in 1948 · First usage of the word Nakba for expulsion of Palestinians in 1948.
^ Khalidi, Rashid (2007). "1 The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure". The war for Palestine : rewriting the history of 1948. Eugene L. Rogan, Avi Shlaim (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-37135-6. OCLC 192047956.
^ Jafet Library Database, American University of Beirut
^ The International Who's Who of the Arab World.
^ "AUB Libraries Online Exhibits | Dr. Constantine Zurayk: Knowledge at the Service of Life". online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
^ The International Who's Who of the Arab World.
^
^ Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk
^ Patai, pg. 259
^ Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk
^ Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk
^ Kassab, pg. 65-73
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
^ The Arab Consciousness
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
^ Charif, p. 209
^ Quoted by Charif, pp. 209-210.
^ Charif, p. 210.
^ Hilal KhashanArabs at the Crossroads: political identity and nationalism.
^ Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk
^ Arabs Face the Modern World: religion, cultural, and political responses to the West.
^ Arabs Face the Modern World: religion, cultural, and political responses to the West.
^ Charif, pp. 287-288, 300-301
^ Patai, p. 262
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
^ Kassab, pp. 68-70
^ Kassab, pp. 65-68
^ Kassab, pp. 65-70
^ Kassab, pp. 65-73
Atiyeh, George. Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk, State University of New York Press (Aug. 1988).
Charif, Maher. (Rihanat al-nahda fi'l-fikr al-'arabi), Damascus, Dar al-Mada (2000).
Kassab, Elizabeth Suzanne. Contemporary Arab Thought: cultural critique in comparative perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. 65–73. Print.
Khashan, Hilal. Arabs at the Crossroads: political identity and nationalism. 1st ed. 1 vol. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2000. Print.
Patai, Raphael. The Arab Mind. 1st. 1 vol. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973. 259–262. Print.
Rejwan, Nissim. Arabs Face the Modern World: religion, cultural, and political responses to the West. 1st ed. 1 vol. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998. Print.
The International Who's Who of the Arab World. 2nd ed. 1 vol. London, England: International Who's Who of the Arab World Ltd, 1984. Print.
Stern, Sol. The Truth Behind the Palestinian 'Catastrophe' . Commentary (Israel), March 2023.
Zurayk, Constantin. The Arab Consciousness (al-wa`i al-`arabi) (1939).
Zurayk, Constantin. The Meaning of Disaster ("Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)". Cork, Ireland: University College Cork. Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database). Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Title: Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba). By: Constantine K. Zureik. Date of issue: August 1948. Topic(s) addressed: كبة/Nakbah/Naqba/הנכבה (Arabic, "the catastrophe") expulsion of Palestinians in 1948 · First usage of the word Nakba for expulsion of Palestinians in 1948).
Zurayk, Constantin. What is to be done? An address to the rising Arab generations (Ma al-`amal? hadith ila al-ajyal al-`arabiyya al-tali`a).
Zurayk, Constantin. In the Battle for Culture. 1964. Print.
External links
Media related to Constantin Zureiq at Wikimedia Commons
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_people"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Arab nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism"},{"link_name":"rational thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_thought"},{"link_name":"Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nakba"},{"link_name":"expulsion of the Palestinians from their lands in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus"},{"link_name":"Maʿna an-Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BFna_an-Nakba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Constantin Zurayk (Arabic: قنسطنطين زريق; 18 April 1909 – 11 August 2000) was a prominent Syrian Arab intellectual who was one of the first to pioneer and express the importance of Arab nationalism. He stressed the urgent need to transform stagnant Arab society by means of rational thought and radical modification of the methods of thinking and acting. Some of his ideas, such as the \"Arab mission\" and \"national philosophy\" became key concepts for Arab nationalist thinkers. He was a strong proponent of the intellectual reformation of Arab society, emphasizing the need for rationalism and an ethical revolution.Zurayik is credited with coining the term Nakba (Arabic for \"the catastrophe\") to refer to the expulsion of the Palestinians from their lands in 1948 in his 1948 book Maʿna an-Nakba.[1][2]","title":"Constantin Zureiq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"UN General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Constantine Zurayk was born in Damascus, Syria Vilayet on April 18, 1909, during the waning years of the ruling Ottoman Empire, to a Greek Orthodox Christian family. He received his primary and secondary education in the Orthodox school systems and had an obsession with acquiring knowledge. He continued his education at the American University of Beirut, and eventually received his PhD at Princeton University all by the age of twenty-one. He immediately turned to teaching and became a professor of history at the American University of Beirut.[3]After receiving his PhD, Zurayk focused his aims in teaching and politics. Alongside his work as a tenured professor, Zurayk experimented as the 1st Counselor to the Syrian Legation of the United States in 1945, and acted as the delegate to the UN Security Council and to the UN General Assembly in 1946.[4]Zurayk later took an offer to become the vice president of the American University of Beirut in 1952,[5] and completed his education by receiving his doctorate in literature at the University of Michigan in 1967.[6]He died 11 August 2000 in Beirut.[7]","title":"Life and academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"During the last fifty years of his life, Zurayk dedicated himself in attempting to solve the various issues revolving around Arab society. His goal was to discover a means of radically and expeditiously transforming Arab society into a practical, rational, and scientific society. Zurayk focused his attention on contemporary Arab society and the current crisis of Arab civilization. He blamed the change in Arab personality as the reason for the weakened Arab civilization. Zurayk noted that the turning away from the \"ideas of unity, loyalty, and the universal outlook led to the replacement of the spiritual motivations with material ones\".[8] Although this process of decline was an internal cause, Zurayk attributed the cause of the Nahda, or modern Arab renaissance, to external factors. One of the external contributors, which Zurayk believed played a significant role in demanding change in Arab society, was \"Western\" or modern civilization. Because the West would continue to impose itself on Arab society, it was imperative that the Arabs work to understand and comprehend it in order to confront it. Zurayk urged the Arab society to keep up with modern civilization and accept, rather than disregard, the scientific and technological influences of modern civilization.In order to revitalize the Arab society, Zurayk demanded that there must be a radical change in Arab life. He called \"for science and productivity,\" and warned that the advancement of Arab society is dependent on whether that notion became a part of Arab's \"feelings and thoughts and a source of their will\".[9]Although science and technology were of utmost importance, Zurayk considered ideals of citizenship, nationalism, and unity as additional, necessary requirements for the modernization of Arab society. Zurayk insisted that the combination of rational powers and ethical powers would lead to a successful future.Zurayk delved deeper to describe the primary challenge of Arab civilization. He believed rationalism was the \"prerequisite that encompassed all other prerequisites\" for a future, modern Arab society.[10] The cultural backwardness remained the most dangerous battle in the fight for a modern Arab society, and only through rational thinking would the Arab society look towards the future, realize their human potentials, and build a higher civilization.Zurayk made it clear that Arab society must join the modern world, and to do this, they must change their previous ways. Zurayk even left a list of changes that must be made in order for a revolution to succeed: there must be use of the machine on a wide scale, the state and religion must be separated, the scientific spirit of each individual and the society as a whole must be invigorated, and Arab society must be open toward the rational and spiritual values of other human civilizations.[11]","title":"Views on Arab society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Taha Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Cairo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"For Zurayk, the human powers that make culture are the civilizational powers of human reason in its critical and creative functions. Zurayk focused on the values of honesty, hard work, perseverance, seriousness, commitment, responsibility, and freedom as the values that allow humans to acquire scientific knowledge and to develop a sense of beauty and justice.[12] In this regard, Zurayk was inspired by the prominent Egyptian intellectual, Taha Hussein, who sternly believed that the advancement of Arab society was dependent on the education of every individual. Hussein was the Minister of Education at Cairo University in 1950 and was eventually able to provide free education for all Egyptians. Both intellectuals sought to help Arab people uncover their hidden gems that would lead to a more advanced Arab society. Zurayk focused on encouraging the Arab people to access their hidden human powers which would enable them to work toward a just and moral society. He introduced what he called the \"revolution of reason,\" where he called for a national Arab unity based on a \"secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect\".[13]","title":"Reflection and evaluation of Arab culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"monism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"will of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_God"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"For Zurayk, Arab nationalism was a \"civilizational project rather than a defensive obsession with identity boundaries in need of protection\".[14] For the project to become successful, the responsibilities of the Arab people were great. Zurayk emphasized that Arab culture must be \"earned and created by human effort\".[15] In his book In the Battle for Culture (1964), Zurayk further stresses the importance of the decisive role of human agency:\"The main factors in civilizational changes are in our view acquired volitional human factors.... Natural or environmental factors, such as race and heredity, geographic situation, economic system, and social, intellectual, and moral conditions, are all possibilities or bonds. And possibilities and bonds do not make life, nor do they give rise to cultures. It is the human being who becomes aware of these bonds and strives to overcome them, and who realizes the possibilities and works to fulfill them, who is the maker. It is with this awareness and this striving that civilizations rise and fall\".[16]Zurayk essentially rejected the doctrines of determinism and monism that prevailed in theories of culture such as the progressive reason in European Enlightenment thinking, the evolutionary progress in the positivism of Darwin, and the will of God in monotheism. He believed the doctrines to be \"superimposed on human history rather than derived from its concrete givens\".[17]Zurayk's first notable publication, based on a lecture that he gave in 1938, was entitled The Arab Consciousness (al-Wa`i al-`Arabi). In the book, he introduced the concept of the \"Arab mission\" and stated that the aim of each nation was \"the message it brings to human culture and general civilization\" and that a nation without a mission was not worthy of the name.[18] The consciousness of having a \"national mission\" would bring the Arab struggle for independence new strength and meaning and would regain for the Arabs their world role. As for the Arab mission itself, in the current age it would be \"to absorb the knowledge of the West and to join it with the views that have arisen in reaction to it, and to combine them in a new unity that will be a sign of the coming life, and that the Arabs will spread to the world as they spread their brilliant civilization in the past ages\".[19]It was also in this work that Zurayk called for a \"national philosophy\", which he expressed as the thought absorbed by the youth of the nation combined with their feelings to form a \"nationalist creed.\" Such a philosophy, he declared, was necessary for national renewal.[20]","title":"Contribution to Arab nationalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"While many enlightened thinkers believed religion was not a determining factor of a nation, Zurayk \"sought to establish a rapport between Islam and Arab nationalism\".[21] Throughout his research and observation, Zurayk indeed made a connection between religion and nationalism. Although he was not Muslim himself, Zurayk believed Islam was the missing link for Arab nationalism. Arab society was spiritually awakened \"wherever [Islam] was established and spread.\" To Zurayk, it was simple: whenever Islam was flourishing, so was Arab civilization; and whenever Islam \"reduced itself to beliefs transmitted blindly and religious laws and statutes unwisely imposed, Arab civilization waned\".[22]Many Arab thinkers insisted the Arab nation existed and prospered prior to Islam, while Islamists define the nation based on the religious community. Zurayk looked at the issue from a different perspective. In essence, he viewed Arab Nationalism as a spiritual movement much like any religion, Islam in particular. He made clear, \"true nationalism cannot in any way contradict true religion, for in its essence it is a spiritual movement which aims at resurrecting the inner forces of the nation and at realizing its intellectual and spiritual potentialities\".[23]Furthermore, Zurayk explained the significance of Muhammad and his connection to Arab nationalism. He reiterated the importance of cultural heritage in that it must not be forgotten to build a modern Arab society. Zurayk explained how Muhammad came to the Arab world in a time of great need and unified the community. He was a man of conviction who put up with persecution and humiliation all for the sake of inspiring and transforming his fellow companions to broaden their horizons and access their potentials to build a new civilization. Zurayk concluded his argument by saying: \"Whatever his sect or religious community, therefore, it is the duty of every Arab to interest himself in his past culture. This interest is the first duty enjoined on him by his nationality. He must come forward to study Islam and understand its true nature and thus sanctify the memory of the great Prophet to whom Islam was revealed\".[24]","title":"Debate of nationalism and religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucc-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"For Zurayk, the role of intellectuals remained crucial in efforts to \"raise the level of the masses\" and bring Arab society out of its weakened condition.[25] Analyzing the Arab response to their failure to prevent the establishment of Israel, Zurayk wrote in his book The Meaning of Disaster that:[1]\"Seven Arab states declare war on Zionism in Palestine, stop impotent before it, and turn on their heels. The representatives of the Arabs deliver fiery speeches in the highest international forums, warning what the Arab state and peoples will do if this or that decision be enacted. Declarations fall like bombs from the mouths of officials at the meetings of the Arab League, but when action becomes necessary, the fire is still and quiet and steel and iron are rusted and twisted, quick to bend and disintegrate\".[1]Zurayk later reaffirms his thoughts on stagnant Arab society by stating:\"The reason for the victory of the Zionists was that the roots of Zionism are grounded in modern Western life, while we for the most part are still distant from this life and hostile to it. They live in the present and for the future, while we continue to dream the dreams of the past and to stupefy ourselves with its fading glory\".[26]","title":"Engagement in intellectual debate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Zurayk had a strong view on history and rejected all forms of \"historical determinism and all forms of dogmatic ideological reading of history\".[27] His most critical belief was that of Arab history in particular. He rejected the thin view of Arab history that limited it to Islamic history. Zurayk felt Arab history needed to be understood in the widest sense possible and needed to be explored in connection with other ancient civilizations of the area.[28] He firmly expressed that history should be judged with a mind completely free of dogma.Zurayk's \"revolution of reason\" proved to be his most influential contribution to modern Arab liberal thought. He called for a national Arab unity based on a \"secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect\".[29] Since Zurayk grew up in an Orthodox Christian family, tolerance was a key tenet. In order to have a unified and sufficient Arab society, Zurayk asked for openness to interfaith dialogue and conflict resolution with such communities as the Jews, Christians, and Muslims.Unlike other Arab intellectuals, Zurayk did not see reason as the blind imitation of the West. Rather, he saw critical reason more as the \"dominating characteristic of modernity, with all its achievements and weaknesses\".[30] Like enlightenment through critical reason, Arab unity still remained the ultimate goal in the eyes of Zurayk. His approach was distinguished by an \"ethical concern for unity's ends and means. This unity, for him, [was] not the telos of an inexorable ethnic or religious destiny, but a form of solidarity for mutual empowerment by democratic means aimed at serving both individuals' and communities' dignity and freedom\".[31]","title":"Arab liberal thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Meaning of ‘Nakba’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Meaning_of_%E2%80%98Nakba%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucc-1"}],"text":"On National Awakening (1939)\nWhat is to be done? An address to the rising Arab generations (1939)\nThe Arab Consciousness (1939)\nThe Meaning of ‘Nakba’ (1948)[1]\nFacing History (1959)\nWe and History (1959)\nIn The Battle For Culture (1964)\nFacing The Future (1977)\nWhat to Do? (1998)","title":"Major works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\". Cork, Ireland: University College Cork. Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database). Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Title: Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba). By: Constantine K. Zureik. Date of issue: August 1948. Topic(s) addressed: كبة/Nakbah/Naqba/הנכבה (Arabic, \"the catastrophe\") expulsion of Palestinians in 1948 · First usage of the word Nakba for expulsion of Palestinians in 1948","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=83056","url_text":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)","url_text":"Cork"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland","url_text":"Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Cork","url_text":"University College Cork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504080509/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=83056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Rashid (2007). \"1 The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure\". The war for Palestine : rewriting the history of 1948. Eugene L. Rogan, Avi Shlaim (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-37135-6. OCLC 192047956.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192047956","url_text":"The war for Palestine : rewriting the history of 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-37135-6","url_text":"978-0-511-37135-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192047956","url_text":"192047956"}]},{"reference":"\"AUB Libraries Online Exhibits | Dr. Constantine Zurayk: Knowledge at the Service of Life\". online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503112452/http://online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb/exhibits/show/constantine-zurayk/constantine-zurayk-as-a-teache/1/aub-acting-and-vice-president-","url_text":"\"AUB Libraries Online Exhibits | Dr. Constantine Zurayk: Knowledge at the Service of Life\""},{"url":"http://online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb/exhibits/show/constantine-zurayk/constantine-zurayk-as-a-teache/1/aub-acting-and-vice-president-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\". Cork, Ireland: University College Cork. Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database). Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Title: Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba). By: Constantine K. Zureik. Date of issue: August 1948. Topic(s) addressed: كبة/Nakbah/Naqba/הנכבה (Arabic, \"the catastrophe\") expulsion of Palestinians in 1948 · First usage of the word Nakba for expulsion of Palestinians in 1948","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=83056","url_text":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)","url_text":"Cork"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland","url_text":"Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Cork","url_text":"University College Cork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504080509/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=83056","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=83056","external_links_name":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504080509/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=83056","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192047956","external_links_name":"The war for Palestine : rewriting the history of 1948"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192047956","external_links_name":"192047956"},{"Link":"http://libraries.aub.edu.lb/directory-archive/pages/Member.aspx?Edit=True&TBL=4&ID=95461","external_links_name":"Jafet Library Database, American University of Beirut"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503112452/http://online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb/exhibits/show/constantine-zurayk/constantine-zurayk-as-a-teache/1/aub-acting-and-vice-president-","external_links_name":"\"AUB Libraries Online Exhibits | Dr. Constantine Zurayk: Knowledge at the Service of Life\""},{"Link":"http://online-exhibit.aub.edu.lb/exhibits/show/constantine-zurayk/constantine-zurayk-as-a-teache/1/aub-acting-and-vice-president-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=83056","external_links_name":"\"Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Nakba) (book)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504080509/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=83056","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/125655/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008102264X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22939272","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMvvbCkxBvfdPDrGXrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133582h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133582h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118868233","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299183705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82270605","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/pm1359t74g1gm7k","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075175290","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/61060","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03236455?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029785065","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/zureyk-kostantin","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_(disambiguation) | Grandpa (disambiguation) | ["1 Places","2 Music","3 Titles or names in entertainment","4 Nicknames","5 See also"] | Look up grandpa, grampa, or granpa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A grandpa is a male grandparent.
Grandpa, grampa, or granpa may also refer to:
Places
Tsiatsan or Grampa, a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia
Music
"Grand Pa", by Brymo from Merchants, Dealers & Slaves (2013)
Titles or names in entertainment
Grandpa, a character and Juni's grandfather in the Spy Kids franchise
Granpa, an animated film starring Peter Ustinov and Sarah Brightman
Grandpa (The Munsters), television series character
Grampa Simpson, television series character, in The Simpsons
Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days), song by The Judds
Grandpa (comics), a comic strip that ran in British comic book magazine The Beano
Grandpa, film character, from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre
Grandpa, television series character, from Caillou
Stanley "Grandpa" Kanisky, a character on the American television sitcom Gimme a Break
Nicknames
Nickname of Alex Dickerson (born 1990), American baseball player
See also
Granddad (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Grandpa.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grandpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grandpa"},{"link_name":"grampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grampa"},{"link_name":"granpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/granpa"},{"link_name":"grandparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparent"}],"text":"Look up grandpa, grampa, or granpa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A grandpa is a male grandparent.Grandpa, grampa, or granpa may also refer to:","title":"Grandpa (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsiatsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiatsan"}],"text":"Tsiatsan or Grampa, a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merchants, Dealers & Slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants,_Dealers_%26_Slaves"}],"text":"\"Grand Pa\", by Brymo from Merchants, Dealers & Slaves (2013)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juni_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Spy Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids"},{"link_name":"Granpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granpa"},{"link_name":"Grandpa (The Munsters)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_(The_Munsters)"},{"link_name":"Grampa Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_(Tell_Me_%27Bout_the_Good_Ol%27_Days)"},{"link_name":"Grandpa (comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_(comics)"},{"link_name":"The Beano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beano"},{"link_name":"film character, from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_of_The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre#Grandpa"},{"link_name":"Caillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caillou"},{"link_name":"Gimme a Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_a_Break!#Main_characters"}],"text":"Grandpa, a character and Juni's grandfather in the Spy Kids franchise\nGranpa, an animated film starring Peter Ustinov and Sarah Brightman\nGrandpa (The Munsters), television series character\nGrampa Simpson, television series character, in The Simpsons\nGrandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days), song by The Judds\nGrandpa (comics), a comic strip that ran in British comic book magazine The Beano\nGrandpa, film character, from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre\nGrandpa, television series character, from Caillou\nStanley \"Grandpa\" Kanisky, a character on the American television sitcom Gimme a Break","title":"Titles or names in entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dickerson"}],"text":"Nickname of Alex Dickerson (born 1990), American baseball player","title":"Nicknames"}] | [] | [{"title":"Granddad (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granddad_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Grandpa_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Grandpa_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan_International_Airport | Uruapan International Airport | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","3.2 Destination maps","4 Statistics","4.1 Passengers","4.2 Busiest routes","5 Accidents and incidents","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 19°23′48″N 102°02′21″W / 19.39667°N 102.03917°W / 19.39667; -102.03917International airport in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico
Uruapan International AirportAeropuerto Internacional de UruapanIATA: UPNICAO: MMPNSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorOlmeca-Maya-MexicaServesUruapan, Michoacán, MexicoTime zoneCST (UTC−06:00)Elevation AMSL1,603 m / 5,259 ftCoordinates19°23′48″N 102°02′21″W / 19.39667°N 102.03917°W / 19.39667; -102.03917Websitewww.gob.mx/grupoolmecamayamexica/es/articulos/aeropuerto-internacional-de-uruapanMapUPNLocation of airport in MichoacánShow map of MichoacánUPNUPN (Mexico)Show map of MexicoRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
02/20
2,400
7,874
Asphalt
Statistics (2023)Total passengers173,005Ranking in Mexico46th Source: Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil
Uruapan International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de Uruapan); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Lic. y Gen. Ignacio López Rayón (Lic. y Gen. Ignacio López Rayón International Airport) (IATA: UPN, ICAO: MMPN) is an international airport located in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico. It serves domestic flights and it supports flight training, executive, and general aviation activities. Operated by Grupo Olmeca-Maya-Mexica (GAFSACOMM), a federal government-owned corporation, the airport is named after Ignacio López Rayón, a leader in the Mexican War of Independence. In 2022, the airport served 151,151 passengers, and in 2023, the passenger count was 173,005.
History
Passenger terminal entrance
The first air services to Uruapan began in 1937, connecting the city to Acapulco. The airport joined the Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA) network in 1970. Regional airlines like Aero Cuahonte and Aero Sudpacífico were once based here. Over the years, Uruapan Airport has been served by various airlines, including Aeromar, Avolar, Lineas Aereas Azteca, and TAESA Airlines. International services started in October 2012 with Volaris offering flights to Los Angeles. In 2023, airport operations shifted to Grupo Olmeca Maya Mexica (GAFSACOMM), a military-owned entity, aligning with the López Obrador administration's strategy to involve the armed forces in major infrastructure projects.
Facilities
Passenger terminal airside
The airport is situated within the Uruapan urban area, covering an approximate area of 264 hectares (650 acres), at an elevation of 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) above sea level. It features a 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) asphalt runway, capable of accommodating aircraft such as Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. The commercial aviation apron spans 15,652 square metres (168,480 sq ft) with the capacity to host three narrow-body aircraft. The official operating hours of the airport are from 7:00 to 19:00.
The passenger terminal, a two-story structure, accommodates arrivals and departures, offering standard services commonly found at regional airports. These services include parking facilities, a check-in area, a security checkpoint, a VIP lounge, retail outlets, immigration and customs facilities, baggage claim zones, an arrivals hall with car rental services and taxi stands, and a departure concourse with three gates providing direct access to the apron, allowing passengers to board their planes by walking to the aircraft. Furthermore, the airport houses logistics and courier companies, administrative, and police facilities.
Airlines and destinations
Volaris Airbus A320 at URU
Passenger
AirlinesDestinations Mexicana de Aviación Mexico City–AIFA
Volaris Los Angeles, Tijuana
Destination maps
UruapanMexico City-AIFATijuanaclass=notpageimage| Domestic destinations from Uruapan International Airport Red = Year-round destination Blue = Future destination Green = Seasonal destination
Los Angelesclass=notpageimage| International destinations from Uruapan International Airport Red = Year-round destination Blue = Future destination Green = Seasonal destination
Statistics
Passengers
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Uruapan Airport Passengers.
See Wikidata query.
Busiest routes
Busiest routes at Uruapan International Airport (2023)
Rank
City
Passengers
Ranking
Airline
1
Baja California, Tijuana
80,070
Volaris
2
United States, Los Angeles
7,321
Volaris
Accidents and incidents
TAESA Flight 725, a DC-9, crashed on take-off from Uruapan International Airport en route to Mexico City on November 25, 1999, killing all 18 people on board.
See also
List of the busiest airports in Mexico
List of airports in Mexico
List of airports by ICAO code: M
List of busiest airports in North America
List of the busiest airports in Latin America
Transportation in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico
References
^ a b "Estadística Operacional de Aeropuertos / Statistics by Airport". Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ "Líneas Aéreas Azteca". AerolineasMexicanas.com.mx. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ "Volaris to Fly From Uruapan to Los Angeles". Routes Online. August 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ "Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs" (in Spanish). Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. January 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety. November 1999. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
External links
Media related to Uruapan International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Official Website
Grupo Olmeca Maya Mexica
Aeronautical chart and airport information for MMPN at SkyVector
Current weather for MMPN at NOAA/NWS
Uruapan Airport information at Great Circle Mapper
Accident history for URU at Aviation Safety Network
vteAirports in MexicoInternationalMajor
Cancún
Guadalajara
Los Cabos
Mexico City–Benito Juárez
Monterrey
Puerto Vallarta
Tijuana
Minor
Acapulco
Aguascalientes
Cabo San Lucas
Chihuahua
Cozumel
Culiacán
Durango
Hermosillo
Huatulco
Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo
León/El Bajío
Loreto
Manzanillo
Mazatlán
Mérida
Mexico City–Felipe Ángeles
Morelia
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
San Luis Potosí
Tampico
Torreón
Tulum
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Uruapan
Veracruz
Zacatecas
Domestic
Campeche
Chetumal
Ciudad del Carmen
Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Obregón
Ciudad Victoria
Ciudad Constitución
Colima
Ensenada
Guasave Airfield
Guaymas
Guerrero Negro
Isla de Cedros
Ixtepec
La Paz
Los Mochis
Matamoros
Mexicali
Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos
Nuevo Laredo
Palenque
Piedras Negras
Poza Rica
Puerto Escondido
Puerto Peñasco
Reynosa
Tapachula
Tepic
Toluca/Mexico City
Villahermosa
Unscheduled
Acapulco-Pie de la Cuesta Air Force Base
Atlangatepec Air Force Station
Celaya
Chichen Itza
Chilpancingo Airfield
Ciudad Acuña
Ciudad Mante Airfield
Cuernavaca
El Fuerte Airfield
Isla Mujeres Airfield
Holbox Airstrip
Lagos de Moreno Airfield
Lázaro Cárdenas
Matehuala Airfield
Monclova
Monterrey-Del Norte
Navojoa Airfield
Nogales
Nuevo Casas Grandes Airfield
Pachuca
Pátzcuaro Airfield
Saltillo
San Felipe
Santa Gertrudis Air Force Base
Tamuín
Tehuacán
Tuxtla Gutierrez Air Force Base
Xalapa
Zapopan Air Force Base
Defunct
Ciudad Altamirano Airfield
Mexico City–Texcoco (never built)
Querétaro-Ing. Fernando Espinoza Gutiérrez
Salina Cruz Naval Air Base
San Cristóbal de las Casas
San Luis Río Colorado
Tecate
Tizimin Airfield
Related lists
Busiest airports in Mexico
List of airports in Mexico
List of airports by ICAO code: M
Busiest airports in North America
Busiest airports in Latin America
List of airports in Baja California
List of airports in Baja California Sur
Airfields and airstrips
Mexican Air Force
Mexican Naval Aviation
Transportation in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico
List of airlines of Mexico
Airline destinations: Mexico
Statistics
Portals: Mexico Aviation | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Ignacio López Rayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_Ray%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afacstats-1"}],"text":"International airport in Uruapan, Michoacán, MexicoUruapan International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de Uruapan); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Lic. y Gen. Ignacio López Rayón (Lic. y Gen. Ignacio López Rayón International Airport) (IATA: UPN, ICAO: MMPN) is an international airport located in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico. It serves domestic flights and it supports flight training, executive, and general aviation activities. Operated by Grupo Olmeca-Maya-Mexica (GAFSACOMM), a federal government-owned corporation, the airport is named after Ignacio López Rayón, a leader in the Mexican War of Independence. In 2022, the airport served 151,151 passengers, and in 2023, the passenger count was 173,005.[1]","title":"Uruapan International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_Internacional_De_Uruapan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropuertos_y_Servicios_Auxiliares"},{"link_name":"Aero Sudpacífico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Sudpac%C3%ADfico"},{"link_name":"Aeromar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromar"},{"link_name":"Avolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avolar"},{"link_name":"Lineas Aereas Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADneas_A%C3%A9reas_Azteca"},{"link_name":"TAESA Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAESA_Lineas_A%C3%A9reas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Volaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volaris"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces"}],"text":"Passenger terminal entranceThe first air services to Uruapan began in 1937, connecting the city to Acapulco. The airport joined the Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA) network in 1970. Regional airlines like Aero Cuahonte and Aero Sudpacífico were once based here. Over the years, Uruapan Airport has been served by various airlines, including Aeromar, Avolar, Lineas Aereas Azteca, and TAESA Airlines.[2] International services started in October 2012 with Volaris offering flights to Los Angeles.[3] In 2023, airport operations shifted to Grupo Olmeca Maya Mexica (GAFSACOMM), a military-owned entity, aligning with the López Obrador administration's strategy to involve the armed forces in major infrastructure projects.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_internacional_de_Uruapan.jpg"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family"},{"link_name":"apron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_apron"},{"link_name":"narrow-body aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft"},{"link_name":"check-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-in"},{"link_name":"VIP lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_lounge"},{"link_name":"baggage claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_reclaim"}],"text":"Passenger terminal airsideThe airport is situated within the Uruapan urban area, covering an approximate area of 264 hectares (650 acres), at an elevation of 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) above sea level. It features a 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) asphalt runway, capable of accommodating aircraft such as Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. The commercial aviation apron spans 15,652 square metres (168,480 sq ft) with the capacity to host three narrow-body aircraft. The official operating hours of the airport are from 7:00 to 19:00.The passenger terminal, a two-story structure, accommodates arrivals and departures, offering standard services commonly found at regional airports. These services include parking facilities, a check-in area, a security checkpoint, a VIP lounge, retail outlets, immigration and customs facilities, baggage claim zones, an arrivals hall with car rental services and taxi stands, and a departure concourse with three gates providing direct access to the apron, allowing passengers to board their planes by walking to the aircraft. Furthermore, the airport houses logistics and courier companies, administrative, and police facilities.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XA-VLL.jpg"}],"text":"Volaris Airbus A320 at URU","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Destination maps","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22UPN%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Passengers","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nUruapan Airport Passengers.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Busiest routes","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TAESA Flight 725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAESA_Flight_725"},{"link_name":"DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"TAESA Flight 725, a DC-9, crashed on take-off from Uruapan International Airport en route to Mexico City on November 25, 1999, killing all 18 people on board.[5]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Passenger terminal entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aeropuerto_Internacional_De_Uruapan.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_Internacional_De_Uruapan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passenger terminal airside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aeropuerto_internacional_de_Uruapan.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_internacional_de_Uruapan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Volaris Airbus A320 at URU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/XA-VLL.jpg/220px-XA-VLL.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of the busiest airports in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of airports in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of airports by ICAO code: M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_M"},{"title":"List of busiest airports in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_in_North_America"},{"title":"List of the busiest airports in Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Latin_America"},{"title":"Transportation in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Tourism in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico"}] | [{"reference":"\"Estadística Operacional de Aeropuertos / Statistics by Airport\". Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/afac/acciones-y-programas/estadisticas-280404/","url_text":"\"Estadística Operacional de Aeropuertos / Statistics by Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Líneas Aéreas Azteca\". AerolineasMexicanas.com.mx. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aerolineasmexicanas.com.mx/lineas-aereas-azteca/","url_text":"\"Líneas Aéreas Azteca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volaris to Fly From Uruapan to Los Angeles\". Routes Online. August 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/158361/volaris-to-fly-from-uruapan-to-los-angeles/","url_text":"\"Volaris to Fly From Uruapan to Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs\" (in Spanish). Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. January 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/afac/acciones-y-programas/estadisticas-280404","url_text":"\"Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accident description\". Aviation Safety. November 1999. Retrieved August 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19991109-0","url_text":"\"Accident description\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruapan_International_Airport¶ms=19_23_48_N_102_02_21_W_type:airport_region:MX","external_links_name":"19°23′48″N 102°02′21″W / 19.39667°N 102.03917°W / 19.39667; -102.03917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruapan_International_Airport¶ms=19_23_48_N_102_02_21_W_type:airport_region:MX","external_links_name":"19°23′48″N 102°02′21″W / 19.39667°N 102.03917°W / 19.39667; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Jun_(activist) | Liang Jun (activist) | ["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 References","4 External links"] | Chinese teacher and activist
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liang.
Liang Jun (Chinese: 梁 軍,; pinyin: Liáng Jūn; born 1945) is a Chinese activist and teacher, who has campaigned for women's right to education in China, as well as being a co-founder of both the Henan Community Education Research Centre and China's first women's history museum, the Henan Women and Children Activity Center.
Biography
Liang was born in Yiyang county in Henan in 1945. She graduated from Beijing Normal University's History Department in 1968. From 1985 she subsequently taught at Henan Women Cadres School, where she was eventually promoted to the role of Vice President. During her time as a teacher she travelled to rural communities talking to women, and giving lectures to professional bodies such as the Women Technical Workers' Association, the Women Cadres' Association, the Women's Teachers' Association, and the Women Medical Workers' Association.
An advocate for women's rights in China since the 1980s, and in particular the right to education, in 1998 Liang co-founded the Henan Community Education Research Centre. The centre worked to support women in rural areas to establish cooperatives, as well as campaigning against domestic violence, and other issues. She has also worked with people who are HIV positive, and established the Red Ribbon Association. She was later appointed Vice President of Zhengzhou University International Friendship Women's College.
Liang has also worked as an oral historian, collecting testimonies for China's first women's history museum, the Henan Women and Children Activity Center, which she co-founded with Li Xiaojiang and others.
Selected publications
Li Xiaojiang, and Liang Jun. "The Contradictory Aspects of Women Cadres' State of Mind and Social Adjustments: Also on Certain Issues Involving Construction of the Ranks of Women Cadres." Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 20.3 (1988): 52–68.
Liang Jun. "The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention." Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 40.4 (2008): 90-96.
References
^ a b c Committee on Women's Studies in Asia (1995). Changing lives : life stories of Asian pioneers in women's studies. Internet Archive. New York : Feminist Press at the City University of New York. ISBN 978-1-55861-108-5.
^ a b c d "Search". PeaceWomen Across the Globe. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ a b c "3.8妇女节 | 性别平等：撬动村庄变革的支点 - 三农议题 人民食物主权". 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ Hsiung, Ping-Chun. "The women’s studies movement in China in the 1980s and 1990s." Education, culture, and identity in twentieth-century China (2001): 430-449.
^ Hsiung, Ping-Chun; Jaschok, Maria; Milwertz, Cecilia (26 May 2020). Chinese Women Organizing: Cadres, Feminists, Muslims, Queers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-18482-2.
^ Xiaojiang, Li (1 January 1996). "Creating a Public Sphere: A Self-Portrait in the Women's Studies Movement of China". Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 2 (1): 70–112. doi:10.1080/12259276.1996.11665777. ISSN 1225-9276.
^ Fangqin, Du (1997). "My Way into Women's Studies". Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 3 (1): 133–160. doi:10.1080/12259276.1997.11665789. ISSN 1225-9276.
^ Zhu, Ping; Xiao, Hui Faye (28 December 2021). Feminisms with Chinese Characteristics. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5526-8.
^ Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui (1999). Spaces of Their Own: Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3146-9.
^ Xiaojiang, Li; Jun, Liang (1 April 1988). "The Contradictory Aspects of Women Cadres' State of Mind and Social Adjustments". Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. 20 (3): 52–68. doi:10.2753/CSA0009-4625200352. ISSN 0009-4625.
^ Jun, Liang (1 July 2008). "The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention". Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. 40 (4): 90–96. doi:10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407. ISSN 0009-4625. S2CID 147260073.
External links
Henan Women and Children Activity Center
Henan Community Center for Education and Research | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Henan Community Education Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henan_Community_Education_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Liang.Liang Jun (Chinese: 梁 軍,; pinyin: Liáng Jūn; born 1945) is a Chinese activist and teacher, who has campaigned for women's right to education in China, as well as being a co-founder of both the Henan Community Education Research Centre and China's first women's history museum, the Henan Women and Children Activity Center.","title":"Liang Jun (activist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yiyang county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyang_County,_Henan"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Beijing Normal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Women Cadres School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_Cadres_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Henan Community Education Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henan_Community_Education_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Li Xiaojiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiaojiang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Liang was born in Yiyang county in Henan in 1945.[1] She graduated from Beijing Normal University's History Department in 1968.[1] From 1985 she subsequently taught at Henan Women Cadres School, where she was eventually promoted to the role of Vice President.[2][1][3] During her time as a teacher she travelled to rural communities talking to women, and giving lectures to professional bodies such as the Women Technical Workers' Association, the Women Cadres' Association, the Women's Teachers' Association, and the Women Medical Workers' Association.[4][5][6]An advocate for women's rights in China since the 1980s,[7] and in particular the right to education, in 1998 Liang co-founded the Henan Community Education Research Centre.[2][8] The centre worked to support women in rural areas to establish cooperatives, as well as campaigning against domestic violence, and other issues.[3] She has also worked with people who are HIV positive, and established the Red Ribbon Association.[2] She was later appointed Vice President of Zhengzhou University International Friendship Women's College.[3]Liang has also worked as an oral historian, collecting testimonies for China's first women's history museum, the Henan Women and Children Activity Center, which she co-founded with Li Xiaojiang and others.[2][9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Li Xiaojiang, and Liang Jun. \"The Contradictory Aspects of Women Cadres' State of Mind and Social Adjustments: Also on Certain Issues Involving Construction of the Ranks of Women Cadres.\" Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 20.3 (1988): 52–68.[10]\nLiang Jun. \"The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention.\" Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 40.4 (2008): 90-96.[11]","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Committee on Women's Studies in Asia (1995). 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ISSN 0009-4625.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625200352","url_text":"\"The Contradictory Aspects of Women Cadres' State of Mind and Social Adjustments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSA0009-4625200352","url_text":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625200352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4625","url_text":"0009-4625"}]},{"reference":"Jun, Liang (1 July 2008). \"The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention\". Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. 40 (4): 90–96. doi:10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407. ISSN 0009-4625. S2CID 147260073.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407","url_text":"\"The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSA0009-4625400407","url_text":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4625","url_text":"0009-4625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147260073","url_text":"147260073"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/changingliveslif00comm","external_links_name":"Changing lives : life stories of Asian pioneers in women's studies"},{"Link":"http://www.1000peacewomen.org/network/1000-peacewomen/search/jun-liang-1539-27.html","external_links_name":"\"Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210307084157/http://www.shiwuzq.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=2183","external_links_name":"\"3.8妇女节 | 性别平等：撬动村庄变革的支点 - 三农议题 人民食物主权\""},{"Link":"http://www.shiwuzq.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=2183","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~pchsiung/docs/WomenStudyMovement.doc","external_links_name":"\"The women’s studies movement in China in the 1980s and 1990s.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xTPpDwAAQBAJ&q=liang+jun+&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Chinese Women Organizing: Cadres, Feminists, Muslims, Queers"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.1996.11665777","external_links_name":"\"Creating a Public Sphere: A Self-Portrait in the Women's Studies Movement of China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.1996.11665777","external_links_name":"10.1080/12259276.1996.11665777"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1225-9276","external_links_name":"1225-9276"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/12259276.1997.11665789","external_links_name":"\"My Way into Women's Studies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.1997.11665789","external_links_name":"10.1080/12259276.1997.11665789"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1225-9276","external_links_name":"1225-9276"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJhKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Henan+Women+and+Children+Activity+Center&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"Feminisms with Chinese Characteristics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E46s4tIGTNAC&dq=Women%C3%82%E2%80%99s+Museum+in+Henan+Province&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Spaces of Their Own: Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625200352","external_links_name":"\"The Contradictory Aspects of Women Cadres' State of Mind and Social Adjustments\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSA0009-4625200352","external_links_name":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625200352"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4625","external_links_name":"0009-4625"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407","external_links_name":"\"The Prevention and Cure of AIDS in Rural Areas: Experiences in Community Intervention\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSA0009-4625400407","external_links_name":"10.2753/CSA0009-4625400407"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4625","external_links_name":"0009-4625"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147260073","external_links_name":"147260073"},{"Link":"https://www.fddb.org/domes/henan-women-children-activity-centre/","external_links_name":"Henan Women and Children Activity Center"},{"Link":"https://chinadevelopmentbrief.org/ngos/henan-community-center-for-education-and-research/","external_links_name":"Henan Community Center for Education and Research"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maesteg_Line | Maesteg Line | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Commuter rail line in South WalesThis article needs to be updated. The reason given is: It needs more explanation of the South Wales Metro and corresponding changes to the trains and services on the line. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)
Maesteg LineAn Arriva Trains Wales Class 150 stands at Maesteg with a terminating service from CheltenhamOverviewOwnerNetwork RailLocaleBridgend County BoroughTerminiBridgendMaestegStations7ServiceTypeHeavy railSystemNational RailOperator(s)Transport for Wales RailRolling stockClass 150, Class 153, Class 158, Class 197' DMUsHistoryOpened28 June 1866; 157 years ago (1866-06-28)TechnicalLine length8 miles 29 chains (13.5 km)Number of tracksSingle trackTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeElectrificationNone
Route map
(Click to expand)
Show map
Legend
Llynvi & Ogmore Railwayto Caerau
Maesteg
Maesteg (Ewenny Road)
Garth
Troedyrhiew Garth
Llangynwyd
Ogmore Valley Railway &Garw Valley Railway
Llynvi & Ogmore Railway &Port Talbot Railway & Docks Company
Tondu
Aberkenfig
Sarn
Wildmill
South Wales Main Lineto Swansea
Bridgend
South Wales Main Lineto Cardiff Central
Vale of Glamorgan Lineto Cardiff Central
Show route diagram
The Maesteg Line is a commuter rail line in South Wales from Bridgend to Maesteg. Services usually operate from Maesteg to Cheltenham Spa and Cardiff Central via the South Wales Main Line and Gloucester to Newport Line.
Electrification by 2019 was announced in the Department for Transport's High Level Output Specification of 2012.
History
The Llynfi and Ogmore Railway (L&OVR) was formed on 28 June 1866 (itself the amalgamation of earlier lines); a standard gauge line as opposed to the main line. On 1 July 1873 the GWR took over the L&OVR.
The line from Bridgend originally operated beyond Maesteg through Caerau and the Cymmer Tunnel, known locally as the 'Gwdihw', to passenger stations in Cymmer, known as Cymmer General and further to Abergwynfi. The lines also connected collieries in Abergwynfi and Glyncorrwg. Junctions at both Tondu and Cymmer connected with east–west routes across the Llynfi and Afan valleys.
The Maesteg branch was closed to passenger trains in 1970 (though it remained in use for coal traffic until 1988), and the link with the Afan Valley was lost due to the closure of the Cymmer Tunnel.
A long campaign in the late 1980s and early 90s, resulted in the reopening of the line in 1992 as far as Maesteg by British Rail and Mid Glamorgan County Council. The new stations and line were officially opened by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and a plaque was unveiled at Maesteg station.
The railway north of Maesteg continued to exist until 2004, however it was removed as part of the Maesteg Washery reclamation scheme. The track to the north of Llynfi North Junction, including the former Nantyffyllon and Caerau stations, have been part of a major housing developments. Reconnection with Cymmer (Afan Valley) is financially unviable to reinstate;– the tunnel portal is still visible at the Caerau end but it is completely buried at the Cymmer end.
Today the line is operated by Transport for Wales Rail on services from Cheltenham Spa to Maesteg via Cardiff Central and Bridgend, and repeated from Maesteg to Cheltenham Spa, as part of the Valley Lines network, in February 2024 Transport for Wales started running their Class 197 Trains on the line along with the soon to be phased out British Rail Class 150 , Class 153 and Class 158 DMUs. TfW Rail replaced the previous franchises, Arriva Trains Wales who ran the service December 2003-October 2018 and Wales & Borders in December 2003.
References
^ Yonge, John; Padgett, David (August 2010) . Bridge, Mike (ed.). Railway Track Diagrams 3: Western (5th ed.). Bradford on Avon: Trackmaps. maps 23A & 29B. ISBN 978-0-9549866-6-7.
^ Department for Transport's High Level Output Specification 2012
^ "Brand new trains on the Maesteg Line". 19 February 2024.
Historical notes are taken from The Railway Magazine July 1955, pp 445–454
External links
Media related to Maesteg Line at Wikimedia Commons
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Wales portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commuter rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend"},{"link_name":"Maesteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maesteg"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"South Wales Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Gloucester to Newport Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_to_Newport_Line"},{"link_name":"High Level Output Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail#Control_periods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Maesteg Line is a commuter rail line in South Wales from Bridgend to Maesteg. 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On 1 July 1873 the GWR took over the L&OVR.The line from Bridgend originally operated beyond Maesteg through Caerau and the Cymmer Tunnel, known locally as the 'Gwdihw', to passenger stations in Cymmer, known as Cymmer General and further to Abergwynfi. The lines also connected collieries in Abergwynfi and Glyncorrwg. Junctions at both Tondu and Cymmer connected with east–west routes across the Llynfi and Afan valleys.The Maesteg branch was closed to passenger trains in 1970 (though it remained in use for coal traffic until 1988), and the link with the Afan Valley was lost due to the closure of the Cymmer Tunnel.A long campaign in the late 1980s and early 90s, resulted in the reopening of the line in 1992 as far as Maesteg by British Rail and Mid Glamorgan County Council. The new stations and line were officially opened by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and a plaque was unveiled at Maesteg station.The railway north of Maesteg continued to exist until 2004, however it was removed as part of the Maesteg Washery reclamation scheme. The track to the north of Llynfi North Junction, including the former Nantyffyllon and Caerau stations, have been part of a major housing developments. Reconnection with Cymmer (Afan Valley) is financially unviable to reinstate;– the tunnel portal is still visible at the Caerau end but it is completely buried at the Cymmer end.Today the line is operated by Transport for Wales Rail on services from Cheltenham Spa to Maesteg via Cardiff Central and Bridgend, and repeated from Maesteg to Cheltenham Spa, as part of the Valley Lines network, in February 2024 Transport for Wales started running their Class 197 Trains on the line along with the soon to be phased out British Rail Class 150 , Class 153 and Class 158 DMUs.[3] TfW Rail replaced the previous franchises, Arriva Trains Wales who ran the service December 2003-October 2018 and Wales & Borders in December 2003.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Yonge, John; Padgett, David (August 2010) [1989]. Bridge, Mike (ed.). Railway Track Diagrams 3: Western (5th ed.). Bradford on Avon: Trackmaps. maps 23A & 29B. ISBN 978-0-9549866-6-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-6-7","url_text":"978-0-9549866-6-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Brand new trains on the Maesteg Line\". 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.tfw.wales/news/brand-new-trains-on-the-maesteg-line","url_text":"\"Brand new trains on the Maesteg Line\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/3641/railways-act-2005.pdf","external_links_name":"Department for Transport's High Level Output Specification 2012"},{"Link":"https://news.tfw.wales/news/brand-new-trains-on-the-maesteg-line","external_links_name":"\"Brand new trains on the Maesteg Line\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annis_Gillie | Annis Gillie | ["1 Biography","2 Awards and honours","3 Personal life","4 References","5 Sources"] | British physician and medical researcher
DameAnnis GillieDBE FRCGPDame Annis GillieBornKatharine Annis Calder Gillie(1900-08-03)3 August 1900Eastbourne, EnglandDied10 April 1985(1985-04-10) (aged 84)Bledington, EnglandNationalityEnglishAlma materUniversity College LondonOccupationgeneral practitionerKnown forFirst woman Vice Chair of the British Medical Association
Founder member of the Royal College of General Practitioners and first Chair of the College
Dame Katharine Annis Calder Gillie DBE FRCP (Lond) FRCGP (3 August 1900 in Eastbourne– 10 April 1985 in Bledington, Oxfordshire) was a British physician and medical researcher. She was President of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the first woman to serve as Vice-Chair of the British Medical Association (BMA). The third BMA committee on general practice was set up in 1961 under Gillie and was charged with guiding the general practice in the United Kingdom.
Biography
Gillie was the eldest daughter and first of the four children of Emily Genn Dalrymple (née Japp) and Dr Robert Calder Gillie, a minister in the Presbyterian Church of England.
She attended school at Wycombe Abbey, going on to study at University College London and University College Hospital, graduating in medicine with an MB BS in 1925. In 1927, she became member of the Royal College of Physicians.
She started working as assistant to a medical partnership of three women, and after they retired continued receiving patients at her home in Connaught Square in London.
During World War II, she moved with her two children to a country cottage at Pangbourne, continuing her medical work there until retirement in 1963. Gillie was noted for helping recover UK general practice after World War II. She was a member of the General Medical Council (1946–1948) and president of the Medical Women's Federation (1954–1955).
She was a member of the Medical Practices Committee, Executive Council of London, Standing Medical Advisory Committee, Central Health Services Advisory Council, BMA central ethical committee, and BMA council (1950–1964). Beginning in 1968, and for several years, she served as BMA Vice-Chair, the first woman to hold the position.
She was a founder member of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the College's chairperson from 1959–1962. In 1961–63, she chaired a sub-committee set up by the Standing Medical Advisory Committee to guide the development of general practice in Britain.: 61 Earlier in 1964 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners.
Awards and honours
Gillie received the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1961, and was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1968.
She was awarded an honorary MD degree by the University of Edinburgh in 1968.
Personal life
In 1930, Gillie married Percy (Peter) Chandler Smith, an architect. His architectural practice was destroyed during the war. Together they had a daughter and a son.
Later in life Smith was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and depended much on Gillie in his later years. Smith died in 1983.
Gillie died at her home in Bledington, Oxfordshire on 10 April 1985, aged 84.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Lee, Sidney; Nicholls, Christine Stephanie & Stephen, Leslie. The Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. Suppl. 10. 1981–1985. London Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ BMA Outline; accessed 31 August 2014.
^ Richardson, Barbora; Orrell, Martin (2002). "Home assessments in old age psychiatry" (PDF). Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 8: 59–65. doi:10.1192/apt.8.1.59.
^ a b "Lives of the fellows: Dame Katharine Annis Calder Gillie". rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ "Obiturary. Dame Annis Gillie". British Medical Journal. 290 (6478): 1360–1362. 4 May 1985. doi:10.1136/bmj.290.6478.1360. S2CID 220149847.
Sources
The Field of Work of the Family Doctor (The Gillie Report), Central Health Services Council, Standing Medical Advisory Committee. London: 1963.
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRCGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRCGP"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Bledington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledington"},{"link_name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners"},{"link_name":"British Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"general practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practice"}],"text":"Dame Katharine Annis Calder Gillie DBE FRCP (Lond) FRCGP (3 August 1900 in Eastbourne– 10 April 1985 in Bledington, Oxfordshire) was a British physician and medical researcher. She was President of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the first woman to serve as Vice-Chair of the British Medical Association (BMA). 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Gillie was noted for helping recover UK general practice after World War II. She was a member of the General Medical Council (1946–1948) and president of the Medical Women's Federation (1954–1955).[1]She was a member of the Medical Practices Committee, Executive Council of London, Standing Medical Advisory Committee, Central Health Services Advisory Council, BMA central ethical committee, and BMA council (1950–1964). Beginning in 1968, and for several years, she served as BMA Vice-Chair, the first woman to hold the position.[2]She was a founder member of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the College's chairperson from 1959–1962.[1] In 1961–63, she chaired a sub-committee set up by the Standing Medical Advisory Committee to guide the development of general practice in Britain.[3]: 61 Earlier in 1964 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munks_roll-4"}],"text":"Gillie received the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1961, and was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1968.[1]She was awarded an honorary MD degree by the University of Edinburgh in 1968.[4]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Bledington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munks_roll-4"}],"text":"In 1930, Gillie married Percy (Peter) Chandler Smith, an architect.[5] His architectural practice was destroyed during the war. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Renner | James Renner | ["1 Early life and education","2 Journalism and nonfiction","3 Fiction","4 Film","5 Personal life","6 Honors and awards","7 Bibliography","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | American journalist
James RennerRenner in 2012Born (1978-03-30) March 30, 1978 (age 46)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Alma materKent State University (2000)Occupation(s)Writer, director, producerYears active2000–presentChildren2Websitejamesrenner.com
James Renner (born March 30, 1978) is an American author, investigative journalist, producer, and director. He worked as a reporter for Cleveland Scene and was editor of the alternative newspaper The Cleveland Independent. He is known for his work in the thriller, science fiction, and true crime genres. In 2019, Renner founded The Porchlight Project, a nonprofit dedicated to offering support for the families of the missing and murdered.
Early life and education
Renner is from Akron, Ohio, and is a 2000 graduate of Kent State University. He worked as a reporter for Cleveland Scene and was the editor of the alternative newspaper The Cleveland Independent. He was also a founding member of Last Call Cleveland, a sketch comedy troupe.
Journalism and nonfiction
In 2003, Renner began working as a reporter for Cleveland Scene and was editor of the alternative newspaper, The Cleveland Independent. At Cleveland Scene, he investigated the cases of Tina Harmon and Amy Mihaljevic.
Harmon was a 12-year-old girl who disappeared from Creston, Ohio in 1981. After pressure from her family, authorities tested DNA evidence found on Harmon's body with new technology in 2008. In 2010, the tests linked Harmon's death to Robert Anthony Buell, a convicted murderer sentenced to death for the 1982 murder of Krista Lea Harrison. Although he was executed for Harrison's death in 2002, Buell was never tried or convicted of Harmon's murder.
In 2005, Renner published a Cleveland Scene cover story revisiting the 1989 abduction and death of 10-year-old Amy Mihaljevic from Bay Village, Ohio. Renner credits Mihaljevic's death for his work in true crime; he became dedicated to finding her killer.
On August 8, 2006, Renner began a blog chronicling his investigation of Mihaljevic's murder. Later that year, he published Amy: My Search for her Killer. In 2007, Renner donated his materials related to his search to Kent State University's Special Collections Archive.
In April 2009, a story written by James Renner about then-gubernatorial candidate Kevin Coughlin's use of campaign funds to purchase private hotel rooms, which appeared in Cleveland Scene, was spiked by the CEO of Times Shamrock who claimed it "did not meet management’s basic standards of journalism." Renner was fired after sending an email to the CEO refuting these claims and the article was circulated among other journos and the statehouse. Renner sued Cleveland Scene for wrongful termination and the company settled out of court. Renner returned to Scene in 2014 after Times Shamrock sold the company.
In January 2011, Renner announced his plans to delve into the disappearance of Maura Murray, a nursing student who went missing after a car accident in Haverhill, New Hampshire. His book on the case, True Crime Addict, was published in May 2016.
In May, 2018, Renner released the first season of a new podcast, The Philosophy of Crime.
Currently, Renner is writing an authorized sequel to American author Byron Preiss's book The Secret: A Treasure Hunt, which contains clues to the locations of twelve casques buried in unknown locations across the United States. Each casque contains a key redeemable for precious gems, some worth up to $10,000. He produced a documentary about his search for the keys and plans to create new puzzles, clues, and treasures.
Renner is currently the host of the ID Discovery series, Lake Erie's Coldest Cases.
In August 2019, Renner announced the launch of his nonprofit, The Porchlight Project, which provide funding for forensic genealogy testing for cold cases in Ohio. Its first case would be the 1987 unsolved murder of 17-year-old Barbara Blatnik in Cuyahoga Falls. On May 6, 2020, Cuyahoga Falls police announced the arrest of 67-year-old James Zastawnik of Cleveland for her murder. The Porchlight Project paid for the testing of DNA samples taken from under Blatnik's fingernails and the forensic genealogy research provided by Colleen M. Fitzpatrick and her team at Identifinders International.
Fiction
Renner's first novel, The Man From Primrose Lane, was published by Sarah Crichton Books, an imprint of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, in March 2012. The novel follows a best-selling author as he investigates the murder of a mysterious recluse known as "the man with a thousand mittens." In 2013, Warner Bros. optioned the rights to adapt The Man From Primrose Lane as a film starring Bradley Cooper. When the deal failed to proceed, Renner worked with Working Title Films to pitch a television series pilot that was picked up by Fox in 2017. Feature director Alexandre Aja (The Hills Have Eyes, The 9th Life of Louis Drax) will direct and produce the series.
His second novel, The Great Forgetting, was released November 10, 2015. The sci-fi thriller, set in the fictional town of Franklin Mills, Ohio tells the story of history teacher Jack Felter as he returns to his pastoral childhood home to care for his ailing father and is pulled into a grand conspiracy involving the rewriting of American history.
Renner is a regular contributor to the short horror story series Dark Screams.
Film
In 2004, Renner directed an adaptation of Stephen King's short story "All That You Love Will Be Carried Away". King granted Renner the rights to adapt this story as part of his Dollar Baby program for aspiring filmmakers. It was an official selection at the 2005 Montreal World Film Festival.
In 2005, Renner visited reclusive author J.D. Salinger at the author's home in New Hampshire. Renner released a documentary about The Catcher in the Rye and his road trip to visit Salinger in 2009. It is available online, in serialized form.
Currently Renner is filming a documentary following his pursuit of the remaining casques and keys presented in Byron Preiss’s The Secret: A Treasure Hunt.
Renner led a forensic genealogy-based effort to find the killer of Barbara Blatnik, a 17-year-old girl from Ohio who was killed in 1987.
Personal life
Renner resides in Akron, Ohio, with his wife and their two children, son Casey and daughter Laine.
Honors and awards
In the December 2005 issue of Cleveland Magazine, Renner was named one of the city's 30 most interesting people.
Renner's stories have been published in The Best American Crime Reporting and The Best Creative Nonfiction anthologies.
Bibliography
Amy: My Search for Her Killer (2006)
The Serial Killer's Apprentice (2008)
It Came from Ohio (2012)
The Man From Primrose Lane (2012)
The Great Forgetting (2015)
True Crime Addict: How I Lost Myself in the Mysterious Disappearance of Maura Murray (2016)
See also
Dollar Baby
References
^ a b "Cleveland Independent". Cleveland Independent. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
^ a b "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ a b c Rink, Matthew. "Family of Tina Harmon, abducted and killed in 1981, wants police to reopen the case". The Independent. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ a b c Renner, James. "The Coldest Case". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ a b Grinberg, Emanuella (30 October 2015). "Finding Amy's killer: One man's 'compulsion'". CNN. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Finding Amy's Killer". amymihaljevic.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ Renner, James (2006). Amy : my search for her killer : secrets & suspects in the unsolved murder of Amy Mihaljevic. Cleveland : Gray. ISBN 9781598510195. OCLC 71210170.
^ "Reporter: Story was too hot to handle (UPDATED)". Columbus Dispatch. June 3, 2009.
^ "Reporter: Fired and Resigned". Slate. June 5, 2011.
^ "Reporter: Fired reporter claims a measure of vindication". Columbus Dispatch. Sep 2, 2009.
^ "Reporter: Anger Managed". Cleveland Scene. April 23, 2014.
^ "The Coldest Cases". Wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
^ "Publishers Marketplace: Log In". publishersmarketplace.com.
^ Renner, James (2018-05-01). "The Philosophy of Crime". The Philosophy of Crime. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
^ ID Discovery, Lake Erie's Coldest Cases, About
^ "The Porchlight Project wants to solve 32 year old murder of Garfield Heights teenager". 21 August 2019.
^ "Arrest Made in 1987 Cold Case Murder of Barbara Blatnik Thanks to Genetic Genealogy".
^ "'The Man from Primrose Lane,' by James Renner". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ Renner, James (2013-03-05). The Man from Primrose Lane: A Novel (Reprint ed.). New York: Picador. ISBN 9781250024169.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (2013-01-30). "Warner Bros Ties Bradley Cooper To 'Man From Primrose Lane'". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ "7 Questions with James Renner". The Devil Strip. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ Allard, Sam. "Scene Alum James Renner's Novel to be Adapted as Fox TV Series". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ "The Great Forgetting | James Renner | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ Renner, James; Marantz, David (2016-02-23). The Great Forgetting: A Novel (MP3 Una ed.). Audible Studios on Brilliance Audio. ISBN 9781511376631.
^ "Dark Screams (10 Book Series)". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
^ Renner, James (2004-09-25), All That You Love Will Be Carried Away, John Bloom, Harvey Pekar, Jef Etters, retrieved 2017-09-11
^ a b Newspapers, GEORGE M. THOMAS, Knight Ridder. "Young director shoots movie based on Stephen King story". Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier. Retrieved 2017-09-11.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "DNA samples lead to arrest in 1987 murder of 17-year-old Ohio girl: 'Great to see justice'". 8 May 2020.
^ "Our Most Interesting People for 2005".
^ "James Renner, author of 'It Came From Ohio,' talks about the weird, wild and unexplained". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
External links
Official website
Modern Signed Books BlogTalkRadio Interview with Rodger Nichols about January 2016
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
United States
Netherlands
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"James Renner (born March 30, 1978) is an American author, investigative journalist, producer, and director. He worked as a reporter for Cleveland Scene and was editor of the alternative newspaper The Cleveland Independent.[1] He is known for his work in the thriller, science fiction, and true crime genres. 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Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_M._Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2003, Renner began working as a reporter for Cleveland Scene and was editor of the alternative newspaper, The Cleveland Independent.[2] At Cleveland Scene, he investigated the cases of Tina Harmon[3] and Amy Mihaljevic.[4]Harmon was a 12-year-old girl who disappeared from Creston, Ohio in 1981.[3] After pressure from her family, authorities tested DNA evidence found on Harmon's body with new technology in 2008.[4] In 2010, the tests linked Harmon's death to Robert Anthony Buell, a convicted murderer sentenced to death for the 1982 murder of Krista Lea Harrison. Although he was executed for Harrison's death in 2002, Buell was never tried or convicted of Harmon's murder.[3]In 2005, Renner published a Cleveland Scene cover story revisiting the 1989 abduction and death of 10-year-old Amy Mihaljevic from Bay Village, Ohio.[4][5] Renner credits Mihaljevic's death for his work in true crime; he became dedicated to finding her killer.[5]On August 8, 2006, Renner began a blog chronicling his investigation of Mihaljevic's murder.[6] Later that year, he published Amy: My Search for her Killer.[7] In 2007, Renner donated his materials related to his search to Kent State University's Special Collections Archive.In April 2009, a story written by James Renner about then-gubernatorial candidate Kevin Coughlin's use of campaign funds to purchase private hotel rooms, which appeared in Cleveland Scene, was spiked by the CEO of Times Shamrock who claimed it \"did not meet management’s basic standards of journalism.\"[8] Renner was fired after sending an email to the CEO refuting these claims and the article was circulated among other journos and the statehouse.[9] Renner sued Cleveland Scene for wrongful termination and the company settled out of court.[10] Renner returned to Scene in 2014 after Times Shamrock sold the company.[11]In January 2011, Renner announced his plans to delve into the disappearance of Maura Murray, a nursing student who went missing after a car accident in Haverhill, New Hampshire.[12] His book on the case, True Crime Addict, was published in May 2016.[13]In May, 2018, Renner released the first season of a new podcast, The Philosophy of Crime.[14]Currently, Renner is writing an authorized sequel to American author Byron Preiss's book The Secret: A Treasure Hunt, which contains clues to the locations of twelve casques buried in unknown locations across the United States. Each casque contains a key redeemable for precious gems, some worth up to $10,000. He produced a documentary about his search for the keys and plans to create new puzzles, clues, and treasures.Renner is currently the host of the ID Discovery series, Lake Erie's Coldest Cases.[15]In August 2019, Renner announced the launch of his nonprofit, The Porchlight Project, which provide funding for forensic genealogy testing for cold cases in Ohio. Its first case would be the 1987 unsolved murder of 17-year-old Barbara Blatnik in Cuyahoga Falls.[16] On May 6, 2020, Cuyahoga Falls police announced the arrest of 67-year-old James Zastawnik of Cleveland for her murder. The Porchlight Project paid for the testing of DNA samples taken from under Blatnik's fingernails and the forensic genealogy research provided by Colleen M. Fitzpatrick and her team at Identifinders International.[17]","title":"Journalism and nonfiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man From Primrose Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_From_Primrose_Lane"},{"link_name":"Sarah Crichton Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Crichton_Books"},{"link_name":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Bradley Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Aja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Aja"},{"link_name":"The Hills Have Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hills_Have_Eyes_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The 9th Life of Louis Drax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_9th_Life_of_Louis_Drax"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Franklin Mills, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Renner's first novel, The Man From Primrose Lane, was published by Sarah Crichton Books, an imprint of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, in March 2012.[18] The novel follows a best-selling author as he investigates the murder of a mysterious recluse known as \"the man with a thousand mittens.\"[19] In 2013, Warner Bros. optioned the rights to adapt The Man From Primrose Lane as a film starring Bradley Cooper.[20] When the deal failed to proceed, Renner worked with Working Title Films to pitch a television series pilot that was picked up by Fox in 2017.[21] Feature director Alexandre Aja (The Hills Have Eyes, The 9th Life of Louis Drax) will direct and produce the series.[22]His second novel, The Great Forgetting, was released November 10, 2015.[23] The sci-fi thriller, set in the fictional town of Franklin Mills, Ohio tells the story of history teacher Jack Felter as he returns to his pastoral childhood home to care for his ailing father and is pulled into a grand conspiracy involving the rewriting of American history.[24]Renner is a regular contributor to the short horror story series Dark Screams.[25]","title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"All That You Love Will Be Carried Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_You_Love_Will_Be_Carried_Away"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dollar Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Baby"},{"link_name":"Montreal World Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-27"},{"link_name":"J.D. Salinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Salinger"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"The Catcher in the Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-27"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Byron Preiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Preiss"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 2004, Renner directed an adaptation of Stephen King's short story \"All That You Love Will Be Carried Away\".[26] King granted Renner the rights to adapt this story as part of his Dollar Baby program for aspiring filmmakers. It was an official selection at the 2005 Montreal World Film Festival.[27]In 2005, Renner visited reclusive author J.D. Salinger at the author's home in New Hampshire. Renner released a documentary about The Catcher in the Rye and his road trip to visit Salinger in 2009. It is available online, in serialized form.[27]Currently [when?] Renner is filming a documentary following his pursuit of the remaining casques and keys presented in Byron Preiss’s The Secret: A Treasure Hunt.Renner led a forensic genealogy-based effort to find the killer of Barbara Blatnik, a 17-year-old girl from Ohio who was killed in 1987.\n[28]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Renner resides in Akron, Ohio, with his wife and their two children, son Casey and daughter Laine.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"In the December 2005 issue of Cleveland Magazine, Renner was named one of the city's 30 most interesting people.[29]Renner's stories have been published in The Best American Crime Reporting and The Best Creative Nonfiction anthologies.[30]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy: My Search for Her Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Amy_Mihaljevic"},{"link_name":"The Serial Killer's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Serial_Killer%27s_Apprentice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"It Came from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Came_from_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Man From Primrose Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_From_Primrose_Lane"},{"link_name":"The Great Forgetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Forgetting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"True Crime Addict: How I Lost Myself in the Mysterious Disappearance of Maura Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Crime_Addict"}],"text":"Amy: My Search for Her Killer (2006)\nThe Serial Killer's Apprentice (2008)\nIt Came from Ohio (2012)\nThe Man From Primrose Lane (2012)\nThe Great Forgetting (2015)\nTrue Crime Addict: How I Lost Myself in the Mysterious Disappearance of Maura Murray (2016)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Dollar Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Baby"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cleveland Independent\". Cleveland Independent. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clevelandindependent.com/","url_text":"\"Cleveland Independent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Independent&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Cleveland Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search\". google.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20040427&id=0oVIAAAAIBAJ&pg=5317,4446084&hl=en","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Rink, Matthew. \"Family of Tina Harmon, abducted and killed in 1981, wants police to reopen the case\". The Independent. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indeonline.com/article/20081126/NEWS/311269903","url_text":"\"Family of Tina Harmon, abducted and killed in 1981, wants police to reopen the case\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James. \"The Coldest Case\". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/the-coldest-case/Content?oid=1491408","url_text":"\"The Coldest Case\""}]},{"reference":"Grinberg, Emanuella (30 October 2015). \"Finding Amy's killer: One man's 'compulsion'\". CNN. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/30/tech/crowdsourced-cold-cases-james-renner-amy-mihaljevic-feat/index.html","url_text":"\"Finding Amy's killer: One man's 'compulsion'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Amy's Killer\". amymihaljevic.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://amymihaljevic.blogspot.com/2006/","url_text":"\"Finding Amy's Killer\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James (2006). Amy : my search for her killer : secrets & suspects in the unsolved murder of Amy Mihaljevic. Cleveland [Ohio]: Gray. ISBN 9781598510195. OCLC 71210170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598510195","url_text":"9781598510195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71210170","url_text":"71210170"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporter: Story was too hot to handle (UPDATED)\". Columbus Dispatch. June 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2009/06/03/reporter-story-was-too-hot/23713494007/","url_text":"\"Reporter: Story was too hot to handle (UPDATED)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Dispatch","url_text":"Columbus Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporter: Fired and Resigned\". Slate. June 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2011/06/fired-and-resigned-journalists-extract-literary-revenge-on-their-former-bosses.html","url_text":"\"Reporter: Fired and Resigned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporter: Fired reporter claims a measure of vindication\". Columbus Dispatch. Sep 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2009/09/02/fired-reporter-claims-measure-vindication/24027312007/","url_text":"\"Reporter: Fired reporter claims a measure of vindication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Dispatch","url_text":"Columbus Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporter: Anger Managed\". Cleveland Scene. April 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevescene.com/news/anger-managed-the-cop-who-arrested-rover-has-a-history-of-violence-and-plenty-to-say-about-that-july-fourth-night-4298658","url_text":"\"Reporter: Anger Managed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Scene","url_text":"Cleveland Scene"}]},{"reference":"\"The Coldest Cases\". Wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513191104/http://jamesrenner.wordpress.com/2011/01/","url_text":"\"The Coldest Cases\""},{"url":"http://jamesrenner.wordpress.com/2011/01/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Publishers Marketplace: Log In\". publishersmarketplace.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersmarketplace.com/login.php/dealmakers/detail.cgi%3Fid%3D24807","url_text":"\"Publishers Marketplace: Log In\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James (2018-05-01). \"The Philosophy of Crime\". The Philosophy of Crime. Retrieved 2018-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://philosophyofcrime.com/","url_text":"\"The Philosophy of Crime\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Porchlight Project wants to solve 32 year old murder of Garfield Heights teenager\". 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland19.com/2019/08/21/porchlight-project-wants-solve-year-old-murder-garfield-heights-teenager/","url_text":"\"The Porchlight Project wants to solve 32 year old murder of Garfield Heights teenager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrest Made in 1987 Cold Case Murder of Barbara Blatnik Thanks to Genetic Genealogy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2020/05/06/arrest-made-in-1987-cold-case-murder-of-barbara-blatnik-thanks-to-genetic-genealogy","url_text":"\"Arrest Made in 1987 Cold Case Murder of Barbara Blatnik Thanks to Genetic Genealogy\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Man from Primrose Lane,' by James Renner\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/the-man-from-primrose-lane-by-james-renner/2012/03/06/gIQAf4bCLS_story.html","url_text":"\"'The Man from Primrose Lane,' by James Renner\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James (2013-03-05). The Man from Primrose Lane: A Novel (Reprint ed.). New York: Picador. ISBN 9781250024169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250024169","url_text":"9781250024169"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (2013-01-30). \"Warner Bros Ties Bradley Cooper To 'Man From Primrose Lane'\". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2013/01/warner-bros-ties-bradley-cooper-to-man-from-primrose-lane-416280/","url_text":"\"Warner Bros Ties Bradley Cooper To 'Man From Primrose Lane'\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 Questions with James Renner\". The Devil Strip. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedevilstrip.com/home/7-questions-with-james-renner/","url_text":"\"7 Questions with James Renner\""}]},{"reference":"Allard, Sam. \"Scene Alum James Renner's Novel to be Adapted as Fox TV Series\". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2016/12/12/scene-alum-james-renners-novel-to-be-adapted-as-fox-tv-series","url_text":"\"Scene Alum James Renner's Novel to be Adapted as Fox TV Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Great Forgetting | James Renner | Macmillan\". US Macmillan. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://us.macmillan.com/thegreatforgetting/jamesrenner","url_text":"\"The Great Forgetting | James Renner | Macmillan\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James; Marantz, David (2016-02-23). The Great Forgetting: A Novel (MP3 Una ed.). Audible Studios on Brilliance Audio. ISBN 9781511376631.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781511376631","url_text":"9781511376631"}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Screams (10 Book Series)\". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B072Y77KX5?ref=series_rw_dp_labf","url_text":"\"Dark Screams (10 Book Series)\""}]},{"reference":"Renner, James (2004-09-25), All That You Love Will Be Carried Away, John Bloom, Harvey Pekar, Jef Etters, retrieved 2017-09-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0421579/","url_text":"All That You Love Will Be Carried Away"}]},{"reference":"Newspapers, GEORGE M. THOMAS, Knight Ridder. \"Young director shoots movie based on Stephen King story\". Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://wcfcourier.com/special_sections/pulse/young-director-shoots-movie-based-on-stephen-king-story/article_e810f62c-ea8e-5d2b-b7ab-21019be74a8f.html","url_text":"\"Young director shoots movie based on Stephen King story\""}]},{"reference":"\"DNA samples lead to arrest in 1987 murder of 17-year-old Ohio girl: 'Great to see justice'\". 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/dna-samples-lead-arrest-1987-200359738.html","url_text":"\"DNA samples lead to arrest in 1987 murder of 17-year-old Ohio girl: 'Great to see justice'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Most Interesting People for 2005\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=Arts+%26+Entertainment&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=CB32918DF1F24EC1BCCC53E340E1F259","url_text":"\"Our Most Interesting People for 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Renner, author of 'It Came From Ohio,' talks about the weird, wild and unexplained\". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/pdq/index.ssf/2012/10/james_renner.html","url_text":"\"James Renner, author of 'It Came From Ohio,' talks about the weird, wild and unexplained\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jamesrenner.com/","external_links_name":"jamesrenner.com"},{"Link":"http://www.clevelandindependent.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Independent\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20040427&id=0oVIAAAAIBAJ&pg=5317,4446084&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.indeonline.com/article/20081126/NEWS/311269903","external_links_name":"\"Family of Tina Harmon, abducted and killed in 1981, wants police to reopen the case\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/the-coldest-case/Content?oid=1491408","external_links_name":"\"The Coldest 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Ken | Shō Ken | ["1 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shō Ken" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
King of Ryūkyū
Shō Ken 尚賢 shoo chinKing of RyūkyūReign1641–1647PredecessorShō HōSuccessorShō ShitsuBornUmimachigani (思松金)(1625-10-15)October 15, 1625DiedOctober 19, 1647(1647-10-19) (aged 22)BurialTamaudun, ShuriNamesShō Ken (尚賢)HouseSecond Shō dynastyFatherShō HōMotherIri no Aji-ganashi
Shō Ken (尚 賢, Shō Ken, October 15, 1625 – October 19, 1647) was the 9th king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, who ruled from 1641 to 1647.
Shō Ken was the third son of Shō Hō. He had two elder brothers named Shō Kyō (尚恭) and Shō Bun (尚文), but both of them died before their father. So Shō Ken became the heir apparent of the kingdom, and was given Kume and Nakagusuku magiri as his domain. After Shō Hō's death, Shō Ken was installed as the king.
Many of the Sakishima Beacons were built during his reign.
References
Regnal titles
Preceded byShō Hō
King of Ryūkyū 1641–1647
Succeeded byShō Shitsu
vteRyūkyū Kingdom's King of ChūzanShunten dynasty
Shunten
Shunbajunki
Gihon
Eiso dynasty
Eiso
Taisei
Eiji
Tamagusuku
Seii
Satto dynasty
Satto
Bunei
First Shō dynasty
Shō Shishō
Shō Hashi
Shō Chū
Shō Shitatsu
Shō Kinpuku
Shō Taikyū
Shō Toku
Second Shō dynasty
Shō En
Shō Sen'i
Shō Shin
Shō Sei
Shō Gen
Shō Ei
Shō Nei
Shō Hō
Shō Ken
Shō Shitsu
Shō Tei
Shō Eki
Shō Kei
Shō Boku
Shō On
Shō Sei
Shō Kō
Shō Iku
Shō Tai
King of Ryukyu
Ryukyu Kingdom
Ryukyu Domain
Authority control databases
VIAF
This biography of a member of an Asian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about the Ryūkyū Kingdom or a related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Shō Hō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_H%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shō Kyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumejima,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Nakagusuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagusuku,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"magiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiri"},{"link_name":"Sakishima Beacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakishima_Beacons"}],"text":"King of RyūkyūShō Ken (尚 賢, Shō Ken, October 15, 1625 – October 19, 1647) was the 9th king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, who ruled from 1641 to 1647.Shō Ken was the third son of Shō Hō. He had two elder brothers named Shō Kyō (尚恭) and Shō Bun (尚文), but both of them died before their father. So Shō Ken became the heir apparent of the kingdom, and was given Kume and Nakagusuku magiri as his domain. After Shō Hō's death, Shō Ken was installed as the king.Many of the Sakishima Beacons were built during his reign.","title":"Shō Ken"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22","external_links_name":"\"Shō Ken\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sh%C5%8D+Ken%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38151110622837060740","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8D_Ken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8D_Ken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_(surname) | Gallagher (surname) | ["1 People with surname Gallagher","1.1 A","1.2 B","1.3 C","1.4 D","1.5 E","1.6 F","1.7 G","1.8 H","1.9 J","1.10 K","1.11 L","1.12 M","1.13 N","1.14 P","1.15 R","1.16 S","1.17 T","1.18 W","2 Fictional characters","3 See also","4 References"] | Gallagher is an Irish surname. It originates from the Irish noble Gallagher family of County Donegal, Ireland. In Ireland, the anglicized version of the name "Gallagher" is pronounced /ˈɡɒləˌhər/ in County Donegal in Ulster, while elsewhere in the country it is most frequently pronounced as /ˈɡæləˌhər/. Outside Ireland, the pronunciation is often altered to /ˈɡæləˌɡər/ in Britain and the USA. The name Gallagher is an anglicization of the Irish surname Ó Gallchobhair, Ó Gallchobhoir (or two alternative spelling forms, Ó Gallchóir and Ó Gallachóir), these being masculine forms; the corresponding feminine forms are Ní Ghallchobhair (newer forms Ní Ghallchóir and Ní Ghallachóir). At least 30 recorded alternate variants exist, including O'Gallagher, Gallacher, Gallager, Gallaher, Gallocher, Galliher, Gollaher, Gollihar and Gallahue.
The earliest recorded incidence of the name is in a fragment of a manuscript currently in the Royal Library of Brussels, which states the name "Gallchubhair". A similarly earlier mention occurs in the Annals of the Four Masters, where it is recorded that Mael Cobo Úi Gallchobhar, Abbot of Scrin Adamnain, died in 1022 AD. Gallchobhar was the one given the role of founding father of the clan at the advent of widespread surname usage in Ireland, which began around the 10th century.
As with other modern Irish last names, Ó Gallchóir similarly appears to be a conjoined compound word.
Most Gallaghers are found in the Americas, where approximately 60% of Gallaghers originate. The United States is the home to 55% of Gallaghers. Gallagher is also the most common surname in County Donegal (Dún na nGall means "fort of the foreigner"), and thus is very common in Derry, and is the fourteenth-most-common by birth records in Ireland. In the United States, it was ranked by the 2020 US Census as the 482nd most common name. According to Professor Edward MacLysaght, in the mid-20th century Gallagher was one of the most common Irish surnames, most of the recorded births being located in the northern province, Ulster, and the western province, Connacht, with the majority being recorded in the homeland of the sept—County Donegal in Ulster. In 1890 it was ranked the 12th-most-common surname in Ireland, while in 1996 it was 20th.
People with surname Gallagher
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
Aidan Gallagher, American actor
Alexandra Gallagher, British multidisciplinary artist
Ann Gallagher, politician who served in Seanad Éireann
Audrey Gallagher, trance singer
B
Benny Gallagher, Scottish singer/songwriter and member of Gallagher and Lyle
Bill Gallagher Sr., a New Zealand inventor of the electric fence, founder of Gallagher Group (NZ)
Bob Gallagher, several people
Brendan Gallagher, Canadian hockey player
Bridie Gallagher, singer
Bronagh Gallagher, Irish singer and actress
C
Cam Gallagher American baseball player
Catherine Gallagher, literary critic
Charlie Gallagher, several people
Colm Gallagher, Irish politician
Conor Gallagher, English football player
Conrad Gallagher, chef and businessman from Letterkenny
Cornelius Edward Gallagher, American politician
Cynthia Gallagher, American artist
D
Dan Gallagher, Canadian TV broadcaster
David Gallagher, several people named David and Dave
Deirdre Gallagher, Irish race walker
Delia Gallagher, TV journalist
Denis Gallagher, Irish politician
Dennis J. Gallagher, American politician
Dermot Gallagher, Irish football referee
E
Edward Gallagher, several people named Ed or Edward
Ellis Gallagher, American artist
Ellen Gallagher, American artist
F
Frank Gallagher, several people
Fred Gallagher, several people
G
Gerald Gallagher, medical doctor and British colonial administrator, of the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
Gerry Gallagher, American footballer
Gino Gallagher, chief of staff of the militant revolutionary Irish National Liberation Army
H
Helen Gallagher, American actress
Helen Gallagher, Ziegfeld girl who co-founded Gallagher's Steak House
Harry Gallagher (1880-1975), Irish businessman and founder of Urney Chocolates
Hugh Gallagher, several people
J
Jack Gallagher, several people
Jackie Gallagher, male English footballer
James Gallagher, several people
Jared Gallagher, Singaporean football player
Jill Gallagher, Australian aboriginal worker
Jim Gallagher, several people
Jimmy Gallagher (1901–1971), Scottish-American soccer player
Joe Gallagher (baseball) (1914–1998), American baseball player
Joe Gallagher (boxing)
Joe Gallagher (footballer)
John Gallagher, several people
Jon Gallagher, Irish football player
Joseph Gallagher, Chess opening strategy theorist and one of six living Swiss chess grandmasters
K
Kathryn Gallagher, American singer and actress
Katie Gallagher, fashion designer
Katie Gallagher, penname of Sarah Addison Allen
Katy Gallagher, Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory
Kenna Gallagher (1917–2011), British Foreign Office official and diplomat
Kerri Gallagher (born 1989), American middle-distance runner
Kevin R. Gallagher, American guitarist
Kim Gallagher, American track and field Olympian
L
Leo Anthony Gallagher Jr., better known under his stage name Gallagher (1946–2022), American comedian
Liam Gallagher, former lead singer of the British bands Oasis and Beady Eye
Louis J. Gallagher, American Jesuit, educator, writer and translator
M
Maggie Gallagher, American commentator
Mark Gallagher, guitarist of the British heavy metal band Raven
Matt Gallagher, several people
Megan Gallagher, American actress
Martin Gallagher, New Zealand politician
Michael Gallagher, several people named Michael or Mike, most notably political scientist Michael Gallagher (academic), creator of the Gallagher index
Mick Gallagher, musician with Ian Dury and the Blockheads
N
Neil Gallagher, several people
Noel Gallagher, former lead guitarist of Oasis and currently with Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
Norm Gallagher, Australian trade unionist
P
PJ Gallagher, several people
Pat Gallagher, several people named Pat or Patricia
Patrick Gallagher, several people named Paddy or Patrick
Paul Gallagher, several people
Peta Gallagher, Australian field hockey player
Peter Gallagher, several people
R
Raymond F. Gallagher (born 1939), New York state senator
Richard B. Gallagher, Scottish academic publisher
Richard F. Gallagher, American college basketball coach
Richard "Skeets" Gallagher
Robert Gallagher, magazine photographer
Rory Gallagher, Irish blues guitarist and singer
S
Sean Gallagher, several people
Shane Gallagher, guitarist with bands +44 and Mercy Killers
Shaun Gallagher, American philosopher
Stephen Gallagher, British author and screenwriter
Steve Gallagher, former drummer for the band Tally Hall
T
Teresa Gallagher, British actress
Tess Gallagher, American author
Thomas Gallagher, several people named Thomas, Tom and Tommy
Tim Gallagher, American ornithologist
Tony Gallagher (businessman) (born 1951), British billionaire property developer
Trace Gallagher, Fox News anchor
W
Wes Gallagher, American journalist and general manager of the Associated Press
William Gallagher, several people
Fictional characters
Gallagher Family (Shameless)
Mary Katherine Gallagher, fictional Saturday Night Live character
Gallagher, a playable character in the game Honkai: Star Rail
See also
Gallagher family, the ancestral Irish clan
References
^ "Gallagher Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History". forebears.io. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
^ Bureau, US Census. "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Gallagher. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annals of the Four Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD"},{"link_name":"compound word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"2020 US Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edward MacLysaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_MacLysaght"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"}],"text":"The earliest recorded incidence of the name is in a fragment of a manuscript currently in the Royal Library of Brussels, which states the name \"Gallchubhair\". A similarly earlier mention occurs in the Annals of the Four Masters, where it is recorded that Mael Cobo Úi Gallchobhar, Abbot of Scrin Adamnain, died in 1022 AD. Gallchobhar was the one given the role of founding father of the clan at the advent of widespread surname usage in Ireland, which began around the 10th century.As with other modern Irish last names, Ó Gallchóir similarly appears to be a conjoined compound word.Most Gallaghers are found in the Americas, where approximately 60% of Gallaghers originate. The United States is the home to 55% of Gallaghers.[1] Gallagher is also the most common surname in County Donegal (Dún na nGall means \"fort of the foreigner\"), and thus is very common in Derry, and is the fourteenth-most-common by birth records in Ireland. In the United States, it was ranked by the 2020 US Census as the 482nd most common name.[2] According to Professor Edward MacLysaght, in the mid-20th century Gallagher was one of the most common Irish surnames, most of the recorded births being located in the northern province, Ulster, and the western province, Connacht, with the majority being recorded in the homeland of the sept—County Donegal in Ulster. In 1890 it was ranked the 12th-most-common surname in Ireland, while in 1996 it was 20th.","title":"Gallagher (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Top\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aidan Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Ann Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Audrey Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"A","text":"Aidan Gallagher, American actor\nAlexandra Gallagher, British multidisciplinary artist\nAnn Gallagher, politician who served in Seanad Éireann\nAudrey Gallagher, trance singer","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallagher and Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_and_Lyle"},{"link_name":"Bill Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gallagher_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Bob Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Brendan Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Bridie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridie_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Bronagh Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronagh_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"B","text":"Benny Gallagher, Scottish singer/songwriter and member of Gallagher and Lyle\nBill Gallagher Sr., a New Zealand inventor of the electric fence, founder of Gallagher Group (NZ)\nBob Gallagher, several people\nBrendan Gallagher, Canadian hockey player\nBridie Gallagher, singer\nBronagh Gallagher, Irish singer and actress","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cam Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Catherine Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Colm Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Conor Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Conrad Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Edward Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Edward_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"C","text":"Cam Gallagher American baseball player\nCatherine Gallagher, literary critic\nCharlie Gallagher, several people\nColm Gallagher, Irish politician\nConor Gallagher, English football player\nConrad Gallagher, chef and businessman from Letterkenny\nCornelius Edward Gallagher, American politician\nCynthia Gallagher, American artist","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"David Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Deirdre Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Delia Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Denis Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Dennis J. Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_J._Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Dermot Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"D","text":"Dan Gallagher, Canadian TV broadcaster\nDavid Gallagher, several people named David and Dave\nDeirdre Gallagher, Irish race walker\nDelia Gallagher, TV journalist\nDenis Gallagher, Irish politician\nDennis J. Gallagher, American politician\nDermot Gallagher, Irish football referee","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ellis Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellis_Gallagher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ellen Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"E","text":"Edward Gallagher, several people named Ed or Edward\nEllis Gallagher, American artist\nEllen Gallagher, American artist","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Fred Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"}],"sub_title":"F","text":"Frank Gallagher, several people\nFred Gallagher, several people","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Gerry Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Gino Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"G","text":"Gerald Gallagher, medical doctor and British colonial administrator, of the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme\nGerry Gallagher, American footballer\nGino Gallagher, chief of staff of the militant revolutionary Irish National Liberation Army","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Helen Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gallagher_(Solomon)"},{"link_name":"Harry Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gallagher_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Urney Chocolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urney_Chocolates"},{"link_name":"Hugh Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"}],"sub_title":"H","text":"Helen Gallagher, American actress\nHelen Gallagher, Ziegfeld girl who co-founded Gallagher's Steak House\nHarry Gallagher (1880-1975), Irish businessman and founder of Urney Chocolates\nHugh Gallagher, several people","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"James Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jared Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Jill Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Jim Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Joe Gallagher (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gallagher_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Gallagher (boxing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gallagher_(boxing)"},{"link_name":"Joe Gallagher (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gallagher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"John Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gallagher_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jon Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gallagher"}],"sub_title":"J","text":"Jack Gallagher, several people\nJackie Gallagher, male English footballer\nJames Gallagher, several people\nJared Gallagher, Singaporean football player\nJill Gallagher, Australian aboriginal worker\nJim Gallagher, several people\nJimmy Gallagher (1901–1971), Scottish-American soccer player\nJoe Gallagher (baseball) (1914–1998), American baseball player\nJoe Gallagher (boxing)\nJoe Gallagher (footballer)\nJohn Gallagher, several people\nJon Gallagher, Irish football player\nJoseph Gallagher, Chess opening strategy theorist and one of six living Swiss chess grandmasters","title":"People with surname Gallagher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathryn Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Katie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Sarah Addison Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Addison_Allen"},{"link_name":"Katy Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Kenna Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenna_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Kerri Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Kevin R. 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Retrieved 2023-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://forebears.io/surnames/gallagher","url_text":"\"Gallagher Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census\". Census.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html","url_text":"\"Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://forebears.io/surnames/gallagher","external_links_name":"\"Gallagher Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gallagher_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_tim | Nasi tim | ["1 Variations","2 Preparation and serving","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Indonesian steamed chicken rice dish
Nasi timNasi Tim AyamCourseMain coursePlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateSoutheast AsiaServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsRice steamed with chicken or meat Media: Nasi tim
Nasi tim is an Tionghoa Indonesian steamed chicken rice. In Indonesian language nasi means (cooked) rice and tim means steam. The ingredients are chicken, mushroom and hard boiled egg. These are seasoned in soy sauce and garlic, and then placed at the bottom of a tin bowl. This tin bowl is then filled with rice and steamed until cooked. This dish is usually served with light chicken broth and chopped leeks.
Variations
Nasi Tim in a Chinese foodstall in Jakarta.
Although it commonly uses chicken, some variants also use pork, fish or beef in place of chicken. Nasi tim for babies are often made from red rice and chicken liver.
Preparation and serving
The diced and seasoned boneless chicken and mushroom are stir-fried with garlic and seasoned with soy sauce, Chinese cooking wine, sesame oil and oyster sauce. The rice is seasoned with salt and pepper and garlic. Hard boiled chicken egg is placed in the bottom of the bowl, followed by seasoned cooked chicken and mushroom, then the bowl is filled with seasoned rice. Then the bowl is steamed in a steamer until it is cooked well.
The serving method is as follows: nasi tim in metal bowls (made from tin, aluminium or stainless steel) are usually kept in a steamer to keep warm. It is then served by placing the tin bowl against a plate and the bowl's content will be printed upon the plate. Because this food is always served hot — just like chicken soup — nasi tim is known as comfort food in Chinese Indonesian culture.
The soft texture of rice and boneless chicken also make this dish suitable for young children or adults in convalescence.
See also
Food portalIndonesia portal
List of chicken dishes
List of rice dishes
List of steamed foods
Hainanese chicken rice
Duck rice
References
^ a b Marvellina (25 July 2016). "Indonesian steamed rice with chicken (nasi tim ayam)". What to Cook Today.
^ a b Blessedfin (28 October 2013). "Nasi Tim Ayam Jamur (Steamed Rice With Chicken and Mushroom)". Mangkok dan Sumpit.
Tan, Mely G. (2002), "Chinese Dietary Culture in Indonesian Urban Society", in Wu, David Y. H. & Cheung, Sidney C. H. (eds.), The Globalization of Chinese Food, Honolulu, H.I.: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 152–169, ISBN 978-0-8248-2582-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nasi tim.
https://www.masakapahariini.com/resep/resep-nasi-tim-ayam/
https://www.foodcity.id/
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Sate madura
Sate ponorogo
Sate tegal
Sate udang
Sayur lodeh
Selat solo
Serundeng
Soto babat
Soto ceker
Tahu campur
Telur pindang
Tempe bacem
Tempe goreng
Tempe mendoan
Timlo
Tongseng
Trancam
Tumpeng
Urap
Madurese
Rujak
Rujak cingur
Sate madura
Serundeng
Soto madura
Malay
Amplang
Ayam goreng
Ayam pansuh
Bubur cha cha
Bubur pedas
Cincalok
Epok-epok
Gulai
Ikan bakar
Ikan patin
Kangkung belacan
Kari
Kemplang
Laksa
Mi kari
Mi rebus
Nasi berlauk
Nasi briyani
Nasi dagang
Nasi goreng
Nasi goreng pattaya
Nasi lemak
Nasi minyak
Otak-otak
Pekasam
Pulut
Roti canai
Roti jala
Roti john
Roti tisu
Sayur lodeh
Siput gonggong
Soto
Sup kambing
Tahu goreng
Tempoyak
Ulam
Minahasan
Ayam rica-rica
Brenebon
Cakalang fufu
Dabu-dabu
Klappertaart
Mi cakalang
Nasi kuning
Panada
Paniki
Rica-rica
Rintek wuuk
Tinorangsak
Tinutuan
Woku
Minangkabau
Asam pedas
Ayam pop
Balado
Daun ubi tumbuk
Dendeng
Gulai
Gulai ayam
Gulai kambing
Gulai otak
Kalio
Kepiting saus padang
Keripik sanjai
Lemang
Lontong gulai pakis
Nasi kapau
Nasi kari
Nasi padang
Palai bada
Rendang
Sambal lada muda
Sate padang
Soto padang
Udang balado
Moluccanand Papuan
Asida
Babi bakar
Bibingka
Colo-colo
Papeda
Puding sagu
Sagu
Soto ambon
Palembang
Burgo
Gulai
Kemplang
Laksan
Lakso
Mi celor
Nasi minyak
Otak-otak
Pempek
Pindang
Tekwan
Tempoyak ikan patin
Peranakan
Bubur cha cha
Cincalok
Laksa
Pai ti
Swikee
Sasak
Ayam taliwang
Plecing kangkung
Sate ampet
Sate belut
Sate pusut
Sundanese
Asinan bogor
Batagor
Empal gepuk
Karedok
Kupat tahu
Laksa bogor
Laksa tangerang
Lalab
Mi kocok
Nasi timbel
Nasi tutug oncom
Oncom
Pepes
Rujak tumbuk
Sate bandeng
Sate maranggi
Sayur asem
Seblak
Soto bandung
Tauge goreng
Uli bakar
Timorese
Feijoada
Ikan bakar
Katemak
Pastel de nata
Se'i
SnacksKrupuk
Amplang
Emping
Kemplang
Krupuk
Krupuk ikan
Krupuk kulit
Krupuk udang
Kripik
Kripik sanjai
Rempeyek
Rengginang
Kue
Agar-agar
Apam
Ape
Arem-arem
Asida
Bagea
Bahulu
Bakcang
Bakpau
Bakpia
Bakpia pathok
Bangkit
Bibingka
Bika ambon
Bingka
Bitterballen
Bolen
Bolu gulung
Bolu kukus
Bolu pandan
Bugis
Bulan
Busa
Cakwe
Cilok
Clorot
Cubit
Cucur
Dadar gulung
Dodol
Donat jawa
Donat kentang
Gapit
Geplak
Gethuk
Jalangkote
Jemput-jemput
Kaak
Kaasstengels
Kamir
Karipap
Kembang goyang
Keranjang
Klappertaart
Klepon
Kochi
Kroket
Ku
Kukis jagung
Laddu
Laklak
Lapis
Lapis legit
Leker
Lemper
Lidah kucing
Lumpia
Lumpia goreng
Lumpia semarang
Sumpia
Lupis
Madumongso
Makmur
Martabak
Mangkok
Mochi
Modak
Nagasari
Nastar
Ombusombus
Onde-onde
Pai susu
Pai ti
Panada
Pancong
Pastel
Pastel de nata
Pinyaram
Pisang cokelat
Pisang goreng
Poffertjes
Popiah
Pukis
Putri salju
Putu
Putu mangkok
Putu mayang
Rangi
Rempah udang
Risoles
Samosa
Satu
Semar mendem
Semprit
Semprong
Serabi
Seri muka
Sus
Spekulaas
Stroopwafel
Talam
Tapai
Timphan
Terang bulan
Untir-untir
Wajik
Wingko
BeveragesAlcoholic
Arak
Beer
Brem
Cap tikus
Ciu
Lapen
Saguer
Sopi
Tuak
Non-alcoholic
Adon-adon coro
Angsle
Bajigur
Bandrek
Bir jawa
Bir kocok
Bir pletok
Cendol
Chocolate milk
Cincau
Dadiah
Es asam jawa
Es buah
Es campur
Es doger
Es durian
Es goyobod
Es kelapa muda
Es kopyor
Es selendang mayang
Es tebak
Es tebu
Es teler
Hot chocolate
Jahe telur
Jamu
Java coffee
Kembang tahu
Kopi luwak
Kopi susu
Kopi tarik
Kopi tiam
Kopi tubruk
Lahang
Laksamana mengamuk
Legen
Milo
Moke
Ronde
Sarsi
Badak
Indo saparelle
Sekoteng
Soda gembira
Susu kedelai
Sweet tea
Teh botol
Teh krisan
Teh liang
Teh poci
Teh jahe
Teh tarik
Teh talua
Wedang jahe
Wedang uwuh
BumbuSpices
Adas manis
Andaliman
Asam jawa
Bawang bombai
Bawang merah
Bawang perei
Bawang putih
Bunga lawang
Bunga pala
Cabai rawit
Cabai merah
Cengkih
Daun bawang
Daun jeruk
Daun kari
Daun kemangi
Daun pandan
Daun salam
Jahe
Jeruk purut
Jeruk nipis
Jintan
Kapulaga
Kayu manis
Kecombrang
Kencur
Kemiri
Ketumbar
Keluak
Kunyit
Lengkuas
Lada hitam
Lada putih
Lokio
Pala
Peterseli
Seledri
Serai
Temu kunci
Temu lawak
Seasoningsand condiments
Abon
Acar
Balado
Bawang goreng
Budu
Coconut jam
Cuka
Dabu-dabu
Hagelslag
Kecap asin
Kecap ikan
Kecap inggris
Kecap manis
Kerisik
Lalab
Mayones
Minyak samin
Minyak wijen
Minyak zaitun
Moster
Muisjes
Nata de coco
Peanut sauce
Petis
Petis ikan
Rica-rica
Sambal
Sambal goreng teri
Serundeng
Saus tiram
Saus tomat
Tapai
Tauco
Tempoyak
Terasi
Tongcai
Tuktuk
Vlokken
Influences andoverseas dishes
Achat
Asam pedas
Ayam penyet
Babi pangang
Bami
Bamischijf
Begedil
Biryani
Bobotie
Bobotok
Boeber
Dendeng
Kaassoufflé
Kalu dodol
Koe'sister
Lumpia
Martabak
Mie goreng
Mie rebus
Nasi ambeng
Nasi goreng
Nasi kuning
Nasischijf
Pechal
Pisang goreng
Rawon
Rendang
Rojak
Roti canai
Satay
Sayur lodeh
Serundeng
Sosatie
Soto
Telur pindang
Tempeh
Tomato bredie
List articles
Indonesian beverages
Indonesian condiments
Indonesian desserts
Indonesian dishes
Indonesian noodles
Indonesian snacks
Indonesian soups
Relatedtopics
List of Indonesian dishes
Alcohol in Indonesia
Jamu
Bumbu (seasoning)
Street food of Indonesia
Jajan pasar
Sri Owen
Nunuk Nuraini
Category: Indonesian cuisine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tionghoa Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangkok_dan_Sumpit-2"},{"link_name":"Indonesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"boiled egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_egg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marvellina-Nasi_Tim-1"}],"text":"Nasi tim is an Tionghoa Indonesian steamed chicken rice.[2] In Indonesian language nasi means (cooked) rice and tim means steam. The ingredients are chicken, mushroom and hard boiled egg. These are seasoned in soy sauce and garlic, and then placed at the bottom of a tin bowl. This tin bowl is then filled with rice and steamed until cooked. This dish is usually served with light chicken broth and chopped leeks.[1]","title":"Nasi tim"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_tim_ayam.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"}],"text":"Nasi Tim in a Chinese foodstall in Jakarta.Although it commonly uses chicken, some variants also use pork, fish or beef in place of chicken. Nasi tim for babies are often made from red rice and chicken liver.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangkok_dan_Sumpit-2"},{"link_name":"comfort food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_food"}],"text":"The diced and seasoned boneless chicken and mushroom are stir-fried with garlic and seasoned with soy sauce, Chinese cooking wine, sesame oil and oyster sauce. The rice is seasoned with salt and pepper and garlic. Hard boiled chicken egg is placed in the bottom of the bowl, followed by seasoned cooked chicken and mushroom, then the bowl is filled with seasoned rice. Then the bowl is steamed in a steamer until it is cooked well.[2]The serving method is as follows: nasi tim in metal bowls (made from tin, aluminium or stainless steel) are usually kept in a steamer to keep warm. It is then served by placing the tin bowl against a plate and the bowl's content will be printed upon the plate. Because this food is always served hot — just like chicken soup — nasi tim is known as comfort food in Chinese Indonesian culture.The soft texture of rice and boneless chicken also make this dish suitable for young children or adults in convalescence.","title":"Preparation and serving"}] | [{"image_text":"Nasi Tim in a Chinese foodstall in Jakarta.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nasi_tim_ayam.JPG/163px-Nasi_tim_ayam.JPG"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"List of chicken dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes"},{"title":"List of rice dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rice_dishes"},{"title":"List of steamed foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steamed_foods"},{"title":"Hainanese chicken rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice"},{"title":"Duck rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_rice"}] | [{"reference":"Marvellina (25 July 2016). \"Indonesian steamed rice with chicken (nasi tim ayam)\". What to Cook Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://whattocooktoday.com/nasi-tim-ayam.html","url_text":"\"Indonesian steamed rice with chicken (nasi tim ayam)\""}]},{"reference":"Blessedfin (28 October 2013). \"Nasi Tim Ayam Jamur (Steamed Rice With Chicken and Mushroom)\". Mangkok dan Sumpit.","urls":[{"url":"https://mangkokdansumpit.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/nasi-tim-ayam-jamur-steamed-rice-with-chicken-and-mushroom/","url_text":"\"Nasi Tim Ayam Jamur (Steamed Rice With Chicken and Mushroom)\""}]},{"reference":"Tan, Mely G. (2002), \"Chinese Dietary Culture in Indonesian Urban Society\", in Wu, David Y. H. & Cheung, Sidney C. H. (eds.), The Globalization of Chinese Food, Honolulu, H.I.: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 152–169, ISBN 978-0-8248-2582-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mely_G._Tan","url_text":"Tan, Mely G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2582-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-2582-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://whattocooktoday.com/nasi-tim-ayam.html","external_links_name":"\"Indonesian steamed rice with chicken (nasi tim ayam)\""},{"Link":"https://mangkokdansumpit.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/nasi-tim-ayam-jamur-steamed-rice-with-chicken-and-mushroom/","external_links_name":"\"Nasi Tim Ayam Jamur (Steamed Rice With Chicken and Mushroom)\""},{"Link":"https://www.masakapahariini.com/resep/resep-nasi-tim-ayam/","external_links_name":"https://www.masakapahariini.com/resep/resep-nasi-tim-ayam/"},{"Link":"https://www.foodcity.id/","external_links_name":"https://www.foodcity.id/"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Chittagong | List of colleges in Chittagong | [] | This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Here is the full list of colleges in Chittagong, Bangladesh.
College
Location
Syllabus
Established
Levels
Institute of Global Management & Information System (IGMIS)
932/A. Mehedibagh, Chattogram
English Version National University
2006
BBA, MBA
Marine Academy School & College
Bangladesh Marine Academy, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
2008
Play-12
Govt. Hazi Mohammad Mohsin College
College Road, Chawkbazar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
1869
12-Masters
Ispahani Public School & College
O.R Nizam Road, GEC Circle
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Play-12
Halishahar Cantonment Public School & College
Halishahar Cantonment
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
2013
Play-12
Chattogram Bandar College
Port Colony Road
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
2013
11-12
Nou Bahini School & College
Sailors Colony 1, CEPZ, Bandar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
1977
Play-12
BEPZA Public School and College
Potenga
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Hazera-Taju Degree College
Bahaddarhat
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Government College of Commerce, Chittagong
Agrabad
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Agrabad Mohila College
Agrabad
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Chittagong Government Model School and College
Khulshi, Near CPI
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
2006
6-12
Government City College, Chittagong
Ice Factory Road
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
1954
12-Masters
Patharghata Girls College
Patharghata
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Omargani MES University College
O.R Nizam Road, GEC Circle
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Chittagong Govt. Women's College
Khulshi,O.R Nizam Road
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Barrister Sultan Ahmad Chowdhury College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Bangladesh Women's Association School & College
Bisswa Road, Wasa Circle
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Play-12
Islamia Degree College
Pahartali
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
J.M. Sen College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Dr. Fazlul Hazera College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Chittagong Engineering University School and College
CUET, Raozan
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
6-12
Chittagong Public School & College
Chittagong Cantonment
Bengali & English Medium National Curriculum
Play-Masters
B.A.F Shaheen College
Potenga
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Play-12
Sitakund Degree College
Sitakunda
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Latifa Siddiqi Degree College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Faujdarhat Cadet College
Fauzderhat
English Medium National Curriculum
7-12
Pahartali College
Pahartali, Pachlaish
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Hathazari Government College
Hathazari, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Katirhat Girl's College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Fatikchari Government University College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Bhujpur National School & College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Isapur B.M.C College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Narayanhat Adarsha College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Suchona Sharif Model School And Girls College... Patiya
Nanupur Laila Kabir College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Gultaz Memorial School & College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Heako Banani College
Fatikchari
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Nazirhat College
Nazirhat
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Quaish Burischar Sheikh Mohammad City Corporation College
Quaish
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
11-12
Fateyabad College
Fateyabad
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Mirasarai College
Mirasarai
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Nizampur College
Nizampur
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
1964
Baraiahat College
Baraiahat
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Chittagong University College
Hathazari, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Rangunia College
Rangunia
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
South Rangunia Padua College
Rangunia
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Rajanagar Ranirhat College
Rajanagar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
North Rangunia College
Rangunia
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
M. Shah Alam Chowdhury College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Sir Ashotosh Govt. College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Boalkhali Shirajul Islam Degree College
Boalkhali
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Kadurkhil Jalil Ambia College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Satkania Govt. College
Satkania
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
12-Masters
Al Helal Adarsa College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
North Satkania Jafar Ahmad Chowdhury College
Satkania
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Alaol Degree College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Banshkhali Degree College
Banshkhali, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Anowara College
Anowara, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Paschim Patia A.J. Chowdhury College
Patiya, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Shah Mohsen Aulia College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Gachbaria Govt. College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Satbaria Oli Ahmed Bir Bikram College
Satbaria
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Barama College
Chandanaish
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
1984
Bara Aulia Degree College
Lohagara, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
11-Honers
Chunti Govt. Women College
Lohagara, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
11-Honers
Alhaz Mostafizur Rahaman College
Lohagara, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
11-Honers
Patiya Govt. College
Patiya, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Hulain Saleh Nur Degree College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Muzaffarabad Jasoda Nagendra Nandi Residential Girl's College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Govt Hazi A.B. College
Sandwip
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Mustafizur Rahman College
Sandwip
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Raozan Government University College
Raozan, Chittagong
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Noapara University College
Noapara, Raozan
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Kundeswari Girl's College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Gohira Degree College
Gohira Raozan
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Agrasar Girls College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Imam Gazzali University College
Raozan
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Cox's Bazar Govt. College
Cox's Bazar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Cox's Bazar Govt. Girl's College
Cox's Bazar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Chakoria College
Chakoria
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Maheshkhali College
Maheshkhali
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Kutubdia College
Kutubdia
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Ramu College
Ramu
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Eidgah Farid Ahmad College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Ukhia College
Ukhia
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
South Asian College,Chittagong
Chawkbazar
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Karnafuli College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum
Kachalong College
Bengali Medium National Curriculum | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_colleges_in_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Here is the full list of colleges in Chittagong, Bangladesh.","title":"List of colleges in Chittagong"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://igmis.edu.bd/","external_links_name":"Institute of Global Management & Information System (IGMIS)"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/IGMIS+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8:+Institute+of+Global+Management+%26+Information+System/@22.3555908,91.8225212,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x30acd89bb0e9411f:0x5dcb081f6348d4a3!8m2!3d22.3555908!4d91.8250961!16s%2Fg%2F1tdkz_8r?entry=tts","external_links_name":"932/A. Mehedibagh, Chattogram"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/","external_links_name":"Barama College"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger | Tripletooth goby | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Genus of fishes
Tripletooth goby
Tridentiger brevispinis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gobiiformes
Family:
Oxudercidae
Subfamily:
Gobionellinae
Genus:
TridentigerT. N. Gill, 1859
Type species
Sicydium obscurumTemminck & Schlegel, 1845
Synonyms
Triaenophorichthys Gill, 1859
Triaenophorus Gill, 1859
Triaenopogon Bleeker, 1874
Trifissus Jordan & Snyder, 1900
Trigonocephalus Okada, 1961
Tridentiger is a genus of fish in the subfamily of gobies called the Gobionellinae, known commonly as the tripletooth gobies.
These fish are native to the coastal waters of China, Japan, and Korea, where they live in brackish habitat types. They are often dominant members of the local fish fauna. Some are known as invasive species in North America.
These gobies are generally under 10 centimeters long. They have tricuspid outer teeth on their upper and lower jaws.
Species
There are currently 9 recognized species in this genus:
Tridentiger barbatus Günther, 1861 (Shokihaze goby)
Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner, 1881 (Shimofuri goby)
Tridentiger brevispinis Katsuyama, R. Arai & M. Nakamura, 1972
Tridentiger kuroiwae D. S. Jordan & S. Tanaka (I), 1927
Tridentiger microsquamis H. W. Wu, 1931
Tridentiger nudicervicus Tomiyama, 1934 (Bare-naped goby)
Tridentiger obscurus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 (Dusky tripletooth goby)
Tridentiger radiatus R. F. Cui, Y. S. Pan, X. M. Yang & Y. Y. Wang, 2013
Tridentiger trigonocephalus T. N. Gill, 1859 (Chameleon goby)
References
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Tridentiger in FishBase. November 2014 version.
^ a b c Cui, R., Pan, Y., Yang, X. & Wang, Y. (2013). A new barbeled goby from south China (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa, 3670 (2) 177-192.
Taxon identifiersTridentiger
Wikidata: Q922283
Wikispecies: Tridentiger
ADW: Tridentiger
AFD: Tridentiger
BOLD: 148395
CoL: 7ZV8
GBIF: 2376455
iNaturalist: 56898
IRMNG: 1107503
ITIS: 171911
NCBI: 55552
Open Tree of Life: 98394
WoRMS: 271146
This Gobionellinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"gobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiiformes"},{"link_name":"Gobionellinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobionellinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cui2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cui2013-2"}],"text":"Tridentiger is a genus of fish in the subfamily of gobies called the Gobionellinae, known commonly as the tripletooth gobies.[1]These fish are native to the coastal waters of China, Japan, and Korea, where they live in brackish habitat types. They are often dominant members of the local fish fauna. Some are known as invasive species in North America.[2]These gobies are generally under 10 centimeters long. They have tricuspid outer teeth on their upper and lower jaws.[2]","title":"Tripletooth goby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tridentiger barbatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_barbatus"},{"link_name":"Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger bifasciatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_bifasciatus"},{"link_name":"Steindachner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Steindachner"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger brevispinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_brevispinis"},{"link_name":"Katsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichiro_Katsuyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. Arai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryoichi_Arai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morizumi_Nakamura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger kuroiwae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_kuroiwae"},{"link_name":"D. S. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan"},{"link_name":"S. Tanaka (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeho_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger microsquamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tridentiger_microsquamis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. W. Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_Hsien-Wen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger nudicervicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_nudicervicus"},{"link_name":"Tomiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itiro_Tomiyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger obscurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_obscurus"},{"link_name":"Temminck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck"},{"link_name":"Schlegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlegel"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger radiatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tridentiger_radiatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. F. Cui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cui_Rong-Feng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Y. S. Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Ya-Shu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"X. M. Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yang_Xin-Ming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Y. Y. Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Ying-Yong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cui2013-2"},{"link_name":"Tridentiger trigonocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentiger_trigonocephalus"},{"link_name":"T. N. Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Nicholas_Gill"}],"text":"There are currently 9 recognized species in this genus:Tridentiger barbatus Günther, 1861 (Shokihaze goby)\nTridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner, 1881 (Shimofuri goby)\nTridentiger brevispinis Katsuyama, R. Arai & M. Nakamura, 1972\nTridentiger kuroiwae D. S. Jordan & S. Tanaka (I), 1927\nTridentiger microsquamis H. W. Wu, 1931\nTridentiger nudicervicus Tomiyama, 1934 (Bare-naped goby)\nTridentiger obscurus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 (Dusky tripletooth goby)\nTridentiger radiatus R. F. Cui, Y. S. Pan, X. M. Yang & Y. Y. Wang, 2013 [2]\nTridentiger trigonocephalus T. N. Gill, 1859 (Chameleon goby)","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Tridentiger","external_links_name":"Species of Tridentiger"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091382_A_new_barbeled_goby_from_south_China_%28Teleostei_Gobiidae%29","external_links_name":"A new barbeled goby from south China (Teleostei: Gobiidae)."},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tridentiger/","external_links_name":"Tridentiger"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tridentiger","external_links_name":"Tridentiger"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=148395","external_links_name":"148395"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7ZV8","external_links_name":"7ZV8"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2376455","external_links_name":"2376455"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/56898","external_links_name":"56898"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1107503","external_links_name":"1107503"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=171911","external_links_name":"171911"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=55552","external_links_name":"55552"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=98394","external_links_name":"98394"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=271146","external_links_name":"271146"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripletooth_goby&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Fontenay | Abbey of Fontenay | ["1 History","1.1 Foundation of the order","1.2 History of the abbey","2 Architecture","2.1 Background","2.2 Buildings","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°38′22.0″N 4°23′20.8″E / 47.639444°N 4.389111°E / 47.639444; 4.389111UNESCO World Heritage Site in Côte-d'Or, France
Cistercian Abbey of FontenayUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationMarmagne, Côte-d'Or, FranceCriteriaCultural: (iv)Reference165bisInscription1981 (5th Session)Extensions2007Area5.77 ha (14.3 acres)Buffer zone1,397 ha (3,450 acres)Websitewww.abbayedefontenay.com/fr/Coordinates47°38′22.0″N 4°23′20.8″E / 47.639444°N 4.389111°E / 47.639444; 4.389111Location of Abbey of Fontenay in France
The church and convent building seen from the gardens.
The Abbey of Fontenay is a former Cistercian abbey located in the commune of Marmagne, near Montbard, in the département of Côte-d'Or in France. It was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, and built in the Romanesque style. It is one of the oldest and most complete Cistercian abbeys in Europe, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Of the original complex comprising church, dormitory, cloister, chapter house, caldarium, refectory, dovecote and forge, all remain intact except the refectory and are well maintained. The Abbey of Fontenay, along with other Cistercian abbeys, forms a connecting link between Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
History
Foundation of the order
In the late 11th century during the heyday of the great church of Cluny III (a magnificent Benedictine monastery in Cluny, France), although Cluny had numerous followers, Saint Robert of Molesme, the subsequent founder of Cîteaux Abbey, led a strong reaction against it. Saint Robert thought that Cluny was against the actual Rule of Saint Benedict: “to work is to pray”. As a result, Saint Robert, along with a group of monks who shared this belief, detached from Cluny.
Saint Robert established the Order of Cistercians in Citeaux, France. The new order strictly observed the Rule of Saint Benedict. As part of this rule, monks had to be poor and live a simple life. In order not to be distracted from the religious life, Cistercians built self-sufficient monasteries in isolated areas and refused to use servants. Cistercian monasteries were independent. They differed from Cluny in that all houses were under the direct control of the abbot, and each Cistercian monastery needed to take care of its own. Each of them was most likely an independent individual society.
Bernard of Clairvaux, an abbot and the primary builder of the reformed Cistercian order, shared the same faith with Saint Robert of Molesme. However, Bernard felt that Cîteaux Abbey was not austere enough and did not completely reflect the Rule of Saint Benedict. Thus, in 1118 he founded the Abbey of Fontenay in a Burgundy valley with strictly implemented austerity.
History of the abbey
The Cistercian monks moved to Fontenay Abbey in 1130. Nine years later, the Bishop of Norwich fled to Fontenay to escape persecution, and helped finance the construction of the church with his wealth. The church was consecrated in 1147 by Pope Eugene III.
By 1200 the monastic complex was complete and able to serve as many as 300 monks. In 1259, the devout King Louis exempted the Abbey of Fontenay from all taxes, and being in the King’s good graces, ten years later the abbey became a royal abbey.
In 1359, the Abbey of Fontenay was pillaged by the armies of King Edward III of England during the Hundred Years' War. It suffered further damage during the Wars of Religion in late 16th century. In 1745, the refectory was destroyed. With the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 all of the monks successively left the abbey due to dechristianisation during the revolution and in 1791, the site was turned into a paper mill, run by the Montgolfier brothers.
In 1906 Edouard Aynard, an art-loving banker from Lyon, bought the abbey and commenced its restoration which was complete by 1911. Edouard's descendants continued to work on the abbey and it remains in the Aynard family to this day. In 1981 the abbey became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Architecture
The Virgin of Fontenay
Background
All Cistercian churches have the same model and are similar to one another; for example, Graiguenamanagh Abbey's church, built in Ireland in 1204, has a floor plan closely resembling that of Fontenay. The spirit of Cistercian architecture is simple, conservative, and utilitarian. Cistercian monastery churches feature Romanesque architecture, including symmetrical plan, massive walls, sturdy piers, groin vaults, round arches, and a tall central nave. In medieval Europe, the Cistercian ethic of manual labor work became "the main force of technological diffusion" in many fields, including metallurgy.
Buildings
Plan of the church.
The Abbey was primarily constructed using stones from local areas. The church of the abbey is of typical Cistercian architecture, built in the Romanesque style. It is in a Latin cross shape, with a nave 66 metres long and 8 metres wide, two side-aisles, and a transept measuring 19 metres. In contrast to earlier churches, the church of the abbey has a flattened apse and two rectangular (instead of semicircular) chapels of each side of the transept. The cloister measures 36 by 38 metres. The chapter house is vaulted, with heavy ribs. There is a large dormitory which was re-roofed in the fifteenth century with an arched braced roof of chestnut timber.
Except for the demolished refectory, the abbey retains almost all of its original buildings: church, dormitory, cloister, chapter house, caldarium or "warming room", dovecote and forge, all built in Romanesque style. The abbot's lodgings and infirmary were built at a later date. Today the abbey buildings are set in modern manicured parterres of lawn and gravel.
Fontenay Abbey - urn (35712327791)
In all of the original buildings, neither the exteriors nor interiors are decorated. Although Bernard of Clairvaux did not attempt to reject art or beauty, he was cautious of “those manifestations of beauty which lead the eyes of the mind away from the imago Dei to the imagines mundi (images of the world)”. Although there are no flowers in the capitals, no decorative motifs and no images anywhere, the abbey is still an outstanding artwork.
The church and the cloister, the centre of life for monks, were built in logically distributed spaces. In anticipation of the monastery’s future expansion, instead of creating an enclosed structure, the church and the cloister were created parallel or perpendicular to each other with open ends. In this way, during expansion the existing cloister and church would not be influenced.
There is no bell tower in the abbey, because Bernard of Clairvaux felt this would take away from the austerity. As an alternative, small bells were attached into the wall beside the church door to call lay brothers to gather together.
In the interior of the church, massive cruciform piers sustain high, large barrel vaults consisting of pointed arches and transverse pointed arches. Diaphragm pointed arches are also evident. The abundant use of pointed arches was chosen because “the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle,” and will support a tall building for thousands of years.
Bernard of Clairvaux, who restricted decorations, believed that only light should enter the church. For a long time it was also believed that perfect proportions can be achieved through music. Thus, when designing the glass windows, numerical ratios corresponding to music were applied. For instance, the seven windows in the west of the interior were distributed according to a musical ratio of 3/4.
The thirty-six meter cloister located at the back of the church is divided by pillars into small galleries. In each gallery, double column pillars with lanceolate capitals support a double arches vault. This cloister was an important place for monks to spend their spare time reading, working and praying.
Gallery
This World Heritage Site has retained the greater part of its Romanesque and Early Gothic monastic buildings, giving uniquely intact picture of a Cistercian monastery of the 12th century.
View of the dovecote and churchThe cloisterThe dormitory and common roomThe forge
The abbey churchThe cloisterThe dormitoryThe forge
References
^ "Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ Terryl N. Kinder, Cistercian Europe (Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002), 27.
^ “Fontenay Abbey,” last modified March 29, 2010, http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/fontenay-abbey.
^ Roger Stalley, The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland (London: Yale University Press, 1987), 73.
^ “Fontenay Abbey,” http://www.francethisway.com/places/abbeyfontenay.php.
^ Kinder, Cistercian Europe, 15.
^ “Gothic architecture,” last modified March 14, 2012
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay.
The Abbey of Fontenay Website
UNESCO page
Fontenay abbey on the site Bourgogne Romane
Paradoxplace Fontenay Photo and History Page
Christine Bolli, Abbaye de Fontenay Archived 2014-11-26 at the Wayback Machine An essay about the Cistercians and the abbey from smarthistory.khanacademy.org
Visit the abbey in panophography, immersive and interactive 360° images.
High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Abbey of Fontenay | Art Atlas
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenay_-_general.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_in_France"},{"link_name":"Marmagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmagne,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partements_of_France"},{"link_name":"Côte-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint Bernard of Clairvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bernard_of_Clairvaux"},{"link_name":"Romanesque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-1"},{"link_name":"dormitory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"chapter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_house"},{"link_name":"caldarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldarium"},{"link_name":"refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"dovecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovecote"},{"link_name":"forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"}],"text":"UNESCO World Heritage Site in Côte-d'Or, FranceThe church and convent building seen from the gardens.The Abbey of Fontenay is a former Cistercian abbey located in the commune of Marmagne, near Montbard, in the département of Côte-d'Or in France. It was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, and built in the Romanesque style. It is one of the oldest and most complete Cistercian abbeys in Europe, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.[1] \nOf the original complex comprising church, dormitory, cloister, chapter house, caldarium, refectory, dovecote and forge, all remain intact except the refectory and are well maintained. 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Saint Robert thought that Cluny was against the actual Rule of Saint Benedict: “to work is to pray”. As a result, Saint Robert, along with a group of monks who shared this belief, detached from Cluny.Saint Robert established the Order of Cistercians in Citeaux, France. The new order strictly observed the Rule of Saint Benedict. As part of this rule, monks had to be poor and live a simple life. In order not to be distracted from the religious life, Cistercians built self-sufficient monasteries in isolated areas and refused to use servants. Cistercian monasteries were independent. They differed from Cluny in that all houses were under the direct control of the abbot, and each Cistercian monastery needed to take care of its own. Each of them was most likely an independent individual society.Bernard of Clairvaux, an abbot and the primary builder of the reformed Cistercian order, shared the same faith with Saint Robert of Molesme. However, Bernard felt that Cîteaux Abbey was not austere enough and did not completely reflect the Rule of Saint Benedict. Thus, in 1118 he founded the Abbey of Fontenay in a Burgundy valley with strictly implemented austerity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Eugene III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Montgolfier brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"History of the abbey","text":"The Cistercian monks moved to Fontenay Abbey in 1130. Nine years later, the Bishop of Norwich fled to Fontenay to escape persecution, and helped finance the construction of the church with his wealth. The church was consecrated in 1147 by Pope Eugene III.By 1200 the monastic complex was complete and able to serve as many as 300 monks. In 1259, the devout King Louis exempted the Abbey of Fontenay from all taxes, and being in the King’s good graces, ten years later the abbey became a royal abbey.In 1359, the Abbey of Fontenay was pillaged by the armies of King Edward III of England during the Hundred Years' War. It suffered further damage during the Wars of Religion in late 16th century. In 1745, the refectory was destroyed. With the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 all of the monks successively left the abbey due to dechristianisation during the revolution and in 1791, the site was turned into a paper mill, run by the Montgolfier brothers.In 1906 Edouard Aynard, an art-loving banker from Lyon, bought the abbey and commenced its restoration which was complete by 1911. Edouard's descendants continued to work on the abbey and it remains in the Aynard family to this day. In 1981 the abbey became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Fontenay_Vierge.jpg"}],"text":"The Virgin of Fontenay","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Romanesque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"All Cistercian churches have the same model and are similar to one another; for example, Graiguenamanagh Abbey's church, built in Ireland in 1204, has a floor plan closely resembling that of Fontenay.[4] The spirit of Cistercian architecture is simple, conservative, and utilitarian. Cistercian monastery churches feature Romanesque architecture, including symmetrical plan, massive walls, sturdy piers, groin vaults, round arches, and a tall central nave. In medieval Europe, the Cistercian ethic of manual labor work became \"the main force of technological diffusion\" in many fields, including metallurgy.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dehio_191_Fontenay.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenay_Abbey_-_urn_(35712327791).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"Plan of the church.The Abbey was primarily constructed using stones from local areas.[5] The church of the abbey is of typical Cistercian architecture, built in the Romanesque style. It is in a Latin cross shape, with a nave 66 metres long and 8 metres wide, two side-aisles, and a transept measuring 19 metres. In contrast to earlier churches, the church of the abbey has a flattened apse and two rectangular (instead of semicircular) chapels of each side of the transept. The cloister measures 36 by 38 metres. The chapter house is vaulted, with heavy ribs. There is a large dormitory which was re-roofed in the fifteenth century with an arched braced roof of chestnut timber.Except for the demolished refectory, the abbey retains almost all of its original buildings: church, dormitory, cloister, chapter house, caldarium or \"warming room\", dovecote and forge, all built in Romanesque style. The abbot's lodgings and infirmary were built at a later date. Today the abbey buildings are set in modern manicured parterres of lawn and gravel.Fontenay Abbey - urn (35712327791)In all of the original buildings, neither the exteriors nor interiors are decorated. Although Bernard of Clairvaux did not attempt to reject art or beauty, he was cautious of “those manifestations of beauty which lead the eyes of the mind away from the imago Dei to the imagines mundi (images of the world)[6]”. Although there are no flowers in the capitals, no decorative motifs and no images anywhere, the abbey is still an outstanding artwork.The church and the cloister, the centre of life for monks, were built in logically distributed spaces. In anticipation of the monastery’s future expansion, instead of creating an enclosed structure, the church and the cloister were created parallel or perpendicular to each other with open ends. In this way, during expansion the existing cloister and church would not be influenced.There is no bell tower in the abbey, because Bernard of Clairvaux felt this would take away from the austerity. As an alternative, small bells were attached into the wall beside the church door to call lay brothers to gather together.In the interior of the church, massive cruciform piers sustain high, large barrel vaults consisting of pointed arches and transverse pointed arches. Diaphragm pointed arches are also evident. The abundant use of pointed arches was chosen because “the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle,[7]” and will support a tall building for thousands of years.Bernard of Clairvaux, who restricted decorations, believed that only light should enter the church. For a long time it was also believed that perfect proportions can be achieved through music. Thus, when designing the glass windows, numerical ratios corresponding to music were applied. For instance, the seven windows in the west of the interior were distributed according to a musical ratio of 3/4.[citation needed]The thirty-six meter cloister located at the back of the church is divided by pillars into small galleries. In each gallery, double column pillars with lanceolate capitals support a double arches vault. This cloister was an important place for monks to spend their spare time reading, working and praying.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenay_Abbey,_Marmagne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloister,_Fontenay_Abbey,_Marmagne,_France.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_side_of_dormitory_and_common_room,_Fontenay_Abbey,_Marmagne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forge,_Fontenay_Abbey,_Marmagne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Fontenay_eglise_interieur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_Fontenay_-_le_cloitre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenay_le_dortoir.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Fontenay_forge_chemin%C3%A9e.jpg"}],"text":"This World Heritage Site has retained the greater part of its Romanesque and Early Gothic monastic buildings, giving uniquely intact picture of a Cistercian monastery of the 12th century.View of the dovecote and churchThe cloisterThe dormitory and common roomThe forgeThe abbey churchThe cloisterThe dormitoryThe forge","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The church and convent building seen from the gardens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fontenay_-_general.JPG/260px-Fontenay_-_general.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Virgin of Fontenay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abbaye_Fontenay_Vierge.jpg/170px-Abbaye_Fontenay_Vierge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of the church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dehio_191_Fontenay.png/170px-Dehio_191_Fontenay.png"},{"image_text":"Fontenay Abbey - urn (35712327791)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fontenay_Abbey_-_urn_%2835712327791%29.jpg/220px-Fontenay_Abbey_-_urn_%2835712327791%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/165","url_text":"\"Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abbey_of_Fontenay¶ms=47_38_22.0_N_4_23_20.8_E_region:FR-D_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°38′22.0″N 4°23′20.8″E / 47.639444°N 4.389111°E / 47.639444; 4.389111"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/165bis","external_links_name":"165bis"},{"Link":"http://www.abbayedefontenay.com/fr/","external_links_name":"www.abbayedefontenay.com/fr/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abbey_of_Fontenay¶ms=47_38_22.0_N_4_23_20.8_E_region:FR-D_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°38′22.0″N 4°23′20.8″E / 47.639444°N 4.389111°E / 47.639444; 4.389111"},{"Link":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/165","external_links_name":"\"Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/fontenay-abbey","external_links_name":"http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/fontenay-abbey"},{"Link":"http://www.francethisway.com/places/abbeyfontenay.php","external_links_name":"http://www.francethisway.com/places/abbeyfontenay.php"},{"Link":"http://www.abbayedefontenay.fr/","external_links_name":"The Abbey of Fontenay Website"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=165","external_links_name":"UNESCO page"},{"Link":"http://www.bourgogneromane.com/edifices/fontenay.htm","external_links_name":"Fontenay abbey on the site Bourgogne Romane"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010926/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/France/Fontenay/Fontenay.htm","external_links_name":"Paradoxplace Fontenay Photo and History Page"},{"Link":"https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/abbey-of-fontenay.html","external_links_name":"Abbaye de Fontenay"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090851/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/abbey-of-fontenay.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903214244/http://cuicui.be/france-fontenay-abbey/","external_links_name":"Visit the abbey in panophography"},{"Link":"https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/medieval-architecture-western-europe/fontenay-abbaye","external_links_name":"Abbey of Fontenay | Art Atlas"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135830364","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119679755","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119679755","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/108570338X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009287388405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97006390","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00112529","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027691802","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyllaeidae | Scyllaeidae | ["1 Genera","2 References","3 External links"] | Family of gastropods
Scyllaeidae
A live individual of the iridescent nudibranch, Notobryon wardi, head end towards the left
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Heterobranchia
Order:
Nudibranchia
Clade:
Dexiarchia
Suborder:
Cladobranchia
Superfamily:
Dendronotoidea
Family:
ScyllaeidaeAlder & Hancock, 1855
Type species
Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936
Synonyms
Tritonioidea
Scyllaeidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dendronotoidea.
This family is within the suborder Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
Genera in the family Scyllaeidae include:
Crosslandia Eliot, 1902
Notobryon Odhner, 1936
Scyllaea Linnaeus, 1758
Genera brought into synonymy
Nerea Lesson, 1831: synonym of Scyllaea Linnaeus, 1758
Zoopterygius Osbeck, 1757: synonym of Scyllaea Linnaeus, 1758 (non-binomial)
References
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/ Retrieved 16 September 2009
http://www.seaslugforum.net/ Retrieved 16 September 2009
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
Pola M., Camacho-Garcia Y.E. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 311–336
^ Bouchet, P. (2012). Scyllaeidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23115 on 2012-06-07
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scyllaeidae.
Goodheart, J. A.; Bazinet, A. L.; Valdés, Á.; Collins, A. G.; Cummings, M. P. (2017). Prey preference follows phylogeny: evolutionary dietary patterns within the marine gastropod group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17(1)
Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia. 47 (1-2): 1-397
Taxon identifiersScyllaeidae
Wikidata: Q3199636
Wikispecies: Scyllaeidae
ADW: Scyllaeidae
AFD: Scyllaeidae
BOLD: 160954
CoL: 7NKZB
GBIF: 6556
iNaturalist: 50399
IRMNG: 111126
ITIS: 78494
NBN: NHMSYS0021056186
NCBI: 797206
Open Tree of Life: 369340
uBio: 507080
WoRMS: 23115
This Heterobranchia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugs"},{"link_name":"nudibranchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudibranch"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Dendronotoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendronotoidea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Cladobranchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladobranchia"},{"link_name":"taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi,_2005)"}],"text":"Scyllaeidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dendronotoidea.[1]This family is within the suborder Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).","title":"Scyllaeidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosslandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslandia"},{"link_name":"Notobryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notobryon"},{"link_name":"Scyllaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyllaea"}],"text":"Genera in the family Scyllaeidae include:Crosslandia Eliot, 1902\nNotobryon Odhner, 1936\nScyllaea Linnaeus, 1758Genera brought into synonymyNerea Lesson, 1831: synonym of Scyllaea Linnaeus, 1758\nZoopterygius Osbeck, 1757: synonym of Scyllaea Linnaeus, 1758 (non-binomial)","title":"Genera"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.seaslugforum.net/","external_links_name":"http://www.seaslugforum.net/"},{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00816.x","external_links_name":"Pola M., Camacho-Garcia Y.E. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 311–336"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23115","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23115"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1066-0","external_links_name":"Goodheart, J. A.; Bazinet, A. L.; Valdés, Á.; Collins, A. G.; Cummings, M. P. (2017). Prey preference follows phylogeny: evolutionary dietary patterns within the marine gastropod group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17(1)"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25127200","external_links_name":"Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia. 47 (1-2): 1-397"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scyllaeidae/","external_links_name":"Scyllaeidae"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Scyllaeidae","external_links_name":"Scyllaeidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=160954","external_links_name":"160954"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NKZB","external_links_name":"7NKZB"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6556","external_links_name":"6556"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/50399","external_links_name":"50399"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111126","external_links_name":"111126"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=78494","external_links_name":"78494"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021056186","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021056186"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=797206","external_links_name":"797206"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=369340","external_links_name":"369340"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=507080","external_links_name":"507080"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23115","external_links_name":"23115"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scyllaeidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Agila | Opel Agila | ["1 First generation (H00; 2000)","2 Second generation (H08; 2007)","2.1 Engines","3 References","4 External links"] | Not to be confused with Chevrolet Agile.
Motor vehicle
Opel AgilaOverviewManufacturerSuzukiAlso calledVauxhall AgilaSuzuki Wagon R-Wide (2000–2007)Suzuki Splash (2007–2014)Production2000–2014Body and chassisClassCity car (A)LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveChronologySuccessorOpel Karl/Vauxhall VivaOpel Adam
The Opel Agila (from Lat. agilis, "agile") is a city car marketed under the German marque Opel from 2000 to 2014, as a rebadged variant of the Suzuki Wagon R+ (first generation) and the Suzuki Splash (second generation). It has been marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom.
Its first generation was classified as a city car, whereas the second generation is a mini MPV, and the car was replaced in March 2015 by the Opel Karl, which is known as the Vauxhall Viva in the United Kingdom.
First generation (H00; 2000)
Motor vehicle
Agila AOverviewAlso calledSuzuki Wagon R+Vauxhall AgilaSuzuki Solio (Japan)Chevrolet MW (Japan)Production2000–2007AssemblyPoland: Gliwice (Opel Polska)DesignerHideo KodamaBody and chassisBody style5-door hatchbackPowertrainEnginePetrol:973 cc Z10XE I3998 cc Z10XEP TwinPort I31199 cc Z12XE I41229 cc Z12XEP TwinPort I4Diesel:1248 cc Z13DT I4Transmission5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,360 mm (92.9 in)Length3,535 mm (139.2 in)Width1,620 mm (63.8 in)Height1,660 mm (65.4 in)Curb weight993 kg (2,189 lb)
The first generation Agila was a rebadged version of the Suzuki Wagon R-Wide, which was produced in Japan originally. The Agila's Opel sourced 1.0 and 1.2 litre petrol engines were smaller than the 1.3 litre found in the European market Wagon R+. The cam-chain Opel engines, as used in the Corsa, proved less reliable than the cambelt driven Suzuki unit. Sales began in August 2000.
The 1.0 engine was the Z10XE engine with three cylinders in line and 973 cc. The 1.2 engine was the Z12XE with four cylinders in line and 1199 cc. The Agila was built at Opel's factory in Gliwice, Poland. The Suzuki Wagon R+ for the European market was built at the Magyar Suzuki plant in Esztergom, Hungary. The facelift was launched in August 2003. This was also when the 1.25-liter diesel option was introduced. The petrol engines were also updated and now featured Opel's TwinPort technology as well as marginal displacement increases, although the updated 1.2-liter four-cylinder option did not arrive until January 2004.
Opel Agila pre-facelift
Rear view
In the United Kingdom, the Agila was badged as a Vauxhall
Opel Agila facelift
Vauxhall Agila facelift
Second generation (H08; 2007)
Motor vehicle
Agila BOverviewAlso calledSuzuki SplashVauxhall AgilaMaruti Ritz (India)Changhe Spla (China and Brazil)Production2007–2014AssemblyHungary: Esztergom (Magyar Suzuki)Body and chassisBody style5-door hatchbackRelatedSuzuki Swift (RS)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1.0 L I31.2 L I4Diesel:1.3 L Multijet/SDE I4Transmission5-speed manual4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,360 mm (92.9 in)Length3,740 mm (147.2 in)Width1,680 mm (66.1 in)Height1,590 mm (62.6 in)
Rear view
Vauxhall Agila
The second generation Agila was officially announced on 15 May 2007, and was presented at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, as a rebadged variant of the Suzuki Splash.
The car was 200 mm (7.9 in) longer than its predecessor — similar to superminis and mini MPVs such as the Citroën C3 Picasso, Toyota Yaris, Honda Jazz and Nissan Micra. It was slightly larger in size than the previous generation, and was classified as a mini MPV. Sales began in April 2008.
Petrol engines were a three-cylinder 1.0 litre, 65 PS (48 kW; 64 bhp) and a four-cylinder 1.2 litre 86 PS (63 kW; 85 bhp), and the diesel unit a four-cylinder 1.3 litre CDTi 75 PS (55 kW; 74 bhp) with common rail technology. The Agila came in two different trim levels: Base/Essentia and Edition/Enjoy.
European production of the Opel Agila and Suzuki Splash took place at the Magyar Suzuki plant in Esztergom, Hungary. The car was replaced in March 2015 by the Opel Karl, known as the Vauxhall Viva in the United Kingdom.
Engines
All engines contain the 'Ecotec' technology.
Petrol engine
Model
Engine
Displacement
Power
Torque
Note
CO2 emission (g/km)
1.0 ecoFLEX
I3
973 cc
65 PS (48 kW; 64 hp) at 6,000 rpm
90 N⋅m (66 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm
120 (2008–10)
119 (2010-)
1.2 VVT
I4
1199 cc
86 PS (63 kW; 85 hp) at 5,500 rpm
114 N⋅m (84 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm
131 (2008–10)
119 (2010-)
Diesel engine
Model
Engine
Displacement
Power
Torque
Note
CO2 emission (g/km)
1.3 CDTI
I4
1248 cc
70 PS (51 kW; 69 hp) at 4,000 rpm
170 N⋅m (130 lb⋅ft) at 1,750 rpm
(2008–10)
120
References
^ "Opel. Opel In Poland". Car-cat.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ "Suzuki Wagon R+ 2000 - Car Review - Good & Bad | Honest John". www.honestjohn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
^ "BROKEN LINK The New Vauxhall Agila – Flex in the city!". Vauxhall. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ "Suzuki Splash, the shortened Swift MPV". Autopress News. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opel Agila.
Vauxhall Agila page
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Szentgotthárd
Tychy
Zaragoza
Other
Vauxhall Motors
GM platforms
GM engines
PSA engines
GM transmissions
Intellilink
Irmscher
RAK1
Steinmetz Opel Tuning
Opel Rally Team
Category
Commons
vte« previous — Opel car timeline, 1980s–present
Ownership
General Motors
PSA Group
Stellantis
Class
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
Quadricycle
Rocks-e
City car
Agila A
Agila B
Karl
Adam
Supermini
Corsa A
Corsa B
Corsa C
Corsa D
Corsa E
Corsa F
Chevette
Ampera-e
Small family car
Ampera
Kadett D
Kadett E / Belmont
Astra F
Astra G
Astra H
Astra J
Astra K
Astra L
Large family car
Ascona B
Ascona C
Vectra A
Vectra B
Vectra C / Signum
Insignia A
Insignia B
Executive car
Rekord E / Commodore C
Omega A
Omega B
Luxury car
Senator A
Senator B
Coupé
Tigra A
Manta B
Calibra
Monza
Convertible
Tigra TwinTop B
Cascada
Roadster
Speedster
GT (Roadster)
Mini MPV
Meriva A
Compact MPV
Meriva B
Zafira A
Zafira B
Large MPV
Sintra
Zafira Tourer C
Mini SUV
Mokka A
Mokka B
Crossland
Compact SUV
Frontera A
Frontera B
Antara
Grandland
Mid-size SUV
Monterey
Pickup
Campo/Brava
Panel van / LAV
Kadett Combo A
Combo B
Combo C
Combo D
Combo E
LCV
Bedford Blitz
Arena
Vivaro A
Vivaro B
Vivaro C
Movano A
Movano B
Movano C
Legend/Notes
PSA/Stellantis platform
GM platform
Sourced from Lotus
Sourced from Fiat
Sourced from Renault
Sourced from Suzuki
Sourced from Isuzu
vteVauxhall MotorsA marque of StellantisVehiclesCars
Astra
Corsa
Insignia
Crossovers/SUVs
Crossland
Grandland
Mokka
Vans
Combo
Movano
Vivaro
Historic and discontinued models
10–4 (1937–1947)
12 (1937–1946)
14–6 (1939–1948)
14 And 14/40 (1922–1927)
20/60 (1927–1930)
23/60 (1922–1926)
25 (1937–1940)
25/70 (1926–1928)
30-98 (1913–1922)
A Type (1911–1914)
B Type (1911–1914)
C Type (1911–1913)
D Type (1912–1922)
Adam (2012–2019)
Agila (2000–2014)
Ampera (2012–2015)
Antara (2006–2015)
Arena (1997–2001)
Astramax (1984–1992)
Astravan (1992–2012)
Belmont (1986–1991)
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Carlton (1978–1994)
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Cavalier (1975–1995)
Chevette (1975–1984)
Corsavan (1994–2018)
Cresta (1954–1972)
Firenza (1970–1975)
Frontera (1991–2004)
Magnum (1973–1978)
Meriva (2003–2017)
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Monaro (2004–2006)
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Omega (1994–2003)
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Royale (1978–1983)
Senator (1983–1994)
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Sintra (1996–1999)
Tigra (1994–2001, 2004–2009)
Vectra (1995–2008)
Velox (1948–1965)
Ventora (1968–1976)
Viceroy (1978–1982)
Victor (1957–1978)
Viscount (1966–1972)
Viva (1963–1979, 2015–2019)
Vivaro (2001–2018)
VXR8 (2009–2017)
VX220 (2000–2005)
VX4/90 (1961–1972)
Wyvern (1948–1957)
Zafira (1999–2018)
Divisions andsubsidiaries
Bedford
VXR
People
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Factories
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Other
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Vauxhall Motors F.C.
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Agile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Agile"},{"link_name":"Lat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"city car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_car"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge-engineering"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Wagon R+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Wagon_R%2B"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Splash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Splash"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"city car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_car"},{"link_name":"mini MPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_MPV"},{"link_name":"Opel Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Karl"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chevrolet Agile.Motor vehicleThe Opel Agila (from Lat. agilis, \"agile\") is a city car marketed under the German marque Opel from 2000 to 2014, as a rebadged variant of the Suzuki Wagon R+ (first generation) and the Suzuki Splash (second generation). It has been marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom.Its first generation was classified as a city car, whereas the second generation is a mini MPV, and the car was replaced in March 2015 by the Opel Karl, which is known as the Vauxhall Viva in the United Kingdom.","title":"Opel Agila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_engineering"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Wagon R-Wide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Wagon_R-Wide"},{"link_name":"petrol engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice"},{"link_name":"Magyar Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"TwinPort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwinPort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Agila_front_20071204.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Agila_rear_20071204.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_Vauxhall_Agila_Club_16V_1.2_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Agila_VR_blue.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Vauxhall_Agila_Expression_Twinport_1.0.jpg"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe first generation Agila was a rebadged version of the Suzuki Wagon R-Wide, which was produced in Japan originally. The Agila's Opel sourced 1.0 and 1.2 litre petrol engines were smaller than the 1.3 litre found in the European market Wagon R+. The cam-chain Opel engines, as used in the Corsa, proved less reliable than the cambelt driven Suzuki unit.[2] Sales began in August 2000.The 1.0 engine was the Z10XE engine with three cylinders in line and 973 cc. The 1.2 engine was the Z12XE with four cylinders in line and 1199 cc. The Agila was built at Opel's factory in Gliwice, Poland. The Suzuki Wagon R+ for the European market was built at the Magyar Suzuki plant in Esztergom, Hungary. The facelift was launched in August 2003. This was also when the 1.25-liter diesel option was introduced. The petrol engines were also updated and now featured Opel's TwinPort technology as well as marginal displacement increases, although the updated 1.2-liter four-cylinder option did not arrive until January 2004.Opel Agila pre-facelift\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the United Kingdom, the Agila was badged as a Vauxhall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Agila facelift\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Agila facelift","title":"First generation (H00; 2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Agila_1.2_ecoFLEX_Edition_(B)_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht,_7._April_2011,_Velbert.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Vauxhall_Agila_S_AC_Ecoflex_1.0.jpg"},{"link_name":"2007 Frankfurt Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Show_Germany#2007"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Splash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Splash"},{"link_name":"superminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini"},{"link_name":"mini MPVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_MPV"},{"link_name":"Citroën C3 Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Toyota Yaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Yaris"},{"link_name":"Honda Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Fit"},{"link_name":"Nissan Micra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Micra"},{"link_name":"mini MPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_MPV"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"bhp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower"},{"link_name":"CDTi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multijet"},{"link_name":"common rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail"},{"link_name":"Magyar Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Opel Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Karl"}],"text":"Motor vehicleRear viewVauxhall AgilaThe second generation Agila was officially announced on 15 May 2007, and was presented at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show,[3] as a rebadged variant of the Suzuki Splash.The car was 200 mm (7.9 in) longer than its predecessor — similar to superminis and mini MPVs such as the Citroën C3 Picasso, Toyota Yaris, Honda Jazz and Nissan Micra. It was slightly larger in size than the previous generation, and was classified as a mini MPV. Sales began in April 2008.Petrol engines were a three-cylinder 1.0 litre, 65 PS (48 kW; 64 bhp) and a four-cylinder 1.2 litre 86 PS (63 kW; 85 bhp), and the diesel unit a four-cylinder 1.3 litre CDTi 75 PS (55 kW; 74 bhp) with common rail technology. The Agila came in two different trim levels: Base/Essentia and Edition/Enjoy.European production of the Opel Agila and Suzuki Splash took place at the Magyar Suzuki plant in Esztergom, Hungary.[4] The car was replaced in March 2015 by the Opel Karl, known as the Vauxhall Viva in the United Kingdom.","title":"Second generation (H08; 2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotec"}],"sub_title":"Engines","text":"All engines contain the 'Ecotec' technology.","title":"Second generation (H08; 2007)"}] | [{"image_text":"Rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Opel_Agila_1.2_ecoFLEX_Edition_%28B%29_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht%2C_7._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg/220px-Opel_Agila_1.2_ecoFLEX_Edition_%28B%29_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht%2C_7._April_2011%2C_Velbert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vauxhall Agila","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2014_Vauxhall_Agila_S_AC_Ecoflex_1.0.jpg/220px-2014_Vauxhall_Agila_S_AC_Ecoflex_1.0.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Opel. Opel In Poland\". Car-cat.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320111734/http://car-cat.com/firm-883.html","url_text":"\"Opel. Opel In Poland\""},{"url":"http://car-cat.com/firm-883.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suzuki Wagon R+ 2000 - Car Review - Good & Bad | Honest John\". www.honestjohn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203150929/https://www.honestjohn.co.uk/carbycar/suzuki/wagon-rplus-2000/good/","url_text":"\"Suzuki Wagon R+ 2000 - Car Review - Good & Bad | Honest John\""},{"url":"https://www.honestjohn.co.uk/carbycar/suzuki/wagon-rplus-2000/good/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BROKEN LINK The New Vauxhall Agila – Flex in the city!\". Vauxhall. Retrieved 1 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.gm.com/media/gb/en/vauxhall/vehicles/agila/2009.html","url_text":"\"BROKEN LINK The New Vauxhall Agila – Flex in the city!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suzuki Splash, the shortened Swift MPV\". Autopress News. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autopressnews.com/2007/m07/Suzuki/suzuki_splash_opel_agila_minicar.shtml","url_text":"\"Suzuki Splash, the shortened Swift MPV\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320111734/http://car-cat.com/firm-883.html","external_links_name":"\"Opel. Opel In Poland\""},{"Link":"http://car-cat.com/firm-883.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203150929/https://www.honestjohn.co.uk/carbycar/suzuki/wagon-rplus-2000/good/","external_links_name":"\"Suzuki Wagon R+ 2000 - Car Review - Good & Bad | Honest John\""},{"Link":"https://www.honestjohn.co.uk/carbycar/suzuki/wagon-rplus-2000/good/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://media.gm.com/media/gb/en/vauxhall/vehicles/agila/2009.html","external_links_name":"\"BROKEN LINK The New Vauxhall Agila – Flex in the city!\""},{"Link":"http://www.autopressnews.com/2007/m07/Suzuki/suzuki_splash_opel_agila_minicar.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Suzuki Splash, the shortened Swift MPV\""},{"Link":"http://www.vauxhall.co.uk/vehicles/vauxhall-range/cars/agila/overview.html","external_links_name":"Vauxhall Agila page"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Constancia_Mexicana | La Constancia Mexicana | ["1 Site description","2 World Heritage Status","3 References"] | Coordinates: 19°5′36″N 98°14′5″W / 19.09333°N 98.23472°W / 19.09333; -98.23472Museum in Mexico
La Constancia Mexicana, Puebla
La Constancia Mexicana is a textile factory 9 km (5.6 mi) from downtown Puebla, in the state of Mexico. The factory was the first textile mill to integrate automatic machinery into the production process.
Site description
The factory was built within Santo Domingo Hacienda, which had an established hydrological infrastructure useful to textile manufacturing. The hacienda's architecture was updated to the 19th-century style, giving it a unique appearance. Thus, the factory introduced a new architectural style along with the new machinery.
World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on December 6, 2004 in the Cultural category.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Constancia Mexicana.
^ a b c Industrial complex of the textile factory La Constancia Mexicana and its housing area - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived 2006-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
19°5′36″N 98°14′5″W / 19.09333°N 98.23472°W / 19.09333; -98.23472
This article about a Mexican building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Constancia_Mexicana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"textile mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco1961-1"}],"text":"Museum in MexicoLa Constancia Mexicana, PueblaLa Constancia Mexicana is a textile factory 9 km (5.6 mi) from downtown Puebla, in the state of Mexico. The factory was the first textile mill to integrate automatic machinery into the production process.[1]","title":"La Constancia Mexicana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco1961-1"}],"text":"The factory was built within Santo Domingo Hacienda, which had an established hydrological infrastructure useful to textile manufacturing. The hacienda's architecture was updated to the 19th-century style, giving it a unique appearance. Thus, the factory introduced a new architectural style along with the new machinery.[1]","title":"Site description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco1961-1"}],"text":"This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on December 6, 2004 in the Cultural category.[1]","title":"World Heritage Status"}] | [{"image_text":"La Constancia Mexicana, Puebla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Constancia_Mexicana.jpg/220px-La_Constancia_Mexicana.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Constancia_Mexicana¶ms=19_5_36_N_98_14_5_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°5′36″N 98°14′5″W / 19.09333°N 98.23472°W / 19.09333; -98.23472"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1961/","external_links_name":"Industrial complex of the textile factory La Constancia Mexicana and its housing area - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060717062446/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1961/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Constancia_Mexicana¶ms=19_5_36_N_98_14_5_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°5′36″N 98°14′5″W / 19.09333°N 98.23472°W / 19.09333; -98.23472"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Constancia_Mexicana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_Broker | Bandwidth Broker | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Agent of quality of service of computer networking
RFC 2638 from the IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker (BB) in the framework of differentiated services (DiffServ). According to RFC 2638, a Bandwidth Broker is an agent that has some knowledge of an organization's priorities and policies and allocates quality of service (QoS) resources with respect to those policies. In order to achieve an end-to-end allocation of resources across separate domains, the Bandwidth Broker managing a domain will have to communicate with its adjacent peers, which allows end-to-end services to be constructed out of purely bilateral agreements. Admission control is one of the main tasks that a Bandwidth Broker has to perform, in order to decide whether an incoming resource reservation request will be accepted or not. Most Bandwidth Brokers use simple admission control modules, although there are also proposals for more sophisticated admission control according to several metrics such as acceptance rate, network utilization, etc. The BB acts as a Policy Decision Point (PDP) in deciding whether to allow or reject a flow, whilst the edge routers acts as Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs) to police traffic (allowing and marking packets, or simply dropping them).
DiffServ allows two carrier services apart from the default best-effort service: Assured Forwarding (AF) and Expedited Forwarding (EF). AF provides a better-than-best-effort service, but is similar to best-effort traffic in that bursts and packet delay variation (PDV) are to be expected. Out of profile AF packets are given a lower priority by being marked as best effort traffic. EF provides a virtual wire service with traffic shaping to prevent bursts, strict admission control (out of profile packets are dropped) and a separate queue for EF traffic in the core routers, which together keep queues small and avoid the need for buffer management. The resulting EF service is low loss, low delay and low PDV. Hence although loosely a BB allocates bandwidth, really it allocates carrier services (i.e. QoS resources).
Bandwidth Brokers can be configured with organizational policies, keep track of the current allocation of marked traffic, and interpret new requests to mark traffic in light of the policies and current allocation. Bandwidth Brokers only need to establish relationships of limited trust with their peers in adjacent domains, unlike schemes that require the setting of flow specifications in routers throughout an end-to-end path. In practical technical terms, the Bandwidth Broker architecture makes it possible to keep state on an administrative domain basis, rather than at every router, and the DiffServ architecture makes it possible to confine per flow state to just the edge or leaf routers.
The scope of BBs has expanded and they are now not restricted to DiffServ domains. As long as the underlying QoS mechanism can be mapped to DiffServ behaviour, then a BB can understand it and communicate with its adjacent peers, i.e. the 'lingua franca' of QoS in the Internet should be DiffServ. There may be more than one BB in a domain, though if there are, RFC 2638 envisages that only one BB will function as the top-level inter-domain BB.
Manages each cloud’s resources (Bandwidth Broker)
Packets are "coloured" to indicate forwarding "behavior"
Focus on aggregates and NOT on individual flows
Policing at network periphery to get services
Used together with Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Traffic Engineering (TE)
"Aggregated" QoS guarantees only!
Poor on the guarantees for end-to-end applications
References
^ Assured Forwarding PHB Group. June 1999. doi:10.17487/RFC2597. RFC 2597.
^ An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop Behavior). March 2002. doi:10.17487/RFC3246. RFC 3246.
Further reading
RFC 2638: A Two-bit Differentiated Services Architecture for the Internet
QBone Bandwidth Broker Architecture
The Survey of Bandwidth Broker
Internet Quality of Service
Decoupling QoS Control from Core Routers: A Novel Bandwidth Broker Architecture for Scalable Support of Guaranteed Services
An Adaptive Admission Control Algorithm for Bandwidth Brokers
A Scalable and Robust Solution for Bandwidth Allocation
Implementation of a Simple Bandwidth Broker for DiffServ Networks
Providing End-to-End guaranteed Quality of Service over the Internet: A survey on Bandwidth Broker Architecture for Differentiated Services Network
Research projects developing Bandwidth Broker architectures | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF"},{"link_name":"differentiated services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated_services"},{"link_name":"quality of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering"},{"link_name":"bilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralism"},{"link_name":"Admission control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_control"},{"link_name":"flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_flow"},{"link_name":"best-effort service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-effort_service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"packet delay variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_delay_variation"},{"link_name":"traffic shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shaping"},{"link_name":"admission control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_control"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_delay"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"RFC 2638 from the IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker (BB) in the framework of differentiated services (DiffServ). According to RFC 2638, a Bandwidth Broker is an agent that has some knowledge of an organization's priorities and policies and allocates quality of service (QoS) resources with respect to those policies. In order to achieve an end-to-end allocation of resources across separate domains, the Bandwidth Broker managing a domain will have to communicate with its adjacent peers, which allows end-to-end services to be constructed out of purely bilateral agreements. Admission control is one of the main tasks that a Bandwidth Broker has to perform, in order to decide whether an incoming resource reservation request will be accepted or not. Most Bandwidth Brokers use simple admission control modules, although there are also proposals for more sophisticated admission control according to several metrics such as acceptance rate, network utilization, etc. The BB acts as a Policy Decision Point (PDP) in deciding whether to allow or reject a flow, whilst the edge routers acts as Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs) to police traffic (allowing and marking packets, or simply dropping them).DiffServ allows two carrier services apart from the default best-effort service: Assured Forwarding (AF)[1] and Expedited Forwarding (EF).[2] AF provides a better-than-best-effort service, but is similar to best-effort traffic in that bursts and packet delay variation (PDV) are to be expected. Out of profile AF packets are given a lower priority by being marked as best effort traffic. EF provides a virtual wire service with traffic shaping to prevent bursts, strict admission control (out of profile packets are dropped) and a separate queue for EF traffic in the core routers, which together keep queues small and avoid the need for buffer management. The resulting EF service is low loss, low delay and low PDV. Hence although loosely a BB allocates bandwidth, really it allocates carrier services (i.e. QoS resources).Bandwidth Brokers can be configured with organizational policies, keep track of the current allocation of marked traffic, and interpret new requests to mark traffic in light of the policies and current allocation. Bandwidth Brokers only need to establish relationships of limited trust with their peers in adjacent domains, unlike schemes that require the setting of flow specifications in routers throughout an end-to-end path. In practical technical terms, the Bandwidth Broker architecture makes it possible to keep state on an administrative domain basis, rather than at every router, and the DiffServ architecture makes it possible to confine per flow state to just the edge or leaf routers.The scope of BBs has expanded and they are now not restricted to DiffServ domains. As long as the underlying QoS mechanism can be mapped to DiffServ behaviour, then a BB can understand it and communicate with its adjacent peers, i.e. the 'lingua franca' of QoS in the Internet should be DiffServ. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimachairodus | Amphimachairodus | ["1 History and taxonomy","2 Description","2.1 Skull","3 Paleoecology","4 References"] | Extinct genus of carnivores
AmphimachairodusTemporal range: Late Miocene 9.5–5.3 Ma
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A. giganteus skull
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Felidae
Subfamily:
†Machairodontinae
Tribe:
†Homotherini
Genus:
†AmphimachairodusKretzoi, 1929
Type species
†Amphimachairodus palanderi(Zdansky 1924) sensu Kretzoi, 1929
Other Species
A. alvarezi Ruiz-Ramoni et al., 2019
A. coloradensis (Cook, 1922)
A. giganteus (Wagner, 1848)
A. hezhengensis Jiangzuo et al., 2023
A. horribilis (Schlosser, 1903)
A. kabir (Peigne et al., 2005)
A. kurteni? (Sotnikova, 1992)
Synonyms
Synonyms of A. coloradensis
Machairodus coloradensis Cook, 1922
Synonyms of A. giganteus
Machairodus giganteus
Synonyms of A. horribilis
Machairodus horribilis Schlosser, 1903
Machairodus tingii Zdansky, 1934
Amphimachairodus tingii (Zdansky, 1934)
Machairodus irtychensis Orlov, 1936
Amphimachairodus irtychensis (Orlov, 1936)
Synonyms of A. palanderi
Machairodus palanderi
Machairodus kurteni? Sotnikova, 1992
Amphimachairodus kurteni?
Synonyms of A. kabir
Machairodus kabir Peigne et al., 2005
Adeilosmilus kabir
Amphimachairodus is an extinct genus of large machairodonts. It is also a member of the tribe Homotherini within Machairodontinae and is most closely related to such species as Xenosmilus, Homotherium itself, and Nimravides. It inhabited Eurasia, Northern Africa and North America during the late Miocene epoch.
History and taxonomy
The genus Amphimachairodus was first proposed by Miklos Kretzoi for the species Machairodus palanderi.
Machairodus horribilis was first described in 1903 by Schlosser, who failed to correctly designate a holotype specimen, and thus the species was largely ignored until a 2008 paper redescribed the species and properly designated a lectotype for it. It was subsequently suggested to be reassigned to Amphimachairodus by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2019).
Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus was described in 1988 by Joan Pons-Moyà based on fossils from the early Pliocene, found on the Iberian Peninsula. But Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019 considered the fossils too scarce to confirm its assignment to the genus.
Machairodus kurteni was described in 1992. The same paper also resurrected the previously-synonymized Pogonodon copei as Machairodus copei, and reassigned the subspecies Machairodus aphanistus taracliensis as Machairodus giganteus taracliensis.
Machairodus kabir was described in 2005, and reassigned to Amphimachairodus in 2007. The describing paper also considered the species Machairodus tingii, Machairodus leoninus, Machairodus taracliensis, and Machairodus palanderi synonyms or subspecies of "Machairodus" giganteus.
Amphimachairodus alvarezi was described by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019.
In 2023, a review of the genus considered species Amphimachairodus irtychensis a junior synonym of A. horribilis, and A. kurteni a synonym of A. palanderi.
The species Amphimachairodus hezhengensis was described in 2023.
Description
Front limb
There was marked sexual dimorphism in A. giganteus, with males being much larger than females.
The species Amphimachairodus coloradensis, from the United States (formerly Machairodus coloradensis) was a significantly large animal, about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) at the shoulder, according to skeletal and life reconstructions, potentially making it one of the largest known felids. All Amphimachairodus species have a developed mandibular flange, however, A. colaradensis is distinguishable from A. giganteus and A. kurteni by subtle differences in the shape of the mandible and placement of lower carnassials.
In size and proportions, the Eurasian species A. giganteus was remarkably similar to a modern lion or tiger and had a shoulder height of 1.1 m (3.6 ft). This species has a skull length of around 14 in (36 cm). The African species A. kabir (formerly Machairodus kabir, from Arabic kabir = "big") is suggested to have weighed over 350 kg (770 lb). This would make it comparable in size to Xenosmilus, Machairodus horribillis and slightly smaller than Smilodon populator. In 2022, this species was proposed to be reassigned to a separate genus, called Adeilosmilus.
Amphimachairodus was about 2 metres (6.6 feet) long and probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain a long chase, but it most likely was a good jumper. It probably used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey, severing the major arteries and possibly crushing the windpipe. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were not as delicate as those of most other saber-toothed cats of the time, which had extremely long canines that hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Amphimachairodus, however, were able to easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long enough to be effective for hunting.
Skull
This specimen was from a large male A. giganteus with the skull measuring 14 in (36 cm) from the Late Miocene in China, comparable to a male lion or tiger. Deformation of the skull through natural fossilization processes has changed the shape slightly, making it asymmetrical, but overall it remains an excellent specimen for studying the cranial morphology of this particular genus and species.
For felines, this skull is rather long, but rivaled by the skulls of the two largest species of extant cats: the lion and tiger. When compared with the skull of a regular lion, it is long and very narrow, particularly in the muzzle and width of the zygomatic arches. Its sagittal crest is well pronounced. Compared with other machairodonts, the canines are stout and capable of large amounts of stress. This characteristic is slightly remodeled in females, whose canines are slimmer and generally longer. Compared with females, the orbit of males are smaller, muzzles larger, the anterior-most portion of the nasal bones generally flare upwards slightly, and the downward slope of the dorsal edge of the skull in front of the orbit is not as pronounced, producing a straighter profile. Compared with the most well known machairodont Smilodon, commonly referred to as the "saber-toothed cat", the canines are much shorter, the facial portion again is much longer, and the teeth not reduced so far in number. Several machairodonts, namely Megantereon, bear flanges on the mandible, which are very reduced in A. giganteus though characteristics of the mandible associated with the flanges are present, particularly the lateral flattening of the anterior portion of the mandible, creating a cross section more square than semi-circular. The dental formula for this specimen is 3.1.2.13.1.2.1.
Paleoecology
An A. giganteus skull with chipped left canine and more severely damaged right canine. This chipping is not severe enough to be called a true break, which would be in excess of half of the canine
Amphimachairodus giganteus was an inhabitant of woodlands and open floodplains as based on finds in Pikermi in Greece and Shanxi Province in China, indicating it had habitat preferences similar to modern lions in many respects. Specimens recovered from Turolian deposits indicate that the fauna living there was much the same, differing only by species in many cases.
Life restoration of A. hezhengensis
Among the creatures it shared its environment with were bovids such as Parabos, Lutung monkeys, the proboscidean Anancus, the rhino Aceratherium, antelopes such as Tragoportax and Miotragocerus as well as gazelles and deer, a very large species of hyrax, early goats, various giraffes, camels such as Paracamelus, the horse Hipparion, a species of aardvark, the chalicothere Ancylotherium and the beaver-like Dipoides.
Other carnivores it shared its territory with include the percrocutid Dinocrocuta, the bear Agriotherium, fellow machairodonts Metailurus and Paramachairodus and hyenas like Thalassictis.
The larger herbivores were likely common prey for Amphimachairodus, and it likely would have competed with Agriotherium for food, possibly yielding kills to the bear and possibly also stealing kills from hyenas such as Thalassictis and from Metailurus when the opportunity arose.
In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Amphimachairodus coloradensis shared territory with Agriotherium as it had in Africa and Eurasia, but also shared territory with the feliform Barbourofelis and the canids such as Vulpes, Epicyon and Borophagus, and herbivores like the camels Aepycamelus and Hemiauchenia the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx, horses like Dinohippus, Neohipparion and Nannippus, the peccary Prosthennops and rhinoceroses like Teleoceras and Aphelops. At the Optima fossil site in Oklahoma isotopic analysis suggest a high degree of niche partitioning within the carnivore guild (Agriotherium, Borophagus, Eucyon, & the mustelid Pliotaxidea) with A. coloradensis having a preference for horses (61.4%) as opposed to camels, mastodons, pronghorns & rhinos (38.7%). A. coloradensis also had the lowest degree of moderate & heavy tooth wear, suggesting it primarily fed on soft tissues.
In the Djurab desert in northern Chad, Amphimachairodus kabir co-existed with fellow machairodonts Lokotunjailurus, Tchadailurus and early representatives of the genus Megantereon. In addition, animals such as crocodiles, three-toed horses, fish, monkeys, hippos, aardvarks, turtles, rodents, giraffes, snakes, antelopes, pigs, mongooses, foxes, hyenas, otters, honey badgers and the hominid Sahelanthropus dwelled here, providing ample food. Based on these and other fossils, it is theorized that the Djurab was once the shore of a lake, generally forested close to the shore with savannah-like areas some distance away. The great number of cat species in the environment indicates that there was significant prey and available niches for multiple species of large felids to coexist.
In the middle Miocene of the Tibetan Plateau, Amphimachairodus hezhengensis would have coexisted with a number of other large carnivores including two species of medium-sized bears, the barbourofelid Albanosmilus, and the huge hyena-like feliform Dinocrocuta. Potential prey species in the locality would have included rhinoceroses, pigs, deer, and medium-sized bovids. Other animals known from the area include skunks, mustelids, and four species of small to medium-sized hyena.
References
^ Sardella, Raffaele; Werdelin, Lars (2007). "Amphimachairodus (Felidae, Mammalia) from Sahabi (Latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene, Libya), with a review of African Miocene Machairodontinae". Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 113 (1).
^ Christiansen, P. (2012). "Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)". Cladistics. 29 (5): 543–559. doi:10.1111/cla.12008. PMID 34814379. S2CID 85111366.
^ Werdelin, L.; O'Brien, S.J.; Johnson, W.E.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.
^ Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialen zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen". Cong. Int. Zool. Budapest. 10: 1293–1355.
^ Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; Liu, Jin-Yi (2008). "Description of Skull Material of Machairodus horribilis Schlosser, 1903". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (4): 265–283.
^ a b c Ruiz-Ramoni, Damián; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Montellano-Ballesteros, Marisol (2020). "Taxonomic revision of a Machairodontinae (Felidae) from the Late Hemphillian of México". Historical Biology. 32 (10): 1312–1319. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1583750. S2CID 91277834.
^ Pons-Moyà, J. (1988). "Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus nov. sp. (Felidae, Carnivora). Nuevo Machairodontini del Plioceno inferior de la Península Ibérica" . Paleontologia i Evolució (in Spanish). 22: 51–54.
^ Sotnikova, M. V. (1991). "A new species of Machairodus from the late Miocene Kalmakpai locality in eastern Kazakhstan (USSR)". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28 (3/4): 361–369. JSTOR 23735460.
^ a b Peigné, Stéphane; De Bonis, Louis; Likius, Andossa; MacKaye, Hassane Taïsso; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2005). "A new machairodontine (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 4 (3): 243–253. Bibcode:2005CRPal...4..243P. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.10.002.
^ "Amphimachairodus (Felidae, Mammalia) from Sahabi (latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene, Libya), with a review of African Miocene Machairodontinae". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Wang, Xiaoming; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Tseng, Z. Jack (2023). "Fast spread followed by anagenetic evolution in Eurasian and North American Amphimachairodus". Historical Biology. 35 (5): 780–798. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2067756. S2CID 248597661.
^ Jiangzuo, Qigao; Werdelin, Lars; Sanisidro, Oscar; Yang, Rong; Fu, Jiao; Li, Shijie; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (2023). "Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1997). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. PMC 10113030. PMID 37072045.
^ Turner, A.; Antón, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-2311-0229-2. OCLC 34283113.
^ Turner, Alan; Anton, Mauricio (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives.
^ Augusti, Jordi (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-2311-1641-1.
^ Jiangzuo, Q.; Werdelin, L.; Sun, Y. (2022). "A dwarf sabertooth cat (Felidae: Machairodontinae) from Shanxi, China, and the phylogeny of the sabertooth tribe Machairodontini". Quaternary Science Reviews. 284: Article 107517. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28407517J. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107517.
^ Legendre, S.; Roth, C. (1988). "Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia)". Historical Biology. 1 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08912968809386468.
^ "Male Machairodus giganteus skull". Black Hill Institute. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
^ Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola . Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–202. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.
^ "Female Machairodus giganteus skull". Archived from the original on 2015-09-20. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
^ Augusti, Jordi (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press. pp. 182–190. ISBN 978-0231116411.
^ Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780253010421.
^ Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780253010421.
^ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.
^ Frederickson, Joseph; Joshua, Cohen; Michael, Engel; Tyler, Hunt; Greg, Wilbert; Olga, Castañeda; Nicholas, Czaplewski (Mar 2022). "The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 67 (1): 221–238. doi:10.4202/app.00941.2021. S2CID 247898700. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ "The paleoecology of the Late Miocene mammals from the Optima Local Fauna of Oklahoma, USA". App.pan. 2022.
^ January 2011, Charles Q. Choi 17 (2011-01-17). "Sabertooth Cats May Have Feasted on Early Humans". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)" (PDF). Science Press. 2018-02-15.
^ "Paleo Profile: The Chad Cat". Scientific American.
^ Jiangzuo, Q; Werdelin, L; Sanisidro, O; Yang, Rong; Fu, Jiao; Li, Shijie; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (April 2023). "Origin of adaptations to openenvironments and social behaviour insabretoothed cats from the northeasternborder of the Tibetan Plateau". Royal Society Publishing. 290: 7–8. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. S2CID 20230019.
vteMachairodontinae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Homotherini
Amphimachairodus
Lokotunjailurus
Homotherium
Longchuansmilus
Machairodus
Nimravides
Taowu
Xenosmilus
Metailurini
Adelphailurus
Dinofelis
Fortunictis
Stenailurus
Metailurus
Yoshi
Smilodontini
Megantereon
Paramachaerodus
Promegantereon
Rhizosmilodon
Smilodon
Incertae sedis:
Hemimachairodus
Miomachairodus
Tchadailurus
Taxon identifiersAmphimachairodus
Wikidata: Q16974134
Wikispecies: Amphimachairodus
EoL: 24210999
GBIF: 4829755
IRMNG: 1147878
Open Tree of Life: 3617453
Paleobiology Database: 280635
ZooBank: FF343C6A-452A-4183-8312-1917A8AC5EAA
Amphimachairodus alvarezi
Wikidata: Q110971730
Wikispecies: Amphimachairodus alvarezi
GBIF: 11156429
Paleobiology Database: 424294
ZooBank: DA865663-DCA3-4890-8C0C-531AA89A9CEE
Amphimachairodus coloradensis
Wikidata: Q110973970
Wikispecies: Amphimachairodus coloradensis
GBIF: 8613779
Paleobiology Database: 280636
Amphimachairodus giganteus
Wikidata: Q110979133
Wikispecies: Amphimachairodus giganteus
GBIF: 8584240
Open Tree of Life: 6145623
Paleobiology Database: 280637
ZooBank: 5E8B1A5C-8815-40DF-B84B-3B103F8C8C10
Amphimachairodus hezhengensis
Wikidata: Q122086380
GBIF: 12194239
Paleobiology Database: 471045 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"machairodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodontinae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Homotherini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotherini"},{"link_name":"Xenosmilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosmilus"},{"link_name":"Nimravides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimravides"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Northern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Africa"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"late Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Miocene"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anton_2013-4"}],"text":"Amphimachairodus is an extinct genus of large machairodonts.[2] It is also a member of the tribe Homotherini within Machairodontinae and is most closely related to such species as Xenosmilus, Homotherium itself, and Nimravides. It inhabited Eurasia, Northern Africa and North America during the late Miocene epoch.[3][4]","title":"Amphimachairodus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miklos Kretzoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklos_Kretzoi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuizRamoni2019-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuizRamoni2019-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peigne2005-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peigne2005-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuizRamoni2019-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tseng2023-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The genus Amphimachairodus was first proposed by Miklos Kretzoi for the species Machairodus palanderi.[5]Machairodus horribilis was first described in 1903 by Schlosser, who failed to correctly designate a holotype specimen, and thus the species was largely ignored until a 2008 paper redescribed the species and properly designated a lectotype for it.[6] It was subsequently suggested to be reassigned to Amphimachairodus by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2019).[7]Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus was described in 1988 by Joan Pons-Moyà based on fossils from the early Pliocene, found on the Iberian Peninsula.[8] But Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019 considered the fossils too scarce to confirm its assignment to the genus.[7]Machairodus kurteni was described in 1992. The same paper also resurrected the previously-synonymized Pogonodon copei as Machairodus copei, and reassigned the subspecies Machairodus aphanistus taracliensis as Machairodus giganteus taracliensis.[9]Machairodus kabir was described in 2005,[10] and reassigned to Amphimachairodus in 2007.[11] The describing paper also considered the species Machairodus tingii, Machairodus leoninus, Machairodus taracliensis, and Machairodus palanderi synonyms or subspecies of \"Machairodus\" giganteus.[10]Amphimachairodus alvarezi was described by Ruiz-Ramoni et al. in 2019.[7]In 2023, a review of the genus considered species Amphimachairodus irtychensis a junior synonym of A. horribilis, and A. kurteni a synonym of A. palanderi.[12]The species Amphimachairodus hezhengensis was described in 2023.[13]","title":"History and taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amphimachairodus_giganteus_forefoot.JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner-14"},{"link_name":"Machairodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"mandibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"carnassials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnassial"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Machairodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodus"},{"link_name":"Xenosmilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosmilus"},{"link_name":"Machairodus horribillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodus"},{"link_name":"Smilodon populator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taowu-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legendre-18"}],"text":"Front limbThere was marked sexual dimorphism in A. giganteus, with males being much larger than females.[14]The species Amphimachairodus coloradensis, from the United States (formerly Machairodus coloradensis) was a significantly large animal, about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) at the shoulder, according to skeletal and life reconstructions, potentially making it one of the largest known felids.[15] All Amphimachairodus species have a developed mandibular flange, however, A. colaradensis is distinguishable from A. giganteus and A. kurteni by subtle differences in the shape of the mandible and placement of lower carnassials.In size and proportions, the Eurasian species A. giganteus was remarkably similar to a modern lion or tiger and had a shoulder height of 1.1 m (3.6 ft). This species has a skull length of around 14 in (36 cm).[16] The African species A. kabir (formerly Machairodus kabir, from Arabic kabir = \"big\") is suggested to have weighed over 350 kg (770 lb). This would make it comparable in size to Xenosmilus, Machairodus horribillis and slightly smaller than Smilodon populator. In 2022, this species was proposed to be reassigned to a separate genus, called Adeilosmilus.[17]Amphimachairodus was about 2 metres (6.6 feet) long and probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain a long chase, but it most likely was a good jumper. It probably used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey, severing the major arteries and possibly crushing the windpipe. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were not as delicate as those of most other saber-toothed cats of the time, which had extremely long canines that hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Amphimachairodus, however, were able to easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long enough to be effective for hunting.[18]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neontology"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeptnerSludskiy1972-20"},{"link_name":"zygomatic arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch"},{"link_name":"sagittal crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_crest"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"nasal bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_bone"},{"link_name":"Smilodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon"},{"link_name":"Megantereon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megantereon"},{"link_name":"dental formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_formula"}],"sub_title":"Skull","text":"This specimen was from a large male A. giganteus with the skull measuring 14 in (36 cm) from the Late Miocene in China, comparable to a male lion or tiger.[19] Deformation of the skull through natural fossilization processes has changed the shape slightly, making it asymmetrical, but overall it remains an excellent specimen for studying the cranial morphology of this particular genus and species.For felines, this skull is rather long, but rivaled by the skulls of the two largest species of extant cats: the lion and tiger.[20] When compared with the skull of a regular lion, it is long and very narrow, particularly in the muzzle and width of the zygomatic arches. Its sagittal crest is well pronounced. Compared with other machairodonts, the canines are stout and capable of large amounts of stress. This characteristic is slightly remodeled in females, whose canines are slimmer and generally longer.[21] Compared with females, the orbit of males are smaller, muzzles larger, the anterior-most portion of the nasal bones generally flare upwards slightly, and the downward slope of the dorsal edge of the skull in front of the orbit is not as pronounced, producing a straighter profile. Compared with the most well known machairodont Smilodon, commonly referred to as the \"saber-toothed cat\", the canines are much shorter, the facial portion again is much longer, and the teeth not reduced so far in number. Several machairodonts, namely Megantereon, bear flanges on the mandible, which are very reduced in A. giganteus though characteristics of the mandible associated with the flanges are present, particularly the lateral flattening of the anterior portion of the mandible, creating a cross section more square than semi-circular. The dental formula for this specimen is 3.1.2.13.1.2.1.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machairodus_palanderi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pikermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikermi"},{"link_name":"Shanxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_Province"},{"link_name":"Turolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turolian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amphimachairodus_hezhengensis_life_restoration_-_Jiangzuo_et_al_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parabos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lutung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecus"},{"link_name":"Anancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anancus"},{"link_name":"Aceratherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceratherium"},{"link_name":"Tragoportax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragoportax"},{"link_name":"hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax"},{"link_name":"Paracamelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracamelus"},{"link_name":"Hipparion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparion"},{"link_name":"aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark"},{"link_name":"chalicothere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalicothere"},{"link_name":"Ancylotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylotherium"},{"link_name":"Dipoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipoides"},{"link_name":"Dinocrocuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocrocuta"},{"link_name":"Agriotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriotherium"},{"link_name":"Metailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metailurus"},{"link_name":"Paramachairodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramachairodus"},{"link_name":"Thalassictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassictis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Coffee Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_Ranch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbourofelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbourofelis"},{"link_name":"Vulpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes"},{"link_name":"Epicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyon"},{"link_name":"Borophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophagus"},{"link_name":"Aepycamelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aepycamelus"},{"link_name":"Hemiauchenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiauchenia"},{"link_name":"Cosoryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosoryx"},{"link_name":"Dinohippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinohippus"},{"link_name":"Neohipparion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohipparion"},{"link_name":"Nannippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannippus"},{"link_name":"Prosthennops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthennops"},{"link_name":"Teleoceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleoceras"},{"link_name":"Aphelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelops"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Optima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optima,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"isotopic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis"},{"link_name":"Eucyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucyon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lokotunjailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokotunjailurus"},{"link_name":"Tchadailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchadailurus"},{"link_name":"Megantereon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megantereon"},{"link_name":"Sahelanthropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"barbourofelid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbourofelid"},{"link_name":"Albanosmilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanosmilus"},{"link_name":"Dinocrocuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocrocuta"},{"link_name":"rhinoceroses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroses"},{"link_name":"bovids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovid"},{"link_name":"mustelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelid"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"An A. giganteus skull with chipped left canine and more severely damaged right canine. This chipping is not severe enough to be called a true break, which would be in excess of half of the canineAmphimachairodus giganteus was an inhabitant of woodlands and open floodplains as based on finds in Pikermi in Greece and Shanxi Province in China, indicating it had habitat preferences similar to modern lions in many respects. Specimens recovered from Turolian deposits indicate that the fauna living there was much the same, differing only by species in many cases.Life restoration of A. hezhengensisAmong the creatures it shared its environment with were bovids such as Parabos, Lutung monkeys, the proboscidean Anancus, the rhino Aceratherium, antelopes such as Tragoportax and Miotragocerus as well as gazelles and deer, a very large species of hyrax, early goats, various giraffes, camels such as Paracamelus, the horse Hipparion, a species of aardvark, the chalicothere Ancylotherium and the beaver-like Dipoides.\nOther carnivores it shared its territory with include the percrocutid Dinocrocuta, the bear Agriotherium, fellow machairodonts Metailurus and Paramachairodus and hyenas like Thalassictis.[22]The larger herbivores were likely common prey for Amphimachairodus, and it likely would have competed with Agriotherium for food, possibly yielding kills to the bear and possibly also stealing kills from hyenas such as Thalassictis and from Metailurus when the opportunity arose.[23]In North America, in places such as Coffee Ranch in Texas, Amphimachairodus coloradensis shared territory with Agriotherium as it had in Africa and Eurasia, but also shared territory with the feliform Barbourofelis and the canids such as Vulpes, Epicyon and Borophagus, and herbivores like the camels Aepycamelus and Hemiauchenia the pronghorn antelope Cosoryx, horses like Dinohippus, Neohipparion and Nannippus, the peccary Prosthennops and rhinoceroses like Teleoceras and Aphelops.[24][25] At the Optima fossil site in Oklahoma isotopic analysis suggest a high degree of niche partitioning within the carnivore guild (Agriotherium, Borophagus, Eucyon, & the mustelid Pliotaxidea) with A. coloradensis having a preference for horses (61.4%) as opposed to camels, mastodons, pronghorns & rhinos (38.7%). A. coloradensis also had the lowest degree of moderate & heavy tooth wear, suggesting it primarily fed on soft tissues.[26][27]In the Djurab desert in northern Chad, Amphimachairodus kabir co-existed with fellow machairodonts Lokotunjailurus, Tchadailurus and early representatives of the genus Megantereon. In addition, animals such as crocodiles, three-toed horses, fish, monkeys, hippos, aardvarks, turtles, rodents, giraffes, snakes, antelopes, pigs, mongooses, foxes, hyenas, otters, honey badgers and the hominid Sahelanthropus dwelled here, providing ample food. Based on these and other fossils, it is theorized that the Djurab was once the shore of a lake, generally forested close to the shore with savannah-like areas some distance away.[28] The great number of cat species in the environment indicates that there was significant prey and available niches for multiple species of large felids to coexist.[29][30]In the middle Miocene of the Tibetan Plateau, Amphimachairodus hezhengensis would have coexisted with a number of other large carnivores including two species of medium-sized bears, the barbourofelid Albanosmilus, and the huge hyena-like feliform Dinocrocuta. Potential prey species in the locality would have included rhinoceroses, pigs, deer, and medium-sized bovids. Other animals known from the area include skunks, mustelids, and four species of small to medium-sized hyena.[31]","title":"Paleoecology"}] | [{"image_text":"Front limb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphimachairodus_giganteus_forefoot.JPG/110px-Amphimachairodus_giganteus_forefoot.JPG"},{"image_text":"An A. giganteus skull with chipped left canine and more severely damaged right canine. This chipping is not severe enough to be called a true break, which would be in excess of half of the canine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Machairodus_palanderi.jpg/220px-Machairodus_palanderi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life restoration of A. hezhengensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amphimachairodus_hezhengensis_life_restoration_-_Jiangzuo_et_al_2023.jpg/220px-Amphimachairodus_hezhengensis_life_restoration_-_Jiangzuo_et_al_2023.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Sardella, Raffaele; Werdelin, Lars (2007). \"Amphimachairodus (Felidae, Mammalia) from Sahabi (Latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene, Libya), with a review of African Miocene Machairodontinae\". Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 113 (1).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christiansen, P. (2012). \"Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)\". Cladistics. 29 (5): 543–559. doi:10.1111/cla.12008. PMID 34814379. S2CID 85111366.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcla.12008","url_text":"\"Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcla.12008","url_text":"10.1111/cla.12008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34814379","url_text":"34814379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85111366","url_text":"85111366"}]},{"reference":"Werdelin, L.; O'Brien, S.J.; Johnson, W.E.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). \"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)\". In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142","url_text":"\"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Anton","url_text":"Anton, Mauricio"}]},{"reference":"Kretzoi, M. (1929). \"Materialen zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen\". Cong. Int. Zool. Budapest. 10: 1293–1355.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; Liu, Jin-Yi (2008). \"Description of Skull Material of Machairodus horribilis Schlosser, 1903\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (4): 265–283.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ruiz-Ramoni, Damián; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Montellano-Ballesteros, Marisol (2020). \"Taxonomic revision of a Machairodontinae (Felidae) from the Late Hemphillian of México\". Historical Biology. 32 (10): 1312–1319. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1583750. S2CID 91277834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2019.1583750","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2019.1583750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91277834","url_text":"91277834"}]},{"reference":"Pons-Moyà, J. (1988). \"Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus nov. sp. (Felidae, Carnivora). Nuevo Machairodontini del Plioceno inferior de la Península Ibérica\" [Amphimachairodus pliocaenicus nov. sp. (Felidae, Carnivora). New Machairodontini from the Lower Pliocene of the Iberian Peninsula]. Paleontologia i Evolució (in Spanish). 22: 51–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sotnikova, M. V. (1991). \"A new species of Machairodus from the late Miocene Kalmakpai locality in eastern Kazakhstan (USSR)\". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28 (3/4): 361–369. JSTOR 23735460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23735460","url_text":"23735460"}]},{"reference":"Peigné, Stéphane; De Bonis, Louis; Likius, Andossa; MacKaye, Hassane Taïsso; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2005). \"A new machairodontine (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene hominid locality of TM 266, Toros-Menalla, Chad\". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 4 (3): 243–253. 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Historical Biology. 35 (5): 780–798. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2067756. S2CID 248597661.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nd8t0tq","url_text":"\"Fast spread followed by anagenetic evolution in Eurasian and North American Amphimachairodus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2022.2067756","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2022.2067756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248597661","url_text":"248597661"}]},{"reference":"Jiangzuo, Qigao; Werdelin, Lars; Sanisidro, Oscar; Yang, Rong; Fu, Jiao; Li, Shijie; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (2023). \"Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1997). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. PMC 10113030. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Laparra | Raoul Laparra | ["1 Life","2 Selected works","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"] | French composer (1876–1943)
Raoul Laparra (1931)
Raoul Laparra (13 May 1876 – 4 April 1943) was a French composer.
Life
Born in Bordeaux, Laparra studied at the Conservatoire de Paris with André Gedalge, Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Albert Lavignac. In 1903 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome with his cantata Alyssa.
Laparra worked as a music critic for the magazines Le Ménestrel and Le Matin and taught at the Conservatoire de Paris. Among his students were Claude Champagne and Cemal Reşit Rey. His compositions are often influenced by Spanish and Basque folk music.
He remains one of the masters of French Hispanism without remaining locked up in this speciality.
He was the brother of the painter William Laparra. He died during the bombing of Boulogne-Billancourt in 1943 and is buried in Chézy-sur-Marne.
Selected works
Peau d'âne, Opera, 1899
La Habanera, Drame lyrique, 1900–1903
Amphitryon, stage music for the play by Molière, 1904–1907
La Jota, Conte lyrique, 1908–1911
Suite ancienne en marge de Don Quichotte for violin or viola and piano, 1921
Le Joueur de viole, Conte lyrique, 1925
Le Livre de l'aurore, Suite for flute and piano, 1926
Las Toreras, Zarzuela after Tirso de Molina, 1929
L'Illustre Frégona, Zarzuela based on Miguel de Cervantes, 1931
Bibliography
Stéphan Etcharry, articles in Carlos Alvar, Gran Enciclopedia Cervantina, 10 volumes (Madrid: University of Alcalá, Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, Castalia editorial S. A., 2005), ISBN 8-4974-0177-8.
L'Illustre Fregona (Raoul Laparra)
Suite ancienne en marge de Don Quichotte (Raoul Laparra)
Stéphan Etcharry, Le Prix de Rome de composition de 1903: La cantate Alyssa de Raoul Laparra. Essai de caractérisation du style musical, in Musiker. Cuadernos de Música, no. 16 (Donostia, Saint-Sébastien: Eusko Ikaskuntza , 2008), ISSN 1137-4470.
Stéphan Etcharry, "'La Jota' (1911) à l'Opéra-Comique: LEspagne noire' de Raoul Laparra", in: Alexandre Dratwicki and Agnès Terrier (eds), Exotisme et art lyrique (Paris/Venice: Opéra-Comique/Palazzetto Bru Zane, Centre de musique romantique française, June 2012), published online on 26 September 2016, p. 1-27, .
Samuel Llano, Whose Spain? Negotiating Spanish music in Paris, 1908–1929 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
References
^ Rivista enciclopedica contemporanea, Editore Francesco Vallardi, Milan, (1913), entry by G. Cesari, page 14.
External links
Laparra on IMSLP
Raoul Laparra on Naxos
Raoul Laparra (1876 - 1943) on UR research
Vanni Marcoux, Et c'est à moi que l'on dit chante, Laparra La habanera (YouTube)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raoul_Laparra_1931.jpg"}],"text":"Raoul Laparra (1931)Raoul Laparra (13 May 1876 – 4 April 1943) was a French composer.","title":"Raoul Laparra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Conservatoire de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"André Gedalge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gedalge"},{"link_name":"Jules Massenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Fauré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Albert Lavignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lavignac"},{"link_name":"Premier Grand Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"cantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"Le Ménestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9nestrel"},{"link_name":"Claude Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Cemal Reşit Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal_Re%C5%9Fit_Rey"},{"link_name":"William Laparra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laparra"},{"link_name":"Chézy-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9zy-sur-Marne"}],"text":"Born in Bordeaux, Laparra studied at the Conservatoire de Paris with André Gedalge, Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Albert Lavignac. In 1903 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome with his cantata Alyssa.Laparra worked as a music critic for the magazines Le Ménestrel and Le Matin and taught at the Conservatoire de Paris. Among his students were Claude Champagne and Cemal Reşit Rey. His compositions are often influenced by Spanish and Basque folk music.He remains one of the masters of French Hispanism without remaining locked up in this speciality.He was the brother of the painter William Laparra. He died during the bombing of Boulogne-Billancourt in 1943 and is buried in Chézy-sur-Marne.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Zarzuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzuela"},{"link_name":"Tirso de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes"}],"text":"Peau d'âne, Opera, 1899\nLa Habanera, Drame lyrique, 1900–1903[1]\nAmphitryon, stage music for the play by Molière, 1904–1907\nLa Jota, Conte lyrique, 1908–1911\nSuite ancienne en marge de Don Quichotte for violin or viola and piano, 1921\nLe Joueur de viole, Conte lyrique, 1925\nLe Livre de l'aurore, Suite for flute and piano, 1926\nLas Toreras, Zarzuela after Tirso de Molina, 1929\nL'Illustre Frégona, Zarzuela based on Miguel de Cervantes, 1931","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8-4974-0177-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-4974-0177-8"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1137-4470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-4470"}],"text":"Stéphan Etcharry, articles in Carlos Alvar, Gran Enciclopedia Cervantina, 10 volumes (Madrid: University of Alcalá, Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, Castalia editorial S. A., 2005), ISBN 8-4974-0177-8.\nL'Illustre Fregona (Raoul Laparra)\nSuite ancienne en marge de Don Quichotte (Raoul Laparra)\nStéphan Etcharry, Le Prix de Rome de composition de 1903: La cantate Alyssa de Raoul Laparra. Essai de caractérisation du style musical, in Musiker. Cuadernos de Música, no. 16 (Donostia, Saint-Sébastien: Eusko Ikaskuntza [Société d'Études Basques], 2008), ISSN 1137-4470.\nStéphan Etcharry, \"'La Jota' (1911) à l'Opéra-Comique: LEspagne noire' de Raoul Laparra\", in: Alexandre Dratwicki and Agnès Terrier (eds), Exotisme et art lyrique (Paris/Venice: Opéra-Comique/Palazzetto Bru Zane, Centre de musique romantique française, June 2012), published online on 26 September 2016, p. 1-27, [bruzanemediabase.com : http://www.bruzanemediabase.com/Parutions-scientifiques-en-ligne/Articles/Etcharry-Stephan-La-Jota-1911-a-l-Opera-Comique.-L-Espagne-noire-de-Raoul-Laparra/(offset)/2].\nSamuel Llano, Whose Spain? Negotiating Spanish music in Paris, 1908–1929 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Raoul Laparra (1931)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Raoul_Laparra_1931.jpg/220px-Raoul_Laparra_1931.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-4470","external_links_name":"1137-4470"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep1wxrUgXW4C","external_links_name":"Rivista enciclopedica contemporanea"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Laparra,_Raoul","external_links_name":"Laparra"},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/person/Raoul_LaParra/22496.htm","external_links_name":"Raoul Laparra"},{"Link":"https://urresearch.rochester.edu/viewContributorPage.action?personNameId=4921","external_links_name":"Raoul Laparra (1876 - 1943)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIqyOtBnOQ0","external_links_name":"Vanni Marcoux, Et c'est à moi que l'on dit chante, Laparra La habanera"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/243557/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119852172","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61813201","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcgCmMJjccwPqj9BvppT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8022698","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1412602","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14810025n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14810025n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134864093","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V173798","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286978605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89000450","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000184023&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010601285&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35424488","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07434174X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624130105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1387717","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1277226X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/60998e4d-6805-4b14-8df5-bd658fb1ddc7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947891","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080110703","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuro_Fujiwara | Tokuro Fujiwara | ["1 Works","2 Interviews","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese video game designer (born 1961)
Tokuro Fujiwara藤原 得郎Born (1961-04-07) April 7, 1961 (age 63)JapanAlma materOsaka Designers' CollegeOccupation(s)Video game designer, director, producerYears active1982–presentEmployer(s)Konami (1982–1983)Capcom (1983–1996)
Tokuro Fujiwara (藤原 得郎, Fujiwara Tokurō, born April 7, 1961), sometimes credited as Professor F or Arthur King, is a Japanese video game designer, involved in the development of many classic Capcom video games. He directed early Capcom titles such as the run-and-gun shooter Commando (1985), the platformers Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985) and Bionic Commando (1987), and the survival horror game Sweet Home (1989). He was also a main producer for the Mega Man series and worked on the CP System arcade game Strider (1989). He also conceived of Resident Evil as a remake of his earlier game Sweet Home and worked on the game as general producer. He worked as the general manager of the Capcom Console Games Division from 1988 to 1996.
After working at Capcom for thirteen years, he left the company to form his own studio, Whoopee Camp. His last game was Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection for former employer Capcom. He is notorious for making his titles difficult for the average video game player and strict personality among peers. IGN listed Fujiwara at number 13 in its "Top 100 Game Creators of All Time" list.
Works
Year
Game
Role
1982
Pooyan
Director
1983
Roc 'N Rope
Director
1984
Pirate Ship Higemaru
Director
1985
Ghosts 'n Goblins
Director
Commando
Director
1986
The Speed Rumbler
Director
1987
Bionic Commando (Arcade)
Director
Tiger Road
Director
1988
Bionic Commando (NES)
Director
Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Director
Mega Man 2
Producer
1989
Strider
Adviser
Sweet Home
Director
Marusa no Onna
Director
Destiny of an Emperor
Producer
DuckTales
Producer
Willow (NES)
Producer
1990
Gargoyle's Quest
Producer
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers
Producer
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom
Producer
Street Fighter 2010: The Final Fight
Producer
Little Nemo: The Dream Master
Producer
Mega Man 3
Producer
1991
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Producer
The Little Mermaid
Producer
Destiny of an Emperor II
Director
Mega Man: Dr. Wily's Revenge
Producer
Mega Man 4
Producer
Mega Man II (Game Boy)
Producer
1992
Darkwing Duck
Producer
Gargoyle's Quest II
Producer
Gold Medal Challenge '92
Producer
TaleSpin
Producer
Magical Quest starring Mickey Mouse
Producer
Mega Man III (Game Boy)
Producer
Mega Man 5
Producer
1993
Breath of Fire
Producer
DuckTales 2
Producer
Final Fight 2
Producer
Mighty Final Fight
Producer
Goof Troop
Producer
Mega Man IV (Game Boy)
Producer
Mega Man 6
Producer
Disney's Aladdin
Adviser
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 2
Producer
Mega Man X
Producer
1994
Mega Man Soccer
Producer
The Great Circus Mystery starring Mickey & Minnie
Producer
Demon's Crest
Producer
X-Men: Mutant Apocalypse
Producer
Breath of Fire II
Producer
Bonkers
Producer
Mega Man X2
Producer
Mega Man V (Game Boy)
Producer
1995
Mega Man 7
Producer
Mega Man X3
Producer
Mickey to Donald Magical Adventure 3
Producer
Final Fight 3
Producer
Hanako Sangakita!! Gakkou no Kowai Uwasa
Producer
1996
Resident Evil
General producer
1997
Tomba!
Director, producer, art director
1999
Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return
Chief producer, game designer
2001
Extermination
Executive producer
2003
Hungry Ghosts
Director, executive producer
2006
Ultimate Ghosts 'n Goblins
Director, planning
2008
Bionic Commando Rearmed
Consultant
2009
MadWorld
Original game design
2021
Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection
Director, game designer
Interviews
Ultimate Ghosts 'n Goblins (1UP)
The Lair of Hungry Ghosts (Famitsu, translated by GamePro)
The Man Who Made Ghosts'n Goblins (Famitsu, translated by GlitterBerri)
Notes
^ ゲームセンターCX COMPLETE. Ohta Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-4-7783-1180-3. 和書.
^ a b The Man Who Made Ghosts’n Goblins: Tokuro Fujiwara Interview Archived 2018-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, CONTINUE, Vol. 12, 2003
^ "Resident Evil Was Originally Planned for SNES". 6 December 2017.
^ "Capcom says Resident Evil was initially in development for SNES". 4 December 2017.
^ "Resident Evil, and its roots as a SNES game". 5 December 2017.
^ 13. Tokuro Fujiwara Archived 2016-09-22 at the Wayback Machine, Top 100 Game Creators of All Time, IGN
References
^ SCEI (1998). "Deep Space Establishment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
^ ASOB book. "Biohazard World of Shinji Mikami". Retrieved June 21, 2007.
^ Nes Gbgg. "Tokuro Fujiwara Profile". Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
^ Polygon (21 January 2019). "How Resident Evil 2 fell apart, then became one of Capcom's biggest hits". Polygon. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
External links
Tokuro Fujiwara at MobyGames
vteCapcomEmployeesCurrent
Hideaki Itsuno
Shinkiro
Jun Takeuchi
Shu Takumi
Ryozo Tsujimoto
Former
Yoshino Aoki
Tokuro Fujiwara
Noritaka Funamizu
Atsushi Inaba
Keiji Inafune
Akari Kaida
George Kamitani
Hideki Kamiya
Akira Kitamura
Hiroyuki Kobayashi
Shinji Mikami
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Takashi Nishiyama
Yoshiki Okamoto
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Franchises
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Category
vteKonamiPeople
Tokuro Fujiwara
Miki Higashino
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SubsidiariesCurrent
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Hudson Soft
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Related articles
List of Konami games
e-Amusement
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List
Category
vteGhosts 'n GoblinsMain series
Ghosts 'n Goblins
Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Makaimura for WonderSwan
Ultimate Ghosts 'n Goblins
Ghosts 'n Goblins: Gold Knights
Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection
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Gargoyle's Quest
Gargoyle's Quest II
Demon's Crest
Maximo series
Maximo: Ghosts to Glory
Maximo vs. Army of Zin
Puzzle gamesArthur to Astaroth no Nazomakaimura: Incredible ToonsCompilations
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Wolf of the Battlefield: Commando 3
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vteBionic CommandoGames
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Bionic Commando (1988)
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Bionic Commando (2009)
Rearmed 2
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Teppen
vteResident EvilMediaVideo gamesMain
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UniverseCharacters& monsters
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People
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Development
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Related
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Teppen
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Save Room
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_video_game"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"run-and-gun shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_and_gun_game"},{"link_name":"Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"platformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platformers"},{"link_name":"Ghosts 'n Goblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_%27n_Goblins"},{"link_name":"Bionic Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_Commando_(arcade)"},{"link_name":"survival horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_horror"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Mega Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Man"},{"link_name":"CP System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_System"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Strider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strider_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Capcom Console Games Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_%27n_Goblins_Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-6"}],"text":"Tokuro Fujiwara (藤原 得郎, Fujiwara Tokurō, born April 7, 1961),[1] sometimes credited as Professor F or Arthur King, is a Japanese video game designer, involved in the development of many classic Capcom video games. He directed early Capcom titles such as the run-and-gun shooter Commando (1985), the platformers Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985) and Bionic Commando (1987), and the survival horror game Sweet Home (1989). He was also a main producer for the Mega Man series and worked on the CP System arcade game Strider (1989). He also conceived of Resident Evil as a remake of his earlier game Sweet Home and worked on the game as general producer.[2] [3][4][5] He worked as the general manager of the Capcom Console Games Division from 1988 to 1996.After working at Capcom for thirteen years, he left the company to form his own studio, Whoopee Camp. His last game was Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection for former employer Capcom. He is notorious for making his titles difficult for the average video game player and strict personality among peers. 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Tokuro Fujiwara Archived 2016-09-22 at the Wayback Machine, Top 100 Game Creators of All Time, IGN","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"ゲームセンターCX COMPLETE. Ohta Publishing. 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_people | Achagua people | ["1 Municipalities belonging to Achagua territories","2 Culture","3 Language","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Indigenous people of Colombia and Venezuela
Ethnic group
AchaguaRegions with significant populationsColombia, VenezuelaLanguagesAchaguaReligionTraditional religionRelated ethnic groupsGuahibo, U'wa, and Other Arawakan-speaking peoplesEspecially Baniwa, Tariana, and Tegua
The Achagua (also Achawa and Axagua) are an indigenous people of Colombia and Venezuela. At the time of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, their territory covered the present-day Venezuelan states of Bolívar, Guárico and Barinas. In the late twentieth century there were several hundred Achaguas remaining.
Municipalities belonging to Achagua territories
Name
Department
Altitude (m)urban centre
Map
Támara(shared with U'wa)
Casanare
1156
Nunchía(shared with U'wa)
Casanare
398
Yopal
Casanare
390
Aguazul(shared with Tegua)
Casanare
290
Tauramena
Casanare
460
Recetor(shared with Tegua)
Casanare
800
Chámeza(shared with Tegua)
Casanare
1150
Paya
Boyacá
970
Labranzagrande(shared with U'wa & Guahibo)
Boyacá
1210
Culture
Achagua people live in large villages. Clans live together in communal houses. Polygamy is commonplace. They farm crops, such as bitter cassava. They traditionally poison their arrows with curare.
There is a small town in Apure called Achaguas.
Language
Achagua people speak the Achagua language, a Maipurean Arawakan language.
See also
Colombia portalVenezuela portalIndigenous peoples of the Americas portal
U'wa
Guayupe, Tegua
References
^ a b c "Achagua." Encyclopædia Britannica. (retrieved 1 December 2011)
^ a b James Stuart Olson (1991), The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group. p2
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Achaqua
External links
Achagua artwork, National Museum of the American Indian Archived 9 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
vte Ancestry and ethnicity in ColombiaIndigenous
Achagua
Andaquí
Andoque
Arhuaco
Awa-Kwaiker
Baniwa
Barasana
Bora
Barí
Calima
Camsá
Cauca
Carabayo
Carijona
Chimila
Chitarero
Cocamilla
Cofán
Cubeo
Emberá
Embera-Wounaan
Guahibo
Guambiano
Guane
Guna
Hiwi
Hupda
Inga
Kankuamo
Kogi
Lache
Macuna
Mokaná
Muisca
Muzo
Nukak
Nutabe
Paez
Panche
Patángoro
Piaroa
Pijao
Pira-tapuya
Quechua
Quimbaya
Siona
Siriano
Sutagao
Tahamí
Tairona
Tariana
Tegua
Ticuna
Tinigua
Tucano
U'wa
Wayuu
Witoto
Yagua
Yarigui
Yukpa
Zenú
Non-indigenousAmericas
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See also
Lists of Colombians
Race and ethnicity in Colombia
vte Venezuelan peopleIndigenous
Achagua
Akawaio
Auaké
Baniwa
Baré
Caquetio
Chitarero
Cumanagoto
Guahibo
Hiwi
Hodï
Kalina
Lokono
Macushi
Mariche
Marueta
Barí
Panare
Pemon
Piaroa
Saladoid
Sanumá
Timoto–Cuica
Waikerí
Warao
Wayuu
Yanomami
Yaruro
Ye'kuana
Yukpa
Africa
North African
Black
Americas
Argentines
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Asia
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Europe
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Dutch
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Greek
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Related topics
Colonization
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vteMuiscaTopicsGeneral
Agriculture
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Specific
Battle of Pasca (~1470)
Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
Chicha
Duit
Emeralds
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Ruana
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Zoratama
The Salt People
Zipaquirá
Nemocón
Tausa
Sesquilé
Geography and historyAltiplanoCundiboyacense
Bogotá River
Frío
Fucha
Juan Amarillo
Soacha
Teusacá
Torca
Tunjuelo
Bogotá savanna
Suba Hills
Wetlands
Eastern Hills
Flora & fauna
Suárez River
Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
Neighbouring areas
Ocetá Páramo
Tenza Valley
HistoryPrehistory (<10,000 BP)
Lake Humboldt
El Abra
Tibitó
Sueva
Tequendama
Lithic (10,000 - 2800 BP)
Piedras del Tunjo
Checua
Galindo
Nemocón
Sáchica
Aguazuque
Lake Herrera
El Infiernito
Ceramic (>800 BC)
Herrera (800 BC - 800)
Early Muisca (800 - 1200)
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Cabildo Mayor (>2002)
Religion and mythologyDeities
Chiminigagua
Bachué
Chía
Sué
Bochica
Huitaca
Chibchacum
Cuchavira
Nencatacoa
Chaquén
Chibafruime
Guahaioque
Sacred sitesBuilt
Sun Temple
Moon Temple
Cojines del Zaque
Goranchacha Temple
Hunzahúa Well
Natural
Fúquene
Guasca
Guatavita
Iguaque
Siecha
Suesca
Tota
Ubaque
Tequendama Falls
MythologyMyths
El Dorado
Monster of Lake Tota
Mythological figures
Goranchacha
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Pacanchique
Thomagata
Caciques and neighboursNorthern caciqueszaque of Hunza
Hunzahúa
Michuá
Quemuenchatocha
Aquiminzaque
iraca of Suamox
Nompanim
Sugamuxi
cacique of Tundama
Tundama
Southern caciqueszipa of Bacatá
Meicuchuca
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Nemequene
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cacique of Turmequé
Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
NeighboursChibcha-speaking
U'wa
Sutagao
Guane
Lache
Arawak-speaking
Achagua
Tegua
Guayupe
Cariban-speaking
Panche
Muzo
Yarigui
Spanish conquestConquistadorsMajor
Gonzalo de Quesada
Hernán de Quesada
Baltasar Maldonado
Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
Juan de Céspedes
Juan de San Martín
Minor
Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
Antonio de Lebrija
Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
Gonzalo García Zorro
Gonzalo Macías
Hernán Venegas Carrillo
Juan de Albarracín
Juan del Junco
Juan Tafur
Lázaro Fonte
Luis Lanchero
Martín Galeano
Martín Yañéz Tafur
Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
Pedro Ruíz Corredor
Neighbouring conquests
Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
Conquest of the Muzo
Conquest of the Panche
Battle of Tocarema (1538)
Research and collectionsScholars
Acosta
Acosta Samper
De Aguado
Arango
Broadbent
De Castellanos
Celis
Correal
Duquesne
Freyle
Friede
Gamboa
Groot
Hammen
Humboldt
Izquierdo
Langebaek
De Lugo
Ocampo
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De Quesada
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Schrimpff
Simón
Triana
Uricoechea
Zerda
Publications
Elegías (1589)
El Carnero (1638)
Epítome (1889)
Research institutes
ICANH
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University of Pittsburgh
UPTC
Collections
Museo del Oro
Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
Archaeology Museum of Pasca
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Category
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Guárico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico"},{"link_name":"Barinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson-2"}],"text":"Indigenous people of Colombia and VenezuelaEthnic groupThe Achagua (also Achawa and Axagua) are an indigenous people of Colombia and Venezuela.[1] At the time of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, their territory covered the present-day Venezuelan states of Bolívar, Guárico and Barinas.[2] In the late twentieth century there were several hundred Achaguas remaining.[2]","title":"Achagua people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Municipalities belonging to Achagua territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"curare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-1"},{"link_name":"Apure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure"},{"link_name":"Achaguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaguas"}],"text":"Achagua people live in large villages. Clans live together in communal houses. Polygamy is commonplace. They farm crops, such as bitter cassava. They traditionally poison their arrows with curare.[1]There is a small town in Apure called Achaguas.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achagua language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_language"},{"link_name":"Maipurean Arawakan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipurean_Arawakan_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-1"}],"text":"Achagua people speak the Achagua language, a Maipurean Arawakan language.[1]","title":"Language"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_T%C3%A1mara.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_T%C3%A1mara.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Nunch%C3%ADa.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Nunch%C3%ADa.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Yopal.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Yopal.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Aguazul.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Aguazul.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Tauramena.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Tauramena.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Recetor.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Recetor.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Ch%C3%A1meza.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Casanare_-_Ch%C3%A1meza.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colombia_-_Boyaca_-_Paya.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Boyaca_-_Paya.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Colombia_-_Boyaca_-_Labranzagrande.svg/100px-Colombia_-_Boyaca_-_Labranzagrande.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Colombia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colombia"},{"title":"Venezuela portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Venezuela"},{"title":"Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"U'wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%27wa_people"},{"title":"Guayupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayupe_people"},{"title":"Tegua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegua_people"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/3458/Achagua","external_links_name":"\"Achagua.\""},{"Link":"http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=105","external_links_name":"Achagua artwork"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809002015/http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=105","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293859205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000483","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_Airways | Slick Airways | ["1 History","2 Fleet","3 Accidents and incidents","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | Defunct US airline, 1946–1966
Slick AirwaysFounded1946Ceased operations1966Operating basesLockheed Air TerminalSan Francisco AirportHeadquartersSan Antonio
Slick Airways was a cargo airline from the United States, that operated scheduled and chartered flights between 1946 and 1966. The airline was founded by Earl Slick, a Texas aviator and multimillionaire who along with his brother had inherited $25 million (around $324 million in 2015 currency) after their father's death in 1930.
History
A Slick Airways Douglas DC-6 landing at RAF Burtonwood, England, in 1956.
The airline was formed in January 1946 as the air cargo division of the Slick Corporation, headquartered in San Antonio. Slick Airways had its original fleet of Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft based at Lockheed Air Terminal (Burbank) and San Francisco Airport. In 1949, scheduled freighter flights to domestic destinations were commenced, and by 1951, the company had become the largest all-cargo airline of the United States. On 16 April of that year, Slick Airways became the first airline to operate the freighter variant of the Douglas DC-6 (the passenger variant had been introduced with United Airlines five days earlier).
In 1954, Slick Airways went into merger talks with Flying Tigers because of the increasing competition by passenger airlines, which failed because the respective shareholders would not approve of these plans. In 1958, the company was forced to suspend all scheduled services, though it continued to operate charter flights on behalf of the United States Armed Forces, also to European destinations. A fleet of newly built Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners went into service with the airline during 1959, initially being used to fly military freight from Travis Air Force Base near Sacramento to Japan. This operation was supplemented by Canadair CL-44s from 1962.
In October 1962 scheduled flights were resumed, when Slick Airways was granted permanent permission to operate its transcontinental Route 101. The trunk routing went from either San Francisco or Burbank to Dallas, St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis and New York City and was operated using the Lockheed Super Constellation. The DC-6 was used on side routes. Additionally, Slick Airways operated on so called Quicktrans domestic routes on behalf of the United States Navy. In 1965, the L-1049 was withdrawn from the Route 101 in favor of the CL-44.
On 27 August 1965, scheduled flights once again were discontinued because of the poor financial situation of Slick Airways, and military charter flights were terminated by the end of the year. On 1 July 1966, Slick Airways was shut down, and the assets were acquired by Airlift International.
Fleet
Over the years, Slick Airways operated the following aircraft types:
Canadair CL-44
Curtiss C-46 Commando
Douglas DC-4
Douglas DC-6
Douglas DC-8
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation
Accidents and incidents
Slick Airways suffered nine accidents resulting in an aircraft being damaged beyond repair. In total, 19 people lost their lives.
On 14 February 1947 at 04:20 local time, the C-46 registered NC59486 crashed during a flawed ILS approach into Stapleton Airfield, killing the two pilots.
On 21 August 1947 at 06:11, the three persons on board a C-46 (registered NC59488) flying from Denver to Los Angeles died when the aircraft crashed into a canyon wall near Hanksville, Utah in stormy and cloudy weather, a typical controlled flight into terrain.
On 17 September 1947 at 11:12, another C-46 (registered NC59495) was destroyed in a landing accident at Lockheed Air Terminal in Burbank. On its flight from Denver, the crew had encountered strong headwinds, which caused a complete fuel starvation. An emergency landing was carried out on a taxiway, and the aircraft skidded across an adjacent highway and railroad track. The two pilots survived.
On 16 May 1948, the two pilots of a C-46 (registered NC59489) were killed when the aircraft crashed near Port Columbus International Airport at 20:42. They had been flying from New York City to Chicago, when they encountered severe turbulences, in which the rudder of the plane was damaged, rendering it uncontrollable.
On 9 October 1949 at 17:54, another C-46 (registered NC59485) crashed whilst approaching Cheyenne Regional Airport in heavy winds and icing conditions, killing the three persons on board.
On 23 February 1951, another C-46 (registered N59490) encountered severe icing during a flight from Burbank to San Francisco. The pilots carried out a forced landing on a highway near Newhall, California. This time, there were no fatalities.
On 4 March 1953, a Slick Airways C-46 (registered N4717N) crashed during approach of Windsor Locks-Bradley Field on a flight from New York City, killing the two pilots. After a missed approach in stormy conditions, the pilot had lost control of the aircraft and flown into trees at 01:50 local time.
On 3 February 1963 at 12:07, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation (registered N9740Z) hit runway approach lights during a flawed landing attempt at San Francisco Airport, and crashed subsequently. Of the eight people on board, four survived the accident.
On 10 March 1964 at 08:22, a Douglas DC-4 (registered N384) crashed during approach at Logan Airport, killing the three occupants. It was determined that the pilots had lost control of the airplane because of ice accretion.
See also
List of defunct airlines of the United States
References
^ a b c History of Slick Airways at cl44.com
^ a b c d Information about Slick Airways at the Aero Transport Data Bank
^ Marson, 1982, p.242
^ Marson, 1982, p. 242
^ Marson, 1982, pp. 242-243
^ Marson, 1982, p. 243
^ February 1947 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network
^ August 1947 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network
^ September 1947 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network
^ May 1948 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network
^ 1949 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network.
^ 1951 Slick Airways crash at the Aviation Safety Network
^ 1953 Slick Airways accident at the Aviation Safety Network
^ 1963 Slick Airways accident at the Aviation Safety Network
^ 1964 Slick Airways accident at the Aviation Safety Network
Bibliography
Marson, Peter. The Lockheed Constellation Series. 1982. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-100-2.
Wickstead, Maurice (May 30, 2016). "Ship by Air the Slick Way... By Air". Airways Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 8 (published October 2015). pp. 62–67. ISSN 1074-4320. OCLC 931601426.
Portals: Companies Aviation
This article relating to a United States airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cargo airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_airline"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Earl Slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Slick_(aviator)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"}],"text":"Slick Airways was a cargo airline from the United States, that operated scheduled and chartered flights between 1946 and 1966. The airline was founded by Earl Slick, a Texas aviator and multimillionaire who along with his brother had inherited $25 million (around $324 million in 2015 currency) after their father's death in 1930.","title":"Slick Airways"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-6A_N6814C_Slick_Aws_Burtonwwod_08.56_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"RAF Burtonwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Burtonwood"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Air Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cl44-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atdb-2"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cl44-1"},{"link_name":"Flying Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cl44-1"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Travis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-44s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-44"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atdb-2"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Airlift International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atdb-2"}],"text":"A Slick Airways Douglas DC-6 landing at RAF Burtonwood, England, in 1956.The airline was formed in January 1946 as the air cargo division of the Slick Corporation, headquartered in San Antonio. Slick Airways had its original fleet of Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft based at Lockheed Air Terminal (Burbank) and San Francisco Airport.[1] In 1949, scheduled freighter flights to domestic destinations were commenced, and by 1951, the company had become the largest all-cargo airline of the United States.[2] On 16 April of that year, Slick Airways became the first airline to operate the freighter variant of the Douglas DC-6 (the passenger variant had been introduced with United Airlines five days earlier).[1]In 1954, Slick Airways went into merger talks with Flying Tigers because of the increasing competition by passenger airlines, which failed because the respective shareholders would not approve of these plans.[1] In 1958, the company was forced to suspend all scheduled services, though it continued to operate charter flights on behalf of the United States Armed Forces,[3] also to European destinations. A fleet of newly built Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners went into service with the airline during 1959, initially being used to fly military freight from Travis Air Force Base near Sacramento to Japan. This operation was supplemented by Canadair CL-44s from 1962.[4]In October 1962 scheduled flights were resumed,[2] when Slick Airways was granted permanent permission to operate its transcontinental Route 101. The trunk routing went from either San Francisco or Burbank to Dallas, St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis and New York City and was operated using the Lockheed Super Constellation. The DC-6 was used on side routes. Additionally, Slick Airways operated on so called Quicktrans domestic routes on behalf of the United States Navy.[5] In 1965, the L-1049 was withdrawn from the Route 101 in favor of the CL-44.On 27 August 1965, scheduled flights once again were discontinued because of the poor financial situation of Slick Airways, and military charter flights were terminated by the end of the year.[6] On 1 July 1966, Slick Airways was shut down, and the assets were acquired by Airlift International.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atdb-2"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-44"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-4"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation"}],"text":"Over the years, Slick Airways operated the following aircraft types:[2]Canadair CL-44\nCurtiss C-46 Commando\nDouglas DC-4\nDouglas DC-6\nDouglas DC-8\nLockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"ILS approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system"},{"link_name":"Stapleton Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Hanksville, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanksville,_Utah"},{"link_name":"controlled flight into terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Air Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_Airport"},{"link_name":"fuel starvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_starvation"},{"link_name":"taxiway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Port Columbus International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Columbus_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"icing conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing_conditions"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Newhall, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhall,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Windsor Locks-Bradley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Airport"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-4"},{"link_name":"Logan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Slick Airways suffered nine accidents resulting in an aircraft being damaged beyond repair. In total, 19 people lost their lives.On 14 February 1947 at 04:20 local time, the C-46 registered NC59486 crashed during a flawed ILS approach into Stapleton Airfield, killing the two pilots.[7]\nOn 21 August 1947 at 06:11, the three persons on board a C-46 (registered NC59488) flying from Denver to Los Angeles died when the aircraft crashed into a canyon wall near Hanksville, Utah in stormy and cloudy weather, a typical controlled flight into terrain.[8]\nOn 17 September 1947 at 11:12, another C-46 (registered NC59495) was destroyed in a landing accident at Lockheed Air Terminal in Burbank. On its flight from Denver, the crew had encountered strong headwinds, which caused a complete fuel starvation. An emergency landing was carried out on a taxiway, and the aircraft skidded across an adjacent highway and railroad track. The two pilots survived.[9]\nOn 16 May 1948, the two pilots of a C-46 (registered NC59489) were killed when the aircraft crashed near Port Columbus International Airport at 20:42. They had been flying from New York City to Chicago, when they encountered severe turbulences, in which the rudder of the plane was damaged, rendering it uncontrollable.[10]\nOn 9 October 1949 at 17:54, another C-46 (registered NC59485) crashed whilst approaching Cheyenne Regional Airport in heavy winds and icing conditions, killing the three persons on board.[11]\nOn 23 February 1951, another C-46 (registered N59490) encountered severe icing during a flight from Burbank to San Francisco. The pilots carried out a forced landing on a highway near Newhall, California. This time, there were no fatalities.[12]\nOn 4 March 1953, a Slick Airways C-46 (registered N4717N) crashed during approach of Windsor Locks-Bradley Field on a flight from New York City, killing the two pilots. After a missed approach in stormy conditions, the pilot had lost control of the aircraft and flown into trees at 01:50 local time.[13]\nOn 3 February 1963 at 12:07, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation (registered N9740Z) hit runway approach lights during a flawed landing attempt at San Francisco Airport, and crashed subsequently. Of the eight people on board, four survived the accident.[14]\nOn 10 March 1964 at 08:22, a Douglas DC-4 (registered N384) crashed during approach at Logan Airport, killing the three occupants. It was determined that the pilots had lost control of the airplane because of ice accretion.[15]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85130-100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-100-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ship by Air the Slick Way... 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The Lockheed Constellation Series. 1982. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-100-2.\nWickstead, Maurice (May 30, 2016). \"Ship by Air the Slick Way... By Air\". Airways Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 8 (published October 2015). pp. 62–67. ISSN 1074-4320. OCLC 931601426.Portals: Companies AviationThis article relating to a United States airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A Slick Airways Douglas DC-6 landing at RAF Burtonwood, England, in 1956.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Douglas_DC-6A_N6814C_Slick_Aws_Burtonwwod_08.56_edited-2.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-6A_N6814C_Slick_Aws_Burtonwwod_08.56_edited-2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Wickstead, Maurice (May 30, 2016). \"Ship by Air the Slick Way... By Air\". Airways Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_and_Fulham_Parks_Constabulary | Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary | ["1 Powers","2 Organisation and duties","3 Uniform and equipment","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Parks police force
Law enforcement agency
Hammersmith and Fulham Parks ConstabularyAgency overviewFormed2019 (re-formed)Preceding agencyParks Police Service (2013-2019)Dissolved2021Superseding agencyHammersmith and Fulham Neighbourhood Enforcement TeamJurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionEngland, UKLegal jurisdictionparks within Hammersmith and FulhamGoverning bodyLondon Borough of Hammersmith and FulhamConstituting instrumentSection 18, Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967General natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureConstables14WebsiteFormer Official Website
The Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary was a small constabulary responsible for policing the parks and open spaces of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. In 2013, it merged with the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police to form the Parks Police Service.
In July 2019 the former Parks Police Service (formed in 2013 by the merger of Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police and Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary) was dissolved when once again Kensington & Chelsea and Hammersmith & Fulham each took responsibility for their own police service.
In March/April 2021 the Parks Police was disbanded and replaced with the Neighbourhood Enforcement Team, to patrol the whole borough. The new force will have no constabulary powers.
Powers
Members of the constabulary were sworn as constables under section 18, Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provision Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967.
As such, they were warranted constables and had powers of arrest, detention and search, as well as the authority to carry weapons (such as batons), as well as the power to enforce the parks byelaws and regulations.
Organisation and duties
The constabulary consisted of 2 sergeants and 12 constables. They patrolled the borough's 54 parks, open spaces and cemeteries, 365 days a year, with operating hours from 10am to 9pm (October to March) and from midday to 10pm (April to September).
The duties included:
high visibility uniform patrolling on foot, bicycle and vehicle
enforcing bye-laws and public space protection orders (PSPOs)
the prevention and detection of crime
dealing with anti-social behaviour (ASB)
working with residents and stakeholders to problem-solve local issues quickly and effectively
security at events such as the Boat Race, council firework displays and Remembrance Day ceremonies
lost property in parks
locking major parks in the evening.
The constabulary also had a key role in supporting the response to any major incidents in the borough. The constabulary were able to monitor CCTV systems covering a number of parks. The constabulary provided a service 365 days a year during daylight hours, and until 11pm during the summer. Some later patrols were also organised to tackle specific problems and respond to residents' concerns.
Uniform and equipment
The Constables wore a typical British police uniform, which included:
white shirt
black tie (male) or black and white cravat (female)
dark blue or black trousers
black peaked cap with black and white chequered capband with Parks Police capbadge (male)
black bowler cap with black and white chequered capband with RBKC Parks Police capbadge (female)
black or dark blue trousers
black stab vest with
high-visibility jackets
Park Police constables were warranted constables and therefore carry batons, as well as handcuffs, radios and other police equipment. They also wore body cameras and have a GPS tracked digital radio system which allows controllers to track the location of constables in real time.
Parks Police used vehicles to patrol, as well as carrying out usual foot patrols.
See also
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police
Parks Police Service (defunct)
List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
References
^ "British Police History".
^ "Parks police". 23 December 2015.
^ "Parks police". 23 December 2015.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "British Police History". british-police-history.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse". LBHF. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse". LBHF. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Parks police". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "This Vauxhall is run by Hammersmith and Fulham… | UK Emergency Vehicles". Retrieved 2021-08-12.
External links
London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham: Parks Constabulary
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British Airports Authority
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Hammersmith and Fulham
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Kew
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Italics indicate defunct agencies | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabulary"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham"},{"link_name":"Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea_Parks_Police"},{"link_name":"Parks Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Parks Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyThe Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary was a small constabulary responsible for policing the parks and open spaces of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. In 2013, it merged with the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police to form the Parks Police Service.In July 2019 the former Parks Police Service (formed in 2013 by the merger of Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police and Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary) was dissolved when once again Kensington & Chelsea and Hammersmith & Fulham each took responsibility for their own police service.In March/April 2021 the Parks Police was disbanded and replaced with the Neighbourhood Enforcement Team, to patrol the whole borough. The new force will have no constabulary powers.[4][5]","title":"Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Housing and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"constables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constables"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Members of the constabulary were sworn as constables under section 18, Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provision Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967. \nAs such, they were warranted constables and had powers of arrest, detention and search, as well as the authority to carry weapons (such as batons), as well as the power to enforce the parks byelaws and regulations.[6]","title":"Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constables"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The constabulary consisted of 2 sergeants and 12 constables.[7] They patrolled the borough's 54 parks, open spaces and cemeteries, 365 days a year, with operating hours from 10am to 9pm (October to March) and from midday to 10pm (April to September).[8]The duties included:high visibility uniform patrolling on foot, bicycle and vehicle\nenforcing bye-laws and public space protection orders (PSPOs)\nthe prevention and detection of crime\ndealing with anti-social behaviour (ASB)\nworking with residents and stakeholders to problem-solve local issues quickly and effectively\nsecurity at events such as the Boat Race, council firework displays and Remembrance Day ceremonies\nlost property in parks\nlocking major parks in the evening.[9]The constabulary also had a key role in supporting the response to any major incidents in the borough. The constabulary were able to monitor CCTV systems covering a number of parks. The constabulary provided a service 365 days a year during daylight hours, and until 11pm during the summer. Some later patrols were also organised to tackle specific problems and respond to residents' concerns.[10]","title":"Organisation and duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Constables wore a typical British police uniform, which included:[11]white shirt\nblack tie (male) or black and white cravat (female)\ndark blue or black trousers\nblack peaked cap with black and white chequered capband with Parks Police capbadge (male)\nblack bowler cap with black and white chequered capband with RBKC Parks Police capbadge (female)\nblack or dark blue trousers\nblack stab vest with\nhigh-visibility jacketsPark Police constables were warranted constables and therefore carry batons, as well as handcuffs, radios and other police equipment.[12] They also wore body cameras and have a GPS tracked digital radio system which allows controllers to track the location of constables in real time.[13]Parks Police used vehicles to patrol, as well as carrying out usual foot patrols.[14]","title":"Uniform and equipment"}] | [] | [{"title":"Law enforcement in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea_Parks_Police"},{"title":"Parks Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Police_Service"},{"title":"List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories"}] | [{"reference":"\"British Police History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://british-police-history.uk/f/hammersmith-and-fulham","url_text":"\"British Police History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Police History\". british-police-history.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://british-police-history.uk/f/hammersmith-and-fulham/","url_text":"\"British Police History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\". LBHF. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2018/09/parks-police-take-reins-help-give-hope-abandoned-horse","url_text":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\". LBHF. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2018/09/parks-police-take-reins-help-give-hope-abandoned-horse","url_text":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parks police\". LBHF. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","url_text":"\"Parks police\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Vauxhall is run by Hammersmith and Fulham… | UK Emergency Vehicles\". Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukemergency.co.uk/this-vauxhall-is-run-by-hammersmith-and-fulham/","url_text":"\"This Vauxhall is run by Hammersmith and Fulham… | UK Emergency Vehicles\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"Former Official Website"},{"Link":"https://british-police-history.uk/f/hammersmith-and-fulham","external_links_name":"\"British Police History\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://british-police-history.uk/f/hammersmith-and-fulham/","external_links_name":"\"British Police History\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2018/09/parks-police-take-reins-help-give-hope-abandoned-horse","external_links_name":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2018/09/parks-police-take-reins-help-give-hope-abandoned-horse","external_links_name":"\"Parks Police take reins to help give hope to abandoned horse\""},{"Link":"https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/crime/parks-police","external_links_name":"\"Parks police\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukemergency.co.uk/this-vauxhall-is-run-by-hammersmith-and-fulham/","external_links_name":"\"This Vauxhall is run by Hammersmith and Fulham… | UK Emergency Vehicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Directory/Community_and_Living/Crime_Prevention/Parks_Constabulary/15119_Parks_Police_Service.asp#0","external_links_name":"London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham: Parks Constabulary"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader_grotesque | Darth Vader grotesque | ["1 References"] | Stone artwork in Washington, D.C
Darth Vader grotesqueYear1980TypeLimestoneLocationWashington, D.C.Coordinates38°55′50″N 77°04′17″W / 38.9305°N 77.0715°W / 38.9305; -77.0715OwnerWashington National Cathedral
The Darth Vader grotesque is a limestone grotesque by Jay Hall Carpenter. It is located at the Washington National Cathedral in Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States. Though sometimes seen as a graffito or form of vandalism on the church (due to the pop culture subject matter contrasted with the religious building), it is a deliberate approved addition.
The Darth Vader grotesque is one of many grotesques that are part of the National Cathedral's rain control system. The grotesques deflect rainwater by bouncing it off the tops of their heads and away from the stone walls.
In the 1980s, during the construction of the northwest tower, a children's competition was run by National Geographic World to draw grotesques for the building. Christopher Rader won third-place, with his drawing of Star Wars villain Darth Vader. The head was sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter and the stonecarver was Patrick J. Plunkett. The Darth Vader grotesque is difficult to see with the naked eye, and binoculars are generally needed to spot it. It is located on the north side of the cathedral. Other winning designs were a raccoon, a girl with pigtails and braces, and a man with large teeth and an umbrella.
References
^ "Darth Vader at the National Cathedral". Stationstart.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ "Darth Vader Grotesques – National Cathedral – All Things Star Wars on Waymarking.com". Waymarking.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ "What does Darth Vader have to do with the Cathedral?" (PDF). Extremecraft.typepad.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ "Washington National Cathedral: Darth Vader". Nationalcathedral.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
^ "Darth Vader 'Gargoyle' – Washington National Cathedral" (PDF). Cathedral.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grotesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Jay Hall Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hall_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Washington National Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Northwest, Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"graffito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Geographic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_World"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pigtails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigtail"},{"link_name":"braces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_braces"},{"link_name":"umbrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Darth Vader grotesque is a limestone grotesque by Jay Hall Carpenter. It is located at the Washington National Cathedral in Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States.[1][2] Though sometimes seen as a graffito or form of vandalism on the church (due to the pop culture subject matter contrasted with the religious building), it is a deliberate approved addition.The Darth Vader grotesque is one of many grotesques that are part of the National Cathedral's rain control system. The grotesques deflect rainwater by bouncing it off the tops of their heads and away from the stone walls.[3]In the 1980s, during the construction of the northwest tower, a children's competition was run by National Geographic World to draw grotesques for the building. Christopher Rader won third-place, with his drawing of Star Wars villain Darth Vader. The head was sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter and the stonecarver was Patrick J. Plunkett.[4] The Darth Vader grotesque is difficult to see with the naked eye, and binoculars are generally needed to spot it. It is located on the north side of the cathedral. Other winning designs were a raccoon, a girl with pigtails and braces, and a man with large teeth and an umbrella.[5]","title":"Darth Vader grotesque"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Darth Vader at the National Cathedral\". Stationstart.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191116154936/http://stationstart.com/2010/03/darth-vader/","url_text":"\"Darth Vader at the National Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://stationstart.com/2010/03/darth-vader/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Darth Vader Grotesques – National Cathedral – All Things Star Wars on Waymarking.com\". Waymarking.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3AG2_Darth_Vader_Grotesques_National_Cathedral","url_text":"\"Darth Vader Grotesques – National Cathedral – All Things Star Wars on Waymarking.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"What does Darth Vader have to do with the Cathedral?\" (PDF). Extremecraft.typepad.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://extremecraft.typepad.com/extreme_craft/files/darth.pdf","url_text":"\"What does Darth Vader have to do with the Cathedral?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington National Cathedral: Darth Vader\". Nationalcathedral.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055524/http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/darthVader.shtml","url_text":"\"Washington National Cathedral: Darth Vader\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/darthVader.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Darth Vader 'Gargoyle' – Washington National Cathedral\" (PDF). Cathedral.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150213045919/http://www.cathedral.org/pdfs/darth.pdf","url_text":"\"Darth Vader 'Gargoyle' – Washington National Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://www.cathedral.org/pdfs/darth.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darth_Vader_grotesque¶ms=38.9305_N_77.0715_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°55′50″N 77°04′17″W / 38.9305°N 77.0715°W / 38.9305; -77.0715"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191116154936/http://stationstart.com/2010/03/darth-vader/","external_links_name":"\"Darth Vader at the National Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://stationstart.com/2010/03/darth-vader/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3AG2_Darth_Vader_Grotesques_National_Cathedral","external_links_name":"\"Darth Vader Grotesques – National Cathedral – All Things Star Wars on Waymarking.com\""},{"Link":"http://extremecraft.typepad.com/extreme_craft/files/darth.pdf","external_links_name":"\"What does Darth Vader have to do with the Cathedral?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055524/http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/darthVader.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Washington National Cathedral: Darth Vader\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/darthVader.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150213045919/http://www.cathedral.org/pdfs/darth.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Darth Vader 'Gargoyle' – Washington National Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://www.cathedral.org/pdfs/darth.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darth_Vader_grotesque&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darth_Vader_grotesque&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_bivector | Poisson manifold | ["1 Introduction","1.1 From phase spaces of classical mechanics to symplectic and Poisson manifolds","1.2 History","2 Formal definition","2.1 As bracket","2.2 As bivector","2.3 Equivalence of the definitions","2.4 Holomorphic Poisson structures","3 Deformation quantization","4 Symplectic leaves","4.1 Rank of a Poisson structure","4.2 The regular case","4.3 The non-regular case","4.4 Weinstein splitting theorem","5 Examples","5.1 Trivial Poisson structures","5.2 Nondegenerate Poisson structures","5.3 Linear Poisson structures","5.4 Fibrewise linear Poisson structures","5.5 Other examples and constructions","6 Poisson cohomology","6.1 Modular class","6.2 Poisson homology","7 Poisson maps","7.1 Examples","7.2 Symplectic realisations","8 Integration of Poisson manifolds","8.1 Symplectic groupoids","8.2 Examples of integrations","9 Submanifolds","10 See also","11 References","12 Books and surveys"] | Mathematical structure in differential geometry
In differential geometry, a field in mathematics, a Poisson manifold is a smooth manifold endowed with a Poisson structure. The notion of Poisson manifold generalises that of symplectic manifold, which in turn generalises the phase space from Hamiltonian mechanics.
A Poisson structure (or Poisson bracket) on a smooth manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a function
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
:
C
∞
(
M
)
×
C
∞
(
M
)
→
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}:{\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)\times {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)\to {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)}
on the vector space
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)}
of smooth functions on
M
{\displaystyle M}
, making it into a Lie algebra subject to a Leibniz rule (also known as a Poisson algebra). Poisson structures on manifolds were introduced by André Lichnerowicz in 1977 and are named after the French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, due to their early appearance in his works on analytical mechanics.
A Poisson structure on a manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
gives a way of deforming the product of functions on
M
{\displaystyle M}
to a new product that is typically not commutative. This process is known as deformation quantization, since classical mechanics can be based on Poisson structures, while quantum mechanics involves non-commutative rings.
Introduction
From phase spaces of classical mechanics to symplectic and Poisson manifolds
In classical mechanics, the phase space of a physical system consists of all the possible values of the position and of the momentum variables allowed by the system. It is naturally endowed with a Poisson bracket/symplectic form (see below), which allows one to formulate the Hamilton equations and describe the dynamics of the system through the phase space in time.
For instance, a single particle freely moving in the
n
{\displaystyle n}
-dimensional Euclidean space (i.e. having
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
as configuration space) has phase space
R
2
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}
. The coordinates
(
q
1
,
.
.
.
,
q
n
,
p
1
,
.
.
.
,
p
n
)
{\displaystyle (q^{1},...,q^{n},p_{1},...,p_{n})}
describe respectively the positions and the generalised momenta. The space of observables, i.e. the smooth functions on
R
2
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}
, is naturally endowed with a binary operation called the Poisson bracket, defined as
{
f
,
g
}
:=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
∂
f
∂
p
i
∂
g
∂
q
i
−
∂
f
∂
q
i
∂
g
∂
p
i
)
.
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}:=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial g}{\partial q_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}{\frac {\partial g}{\partial p_{i}}}\right).}
Such a bracket satisfies the standard properties of a Lie bracket, plus a further compatibility with the product of functions, namely the Leibniz identity
{
f
,
g
⋅
h
}
=
g
⋅
{
f
,
h
}
+
{
f
,
g
}
⋅
h
{\displaystyle \{f,g\cdot h\}=g\cdot \{f,h\}+\{f,g\}\cdot h}
. Equivalently, the Poisson bracket on
R
2
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}
can be reformulated using the symplectic form
ω
:=
∑
i
=
1
n
d
p
i
∧
d
q
i
.
{\displaystyle \omega :=\sum _{i=1}^{n}dp_{i}\wedge dq^{i}.}
Indeed, if one considers the Hamiltonian vector field
X
f
:=
∑
i
=
1
n
∂
f
∂
p
i
∂
q
i
−
∂
f
∂
q
i
∂
p
i
{\displaystyle X_{f}:=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial p_{i}}}\partial _{q_{i}}-{\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}\partial _{p_{i}}}
associated to a function
f
{\displaystyle f}
, then the Poisson bracket can be rewritten as
{
f
,
g
}
=
ω
(
X
f
,
X
g
)
.
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=\omega (X_{f},X_{g}).}
A standard example of a symplectic manifold, and thus of a Poisson manifold, is the cotangent bundle
T
∗
Q
{\displaystyle T^{*}Q}
of any finite-dimensional smooth manifold
Q
.
{\displaystyle Q.}
The coordinates on
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
are interpreted as particle positions; the space of tangents at each point forming the space of (canonically) conjugate momenta. If
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
is
n
{\displaystyle n}
-dimensional,
T
∗
Q
{\displaystyle T^{*}Q}
is a smooth manifold of dimension
2
n
;
{\displaystyle 2n;}
it can be regarded as the associated phase space. The cotangent bundle is naturally equipped with a canonical symplectic form, which, in canonical coordinates, coincides with the one described above. In general, by Darboux theorem, any arbitrary symplectic manifold
(
M
,
ω
)
{\displaystyle (M,\omega )}
admits special coordinates where the form
ω
{\displaystyle \omega }
and the bracket
{
f
,
g
}
=
ω
(
X
f
,
X
g
)
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=\omega (X_{f},X_{g})}
are equivalent with, respectively, the symplectic form and the Poisson bracket of
R
2
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}
. Symplectic geometry is therefore the natural mathematical setting to describe classical Hamiltonian mechanics.
Poisson manifolds are further generalisations of symplectic manifolds, which arise by axiomatising the properties satisfied by the Poisson bracket on
R
2
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}
. More precisely, a Poisson manifold consists of a smooth manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
(not necessarily of even dimension) together with an abstract bracket
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
:
C
∞
(
M
)
×
C
∞
(
M
)
→
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}:{\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)\times {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)\to {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)}
, still called Poisson bracket, which does not necessarily arise from a symplectic form
ω
{\displaystyle \omega }
, but satisfies the same algebraic properties.
Poisson geometry is closely related to symplectic geometry: for instance every Poisson bracket determines a foliation of the manifold into symplectic submanifolds. However, the study of Poisson geometry requires techniques that are usually not employed in symplectic geometry, such as the theory of Lie groupoids and algebroids.
Moreover, there are natural examples of structures which should be "morally" symplectic, but exhibit singularities, i.e. their "symplectic form" should be allowed to be degenerate. For example, the smooth quotient of a symplectic manifold by a group acting by symplectomorphisms is a Poisson manifold, which in general is not symplectic. This situation models the case of a physical system which is invariant under symmetries: the "reduced" phase space, obtained quotienting the original phase space by the symmetries, in general is no longer symplectic, but is Poisson.
History
Although the modern definition of Poisson manifold appeared only in the 70's–80's, its origin dates back to the nineteenth century. Alan Weinstein summarized the early history of Poisson geometry as follows:"Poisson invented his brackets as a tool for classical dynamics. Jacobi realized the importance of these brackets and elucidated their algebraic properties, and Lie began the study of their geometry."
Indeed, Siméon Denis Poisson introduced in 1809 what we now call Poisson bracket in order to obtain new integrals of motion, i.e. quantities which are preserved throughout the motion.
More precisely, he proved that, if two functions
f
{\displaystyle f}
and
g
{\displaystyle g}
are integrals of motion, then there is a third function, denoted by
{
f
,
g
}
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}}
, which is an integral of motion as well. In the Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, where the dynamics of a physical system is described by a given function
h
{\displaystyle h}
(usually the energy of the system), an integral of motion is simply a function
f
{\displaystyle f}
which Poisson-commutes with
h
{\displaystyle h}
, i.e. such that
{
f
,
h
}
=
0
{\displaystyle \{f,h\}=0}
. What will become known as Poisson's theorem can then be formulated as
{
f
,
h
}
=
0
,
{
g
,
h
}
=
0
⇒
{
{
f
,
g
}
,
h
}
=
0.
{\displaystyle \{f,h\}=0,\{g,h\}=0\Rightarrow \{\{f,g\},h\}=0.}
Poisson's computations occupied many pages, and his results were rediscovered and simplified two decades later by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.
Jacobi was the first to identify the general properties of the Poisson bracket as a binary operation. Moreover, he established the relation between the (Poisson) bracket of two functions and the (Lie) bracket of their associated Hamiltonian vector fields, i.e.
X
{
f
,
g
}
=
[
X
f
,
X
g
]
,
{\displaystyle X_{\{f,g\}}=,}
in order to reformulate (and give a much shorter proof of) Poisson's theorem on integrals of motion.
Jacobi's work on Poisson brackets influenced the pioneering studies of Sophus Lie on symmetries of differential equations, which led to the discovery of Lie groups and Lie algebras. For instance, what are now called linear Poisson structures (i.e. Poisson brackets on a vector space which send linear functions to linear functions) correspond precisely to Lie algebra structures. Moreover, the integrability of a linear Poisson structure (see below) is closely related to the integrability of its associated Lie algebra to a Lie group.
The twentieth century saw the development of modern differential geometry, but only in 1977 did André Lichnerowicz introduce Poisson structures as geometric objects on smooth manifolds. Poisson manifolds were further studied in the foundational 1983 paper of Alan Weinstein, where many basic structure theorems were first proved.
These works exerted a huge influence in the subsequent decades on the development of Poisson geometry, which today is a field of its own, and at the same time is deeply entangled with many others, including non-commutative geometry, integrable systems, topological field theories and representation theory.
Formal definition
There are two main points of view to define Poisson structures: it is customary and convenient to switch between them.
As bracket
Let
M
{\displaystyle M}
be a smooth manifold and let
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)}
denote the real algebra of smooth real-valued functions on
M
{\displaystyle M}
, where the multiplication is defined pointwise. A Poisson bracket (or Poisson structure) on
M
{\displaystyle M}
is an
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
-bilinear map
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
:
C
∞
(
M
)
×
C
∞
(
M
)
→
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}:{C^{\infty }}(M)\times {C^{\infty }}(M)\to {C^{\infty }}(M)}
defining a structure of Poisson algebra on
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)}
, i.e. satisfying the following three conditions:
Skew symmetry:
{
f
,
g
}
=
−
{
g
,
f
}
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=-\{g,f\}}
.
Jacobi identity:
{
f
,
{
g
,
h
}
}
+
{
g
,
{
h
,
f
}
}
+
{
h
,
{
f
,
g
}
}
=
0
{\displaystyle \{f,\{g,h\}\}+\{g,\{h,f\}\}+\{h,\{f,g\}\}=0}
.
Leibniz's Rule:
{
f
g
,
h
}
=
f
{
g
,
h
}
+
g
{
f
,
h
}
{\displaystyle \{fg,h\}=f\{g,h\}+g\{f,h\}}
.
The first two conditions ensure that
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
defines a Lie-algebra structure on
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)}
, while the third guarantees that, for each
f
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle f\in {C^{\infty }}(M)}
, the linear map
X
f
:=
{
f
,
⋅
}
:
C
∞
(
M
)
→
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle X_{f}:=\{f,\cdot \}:{C^{\infty }}(M)\to {C^{\infty }}(M)}
is a derivation of the algebra
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)}
, i.e., it defines a vector field
X
f
∈
X
(
M
)
{\displaystyle X_{f}\in {\mathfrak {X}}(M)}
called the Hamiltonian vector field associated to
f
{\displaystyle f}
.
Choosing local coordinates
(
U
,
x
i
)
{\displaystyle (U,x^{i})}
, any Poisson bracket is given by
{
f
,
g
}
∣
U
=
∑
i
,
j
π
i
j
∂
f
∂
x
i
∂
g
∂
x
j
,
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}_{\mid U}=\sum _{i,j}\pi ^{ij}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x^{i}}}{\frac {\partial g}{\partial x^{j}}},}
for
π
i
j
=
{
x
i
,
x
j
}
{\displaystyle \pi ^{ij}=\{x^{i},x^{j}\}}
the Poisson bracket of the coordinate functions.
As bivector
A Poisson bivector on a smooth manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a bivector field
π
∈
X
2
(
M
)
:=
Γ
(
∧
2
T
M
)
{\displaystyle \pi \in {\mathfrak {X}}^{2}(M):=\Gamma {\big (}\wedge ^{2}TM{\big )}}
satisfying the non-linear partial differential equation
[
π
,
π
]
=
0
{\displaystyle =0}
, where
[
⋅
,
⋅
]
:
X
p
(
M
)
×
X
q
(
M
)
→
X
p
+
q
−
1
(
M
)
{\displaystyle :{{\mathfrak {X}}^{p}}(M)\times {{\mathfrak {X}}^{q}}(M)\to {{\mathfrak {X}}^{p+q-1}}(M)}
denotes the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket on multivector fields. Choosing local coordinates
(
U
,
x
i
)
{\displaystyle (U,x^{i})}
, any Poisson bivector is given by
π
∣
U
=
∑
i
,
j
π
i
j
∂
∂
x
i
∂
∂
x
j
,
{\displaystyle \pi _{\mid U}=\sum _{i,j}\pi ^{ij}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{j}}},}
for
π
i
j
{\displaystyle \pi ^{ij}}
skew-symmetric smooth functions on
U
{\displaystyle U}
.
Equivalence of the definitions
Let
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
be a bilinear skew-symmetric bracket (called an "almost Lie bracket") satisfying Leibniz's rule; then the function
{
f
,
g
}
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}}
can be described a
{
f
,
g
}
=
π
(
d
f
∧
d
g
)
,
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=\pi (df\wedge dg),}
for a unique smooth bivector field
π
∈
X
2
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \pi \in {\mathfrak {X}}^{2}(M)}
. Conversely, given any smooth bivector field
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
on
M
{\displaystyle M}
, the same formula
{
f
,
g
}
=
π
(
d
f
∧
d
g
)
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=\pi (df\wedge dg)}
defines an almost Lie bracket
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
that automatically obeys Leibniz's rule.
Then the following integrability conditions are equivalent:
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
satisfies the Jacobi identity (hence it is a Poisson bracket);
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
satisfies
[
π
,
π
]
=
0
{\displaystyle =0}
(hence it a Poisson bivector);
the map
C
∞
(
M
)
→
X
(
M
)
,
f
↦
X
f
{\displaystyle {C^{\infty }}(M)\to {\mathfrak {X}}(M),f\mapsto X_{f}}
is a Lie algebra homomorphism, i.e. the Hamiltonian vector fields satisfy
[
X
f
,
X
g
]
=
X
{
f
,
g
}
{\displaystyle =X_{\{f,g\}}}
;
the graph
G
r
a
p
h
(
π
)
⊂
T
M
⊕
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle {\rm {Graph}}(\pi )\subset TM\oplus T^{*}M}
defines a Dirac structure, i.e. a Lagrangian subbundle
D
⊂
T
M
⊕
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle D\subset TM\oplus T^{*}M}
which is closed under the standard Courant bracket.
A Poisson structure without any of the four requirements above is also called an almost Poisson structure.
Holomorphic Poisson structures
The definition of Poisson structure for real smooth manifolds can be also adapted to the complex case.
A holomorphic Poisson manifold is a complex manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
whose sheaf of holomorphic functions
O
M
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{M}}
is a sheaf of Poisson algebras. Equivalently, recall that a holomorphic bivector field
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
on a complex manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a section
π
∈
Γ
(
∧
2
T
1
,
0
M
)
{\displaystyle \pi \in \Gamma (\wedge ^{2}T^{1,0}M)}
such that
∂
¯
π
=
0
{\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}\pi =0}
. Then a holomorphic Poisson structure on
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a holomorphic bivector field satisfying the equation
[
π
,
π
]
=
0
{\displaystyle =0}
. Holomorphic Poisson manifolds can be characterised also in terms of Poisson-Nijenhuis structures.
Many results for real Poisson structures, e.g. regarding their integrability, extend also to holomorphic ones.
Holomorphic Poisson structures appear naturally in the context of generalised complex structures: locally, any generalised complex manifold is the product of a symplectic manifold and a holomorphic Poisson manifold.
Deformation quantization
The notion of a Poisson manifold arises naturally from the deformation theory of associative algebras. For a smooth manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
, the smooth functions
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle C^{\infty }(M)}
form a commutative algebra over the real numbers
R
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} }
, using pointwise addition and multiplication (meaning that
(
f
g
)
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)}
for points
x
{\displaystyle x}
in
M
{\displaystyle M}
). An
n
{\displaystyle n}
th-order deformation of this algebra is given by a formula
f
∗
g
=
f
g
+
ϵ
B
1
(
f
,
g
)
+
⋯
+
ϵ
n
B
n
(
f
,
g
)
(
mod
ϵ
n
+
1
)
{\displaystyle f*g=fg+\epsilon B_{1}(f,g)+\cdots +\epsilon ^{n}B_{n}(f,g){\pmod {\epsilon ^{n+1}}}}
for
f
,
g
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle f,g\in C^{\infty }(M)}
such that the star-product is associative (modulo
ϵ
n
+
1
{\displaystyle \epsilon ^{n+1}}
), but not necessarily commutative.
A first-order deformation of
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle C^{\infty }(M)}
is equivalent to an almost Poisson structure as defined above, that is, a bilinear "bracket" map
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
:
C
∞
(
M
)
×
C
∞
(
M
)
→
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}:{C^{\infty }}(M)\times {C^{\infty }}(M)\to {C^{\infty }}(M)}
that is skew-symmetric and satisfies Leibniz's Rule. Explicitly, one can go from the deformation to the bracket by
f
∗
g
−
g
∗
f
=
ϵ
{
f
,
g
}
(
mod
ϵ
2
)
.
{\displaystyle f*g-g*f=\epsilon \{f,g\}{\pmod {\epsilon ^{2}}}.}
A first-order deformation is also equivalent to a bivector field, that is, a smooth section of
∧
2
T
M
{\displaystyle \wedge ^{2}TM}
.
A bracket satisfies the Jacobi identity (that is, it is a Poisson structure) if and only if the corresponding first-order deformation of
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle C^{\infty }(M)}
can be extended to a second-order deformation. Remarkably, the Kontsevich quantization formula shows that every Poisson manifold has a deformation quantization. That is, if a first-order deformation of
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle C^{\infty }(M)}
can be extended to second order, then it can be extended to infinite order.
Example: For any smooth manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
, the cotangent bundle
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
is a symplectic manifold, and hence a Poisson manifold. The corresponding non-commutative deformation of
C
∞
(
T
∗
M
)
{\displaystyle C^{\infty }(T^{*}M)}
is related to the algebra of linear differential operators on
M
{\displaystyle M}
. When
M
{\displaystyle M}
is the real line
R
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} }
, the non-commutativity of the algebra of differential operators (known as the Weyl algebra) follows from the calculation that
[
∂
∂
x
,
x
]
=
1.
{\displaystyle {\bigg }=1.}
Symplectic leaves
A Poisson manifold is naturally partitioned into regularly immersed symplectic manifolds of possibly different dimensions, called its symplectic leaves. These arise as the maximal integral submanifolds of the completely integrable singular foliation spanned by the Hamiltonian vector fields.
Rank of a Poisson structure
Recall that any bivector field can be regarded as a skew homomorphism, the musical morphism
π
♯
:
T
∗
M
→
T
M
,
α
↦
π
(
α
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }:T^{*}M\to TM,\alpha \mapsto \pi (\alpha ,\cdot )}
. The image
π
♯
(
T
∗
M
)
⊂
T
M
{\displaystyle {\pi ^{\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\subset TM}
consists therefore of the values
X
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle {X_{f}}(x)}
of all Hamiltonian vector fields evaluated at every
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
.
The rank of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
at a point
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
is the rank of the induced linear mapping
π
x
♯
{\displaystyle \pi _{x}^{\sharp }}
. A point
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
is called regular for a Poisson structure
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
on
M
{\displaystyle M}
if and only if the rank of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is constant on an open neighborhood of
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
; otherwise, it is called a singular point. Regular points form an open dense subspace
M
r
e
g
⊆
M
{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {reg} }\subseteq M}
; when
M
r
e
g
=
M
{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {reg} }=M}
, i.e. the map
π
♯
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }}
is of constant rank, the Poisson structure
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is called regular. Examples of regular Poisson structures include trivial and nondegenerate structures (see below).
The regular case
For a regular Poisson manifold, the image
π
♯
(
T
∗
M
)
⊂
T
M
{\displaystyle {\pi ^{\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\subset TM}
is a regular distribution; it is easy to check that it is involutive, therefore, by the Frobenius theorem,
M
{\displaystyle M}
admits a partition into leaves. Moreover, the Poisson bivector restricts nicely to each leaf, which therefore become symplectic manifolds.
The non-regular case
For a non-regular Poisson manifold the situation is more complicated, since the distribution
π
♯
(
T
∗
M
)
⊂
T
M
{\displaystyle {\pi ^{\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\subset TM}
is singular, i.e. the vector subspaces
π
♯
(
T
x
∗
M
)
⊂
T
x
M
{\displaystyle {\pi ^{\sharp }}(T_{x}^{*}M)\subset T_{x}M}
have different dimensions.
An integral submanifold for
π
♯
(
T
∗
M
)
{\displaystyle {\pi ^{\sharp }}(T^{*}M)}
is a path-connected submanifold
S
⊆
M
{\displaystyle S\subseteq M}
satisfying
T
x
S
=
π
♯
(
T
x
∗
M
)
{\displaystyle T_{x}S={\pi ^{\sharp }}(T_{x}^{\ast }M)}
for all
x
∈
S
{\displaystyle x\in S}
. Integral submanifolds of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
are automatically regularly immersed manifolds, and maximal integral submanifolds of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
are called the leaves of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
.
Moreover, each leaf
S
{\displaystyle S}
carries a natural symplectic form
ω
S
∈
Ω
2
(
S
)
{\displaystyle \omega _{S}\in {\Omega ^{2}}(S)}
determined by the condition
[
ω
S
(
X
f
,
X
g
)
]
(
x
)
=
−
{
f
,
g
}
(
x
)
{\displaystyle (x)=-\{f,g\}(x)}
for all
f
,
g
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle f,g\in {C^{\infty }}(M)}
and
x
∈
S
{\displaystyle x\in S}
. Correspondingly, one speaks of the symplectic leaves of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
. Moreover, both the space
M
r
e
g
{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {reg} }}
of regular points and its complement are saturated by symplectic leaves, so symplectic leaves may be either regular or singular.
Weinstein splitting theorem
To show the existence of symplectic leaves in the non-regular case, one can use Weinstein splitting theorem (or Darboux-Weinstein theorem). It states that any Poisson manifold
(
M
n
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M^{n},\pi )}
splits locally around a point
x
0
∈
M
{\displaystyle x_{0}\in M}
as the product of a symplectic manifold
(
S
2
k
,
ω
)
{\displaystyle (S^{2k},\omega )}
and a transverse Poisson submanifold
(
T
n
−
2
k
,
π
T
)
{\displaystyle (T^{n-2k},\pi _{T})}
vanishing at
x
0
{\displaystyle x_{0}}
. More precisely, if
r
a
n
k
(
π
x
0
)
=
2
k
{\displaystyle \mathrm {rank} (\pi _{x_{0}})=2k}
, there are local coordinates
(
U
,
p
1
,
…
,
p
k
,
q
1
,
…
,
q
k
,
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
−
2
k
)
{\displaystyle (U,p_{1},\ldots ,p_{k},q^{1},\ldots ,q^{k},x^{1},\ldots ,x^{n-2k})}
such that the Poisson bivector
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
splits as the sum
π
∣
U
=
∑
i
=
1
k
∂
∂
q
i
∂
∂
p
i
+
1
2
∑
i
,
j
=
1
n
−
2
k
ϕ
i
j
(
x
)
∂
∂
x
i
∂
∂
x
j
,
{\displaystyle \pi _{\mid U}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial q^{i}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial p_{i}}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j=1}^{n-2k}\phi ^{ij}(x){\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{j}}},}
where
ϕ
i
j
(
x
0
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \phi ^{ij}(x_{0})=0.}
Notice that, when the rank of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is maximal (e.g. the Poisson structure is nondegenerate, so that
n
=
2
k
{\displaystyle n=2k}
), one recovers the classical Darboux theorem for symplectic structures.
Examples
Trivial Poisson structures
Every manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
carries the trivial Poisson structure
{
f
,
g
}
=
0
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}=0}
, equivalently described by the bivector
π
=
0
{\displaystyle \pi =0}
. Every point of
M
{\displaystyle M}
is therefore a zero-dimensional symplectic leaf.
Nondegenerate Poisson structures
A bivector field
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is called nondegenerate if
π
♯
:
T
∗
M
→
T
M
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }:T^{*}M\to TM}
is a vector bundle isomorphism. Nondegenerate Poisson bivector fields are actually the same thing as symplectic manifolds
(
M
,
ω
)
{\displaystyle (M,\omega )}
.
Indeed, there is a bijective correspondence between nondegenerate bivector fields
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
and nondegenerate 2-forms
ω
{\displaystyle \omega }
, given by the musical isomorphism
π
♯
=
(
ω
♭
)
−
1
,
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }=(\omega ^{\flat })^{-1},}
where
ω
{\displaystyle \omega }
is encoded by
ω
♭
:
T
M
→
T
∗
M
,
v
↦
ω
(
v
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle \omega ^{\flat }:TM\to T^{*}M,\quad v\mapsto \omega (v,\cdot )}
. Furthermore,
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is Poisson precisely if and only if
ω
{\displaystyle \omega }
is closed; in such case, the bracket becomes the canonical Poisson bracket from Hamiltonian mechanics:
{
f
,
g
}
:=
ω
(
X
f
,
X
g
)
.
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}:=\omega (X_{f},X_{g}).}
Non-degenerate Poisson structures have only one symplectic leaf, namely
M
{\displaystyle M}
itself, and their Poisson algebra
(
C
∞
(
M
)
,
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
)
{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M),\{\cdot ,\cdot \})}
become a Poisson ring.
Linear Poisson structures
A Poisson structure
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
on a vector space
V
{\displaystyle V}
is called linear when the bracket of two linear functions is still linear.
The class of vector spaces with linear Poisson structures coincides with that of the duals of Lie algebras. The dual
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
of any finite-dimensional Lie algebra
(
g
,
[
⋅
,
⋅
]
)
{\displaystyle ({\mathfrak {g}},)}
carries a linear Poisson bracket, known in the literature under the names of Lie-Poisson, Kirillov-Poisson or KKS (Kostant-Kirillov-Souriau) structure:
{
f
,
g
}
(
ξ
)
:=
ξ
(
[
d
ξ
f
,
d
ξ
g
]
g
)
,
{\displaystyle \{f,g\}(\xi ):=\xi (_{\mathfrak {g}}),}
where
f
,
g
∈
C
∞
(
g
∗
)
,
ξ
∈
g
∗
{\displaystyle f,g\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }({\mathfrak {g}}^{*}),\xi \in {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
and the derivatives
d
ξ
f
,
d
ξ
g
:
T
ξ
g
∗
→
R
{\displaystyle d_{\xi }f,d_{\xi }g:T_{\xi }{\mathfrak {g}}^{*}\to \mathbb {R} }
are interpreted as elements of the bidual
g
∗
∗
≅
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{**}\cong {\mathfrak {g}}}
. Equivalently, the Poisson bivector can be locally expressed as
π
=
∑
i
,
j
,
k
c
k
i
j
x
k
∂
∂
x
i
∂
∂
x
j
,
{\displaystyle \pi =\sum _{i,j,k}c_{k}^{ij}x^{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{j}}},}
where
x
i
{\displaystyle x^{i}}
are coordinates on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
and
c
k
i
j
{\displaystyle c_{k}^{ij}}
are the associated structure constants of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
,
Conversely, any linear Poisson structure
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
on
V
{\displaystyle V}
must be of this form, i.e. there exists a natural Lie algebra structure induced on
g
:=
V
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}:=V^{*}}
whose Lie-Poisson bracket recovers
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
.
The symplectic leaves of the Lie-Poisson structure on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
are the orbits of the coadjoint action of
G
{\displaystyle G}
on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
.
Fibrewise linear Poisson structures
The previous example can be generalised as follows. A Poisson structure on the total space of a vector bundle
E
→
M
{\displaystyle E\to M}
is called fibrewise linear when the bracket of two smooth functions
E
→
R
{\displaystyle E\to \mathbb {R} }
, whose restrictions to the fibres are linear, results in a bracket that is linear when restricted to the fibres. Equivalently, the Poisson bivector field
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
is asked to satisfy
(
m
t
)
∗
π
=
t
π
{\displaystyle (m_{t})^{*}\pi =t\pi }
for any
t
>
0
{\displaystyle t>0}
, where
m
t
:
E
→
E
{\displaystyle m_{t}:E\to E}
is the scalar multiplication
v
↦
t
v
{\displaystyle v\mapsto tv}
.
The class of vector bundles with linear Poisson structures coincides with that of the duals of Lie algebroids. The dual
A
∗
{\displaystyle A^{*}}
of any Lie algebroid
(
A
,
[
⋅
,
⋅
]
)
{\displaystyle (A,)}
carries a fibrewise linear Poisson bracket, uniquely defined by
{
e
v
α
,
e
v
β
}
:=
e
v
[
α
,
β
]
∀
α
,
β
∈
Γ
(
A
)
,
{\displaystyle \{\mathrm {ev} _{\alpha },\mathrm {ev} _{\beta }\}:=ev_{}\quad \quad \forall \alpha ,\beta \in \Gamma (A),}
where
e
v
α
:
A
∗
→
R
,
ϕ
↦
ϕ
(
α
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {ev} _{\alpha }:A^{*}\to \mathbb {R} ,\phi \mapsto \phi (\alpha )}
is the evaluation by
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
. Equivalently, the Poisson bivector can be locally expressed as
π
=
∑
i
,
a
B
a
i
(
x
)
∂
∂
y
a
∂
∂
x
i
+
∑
a
<
b
,
c
C
a
b
c
(
x
)
y
c
∂
∂
y
a
∂
∂
y
b
,
{\displaystyle \pi =\sum _{i,a}B_{a}^{i}(x){\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{a}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}+\sum _{a<b,c}C_{ab}^{c}(x)y_{c}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{a}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y_{b}}},}
where
x
i
{\displaystyle x^{i}}
are coordinates around a point
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
,
y
a
{\displaystyle y_{a}}
are fibre coordinates on
A
∗
{\displaystyle A^{*}}
, dual to a local frame
e
a
{\displaystyle e_{a}}
of
A
{\displaystyle A}
, and
B
a
i
{\displaystyle B_{a}^{i}}
and
C
a
b
c
{\displaystyle C_{ab}^{c}}
are the structure function of
A
{\displaystyle A}
, i.e. the unique smooth functions satisfying
ρ
(
e
a
)
=
∑
i
B
a
i
(
x
)
∂
∂
x
i
,
[
e
a
,
e
b
]
=
∑
c
C
a
b
c
(
x
)
e
c
.
{\displaystyle \rho (e_{a})=\sum _{i}B_{a}^{i}(x){\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}},\quad \quad =\sum _{c}C_{ab}^{c}(x)e_{c}.}
Conversely, any fibrewise linear Poisson structure
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
on
E
{\displaystyle E}
must be of this form, i.e. there exists a natural Lie algebroid structure induced on
A
:=
E
∗
{\displaystyle A:=E^{*}}
whose Lie-Poisson backet recovers
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}
.
The symplectic leaves of
A
∗
{\displaystyle A^{*}}
are the cotangent bundles of the algebroid orbits
O
⊆
A
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}\subseteq A}
; equivalently, if
A
{\displaystyle A}
is integrable to a Lie groupoid
G
⇉
M
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows M}
, they are the connected components of the orbits of the cotangent groupoid
T
∗
G
⇉
A
∗
{\displaystyle T^{*}{\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows A^{*}}
.
For
M
=
{
∗
}
{\displaystyle M=\{*\}}
one recovers linear Poisson structures, while for
A
=
T
M
{\displaystyle A=TM}
the fibrewise linear Poisson structure is the nondegenerate one given by the canonical symplectic structure of the cotangent bundle
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
.
Other examples and constructions
Any constant bivector field on a vector space is automatically a Poisson structure; indeed, all three terms in the Jacobiator are zero, being the bracket with a constant function.
Any bivector field on a 2-dimensional manifold is automatically a Poisson structure; indeed,
[
π
,
π
]
{\displaystyle }
is a 3-vector field, which is always zero in dimension 2.
Given any Poisson bivector field
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
on a 3-dimensional manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
, the bivector field
f
π
{\displaystyle f\pi }
, for any
f
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)}
, is automatically Poisson.
The Cartesian product
(
M
0
×
M
1
,
π
0
×
π
1
)
{\displaystyle (M_{0}\times M_{1},\pi _{0}\times \pi _{1})}
of two Poisson manifolds
(
M
0
,
π
0
)
{\displaystyle (M_{0},\pi _{0})}
and
(
M
1
,
π
1
)
{\displaystyle (M_{1},\pi _{1})}
is again a Poisson manifold.
Let
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
be a (regular) foliation of dimension
2
r
{\displaystyle 2r}
on
M
{\displaystyle M}
and
ω
∈
Ω
2
(
F
)
{\displaystyle \omega \in {\Omega ^{2}}({\mathcal {F}})}
a closed foliation two-form for which the power
ω
r
{\displaystyle \omega ^{r}}
is nowhere-vanishing. This uniquely determines a regular Poisson structure on
M
{\displaystyle M}
by requiring the symplectic leaves of
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
to be the leaves
S
{\displaystyle S}
of
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
equipped with the induced symplectic form
ω
|
S
{\displaystyle \omega |_{S}}
.
Let
G
{\displaystyle G}
be a Lie group acting on a Poisson manifold
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
by Poisson diffeomorphisms. If the action is free and proper, the quotient manifold
M
/
G
{\displaystyle M/G}
inherits a Poisson structure
π
M
/
G
{\displaystyle \pi _{M/G}}
from
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
(namely, it is the only one such that the submersion
(
M
,
π
)
→
(
M
/
G
,
π
M
/
G
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )\to (M/G,\pi _{M/G})}
is a Poisson map).
Poisson cohomology
The Poisson cohomology groups
H
k
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H^{k}(M,\pi )}
of a Poisson manifold are the cohomology groups of the cochain complex
…
→
d
π
X
∙
(
M
)
→
d
π
X
∙
+
1
(
M
)
→
d
π
…
∑
i
{\displaystyle \ldots \xrightarrow {d_{\pi }} {\mathfrak {X}}^{\bullet }(M)\xrightarrow {d_{\pi }} {\mathfrak {X}}^{\bullet +1}(M)\xrightarrow {d_{\pi }} \ldots \color {white}{\sum ^{i}}}
where the operator
d
π
=
[
π
,
−
]
{\displaystyle d_{\pi }=}
is the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket with
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
. Notice that such a sequence can be defined for every bivector on
M
{\displaystyle M}
; the condition
d
π
∘
d
π
=
0
{\displaystyle d_{\pi }\circ d_{\pi }=0}
is equivalent to
[
π
,
π
]
=
0
{\displaystyle =0}
, i.e.
M
{\displaystyle M}
being Poisson.
Using the morphism
π
♯
:
T
∗
M
→
T
M
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }:T^{*}M\to TM}
, one obtains a morphism from the de Rham complex
(
Ω
∙
(
M
)
,
d
d
R
)
{\displaystyle (\Omega ^{\bullet }(M),d_{dR})}
to the Poisson complex
(
X
∙
(
M
)
,
d
π
)
{\displaystyle ({\mathfrak {X}}^{\bullet }(M),d_{\pi })}
, inducing a group homomorphism
H
d
R
∙
(
M
)
→
H
∙
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H_{dR}^{\bullet }(M)\to H^{\bullet }(M,\pi )}
. In the nondegenerate case, this becomes an isomorphism, so that the Poisson cohomology of a symplectic manifold fully recovers its de Rham cohomology.
Poisson cohomology is difficult to compute in general, but the low degree groups contain important geometric information on the Poisson structure:
H
0
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H^{0}(M,\pi )}
is the space of the Casimir functions, i.e. smooth functions Poisson-commuting with all others (or, equivalently, smooth functions constant on the symplectic leaves);
H
1
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H^{1}(M,\pi )}
is the space of Poisson vector fields modulo Hamiltonian vector fields;
H
2
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H^{2}(M,\pi )}
is the space of the infinitesimal deformations of the Poisson structure modulo trivial deformations;
H
3
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle H^{3}(M,\pi )}
is the space of the obstructions to extend infinitesimal deformations to actual deformations.
Modular class
The modular class of a Poisson manifold is a class in the first Poisson cohomology group, which is the obstruction to the existence of a volume form invariant under the Hamiltonian flows. It was introduced by Koszul and Weinstein.
Recall that the divergence of a vector field
X
∈
X
(
M
)
{\displaystyle X\in {\mathfrak {X}}(M)}
with respect to a given volume form
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is the function
d
i
v
λ
(
X
)
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle {\rm {div}}_{\lambda }(X)\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)}
defined by
d
i
v
λ
(
X
)
=
L
X
λ
λ
{\displaystyle {\rm {div}}_{\lambda }(X)={\frac {{\mathcal {L}}_{X}\lambda }{\lambda }}}
. The modular vector field of a Poisson manifold, with respect to a volume form
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
, is the vector field
X
λ
{\displaystyle X_{\lambda }}
defined by the divergence of the Hamiltonian vector fields:
X
λ
:
f
↦
d
i
v
λ
(
X
f
)
{\displaystyle X_{\lambda }:f\mapsto {\rm {div}}_{\lambda }(X_{f})}
.
The modular vector field is a Poisson 1-cocycle, i.e. it satisfies
L
X
λ
π
=
0
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{X_{\lambda }}\pi =0}
. Moreover, given two volume forms
λ
1
{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}}
and
λ
2
{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}}
, the difference
X
λ
1
−
X
λ
2
{\displaystyle X_{\lambda _{1}}-X_{\lambda _{2}}}
is a Hamiltonian vector field. Accordingly, the Poisson cohomology class
[
X
λ
]
π
∈
H
1
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle _{\pi }\in H^{1}(M,\pi )}
does not depend on the original choice of the volume form
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
, and it is called the modular class of the Poisson manifold.
A Poisson manifold is called unimodular if its modular class vanishes. Notice that this happens if and only if there exists a volume form
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
such that the modular vector field
X
λ
{\displaystyle X_{\lambda }}
vanishes, i.e.
d
i
v
λ
(
X
f
)
=
0
{\displaystyle {\rm {div}}_{\lambda }(X_{f})=0}
for every
f
{\displaystyle f}
; in other words,
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is invariant under the flow of any Hamiltonian vector field. For instance:
Symplectic structures are always unimodular, since the Liouville form is invariant under all Hamiltonian vector fields;
For linear Poisson structures the modular class is the infinitesimal modular character of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
, since the modular vector field associated to the standard Lebesgue measure on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
is the constant vector field on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
. Then
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
is unimodular as Poisson manifold if and only if it is unimodular as Lie algebra;
For regular Poisson structures the modular class is related to the Reeb class of the underlying symplectic foliation (an element of the first leafwise cohomology group, which obstructs the existence of a volume normal form invariant by vector fields tangent to the foliation).
Poisson homology
Poisson cohomology was introduced in 1977 by Lichnerowicz himself; a decade later, Brylinski introduced a homology theory for Poisson manifolds, using the operator
∂
π
=
[
d
,
ι
π
]
{\displaystyle \partial _{\pi }=}
.
Several results have been proved relating Poisson homology and cohomology. For instance, for orientable unimodular Poisson manifolds, Poisson homology turns out to be isomorphic to Poisson cohomology: this was proved independently by Xu and Evans-Lu-Weinstein.
Poisson maps
A smooth map
φ
:
M
→
N
{\displaystyle \varphi :M\to N}
between Poisson manifolds is called a Poisson map if it respects the Poisson structures, i.e. one of the following equivalent conditions holds (compare with the equivalent definitions of Poisson structures above):
the Poisson brackets
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
M
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}_{M}}
and
{
⋅
,
⋅
}
N
{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}_{N}}
satisfy
{
f
,
g
}
N
(
φ
(
x
)
)
=
{
f
∘
φ
,
g
∘
φ
}
M
(
x
)
{\displaystyle {\{f,g\}_{N}}(\varphi (x))={\{f\circ \varphi ,g\circ \varphi \}_{M}}(x)}
for every
x
∈
M
{\displaystyle x\in M}
and smooth functions
f
,
g
∈
C
∞
(
N
)
{\displaystyle f,g\in {C^{\infty }}(N)}
the bivector fields
π
M
{\displaystyle \pi _{M}}
and
π
N
{\displaystyle \pi _{N}}
are
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
-related, i.e.
π
N
=
φ
∗
π
M
{\displaystyle \pi _{N}=\varphi _{*}\pi _{M}}
the Hamiltonian vector fields associated to every smooth function
H
∈
C
∞
(
N
)
{\displaystyle H\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(N)}
are
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
-related, i.e.
X
H
=
φ
∗
X
H
∘
ϕ
{\displaystyle X_{H}=\varphi _{*}X_{H\circ \phi }}
the differential
d
φ
:
(
T
M
,
G
r
a
p
h
(
π
M
)
)
→
(
T
N
,
G
r
a
p
h
(
π
N
)
)
{\displaystyle d\varphi :(TM,{\rm {Graph}}(\pi _{M}))\to (TN,{\rm {Graph}}(\pi _{N}))}
is a Dirac morphism.
An anti-Poisson map satisfies analogous conditions with a minus sign on one side.
Poisson manifolds are the objects of a category
P
o
i
s
s
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {Poiss}}}
, with Poisson maps as morphisms. If a Poisson map
φ
:
M
→
N
{\displaystyle \varphi :M\to N}
is also a diffeomorphism, then we call
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
a Poisson-diffeomorphism.
Examples
Given the product Poisson manifold
(
M
0
×
M
1
,
π
0
×
π
1
)
{\displaystyle (M_{0}\times M_{1},\pi _{0}\times \pi _{1})}
, the canonical projections
p
r
i
:
M
0
×
M
1
→
M
i
{\displaystyle \mathrm {pr} _{i}:M_{0}\times M_{1}\to M_{i}}
, for
i
∈
{
0
,
1
}
{\displaystyle i\in \{0,1\}}
, are Poisson maps.
The inclusion mapping of a symplectic leaf, or of an open subspace, is a Poisson map.
Given two Lie algebras
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
and
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}
, the dual of any Lie algebra homomorphism
g
→
h
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}\to {\mathfrak {h}}}
induces a Poisson map
h
∗
→
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}^{*}\to {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
between their linear Poisson structures.
Given two Lie algebroids
A
→
M
{\displaystyle A\to M}
and
B
→
M
{\displaystyle B\to M}
, the dual of any Lie algebroid morphism
A
→
B
{\displaystyle A\to B}
over the identity induces a Poisson map
B
∗
→
A
∗
{\displaystyle B^{*}\to A^{*}}
between their fibrewise linear Poisson structure.
One should notice that the notion of a Poisson map is fundamentally different from that of a symplectic map. For instance, with their standard symplectic structures, there exist no Poisson maps
R
2
→
R
4
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}\to \mathbb {R} ^{4}}
, whereas symplectic maps abound.
Symplectic realisations
A symplectic realisation on a Poisson manifold M consists of a symplectic manifold
(
P
,
ω
)
{\displaystyle (P,\omega )}
together with a Poisson map
ϕ
:
(
P
,
ω
)
→
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle \phi :(P,\omega )\to (M,\pi )}
which is a surjective submersion. Roughly speaking, the role of a symplectic realisation is to "desingularise" a complicated (degenerate) Poisson manifold by passing to a bigger, but easier (non-degenerate), one.
Notice that some authors define symplectic realisations without this last condition (so that, for instance, the inclusion of a symplectic leaf in a symplectic manifold is an example) and call full a symplectic realisation where
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is a surjective submersion. Examples of (full) symplectic realisations include the following:
For the trivial Poisson structure
(
M
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (M,0)}
, one takes as
P
{\displaystyle P}
the cotangent bundle
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
, with its canonical symplectic structure, and as
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
the projection
T
∗
M
→
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M\to M}
.
For a non-degenerate Poisson structure
(
M
,
ω
)
{\displaystyle (M,\omega )}
one takes as
P
{\displaystyle P}
the manifold
M
{\displaystyle M}
itself and as
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
the identity
M
→
M
{\displaystyle M\to M}
.
For the Lie-Poisson structure on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
, one takes as
P
{\displaystyle P}
the cotangent bundle
T
∗
G
{\displaystyle T^{*}G}
of a Lie group
G
{\displaystyle G}
integrating
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
and as
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
the dual map
ϕ
:
T
∗
G
→
g
∗
{\displaystyle \phi :T^{*}G\to {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
of the differential at the identity of the (left or right) translation
G
→
G
{\displaystyle G\to G}
.
A symplectic realisation
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is called complete if, for any complete Hamiltonian vector field
X
H
{\displaystyle X_{H}}
, the vector field
X
H
∘
ϕ
{\displaystyle X_{H\circ \phi }}
is complete as well. While symplectic realisations always exist for every Poisson manifold (and several different proofs are available), complete ones do not, and their existence plays a fundamental role in the integrability problem for Poisson manifolds (see below).
Integration of Poisson manifolds
Any Poisson manifold
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
induces a structure of Lie algebroid on its cotangent bundle
T
∗
M
→
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M\to M}
, also called the cotangent algebroid. The anchor map is given by
π
♯
:
T
∗
M
→
T
M
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }:T^{*}M\to TM}
while the Lie bracket on
Γ
(
T
∗
M
)
=
Ω
1
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \Gamma (T^{*}M)=\Omega ^{1}(M)}
is defined as
[
α
,
β
]
:=
L
π
♯
(
α
)
(
β
)
−
ι
π
♯
(
β
)
d
α
=
L
π
♯
(
α
)
(
β
)
−
L
π
♯
(
β
)
(
α
)
−
d
π
(
α
,
β
)
.
{\displaystyle :={\mathcal {L}}_{\pi ^{\sharp }(\alpha )}(\beta )-\iota _{\pi ^{\sharp }(\beta )}d\alpha ={\mathcal {L}}_{\pi ^{\sharp }(\alpha )}(\beta )-{\mathcal {L}}_{\pi ^{\sharp }(\beta )}(\alpha )-d\pi (\alpha ,\beta ).}
Several notions defined for Poisson manifolds can be interpreted via its Lie algebroid
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
:
the symplectic foliation is the usual (singular) foliation induced by the anchor of the Lie algebroid;
the symplectic leaves are the orbits of the Lie algebroid;
a Poisson structure on
M
{\displaystyle M}
is regular precisely when the associated Lie algebroid
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
is;
the Poisson cohomology groups coincide with the Lie algebroid cohomology groups of
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
with coefficients in the trivial representation;
the modular class of a Poisson manifold coincides with the modular class of the associated Lie algebroid
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
.
It is of crucial importance to notice that the Lie algebroid
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
is not always integrable to a Lie groupoid.
Symplectic groupoids
A symplectic groupoid is a Lie groupoid
G
⇉
M
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows M}
together with a symplectic form
ω
∈
Ω
2
(
G
)
{\displaystyle \omega \in \Omega ^{2}({\mathcal {G}})}
which is also multiplicative, i.e. it satisfies the following algebraic compatibility with the groupoid multiplication:
m
∗
ω
=
p
r
1
∗
ω
+
p
r
2
∗
ω
{\displaystyle m^{*}\omega ={\rm {pr}}_{1}^{*}\omega +{\rm {pr}}_{2}^{*}\omega }
. Equivalently, the graph of
m
{\displaystyle m}
is asked to be a Lagrangian submanifold of
(
G
×
G
×
G
,
ω
⊕
ω
⊕
−
ω
)
{\displaystyle ({\mathcal {G}}\times {\mathcal {G}}\times {\mathcal {G}},\omega \oplus \omega \oplus -\omega )}
. Among the several consequences, the dimension of
G
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}
is automatically twice the dimension of
M
{\displaystyle M}
. The notion of symplectic groupoid was introduced at the end of the 80's independently by several authors.
A fundamental theorem states that the base space of any symplectic groupoid admits a unique Poisson structure
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
such that the source map
s
:
(
G
,
ω
)
→
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle s:({\mathcal {G}},\omega )\to (M,\pi )}
and the target map
t
:
(
G
,
ω
)
→
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle t:({\mathcal {G}},\omega )\to (M,\pi )}
are, respectively, a Poisson map and an anti-Poisson map. Moreover, the Lie algebroid
L
i
e
(
G
)
{\displaystyle {\rm {Lie}}({\mathcal {G}})}
is isomorphic to the cotangent algebroid
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
associated to the Poisson manifold
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
. Conversely, if the cotangent bundle
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
of a Poisson manifold is integrable to some Lie groupoid
G
⇉
M
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows M}
, then
G
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}
is automatically a symplectic groupoid.
Accordingly, the integrability problem for a Poisson manifold consists in finding a (symplectic) Lie groupoid which integrates its cotangent algebroid; when this happens, the Poisson structure is called integrable.
While any Poisson manifold admits a local integration (i.e. a symplectic groupoid where the multiplication is defined only locally), there are general topological obstructions to its integrability, coming from the integrability theory for Lie algebroids. Using such obstructions, one can show that a Poisson manifold is integrable if and only if it admits a complete symplectic realisation.
The candidate
Π
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle \Pi (M,\pi )}
for the symplectic groupoid integrating a given Poisson manifold
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
is called Poisson homotopy groupoid and is simply the Weinstein groupoid of the cotangent algebroid
T
∗
M
→
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M\to M}
, consisting of the quotient of the Banach space of a special class of paths in
T
∗
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M}
by a suitable equivalent relation. Equivalently,
Π
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle \Pi (M,\pi )}
can be described as an infinite-dimensional symplectic quotient.
Examples of integrations
The trivial Poisson structure
(
M
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (M,0)}
is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the bundle of abelian (additive) groups
T
∗
M
⇉
M
{\displaystyle T^{*}M\rightrightarrows M}
with the canonical symplectic form.
A non-degenerate Poisson structure on
M
{\displaystyle M}
is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the pair groupoid
M
×
M
⇉
M
{\displaystyle M\times M\rightrightarrows M}
together with the symplectic form
s
∗
ω
−
t
∗
ω
{\displaystyle s^{*}\omega -t^{*}\omega }
(for
π
♯
=
(
ω
♭
)
−
1
{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sharp }=(\omega ^{\flat })^{-1}}
).
A Lie-Poisson structure on
g
∗
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the (coadjoint) action groupoid
G
×
g
∗
⇉
g
∗
{\displaystyle G\times {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}\rightrightarrows {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
, for
G
{\displaystyle G}
the simply connected integration of
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
, together with the canonical symplectic form of
T
∗
G
≅
G
×
g
∗
{\displaystyle T^{*}G\cong G\times {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}
.
A Lie-Poisson structure on
A
∗
{\displaystyle A^{*}}
is integrable if and only if the Lie algebroid
A
→
M
{\displaystyle A\to M}
is integrable to a Lie groupoid
G
⇉
M
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows M}
, the symplectic groupoid being the cotangent groupoid
T
∗
G
⇉
A
∗
{\displaystyle T^{*}{\mathcal {G}}\rightrightarrows A^{*}}
with the canonical symplectic form.
Submanifolds
A Poisson submanifold of
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
is an immersed submanifold
N
⊆
M
{\displaystyle N\subseteq M}
such that the immersion map
(
N
,
π
∣
N
)
↪
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (N,\pi _{\mid N})\hookrightarrow (M,\pi )}
is a Poisson map. Equivalently, one asks that every Hamiltonian vector field
X
f
{\displaystyle X_{f}}
, for
f
∈
C
∞
(
M
)
{\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(M)}
, is tangent to
N
{\displaystyle N}
.
This definition is very natural and satisfies several good properties, e.g. the transverse intersection of two Poisson submanifolds is again a Poisson submanifold. However, it has also a few problems:
Poisson submanifolds are rare: for instance, the only Poisson submanifolds of a symplectic manifold are the open sets;
the definition does not behave functorially: if
Φ
:
(
M
,
π
M
)
→
(
N
,
π
N
)
{\displaystyle \Phi :(M,\pi _{M})\to (N,\pi _{N})}
is a Poisson map transverse to a Poisson submanifold
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
of
N
{\displaystyle N}
, the submanifold
Φ
−
1
(
Q
)
{\displaystyle \Phi ^{-1}(Q)}
of
M
{\displaystyle M}
is not necessarily Poisson.
In order to overcome these problems, one often uses the notion of a Poisson transversal (originally called cosymplectic submanifold). This can be defined as a submanifold
X
⊆
M
{\displaystyle X\subseteq M}
which is transverse to every symplectic leaf
S
{\displaystyle S}
and such that the intersection
X
∩
S
{\displaystyle X\cap S}
is a symplectic submanifold of
(
S
,
ω
S
)
{\displaystyle (S,\omega _{S})}
. It follows that any Poisson transversal
X
⊆
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle X\subseteq (M,\pi )}
inherits a canonical Poisson structure
π
X
{\displaystyle \pi _{X}}
from
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
. In the case of a nondegenerate Poisson manifold
(
M
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (M,\pi )}
(whose only symplectic leaf is
M
{\displaystyle M}
itself), Poisson transversals are the same thing as symplectic submanifolds.
More general classes of submanifolds play an important role in Poisson geometry, including Lie–Dirac submanifolds, Poisson–Dirac submanifolds, coisotropic submanifolds and pre-Poisson submanifolds.
See also
Nambu–Poisson manifold
Poisson–Lie group
Poisson supermanifold
References
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^
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^ a b Albert, Claude; Dazord, Pierre (1991). Dazord, Pierre; Weinstein, Alan (eds.). "Groupoïdes de Lie et Groupoïdes Symplectiques" . Symplectic Geometry, Groupoids, and Integrable Systems. Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications (in French). 20. New York, NY: Springer US: 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9719-9_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-9719-9.
^ Liu, Z. -J.; Xu, P. (1996-01-01). "Exact Lie bialgebroids and Poisson groupoids". Geometric & Functional Analysis. 6 (1): 138–145. doi:10.1007/BF02246770. ISSN 1420-8970. S2CID 121836719 – via European Digital Mathematics Library.
^ Crainic, Marius; Fernandes, Rui (2003-03-01). "Integrability of Lie brackets". Annals of Mathematics. 157 (2): 575–620. arXiv:math/0105033. doi:10.4007/annals.2003.157.575. ISSN 0003-486X.
^ Cattaneo, Alberto S.; Felder, Giovanni (2001). "Poisson sigma models and symplectic groupoids". Quantization of Singular Symplectic Quotients. Progress in Mathematics. Basel: Birkhäuser: 61–93. arXiv:math/0003023. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8364-1_4. ISBN 978-3-0348-8364-1. S2CID 10248666.
^ Zambon, Marco (2011). Ebeling, Wolfgang; Hulek, Klaus; Smoczyk, Knut (eds.). "Submanifolds in Poisson geometry: a survey". Complex and Differential Geometry. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics. 8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 403–420. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20300-8_20. ISBN 978-3-642-20300-8.
Books and surveys
Bhaskara, K. H.; Viswanath, K. (1988). Poisson algebras and Poisson manifolds. Longman. ISBN 0-582-01989-3.
Cannas da Silva, Ana; Weinstein, Alan (1999). Geometric models for noncommutative algebras. AMS Berkeley Mathematics Lecture Notes, 10.
Dufour, J.-P.; Zung, N.T. (2005). Poisson Structures and Their Normal Forms. Vol. 242. Birkhäuser Progress in Mathematics.
Crainic, Marius; Loja Fernandes, Rui; Mărcuț, Ioan (2021). Lectures on Poisson Geometry. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-1-4704-6667-1. Previous version available on .
Guillemin, Victor; Sternberg, Shlomo (1984). Symplectic Techniques in Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24866-3.
Libermann, Paulette; Marle, C.-M. (1987). Symplectic geometry and analytical mechanics. Dordrecht: Reidel. ISBN 90-277-2438-5.
Vaisman, Izu (1994). Lectures on the Geometry of Poisson Manifolds. Birkhäuser. See also the review by Ping Xu in the Bulletin of the AMS.
Weinstein, Alan (1998). "Poisson geometry". Differential Geometry and Its Applications. 9 (1–2): 213–238. doi:10.1016/S0926-2245(98)00022-9.
vteManifolds (Glossary)Basic concepts
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Stratified space | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"smooth manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_manifold"},{"link_name":"symplectic manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_manifold"},{"link_name":"phase space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"smooth manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_manifold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"deformation quantization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_quantization"},{"link_name":"classical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"}],"text":"In differential geometry, a field in mathematics, a Poisson manifold is a smooth manifold endowed with a Poisson structure. The notion of Poisson manifold generalises that of symplectic manifold, which in turn generalises the phase space from Hamiltonian mechanics.A Poisson structure (or Poisson bracket) on a smooth manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a function{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n :\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ×\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}:{\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)\\times {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)\\to {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)}vector spaceC\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)}smooth functionsM\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}Lie algebraLeibniz rulePoisson algebraAndré Lichnerowicz[1]Siméon Denis Poissonanalytical mechanics[2]A Poisson structure on a manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n gives a way of deforming the product of functions on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n to a new product that is typically not commutative. This process is known as deformation quantization, since classical mechanics can be based on Poisson structures, while quantum mechanics involves non-commutative rings.","title":"Poisson manifold"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space"},{"link_name":"Hamilton equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_equations"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"configuration space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_space_(physics)"},{"link_name":"observables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable"},{"link_name":"Poisson bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_bracket"},{"link_name":"Lie bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_bracket"},{"link_name":"Leibniz identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(differential_algebra)"},{"link_name":"symplectic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_form"},{"link_name":"symplectic manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_manifold"},{"link_name":"cotangent bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent_bundle"},{"link_name":"smooth manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_manifold"},{"link_name":"canonical symplectic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_symplectic_form"},{"link_name":"canonical coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_coordinates"},{"link_name":"Darboux theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux_theorem"},{"link_name":"foliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation"},{"link_name":"submanifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submanifold"},{"link_name":"Lie groupoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_groupoid"},{"link_name":"algebroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebroid"},{"link_name":"quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(topology)"},{"link_name":"acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group_action"},{"link_name":"symplectomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectomorphism"},{"link_name":"symmetries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"From phase spaces of classical mechanics to symplectic and Poisson manifolds","text":"In classical mechanics, the phase space of a physical system consists of all the possible values of the position and of the momentum variables allowed by the system. It is naturally endowed with a Poisson bracket/symplectic form (see below), which allows one to formulate the Hamilton equations and describe the dynamics of the system through the phase space in time.For instance, a single particle freely moving in the \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-dimensional Euclidean space (i.e. having \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n as configuration space) has phase space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2n}}\n \n. The coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n ,\n \n q\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n ,\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (q^{1},...,q^{n},p_{1},...,p_{n})}\n \n describe respectively the positions and the generalised momenta. The space of observables, i.e. the smooth functions on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2n}}\n \n, is naturally endowed with a binary operation called the Poisson bracket, defined as{\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n g\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n g\n \n \n ∂\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}:=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\left({\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial p_{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial g}{\\partial q_{i}}}-{\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial q_{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial g}{\\partial p_{i}}}\\right).}Such a bracket satisfies the standard properties of a Lie bracket, plus a further compatibility with the product of functions, namely the Leibniz identity \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n ⋅\n h\n }\n =\n g\n ⋅\n {\n f\n ,\n h\n }\n +\n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n ⋅\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\cdot h\\}=g\\cdot \\{f,h\\}+\\{f,g\\}\\cdot h}\n \n. Equivalently, the Poisson bracket on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2n}}\n \n can be reformulated using the symplectic formω\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n d\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n ∧\n d\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega :=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}dp_{i}\\wedge dq^{i}.}Indeed, if one considers the Hamiltonian vector fieldX\n \n f\n \n \n :=\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{f}:=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial p_{i}}}\\partial _{q_{i}}-{\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial q_{i}}}\\partial _{p_{i}}}associated to a function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n, then the Poisson bracket can be rewritten as \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n ω\n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=\\omega (X_{f},X_{g}).}A standard example of a symplectic manifold, and thus of a Poisson manifold, is the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}Q}\n \n of any finite-dimensional smooth manifold \n \n \n \n Q\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q.}\n \n The coordinates on \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n are interpreted as particle positions; the space of tangents at each point forming the space of (canonically) conjugate momenta. If \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n is \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-dimensional, \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}Q}\n \n is a smooth manifold of dimension \n \n \n \n 2\n n\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2n;}\n \n it can be regarded as the associated phase space. The cotangent bundle is naturally equipped with a canonical symplectic form, which, in canonical coordinates, coincides with the one described above. In general, by Darboux theorem, any arbitrary symplectic manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\omega )}\n \n admits special coordinates where the form \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n and the bracket \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n ω\n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=\\omega (X_{f},X_{g})}\n \n are equivalent with, respectively, the symplectic form and the Poisson bracket of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2n}}\n \n. Symplectic geometry is therefore the natural mathematical setting to describe classical Hamiltonian mechanics.Poisson manifolds are further generalisations of symplectic manifolds, which arise by axiomatising the properties satisfied by the Poisson bracket on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2n}}\n \n. More precisely, a Poisson manifold consists of a smooth manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n (not necessarily of even dimension) together with an abstract bracket \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n :\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ×\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}:{\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)\\times {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)\\to {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n, still called Poisson bracket, which does not necessarily arise from a symplectic form \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n, but satisfies the same algebraic properties.Poisson geometry is closely related to symplectic geometry: for instance every Poisson bracket determines a foliation of the manifold into symplectic submanifolds. However, the study of Poisson geometry requires techniques that are usually not employed in symplectic geometry, such as the theory of Lie groupoids and algebroids.Moreover, there are natural examples of structures which should be \"morally\" symplectic, but exhibit singularities, i.e. their \"symplectic form\" should be allowed to be degenerate. For example, the smooth quotient of a symplectic manifold by a group acting by symplectomorphisms is a Poisson manifold, which in general is not symplectic. This situation models the case of a physical system which is invariant under symmetries: the \"reduced\" phase space, obtained quotienting the original phase space by the symmetries, in general is no longer symplectic, but is Poisson.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Siméon Denis Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson"},{"link_name":"integrals of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_of_motion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"(Lie) bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_bracket_of_vector_fields"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian vector fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_vector_field"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"André Lichnerowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lichnerowicz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"Alan Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"non-commutative geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commutative_geometry"},{"link_name":"integrable systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrable_systems"},{"link_name":"topological field theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_field_theory"},{"link_name":"representation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Although the modern definition of Poisson manifold appeared only in the 70's–80's, its origin dates back to the nineteenth century. Alan Weinstein summarized the early history of Poisson geometry as follows:\"Poisson invented his brackets as a tool for classical dynamics. Jacobi realized the importance of these brackets and elucidated their algebraic properties, and Lie began the study of their geometry.\"[3]Indeed, Siméon Denis Poisson introduced in 1809 what we now call Poisson bracket in order to obtain new integrals of motion, i.e. quantities which are preserved throughout the motion.[4]\nMore precisely, he proved that, if two functions \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n and \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n are integrals of motion, then there is a third function, denoted by \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}}\n \n, which is an integral of motion as well. In the Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, where the dynamics of a physical system is described by a given function \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n (usually the energy of the system), an integral of motion is simply a function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n which Poisson-commutes with \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n, i.e. such that \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n h\n }\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,h\\}=0}\n \n. What will become known as Poisson's theorem can then be formulated as{\n f\n ,\n h\n }\n =\n 0\n ,\n {\n g\n ,\n h\n }\n =\n 0\n ⇒\n {\n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n ,\n h\n }\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,h\\}=0,\\{g,h\\}=0\\Rightarrow \\{\\{f,g\\},h\\}=0.}Poisson's computations occupied many pages, and his results were rediscovered and simplified two decades later by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.[2]\nJacobi was the first to identify the general properties of the Poisson bracket as a binary operation. Moreover, he established the relation between the (Poisson) bracket of two functions and the (Lie) bracket of their associated Hamiltonian vector fields, i.e.X\n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n \n \n =\n [\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n ]\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\{f,g\\}}=[X_{f},X_{g}],}[5]Sophus Liedifferential equationsLie groupsLie algebrasThe twentieth century saw the development of modern differential geometry, but only in 1977 did André Lichnerowicz introduce Poisson structures as geometric objects on smooth manifolds.[1] Poisson manifolds were further studied in the foundational 1983 paper of Alan Weinstein, where many basic structure theorems were first proved.[6]These works exerted a huge influence in the subsequent decades on the development of Poisson geometry, which today is a field of its own, and at the same time is deeply entangled with many others, including non-commutative geometry, integrable systems, topological field theories and representation theory.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are two main points of view to define Poisson structures: it is customary and convenient to switch between them.","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_map"},{"link_name":"Poisson algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_algebra"},{"link_name":"Skew symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Jacobi identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_identity"},{"link_name":"Leibniz's Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Leibniz_rule"},{"link_name":"derivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(differential_algebra)"},{"link_name":"vector field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian vector field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_vector_field"}],"sub_title":"As bracket","text":"Let \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n be a smooth manifold and let \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n denote the real algebra of smooth real-valued functions on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, where the multiplication is defined pointwise. A Poisson bracket (or Poisson structure) on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is an \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n-bilinear map{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n :\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ×\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}:{C^{\\infty }}(M)\\times {C^{\\infty }}(M)\\to {C^{\\infty }}(M)}defining a structure of Poisson algebra on \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n, i.e. satisfying the following three conditions:Skew symmetry: \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n −\n {\n g\n ,\n f\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=-\\{g,f\\}}\n \n.\nJacobi identity: \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n {\n g\n ,\n h\n }\n }\n +\n {\n g\n ,\n {\n h\n ,\n f\n }\n }\n +\n {\n h\n ,\n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n }\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,\\{g,h\\}\\}+\\{g,\\{h,f\\}\\}+\\{h,\\{f,g\\}\\}=0}\n \n.\nLeibniz's Rule: \n \n \n \n {\n f\n g\n ,\n h\n }\n =\n f\n {\n g\n ,\n h\n }\n +\n g\n {\n f\n ,\n h\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{fg,h\\}=f\\{g,h\\}+g\\{f,h\\}}\n \n.The first two conditions ensure that \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n defines a Lie-algebra structure on \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n, while the third guarantees that, for each \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n, the linear map \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n :=\n {\n f\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n :\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{f}:=\\{f,\\cdot \\}:{C^{\\infty }}(M)\\to {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n is a derivation of the algebra \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n, i.e., it defines a vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{f}\\in {\\mathfrak {X}}(M)}\n \n called the Hamiltonian vector field associated to \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n.Choosing local coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n U\n ,\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,x^{i})}\n \n, any Poisson bracket is given by{\n f\n ,\n g\n \n }\n \n ∣\n U\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n π\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n g\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}_{\\mid U}=\\sum _{i,j}\\pi ^{ij}{\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial x^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial g}{\\partial x^{j}}},}π\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n {\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{ij}=\\{x^{i},x^{j}\\}}","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bivector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivector"},{"link_name":"Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schouten%E2%80%93Nijenhuis_bracket"}],"sub_title":"As bivector","text":"A Poisson bivector on a smooth manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a bivector field \n \n \n \n π\n ∈\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n :=\n Γ\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∧\n \n 2\n \n \n T\n M\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\in {\\mathfrak {X}}^{2}(M):=\\Gamma {\\big (}\\wedge ^{2}TM{\\big )}}\n \n satisfying the non-linear partial differential equation \n \n \n \n [\n π\n ,\n π\n ]\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\pi ,\\pi ]=0}\n \n, where[\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ]\n :\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n p\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ×\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n q\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n p\n +\n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\cdot ,\\cdot ]:{{\\mathfrak {X}}^{p}}(M)\\times {{\\mathfrak {X}}^{q}}(M)\\to {{\\mathfrak {X}}^{p+q-1}}(M)}denotes the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket on multivector fields. Choosing local coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n U\n ,\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,x^{i})}\n \n, any Poisson bivector is given byπ\n \n ∣\n U\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n π\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{\\mid U}=\\sum _{i,j}\\pi ^{ij}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{j}}},}π\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{ij}}U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirac structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_structure"},{"link_name":"Courant bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_bracket"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"}],"sub_title":"Equivalence of the definitions","text":"Let \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n be a bilinear skew-symmetric bracket (called an \"almost Lie bracket\") satisfying Leibniz's rule; then the function \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}}\n \n can be described a{\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n π\n (\n d\n f\n ∧\n d\n g\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=\\pi (df\\wedge dg),}π\n ∈\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\in {\\mathfrak {X}}^{2}(M)}π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}{\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n π\n (\n d\n f\n ∧\n d\n g\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=\\pi (df\\wedge dg)}{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}Then the following integrability conditions are equivalent:{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n satisfies the Jacobi identity (hence it is a Poisson bracket);\n\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n satisfies \n \n \n \n [\n π\n ,\n π\n ]\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\pi ,\\pi ]=0}\n \n (hence it a Poisson bivector);\nthe map \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ,\n f\n ↦\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {C^{\\infty }}(M)\\to {\\mathfrak {X}}(M),f\\mapsto X_{f}}\n \n is a Lie algebra homomorphism, i.e. the Hamiltonian vector fields satisfy \n \n \n \n [\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n ]\n =\n \n X\n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [X_{f},X_{g}]=X_{\\{f,g\\}}}\n \n;\nthe graph \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n r\n a\n p\n h\n \n \n (\n π\n )\n ⊂\n T\n M\n ⊕\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\rm {Graph}}(\\pi )\\subset TM\\oplus T^{*}M}\n \n defines a Dirac structure, i.e. a Lagrangian subbundle \n \n \n \n D\n ⊂\n T\n M\n ⊕\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D\\subset TM\\oplus T^{*}M}\n \n which is closed under the standard Courant bracket.A Poisson structure without any of the four requirements above is also called an almost Poisson structure.[5]","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_manifold"},{"link_name":"sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"holomorphic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"generalised complex structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Holomorphic Poisson structures","text":"The definition of Poisson structure for real smooth manifolds can be also adapted to the complex case.A holomorphic Poisson manifold is a complex manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n whose sheaf of holomorphic functions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{M}}\n \n is a sheaf of Poisson algebras. Equivalently, recall that a holomorphic bivector field \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n on a complex manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a section \n \n \n \n π\n ∈\n Γ\n (\n \n ∧\n \n 2\n \n \n \n T\n \n 1\n ,\n 0\n \n \n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\in \\Gamma (\\wedge ^{2}T^{1,0}M)}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n ¯\n \n \n \n π\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\partial }}\\pi =0}\n \n. Then a holomorphic Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a holomorphic bivector field satisfying the equation \n \n \n \n [\n π\n ,\n π\n ]\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\pi ,\\pi ]=0}\n \n. Holomorphic Poisson manifolds can be characterised also in terms of Poisson-Nijenhuis structures.[7]Many results for real Poisson structures, e.g. regarding their integrability, extend also to holomorphic ones.[8][9]Holomorphic Poisson structures appear naturally in the context of generalised complex structures: locally, any generalised complex manifold is the product of a symplectic manifold and a holomorphic Poisson manifold.[10]","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deformation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_theory"},{"link_name":"associative algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra"},{"link_name":"star-product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyal_product"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-5"},{"link_name":"Kontsevich quantization formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsevich_quantization_formula"},{"link_name":"cotangent bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent_bundle"},{"link_name":"differential operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_operator"},{"link_name":"Weyl algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_algebra"}],"text":"The notion of a Poisson manifold arises naturally from the deformation theory of associative algebras. For a smooth manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, the smooth functions \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n form a commutative algebra over the real numbers \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} }\n \n, using pointwise addition and multiplication (meaning that \n \n \n \n (\n f\n g\n )\n (\n x\n )\n =\n f\n (\n x\n )\n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)}\n \n for points \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n in \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n). An \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \nth-order deformation of this algebra is given by a formulaf\n ∗\n g\n =\n f\n g\n +\n ϵ\n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n f\n ,\n g\n )\n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n ϵ\n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n f\n ,\n g\n )\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n ϵ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f*g=fg+\\epsilon B_{1}(f,g)+\\cdots +\\epsilon ^{n}B_{n}(f,g){\\pmod {\\epsilon ^{n+1}}}}for \n \n \n \n f\n ,\n g\n ∈\n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\in C^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n such that the star-product is associative (modulo \n \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon ^{n+1}}\n \n), but not necessarily commutative.A first-order deformation of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n is equivalent to an almost Poisson structure as defined above, that is, a bilinear \"bracket\" map{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n :\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ×\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}:{C^{\\infty }}(M)\\times {C^{\\infty }}(M)\\to {C^{\\infty }}(M)}that is skew-symmetric and satisfies Leibniz's Rule.[5] Explicitly, one can go from the deformation to the bracket byf\n ∗\n g\n −\n g\n ∗\n f\n =\n ϵ\n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n ϵ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f*g-g*f=\\epsilon \\{f,g\\}{\\pmod {\\epsilon ^{2}}}.}A first-order deformation is also equivalent to a bivector field, that is, a smooth section of \n \n \n \n \n ∧\n \n 2\n \n \n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\wedge ^{2}TM}\n \n.A bracket satisfies the Jacobi identity (that is, it is a Poisson structure) if and only if the corresponding first-order deformation of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n can be extended to a second-order deformation.[5] Remarkably, the Kontsevich quantization formula shows that every Poisson manifold has a deformation quantization. That is, if a first-order deformation of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n can be extended to second order, then it can be extended to infinite order.Example: For any smooth manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n is a symplectic manifold, and hence a Poisson manifold. The corresponding non-commutative deformation of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }(T^{*}M)}\n \n is related to the algebra of linear differential operators on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. When \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is the real line \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} }\n \n, the non-commutativity of the algebra of differential operators (known as the Weyl algebra) follows from the calculation that[\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n ,\n x\n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bigg [}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x}},x{\\bigg ]}=1.}","title":"Deformation quantization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symplectic manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_manifold"},{"link_name":"completely integrable singular foliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation#Foliations_and_integrability"}],"text":"A Poisson manifold is naturally partitioned into regularly immersed symplectic manifolds of possibly different dimensions, called its symplectic leaves. These arise as the maximal integral submanifolds of the completely integrable singular foliation spanned by the Hamiltonian vector fields.","title":"Symplectic leaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_isomorphism"}],"sub_title":"Rank of a Poisson structure","text":"Recall that any bivector field can be regarded as a skew homomorphism, the musical morphism \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n :\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n T\n M\n ,\n α\n ↦\n π\n (\n α\n ,\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }:T^{*}M\\to TM,\\alpha \\mapsto \\pi (\\alpha ,\\cdot )}\n \n. The image \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n ⊂\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\\subset TM}\n \n consists therefore of the values \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {X_{f}}(x)}\n \n of all Hamiltonian vector fields evaluated at every \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}\n \n.The rank of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n at a point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}\n \n is the rank of the induced linear mapping \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n x\n \n \n ♯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{x}^{\\sharp }}\n \n. A point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}\n \n is called regular for a Poisson structure \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n if and only if the rank of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is constant on an open neighborhood of \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}\n \n; otherwise, it is called a singular point. Regular points form an open dense subspace \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n r\n e\n g\n \n \n \n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M_{\\mathrm {reg} }\\subseteq M}\n \n; when \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n r\n e\n g\n \n \n \n =\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M_{\\mathrm {reg} }=M}\n \n, i.e. the map \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }}\n \n is of constant rank, the Poisson structure \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is called regular. Examples of regular Poisson structures include trivial and nondegenerate structures (see below).","title":"Symplectic leaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regular distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(differential_geometry)"},{"link_name":"Frobenius theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_theorem_(differential_topology)"}],"sub_title":"The regular case","text":"For a regular Poisson manifold, the image \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n ⊂\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\\subset TM}\n \n is a regular distribution; it is easy to check that it is involutive, therefore, by the Frobenius theorem, \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n admits a partition into leaves. Moreover, the Poisson bivector restricts nicely to each leaf, which therefore become symplectic manifolds.","title":"Symplectic leaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"singular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_distribution_(differential_geometry)"}],"sub_title":"The non-regular case","text":"For a non-regular Poisson manifold the situation is more complicated, since the distribution \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n ⊂\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T^{*}M)\\subset TM}\n \n is singular, i.e. the vector subspaces \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n ⊂\n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T_{x}^{*}M)\\subset T_{x}M}\n \n have different dimensions.An integral submanifold for \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T^{*}M)}\n \n is a path-connected submanifold \n \n \n \n S\n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\subseteq M}\n \n satisfying \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n S\n =\n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n x\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{x}S={\\pi ^{\\sharp }}(T_{x}^{\\ast }M)}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in S}\n \n. Integral submanifolds of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n are automatically regularly immersed manifolds, and maximal integral submanifolds of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n are called the leaves of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n.Moreover, each leaf \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n carries a natural symplectic form \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n S\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n S\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{S}\\in {\\Omega ^{2}}(S)}\n \n determined by the condition \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n ω\n \n S\n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n )\n ]\n (\n x\n )\n =\n −\n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [{\\omega _{S}}(X_{f},X_{g})](x)=-\\{f,g\\}(x)}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n f\n ,\n g\n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\in {C^{\\infty }}(M)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in S}\n \n. Correspondingly, one speaks of the symplectic leaves of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n. Moreover, both the space \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n r\n e\n g\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M_{\\mathrm {reg} }}\n \n of regular points and its complement are saturated by symplectic leaves, so symplectic leaves may be either regular or singular.","title":"Symplectic leaves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"Darboux theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Weinstein splitting theorem","text":"To show the existence of symplectic leaves in the non-regular case, one can use Weinstein splitting theorem (or Darboux-Weinstein theorem).[6] It states that any Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M^{n},\\pi )}\n \n splits locally around a point \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0}\\in M}\n \n as the product of a symplectic manifold \n \n \n \n (\n \n S\n \n 2\n k\n \n \n ,\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (S^{2k},\\omega )}\n \n and a transverse Poisson submanifold \n \n \n \n (\n \n T\n \n n\n −\n 2\n k\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n T\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (T^{n-2k},\\pi _{T})}\n \n vanishing at \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0}}\n \n. More precisely, if \n \n \n \n \n r\n a\n n\n k\n \n (\n \n π\n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n )\n =\n 2\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {rank} (\\pi _{x_{0}})=2k}\n \n, there are local coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n U\n ,\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n q\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 2\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (U,p_{1},\\ldots ,p_{k},q^{1},\\ldots ,q^{k},x^{1},\\ldots ,x^{n-2k})}\n \n such that the Poisson bivector \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n splits as the sumπ\n \n ∣\n U\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n k\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{\\mid U}=\\sum _{i=1}^{k}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial q^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial p_{i}}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{i,j=1}^{n-2k}\\phi ^{ij}(x){\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{j}}},}where \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi ^{ij}(x_{0})=0.}\n \n Notice that, when the rank of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is maximal (e.g. the Poisson structure is nondegenerate, so that \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 2\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=2k}\n \n), one recovers the classical Darboux theorem for symplectic structures.","title":"Symplectic leaves"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trivial Poisson structures","text":"Every manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n carries the trivial Poisson structure \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}=0}\n \n, equivalently described by the bivector \n \n \n \n π\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi =0}\n \n. Every point of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is therefore a zero-dimensional symplectic leaf.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symplectic manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_manifold"},{"link_name":"nondegenerate 2-forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondegenerate_form"},{"link_name":"musical isomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_isomorphism"},{"link_name":"Poisson bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_bracket"},{"link_name":"Poisson ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_ring"}],"sub_title":"Nondegenerate Poisson structures","text":"A bivector field \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is called nondegenerate if \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n :\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }:T^{*}M\\to TM}\n \n is a vector bundle isomorphism. Nondegenerate Poisson bivector fields are actually the same thing as symplectic manifolds \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\omega )}\n \n.Indeed, there is a bijective correspondence between nondegenerate bivector fields \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n and nondegenerate 2-forms \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n, given by the musical isomorphismπ\n \n ♯\n \n \n =\n (\n \n ω\n \n ♭\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }=(\\omega ^{\\flat })^{-1},}where \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n is encoded by \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n ♭\n \n \n :\n T\n M\n →\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ,\n \n v\n ↦\n ω\n (\n v\n ,\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ^{\\flat }:TM\\to T^{*}M,\\quad v\\mapsto \\omega (v,\\cdot )}\n \n. Furthermore, \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is Poisson precisely if and only if \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n is closed; in such case, the bracket becomes the canonical Poisson bracket from Hamiltonian mechanics:{\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n :=\n ω\n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n g\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}:=\\omega (X_{f},X_{g}).}Non-degenerate Poisson structures have only one symplectic leaf, namely \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n itself, and their Poisson algebra \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ,\n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M),\\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\})}\n \n become a Poisson ring.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Kostant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Kostant"},{"link_name":"Kirillov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Kirillov"},{"link_name":"Souriau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Souriau"},{"link_name":"coadjoint action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coadjoint_action"}],"sub_title":"Linear Poisson structures","text":"A Poisson structure \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n on a vector space \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n is called linear when the bracket of two linear functions is still linear.The class of vector spaces with linear Poisson structures coincides with that of the duals of Lie algebras. The dual \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n of any finite-dimensional Lie algebra \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n g\n \n \n ,\n [\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ]\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\mathfrak {g}},[\\cdot ,\\cdot ])}\n \n carries a linear Poisson bracket, known in the literature under the names of Lie-Poisson, Kirillov-Poisson or KKS (Kostant-Kirillov-Souriau) structure:{\n f\n ,\n g\n }\n (\n ξ\n )\n :=\n ξ\n (\n [\n \n d\n \n ξ\n \n \n f\n ,\n \n d\n \n ξ\n \n \n g\n \n ]\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f,g\\}(\\xi ):=\\xi ([d_{\\xi }f,d_{\\xi }g]_{\\mathfrak {g}}),}f\n ,\n g\n ∈\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n ,\n ξ\n ∈\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\in {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }({\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}),\\xi \\in {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}d\n \n ξ\n \n \n f\n ,\n \n d\n \n ξ\n \n \n g\n :\n \n T\n \n ξ\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\xi }f,d_{\\xi }g:T_{\\xi }{\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}\\to \\mathbb {R} }g\n \n \n \n ∗\n ∗\n \n \n ≅\n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{**}\\cong {\\mathfrak {g}}}π\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n j\n ,\n k\n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi =\\sum _{i,j,k}c_{k}^{ij}x^{k}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{j}}},}x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}c\n \n k\n \n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}^{ij}}structure constantsg\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}Conversely, any linear Poisson structure \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n on \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n must be of this form, i.e. there exists a natural Lie algebra structure induced on \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n :=\n \n V\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}:=V^{*}}\n \n whose Lie-Poisson bracket recovers \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}\n \n.The symplectic leaves of the Lie-Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n are the orbits of the coadjoint action of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie algebroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebroid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"algebroid orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebroid#First_properties"},{"link_name":"cotangent groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_groupoid#Constructions_from_other_Lie_groupoids"}],"sub_title":"Fibrewise linear Poisson structures","text":"The previous example can be generalised as follows. A Poisson structure on the total space of a vector bundle \n \n \n \n E\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\to M}\n \n is called fibrewise linear when the bracket of two smooth functions \n \n \n \n E\n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, whose restrictions to the fibres are linear, results in a bracket that is linear when restricted to the fibres. Equivalently, the Poisson bivector field \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n is asked to satisfy \n \n \n \n (\n \n m\n \n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n π\n =\n t\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (m_{t})^{*}\\pi =t\\pi }\n \n for any \n \n \n \n t\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t>0}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n t\n \n \n :\n E\n →\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{t}:E\\to E}\n \n is the scalar multiplication \n \n \n \n v\n ↦\n t\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v\\mapsto tv}\n \n.The class of vector bundles with linear Poisson structures coincides with that of the duals of Lie algebroids. The dual \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}\n \n of any Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n (\n A\n ,\n [\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ]\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A,[\\cdot ,\\cdot ])}\n \n carries a fibrewise linear Poisson bracket,[11] uniquely defined by{\n \n \n e\n v\n \n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n v\n \n \n β\n \n \n }\n :=\n e\n \n v\n \n [\n α\n ,\n β\n ]\n \n \n \n \n ∀\n α\n ,\n β\n ∈\n Γ\n (\n A\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\mathrm {ev} _{\\alpha },\\mathrm {ev} _{\\beta }\\}:=ev_{[\\alpha ,\\beta ]}\\quad \\quad \\forall \\alpha ,\\beta \\in \\Gamma (A),}e\n v\n \n \n α\n \n \n :\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n ,\n ϕ\n ↦\n ϕ\n (\n α\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {ev} _{\\alpha }:A^{*}\\to \\mathbb {R} ,\\phi \\mapsto \\phi (\\alpha )}α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }π\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n ,\n a\n \n \n \n B\n \n a\n \n \n i\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n y\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n a\n <\n b\n ,\n c\n \n \n \n C\n \n a\n b\n \n \n c\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n y\n \n c\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n y\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n y\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi =\\sum _{i,a}B_{a}^{i}(x){\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial y_{a}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{i}}}+\\sum _{a<b,c}C_{ab}^{c}(x)y_{c}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial y_{a}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial y_{b}}},}x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}y\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{a}}A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}e\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{a}}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}B\n \n a\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{a}^{i}}C\n \n a\n b\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{ab}^{c}}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}ρ\n (\n \n e\n \n a\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n B\n \n a\n \n \n i\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n [\n \n e\n \n a\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n b\n \n \n ]\n =\n \n ∑\n \n c\n \n \n \n C\n \n a\n b\n \n \n c\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n c\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho (e_{a})=\\sum _{i}B_{a}^{i}(x){\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x^{i}}},\\quad \\quad [e_{a},e_{b}]=\\sum _{c}C_{ab}^{c}(x)e_{c}.}{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}A\n :=\n \n E\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A:=E^{*}}{\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}}[12]The symplectic leaves of \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}\n \n are the cotangent bundles of the algebroid orbits \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n ⊆\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}\\subseteq A}\n \n; equivalently, if \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is integrable to a Lie groupoid \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n, they are the connected components of the orbits of the cotangent groupoid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}{\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows A^{*}}\n \n.For \n \n \n \n M\n =\n {\n ∗\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=\\{*\\}}\n \n one recovers linear Poisson structures, while for \n \n \n \n A\n =\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=TM}\n \n the fibrewise linear Poisson structure is the nondegenerate one given by the canonical symplectic structure of the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2-dimensional manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)"},{"link_name":"3-dimensional manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-manifold"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"foliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group_action"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_action"},{"link_name":"proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_action"},{"link_name":"quotient manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_manifold"},{"link_name":"submersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Other examples and constructions","text":"Any constant bivector field on a vector space is automatically a Poisson structure; indeed, all three terms in the Jacobiator are zero, being the bracket with a constant function.\nAny bivector field on a 2-dimensional manifold is automatically a Poisson structure; indeed, \n \n \n \n [\n π\n ,\n π\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\pi ,\\pi ]}\n \n is a 3-vector field, which is always zero in dimension 2.\nGiven any Poisson bivector field \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n on a 3-dimensional manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, the bivector field \n \n \n \n f\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\pi }\n \n, for any \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n, is automatically Poisson.\nThe Cartesian product \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n 0\n \n \n ×\n \n M\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n ×\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M_{0}\\times M_{1},\\pi _{0}\\times \\pi _{1})}\n \n of two Poisson manifolds \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M_{0},\\pi _{0})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M_{1},\\pi _{1})}\n \n is again a Poisson manifold.\nLet \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n be a (regular) foliation of dimension \n \n \n \n 2\n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2r}\n \n on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n ω\n ∈\n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n F\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega \\in {\\Omega ^{2}}({\\mathcal {F}})}\n \n a closed foliation two-form for which the power \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ^{r}}\n \n is nowhere-vanishing. This uniquely determines a regular Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n by requiring the symplectic leaves of \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n to be the leaves \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n equipped with the induced symplectic form \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n |\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega |_{S}}\n \n.\nLet \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n be a Lie group acting on a Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n by Poisson diffeomorphisms. If the action is free and proper, the quotient manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n /\n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M/G}\n \n inherits a Poisson structure \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n M\n \n /\n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{M/G}}\n \n from \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n (namely, it is the only one such that the submersion \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n →\n (\n M\n \n /\n \n G\n ,\n \n π\n \n M\n \n /\n \n G\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )\\to (M/G,\\pi _{M/G})}\n \n is a Poisson map).","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cohomology groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_groups"},{"link_name":"cochain complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochain_complex"},{"link_name":"de Rham complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_complex"},{"link_name":"de Rham cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"infinitesimal deformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal_deformation"}],"text":"The Poisson cohomology groups \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{k}(M,\\pi )}\n \n of a Poisson manifold are the cohomology groups of the cochain complex…\n \n →\n \n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n →\n \n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n ∙\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n →\n \n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ldots \\xrightarrow {d_{\\pi }} {\\mathfrak {X}}^{\\bullet }(M)\\xrightarrow {d_{\\pi }} {\\mathfrak {X}}^{\\bullet +1}(M)\\xrightarrow {d_{\\pi }} \\ldots \\color {white}{\\sum ^{i}}}where the operator \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n =\n [\n π\n ,\n −\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\pi }=[\\pi ,-]}\n \n is the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket with \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n. Notice that such a sequence can be defined for every bivector on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n; the condition \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n ∘\n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\pi }\\circ d_{\\pi }=0}\n \n is equivalent to \n \n \n \n [\n π\n ,\n π\n ]\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\pi ,\\pi ]=0}\n \n, i.e. \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n being Poisson.Using the morphism \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n :\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }:T^{*}M\\to TM}\n \n, one obtains a morphism from the de Rham complex \n \n \n \n (\n \n Ω\n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ,\n \n d\n \n d\n R\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\Omega ^{\\bullet }(M),d_{dR})}\n \n to the Poisson complex \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ,\n \n d\n \n π\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\mathfrak {X}}^{\\bullet }(M),d_{\\pi })}\n \n, inducing a group homomorphism \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n d\n R\n \n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n →\n \n H\n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{dR}^{\\bullet }(M)\\to H^{\\bullet }(M,\\pi )}\n \n. In the nondegenerate case, this becomes an isomorphism, so that the Poisson cohomology of a symplectic manifold fully recovers its de Rham cohomology.Poisson cohomology is difficult to compute in general, but the low degree groups contain important geometric information on the Poisson structure:H\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{0}(M,\\pi )}\n \n is the space of the Casimir functions, i.e. smooth functions Poisson-commuting with all others (or, equivalently, smooth functions constant on the symplectic leaves);\n\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{1}(M,\\pi )}\n \n is the space of Poisson vector fields modulo Hamiltonian vector fields;\n\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{2}(M,\\pi )}\n \n is the space of the infinitesimal deformations of the Poisson structure modulo trivial deformations;\n\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 3\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{3}(M,\\pi )}\n \n is the space of the obstructions to extend infinitesimal deformations to actual deformations.","title":"Poisson cohomology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_form"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"divergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence#In_curvilinear_coordinates"},{"link_name":"Liouville form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville_form"},{"link_name":"infinitesimal modular character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal_character"},{"link_name":"unimodular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimodular_group"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Modular class","text":"The modular class of a Poisson manifold is a class in the first Poisson cohomology group, which is the obstruction to the existence of a volume form invariant under the Hamiltonian flows.[13] It was introduced by Koszul[14] and Weinstein.[15]Recall that the divergence of a vector field \n \n \n \n X\n ∈\n \n \n X\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\in {\\mathfrak {X}}(M)}\n \n with respect to a given volume form \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is the function \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n i\n v\n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n ∈\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\rm {div}}_{\\lambda }(X)\\in {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n defined by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n i\n v\n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n λ\n \n λ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\rm {div}}_{\\lambda }(X)={\\frac {{\\mathcal {L}}_{X}\\lambda }{\\lambda }}}\n \n. The modular vector field of a Poisson manifold, with respect to a volume form \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n, is the vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n λ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\lambda }}\n \n defined by the divergence of the Hamiltonian vector fields: \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n λ\n \n \n :\n f\n ↦\n \n \n \n d\n i\n v\n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\lambda }:f\\mapsto {\\rm {div}}_{\\lambda }(X_{f})}\n \n.The modular vector field is a Poisson 1-cocycle, i.e. it satisfies \n \n \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n λ\n \n \n \n \n π\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {L}}_{X_{\\lambda }}\\pi =0}\n \n. Moreover, given two volume forms \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{2}}\n \n, the difference \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n X\n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\lambda _{1}}-X_{\\lambda _{2}}}\n \n is a Hamiltonian vector field. Accordingly, the Poisson cohomology class \n \n \n \n [\n \n X\n \n λ\n \n \n \n ]\n \n π\n \n \n ∈\n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [X_{\\lambda }]_{\\pi }\\in H^{1}(M,\\pi )}\n \n does not depend on the original choice of the volume form \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n, and it is called the modular class of the Poisson manifold.A Poisson manifold is called unimodular if its modular class vanishes. Notice that this happens if and only if there exists a volume form \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n such that the modular vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n λ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\lambda }}\n \n vanishes, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n i\n v\n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\rm {div}}_{\\lambda }(X_{f})=0}\n \n for every \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n; in other words, \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is invariant under the flow of any Hamiltonian vector field. For instance:Symplectic structures are always unimodular, since the Liouville form is invariant under all Hamiltonian vector fields;\nFor linear Poisson structures the modular class is the infinitesimal modular character of \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n, since the modular vector field associated to the standard Lebesgue measure on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n is the constant vector field on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n is unimodular as Poisson manifold if and only if it is unimodular as Lie algebra;[16]\nFor regular Poisson structures the modular class is related to the Reeb class of the underlying symplectic foliation (an element of the first leafwise cohomology group, which obstructs the existence of a volume normal form invariant by vector fields tangent to the foliation).[17]","title":"Poisson cohomology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"Brylinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Brylinski"},{"link_name":"homology theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_theory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-16"}],"sub_title":"Poisson homology","text":"Poisson cohomology was introduced in 1977 by Lichnerowicz himself;[1] a decade later, Brylinski introduced a homology theory for Poisson manifolds, using the operator \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n π\n \n \n =\n [\n d\n ,\n \n ι\n \n π\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{\\pi }=[d,\\iota _{\\pi }]}\n \n.[18]Several results have been proved relating Poisson homology and cohomology.[19] For instance, for orientable unimodular Poisson manifolds, Poisson homology turns out to be isomorphic to Poisson cohomology: this was proved independently by Xu[20] and Evans-Lu-Weinstein.[16]","title":"Poisson cohomology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A smooth map \n \n \n \n φ\n :\n M\n →\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi :M\\to N}\n \n between Poisson manifolds is called a Poisson map if it respects the Poisson structures, i.e. one of the following equivalent conditions holds (compare with the equivalent definitions of Poisson structures above):the Poisson brackets \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n \n }\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}_{M}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n {\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n \n }\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\cdot ,\\cdot \\}_{N}}\n \n satisfy \n \n \n \n \n {\n f\n ,\n g\n \n }\n \n N\n \n \n \n (\n φ\n (\n x\n )\n )\n =\n \n {\n f\n ∘\n φ\n ,\n g\n ∘\n φ\n \n }\n \n M\n \n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\{f,g\\}_{N}}(\\varphi (x))={\\{f\\circ \\varphi ,g\\circ \\varphi \\}_{M}}(x)}\n \n for every \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in M}\n \n and smooth functions \n \n \n \n f\n ,\n g\n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\in {C^{\\infty }}(N)}\n \n\nthe bivector fields \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{M}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{N}}\n \n are \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n-related, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n N\n \n \n =\n \n φ\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n π\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{N}=\\varphi _{*}\\pi _{M}}\n \n\nthe Hamiltonian vector fields associated to every smooth function \n \n \n \n H\n ∈\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\in {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(N)}\n \n are \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n-related, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n H\n \n \n =\n \n φ\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n X\n \n H\n ∘\n ϕ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{H}=\\varphi _{*}X_{H\\circ \\phi }}\n \n\nthe differential \n \n \n \n d\n φ\n :\n (\n T\n M\n ,\n \n \n G\n r\n a\n p\n h\n \n \n (\n \n π\n \n M\n \n \n )\n )\n →\n (\n T\n N\n ,\n \n \n G\n r\n a\n p\n h\n \n \n (\n \n π\n \n N\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d\\varphi :(TM,{\\rm {Graph}}(\\pi _{M}))\\to (TN,{\\rm {Graph}}(\\pi _{N}))}\n \n is a Dirac morphism.An anti-Poisson map satisfies analogous conditions with a minus sign on one side.Poisson manifolds are the objects of a category \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n o\n i\n s\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {Poiss}}}\n \n, with Poisson maps as morphisms. If a Poisson map \n \n \n \n φ\n :\n M\n →\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi :M\\to N}\n \n is also a diffeomorphism, then we call \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n a Poisson-diffeomorphism.","title":"Poisson maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symplectic map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectomorphism"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Given the product Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n 0\n \n \n ×\n \n M\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n ×\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M_{0}\\times M_{1},\\pi _{0}\\times \\pi _{1})}\n \n, the canonical projections \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n r\n \n \n i\n \n \n :\n \n M\n \n 0\n \n \n ×\n \n M\n \n 1\n \n \n →\n \n M\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {pr} _{i}:M_{0}\\times M_{1}\\to M_{i}}\n \n, for \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\{0,1\\}}\n \n, are Poisson maps.\nThe inclusion mapping of a symplectic leaf, or of an open subspace, is a Poisson map.\nGiven two Lie algebras \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n, the dual of any Lie algebra homomorphism \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n →\n \n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}\\to {\\mathfrak {h}}}\n \n induces a Poisson map \n \n \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {h}}^{*}\\to {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n between their linear Poisson structures.\nGiven two Lie algebroids \n \n \n \n A\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\to M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\to M}\n \n, the dual of any Lie algebroid morphism \n \n \n \n A\n →\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\to B}\n \n over the identity induces a Poisson map \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n →\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B^{*}\\to A^{*}}\n \n between their fibrewise linear Poisson structure.One should notice that the notion of a Poisson map is fundamentally different from that of a symplectic map. For instance, with their standard symplectic structures, there exist no Poisson maps \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n \n \n →\n \n \n R\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2}\\to \\mathbb {R} ^{4}}\n \n, whereas symplectic maps abound.","title":"Poisson maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canonical symplectic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological_one-form"},{"link_name":"complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_vector_field"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"}],"sub_title":"Symplectic realisations","text":"A symplectic realisation on a Poisson manifold M consists of a symplectic manifold \n \n \n \n (\n P\n ,\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (P,\\omega )}\n \n together with a Poisson map \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n (\n P\n ,\n ω\n )\n →\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :(P,\\omega )\\to (M,\\pi )}\n \n which is a surjective submersion. Roughly speaking, the role of a symplectic realisation is to \"desingularise\" a complicated (degenerate) Poisson manifold by passing to a bigger, but easier (non-degenerate), one.Notice that some authors define symplectic realisations without this last condition (so that, for instance, the inclusion of a symplectic leaf in a symplectic manifold is an example) and call full a symplectic realisation where \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is a surjective submersion. Examples of (full) symplectic realisations include the following:For the trivial Poisson structure \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,0)}\n \n, one takes as \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n, with its canonical symplectic structure, and as \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \nthe projection \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M\\to M}\n \n.\nFor a non-degenerate Poisson structure \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\omega )}\n \n one takes as \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n the manifold \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n itself and as \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n the identity \n \n \n \n M\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M\\to M}\n \n.\nFor the Lie-Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n, one takes as \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}G}\n \n of a Lie group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n integrating \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n and as \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n the dual map \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n G\n →\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :T^{*}G\\to {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n of the differential at the identity of the (left or right) translation \n \n \n \n G\n →\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\to G}\n \n.A symplectic realisation \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is called complete if, for any complete Hamiltonian vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{H}}\n \n, the vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n H\n ∘\n ϕ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{H\\circ \\phi }}\n \n is complete as well. While symplectic realisations always exist for every Poisson manifold (and several different proofs are available),[6][21][22] complete ones do not, and their existence plays a fundamental role in the integrability problem for Poisson manifolds (see below).[23]","title":"Poisson maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie algebroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebroid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-16"}],"text":"Any Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n induces a structure of Lie algebroid on its cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M\\to M}\n \n, also called the cotangent algebroid. The anchor map is given by \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n :\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }:T^{*}M\\to TM}\n \n while the Lie bracket on \n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n )\n =\n \n Ω\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (T^{*}M)=\\Omega ^{1}(M)}\n \n is defined as[\n α\n ,\n β\n ]\n :=\n \n \n \n L\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n (\n α\n )\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n −\n \n ι\n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n \n \n d\n α\n =\n \n \n \n L\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n (\n α\n )\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n −\n \n \n \n L\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n \n \n (\n α\n )\n −\n d\n π\n (\n α\n ,\n β\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [\\alpha ,\\beta ]:={\\mathcal {L}}_{\\pi ^{\\sharp }(\\alpha )}(\\beta )-\\iota _{\\pi ^{\\sharp }(\\beta )}d\\alpha ={\\mathcal {L}}_{\\pi ^{\\sharp }(\\alpha )}(\\beta )-{\\mathcal {L}}_{\\pi ^{\\sharp }(\\beta )}(\\alpha )-d\\pi (\\alpha ,\\beta ).}T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}the symplectic foliation is the usual (singular) foliation induced by the anchor of the Lie algebroid;\nthe symplectic leaves are the orbits of the Lie algebroid;\na Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is regular precisely when the associated Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n is;\nthe Poisson cohomology groups coincide with the Lie algebroid cohomology groups of \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n with coefficients in the trivial representation;\nthe modular class of a Poisson manifold coincides with the modular class of the associated Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n.[16]It is of crucial importance to notice that the Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n is not always integrable to a Lie groupoid.","title":"Integration of Poisson manifolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_groupoid"},{"link_name":"Lagrangian submanifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_submanifold"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"Weinstein groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebroid#Weinstein_groupoid"},{"link_name":"Banach space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"},{"link_name":"paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(topology)"},{"link_name":"symplectic quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_quotient"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Symplectic groupoids","text":"A symplectic groupoid is a Lie groupoid \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n together with a symplectic form \n \n \n \n ω\n ∈\n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n G\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega \\in \\Omega ^{2}({\\mathcal {G}})}\n \n which is also multiplicative, i.e. it satisfies the following algebraic compatibility with the groupoid multiplication: \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n ∗\n \n \n ω\n =\n \n \n \n p\n r\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ω\n +\n \n \n \n p\n r\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m^{*}\\omega ={\\rm {pr}}_{1}^{*}\\omega +{\\rm {pr}}_{2}^{*}\\omega }\n \n. Equivalently, the graph of \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n is asked to be a Lagrangian submanifold of \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n G\n \n \n ×\n \n \n G\n \n \n ×\n \n \n G\n \n \n ,\n ω\n ⊕\n ω\n ⊕\n −\n ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\mathcal {G}}\\times {\\mathcal {G}}\\times {\\mathcal {G}},\\omega \\oplus \\omega \\oplus -\\omega )}\n \n. Among the several consequences, the dimension of \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}}\n \n is automatically twice the dimension of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. The notion of symplectic groupoid was introduced at the end of the 80's independently by several authors.[24][25][21][11]A fundamental theorem states that the base space of any symplectic groupoid admits a unique Poisson structure \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n such that the source map \n \n \n \n s\n :\n (\n \n \n G\n \n \n ,\n ω\n )\n →\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s:({\\mathcal {G}},\\omega )\\to (M,\\pi )}\n \n and the target map \n \n \n \n t\n :\n (\n \n \n G\n \n \n ,\n ω\n )\n →\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t:({\\mathcal {G}},\\omega )\\to (M,\\pi )}\n \n are, respectively, a Poisson map and an anti-Poisson map. Moreover, the Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n \n \n L\n i\n e\n \n \n (\n \n \n G\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\rm {Lie}}({\\mathcal {G}})}\n \n is isomorphic to the cotangent algebroid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n associated to the Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n.[26] Conversely, if the cotangent bundle \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n of a Poisson manifold is integrable to some Lie groupoid \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}}\n \n is automatically a symplectic groupoid.[27]Accordingly, the integrability problem for a Poisson manifold consists in finding a (symplectic) Lie groupoid which integrates its cotangent algebroid; when this happens, the Poisson structure is called integrable.While any Poisson manifold admits a local integration (i.e. a symplectic groupoid where the multiplication is defined only locally),[26] there are general topological obstructions to its integrability, coming from the integrability theory for Lie algebroids.[28] Using such obstructions, one can show that a Poisson manifold is integrable if and only if it admits a complete symplectic realisation.[23]The candidate \n \n \n \n Π\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi (M,\\pi )}\n \n for the symplectic groupoid integrating a given Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n is called Poisson homotopy groupoid and is simply the Weinstein groupoid of the cotangent algebroid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M\\to M}\n \n, consisting of the quotient of the Banach space of a special class of paths in \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M}\n \n by a suitable equivalent relation. Equivalently, \n \n \n \n Π\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi (M,\\pi )}\n \n can be described as an infinite-dimensional symplectic quotient.[29]","title":"Integration of Poisson manifolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coadjoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coadjoint_representation"},{"link_name":"simply connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_connected_space"}],"sub_title":"Examples of integrations","text":"The trivial Poisson structure \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,0)}\n \n is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the bundle of abelian (additive) groups \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}M\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n with the canonical symplectic form.\nA non-degenerate Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the pair groupoid \n \n \n \n M\n ×\n M\n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M\\times M\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n together with the symplectic form \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n ∗\n \n \n ω\n −\n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s^{*}\\omega -t^{*}\\omega }\n \n (for \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ♯\n \n \n =\n (\n \n ω\n \n ♭\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{\\sharp }=(\\omega ^{\\flat })^{-1}}\n \n).\nA Lie-Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n is always integrable, the symplectic groupoid being the (coadjoint) action groupoid \n \n \n \n G\n ×\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ⇉\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\times {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}\\rightrightarrows {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n, for \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n the simply connected integration of \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n, together with the canonical symplectic form of \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n G\n ≅\n G\n ×\n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}G\\cong G\\times {\\mathfrak {g}}^{*}}\n \n.\nA Lie-Poisson structure on \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}\n \n is integrable if and only if the Lie algebroid \n \n \n \n A\n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\to M}\n \n is integrable to a Lie groupoid \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows M}\n \n, the symplectic groupoid being the cotangent groupoid \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n ⇉\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T^{*}{\\mathcal {G}}\\rightrightarrows A^{*}}\n \n with the canonical symplectic form.","title":"Integration of Poisson manifolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immersed submanifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersed_submanifold"},{"link_name":"transverse intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A Poisson submanifold of \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n is an immersed submanifold \n \n \n \n N\n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\subseteq M}\n \n such that the immersion map \n \n \n \n (\n N\n ,\n \n π\n \n ∣\n N\n \n \n )\n ↪\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (N,\\pi _{\\mid N})\\hookrightarrow (M,\\pi )}\n \n is a Poisson map. Equivalently, one asks that every Hamiltonian vector field \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{f}}\n \n, for \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in {\\mathcal {C}}^{\\infty }(M)}\n \n, is tangent to \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n.This definition is very natural and satisfies several good properties, e.g. the transverse intersection of two Poisson submanifolds is again a Poisson submanifold. However, it has also a few problems:Poisson submanifolds are rare: for instance, the only Poisson submanifolds of a symplectic manifold are the open sets;\nthe definition does not behave functorially: if \n \n \n \n Φ\n :\n (\n M\n ,\n \n π\n \n M\n \n \n )\n →\n (\n N\n ,\n \n π\n \n N\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi :(M,\\pi _{M})\\to (N,\\pi _{N})}\n \n is a Poisson map transverse to a Poisson submanifold \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n, the submanifold \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n Q\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{-1}(Q)}\n \n of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is not necessarily Poisson.In order to overcome these problems, one often uses the notion of a Poisson transversal (originally called cosymplectic submanifold).[6] This can be defined as a submanifold \n \n \n \n X\n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\subseteq M}\n \n which is transverse to every symplectic leaf \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and such that the intersection \n \n \n \n X\n ∩\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\cap S}\n \n is a symplectic submanifold of \n \n \n \n (\n S\n ,\n \n ω\n \n S\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (S,\\omega _{S})}\n \n. It follows that any Poisson transversal \n \n \n \n X\n ⊆\n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\subseteq (M,\\pi )}\n \n inherits a canonical Poisson structure \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{X}}\n \n from \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n. In the case of a nondegenerate Poisson manifold \n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n π\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (M,\\pi )}\n \n (whose only symplectic leaf is \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n itself), Poisson transversals are the same thing as symplectic submanifolds.More general classes of submanifolds play an important role in Poisson geometry, including Lie–Dirac submanifolds, Poisson–Dirac submanifolds, coisotropic submanifolds and pre-Poisson submanifolds.[30]","title":"Submanifolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-582-01989-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-01989-3"},{"link_name":"Cannas da Silva, Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Cannas_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Weinstein, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"Crainic, Marius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Crainic"},{"link_name":"Loja Fernandes, Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Loja_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Lectures on Poisson Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bookstore.ams.org/gsm-217"},{"link_name":"Graduate Studies in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Studies_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4704-6667-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-6667-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//faculty.math.illinois.edu/~ruiloja/Math595/Spring14/book.pdf"},{"link_name":"Guillemin, Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Guillemin"},{"link_name":"Sternberg, Shlomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University 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transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_transport"},{"link_name":"Classification of manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_manifolds"},{"link_name":"Gauge theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_manifolds_and_varieties"},{"link_name":"Morse theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_theory"},{"link_name":"Moving frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_frame"},{"link_name":"Singularity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_theory"},{"link_name":"Banach manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_manifold"},{"link_name":"Diffeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeology"},{"link_name":"Diffiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffiety"},{"link_name":"Fréchet manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_manifold"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"Orbifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold"},{"link_name":"Secondary calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_calculus_and_cohomological_physics"},{"link_name":"over commutative algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus_over_commutative_algebras"},{"link_name":"Sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Stratifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratifold"},{"link_name":"Supermanifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermanifold"},{"link_name":"Stratified space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_space"}],"text":"Bhaskara, K. H.; Viswanath, K. (1988). Poisson algebras and Poisson manifolds. Longman. ISBN 0-582-01989-3.\nCannas da Silva, Ana; Weinstein, Alan (1999). Geometric models for noncommutative algebras. AMS Berkeley Mathematics Lecture Notes, 10.\nDufour, J.-P.; Zung, N.T. (2005). Poisson Structures and Their Normal Forms. Vol. 242. Birkhäuser Progress in Mathematics.\nCrainic, Marius; Loja Fernandes, Rui; Mărcuț, Ioan (2021). Lectures on Poisson Geometry. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-1-4704-6667-1. Previous version available on [1].\nGuillemin, Victor; Sternberg, Shlomo (1984). Symplectic Techniques in Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24866-3.\nLibermann, Paulette; Marle, C.-M. (1987). Symplectic geometry and analytical mechanics. Dordrecht: Reidel. ISBN 90-277-2438-5.\nVaisman, Izu (1994). Lectures on the Geometry of Poisson Manifolds. Birkhäuser. See also the review by Ping Xu in the Bulletin of the AMS.\nWeinstein, Alan (1998). \"Poisson geometry\". Differential Geometry and Its Applications. 9 (1–2): 213–238. doi:10.1016/S0926-2245(98)00022-9.vteManifolds (Glossary)Basic concepts\nTopological manifold\nAtlas\nDifferentiable/Smooth manifold\nDifferential structure\nSmooth atlas\nSubmanifold\nRiemannian manifold\nSmooth map\nSubmersion\nPushforward\nTangent space\nDifferential form\nVector field\nMain results (list)\nAtiyah–Singer index\nDarboux's\nDe Rham's\nFrobenius\nGeneralized Stokes\nHopf–Rinow\nNoether's\nSard's\nWhitney embedding\nMaps\nCurve\nDiffeomorphism\nLocal\nGeodesic\nExponential map\nin Lie theory\nFoliation\nImmersion\nIntegral curve\nLie derivative\nSection\nSubmersion\nTypes ofmanifolds\nClosed\n(Almost) Complex\n(Almost) Contact\nFibered\nFinsler\nFlat\nG-structure\nHadamard\nHermitian\nHyperbolic\nKähler\nKenmotsu\nLie group\nLie algebra\nManifold with boundary\nOriented\nParallelizable\nPoisson\nPrime\nQuaternionic\nHypercomplex\n(Pseudo−, Sub−) Riemannian\nRizza\n(Almost) Symplectic\nTame\nTensorsVectors\nDistribution\nLie bracket\nPushforward\nTangent space\nbundle\nTorsion\nVector field\nVector flow\nCovectors\nClosed/Exact\nCovariant derivative\nCotangent space\nbundle\nDe Rham cohomology\nDifferential form\nVector-valued\nExterior derivative\nInterior product\nPullback\nRicci curvature\nflow\nRiemann curvature tensor\nTensor field\ndensity\nVolume form\nWedge product\nBundles\nAdjoint\nAffine\nAssociated\nCotangent\nDual\nFiber\n(Co) Fibration\nJet\nLie algebra\n(Stable) Normal\nPrincipal\nSpinor\nSubbundle\nTangent\nTensor\nVector\nConnections\nAffine\nCartan\nEhresmann\nForm\nGeneralized\nKoszul\nLevi-Civita\nPrincipal\nVector\nParallel transport\nRelated\nClassification of manifolds\nGauge theory\nHistory\nMorse theory\nMoving frame\nSingularity theory\nGeneralizations\nBanach manifold\nDiffeology\nDiffiety\nFréchet manifold\nK-theory\nOrbifold\nSecondary calculus\nover commutative algebras\nSheaf\nStratifold\nSupermanifold\nStratified space","title":"Books and surveys"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nambu–Poisson manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Poisson_manifold"},{"title":"Poisson–Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%E2%80%93Lie_group"},{"title":"Poisson supermanifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_supermanifold"}] | [{"reference":"Lichnerowicz, A. 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Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications. 18: 092. arXiv:2211.15946. doi:10.3842/SIGMA.2022.092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Kosmann-Schwarzbach","url_text":"Kosmann-Schwarzbach, Yvette"},{"url":"https://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA/2022/092/","url_text":"\"Seven Concepts Attributed to Siméon-Denis Poisson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15946","url_text":"2211.15946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3842%2FSIGMA.2022.092","url_text":"10.3842/SIGMA.2022.092"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Alan (1998-08-01). \"Poisson geometry\". Differential Geometry and Its Applications. Symplectic Geometry. 9 (1): 213–238. doi:10.1016/S0926-2245(98)00022-9. ISSN 0926-2245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weinstein","url_text":"Weinstein, Alan"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-2245%2898%2900022-9","url_text":"\"Poisson geometry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-2245%2898%2900022-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0926-2245(98)00022-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0926-2245","url_text":"0926-2245"}]},{"reference":"Poisson, Siméon Denis (1809). \"Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les questions de mécanique\" [On the variation of arbitrary constants in the questions of mechanics]. Journal de l'École polytechnique [fr] (in French). 15e cahier (8): 266–344 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson","url_text":"Poisson, Siméon Denis"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074785596&view=1up&seq=280","url_text":"\"Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les questions de mécanique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_de_l%27%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal de l'École polytechnique"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_de_l%27%C3%89cole_polytechnique","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Ana Cannas da; Weinstein, Alan (1999). Geometric models for noncommutative algebras (PDF). Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-0952-0. 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V. (1987-06-30). \"Analogues of the Objects of Lie Group Theory for Nonlinear Poisson Brackets\". Mathematics of the USSR-Izvestiya. 28 (3): 497–527. Bibcode:1987IzMat..28..497K. doi:10.1070/im1987v028n03abeh000895. ISSN 0025-5726.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1070/IM1987v028n03ABEH000895","url_text":"\"Analogues of the Objects of Lie Group Theory for Nonlinear Poisson Brackets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_USSR-Izvestiya","url_text":"Mathematics of the USSR-Izvestiya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987IzMat..28..497K","url_text":"1987IzMat..28..497K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1070%2Fim1987v028n03abeh000895","url_text":"10.1070/im1987v028n03abeh000895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5726","url_text":"0025-5726"}]},{"reference":"Crainic, Marius; Marcut, Ioan (2011). \"On the extistence of symplectic realizations\". Journal of Symplectic Geometry. 9 (4): 435–444. doi:10.4310/JSG.2011.v9.n4.a2. ISSN 1540-2347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Crainic","url_text":"Crainic, Marius"},{"url":"https://www.intlpress.com/site/pub/pages/journals/items/jsg/content/vols/0009/0004/a002/abstract.php","url_text":"\"On the extistence of symplectic realizations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2FJSG.2011.v9.n4.a2","url_text":"10.4310/JSG.2011.v9.n4.a2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-2347","url_text":"1540-2347"}]},{"reference":"Crainic, Marius; Fernandes, Rui (2004-01-01). \"Integrability of Poisson Brackets\". Journal of Differential Geometry. 66 (1). arXiv:math/0210152. doi:10.4310/jdg/1090415030. ISSN 0022-040X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Crainic","url_text":"Crainic, Marius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Loja_Fernandes","url_text":"Fernandes, Rui"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1090415030","url_text":"\"Integrability of Poisson Brackets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Differential_Geometry","url_text":"Journal of Differential Geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0210152","url_text":"math/0210152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1090415030","url_text":"10.4310/jdg/1090415030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-040X","url_text":"0022-040X"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Alan (1987-01-01). \"Symplectic groupoids and Poisson manifolds\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 16 (1): 101–105. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1987-15473-5. ISSN 0273-0979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weinstein","url_text":"Weinstein, Alan"},{"url":"https://www.ams.org/journal-getitem?pii=S0273-0979-1987-15473-5","url_text":"\"Symplectic groupoids and Poisson manifolds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1987-15473-5","url_text":"10.1090/S0273-0979-1987-15473-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0273-0979","url_text":"0273-0979"}]},{"reference":"Zakrzewski, S. (1990). \"Quantum and classical pseudogroups. II. Differential and symplectic pseudogroups\". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 134 (2): 371–395. doi:10.1007/BF02097707. ISSN 0010-3616. S2CID 122926678 – via Project Euclid.","urls":[{"url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physics/volume-134/issue-2/Quantum-and-classical-pseudogroups-II-Differential-and-symplectic-pseudogroups/cmp/1104201735.full","url_text":"\"Quantum and classical pseudogroups. II. 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Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications (in French). 20. New York, NY: Springer US: 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9719-9_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-9719-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-9719-9_1","url_text":"\"Groupoïdes de Lie et Groupoïdes Symplectiques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-9719-9_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4613-9719-9_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-9719-9","url_text":"978-1-4613-9719-9"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Z. -J.; Xu, P. (1996-01-01). \"Exact Lie bialgebroids and Poisson groupoids\". Geometric & Functional Analysis. 6 (1): 138–145. doi:10.1007/BF02246770. ISSN 1420-8970. S2CID 121836719 – via European Digital Mathematics Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://eudml.org/doc/58221","url_text":"\"Exact Lie bialgebroids and Poisson groupoids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02246770","url_text":"10.1007/BF02246770"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1420-8970","url_text":"1420-8970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121836719","url_text":"121836719"}]},{"reference":"Crainic, Marius; Fernandes, Rui (2003-03-01). \"Integrability of Lie brackets\". Annals of Mathematics. 157 (2): 575–620. arXiv:math/0105033. doi:10.4007/annals.2003.157.575. ISSN 0003-486X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Crainic","url_text":"Crainic, Marius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Loja_Fernandes","url_text":"Fernandes, Rui"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4007%2Fannals.2003.157.575","url_text":"\"Integrability of Lie brackets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0105033","url_text":"math/0105033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4007%2Fannals.2003.157.575","url_text":"10.4007/annals.2003.157.575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-486X","url_text":"0003-486X"}]},{"reference":"Cattaneo, Alberto S.; Felder, Giovanni (2001). \"Poisson sigma models and symplectic groupoids\". Quantization of Singular Symplectic Quotients. Progress in Mathematics. Basel: Birkhäuser: 61–93. arXiv:math/0003023. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8364-1_4. ISBN 978-3-0348-8364-1. S2CID 10248666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Cattaneo","url_text":"Cattaneo, Alberto S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Felder","url_text":"Felder, Giovanni"},{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-8364-1_4","url_text":"\"Poisson sigma models and symplectic groupoids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0003023","url_text":"math/0003023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8364-1_4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-0348-8364-1_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-8364-1","url_text":"978-3-0348-8364-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10248666","url_text":"10248666"}]},{"reference":"Zambon, Marco (2011). Ebeling, Wolfgang; Hulek, Klaus; Smoczyk, Knut (eds.). \"Submanifolds in Poisson geometry: a survey\". Complex and Differential Geometry. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics. 8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 403–420. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20300-8_20. ISBN 978-3-642-20300-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-20300-8_20","url_text":"\"Submanifolds in Poisson geometry: a survey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-20300-8_20","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-20300-8_20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-20300-8","url_text":"978-3-642-20300-8"}]},{"reference":"Bhaskara, K. H.; Viswanath, K. (1988). Poisson algebras and Poisson manifolds. Longman. ISBN 0-582-01989-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-01989-3","url_text":"0-582-01989-3"}]},{"reference":"Cannas da Silva, Ana; Weinstein, Alan (1999). Geometric models for noncommutative algebras. AMS Berkeley Mathematics Lecture Notes, 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Cannas_da_Silva","url_text":"Cannas da Silva, Ana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weinstein","url_text":"Weinstein, Alan"}]},{"reference":"Dufour, J.-P.; Zung, N.T. (2005). Poisson Structures and Their Normal Forms. Vol. 242. Birkhäuser Progress in Mathematics.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crainic, Marius; Loja Fernandes, Rui; Mărcuț, Ioan (2021). Lectures on Poisson Geometry. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-1-4704-6667-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Crainic","url_text":"Crainic, Marius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Loja_Fernandes","url_text":"Loja Fernandes, Rui"},{"url":"https://bookstore.ams.org/gsm-217","url_text":"Lectures on Poisson Geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Studies_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Studies in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-6667-1","url_text":"978-1-4704-6667-1"}]},{"reference":"Guillemin, Victor; Sternberg, Shlomo (1984). Symplectic Techniques in Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapperton_railway_tunnel | Sapperton Railway Tunnel | ["1 Construction, engineering, and maintenance difficulties","2 Accidents","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 51°43′25″N 2°6′6″W / 51.72361°N 2.10167°W / 51.72361; -2.10167Railway tunnel in Gloucestershire, England
For the Vancouver SkyTrain station, see Sapperton Station.
See also: Sapperton Canal Tunnel
Sapperton tunnelRailway tunnels with cuttingOverviewLineGolden Valley LineLocationSapperton, GloucestershireStatusoperationalTechnicalLength1 mi 104 yd (1.704 km)Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
The Sapperton Railway Tunnel is a railway tunnel near Sapperton, Gloucestershire in the United Kingdom. It carries the Golden Valley Line from Stroud to Swindon through the Cotswold escarpment. It was begun by the Cheltenham and Great Western Union railway in 1839 and taken over by the Great Western Railway in 1843, being completed in 1845. There are actually two tunnels, the main one at 1 mi 104 yd (1.704 km) in length, and separated by a short gap, a second at 353 yd (323 m).
Construction, engineering, and maintenance difficulties
The initial plans for the tunnel, dating from 1835, were unusual in that it was proposed to construct the tunnel on a curve, but this seems to have been abandoned before any construction was done; some works remain which are thought to relate to the approach route for the original line, but no excavations were made on that line for the tunnel itself. In 1836 "Mr Brunel" was appointed as engineer for the project; this refers to Isambard, but the involvement of "Mark (sic) Brunel" is also recorded. Brunel promised to get rid of the "objectionable" curve, and plans of the revised straight alignment were deposited in 1838. Preliminary shafts were dug, the work beginning in 1837, to ascertain the geological conditions, on the same straight alignment on which the tunnel was eventually built. In 1841 work began on four additional shafts of a larger diameter, quoted as 3 or 6 metres by different sources, plus a trial heading along the tunnel alignment. The line was opened in 1845.
Geological cross-section of Sapperton railway tunnelIt was found that the intended route passed through a layer of fuller's earth, which was not sufficiently stable to allow construction of a tunnel. The plans were therefore revised to situate the tunnel in more stable strata at a shallower depth, at the expense of steeper gradients on the approaches. This also reduced the length of the tunnel from 2,830 yd (2,590 m), on a 1 in 352 gradient in the 1836 plan, or 2,730 yd (2,500 m) on 1 in 330 in the 1838 plan (1 in 90 in the main tunnel, as built, and 1 in 57 on the approach to it), and so reduced construction costs; a 1950 article, based on the original contract and specification, quoted the directors as saying it would, "considerably diminish its length and expense" and asserted that this was the actual reason for the change to the shallower depth, rather than simply an effect of it. The 1950 article said that the drainage through the oolite was so good that construction was probably started from the foot of each shaft without drainage. Brunel was quoted as reporting in October 1841 that, "the drainage of the water is obtained into the lower oolite, without pumping, at one of the intermediate shafts" Therefore, although it included the geological cross-section (drawn by GWR engineer, Mr. R. P. Brereton), it made no mention of fuller's earth problems. Later articles say the section shows that the header, on the originally-proposed deeper level, passes through a much greater length of fuller's earth than the tunnel as built, and that it also makes it clear that information gained from digging the shafts would have made it apparent that this would be the case.
This diagram also casts doubt on the unsupported assertions which are sometimes made that the gap between the two tunnels is the result of a roof collapse in the early days of the tunnel. This gap coincides precisely with the level section at the summit of the line, and also with a dip in the contours of the ground above which brings the ground level below the depth at which the transition from tunnel to cutting is made at the outer ends of the tunnels. It is unlikely that a chance collapse would have taken place to correspond with these features with such convenient precision. The gap is also shown to be in the more stable oolitic strata rather than the unstable stretches of fuller's earth which are more liable to collapse.
The lateral alignment of the revised tunnel route was the same as the planned deeper route, and this left the ten exploratory shafts intersecting the tunnel and continuing as pits up to 6 metres deep below the tunnel floor. The pits were capped with timber to support the track and ballast. However, no records were left as to whether or not the pits had been filled in.
In 1950 a train driver noticed a void beneath the tracks and it became apparent that work was required to stabilise the pits. The original timbers were removed and the pits spanned with prefabricated concrete beams reinforced with bullhead rail and shear links. One more beam was fabricated than was required for the work and this was stored in a nearby yard. Again it was not recorded whether the pits were filled.
In November 2000, heavy flooding caused the collapse of one of the capped shafts. Emergency work over a period of four weeks was carried out to stabilise the collapsed shaft and similar preventative work was carried out on some of the other shafts; the four larger shafts, however, were left untouched. An erroneous report attributes the damage to the collapse of the canal tunnel running underneath; in reality the canal tunnel is to the north of the rail tunnel and does not pass underneath it.
In 2001 it was decided to test the redundant beam remaining from the 1950 operations to destruction in order to determine its strength, as part of surveys intended to discover whether the route would support the loadings required for a route availability index of 8. It was found that the concrete had deteriorated and would not support the loads required for an index of more than 5. Further stabilisation was therefore required as a matter of urgency.
The operation was carried out under a complete possession over a period of seven days by over 100 people working 12-hour shifts, many of whom were accommodated in temporary buildings at the site. Road-rail plant was used, standing on one track of the double-track tunnel to remove the other track and replace the beams underneath. The 1950 beams were cut into three sections using a diamond-tipped saw blade to facilitate removal. Each pit was then spanned with new prefabricated beams, one main support beam under each rail plus additional spacer beams to fill the gap between them. The new beams were fabricated in three sections to avoid exceeding the working load of the plant, which were joined once the beams were in place using stainless steel bolts. After work on the one track was completed, the road-rail plant was put into road mode and driven onto the new beams from where it could work on the other track.
Not until the old beams were removed did it become known that the pits had indeed been backfilled in the course of earlier work and the fears of falling into a six-metre hole were unfounded.
The seven-day possession did not give enough time to fully stabilise all four large shafts. Priority was given to the two least stable ones and the work on those was completed, but the remaining two were only partially stabilised, the beams under the up line being replaced but those under the down line being left alone. A further operation was scheduled for Easter 2002 to perform these final replacements.
A roof collapse occurred in October 2009, necessitating the closure of the line for relining work.
Accidents
A collision took place near Sapperton Tunnel (mis-spelt as "Salperton") on 4 December 1851. A goods train approaching the tunnel from the Swindon direction was overcome by the gradient after passing Tetbury Road station, and the driver decided to divide the train, taking the front portion forward and returning later to collect the rear portion. Unfortunately the brakes on the rear portion failed and it ran back down the gradient to collide with a following train. The goods vehicles were destroyed and the driver and passengers of the following train sustained injuries, but there were no fatalities.
A minor accident occurred at the tunnel on 29 October 1855 also involving a train becoming divided and one portion running away. There were no injuries or deaths and it is thought that no investigation was carried out.
Four platelayers were killed in the tunnel on 14 April 1896. This is mentioned in Hansard for 27 April 1896 (the report mis-spells "Stroud" as "Strood") but no details are given.
On 9 December 2009 a door on an HST came open in the vicinity of the tunnel and a passenger attempted to close it, without success but at some personal risk. A local newspaper attempted to sensationalise the incident by stating that the passenger concerned was "almost thrown from the train" as the door "flew" open. In fact nobody was near the door when it opened, and any risk to the passenger concerned arose entirely as a result of his decision to attempt to close it.
Local councillor Andrew Gravells is quoted as saying that trains should be fitted with devices to prevent departure from stations if doors are open. This requirement already exists, and older slam-door stock such as the HST was retrofitted with a central door locking system in which a power-operated bolt, activated by the guard, prevents the doors from opening while the train is in motion; however this system is not interlocked with the driving controls. It is not clear how the system failed on this occasion; the RAIB was informed of the incident but no report appears to exist on their website.
Disruption to train services was caused on 17 January 2011 when a huntsman and twenty fox-hounds trespassed on the line near the east end of the tunnel. One of the hounds was struck by a train and killed. The train was cancelled and other trains suffered delays. The trespassers had disappeared by the time British Transport Police officers arrived, and no hunt admitted responsibility.
See also
Sapperton Canal Tunnel runs very close to the railway tunnel.
List of tunnels in the United Kingdom
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sapperton railway tunnel.
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^ 'Sapperton: Introduction', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11. Bisley and Longtree Hundreds. 1976. pp. 87–90. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
^ 51°43′25″N 2°6′6″W / 51.72361°N 2.10167°W / 51.72361; -2.10167 to 51°42′59.5″N 2°4′48″W / 51.716528°N 2.08000°W / 51.716528; -2.08000
^ 51°42′58.5″N 2°4′44.5″W / 51.716250°N 2.079028°W / 51.716250; -2.079028 to 51°42′54″N 2°4′30″W / 51.71500°N 2.07500°W / 51.71500; -2.07500
^ a b "The Approaches to Sapperton Railway Tunnels" (PDF). 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ a b c d "The Rail Engineer - Featured Articles". December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ a b "Network Rail Media Centre - Victorian Shafts at Sapperton Get Strengthened". 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ Household, Humphrey (February 1950). "Sapperton Tunnel, Western Region". Railway Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ "Full text of "Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club"". archive.org. May 1870. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ "The Cheltenham Flyer". Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ "Diesel multiple unit, 1950s". 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ "The Cheltenham Flyer - Railway Wonders of the World". railwaywondersoftheworld.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ "Early History of the Sapperton Railway Tunnels" (PDF). Gloucestershire Local History Association. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Victorian Shafts at Sapperton get strengthened". Network Rail. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Accidents". Bygone Transport. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Cheltenham-Swindon Rail Line". Hansard. 22 November 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Chaos over as rail track is reopened". 25 November 2000. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Sapperton Tunnel, Gloucestershire, UK". Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Swindon to Kemble Railway". 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ "Rail Travel Disruption Monday 26th to Friday 30th October". October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ "The Great Western Rail Crash". The Cotswold History Blog. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Accident at Sapperton Tunnel on 29th October 1855". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "PLATELAYERS KILLED (SAPPERTON TUNNEL)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HC Deb 27 April 1896 vol 39 cc1732-3. 27 April 1896. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Call for inquiry after train door incident". 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Railway Group Standard GM/RT2473 section B7.4" (PDF). February 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "From "USER GUIDE for the operation of CENTRAL DOOR LOCKS on InterCity Slam Door Coaching Stock"". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Hunt in Cotswolds strayed on rail line claim". 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
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It carries the Golden Valley Line from Stroud to Swindon through the Cotswold escarpment. It was begun by the Cheltenham and Great Western Union railway in 1839 and taken over by the Great Western Railway in 1843, being completed in 1845.[1] There are actually two tunnels, the main one at 1 mi 104 yd (1.704 km) in length,[2] and separated by a short gap, a second at 353 yd (323 m).[3]","title":"Sapperton Railway Tunnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsia-4"},{"link_name":"Isambard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"},{"link_name":"\"Mark (sic) Brunel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pits-5"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrmedia-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapperton-tunnel-cross-section.png"},{"link_name":"fuller's earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pits-5"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)#Railways"},{"link_name":"oolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mr. R. P. Brereton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pearson_Brereton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pits-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flyer-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dmuyoutube-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansardnov2000-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiltsgazette-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pits-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrmedia-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonygee-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twfy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disruption-19"}],"text":"The initial plans for the tunnel, dating from 1835, were unusual in that it was proposed to construct the tunnel on a curve, but this seems to have been abandoned before any construction was done; some works remain which are thought to relate to the approach route for the original line, but no excavations were made on that line for the tunnel itself. In 1836 \"Mr Brunel\" was appointed as engineer for the project;[4] this refers to Isambard, but the involvement of \"Mark (sic) Brunel\" is also recorded.[5] Brunel promised to get rid of the \"objectionable\" curve, and plans of the revised straight alignment were deposited in 1838. Preliminary shafts were dug, the work beginning in 1837, to ascertain the geological conditions, on the same straight alignment on which the tunnel was eventually built. In 1841 work began on four additional shafts of a larger diameter, quoted as 3[which?] or 6 metres[6] by different sources, plus a trial heading along the tunnel alignment. The line was opened in 1845.Geological cross-section of Sapperton railway tunnelIt was found that the intended route passed through a layer of fuller's earth, which was not sufficiently stable to allow construction of a tunnel.[5] The plans were therefore revised to situate the tunnel in more stable strata at a shallower depth, at the expense of steeper gradients on the approaches. This also reduced the length of the tunnel from 2,830 yd (2,590 m), on a 1 in 352 gradient in the 1836 plan, or 2,730 yd (2,500 m) on 1 in 330 in the 1838 plan (1 in 90 in the main tunnel, as built, and 1 in 57 on the approach to it), and so reduced construction costs; a 1950 article, based on the original contract and specification, quoted the directors as saying it would, \"considerably diminish its length and expense\" and asserted that this was the actual reason for the change to the shallower depth, rather than simply an effect of it. The 1950 article said that the drainage through the oolite was so good that construction was probably started from the foot of each shaft without drainage. Brunel was quoted as reporting in October 1841 that, \"the drainage of the water is obtained into the lower oolite, without pumping, at one of the intermediate shafts\"[7] Therefore, although it included the geological cross-section (drawn by GWR engineer, Mr. R. P. Brereton),[8] it made no mention of fuller's earth problems.[4] Later articles say the section shows that the header, on the originally-proposed deeper level, passes through a much greater length of fuller's earth than the tunnel as built, and that it also makes it clear that information gained from digging the shafts would have made it apparent that this would be the case.[5]This diagram also casts doubt on the unsupported assertions which are sometimes made[9][10] that the gap between the two tunnels is the result of a roof collapse in the early days of the tunnel.[11] This gap coincides precisely with the level section at the summit of the line, and also with a dip in the contours of the ground above which brings the ground level below the depth at which the transition from tunnel to cutting is made at the outer ends of the tunnels. It is unlikely that a chance collapse would have taken place to correspond with these features with such convenient precision. The gap is also shown to be in the more stable oolitic strata rather than the unstable stretches of fuller's earth which are more liable to collapse.[12]The lateral alignment of the revised tunnel route was the same as the planned deeper route, and this left the ten exploratory shafts intersecting the tunnel and continuing as pits up to 6 metres deep below the tunnel floor. The pits were capped with timber to support the track and ballast.[13] However, no records were left as to whether or not the pits had been filled in.In 1950 a train driver noticed a void beneath the tracks and it became apparent that work was required to stabilise the pits.[14] The original timbers were removed and the pits spanned with prefabricated concrete beams reinforced with bullhead rail and shear links. One more beam was fabricated than was required for the work and this was stored in a nearby yard. Again it was not recorded whether the pits were filled.In November 2000, heavy flooding caused the collapse of one of the capped shafts. Emergency work over a period of four weeks was carried out to stabilise the collapsed shaft and similar preventative work was carried out on some of the other shafts;[15] the four larger shafts, however, were left untouched. An erroneous report attributes the damage to the collapse of the canal tunnel running underneath;[16] in reality the canal tunnel is to the north of the rail tunnel and does not pass underneath it.[citation needed]In 2001 it was decided to test the redundant beam remaining from the 1950 operations to destruction in order to determine its strength, as part of surveys intended to discover whether the route would support the loadings required for a route availability index of 8. It was found that the concrete had deteriorated and would not support the loads required for an index of more than 5.[citation needed] Further stabilisation was therefore required as a matter of urgency.The operation was carried out under a complete possession over a period of seven days by over 100 people working 12-hour shifts, many of whom were accommodated in temporary buildings at the site. Road-rail plant was used, standing on one track of the double-track tunnel to remove the other track and replace the beams underneath. The 1950 beams were cut into three sections using a diamond-tipped saw blade to facilitate removal. Each pit was then spanned with new prefabricated beams, one main support beam under each rail plus additional spacer beams to fill the gap between them. The new beams were fabricated in three sections to avoid exceeding the working load of the plant, which were joined once the beams were in place using stainless steel bolts. After work on the one track was completed, the road-rail plant was put into road mode and driven onto the new beams from where it could work on the other track.[citation needed]Not until the old beams were removed did it become known that the pits had indeed been backfilled in the course of earlier work and the fears of falling into a six-metre hole were unfounded.[citation needed]The seven-day possession did not give enough time to fully stabilise all four large shafts. Priority was given to the two least stable ones and the work on those was completed, but the remaining two were only partially stabilised, the beams under the up line being replaced but those under the down line being left alone. A further operation was scheduled for Easter 2002 to perform these final replacements.[5][6][17]A roof collapse occurred in October 2009, necessitating the closure of the line for relining work.[18][19]","title":"Construction, engineering, and maintenance difficulties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetbury Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetbury_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theera-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railarch-21"},{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard1896-22"},{"link_name":"HST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCity_125"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thisisgloucs-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgs-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hstdoors-25"},{"link_name":"RAIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAIB"},{"link_name":"huntsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_hunting"},{"link_name":"British Transport Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Police"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiltsglosstd-26"}],"text":"A collision took place near Sapperton Tunnel (mis-spelt as \"Salperton\") on 4 December 1851. A goods train approaching the tunnel from the Swindon direction was overcome by the gradient after passing Tetbury Road station, and the driver decided to divide the train, taking the front portion forward and returning later to collect the rear portion. Unfortunately the brakes on the rear portion failed and it ran back down the gradient to collide with a following train. The goods vehicles were destroyed and the driver and passengers of the following train sustained injuries, but there were no fatalities.[20]A minor accident occurred at the tunnel on 29 October 1855 also involving a train becoming divided and one portion running away. There were no injuries or deaths and it is thought that no investigation was carried out.[21]Four platelayers were killed in the tunnel on 14 April 1896. This is mentioned in Hansard for 27 April 1896 (the report mis-spells \"Stroud\" as \"Strood\") but no details are given.[22]On 9 December 2009 a door on an HST came open in the vicinity of the tunnel and a passenger attempted to close it, without success but at some personal risk. A local newspaper attempted to sensationalise the incident by stating that the passenger concerned was \"almost thrown from the train\" as the door \"flew\" open. In fact nobody was near the door when it opened, and any risk to the passenger concerned arose entirely as a result of his decision to attempt to close it.[23]Local councillor Andrew Gravells is quoted as saying that trains should be fitted with devices to prevent departure from stations if doors are open. This requirement already exists,[24] and older slam-door stock such as the HST was retrofitted with a central door locking system in which a power-operated bolt, activated by the guard, prevents the doors from opening while the train is in motion; however this system is not interlocked with the driving controls.[25] It is not clear how the system failed on this occasion; the RAIB was informed of the incident but no report appears to exist on their website.Disruption to train services was caused on 17 January 2011 when a huntsman and twenty fox-hounds trespassed on the line near the east end of the tunnel. One of the hounds was struck by a train and killed. The train was cancelled and other trains suffered delays. The trespassers had disappeared by the time British Transport Police officers arrived, and no hunt admitted responsibility.[26]","title":"Accidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Geological cross-section of Sapperton railway tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sapperton-tunnel-cross-section.png/300px-Sapperton-tunnel-cross-section.png"}] | [{"title":"Sapperton Canal Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapperton_Canal_Tunnel"},{"title":"List of tunnels in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"'Sapperton: Introduction', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11. Bisley and Longtree Hundreds. 1976. pp. 87–90. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19050","url_text":"'Sapperton: Introduction', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090516201021/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=19050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Approaches to Sapperton Railway Tunnels\" (PDF). 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsia.org.uk/reprints/1998/gi199834.pdf","url_text":"\"The Approaches to Sapperton Railway Tunnels\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201150252/http://www.gsia.org.uk/reprints/1998/gi199834.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rail Engineer - Featured Articles\". December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130703082400/http://tre.truth.posiweb.net/FeaturedArticles/railengineer/view/91","url_text":"\"The Rail Engineer - Featured Articles\""},{"url":"http://tre.truth.posiweb.net/FeaturedArticles/railengineer/view/91","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Network Rail Media Centre - Victorian Shafts at Sapperton Get Strengthened\". 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130707054826/http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=4735&NewsAreaID=2","url_text":"\"Network Rail Media Centre - Victorian Shafts at Sapperton Get Strengthened\""},{"url":"http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=4735&NewsAreaID=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Household, Humphrey (February 1950). \"Sapperton Tunnel, Western Region\". Railway Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/html5/reader/production/default.aspx?pubid=2967e6f5-c5d1-43eb-8f93-6c4d7cdf4ede&edid=392ee096-45cd-4c9f-8f9c-3d133c7c1a4e&pnum=50","url_text":"\"Sapperton Tunnel, Western Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club\"\". archive.org. May 1870. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofcot05cott/proceedingsofcot05cott_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712220014/https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofcot05cott/proceedingsofcot05cott_djvu.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cheltenham Flyer\". Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130702105534/http://www.engrailhistory.info/r037.html","url_text":"\"The Cheltenham Flyer\""},{"url":"http://www.engrailhistory.info/r037.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diesel multiple unit, 1950s\". 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCO0sP2vlfY","url_text":"\"Diesel multiple unit, 1950s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626055326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCO0sP2vlfY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cheltenham Flyer - Railway Wonders of the World\". railwaywondersoftheworld.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://railwaywondersoftheworld.com/cheltenham-flyer.html","url_text":"\"The Cheltenham Flyer - Railway Wonders of the World\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190628040025/https://railwaywondersoftheworld.com/cheltenham-flyer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Early History of the Sapperton Railway Tunnels\" (PDF). Gloucestershire Local History Association. Retrieved 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://glosdocs.org.uk/ext/groups/gsia/brunel_200/brunel_200_20.pdf","url_text":"\"Early History of the Sapperton Railway Tunnels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian Shafts at Sapperton get strengthened\". Network Rail. Retrieved 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/victorian-shafts-at-sapperton-get-strengthened","url_text":"\"Victorian Shafts at Sapperton get strengthened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accidents\". Bygone Transport. Retrieved 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bygonetransport.co.uk/page25.html","url_text":"\"Accidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheltenham-Swindon Rail Line\". Hansard. 22 November 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo001122/text/01122w02.htm","url_text":"\"Cheltenham-Swindon Rail Line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161026211830/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo001122/text/01122w02.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chaos over as rail track is reopened\". 25 November 2000. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/archive/2000/11/25/Wiltshire+Archive/7392750.Chaos_over_as_rail_track_is_reopened/","url_text":"\"Chaos over as rail track is reopened\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203050652/http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/archive/2000/11/25/Wiltshire+Archive/7392750.Chaos_over_as_rail_track_is_reopened/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sapperton Tunnel, Gloucestershire, UK\". Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tonygee.com/sapperton-tunnel/","url_text":"\"Sapperton Tunnel, Gloucestershire, UK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206185514/http://tonygee.com/sapperton-tunnel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Swindon to Kemble Railway\". 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/whall/?id=2009-10-27d.47.0","url_text":"\"Swindon to Kemble Railway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134342/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/whall/?id=2009-10-27d.47.0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rail Travel Disruption Monday 26th to Friday 30th October\". October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227040934/http://www.screenwritersfestival.com/railtraveldisruption.php","url_text":"\"Rail Travel Disruption Monday 26th to Friday 30th October\""},{"url":"http://www.screenwritersfestival.com/railtraveldisruption.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Great Western Rail Crash\". The Cotswold History Blog. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604060800/http://www.cotswoldhistory.com/2011/05/the-great-western-rail-crash/","url_text":"\"The Great Western Rail Crash\""},{"url":"http://www.cotswoldhistory.com/2011/05/the-great-western-rail-crash/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accident at Sapperton Tunnel on 29th October 1855\". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=7881","url_text":"\"Accident at Sapperton Tunnel on 29th October 1855\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113130622/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=7881","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PLATELAYERS KILLED (SAPPERTON TUNNEL)\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HC Deb 27 April 1896 vol 39 cc1732-3. 27 April 1896. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1896/apr/27/platelayers-killed-sapperton-tunnel","url_text":"\"PLATELAYERS KILLED (SAPPERTON TUNNEL)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223121032/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1896/apr/27/platelayers-killed-sapperton-tunnel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call for inquiry after train door incident\". 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221054503/http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/inquiry-train-door-incident/story-11889881-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Call for inquiry after train door incident\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisgloucestershire.co.uk/inquiry-train-door-incident/story-11889881-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway Group Standard GM/RT2473 section B7.4\" (PDF). February 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Rolling%20Stock/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GMRT2473%20Iss%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Railway Group Standard GM/RT2473 section B7.4\""}]},{"reference":"\"From \"USER GUIDE for the operation of CENTRAL DOOR LOCKS on InterCity Slam Door Coaching Stock\"\". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://railwaypageaday.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/from-user-guide-for-operation-of.html","url_text":"\"From \"USER GUIDE for the operation of CENTRAL DOOR LOCKS on InterCity Slam Door Coaching Stock\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113130621/http://railwaypageaday.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/from-user-guide-for-operation-of.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hunt in Cotswolds strayed on rail line claim\". 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church_Wimbledon | Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon | ["1 History","1.1 Founding","1.2 Construction","1.3 20th century","1.4 21st century","2 Parish","2.1 Jesuit Missions","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°25′04″N 0°13′10″W / 51.4177°N 0.2194°W / 51.4177; -0.2194Catholic church in London, England
Church in London, UKSacred Heart ChurchSacred Heart Church viewed from the main gate.Sacred Heart ChurchLocation of church within the London Borough of Merton51°25′04″N 0°13′10″W / 51.4177°N 0.2194°W / 51.4177; -0.2194OS grid referenceTQ2391670250LocationWimbledon, LondonCountryUKDenominationRoman CatholicWebsiteSacredHeartWimbledon.org.ukHistoryStatusChurchFounded17 June 1887 (1887-06-17)Founder(s)Edith ArendrupDedicationSacred Heart of JesusConsecrated1931EventsReordered in 1990
Refurbished in 2009ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade II*Designated28 May 1987Architect(s)Frederick WaltersStyleLate Decorated Gothic (Gothic Revival)Completed1901AdministrationProvinceSouthwarkArchdioceseSouthwarkDeaneryMerton
Sacred Heart Church is a Roman Catholic church and parish in Wimbledon, South West London initially run by the Jesuits, that serves the Catholic community of Wimbledon and surrounding areas. It is in the Archdiocese of Southwark and is situated next to Wimbledon College and Donhead Preparatory School. The main entrance to the church is on Edge Hill road, but the church can also be accessed from the adjacent Darlaston Road.
History
Founding
The church was founded by Edith Arendrup, a member of the wealthy Courtauld family who came to live in Wimbledon in 1877. At the time, there were few Catholics in the area, so she convinced the Jesuits at Roehampton to start a Mass-centre at her house in Cottenham Park. Seven years later, she commissioned the construction of a large church in a prominent position on the slopes of Edge Hill. The Grade II* listed building was designed by Frederick Walters, a young architect, who designed it in the late Decorated Gothic style.
Construction
The nave of the newly built church opened on 17 June, the feast of the Sacred Heart, in 1887. Construction continued for fourteen years while the rest of the building was completed: first the sanctuary and south aisle in 1895, then the back chapels in 1896, the north aisle and sacristy in 1898, and finally the west front in 1901. The original plan called for a large tower on the west front, but money ran out and it was replaced by twin turrets and a massive, traceried window. A monument on the south wall of the church dedicated to Edith Arendrup is inscribed with the words: “It was through her Christian vision that this parish of the Sacred Heart came into being; it was through her generosity the church was built.”
From 1898, the church had a new benefactor, Caroline Currie of Coombe Hill. She was the wealthy widow of the banker Bertram Wodehouse Currie, and paid for the north aisle, along with a chapel dedicated to the founder of the Jesuits, St. Ignatius, and the baptistery. The St. Ignatius chapel contains a medallion of Mrs. Currie who died in 1902.
In 1905, another church was built within the parish by the Jesuits, St Winefride Church. It was built to accommodate the congregation in South Wimbledon. In 1913, again the parish needed to expand and a Mass centre was set up in Wimbledon Park. In 1926, a church was built in the area by the Jesuits which became Christ the King Church and was finished in 1928.
20th century
In 1990 the church was re-ordered. A new high altar was installed, designed by David John who was also responsible for the bronze reliquary underneath containing relics of Roman and English martyrs, including Saints Thomas More and Saint Edmund Campion. The tiled floor was designed by Austin Winkley. The altar was dedicated by Bishop Tripp, an Auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Southwark, at a special ceremony on the feast of the Sacred Heart, 22 June 1990.
21st century
In 2007 and 2008 the church halls were refurbished, access improved and a new youth room added. On 17 November 2012, it was announced that the Jesuits would no longer be involved in the direct administration of the church after serving the parish for over 130 years. On 10 January 2014, it was handed over to the Archdiocese of Southwark who continue to administer the parish.
Parish
The church is next door to Wimbledon College and Donhead School for boys (both of these schools are served by the Jesuits) and the Ursuline High School and Ursuline Preparatory School for girls (served by the Ursulines), which all enjoy a close relationship with the parish. The schools use the church for various masses throughout the school year.
The parish hosts many groups within its parish centre. It has a local Christian Life Community association which ministers to the spiritual needs of the parish, by garnering interest in Ignatian spirituality. Also, it has a social justice group which promotes fair trade products and raises awareness of social issues.
Jesuit Missions
Jesuit Missions is a development and mission-based charity of the Society of Jesus in Britain. It remains on the same street as the church after the Jesuits handed the parish over to the archdiocese. In 1961, it moved from Roehampton to Wimbledon and was led by Tony Montfort for 40 years. It organises fundraising initiatives, such as through the London Marathon, and distributes the money to developing countries. It distributes news about the activities of overseas Jesuits and other missionaries, such as the imprisonment of Stan Swamy, and the murders of La Salle laybrother Paul McAuley in Peru, and Fr Victor-Luke Odhiambo in Kenya. It with other charities and networks such as Global First Responder, Educate Magis, the Xavier Network, Justice in Mining group and within the Global Ignatian Advocacy Network.
Gallery
The nave looking north-east
The sanctuary
The nave looking south-west
The nave from the organ gallery
View from Darlaston Road
View from Edge Hill
See also
List of Jesuit sites
List of Catholic churches in the United Kingdom
References
^ a b c British Listed Buildings Retrieved 23 January 2013
^ a b c
"Welcome,". Sacred Heart Wimbledon. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
^ a b History of the Church, Sacred Heart Wimbledon Archived 22 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 January 2013
^ Handover of the parish and induction of Mgr Hudson as Parish Priest, Sacred Heart Wimbledon Archived 28 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 January 2014
^ Parish Groups, Sacred Heart Wimbledon Archived 9 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 January 2013
^ Jesuits to hand South London parish over to diocese, Independent Catholic News, 19 November 2012, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Sacred Heart, Wimbledon from '"Catholic Heritage, archives list, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Tony Montfort Obituary in Jesuits and Friends, Issue 68, 2007, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Alison Vella, Jesuits running London marathon to raise awareness - dressed as Wombles, Times of Malta, 2 April 2018, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Thousands raised for Jesuit projects in London Marathon, Independent Catholic News, 23 April 2012, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ London: Silent protest calls for release of Fr Stan Swamy, Independent Catholic News, 11 December 2020, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Ruth Gledhill, Priests protest for release of imprisoned Jesuit, 23 October 2020, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ a b Peru: Environmentalist La Salle brother found dead, Independent Catholic News, 3 April 2019, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ James Roberts, Jesuit Missions partner murdered in South Sudan, The Tablet, 15 November 2018, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Jesuit Missions, Globalfirstresponder.org, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Jesuit schools come together to tackle climate change, Educate Magis, 15 February 2020, retrieved 28 November 2022
^ Jesuit Missions, Xavier.Network, retrieved 28 November 2022
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon.
Official website
Jesuit Missions site
vteChurches in Mertonancient parishchurches (pre-1800)
St Lawrence, Morden
St Mary, Wimbledon
St Mary the Virgin, Merton
St Peter and St Paul, Mitcham
Anglicandaughter churches
Christ Church, Colliers Wood
St Barnabas, Mitcham
St George, Morden
St James, Morden
St John the Baptist, Wimbledon
St John the Divine, Merton
St Luke, Wimbledon
St Olave, Mitcham
otherdenominations
Christ the King, Wimbledon Park
Dundonald Church
Morden Baptist Church
Sacred Heart, Wimbledon
St Winefride, South Wimbledon
vteArchdiocese of SouthwarkRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark
Archbishops and bishops of Southwark
I: Thomas Grant
II: James Danell
III: Robert Coffin
IV: John Butt
V: Francis Bourne
VI: Peter Amigo
VII: Cyril Cowderoy
VIII: Michael Bowen
IX: Kevin McDonald (Bishop Emeritus)
X: Peter Smith
XI: John Wilson
Auxiliary bishops in Southwark:
Charles Henderson
Paul Hendricks
John Hine
John Jukes
Patrick Lynch
Howard Tripp
Philip Moger
Churches
St George's Cathedral, Southwark - Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George
Sacred Heart Church, Battersea
Corpus Christi Church, Brixton
St Osmund's Church, Barnes
Sacred Heart Church, Camberwell
St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Canterbury
St Michael the Archangel Church, Chatham
St Paul's Church, Dover
St Thomas More Church, Dulwich
Our Lady of Loreto and St Winefride's Church, Kew
St Agatha's Church, Kingston
St Mary Magdalen Church, Mortlake
Our Lady of the Angels Church, Erith
Our Lady of Gillingham Church
Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond
Polish Church of St. John the Evangelist, Putney
St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate
St Ethelbert's Church, Ramsgate
St Elizabeth of Portugal Church, Richmond
St Joseph Church, Roehampton
St Mary's Church, Clapham
St Thomas Aquinas Church, Ham
Sts Simon and Jude Church, Streatham Hill
St Raphael's Church, Surbiton
St Anne's Church, Vauxhall
St Patrick's Church, Waterloo
Christ the King Church, Wimbledon Park
St Winefride Church, South Wimbledon
Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon
St Peter's Church, Woolwich
Patronal Feasts of the Diocese
St Augustine of Canterbury (27 May)
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (8 December)
St Thomas of Canterbury (29 December)
Schools
Bishop Challoner School
Bishop Thomas Grant School
Bonus Pastor Catholic College
The Cedars School
Christ the King Sixth Form College
Coloma Convent Girls' School
Donhead Preparatory School
Holy Cross School, New Malden
Holy Cross Preparatory School
The John Fisher School
La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School
The Laurels School
Marymount International School London
Notre Dame Roman Catholic Girls' School
Richard Challoner School
Sacred Heart Catholic School, Camberwell
St Anselm's Catholic School
St Catherine's Catholic School for Girls
St Columba's Catholic Boys' School
St Edmund's Catholic School, Dover
St Francis Xavier College, Clapham
St Gregory's Catholic School
St John Bosco College, Battersea
St John Fisher Catholic School
St John's Catholic Comprehensive School
St Joseph's College, Upper Norwood
St Mary's Roman Catholic High School, Croydon
St Matthew Academy
St Michael's Catholic College
St Paul's Academy, Abbey Wood
St Philomena's Catholic High School for Girls
St Simon Stock Catholic School
St Thomas More Catholic School, Eltham
St Thomas the Apostle College
St Ursula's Convent School
Thomas More Catholic School, Purley
Ursuline College, Westgate-on-Sea
Ursuline High School, Wimbledon
Wimbledon College
See also:
National Shrine of Saint Jude
Aylesford Priory
St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate
Minster in Thanet Priory
St Mary's Church, Nettlestead
St Anselm's Church, Pembury
Church of the Most Precious Blood, Southwark
Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain
Apostolic Vicariate of the London District
Catholicism portal
London portal
Kent portal
vteSociety of Jesus in Great BritainSchools
Primary schools
St Mary's Hall
St Joseph's Primary School
Barlborough Hall School
St Aloysius' College Junior School
St John's Beaumont School
Donhead Preparatory School
Secondary schools
Stonyhurst College
Mount St Mary's College
St Aloysius' College
Wimbledon College
St Ignatius College, Enfield
Former
St Peter's Catholic School, Bournemouth
The Campion School
St Michael's College, Leeds
St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool
Beaumont College, Old Windsor
Preston Catholic College
Hodder Place, Stonyhurst
St Aidan's Catholic School, Sunderland
Institutes
Campion Hall, Oxford
Laudato Si' Research Institute
London Jesuit Centre
Former
Campion House College, Osterley
Harlaxton Manor
Heythrop Park
Heythrop College, University of London
Parkstead House
Woodhall House, Juniper Green
Churches
Parishes
Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street
St Ignatius Church, Stamford Hill
St Anselm's Church, Southall
St Dominic's Church, Newcastle
St Wilfrid's Church, Preston
St Aloysius Church, Glasgow
Sacred Heart Church, Edinburgh
St Peter's Church, Stonyhurst
Chaplaincies
Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester
Oxford University Catholic Chaplaincy
Former
Sacred Heart Church, Accrington
Sacred Heart Church, Blackpool
Corpus Christi Church, Boscombe
Sacred Heart Church, Bournemouth
St Mary on the Quay, Bristol
Corpus Christi Church, Brixton
St Edmund's Church, Bury St Edmunds
Annunciation Church, Chesterfield
Holy Trinity Church, Chipping Norton
St Mary Church, Clayton-le-Moors
St Michael and St John Church, Clitheroe
St David's Church, Dalkeith
St Mary's Church, Great Yarmouth
St Francis Xavier Church, Hereford
St Winefride's Church, Holywell
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Leeds
Sacred Heart Church, Leeds
St Joseph's Church, Leigh
Our Lady of Ransom and the Holy Souls Church, Llandrindod Wells
Our Lady Star of the Sea Church, Lowestoft
St Aloysius Gonzaga Church, Oxford
Our Lady Help of Christians Church, Portico
Our Lady Immaculate and St Joseph Church, Prescot
St Ignatius Church, Preston
St Walburge's Church, Preston
St Joseph and St Francis Xavier Church, Richmond
Our Lady of the Assumption Church, Rhyl
St Joseph Church, Roehampton
Holy Cross Church, St Helens
Church of St Mary, Lowe House, St Helens
St Stephen's Church, Skipton
St Ignatius Church, South Ossett
Church of the Immaculate Conception, Spinkhill
St Austin's Church, Wakefield
St John's Church, Wigan
Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon
Christ the King Church, Wimbledon Park
St Winefride Church, South Wimbledon
St George's Church, Worcester
Spirituality
Residential
St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre
Non-residential
London Jesuit Centre
Edinburgh Jesuit Centre
Ignatian Spirituality Centre, Glasgow
Former
Corby Hall
Loyola Hall
See also
Pray As You Go
Thinking Faith
The Way
Jesuit Missions UK
Jesuit Refugee Service
List of Jesuit sites in Britain
Catholicism portal
Great Britain portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_College"},{"link_name":"Donhead Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donhead_Preparatory_School"}],"text":"Catholic church in London, EnglandChurch in London, UKSacred Heart Church is a Roman Catholic church and parish in Wimbledon, South West London initially run by the Jesuits, that serves the Catholic community of Wimbledon and surrounding areas. It is in the Archdiocese of Southwark and is situated next to Wimbledon College and Donhead Preparatory School. The main entrance to the church is on Edge Hill road, but the church can also be accessed from the adjacent Darlaston Road.","title":"Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Arendrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Arendrup"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Roehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Frederick Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Walters"},{"link_name":"Decorated Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorated_Gothic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-1"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"The church was founded by Edith Arendrup, a member of the wealthy Courtauld family who came to live in Wimbledon in 1877. At the time, there were few Catholics in the area, so she convinced the Jesuits at Roehampton to start a Mass-centre at her house in Cottenham Park. Seven years later, she commissioned the construction of a large church in a prominent position on the slopes of Edge Hill. The Grade II* listed building was designed by Frederick Walters, a young architect, who designed it in the late Decorated Gothic style.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-2"},{"link_name":"Coombe Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe,_Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Bertram Wodehouse Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Wodehouse_Currie"},{"link_name":"St. Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ignatius_of_Loyola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"St Winefride Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Winefride_Church,_South_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"South Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Park"},{"link_name":"Christ the King Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_King_Church,_Wimbledon_Park"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The nave of the newly built church opened on 17 June, the feast of the Sacred Heart, in 1887. Construction continued for fourteen years while the rest of the building was completed: first the sanctuary and south aisle in 1895, then the back chapels in 1896, the north aisle and sacristy in 1898, and finally the west front in 1901. The original plan called for a large tower on the west front, but money ran out and it was replaced by twin turrets and a massive, traceried window. A monument on the south wall of the church dedicated to Edith Arendrup is inscribed with the words: “It was through her Christian vision that this parish of the Sacred Heart came into being; it was through her generosity the church was built.”[2]From 1898, the church had a new benefactor, Caroline Currie of Coombe Hill. She was the wealthy widow of the banker Bertram Wodehouse Currie, and paid for the north aisle, along with a chapel dedicated to the founder of the Jesuits, St. Ignatius, and the baptistery. The St. Ignatius chapel contains a medallion of Mrs. Currie who died in 1902.[3]In 1905, another church was built within the parish by the Jesuits, St Winefride Church. It was built to accommodate the congregation in South Wimbledon. In 1913, again the parish needed to expand and a Mass centre was set up in Wimbledon Park. In 1926, a church was built in the area by the Jesuits which became Christ the King Church and was finished in 1928.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saints Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"Saint Edmund Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Campion"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In 1990 the church was re-ordered. A new high altar was installed, designed by David John who was also responsible for the bronze reliquary underneath containing relics of Roman and English martyrs, including Saints Thomas More and Saint Edmund Campion. The tiled floor was designed by Austin Winkley. The altar was dedicated by Bishop Tripp, an Auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Southwark, at a special ceremony on the feast of the Sacred Heart, 22 June 1990.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-2"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2007 and 2008 the church halls were refurbished, access improved and a new youth room added.[2] On 17 November 2012, it was announced that the Jesuits would no longer be involved in the direct administration of the church after serving the parish for over 130 years. On 10 January 2014, it was handed over to the Archdiocese of Southwark who continue to administer the parish.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wimbledon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_College"},{"link_name":"Donhead School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donhead"},{"link_name":"Ursuline High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursuline_High_School,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"Ursuline Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursuline_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Ursulines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursulines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-2"},{"link_name":"Christian Life Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Life_Community"},{"link_name":"Ignatian spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatian_spirituality"},{"link_name":"fair trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_certification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The church is next door to Wimbledon College and Donhead School for boys (both of these schools are served by the Jesuits) and the Ursuline High School and Ursuline Preparatory School for girls (served by the Ursulines), which all enjoy a close relationship with the parish.[2] The schools use the church for various masses throughout the school year.The parish hosts many groups within its parish centre. It has a local Christian Life Community association which ministers to the spiritual needs of the parish, by garnering interest in Ignatian spirituality. Also, it has a social justice group which promotes fair trade products and raises awareness of social issues.[5]","title":"Parish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stan Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Swamy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gian-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gian-13"}],"sub_title":"Jesuit Missions","text":"Jesuit Missions is a development and mission-based charity of the Society of Jesus in Britain. It remains on the same street as the church after the Jesuits handed the parish over to the archdiocese.[6] In 1961, it moved from Roehampton to Wimbledon and was led by Tony Montfort for 40 years.[7][8] It organises fundraising initiatives, such as through the London Marathon, and distributes the money to developing countries.[9][10] It distributes news about the activities of overseas Jesuits and other missionaries, such as the imprisonment of Stan Swamy,[11][12] and the murders of La Salle laybrother Paul McAuley in Peru, and Fr Victor-Luke Odhiambo in Kenya.[13][14] It with other charities and networks such as Global First Responder,[15] Educate Magis,[16] the Xavier Network,[17] Justice in Mining group and within the Global Ignatian Advocacy Network.[13]","title":"Parish"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_RC_Church_Interior_1,_Wimbledon,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_RC_Church_Interior_2,_Wimbledon,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_RC_Church_Interior_3,_Wimbledon,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_RC_Church_Interior_4,_Wimbledon,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1599035.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon.JPG"}],"text":"The nave looking north-east\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sanctuary\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe nave looking south-west\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe nave from the organ gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Darlaston Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Edge Hill","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Jesuit sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites"},{"title":"List of Catholic churches in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"\"Welcome,\". Sacred Heart Wimbledon. Retrieved 5 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome,\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon¶ms=51.4177_N_0.2194_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°25′04″N 0°13′10″W / 51.4177°N 0.2194°W / 51.4177; -0.2194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon¶ms=51.4177_N_0.2194_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°25′04″N 0°13′10″W / 51.4177°N 0.2194°W / 51.4177; -0.2194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon¶ms=51.417724_N_0.219379_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Sacred+Heart+Church","external_links_name":"TQ2391670250"},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/","external_links_name":"SacredHeartWimbledon.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.rcsouthwark.co.uk/deaneries.html","external_links_name":"Merton"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-205044-church-of-the-sacred-heart-greater-londo","external_links_name":"British Listed Buildings"},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome,\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/history_of_the_church","external_links_name":"Sacred Heart Wimbledon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022152402/http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/history_of_the_church","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/event/handover_of_the_parish_and_induction_of_mgr_hudson_as_parish_priest","external_links_name":"Sacred Heart Wimbledon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228015423/http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/event/handover_of_the_parish_and_induction_of_mgr_hudson_as_parish_priest","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/parish_ministries_groups_organisations","external_links_name":"Sacred Heart Wimbledon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100809082920/http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/parish_ministries_groups_organisations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/21459","external_links_name":"Jesuits to hand South London parish over to diocese"},{"Link":"https://archive.catholic-heritage.net/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=ABSI%2FPC%2F2","external_links_name":"Sacred Heart, Wimbledon"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/ianjcurtis/docs/winter_07_issue/21","external_links_name":"Tony Montfort Obituary"},{"Link":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/jesuits-running-london-marathon-to-raise-awareness-dressed-as-wombles.675000","external_links_name":"Jesuits running London marathon to raise awareness - dressed as Wombles"},{"Link":"https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/20259","external_links_name":"Thousands raised for Jesuit projects in London Marathon"},{"Link":"https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/41095","external_links_name":"London: Silent protest calls for release of Fr Stan Swamy"},{"Link":"https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/13505/priests-protest-for-release-of-imprisoned-jesuit","external_links_name":"Priests protest for release of imprisoned Jesuit"},{"Link":"https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/36842","external_links_name":"Peru: Environmentalist La Salle brother found dead"},{"Link":"https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11024/jesuit-missions-partner-murdered-in-south-sudan-","external_links_name":"Jesuit Missions partner murdered in South Sudan"},{"Link":"https://globalfirstresponder.org/2016/jesuit-missions/","external_links_name":"Jesuit Missions"},{"Link":"https://www.educatemagis.org/blogs/jesuit-schools-come-together-to-tackle-climate-change/","external_links_name":"Jesuit schools come together to tackle climate change"},{"Link":"https://xavier.network/who-we-are/our-members/jesuit-missions/","external_links_name":"Jesuit Missions"},{"Link":"http://www.sacredheartwimbledon.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://jesuitmissions.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Jesuit Missions site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianosa | Pianosa | ["1 Geography","2 Flora","3 Fauna","4 History","5 Penal colony","6 Marine protected area","7 Geographical landmarks","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833Island in the Tuscan Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
For the island in the Tremiti Islands, off the Adriatic coast in the Apulia, see Tremiti Islands.
42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833
Pianosa IslandNative name: Isola di PianosaThe harbour of PianosaPianosa IslandGeographyLocationTyrrhenian SeaArchipelagoTuscan ArchipelagoArea10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi)Length5.8 km (3.6 mi)Width4.8 km (2.98 mi)Coastline22 km (13.7 mi)Highest elevation29 m (95 ft)AdministrationItalyRegionTuscanyProvinceLivornoComuneCampo nell'ElbaCapital cityPianosaDemographicsPopulation10 (2001)Pop. density1/km2 (3/sq mi)
Pianosa (Italian pronunciation: ) is an island in the Tuscan Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. It is about 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) in area, with a coastal perimeter of 26 km (16 mi).
Geography
In Roman times the island was named Planasia (plain) because of its flatness – its highest point stands at 29 m (95 ft) above sea level. It is a triangular-shaped land mass 14 km (9 mi) south west of Elba, and is a frazione of the municipality of Campo nell'Elba.
Pianosa is the fifth biggest island of the Tuscan Archipelago and the only one to be formed out of sedimentary rock of the Neogene and Quaternary; such fossils as echinoderms, mollusca and bryozoa of the Pliocene are frequently found.
Flora
The vegetation consists mainly of Mediterranean species as lentisco, fennel, juniper, rosemary and Pinus halepensis, which was introduced on the island in the 1900s.
Fauna
The animals living on the island are largely small mammals, such as hedgehog and hare, introduced in the 1800s, as well as the pheasant and the red-legged partridge; the magpie and the Audouin's gull nest along the coast and are protected by the National Park. The island is a stopping place for migrating birds in their seasonal passage from North to South. The sea around Pianosa is rich in fish because the coast was unapproachable for a long time, while today National Park regulations forbid fishing. Grouper, dory, dentex, moray, crawfish and many other species of fish inhabit the seas around the island.
History
Forte Teglia
The island was first inhabited in the Upper Palaeolithic, the Later Stone Age, but when in 5000 BC the sea level rose and reached the current level, the few inhabitants took refuge on the nearby Scola islet where traces of their presence were found. Fishing tools and ceramics of the Mesolithic were found as well as artefacts in quartz and flint probably coming from Elba.
The ancient Romans' Planasia had structures and was extensively cultivated. It became noted in history when the princeps Augustus banished his grandson and former designated heir Agrippa Postumus there in 6 or 7 AD.
Postumus remained there until his murder by an assassin sent by Tiberius, around 14 AD. Postumus lived in Pianosa at Villa Agrippa which was discovered by abbot Gaetano Chierici in the second half of 1800s and included a theatre, a thermal bath (Bagni di Agrippa), and a Roman villa with black and white mosaic floors with marine-themed mythological decorations.
In the 4th century a small Christian community lived in Pianosa and left traces of their presence in catacombs. These are on two levels and are the largest north of Rome; 700 catacombs were discovered, indicating a fair number of residents.
Forte del Marchese
Pisa had custody of the island after a nearby naval battle victory in 874. In the Middle Ages the island's ownership was disputed by Pisa and Genoa because of its strategic position. In 1238 Genoa sent troops to the island with the pretence that the inhabitants engaged in piracy. The troops destroyed the village and the fortifications built by the Pisans and took the 150 inhabitants prisoner. Pianosa was returned shortly afterward to Pisa, but Genoa had the supremacy of the Tyrrhenian Sea after the Battle of Meloria. The island returned to Pisan control under an agreement that required the Pisans leave it uncultivated and uninhabited, but the pact was not honoured. The Appiano family, who ruled Pisa, leased the island to the De Leis family and then to the Landi family in 1344. The Appianos sold Pisa to Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1399 and established the small Principality of Piombino which included Suvereto, Scarlino, Vignale, Populonia and the islands of Elba, Montecristo and Pianosa. On August 15, 1552, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Spain consigned to Cosimo I de' Medici the Principality of Piombino in exchange of a loan of 200,000 scudi.
Pianosa underwent numerous incursions by pirates; the worst took place in 1553, when a French Turkish fleet commanded by Dragut wiped out the population. After that the island changed ownership several times and was populated only seasonally by farmers coming from Elba to cultivate the land. On 27 August 1802 Napoleon established that Elba, Capraia, Gorgona, Pianosa, Palmaiola and Montecristo were part of the French territory and in 1805 assigned the regions of Piombino, Elba, and the part of Pianosa that was fortified to his sister Elisa Bonaparte. On 9 April 1809 the Archipelago returned to Tuscan ownership, when Tuscany was ruled by the French. On 10 May British marines and sailors from HMS Seahorse and HMS Halcyon landed on Pianosa and Giannutri. The landing parties destroyed the forts and captured about 100 prisoners during four hours of fighting. British losses were one marine killed and one wounded. The landing party also sent the farmers back to Elba and left the island deserted. Napoleon went to Pianosa from Elba twice, rebuilt the tower, set up a garrison to defend the island, and built some houses to settle farmers. The Congress of Vienna assigned Elba and the Tuscan Archipelago to the Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Although 18th-century documents report that it was once densely wooded, humans and the animals they brought have destroyed the trees on the island, which is now largely grassland except some coastal areas.
Penal colony
Palazzo della Specola
In 1856, Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany established a penal colony in Pianosa because it was considered a perfect place to isolate, segregate, and oversee detainees. At the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, there were 149 prisoners on the island. In 1864 a structure able to contain 350 prisoners was built, but in 1872 the island was divided into numerous farms organizing the inmates as small communities. In 1880 there were 960 detainees. The captives cultivated cereals, produced oil, and wine such as Sangiovese and Procanico. There were poultry, pig, and cattle farms. From 1884 until 1965, because of its dry climate, Pianosa hosted convicts from the Italian mainland who had been affected by tuberculosis. At the beginning of the 1900s, the population on the island was 21 civilians, 80 prison guards, 40 soldiers, and 800 prisoners. Sandro Pertini, later President of the Republic of Italy, became an inmate in 1932 for political reasons. During World War II, on 17 September 1943, German troops invaded Pianosa and occupied it. On 19 March 1944 French commandos landed on the island, and after a short firefight, left with 40 prison guards as hostages. The following month, an Allied bomber attacked the island, killing six people.
In the post-war period the colony returned to its original role as a prison island. A Carabinieri station was established, as was a detachment of Guardia di Finanza, and houses were built to accommodate the families of the soldiers. In the 1970s, on order of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, the former sanatorium, named Agrippa Branch, was transformed into a maximum security prison to confine Mafia bosses, and terrorists of the Red Brigades: Giovanni Senzani, Renato Curcio, Alberto Franceschini, and Bruno Seghetti. Under the article 41-bis prison regime, in May 1977 aircraft and helicopters transferred 600 convicts from all over Italy to Pianosa in only two days.
A reinforced concrete wall, six metres high and 3 km (2 mi) long, was built in 1979 to separate the village from the penitentiary. The murder of judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino in 1992 led to the reopening of the Agrippa Branch under the 41-bis regime and during the night of July 20, fifty-five Mafia bosses incarcerated at Palermo Ucciardone prison, among them Michele Greco, were transferred by military transport aircraft to Pisa Airport and then to Pianosa by helicopter.
The island was a prison fortress until 17 July 1997, when Gaetano Murana, the last 41-bis prison regime detainee, was transferred to another prison. Prior to that time Pianosa had hosted Mafia bosses such as Pippo Calò, Nitto Santapaola and Giovanni Brusca, and had become well known for the brutality inflicted on the prisoners.
The Prodi government decided to close the penitentiary permanently on 28 June 1998. Pianosa was evacuated in a single day by the remaining detainees and residents, leaving a few guards on the island as caretakers.
Marine protected area
West coast of Pianosa
Pianosa is part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, which has been a marine protected area since 1996 to preserve its archaeological and environmental heritage, which had been preserved in the past due to its inaccessibility to tourism.
The island permits visits by only 250 tourists per day, arriving by ferry from the Island of Elba. Fishing, diving, or anchoring are not allowed without a special authorization. During the summer season Pianosa can be reached once a week from Rio Marina and Piombino on the Toremar fleet, twice a week from San Vincenzo and daily from Marina di Campo on the service. It is possible to visit the island, but only with organized excursions or trekking by bicycle escorted by park guides.
Geographical landmarks
Bagni di Agrippa
Cala dell’Alga
Cala Giovanna
Cala dei Turchi
Cala San Giovanni
Cala di Biagio
Cala del Bruciato
Cala della Ruta
Golfo della Botte
Porto Romano
Punta del Marchese
Punta del Grottone
Punta Secca
Punta Brigantina
Punta del Segnale
Punta del Libeccio
Punta del Pulpito
In popular culture
Joseph Heller's absurdist anti-war novel Catch-22 is set mostly on Pianosa, at a fictional United States Army Air Forces bomber base during World War II. Heller notes at the beginning of Catch-22 that the real Pianosa is too small to "accommodate all the actions described." One obvious difference is that Heller's "Pianosa" has a small community of Italian villagers, unlike the real island. Heller had been stationed on Corsica between May 1944 and December 1944, and flew 60 combat missions in B-25 Mitchell bombers as a bombardier with the 488th Bombardment Squadron (340th Bombardment Group, 57th Bombardment Wing, 12th Air Force).
See also
List of islands of Italy
Tuscan Archipelago
Pianosa Lighthouse
Battle of Pianosa
References
^ "Pianosa (Toscana) — Italian Paleontological Society". paleoitalia.org. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "Pianosa". www.islepark.gov.it. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ a b "la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i primi pianosini". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "The Internet Classics Archive - The Annals by Tacitus". classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "la storia dell'isola di pianosa: da pipino il breve agli appiani". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ Naval Chronicle, Vol. 22, p.255.
^ "la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i pirati, napoelone e il granducato". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "la storia dell'isola di pianosa: l'isola-carcere". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ insorgenze (8 November 2009). "Pianosa, l'isola-carcere dei pestaggi, luogo di sadismo contro i detenuti". Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archivio.corriere.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ ""Nell'inferno del carcere di Pianosa capii perché Scarantino mi accusava" - Palermo - Repubblica.it". Palermo - La Repubblica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "Pianosa, il paradiso terrestre salvato dai detenuti". Video: ultime notizie - Corriere TV. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "la storia dell'isola di pianosa: il dopoguerra". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "Traghetti Isola d'Elba e Arcipelago Toscano: le tratte - Toremar". www.toremar.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "Arrivare a Pianosa, Elba, Capraia, Giglio e Corsica da SAN VINCENZO e PIOMBINO. Dormire a Pianosa". www.aquavision.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ Scoggins, Michael C. Joseph Heller’s Combat Experiences in Catch-22 War, Literature & the Arts Journal
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isola di Pianosa.
Arcipelago Toscano National Park
Portals: Geography Islands Italy
vteTuscan ArchipelagoMain islands
Capraia
Elba
Giannutri
Giglio
Gorgona
Montecristo
Pianosa
Minor islands
Cerboli
Palmaiola
Formiche di Capraia
Formiche di Grosseto
Isola Corbella
Isola dei Topi
Isola della Cappa
Isola della Peraiola
Isola di Ortano
Isole Gemini
Isolotto della Scarpa
Isolotto della Scola
Scoglietto di Portoferraio
Islets and skerries
Argentarola
Faraglione dell'Isola del Giglio
Formiche della Zanca
Isolotto della Paolina
Le Scole
Meloria
Scoglio d'Africa
Scoglio del Corvo
Scoglio del Gatto
Scoglio dell'Ogliera
Scoglio della Manza
Scoglio della Triglia
Scoglio Forano
Scoglio Remaiolo
Scoglione di Capraia
Secche di Vada
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tremiti Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremiti_Islands"},{"link_name":"42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pianosa¶ms=42_34_56_N_10_04_42_E_"},{"link_name":"[pjaˈnoːza]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Tuscan Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Island in the Tuscan Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea, ItalyFor the island in the Tremiti Islands, off the Adriatic coast in the Apulia, see Tremiti Islands.42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833Pianosa (Italian pronunciation: [pjaˈnoːza]) is an island in the Tuscan Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. It is about 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) in area, with a coastal perimeter of 26 km (16 mi).","title":"Pianosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"Campo nell'Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_nell%27Elba"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"echinoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm"},{"link_name":"mollusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"bryozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In Roman times the island was named Planasia (plain) because of its flatness – its highest point stands at 29 m (95 ft) above sea level. It is a triangular-shaped land mass 14 km (9 mi) south west of Elba, and is a frazione of the municipality of Campo nell'Elba. \nPianosa is the fifth biggest island of the Tuscan Archipelago and the only one to be formed out of sedimentary rock of the Neogene and Quaternary; such fossils as echinoderms, mollusca and bryozoa of the Pliocene are frequently found.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub"},{"link_name":"lentisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus"},{"link_name":"fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_phoenicea"},{"link_name":"rosemary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary"},{"link_name":"Pinus halepensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_halepensis"}],"text":"The vegetation consists mainly of Mediterranean species as lentisco, fennel, juniper, rosemary and Pinus halepensis, which was introduced on the island in the 1900s.","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae"},{"link_name":"red-legged partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-legged_partridge"},{"link_name":"magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelkouan_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Audouin's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audouin%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"migrating birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper"},{"link_name":"dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparus_aurata"},{"link_name":"dentex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentex_dentex"},{"link_name":"moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray_eel"},{"link_name":"crawfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus_elephas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The animals living on the island are largely small mammals, such as hedgehog and hare, introduced in the 1800s, as well as the pheasant and the red-legged partridge; the magpie and the Audouin's gull nest along the coast and are protected by the National Park. The island is a stopping place for migrating birds in their seasonal passage from North to South. The sea around Pianosa is rich in fish because the coast was unapproachable for a long time, while today National Park regulations forbid fishing. Grouper, dory, dentex, moray, crawfish and many other species of fish inhabit the seas around the island.\n[2]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forte_Teglia_Pianosa_(LI)2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Upper Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"Later Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"5000 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_BC"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-associazionepianosa.it-3"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"princeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeps"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Agrippa Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-associazionepianosa.it-3"},{"link_name":"catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forte_del_Marchese_Pianosa_(LI)2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality"},{"link_name":"Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piombino"},{"link_name":"Suvereto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereto"},{"link_name":"Scarlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlino"},{"link_name":"Populonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populonia"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"Montecristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecristo"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Cosimo I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"scudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_scudo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"Dragut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragut"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Capraia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capraia"},{"link_name":"Gorgona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Palmaiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaiola"},{"link_name":"Montecristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecristo"},{"link_name":"French territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Elisa Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"HMS Seahorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Giannutri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannutri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Forte TegliaThe island was first inhabited in the Upper Palaeolithic, the Later Stone Age, but when in 5000 BC the sea level rose and reached the current level, the few inhabitants took refuge on the nearby Scola islet where traces of their presence were found. Fishing tools and ceramics of the Mesolithic were found as well as artefacts in quartz and flint probably coming from Elba.[3]\nThe ancient Romans' Planasia had structures and was extensively cultivated. It became noted in history when the princeps Augustus banished his grandson and former designated heir Agrippa Postumus there in 6 or 7 AD.\n[4] Postumus remained there until his murder by an assassin sent by Tiberius, around 14 AD. Postumus lived in Pianosa at Villa Agrippa which was discovered by abbot Gaetano Chierici in the second half of 1800s and included a theatre, a thermal bath (Bagni di Agrippa), and a Roman villa with black and white mosaic floors with marine-themed mythological decorations.[3]In the 4th century a small Christian community lived in Pianosa and left traces of their presence in catacombs. These are on two levels and are the largest north of Rome; 700 catacombs were discovered, indicating a fair number of residents.Forte del MarchesePisa had custody of the island after a nearby naval battle victory in 874. In the Middle Ages the island's ownership was disputed by Pisa and Genoa because of its strategic position. In 1238 Genoa sent troops to the island with the pretence that the inhabitants engaged in piracy. The troops destroyed the village and the fortifications built by the Pisans and took the 150 inhabitants prisoner. Pianosa was returned shortly afterward to Pisa, but Genoa had the supremacy of the Tyrrhenian Sea after the Battle of Meloria. The island returned to Pisan control under an agreement that required the Pisans leave it uncultivated and uninhabited, but the pact was not honoured. The Appiano family, who ruled Pisa, leased the island to the De Leis family and then to the Landi family in 1344. The Appianos sold Pisa to Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1399 and established the small Principality of Piombino which included Suvereto, Scarlino, Vignale, Populonia and the islands of Elba, Montecristo and Pianosa. On August 15, 1552, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Spain consigned to Cosimo I de' Medici the Principality of Piombino in exchange of a loan of 200,000 scudi. \n[5]Pianosa underwent numerous incursions by pirates; the worst took place in 1553, when a French Turkish fleet commanded by Dragut wiped out the population. After that the island changed ownership several times and was populated only seasonally by farmers coming from Elba to cultivate the land. On 27 August 1802 Napoleon established that Elba, Capraia, Gorgona, Pianosa, Palmaiola and Montecristo were part of the French territory and in 1805 assigned the regions of Piombino, Elba, and the part of Pianosa that was fortified to his sister Elisa Bonaparte. On 9 April 1809 the Archipelago returned to Tuscan ownership, when Tuscany was ruled by the French. On 10 May British marines and sailors from HMS Seahorse and HMS Halcyon landed on Pianosa and Giannutri. The landing parties destroyed the forts and captured about 100 prisoners during four hours of fighting. British losses were one marine killed and one wounded.[6] The landing party also sent the farmers back to Elba and left the island deserted. Napoleon went to Pianosa from Elba twice, rebuilt the tower, set up a garrison to defend the island, and built some houses to settle farmers. The Congress of Vienna assigned Elba and the Tuscan Archipelago to the Grand Duke of Tuscany.Although 18th-century documents report that it was once densely wooded, humans and the animals they brought have destroyed the trees on the island, which is now largely grassland except some coastal areas.\n[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_Specola_Pianosa_(LI)2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Sangiovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese"},{"link_name":"Procanico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procanico"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"prison guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_Penitenziaria"},{"link_name":"Sandro Pertini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"Guardia di Finanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza"},{"link_name":"Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Dalla_Chiesa"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Red Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Renato Curcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Curcio"},{"link_name":"Alberto Franceschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Franceschini"},{"link_name":"article 41-bis prison regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_41-bis_prison_regime"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone"},{"link_name":"Paolo Borsellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Michele Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Greco"},{"link_name":"Pisa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_Airport"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pippo Calò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippo_Cal%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Nitto Santapaola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitto_Santapaola"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Brusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brusca"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Palazzo della SpecolaIn 1856, Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany established a penal colony in Pianosa because it was considered a perfect place to isolate, segregate, and oversee detainees. At the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, there were 149 prisoners on the island. In 1864 a structure able to contain 350 prisoners was built, but in 1872 the island was divided into numerous farms organizing the inmates as small communities. In 1880 there were 960 detainees. The captives cultivated cereals, produced oil, and wine such as Sangiovese and Procanico. There were poultry, pig, and cattle farms. From 1884 until 1965, because of its dry climate, Pianosa hosted convicts from the Italian mainland who had been affected by tuberculosis. At the beginning of the 1900s, the population on the island was 21 civilians, 80 prison guards, 40 soldiers, and 800 prisoners. Sandro Pertini, later President of the Republic of Italy, became an inmate in 1932 for political reasons. During World War II, on 17 September 1943, German troops invaded Pianosa and occupied it. On 19 March 1944 French commandos landed on the island, and after a short firefight, left with 40 prison guards as hostages. The following month, an Allied bomber attacked the island, killing six people.[8]In the post-war period the colony returned to its original role as a prison island. A Carabinieri station was established, as was a detachment of Guardia di Finanza, and houses were built to accommodate the families of the soldiers. In the 1970s, on order of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, the former sanatorium, named Agrippa Branch, was transformed into a maximum security prison to confine Mafia bosses, and terrorists of the Red Brigades: Giovanni Senzani, Renato Curcio, Alberto Franceschini, and Bruno Seghetti. Under the article 41-bis prison regime, in May 1977 aircraft and helicopters transferred 600 convicts from all over Italy to Pianosa in only two days.[9]\nA reinforced concrete wall, six metres high and 3 km (2 mi) long, was built in 1979 to separate the village from the penitentiary. The murder of judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino in 1992 led to the reopening of the Agrippa Branch under the 41-bis regime and during the night of July 20, fifty-five Mafia bosses incarcerated at Palermo Ucciardone prison, among them Michele Greco, were transferred by military transport aircraft to Pisa Airport and then to Pianosa by helicopter. \n[10]The island was a prison fortress until 17 July 1997, when Gaetano Murana, the last 41-bis prison regime detainee, was transferred to another prison. Prior to that time Pianosa had hosted Mafia bosses such as Pippo Calò, Nitto Santapaola and Giovanni Brusca, and had become well known for the brutality inflicted on the prisoners.\n[11]\nThe Prodi government decided to close the penitentiary permanently on 28 June 1998. Pianosa was evacuated in a single day by the remaining detainees and residents, leaving a few guards on the island as caretakers.[12][13]","title":"Penal colony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costa_occidentale_Pianosa_(LI).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arcipelago Toscano National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcipelago_Toscano_National_Park"},{"link_name":"marine protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"Rio Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Marina"},{"link_name":"Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piombino"},{"link_name":"Toremar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toremar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Vincenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vincenzo,_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Marina di Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_di_Campo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"West coast of PianosaPianosa is part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, which has been a marine protected area since 1996 to preserve its archaeological and environmental heritage, which had been preserved in the past due to its inaccessibility to tourism.The island permits visits by only 250 tourists per day, arriving by ferry from the Island of Elba. Fishing, diving, or anchoring are not allowed without a special authorization. During the summer season Pianosa can be reached once a week from Rio Marina and Piombino on the Toremar fleet,[14] twice a week from San Vincenzo and daily from Marina di Campo on the service.[15] It is possible to visit the island, but only with organized excursions or trekking by bicycle escorted by park guides.","title":"Marine protected area"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bagni di Agrippa\nCala dell’Alga\nCala Giovanna\nCala dei Turchi\nCala San Giovanni\nCala di Biagio\nCala del Bruciato\nCala della Ruta\nGolfo della Botte\nPorto Romano\nPunta del Marchese\nPunta del Grottone\nPunta Secca\nPunta Brigantina\nPunta del Segnale\nPunta del Libeccio\nPunta del Pulpito","title":"Geographical landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Heller"},{"link_name":"Catch-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"488th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/488th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Joseph Heller's absurdist anti-war novel Catch-22 is set mostly on Pianosa, at a fictional United States Army Air Forces bomber base during World War II. Heller notes at the beginning of Catch-22 that the real Pianosa is too small to \"accommodate all the actions described.\" One obvious difference is that Heller's \"Pianosa\" has a small community of Italian villagers, unlike the real island. Heller had been stationed on Corsica between May 1944 and December 1944, and flew 60 combat missions in B-25 Mitchell bombers as a bombardier with the 488th Bombardment Squadron (340th Bombardment Group, 57th Bombardment Wing, 12th Air Force).[16]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Forte Teglia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Forte_Teglia_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg/200px-Forte_Teglia_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forte del Marchese","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Forte_del_Marchese_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg/200px-Forte_del_Marchese_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palazzo della Specola","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Palazzo_della_Specola_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg/200px-Palazzo_della_Specola_Pianosa_%28LI%292.jpg"},{"image_text":"West coast of Pianosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Costa_occidentale_Pianosa_%28LI%29.jpg/200px-Costa_occidentale_Pianosa_%28LI%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of islands of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy"},{"title":"Tuscan Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago"},{"title":"Pianosa Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianosa_Lighthouse"},{"title":"Battle of Pianosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa"}] | [{"reference":"\"Pianosa (Toscana) — Italian Paleontological Society\". paleoitalia.org. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://paleoitalia.org/places/14/pianosa/","url_text":"\"Pianosa (Toscana) — Italian Paleontological Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pianosa\". www.islepark.gov.it. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022203029/http://islepark.gov.it/visitare-il-parco/pianosa","url_text":"\"Pianosa\""},{"url":"http://www.islepark.gov.it/visitare-il-parco/pianosa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i primi pianosini\". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/primipianosini.asp","url_text":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i primi pianosini\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Internet Classics Archive - The Annals by Tacitus\". classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.1.i.html","url_text":"\"The Internet Classics Archive - The Annals by Tacitus\""}]},{"reference":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: da pipino il breve agli appiani\". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/pipinoilbreve.asp","url_text":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: da pipino il breve agli appiani\""}]},{"reference":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i pirati, napoelone e il granducato\". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/piratinapoleone.asp","url_text":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i pirati, napoelone e il granducato\""}]},{"reference":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: l'isola-carcere\". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/isolacarcere.asp","url_text":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: l'isola-carcere\""}]},{"reference":"insorgenze (8 November 2009). \"Pianosa, l'isola-carcere dei pestaggi, luogo di sadismo contro i detenuti\". Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://insorgenze.net/2009/11/08/pianosa-l%e2%80%99isola-carcere-dei-pestaggi-luogo-di-sadismo-contro-i-detenuti/","url_text":"\"Pianosa, l'isola-carcere dei pestaggi, luogo di sadismo contro i detenuti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archivio.corriere.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Nell'inferno del carcere di Pianosa capii perché Scarantino mi accusava\" - Palermo - Repubblica.it\". Palermo - La Repubblica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/10/29/news/nell_inferno_del_carcere_di_pianosa_capii_perch_scarantino_mi_accusava-24109705/","url_text":"\"\"Nell'inferno del carcere di Pianosa capii perché Scarantino mi accusava\" - Palermo - Repubblica.it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pianosa, il paradiso terrestre salvato dai detenuti\". Video: ultime notizie - Corriere TV. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://video.corriere.it/pianosa-paradiso-terrestre-salvato-detenuti/ad86d1a6-3875-11e5-90a3-057b2afb93b2","url_text":"\"Pianosa, il paradiso terrestre salvato dai detenuti\""}]},{"reference":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: il dopoguerra\". www.associazionepianosa.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/dopoguerra.asp","url_text":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: il dopoguerra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traghetti Isola d'Elba e Arcipelago Toscano: le tratte - Toremar\". www.toremar.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toremar.it/it/tratte/tratte.html","url_text":"\"Traghetti Isola d'Elba e Arcipelago Toscano: le tratte - Toremar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrivare a Pianosa, Elba, Capraia, Giglio e Corsica da SAN VINCENZO e PIOMBINO. Dormire a Pianosa\". www.aquavision.it. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aquavision.it/","url_text":"\"Arrivare a Pianosa, Elba, Capraia, Giglio e Corsica da SAN VINCENZO e PIOMBINO. Dormire a Pianosa\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pianosa¶ms=42_34_56_N_10_04_42_E_","external_links_name":"42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pianosa¶ms=42_34_56_N_10_04_42_E_","external_links_name":"42°34′56″N 10°04′42″E / 42.58222°N 10.07833°E / 42.58222; 10.07833"},{"Link":"http://paleoitalia.org/places/14/pianosa/","external_links_name":"\"Pianosa (Toscana) — Italian Paleontological Society\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022203029/http://islepark.gov.it/visitare-il-parco/pianosa","external_links_name":"\"Pianosa\""},{"Link":"http://www.islepark.gov.it/visitare-il-parco/pianosa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/primipianosini.asp","external_links_name":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i primi pianosini\""},{"Link":"http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.1.i.html","external_links_name":"\"The Internet Classics Archive - The Annals by Tacitus\""},{"Link":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/pipinoilbreve.asp","external_links_name":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: da pipino il breve agli appiani\""},{"Link":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/piratinapoleone.asp","external_links_name":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: i pirati, napoelone e il granducato\""},{"Link":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/isolacarcere.asp","external_links_name":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: l'isola-carcere\""},{"Link":"https://insorgenze.net/2009/11/08/pianosa-l%e2%80%99isola-carcere-dei-pestaggi-luogo-di-sadismo-contro-i-detenuti/","external_links_name":"\"Pianosa, l'isola-carcere dei pestaggi, luogo di sadismo contro i detenuti\""},{"Link":"http://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/10/29/news/nell_inferno_del_carcere_di_pianosa_capii_perch_scarantino_mi_accusava-24109705/","external_links_name":"\"\"Nell'inferno del carcere di Pianosa capii perché Scarantino mi accusava\" - Palermo - Repubblica.it\""},{"Link":"https://video.corriere.it/pianosa-paradiso-terrestre-salvato-detenuti/ad86d1a6-3875-11e5-90a3-057b2afb93b2","external_links_name":"\"Pianosa, il paradiso terrestre salvato dai detenuti\""},{"Link":"http://www.associazionepianosa.it/storia/dopoguerra.asp","external_links_name":"\"la storia dell'isola di pianosa: il dopoguerra\""},{"Link":"https://www.toremar.it/it/tratte/tratte.html","external_links_name":"\"Traghetti Isola d'Elba e Arcipelago Toscano: le tratte - Toremar\""},{"Link":"http://www.aquavision.it/","external_links_name":"\"Arrivare a Pianosa, Elba, Capraia, Giglio e Corsica da SAN VINCENZO e PIOMBINO. Dormire a Pianosa\""},{"Link":"http://wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/15_1-2/scoggins.pdf","external_links_name":"Scoggins, Michael C. Joseph Heller’s Combat Experiences in Catch-22"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022203029/http://islepark.gov.it/visitare-il-parco/pianosa","external_links_name":"Arcipelago Toscano National Park"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/403255","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_The--%3F! | What The--?! | ["1 Concept","2 History","3 List of What The--?! issues","4 External links"] | Marvel Comics comic book series self-parodying the Marvel Universe
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "What The--?!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
What The--?!Cover to What The--?! #26, the last issue of the series, art by Doug Rice.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFormatOngoing seriesGenre
Superhero
Publication dateAugust 1988 – Winter 1993No. of issues26
What The--?! is a Marvel Comics comic book series self-parodying the Marvel Universe, similar in vein to the 1960s series Not Brand Echh. It was billed as "The Marvel mag of mirth and mayhem!" The series ran for 26 issues, from August 1988 through Winter 1993, with issue #26 being a Fall Special. It typically contained a series of short stories with comedic takes on Marvel heroes and villains, such as having Spider-Ham substitute for Spider-Man.
Concept
What The--?! spotlighted some of the top artists and writers at the time. Many, such as Stan Lee and John Byrne, contributed works that spoof some of their all-time greatest successes. For example, in issue #2, Byrne creates a tale pitting his work on the Fantastic Four franchise against his work with Superman. The issue goes so far as to have the Lex Luthor character complain about the changes Byrne made to the Superman legend after DC Comics' Crisis on Infinite Earths.
Though it carried the Marvel Comics label on the front left corner, What The--?! touted itself as being published by "Marble Comics". What The--?! parodied Marvel institutions such as the legendary Marvel Comics fan mail page, with staged articles called "The Marble Mailbag" and the "What The...Mail". The title also did not contain any "true" advertisements. Instead, What The--?! hosted a number of fake advertisements that made fun of classic comic book advertisements such as Charles Atlas, novelty by-mail companies, and the Hostess snack food ads of the 1970s and 1980s.
History
What The--?! was originally published as a four-issue limited series. The last issue closed with an appeal from Fred Hembeck for readers to write to Marvel if they wanted to see more of the comic book. Several months later, What The--?! returned, resuming its numbering at issue #5.
Marvel.com has a web series called "Marvel Superheroes: What the--?!", mainly featuring MODOK and Deadpool.
List of What The--?! issues
Issue #
Characters
Characters parodied
Notable writers/artists
Year/month published
1
The Pulverizer, the Bower Brats, Clunk and Dagnabbit, the X-Persons and New Pubescents, the Watchman
The Punisher, Power Pack, Cloak and Dagger, the X-Men and related mutant teams of the time, the Watcher, the Beyonder
Peter B. Gillis, Hilary Barta, June Brigman, John Severin, Terry Austin, Jon Bogdanove, Steve Ditko, Al Milgrom
August 1988
2
The Fantastical Four, Superbman, Knick Furey, Woof R' Ream, Doctor Deranged
The Fantastic Four, Superman, Nick Fury, Wolverine, Doctor Strange
John Byrne, John Severin
September 1988
3
Spider-Ham, Vizzion and Scarlett Wench, Bat-Man, Scaredevil, Mutant Beach Party Chapter 1
Spider-Man, the Vision and the Scarlet Witch, Batman, Daredevil, assorted mutants
Glenn Herdling, Alex Saviuk, Kurt Busiek, Joe Sinnott, Fred Hembeck
October 1988
4
Mutant Beach Party Chapter 2, Doctor Deranged, Shang-Chew, Starchy, Lone Wolvie and Chris
The X-Men, the New Mutants, Doctor Strange, Shang-Chi, Archie, Lone Wolf and Cub
John Byrne, Kurt Busiek, Peter David, Fred Hembeck, David Schwartz
November 1988
5
The Pulverizer vs. Wolvoream, the Alien-ated Legion
The Punisher, Wolverine, the Alien Legion
Peter B. Gillis, Erik Larsen, Al Gordon, Terry Austin, Jim Lee, Chuck Dixon, Larry Stroman, Walt Jaschek, Whilce Portacio, Al Milgrom, Al Williamson, Hilary Barta, Doug Rice
July 1989
6
Smacks of Vengeance, Man-Thang, Swamp Thang, Sore, the Pulverizer
Acts of Vengeance, the Man-Thing, the Swamp Thing, Thor, the Punisher
Stan Lee, John Byrne, Terry Austin, Hilary Barta, Doug Rice, Howard Mackie, Peter B. Gillis
January 1990
7
The Revengers, Just-A-League, Awful Flight
The Avengers, the Justice League of America, Alpha Flight
Scott Lobdell, Marc McLauren, Tom DeFalco
April 1990
8
The Goon Knight, Son of Santa, Klang
The Moon Knight, the Son of Satan, Kang the Conqueror, Forbush Man returns
Scott Lobdell, Kurt Busiek
July 1990
9
Wolvie
Wolverine
John Byrne, Peter David, Scott Lobdell, Don McGregor
October 1990
10
What The--?! X-Mas Special: Milk and Cookies, Santa Doom, Chaplain America
Cloak and Dagger, Doctor Doom, Captain America
Scott Lobdell, John Byrne, AKIRA (Ayehearya)
January 1991
11
Wolverina
Wolverine
March 1991
12
Moanin' the Bavarian, Scarlet Itch
Conan the Barbarian, the Scarlet Witch
Rurik Tyler, Darren Auck
May 1991
13
Silver Burper, Bratman, Goose Rider, My-Fist-Toe
The Silver Surfer, Batman, the Ghost Rider, Mephisto
Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, Darren Auck
July 1991
14
September 1991
15
Strange Young Fighting Frogs, Tony Stork, Captain Ultra
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Tony Stark
Scott Lobdell, Joe Quesada, Darren Auck
November 1991
16
Ock Around the Christmas Tree, Milk and Cookies, Ka-Mart, the Vault of What The--?!
'Twas the Night Before Christmas, Cloak and Dagger, Ka-zar, The Vault of Horror (EC Comics)
Scott Lobdell, Darren Auck
January 1992
17
Environmental issue: Wolverweenie and Pulverizer save the rainforest
Wolverine, the Punisher
March 1992
18
May 1992
19
Ghost Writer, the Pulverizer, Wolvie, Knick Furey, Doctor Deranged
The Ghost Rider, the Punisher, Wolverine, Nick Fury, Doctor Strange
Scott Lobdell, Rick Stasi, Mike DeCarlo, Sholly Fisch, Rurik Tyler, Doug Rice, Hilary Barta
July 1992
20
The Infinity Wart, Pork Grind
The Infinity War, Venom
August 1992
21
Sheeza-Hulk, Toast Rider
The She-Hulk, the Ghost Rider, Weapon X
Marie Severin, Darren Auck, Hilary Barta
September 1992
22
The Pulverizer, Wolverweenie, Spider-Ham, Hazards of Being a Supervillain, Salem's Pot
The Punisher, Wolverine, Spider-Man, supervillains, Forbush Man
Joe Quesada, Hilary Barta, Roger Brown
October 1992
23
Superb Pro, Nick Furious, New Worriers
Super Pro, Nick Fury, the New Warriors, Forbush Man
Hilary Barta
November 1992
24
Roasting the Infinity Gauntlet
The Infinity Gauntlet
December 1992
25
Mutant parody issue
The X-Men, the New Mutants, X-Factor, X-Force
Summer 1993
26
Spider-Ham 15.88
Spider-Man 2099
Winter 1993
External links
What The--?! on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Not Brand Echh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Brand_Echh"},{"link_name":"Spider-Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Ham"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"}],"text":"What The--?! is a Marvel Comics comic book series self-parodying the Marvel Universe, similar in vein to the 1960s series Not Brand Echh. It was billed as \"The Marvel mag of mirth and mayhem!\" The series ran for 26 issues, from August 1988 through Winter 1993, with issue #26 being a Fall Special. It typically contained a series of short stories with comedic takes on Marvel heroes and villains, such as having Spider-Ham substitute for Spider-Man.","title":"What The--?!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"},{"link_name":"Charles Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Hostess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostess_(brand)"}],"text":"What The--?! spotlighted some of the top artists and writers at the time. Many, such as Stan Lee and John Byrne, contributed works that spoof some of their all-time greatest successes. For example, in issue #2, Byrne creates a tale pitting his work on the Fantastic Four franchise against his work with Superman. The issue goes so far as to have the Lex Luthor character complain about the changes Byrne made to the Superman legend after DC Comics' Crisis on Infinite Earths.Though it carried the Marvel Comics label on the front left corner, What The--?! touted itself as being published by \"Marble Comics\". What The--?! parodied Marvel institutions such as the legendary Marvel Comics fan mail page, with staged articles called \"The Marble Mailbag\" and the \"What The...Mail\". The title also did not contain any \"true\" advertisements. Instead, What The--?! hosted a number of fake advertisements that made fun of classic comic book advertisements such as Charles Atlas, novelty by-mail companies, and the Hostess snack food ads of the 1970s and 1980s.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Hembeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hembeck"},{"link_name":"Marvel Superheroes: What the--?!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Superheroes:_What_the--%3F!"},{"link_name":"MODOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODOK"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"}],"text":"What The--?! was originally published as a four-issue limited series. The last issue closed with an appeal from Fred Hembeck for readers to write to Marvel if they wanted to see more of the comic book. Several months later, What The--?! returned, resuming its numbering at issue #5.Marvel.com has a web series called \"Marvel Superheroes: What the--?!\", mainly featuring MODOK and Deadpool.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of What The--?! issues"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22What+The--%3F%21%22","external_links_name":"\"What The--?!\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22What+The--%3F%21%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22What+The--%3F%21%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22What+The--%3F%21%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22What+The--%3F%21%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22What+The--%3F%21%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:What_The","external_links_name":"What The--?!"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel","external_links_name":"Marvel Database"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_Literature | Companion of Literature | ["1 Recipients","2 Notes"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Companion of Literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The title Companion of Literature is the highest award bestowed by the Royal Society of Literature. The title was inaugurated in 1961, and is held by up to twelve living writers at any one time.
Recipients
Those who have been awarded the honour are listed below, by the year in which it was granted; those still living are indicated in bold.
1961
Winston Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965)
E. M. Forster (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970)
John Masefield (1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967)
W. Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965)
G. M. Trevelyan (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962)
1962
Edmund Blunden (1 November 1896 – 20 January 1974)
Aldous Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963)
1963
Edith Sitwell (7 September 1887 – 9 December 1964)
Evelyn Waugh (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966)
1964
Elizabeth Bowen (7 June 1899 – 22 February 1973)
Cecil Day-Lewis (27 April 1904 – 22 May 1972)
1967
Osbert Sitwell (6 December 1892 – 4 May 1969)
1968
John Betjeman (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984)
Ivy Compton-Burnett (5 June 1884 – 27 August 1969)
Compton Mackenzie (17 January 1883 – 30 November 1972)
Rebecca West (21 December 1892 – 15 March 1983)
1972
Lord David Cecil (9 April 1902 – 1 January 1986)
Cyril Connolly (10 September 1903 – 26 November 1974)
L. P. Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972)
Angus Wilson (11 August 1913 – 31 May 1991)
1974
Ruth Pitter (7 November 1897 – 29 February 1992)
Kenneth Clark (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983)
Arthur Koestler (5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983)
1978
Philip Larkin (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985)
David Garnett (9 March 1892 – 17 February 1981)
Stephen Spender (28 February 1909 – 16 July 1995)
1983
Samuel Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989)
William Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993)
Graham Greene (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991)
1987
Rosamund Lehmann (3 February 1901 – 12 March 1990)
Iris Murdoch (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999)
V. S. Pritchett (16 December 1900 – 20 March 1997)
Steven Runciman (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000)
1991
Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993)
Seamus Heaney (13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013)
Patrick Leigh Fermor (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011)
Muriel Spark (1 February 1918 – 13 April 2006)
1994
Sybille Bedford (16 March 1911 – 17 February 2006)
V. S. Naipaul (17 August 1932 – 11 August 2018)
William Trevor (24 May 1928 – 20 November 2016)
1998
D. J. Enright (11 March 1920 – 31 December 2002)
Harold Pinter (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008)
2001
Charles Causley (24 August 1917 – 4 November 2003)
Doris Lessing (22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013)
2004
Michael Holroyd (27 August 1935 – )
Tom Stoppard (3 July 1937 – )
2007
Michael Frayn (8 September 1933 – )
Peter Porter (16 February 1929 – 23 April 2010)
2012
Brian Friel (c. 9 January 1929 – 2 October 2015)
Margaret Atwood (November 18, 1939 – )
Alice Munro (10 July 1931 – )
2020
Anita Desai (24 June 1937 – )
Kazuo Ishiguro (8 November 1954 – )
Hilary Mantel (6 July 1952 – 22 September 2022)
Edna O’Brien (15 December 1930 – )
Philip Pullman (19 October 1946 – )
Colin Thubron (14 June 1939 – )
Notes
^ "Definition of Companion of Literature". Lexico, Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020.
^ "Companions of Literature". Royal Society of Literature. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The title Companion of Literature[1] is the highest award bestowed by the Royal Society of Literature. The title was inaugurated in 1961, and is held by up to twelve living writers at any one time.\n[2]","title":"Companion of Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"John Masefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masefield"},{"link_name":"W. Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"G. M. Trevelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan"},{"link_name":"Edmund Blunden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Blunden"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Edith Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Cecil Day-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis"},{"link_name":"Osbert Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbert_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"Ivy Compton-Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Compton-Burnett"},{"link_name":"Compton Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Rebecca West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_West"},{"link_name":"Lord David Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_David_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Cyril Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Connolly"},{"link_name":"L. P. Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._P._Hartley"},{"link_name":"Angus Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ruth Pitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Pitter"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clark"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"Philip Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin"},{"link_name":"David Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garnett"},{"link_name":"Stephen Spender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Spender"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"William Golding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Golding"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Rosamund Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Iris Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"V. S. Pritchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Pritchett"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Anthony Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Seamus Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leigh Fermor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor"},{"link_name":"Muriel Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Spark"},{"link_name":"Sybille Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybille_Bedford"},{"link_name":"V. S. Naipaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul"},{"link_name":"William Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Trevor"},{"link_name":"D. J. Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Enright"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Charles Causley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Causley"},{"link_name":"Doris Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Lessing"},{"link_name":"Michael Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holroyd"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Michael Frayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frayn"},{"link_name":"Peter Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Porter_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Brian Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Friel"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Alice Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Munro"},{"link_name":"Anita Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Desai"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"Hilary Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Mantel"},{"link_name":"Edna O’Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_O%E2%80%99Brien"},{"link_name":"Philip Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman"},{"link_name":"Colin Thubron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Thubron"}],"text":"Those who have been awarded the honour are listed below, by the year in which it was granted; those still living are indicated in bold.1961Winston Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965)\nE. M. Forster (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970)\nJohn Masefield (1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967)\nW. Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965)\nG. M. Trevelyan (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962)1962Edmund Blunden (1 November 1896 – 20 January 1974)\nAldous Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963)1963Edith Sitwell (7 September 1887 – 9 December 1964)\nEvelyn Waugh (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966)1964Elizabeth Bowen (7 June 1899 – 22 February 1973)\nCecil Day-Lewis (27 April 1904 – 22 May 1972)1967Osbert Sitwell (6 December 1892 – 4 May 1969)1968John Betjeman (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984)\nIvy Compton-Burnett (5 June 1884 – 27 August 1969)\nCompton Mackenzie (17 January 1883 – 30 November 1972)\nRebecca West (21 December 1892 – 15 March 1983)1972Lord David Cecil (9 April 1902 – 1 January 1986)\nCyril Connolly (10 September 1903 – 26 November 1974)\nL. P. Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972)\nAngus Wilson (11 August 1913 – 31 May 1991)1974Ruth Pitter (7 November 1897 – 29 February 1992)\nKenneth Clark (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983)\nArthur Koestler (5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983)1978Philip Larkin (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985)\nDavid Garnett (9 March 1892 – 17 February 1981)\nStephen Spender (28 February 1909 – 16 July 1995)1983Samuel Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989)\nWilliam Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993)\nGraham Greene (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991)1987Rosamund Lehmann (3 February 1901 – 12 March 1990)\nIris Murdoch (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999)\nV. S. Pritchett (16 December 1900 – 20 March 1997)\nSteven Runciman (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000)1991Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993)\nSeamus Heaney (13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013)\nPatrick Leigh Fermor (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011)\nMuriel Spark (1 February 1918 – 13 April 2006)1994Sybille Bedford (16 March 1911 – 17 February 2006)\nV. S. Naipaul (17 August 1932 – 11 August 2018)\nWilliam Trevor (24 May 1928 – 20 November 2016)1998D. J. Enright (11 March 1920 – 31 December 2002)\nHarold Pinter (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008)2001Charles Causley (24 August 1917 – 4 November 2003)\nDoris Lessing (22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013)2004Michael Holroyd (27 August 1935 – )\nTom Stoppard (3 July 1937 – )2007Michael Frayn (8 September 1933 – )\nPeter Porter (16 February 1929 – 23 April 2010)2012Brian Friel (c. 9 January 1929 – 2 October 2015)\nMargaret Atwood (November 18, 1939 – )\nAlice Munro (10 July 1931 – )2020Anita Desai (24 June 1937 – )\nKazuo Ishiguro (8 November 1954 – )\nHilary Mantel (6 July 1952 – 22 September 2022)\nEdna O’Brien (15 December 1930 – )\nPhilip Pullman (19 October 1946 – )\nColin Thubron (14 June 1939 – )","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Definition of Companion of Literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200220014644/https://www.lexico.com/definition/companion_of_literature"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexico.com/definition/companion_of_literature"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Companions of Literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rsliterature.org/award/companions-of-literature/"}],"text":"^ \"Definition of Companion of Literature\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn_of_Life | Urn of Life | ["1 History","2 Figure groups","3 Burial urn","4 Notes","5 References"] | Sculptures by George Grey Barnard
Musician Dying and The BirthLabor and Love and SolitudeThe Visitation
The Urn of Life (modeled 1898-1900, carved 1905-1906) is an allegorical sculpture by George Grey Barnard in the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Carved from white Carrara marble, it is 37.875 in (96.20 cm) in height, 32.25 in (81.9 cm) in diameter, and weighs approximately 1,650 lb (750 kg).
Following years in storage, the museum thoroughly cleaned the urn and returned it to public exhibition in 2012.
History
Anton Seidl, the 47-year-old Hungarian-born musical director of the New York Philharmonic and conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, died unexpectedly in 1898. A group of Seidl's friends and colleagues commissioned Barnard to create a burial urn to hold Seidl's ashes.
Barnard had made a spectacular debut at the 1894 Paris Salon, and his Struggle of the Two Natures in Man had entered the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1896. In 1891, he had modeled a 15 ft (4.6 m) chimneypiece decorated with high bas-relief figure groups illustrating Scandinavian myths. For the new commission, he modeled a series of clay sketches on the themes of life, death and religion, and incorporated these into what became The Urn of Life. Seidl's family initially declined the proposed urn because of its heroic size.
Barnard carved The Urn of Life in marble, 1905–1906. He developed five of its figure groups—The Mystery of Life, The Visitation, The Birth, Solitude, Musician Dying—into independent works.
The Urn of Life, Musician Dying, The Visitation, and The Birth were shown in the 1908 one-man exhibition of Barnard's work, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
The Mystery of Life, Musician Dying, The Birth, and Solitude were exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show in New York City, along with The Prodigal Son, from Barnard's Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups.
Barnard reworked the urn in 1918, about the time of America's entry into World War I. He sold the unfinished sculpture to the Carnegie Museum of Art in 1919.
Barnard later wrote that his work on The Urn of Life influenced the choices he made for the Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups.
Figure groups
Nineteen figures in seven groups encircle The Urn of Life, depicting life events and allegories. Barnard's descriptions of the figure groups come from his papers at the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution:
The Mystery of Life. The shrouded figure of Mystery holds an egg-shaped urn, while flanked by a man holding a tool and a woman holding flowers.
The End of Life. As a grieving couple surveys the recumbent body of an old man, an angel appears.
Musician Dying (also called The Dying Poet). A collapsed young man comforted by a female figure.
The Birth (also called Family Group).
Labor and Love. A standing woman rests her hand on the head of a kneeling and toiling man.
Solitude. Depicts the estrangement of Adam and Eve after the Fall of Man—"They are man and woman, together yet alone, divided by that same barrier that even the closest of earthly love is powerless to break down entirely."
The Visitation. A kneeling man kisses the brow of a recumbent woman who has just given birth, while a guardian angel holds their newborn babe. Above them is a sculptor, "hewing out wing from the solid rock,—which is the only way we ever get our wings!"
Marble versions of Solitude are at the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio; Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York; and the Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk, Virginia. A marble version of The Mystery of Life is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. Marble versions of The Birth, The Visitation, and Musician Dying were shown in the 1963 centenary exhibition of Barnard's work, but are currently unlocated.
The Mystery of Life (modeled 1898-1900), Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Birth (modeled 1899-1900), unlocated
Musician Dying (modeled 1898-1900), unlocated
Solitude (Adam and Eve) (carved 1905-1906), Taft Museum of Art
Burial urn
Following the rejection of a heroic size urn, Barnard carved a smaller and simplified version for Seidl's widow:
Urn for Siedl's Ashes: A memorial subscribed for by his friends on view at Steinways.A memorial urn to contain the ashes of Anton Seidl has been placed, temporarily, in the Steinway Building in East Fourteenth street, and Thursday there was a private viewof the urn for subscribers.Former associates and friends of Herr Seidl may see it by applying to Steinway & Sons untilJanuary 6. The urn was designed and carved by George Grey Barnard. It bears sculpturedfigures of a dying youth with a harp and of Mystery bearing a small urn of Life.
The egg-shaped burial urn is carved from white marble, and features two figure groups—Musician Dying and The Mystery of Life. It holds the ashes of Anton and Auguste Seidl, and is housed in the Fresh Pond Crematory and Columbarium in Queens, New York City.
Notes
^ "I found the seed which, when planted, grew into the two compositions known as 'Labor' and 'Love' on either side of the Capitol at Harrisburg."
^ Barnard: "The starting point is the veiled figure holding a small urn in her hand. This figure represents the Mystery of Life—a veiled mystery. Beneath the urn, held in the hands of Mystery, twines a lily which symbolizes life, and beneath it is a poppy which symbolizes death. The figure of the woman to the right represents Woman as understanding the mystery of life better than the man, and through motherhood in a way that Man cannot. Her attitude, with her fingers to her lips, suggests inquiry with reference to this mystery. In her right hand she holds the flowers that symbolize beauty and eternity—they are falling at the feet of Death. The man to the left, in the midst of his labor, reaches forth in an effort to understand or touch the Mystery of Life.
^ Barnard: "The Angel of Death closes with his right hand the lips of the aged man, while, as a benediction, he kisses the clasped hands of those who have been faithful unto death."
^ Barnard: "he group represents the silent, inward voice which inspires us to nobler efforts. The winged harp symbolizes the music of the soul."
^ Barnard: This "is a group representing the complete family—the father, mother, and child."
^ Barnard:"he group represents a man at labor, and the figure represents the love and sympathy of the wife.
^ Barnard: This "is a group composed of a man and a woman expressing the thought that while they are one in love and spirit, nevertheless they are separate souls."
^ Barnard: "The group … represents life and the birth of a child. The winged Angel of Life holds in her arms the bambino, or child. The father kneels by the head of the mother expressing his love and sympathy by the touch of a kiss. The figure above the kneeling father represents man carving the wing of the Angel of Life."
^ "The unfinished urn remained in Barnard's studio, and in 1908 it was included in the exhibition of his work at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where it was mistakenly assigned 1895–97 as its date."
References
^ a b Urn of Life, from Carnegie Museum of Art.
^ a b c Michael Belman, "Restoring the Urn of Life," Archived 2018-08-28 at the Wayback Machine CMOA blog, November 26, 2012.
^ a b c d The Mystery of Life, from SAAM.
^ a b The Music Trade Review, vol. 41, no. 26 (December 30, 1905), p. 27.(PDF)
^ a b c d Harold E. Dickson, George Grey Barnard: 1863 – Centenary Exhibition – 1963, (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1964).
^ Donna J. Hassler, "George Grey Barnard (1863 – 1938)," American Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume I, Thayer Tolles, ed., (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999), p. 421.
^ Harold E. Dickson, "Barnard and Norway," The Art Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1 (March 1962), pp. 55-59. from JSTOR.(subscription required)
^ "An American Sculptor," The Outlook, New York, November 28, 1908, pp. 655-656.
^ a b c The Urn of Life, from SIRIS.
^ The Mystery of Life, from SIRIS.
^ a b The Birth, from Library of Congress.
^ a b Solitude (Vassar College), from SIRIS.
^ a b Musician Dying, from SIRIS.
^ Library of Congress, Catalogue of Copyright Entries, Part 4, Works of Art, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), pp. 495-496.
^ a b Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / Thirty-Third Annual Report / For the Year 1908 (Cambridge, MA: The University Press, 1909), p. 102.
^ J. Nilsen Laurvik, "George Grey Barnard," The International Studio, vol. 36, no. 142 (December 1908), pp. xxxix-xlvii.
^ Milton Brown, "Armory Show 1913 Complete List," from New York Historical Society.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Diana Strazdes, et al., American Painting and Sculpture to 1945 in the Carnegie Museum of Art, (New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1992), pp. 55-58.
^ "George Grey Barnard," Who's Who in America, Volume 6, (Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company, 1910-1911), p. 68.
^ Katharine Metcalf Roof, "George Grey Barnard: The Spirit of the New World in Sculpture," The Craftsman (magazine), vol. 15, no. 8 (December 1908), Gustav Stickley, editor & publisher, p. 278.
^ Ernest Knaufft, "George Grey Barnard: A Virile American Sculptor," The Review of Reviews, vol. 38, no. 6 (December 1908), p. 691.
^ Leslie Conner, "George Gray Barnard: An Interpreter of Life," The Wellesley Magazine, vol. 7, no. 8 (May 1909), p. 354.
^ Solitude (Taft Museum), from SIRIS.
^ Solitude (Chrysler Museum), from SIRIS.
^ a b Anton Seidl (1850–1898), from Find-A-Grave.
^ Auguste Kraus Seidl (1854–1939), from Find-A-Grave.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urn of Life.
vteGeorge Grey BarnardSculptures
Struggle of the Two Natures in Man (1888)
The Great God Pan (1899)
Urn of Life (1906)
The Prodigal Son (1906)
Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups (1911)
Abraham Lincoln (1917)
Associated people
Pierre-Jules Cavelier
Alfred Corning Clark
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle
Jacob Epstein
Malvina Hoffman
Anna Hyatt Huntington
Joseph Miller Huston
Charles Follen McKim
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Lorentz Severin Skougaard
Charles Phelps Taft
Other associations
Art Students League of New York
The Cloisters
Kykuit
New York Public Library Main Branch
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urn_of_Life_verso_1908.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urn_of_Life_World%27s_Work_1909_p.11261.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urn_of_Life_World%27s_Work_1909_p.11260.jpg"},{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"George Grey Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grey_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnegie-1"},{"link_name":"Carrara 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of Fine Arts, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laurvik-16"},{"link_name":"Armory Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Show"},{"link_name":"The Prodigal Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Barnard)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol_sculpture_groups"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Anton Seidl, the 47-year-old Hungarian-born musical director of the New York Philharmonic and conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, died unexpectedly in 1898.[3] A group of Seidl's friends and colleagues commissioned Barnard to create a burial urn to hold Seidl's ashes.[4]Barnard had made a spectacular debut at the 1894 Paris Salon,[5] and his Struggle of the Two Natures in Man had entered the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1896.[6] In 1891, he had modeled a 15 ft (4.6 m) chimneypiece decorated with high bas-relief figure groups illustrating Scandinavian myths.[7] For the new commission, he modeled a series of clay sketches on the themes of life, death and religion, and incorporated these into what became The Urn of Life.[3] Seidl's family initially declined the proposed urn because of its heroic size.[8]Barnard carved The Urn of Life in marble, 1905–1906.[9] He developed five of its figure groups—The Mystery of Life,[10] The Visitation, The Birth,[11] Solitude,[12] Musician Dying[13]—into independent works.[14]The Urn of Life,[2] Musician Dying,[15] The Visitation, and The Birth were shown in the 1908 one-man exhibition of Barnard's work, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.[16]The Mystery of Life, Musician Dying, The Birth, and Solitude were exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show in New York City, along with The Prodigal Son, from Barnard's Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups.[17]Barnard reworked the urn in 1918,[9] about the time of America's entry into World War I.[5] He sold the unfinished sculpture to the Carnegie Museum of Art in 1919.[9]Barnard later wrote that his work on The Urn of Life influenced the choices he made for the Pennsylvania State Capitol sculpture groups.[a]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Archives of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAAM-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFAB-15"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson-5"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"Fall of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"guardian angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_angel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Taft Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Vassar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vassar-12"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAAM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musician-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barnard_The_Mystery_of_Life_c.1895-97_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Grey_Barnard,_The_Birth,_marble,_exhibited_at_the_Armory_Show,_1913.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musician_Dying_1908.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLA_taft_Solitude_Adam_and_Eve.jpg"}],"text":"Nineteen figures in seven groups encircle The Urn of Life, depicting life events and allegories.[19] Barnard's descriptions of the figure groups come from his papers at the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution:[18]The Mystery of Life.[3] The shrouded figure of Mystery holds an egg-shaped urn, while flanked by a man holding a tool and a woman holding flowers.[b]\nThe End of Life. As a grieving couple surveys the recumbent body of an old man, an angel appears.[c]\nMusician Dying (also called The Dying Poet).[15] A collapsed young man comforted by a female figure.[d]\nThe Birth (also called Family Group).[5][e]\nLabor and Love. A standing woman rests her hand on the head of a kneeling and toiling man.[f]\nSolitude.[g] Depicts the estrangement of Adam and Eve after the Fall of Man—\"They are man and woman, together yet alone, divided by that same barrier that even the closest of earthly love is powerless to break down entirely.\"[20]\nThe Visitation.[h] A kneeling man kisses the brow of a recumbent woman who has just given birth, while a guardian angel holds their newborn babe.[21] Above them is a sculptor, \"hewing out [the angel's] wing from the solid rock,—which is the only way we ever get our wings!\"[22]Marble versions of Solitude are at the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio;[23] Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York;[12] and the Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk, Virginia.[24] A marble version of The Mystery of Life is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C.[3] Marble versions of The Birth, The Visitation, and Musician Dying were shown in the 1963 centenary exhibition of Barnard's work,[5] but are currently unlocated.[11][13]The Mystery of Life (modeled 1898-1900),[i] Smithsonian American Art Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Birth (modeled 1899-1900), unlocated\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMusician Dying (modeled 1898-1900), unlocated\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSolitude (Adam and Eve) (carved 1905-1906), Taft Museum of Art","title":"Figure groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTR-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burial-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burial-34"}],"text":"Following the rejection of a heroic size urn, Barnard carved a smaller and simplified version for Seidl's widow:Urn for Siedl's Ashes: A memorial subscribed for by his friends on view at Steinways.A memorial urn to contain the ashes of Anton Seidl has been placed, temporarily, in the Steinway Building in East Fourteenth street, and Thursday [December 27, 1905] there was a private viewof the urn for subscribers.Former associates and friends of Herr Seidl may see it by applying to Steinway & Sons untilJanuary 6. The urn was designed and carved by George Grey Barnard. It bears sculpturedfigures of a dying youth with a harp and of Mystery bearing a small urn of Life.[4]The egg-shaped burial urn is carved from white marble, and features two figure groups—Musician Dying and The Mystery of Life. It holds the ashes of Anton and Auguste Seidl,[25][26] and is housed in the Fresh Pond Crematory and Columbarium in Queens, New York City.[25]","title":"Burial urn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Angel of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strazdes-18"}],"text":"^ \"I found the seed which, when planted, grew into the two compositions known as 'Labor' and 'Love' on either side of the Capitol at Harrisburg.\"[18]\n\n^ Barnard: \"The starting point is the veiled figure holding a small urn in her hand. This figure represents the Mystery of Life—a veiled mystery. Beneath the urn, held in the hands of Mystery, twines a lily which symbolizes life, and beneath it is a poppy which symbolizes death. The figure of the woman to the right represents Woman as understanding the mystery of life better than the man, and through motherhood in a way that Man cannot. Her attitude, with her fingers to her lips, suggests inquiry with reference to this mystery. In her right hand she holds the flowers that symbolize beauty and eternity—they are falling at the feet of Death. The man to the left, in the midst of his labor, reaches forth in an effort to understand or touch the Mystery of Life.[18]\n\n^ Barnard: \"The Angel of Death closes with his right hand the lips of the aged man, while, as a benediction, he kisses the clasped hands of those who have been faithful unto death.\"[18]\n\n^ Barnard: \"[T]he group represents the silent, inward voice which inspires us to nobler efforts. The winged harp symbolizes the music of the soul.\"[18]\n\n^ Barnard: This \"is a group representing the complete family—the father, mother, and child.\"[18]\n\n^ Barnard:\"[T]he group represents a man at labor, and the figure represents the love and sympathy of the wife.[18]\n\n^ Barnard: This \"is a group composed of a man and a woman expressing the thought that while they are one in love and spirit, nevertheless they are separate souls.\"[18]\n\n^ Barnard: \"The group … represents life and the birth of a child. The winged Angel of Life holds in her arms the bambino, or child. The father kneels by the head of the mother expressing his love and sympathy by the touch of a kiss. The figure above the kneeling father represents man carving the wing of the Angel of Life.\"[18]\n\n^ \"The unfinished urn remained in Barnard's studio, and in 1908 it was included in the exhibition of his work at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where it was mistakenly assigned 1895–97 as its date.\"[18]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/George_Grey_Barnard_in_1908.jpg/80px-George_Grey_Barnard_in_1908.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/89226709-11fe-4ecd-880d-0ec7123ea2e6","external_links_name":"Urn of Life"},{"Link":"http://oldblog.cmoa.org/2012/11/restoring-the-urn-of-life-2/","external_links_name":"\"Restoring the Urn of Life,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828001754/http://oldblog.cmoa.org/2012/11/restoring-the-urn-of-life-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/mystery-life-1081#","external_links_name":"The Mystery of Life"},{"Link":"https://mtr.arcade-museum.com/MTR-1905-41-26/27/","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8jr6vNLLYMgC&dq=george+grey+barnard+The+Birth&pg=PA421","external_links_name":"\"George Grey Barnard (1863 – 1938),\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047986?seq=1","external_links_name":"from JSTOR.(subscription required)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=69o6AQAAMAAJ&dq=urn+of+life+barnard&pg=PA655","external_links_name":"\"An American Sculptor,\""},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15747L28P0539.4250&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Barnard%2C+George+Grey&index=.AW&term=Urn&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=12&y=12","external_links_name":"The Urn of Life"},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=U574788580UL5.4294&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!30875~!46&ri=7&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Barnard,+George+Grey&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=7","external_links_name":"The Mystery of Life"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/93511532/","external_links_name":"The Birth"},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=157UA522T5997.732&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!15948~!19&ri=5&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Barnard,+George+Grey,+1863-1938,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5","external_links_name":"Solitude (Vassar College)"},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15E49D4848T66.451&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!15953~!23&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Barnard,+George+Grey&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1","external_links_name":"Musician Dying"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KohAAAAAYAAJ&dq=George+Grey+Barnard+dying+poet&pg=RA1-PA102","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LQBHAQAAIAAJ&dq=Laurvik%2C+George+Grey+Barnard&pg=PR39","external_links_name":"\"George Grey Barnard,\""},{"Link":"http://armory.nyhistory.org/armory-show-1913-complete-list/","external_links_name":"\"Armory Show 1913 Complete List,\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vEMzAAAAMAAJ&dq=barnard+urn+of+life&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"\"George Grey Barnard,\""},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=157UA522T5997.732&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!297019~!84&ri=5&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Barnard,+George+Grey,+1863-1938,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5","external_links_name":"Solitude (Taft Museum)"},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=157UA522T5997.732&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!29671~!44&ri=5&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Barnard,+George+Grey,+1863-1938,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5","external_links_name":"Solitude (Chrysler Museum)"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/73344036/anton-seidl","external_links_name":"Anton Seidl (1850–1898)"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/142058888/auguste-seidl","external_links_name":"Auguste Kraus Seidl (1854–1939)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toohoolhoolzote | Toohoolhoolzote | ["1 Representative leader","1.1 Numbers by band","2 Native Americans' concerns","3 Conflict","3.1 Simiakia","4 Faith","5 Name","6 References","7 External links"] | Nez Perce leader
ToohoolhoolzoteToohoolhoozote (Sound made when striking any vibrant timber or metal with a hard substance)Nez Perce Pikunan band leader
Personal detailsBornc. 1820sDiedSeptember 30, 1877Bear Paw Mountains, MontanaCause of deathBattle of Bear PawKnown forNez Perce War
Toohoolhoolzote (born c. 1820s, died September 30, 1877) was a Nez Perce leader who fought in the Nez Perce War, after first advocating peace, and died at the Battle of Bear Paw.
Representative leader
At a winter meeting in 1876, Toohoolhoolzote had been appointed the head speaker for the Nez Perce bands of Joseph, Looking Glass, White Bird and his own for the coming meeting with U.S. Army General Oliver O. Howard. The leaders allowed him to speak for them, and to deny or allow the military's demands.
Numbers by band
In the upcoming conflict his following of 50 people was fourth in size after Joseph's (about 300 people), White Bird (about 250 people), and Looking Glass (about 70 people). These Nez Perce bands totaled about 660 men, women and children. Of those fewer than 200 were men. About half that number were considered in prime warrior age. As the conflict progressed, more bands would join, with a maximum fighting strength of 250 or less. This includes about 25 Palus men under the chief Hahtalekin (also known as Taktsoukt Jlppilp - "Echo" or "Red Echo") and Husishusis Kute (Husis Husis Kute, Hush-hush-cute - "Bald Head", "Naked Head").
Native Americans' concerns
One of the major concerns of the leaders was that they have sufficient time to prepare to leave and to move their livestock. They wanted to wait until autumn as a minimum, or ideally, a year. Toohoolhoolzote also expressed the natives' reluctance to sell their land, which went against their religious beliefs.
Conflict
The military, on the other hand, demanded that they be moved in 30 days, or the soldiers would use force. General Oliver O. Howard put this to them strongly, after Toohoolhoolzote began to speak on the sacredness of the Earth to his people:
"I do not want to hear you say anything more like that. I am telling you! Thirty days you have to get on the reservation."
"You ask me to talk, then tell me to say no more, Toohoolhoolzote replied. "I am chief! I ask no man to come and tell me anything what I must do. I am chief here!"
General Howard answered sharp. "Yes, you are chief. I am telling you! Thirty days you have to move in... I am the man to tell you what you must do! You will come on the reservation within time I tell you. If not, soldiers will put you there or shoot you down!"
Toohoolhoolzote stood up to General Howard, and told him he would not obey. Yellow Wolf reported the final words:
Chief Toohoolhoolzote did not become afraid. His words were strong as he replied, "I hear you! I have simiakia, that which belongs to a man! I am a man, and will not go! I will not leave my home, the land where I grew up!" For this he was jailed. This arrest was one of the events which ultimately led to the war.
Simiakia
Toohoolhoolzote's use of the Nez Perce word simiakia is not clearly defined anywhere online. The following quotations illustrate some of its meaning. The quotes are from contemporary times, long after Toohoolhoolzote uttered the word.
It is simiakia, the Nez Perce way, our inner pride of Indian manhood...
...staring down all that bitter talk and all those menacing white rifles with nothing save his Nez Perce simiakia, his terrible Indian pride...
This blind pride was my father's blood, the simiakia of my untamed ancestors entering into me.
...stood up above the pit to show the power of his personal simiakia, his faith, his own medicine. Nothing could harm him...
Faith
As a follower of the Dreamer Faith, he tried to be a pacifist. The Dreamer religion called for throwing off white culture peacefully, by rejecting it and not participating in it. Yellow Wolf said of him:
He told how the land always belonged to the Indians, how it came down to us from our fathers. How the earth was a great law, how everything must remain as fixed by the Earth-Chief. How the land must not be sold! That we came from the earth, and our bodies must go back to earth, our mother.
Although he advocated for peace, when pushed he became a strong fighter, labeled "fighter from hell" by writers of the era.
Name
According to the Nez Perce dictionary, Toohoolhoolzote was a transliteration of tukulkulcúᐧt, which meant antelope.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil (1940). Yellow Wolf: His Own Story. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 33–51.
^ a b c d e Forczyk, Robert (2011). Nez Perce 1877: The Last Flight. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84908-191-7.
^ Hampton, Bruce. Children of Grace: The Nez Perce War of 1877, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1994, p 292.
^ Jerome A. Greene and Alvin M. Josephy. Nez Perce Summer, 1877: The Us Army and the Nee-Me-Poo Crisis, Montana Historical Society Press, 2000, p 291.
^ a b c d McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil (1952). !: Nez Perce history and legend. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 162–163.
^ West, Elliott (2009). The Last Indian War. Oxford University Press. p. 123.
^ Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 6.
^ Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 28.
^ Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 37.
^ Henry, Will (1996). The Bear Paw Horses. Leisure Books. p. 270.
^ Fisher, Andrew H. "American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation". Retrieved 2012-01-04.
^ Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Percé Dictionary. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 792. ISBN 0-520-09763-7.
External links
Page with a picture of Toohoolhoolzote, drawn by General Howard's son, who was there
Summary of the back and forth between Toohoolhoolzote and General Howard. Uses the words of the two men to summarize what happened. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nez Perce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_people"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bear Paw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bob-2"}],"text":"Toohoolhoolzote (born c. 1820s, died September 30, 1877) was a Nez Perce leader who fought in the Nez Perce War, after first advocating peace, and died at the Battle of Bear Paw.[1][2]","title":"Toohoolhoolzote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Glass_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"White Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bird_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army General Oliver O. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toohool-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toohool-5"}],"text":"At a winter meeting in 1876, Toohoolhoolzote had been appointed the head speaker for the Nez Perce bands of Joseph, Looking Glass, White Bird and his own for the coming meeting with U.S. Army General Oliver O. Howard.[5] The leaders allowed him to speak for them, and to deny or allow the military's demands.[5]","title":"Representative leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Palus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palus_people"},{"link_name":"Hahtalekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hahtalekin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Husishusis Kute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husishusis_Kute&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Numbers by band","text":"In the upcoming conflict his following of 50 people was fourth in size after Joseph's (about 300 people), White Bird (about 250 people), and Looking Glass (about 70 people). These Nez Perce bands totaled about 660 men, women and children. Of those fewer than 200 were men. About half that number were considered in prime warrior age. As the conflict progressed, more bands would join, with a maximum fighting strength of 250 or less.[6] This includes about 25 Palus men under the chief Hahtalekin (also known as Taktsoukt Jlppilp - \"Echo\" or \"Red Echo\") and Husishusis Kute (Husis Husis Kute, Hush-hush-cute - \"Bald Head\", \"Naked Head\").","title":"Representative leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toohool-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toohool-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"}],"text":"One of the major concerns of the leaders was that they have sufficient time to prepare to leave and to move their livestock.[5] They wanted to wait until autumn as a minimum, or ideally, a year.[5] Toohoolhoolzote also expressed the natives' reluctance to sell their land, which went against their religious beliefs.[1]","title":"Native Americans' concerns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"Yellow Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Wolf_(Nez_Perce)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"}],"text":"The military, on the other hand, demanded that they be moved in 30 days, or the soldiers would use force. General Oliver O. Howard put this to them strongly, after Toohoolhoolzote began to speak on the sacredness of the Earth to his people:\"I do not want to hear you say anything more like that. I am telling you! Thirty days you have to get on the reservation.\"\n\"You ask me to talk, then tell me to say no more, Toohoolhoolzote replied. \"I am chief! I ask no man to come and tell me anything what I must do. I am chief here!\"\n\nGeneral Howard answered sharp. \"Yes, you are chief. I am telling you! Thirty days you have to move in... I am the man to tell you what you must do! You will come on the reservation within time I tell you. If not, soldiers will put you there or shoot you down!\"[1]Toohoolhoolzote stood up to General Howard, and told him he would not obey. Yellow Wolf reported the final words:Chief Toohoolhoolzote did not become afraid. His words were strong as he replied, \"I hear you! I have simiakia, that which belongs to a man! I am a man, and will not go! I will not leave my home, the land where I grew up!\"[1] For this he was jailed.[1]This arrest was one of the events which ultimately led to the war.[1]","title":"Conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henry1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henry2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henry3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henry4-10"}],"sub_title":"Simiakia","text":"Toohoolhoolzote's use of the Nez Perce word simiakia is not clearly defined anywhere online. The following quotations illustrate some of its meaning. The quotes are from contemporary times, long after Toohoolhoolzote uttered the word.It is simiakia, the Nez Perce way, our inner pride of Indian manhood...[7]\n...staring down all that bitter talk and all those menacing white rifles with nothing save his Nez Perce simiakia, his terrible Indian pride...[8]\nThis blind pride was my father's blood, the simiakia of my untamed ancestors entering into me.[9]\n\n...stood up above the pit to show the power of his personal simiakia, his faith, his own medicine. Nothing could harm him...[10]","title":"Conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dreamer Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religion#Waashat_Religion"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance-11"},{"link_name":"Yellow Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Wolf_(Nez_Perce)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellow-1"}],"text":"As a follower of the Dreamer Faith, he tried to be a pacifist.[1] The Dreamer religion called for throwing off white culture peacefully, by rejecting it and not participating in it.[11] Yellow Wolf said of him:He told how the land always belonged to the Indians, how it came down to us from our fathers. How the earth was a great law, how everything must remain as fixed by the Earth-Chief. How the land must not be sold! That we came from the earth, and our bodies must go back to earth, our mother.[1]Although he advocated for peace, when pushed he became a strong fighter, labeled \"fighter from hell\" by writers of the era.[1]","title":"Faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary-12"}],"text":"According to the Nez Perce dictionary, Toohoolhoolzote was a transliteration of tukulkulcúᐧt, which meant antelope.[12]","title":"Name"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil (1940). Yellow Wolf: His Own Story. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 33–51.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yellowwolfhisown002070mbp","url_text":"Yellow Wolf: His Own Story"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yellowwolfhisown002070mbp/page/n42","url_text":"33"}]},{"reference":"Forczyk, Robert (2011). Nez Perce 1877: The Last Flight. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84908-191-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nezpercelastfigh00forc","url_text":"Nez Perce 1877: The Last Flight"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nezpercelastfigh00forc/page/n19","url_text":"19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-191-7","url_text":"978-1-84908-191-7"}]},{"reference":"McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil (1952). !: Nez Perce history and legend. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 162–163.","urls":[]},{"reference":"West, Elliott (2009). The Last Indian War. Oxford University Press. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henry, Will (2007). From Where the Sun Now Stands. New York: Madison Park Press. p. 37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henry, Will (1996). The Bear Paw Horses. Leisure Books. p. 270.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fisher, Andrew H. \"American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation\". Retrieved 2012-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1171728¤tSection=1161468&productid=5","url_text":"\"American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation\""}]},{"reference":"Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Percé Dictionary. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 792. ISBN 0-520-09763-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3X0q28uB7cC&q=Toohoolhoolzote&pg=PA792","url_text":"Nez Percé Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09763-7","url_text":"0-520-09763-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yellowwolfhisown002070mbp","external_links_name":"Yellow Wolf: His Own Story"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yellowwolfhisown002070mbp/page/n42","external_links_name":"33"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nezpercelastfigh00forc","external_links_name":"Nez Perce 1877: The Last Flight"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nezpercelastfigh00forc/page/n19","external_links_name":"19"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=soe6NVw70vcC&dq=Toohoolhoolzote+killed&pg=PA291","external_links_name":"Jerome A. Greene and Alvin M. Josephy. Nez Perce Summer, 1877: The Us Army and the Nee-Me-Poo Crisis, Montana Historical Society Press, 2000, p 291."},{"Link":"http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1171728¤tSection=1161468&productid=5","external_links_name":"\"American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3X0q28uB7cC&q=Toohoolhoolzote&pg=PA792","external_links_name":"Nez Percé Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020107170325/http://www.ourheritage.net/index_page_stuff/following_trails/chief_joseph/5_May77/5-1877_Toohoolhoolzote.html","external_links_name":"Page with a picture of Toohoolhoolzote, drawn by General Howard's son, who was there"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322015224/http://ourheritage.net/index_page_stuff/following_trails/chief_joseph/5_May77/5_15_1877_final_meeting.html","external_links_name":"Summary of the back and forth between Toohoolhoolzote and General Howard. Uses the words of the two men to summarize what happened."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repaint | Repaint | ["1 See also","2 References"] | A repaint is a toy, typically a figure or doll, that was created entirely from a mold was previously available; however, the colors of the plastic and/or the paint operations have been changed. Repaints differ from redecos in that repaints do not alter the actual placement of paint applications while redecos do.
Since molds can be expensive to create, this is often seen as a comparatively inexpensive way for a toy company to make many different toys available in a cost-effective manner. It is also an effective way for toy manufacturers to produce exclusive figures, chase figures or other variants.
One of the many franchises that repaint their figures is Transformers. Bumblebee toys are sometimes repainted the color red to resemble another Transformers character: Cliffjumper.
In the collecting of 1:6th action figures, repainting has several methods. They can generally be narrowed down to 3 categories: paint, pastel and wash.
The term repaint also refers to fashion dolls whose original manufacturer face paint is removed and then repainted by an artist. Repaint styles include highly realistic treatments, fantasy makeovers, and celebrity likenesses. These dolls are often OOAK (one of a kind), although some artists create repaints in small limited editions.
See also
Palette swap, a comparable concept for video game characters
Ball-jointed doll, a type of doll that is often customized and repainted
Reborn dolls, baby dolls customized and repainted for realism
References
^ "Artist "Wipes Off" Makeup From Mass-Produced Dolls to Reveal Super Realistic Faces". My Modern Met. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
^ "Artist Removes Makeup from Mass-Produced Dolls to Transform Them into Realistic Faces". My Modern Met. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
^ "This YouTuber Turns Barbie And Bratz Dolls Into Stunning, Realistic Disney Characters". Revelist.com. Retrieved 2020-07-22. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toy company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Toy_companies"},{"link_name":"chase figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_figure"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"},{"link_name":"Cliffjumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffjumper"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"fashion dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_doll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"OOAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OOAK"}],"text":"Since molds can be expensive to create, this is often seen as a comparatively inexpensive way for a toy company to make many different toys available in a cost-effective manner. It is also an effective way for toy manufacturers to produce exclusive figures, chase figures or other variants.One of the many franchises that repaint their figures is Transformers. Bumblebee toys are sometimes repainted the color red to resemble another Transformers character: Cliffjumper.In the collecting of 1:6th action figures, repainting has several methods. They can generally be narrowed down to 3 categories: paint, pastel and wash.The term repaint also refers to fashion dolls whose original manufacturer face paint is removed and then repainted by an artist. Repaint styles include highly realistic treatments,[1][2] fantasy makeovers, and celebrity likenesses.[3] These dolls are often OOAK (one of a kind), although some artists create repaints in small limited editions.","title":"Repaint"}] | [] | [{"title":"Palette swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_swap"},{"title":"Ball-jointed doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-jointed_doll"},{"title":"Reborn dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn_doll"}] | [{"reference":"\"Artist \"Wipes Off\" Makeup From Mass-Produced Dolls to Reveal Super Realistic Faces\". My Modern Met. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2020-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://mymodernmet.com/olga-kamenetskaya-doll-repainting/","url_text":"\"Artist \"Wipes Off\" Makeup From Mass-Produced Dolls to Reveal Super Realistic Faces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Removes Makeup from Mass-Produced Dolls to Transform Them into Realistic Faces\". My Modern Met. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2020-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://mymodernmet.com/olga-kamenetskaya-doll-art/","url_text":"\"Artist Removes Makeup from Mass-Produced Dolls to Transform Them into Realistic Faces\""}]},{"reference":"\"This YouTuber Turns Barbie And Bratz Dolls Into Stunning, Realistic Disney Characters\". Revelist.com. Retrieved 2020-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revelist.com/beauty-news-/disney-barbie-dolls/15780","url_text":"\"This YouTuber Turns Barbie And Bratz Dolls Into Stunning, Realistic Disney Characters\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://mymodernmet.com/olga-kamenetskaya-doll-repainting/","external_links_name":"\"Artist \"Wipes Off\" Makeup From Mass-Produced Dolls to Reveal Super Realistic Faces\""},{"Link":"https://mymodernmet.com/olga-kamenetskaya-doll-art/","external_links_name":"\"Artist Removes Makeup from Mass-Produced Dolls to Transform Them into Realistic Faces\""},{"Link":"https://www.revelist.com/beauty-news-/disney-barbie-dolls/15780","external_links_name":"\"This YouTuber Turns Barbie And Bratz Dolls Into Stunning, Realistic Disney Characters\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_wolf | Tundra wolf | ["1 Description","2 Habitat","3 Reference"] | Subspecies of carnivore
Tundra wolf
Taxidermy exhibit at the Museum of Zoology, St. Petersburg
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1) (Finland)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Canidae
Genus:
Canis
Species:
C. lupus
Subspecies:
C. l. albus
Trinomial name
Canis lupus albusKerr, 1792
Tundra wolf range
Synonyms
Canis lupus dybowskii (Domaniewski, 1926)
Canis lupus kamtschaticus (Dybowski, 1922)
Canis lupus turuchanensis (Ognev, 1923)
The tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), also known as the Turukhan wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Eurasia's tundra and forest-tundra zones from Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula. It was first described in 1792 by Robert Kerr, who described it as living around the Yenisei, and of having a highly valued pelt.
Description
It is a large subspecies, with adult males measuring 118–137 cm (46.5–54 in) in body length, and females 112–136 cm (44–53.5 in). Although often written to be larger than C. l. lupus, this is untrue, as heavier members of the latter subspecies have been recorded. Average weight is 40–49 kg (88–108 lb) for males and 36.6–41 kg (81–90 lb) for females. The highest weight recorded among 500 wolves caught in the Taymyr Peninsula and the Kanin Peninsula during 1951-1961 was from an old male killed on the Taymyr at the north of the Dudypta River weighing 52 kg (115 lb). The fur is very long, dense, fluffy, and soft, and is usually light grey in colour. The lower fur is lead-grey and the upper fur is reddish-grey.
Habitat
The tundra wolf generally rests in river valleys, thickets and forest clearings. In winter it feeds almost exclusively on female or young wild and domestic reindeer, though hares, arctic foxes and other animals are sometimes targeted. The stomach contents of 74 wolves caught in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the 1950s were found to consist of 93.1% reindeer remains. In the summer period, tundra wolves feed extensively on birds and small rodents, as well as newborn reindeer calves.
Reference
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus albus.
Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus albus.
^ "The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ a b Mech, L. David (1981), The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 353, ISBN 0-8166-1026-6
^ Kerr, R. (1792), The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus: containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young, Printed for A. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, p. 137
^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 182-184, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, p. 210, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, p. 216, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
vteExtant gray wolf subspecies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: lupus
Old Worldsubspecies
Tundra wolf (C. l. albus)
Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)
Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris)
Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco)
Himalayan wolf (C. l. chanco)
Dingo (C. l. dingo)
Domestic dog (C. l. familiaris or C. familiaris)
Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus)
Indian wolf (C. l. pallipes)
New Worldsubspecies
Arctic wolf (C. l. arctos)
Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi)
British Columbian wolf (C. l. columbianus)
Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (C. l. crassodon)
Hudson Bay wolf (C. l. hudsonicus)
Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. irremotus)
Labrador wolf (C. l. labradorius)
Alexander Archipelago wolf (C. l. ligoni)
Eastern wolf (C. l. lycaon)
Mackenzie River wolf (C. l. mackenzii)
Baffin Island wolf (C. l. manningi)
Northwestern wolf (C. l. occidentalis)
Greenland wolf (C. l. orion)
Alaskan Interior wolf (C. l. pambasileus)
Red wolf (C. l. rufus) (taxonomy disputed)
Alaskan tundra wolf (C. l. tundrarum)
Taxon identifiersCanis lupus albus
Wikidata: Q932176
Wikispecies: Canis lupus albus
BioLib: 460494
CoL: 5G6Z6
EoL: 1268417
GBIF: 6164200
ITIS: 726809
MSW: 14000740 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mech1981-3"},{"link_name":"subspecies of grey wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mech1981-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Yenisei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The tundra wolf (Canis lupus albus), also known as the Turukhan wolf,[3] is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Eurasia's tundra and forest-tundra zones from Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula.[3] It was first described in 1792 by Robert Kerr, who described it as living around the Yenisei, and of having a highly valued pelt.[4]","title":"Tundra wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. l. lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Taymyr Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kanin Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Dudypta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudypta_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner1998description-5"}],"text":"It is a large subspecies, with adult males measuring 118–137 cm (46.5–54 in) in body length, and females 112–136 cm (44–53.5 in). Although often written to be larger than C. l. lupus, this is untrue, as heavier members of the latter subspecies have been recorded. Average weight is 40–49 kg (88–108 lb) for males and 36.6–41 kg (81–90 lb) for females. The highest weight recorded among 500 wolves caught in the Taymyr Peninsula and the Kanin Peninsula during 1951-1961 was from an old male killed on the Taymyr at the north of the Dudypta River weighing 52 kg (115 lb). The fur is very long, dense, fluffy, and soft, and is usually light grey in colour. The lower fur is lead-grey and the upper fur is reddish-grey.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner1998dens-6"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heptner1998diet-7"}],"text":"The tundra wolf generally rests in river valleys, thickets and forest clearings.[6] In winter it feeds almost exclusively on female or young wild and domestic reindeer, though hares, arctic foxes and other animals are sometimes targeted. The stomach contents of 74 wolves caught in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the 1950s were found to consist of 93.1% reindeer remains. In the summer period, tundra wolves feed extensively on birds and small rodents, as well as newborn reindeer calves.[7]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canis lupus albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canis_lupus_albus"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Canis lupus albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_albus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/617488/IPOL_STU(2018)617488_EN.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MSW3_Wozencraft|id=14000738_2-0"},{"link_name":"Wozencraft, W. 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wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Chordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate"},{"link_name":"Mammalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Carnivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"Canidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"Canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"Tundra wolf (C. l. albus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_wolf"},{"link_name":"Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Himalayan wolf (C. l. chanco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_wolf"},{"link_name":"Dingo (C. l. dingo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_dingo"},{"link_name":"Domestic dog (C. l. familiaris or C. familiaris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Indian wolf (C. l. pallipes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolf"},{"link_name":"Arctic wolf (C. l. arctos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_wolf"},{"link_name":"Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_wolf"},{"link_name":"British Columbian wolf (C. l. columbianus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_wolf"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (C. l. crassodon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Sea_wolf"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay wolf (C. l. hudsonicus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay_wolf"},{"link_name":"Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. irremotus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_wolf"},{"link_name":"Labrador wolf (C. l. labradorius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_wolf"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago wolf (C. l. ligoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago_wolf"},{"link_name":"Eastern wolf (C. l. lycaon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_wolf"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie River wolf (C. l. mackenzii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_River_wolf"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island wolf (C. l. manningi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island_wolf"},{"link_name":"Northwestern wolf (C. l. occidentalis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_wolf"},{"link_name":"Greenland wolf (C. l. orion)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_wolf"},{"link_name":"Alaskan Interior wolf (C. l. pambasileus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Alaskan_wolf"},{"link_name":"Red wolf (C. l. rufus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wolf"},{"link_name":"Alaskan tundra wolf (C. l. tundrarum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_tundra_wolf"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q932176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932176"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Canis lupus albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_lupus_albus"},{"link_name":"460494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id460494"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"5G6Z6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5G6Z6"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"1268417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/1268417"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"6164200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/6164200"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"726809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726809"},{"link_name":"MSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"14000740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000740"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus albus.Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus albus.^ \"The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe\" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu.\n\n^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). \"Order Carnivora\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.\n\n^ a b Mech, L. David (1981), The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 353, ISBN 0-8166-1026-6\n\n^ Kerr, R. (1792), The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus: containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young, Printed for A. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, p. 137\n\n^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, pp. 182-184, ISBN 1-886106-81-9\n\n^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, p. 210, ISBN 1-886106-81-9\n\n^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N., P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc., USA, p. 216, ISBN 1-886106-81-9vteExtant gray wolf subspecies\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Mammalia\nOrder: Carnivora\nFamily: Canidae\nGenus: Canis\nSpecies: lupus\nOld Worldsubspecies\nTundra wolf (C. l. albus)\nArabian wolf (C. l. arabs)\nSteppe wolf (C. l. campestris)\nMongolian wolf (C. l. chanco)\nHimalayan wolf (C. l. chanco)\nDingo (C. l. dingo)\nDomestic dog (C. l. familiaris or C. familiaris)\nEurasian wolf (C. l. lupus)\nIndian wolf (C. l. pallipes)\nNew Worldsubspecies\nArctic wolf (C. l. arctos)\nMexican wolf (C. l. baileyi)\nBritish Columbian wolf (C. l. columbianus)\nVancouver Coastal Sea wolf (C. l. crassodon)\nHudson Bay wolf (C. l. hudsonicus)\nNorthern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. irremotus)\nLabrador wolf (C. l. labradorius)\nAlexander Archipelago wolf (C. l. ligoni)\nEastern wolf (C. l. lycaon)\nMackenzie River wolf (C. l. mackenzii)\nBaffin Island wolf (C. l. manningi)\nNorthwestern wolf (C. l. occidentalis)\nGreenland wolf (C. l. orion)\nAlaskan Interior wolf (C. l. pambasileus)\nRed wolf (C. l. rufus) (taxonomy disputed)\nAlaskan tundra wolf (C. l. tundrarum)Taxon identifiersCanis lupus albus\nWikidata: Q932176\nWikispecies: Canis lupus albus\nBioLib: 460494\nCoL: 5G6Z6\nEoL: 1268417\nGBIF: 6164200\nITIS: 726809\nMSW: 14000740","title":"Reference"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe\" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/617488/IPOL_STU(2018)617488_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Wozencraft, W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm | Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm | ["1 Territory","2 History","2.1 1826 to 1957","2.2 1957 to 2000","2.3 2000 to present","3 Bishops","3.1 Bishops of New Ulm","3.2 Other diocesan priest who became bishop","4 Education","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°18′43″N 94°27′47″W / 44.31194°N 94.46306°W / 44.31194; -94.46306Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Minnesota, USA
Diocese of New UlmDioecesis Novae UlmaeHoly Trinity CathedralCoat of armsLocationCountry United StatesTerritory 15 counties in western MinnesotaEcclesiastical provinceSaint Paul and MinneapolisStatisticsArea9,863 sq mi (25,550 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2004)285,06169,503 (24.4%)Parishes82InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablishedNovember 18, 1957 (66 years ago)CathedralCathedral of the Holy TrinityPatron saintMary, Mother of GodCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopChad ZielinskiMetropolitan ArchbishopBernard HebdaBishops emeritusJohn M. LeVoirMapWebsitednu.org
The Diocese of New Ulm (Latin: Dioecesis Novae Ulmae) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in western Minnesota in the United States.
The Diocese of New Ulm is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The see for the diocese is New Ulm. The Cathedral parish is the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.
Territory
The Diocese of New Ulm encompasses the counties of Big Stone, Brown, Chippewa, Kandiyohi, Lac qui Parle, Lincoln, Lyon, McLeod, Meeker, Nicollet, Redwood, Renville, Sibley, Swift, and Yellow Medicine in Minnesota.
The largest town in the diocese is Willmar at 19,610; New Ulm is, after Hutchinson and Marshall, the 4th largest city. There are no Catholic colleges or universities in the diocese.
History
1826 to 1957
Central Minnesota went through several Catholic jurisdictions before the Vatican erected the Diocese of New Ulm:
Diocese of Saint Louis (1826 to 1837)
Diocese of Dubuque (1837 to 1850)
Diocese of Saint Paul (1850 to 1875)
The New Ulm area would remain part of the Diocese of Saint Paul, followed by the Archdiocese of Saint Paul, for the next 107 years.
The first Catholic church in the city of New Ulm, Holy Trinity, was started in 1857, but was demolished during the Dakota War of 1862. The replacement church was built in 1871, then was destroyed by a tornado ten years later. The current Holy Trinity church was completed in 1903.
1957 to 2000
On November 18, 1957, Pope Pius XII founded the Diocese of New Ulm, taking its territory from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul. The pope named Monsignor Alphonse Schladweiler of Saint Paul as the first bishop of New Ulm.
Following the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council in Rome, Schladweiler worked to implement its reforms, including introducing English into the mass. During his 18-year tenure, he ordained 64 priests and organized St. Isadore Parish in Clarkfield (1960) and Lady of the Lakes Parish in Spicer (1962). In 1972, Schladweiler founded a diocesan newspaper, the Newsletter, and the diocesan pastoral council. He also established a mission in Guatemala, assuming responsibility for staffing a parish in San Lucas Tolimán. Schladweiler retired in 1975.
The second bishop of New Ulm was Auxiliary Bishop Raymond Lucker of Saint Paul, named by Pope Paul VI in 1975. He placed one of his parishes under interdict until every member received psychological counseling after a nun, trained in New Age spirituality, replaced a crucifix in the church sanctuary with a "cosmic pillow." Lucker retired in 2000 for health reasons.
2000 to present
Pope John Paul II named Auxiliary Bishop John Nienstedt from the Archdiocese of Detroit as the third bishop of New Ulm in 2001. He denounced the more progressive views of Lucker and told Catholics not to read Lucker's book on Catholic doctrine. Nienstadt became coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis in 2007.
Nienstedt's replacement in New Ulm was Reverend John M. LeVoir of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, named by Pope Benedict XVI in 2008. In 2017, the diocese filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy following numerous sexual abuse lawsuits against diocesan clergy. LeVoir retired in 2020.
As of 2023, the current bishop of the Diocese of New Ulm is Chad Zielinski, formerly bishop of the Diocese of Fairbanks. He was named by Pope Francis in 2022.
Bishops
Bishops of New Ulm
Alphonse James Schladweiler (1957–1975)
Raymond Alphonse Lucker (1975–2000)
John Clayton Nienstedt (2001–2007), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop and later Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
John M. LeVoir (2008–2020)
Chad Zielinski (2022-)
Other diocesan priest who became bishop
John Jeremiah McRaith, appointed Bishop of Owensboro in 1982
Education
The Diocese of New Ulm has three high schools and 13 primary schools, with an approximate enrollment as of 2022 of 1,870.
Cathedral High School – New Ulm
Holy Trinity High School – Winsted
St. Mary's High School – Sleepy Eye
See also
Catholic Church in the United States
Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States
References
^ "Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Holy Day of Obligation)". January 2019.
^ "Bishop John LeVoir Of Diocese Of New Ulm Resigns". minnesota.cbslocal.com. WCCO. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ "About the Diocese of New Ulm". Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ a b "Holy Trinity Cathedral history". Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
^ "Diocese of New Ulm". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
^ "Diocese of New Ulm". Giga Catholic. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
^ a b c "Bishop Schladweiler". Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "Msgr. Alphonse J. Schladweiler named bishop of New Ulm diocese" (PDF). The Prairie Catholic. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
^ "Bishop Raymond Alphonse Lucker ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ Likoudis, Paul. "Bishop Raymond Lucker: A Tragic Figure of the 'New Catechetics'". CatholicCulture.org.
^ "Archbishop John Clayton Nienstedt ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ McClory, Robert J. (May 7, 2004). "Bishop takes issue with late predecessor". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009.
^ "Bishop Nienstedt in line to take Saint Paul-Minneapolis post". Catholic News Agency. April 24, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 14.07.2008" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. July 14, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
^ Hopfspenburger, Jean (March 4, 2017). "New Ulm bankruptcy makes Minnesota No. 1 in church bankruptcies - StarTribune.com". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
^ "Bishop Chad William Zielinski ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ "Our Schools". Diocese of New Ulm. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
External links
Diocese of New Ulm Official Site
Places adjacent to Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm
Diocese of Saint Cloud
Diocese of Sioux Falls
Diocese of New Ulm
Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Diocese of Winona
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of New UlmBishops
Alphonse James Schladweiler
Raymond Alphonse Lucker
John Clayton Nienstedt
John M. LeVoir
Chad Zielinski
Churches
Cathedral
Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, New Ulm
Parishes
Church of St. Francis Xavier, Benson
Church of St. Bridget, De Graff
Education
High schools
Cathedral High School, New Ulm
Holy Trinity High School, Winsted
St. Mary's High School, Sleepy Eye
Priests
John Jeremiah McRaith
Catholicism portal
vteRoman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Diocese of Bismarck
Diocese of Crookston
Diocese of Duluth
Diocese of Fargo
Diocese of New Ulm
Diocese of Rapid City
Diocese of Saint Cloud
Diocese of Sioux Falls
Diocese of Winona-Rochester
Catholicism portal
44°18′43″N 94°27′47″W / 44.31194°N 94.46306°W / 44.31194; -94.46306 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"suffragan diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_diocese"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"New Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(New_Ulm,_Minnesota)"}],"text":"Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Minnesota, USAThe Diocese of New Ulm (Latin: Dioecesis Novae Ulmae) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in western Minnesota in the United States.The Diocese of New Ulm is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The see for the diocese is New Ulm. The Cathedral parish is the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Willmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willmar,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_Minnesota"}],"text":"The Diocese of New Ulm encompasses the counties of Big Stone, Brown, Chippewa, Kandiyohi, Lac qui Parle, Lincoln, Lyon, McLeod, Meeker, Nicollet, Redwood, Renville, Sibley, Swift, and Yellow Medicine in Minnesota.[3]The largest town in the diocese is Willmar at 19,610; New Ulm is, after Hutchinson and Marshall, the 4th largest city. There are no Catholic colleges or universities in the diocese.","title":"Territory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Dubuque"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"New Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dakota War of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathedral-4"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathedral-4"}],"sub_title":"1826 to 1957","text":"Central Minnesota went through several Catholic jurisdictions before the Vatican erected the Diocese of New Ulm:Diocese of Saint Louis (1826 to 1837)\nDiocese of Dubuque (1837 to 1850)\nDiocese of Saint Paul (1850 to 1875)The New Ulm area would remain part of the Diocese of Saint Paul, followed by the Archdiocese of Saint Paul, for the next 107 years.The first Catholic church in the city of New Ulm, Holy Trinity, was started in 1857, but was demolished during the Dakota War of 1862.[4] The replacement church was built in 1871, then was destroyed by a tornado ten years later. The current Holy Trinity church was completed in 1903.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giga-6"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Schladweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_James_Schladweiler"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-7"},{"link_name":"Clarkfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkfield,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Spicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicer,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prairie-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-7"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"San Lucas Tolimán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lucas_Tolim%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-7"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Alphonse_Lucker"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"crucifix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-likoudis-10"}],"sub_title":"1957 to 2000","text":"On November 18, 1957, Pope Pius XII founded the Diocese of New Ulm, taking its territory from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul.[5][6] The pope named Monsignor Alphonse Schladweiler of Saint Paul as the first bishop of New Ulm.Following the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council in Rome, Schladweiler worked to implement its reforms, including introducing English into the mass.[7] During his 18-year tenure, he ordained 64 priests and organized St. Isadore Parish in Clarkfield (1960) and Lady of the Lakes Parish in Spicer (1962).[8] In 1972, Schladweiler founded a diocesan newspaper, the Newsletter, and the diocesan pastoral council.[7] He also established a mission in Guatemala, assuming responsibility for staffing a parish in San Lucas Tolimán.[7] Schladweiler retired in 1975.The second bishop of New Ulm was Auxiliary Bishop Raymond Lucker of Saint Paul, named by Pope Paul VI in 1975.[9] He placed one of his parishes under interdict until every member received psychological counseling after a nun, trained in New Age spirituality, replaced a crucifix in the church sanctuary with a \"cosmic pillow.\"[10] Lucker retired in 2000 for health reasons.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"John Nienstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clayton_Nienstedt"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucker-12"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John M. LeVoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._LeVoir"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 Bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kkkpavaga-15"},{"link_name":"Chad Zielinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Zielinski"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2000 to present","text":"Pope John Paul II named Auxiliary Bishop John Nienstedt from the Archdiocese of Detroit as the third bishop of New Ulm in 2001.[11] He denounced the more progressive views of Lucker and told Catholics not to read Lucker's book on Catholic doctrine.[12] Nienstadt became coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis in 2007.[13]Nienstedt's replacement in New Ulm was Reverend John M. LeVoir of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, named by Pope Benedict XVI in 2008.[14] In 2017, the diocese filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy following numerous sexual abuse lawsuits against diocesan clergy.[15] LeVoir retired in 2020.As of 2023, the current bishop of the Diocese of New Ulm is Chad Zielinski, formerly bishop of the Diocese of Fairbanks. He was named by Pope Francis in 2022.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonse James Schladweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_James_Schladweiler"},{"link_name":"Raymond Alphonse Lucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Alphonse_Lucker"},{"link_name":"John Clayton Nienstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clayton_Nienstedt"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"John M. LeVoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._LeVoir"},{"link_name":"Chad Zielinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Zielinski"}],"sub_title":"Bishops of New Ulm","text":"Alphonse James Schladweiler (1957–1975)\nRaymond Alphonse Lucker (1975–2000)\nJohn Clayton Nienstedt (2001–2007), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop and later Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis\nJohn M. LeVoir (2008–2020)\nChad Zielinski (2022-)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Jeremiah McRaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeremiah_McRaith"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Owensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Owensboro"}],"sub_title":"Other diocesan priest who became bishop","text":"John Jeremiah McRaith, appointed Bishop of Owensboro in 1982","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cathedral High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_High_School_(New_Ulm,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_High_School_(Winsted,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_High_School_(Sleepy_Eye,_Minnesota)"}],"text":"The Diocese of New Ulm has three high schools and 13 primary schools, with an approximate enrollment as of 2022 of 1,870.[17]Cathedral High School – New Ulm\nHoly Trinity High School – Winsted\nSt. Mary's High School – Sleepy Eye","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Catholic Church in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Catholic_dioceses_of_the_United_States#Ecclesiastical_province_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"title":"List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Catholic_dioceses_of_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Holy Day of Obligation)\". January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnu.org/worship-events/2019/1/1/solemnity-of-mary-mother-of-god-holy-day-of-obligation?rq=patron","url_text":"\"Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Holy Day of Obligation)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop John LeVoir Of Diocese Of New Ulm Resigns\". minnesota.cbslocal.com. WCCO. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/08/06/bishop-john-levoir-of-diocese-of-new-ulm-resigns/","url_text":"\"Bishop John LeVoir Of Diocese Of New Ulm Resigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Diocese of New Ulm\". Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnu.org/about","url_text":"\"About the Diocese of New Ulm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Trinity Cathedral history\". Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911222200/http://www.cathedralht.org/historynew.html","url_text":"\"Holy Trinity Cathedral history\""},{"url":"http://www.cathedralht.org/historynew.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnewu.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\". Giga Catholic. Retrieved 2013-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/newu0.htm","url_text":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Schladweiler\". Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2009-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724231517/http://www.dnu.org/news/sbio.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Schladweiler\""},{"url":"http://www.dnu.org/news/sbio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Msgr. Alphonse J. Schladweiler named bishop of New Ulm diocese\" (PDF). The Prairie Catholic. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152756/http://www.dnu.org/news/newspaper/nov07/50thanniversaryedition.pdf","url_text":"\"Msgr. Alphonse J. Schladweiler named bishop of New Ulm diocese\""},{"url":"http://www.dnu.org/news/newspaper/nov07/50thanniversaryedition.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Raymond Alphonse Lucker [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blucker.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Raymond Alphonse Lucker [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"Likoudis, Paul. \"Bishop Raymond Lucker: A Tragic Figure of the 'New Catechetics'\". CatholicCulture.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3961","url_text":"\"Bishop Raymond Lucker: A Tragic Figure of the 'New Catechetics'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archbishop John Clayton Nienstedt [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnien.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop John Clayton Nienstedt [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"McClory, Robert J. (May 7, 2004). \"Bishop takes issue with late predecessor\". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505015432/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_27_40/ai_n6038786/","url_text":"\"Bishop takes issue with late predecessor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter","url_text":"National Catholic Reporter"},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_27_40/ai_n6038786","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Nienstedt in line to take Saint Paul-Minneapolis post\". Catholic News Agency. April 24, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bishop_nienstedt_in_line_to_take_saint_paulminneapolis_post","url_text":"\"Bishop Nienstedt in line to take Saint Paul-Minneapolis post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 14.07.2008\" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. July 14, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2008/07/14/0472/01153.html","url_text":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 14.07.2008\""}]},{"reference":"Hopfspenburger, Jean (March 4, 2017). \"New Ulm bankruptcy makes Minnesota No. 1 in church bankruptcies - StarTribune.com\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2017-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035841/http://www.startribune.com/new-ulm-diocese-files-for-bankruptcy-protection/415333274/","url_text":"\"New Ulm bankruptcy makes Minnesota No. 1 in church bankruptcies - StarTribune.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/new-ulm-diocese-files-for-bankruptcy-protection/415333274/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Chad William Zielinski [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bzielin.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Chad William Zielinski [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Schools\". Diocese of New Ulm. Retrieved 2023-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnu.org/schools-listing","url_text":"\"Our Schools\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm¶ms=44_18_43_N_94_27_47_W_source:plwiki","external_links_name":"44°18′43″N 94°27′47″W / 44.31194°N 94.46306°W / 44.31194; -94.46306"},{"Link":"https://www.dnu.org/","external_links_name":"dnu.org"},{"Link":"https://www.dnu.org/worship-events/2019/1/1/solemnity-of-mary-mother-of-god-holy-day-of-obligation?rq=patron","external_links_name":"\"Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Holy Day of Obligation)\""},{"Link":"https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/08/06/bishop-john-levoir-of-diocese-of-new-ulm-resigns/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop John LeVoir Of Diocese Of New Ulm Resigns\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnu.org/about","external_links_name":"\"About the Diocese of New Ulm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911222200/http://www.cathedralht.org/historynew.html","external_links_name":"\"Holy Trinity Cathedral history\""},{"Link":"http://www.cathedralht.org/historynew.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnewu.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/newu0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of New Ulm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724231517/http://www.dnu.org/news/sbio.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Schladweiler\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnu.org/news/sbio.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152756/http://www.dnu.org/news/newspaper/nov07/50thanniversaryedition.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Msgr. 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Schladweiler named bishop of New Ulm diocese\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnu.org/news/newspaper/nov07/50thanniversaryedition.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blucker.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Raymond Alphonse Lucker [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3961","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Raymond Lucker: A Tragic Figure of the 'New Catechetics'\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnien.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop John Clayton Nienstedt [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505015432/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_27_40/ai_n6038786/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop takes issue with late predecessor\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_27_40/ai_n6038786","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/bishop_nienstedt_in_line_to_take_saint_paulminneapolis_post","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Nienstedt in line to take Saint Paul-Minneapolis post\""},{"Link":"http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2008/07/14/0472/01153.html","external_links_name":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 14.07.2008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035841/http://www.startribune.com/new-ulm-diocese-files-for-bankruptcy-protection/415333274/","external_links_name":"\"New Ulm bankruptcy makes Minnesota No. 1 in church bankruptcies - StarTribune.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/new-ulm-diocese-files-for-bankruptcy-protection/415333274/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bzielin.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Chad William Zielinski [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnu.org/schools-listing","external_links_name":"\"Our Schools\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnu.org/","external_links_name":"Diocese of New Ulm Official Site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm¶ms=44_18_43_N_94_27_47_W_source:plwiki","external_links_name":"44°18′43″N 94°27′47″W / 44.31194°N 94.46306°W / 44.31194; -94.46306"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Issels | Josef Issels | ["1 Early life","2 Issels treatment","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | German physician (1907–1998)
Josef IsselsBornNovember 21, 1907 (1907-11-21)Mönchengladbach, GermanyDiedFebruary 11, 1998(1998-02-11) (aged 90)Rancho Santa Fe, California, U.S.OccupationPhysicianKnown forPromoting the Issels treatment, an unproven alternative treatment for cancer
Josef Maria Issels (November 21, 1907 – February 11, 1998) was a German physician known for promoting an alternative cancer treatment, the Issels treatment. He claimed to cure cancer patients who had been declared incurable by conventional cancer treatments. During Issels' lifetime, his methods were controversial, and in 1961 he was charged with fraud and manslaughter for allegedly promising fraudulent cancer cures and for the subsequent deaths of patients under his care who refused standard cancer treatment. An initial conviction on the manslaughter charge was overturned in 1964 on the grounds that Issels had genuinely believed that his therapy could cure cancer. Since at least 1972 the Issels treatment is described as unproven, and considered ineffective as a treatment for cancer.
Early life
Born in Mönchengladbach in 1907, Issels received his medical degree in 1932 from the University of Würzburg. According to an obituary in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Issels made a name for himself as a young physician several years later by successfully operating in makeshift conditions on an ill passenger aboard a German steamer.
Later, during the Second World War, Issels reportedly petitioned to resign his membership in the Nazi Party when he was ordered to stop treating Jewish patients. His petition was granted, but he was immediately drafted and sent to the Eastern Front as a Wehrmacht combat medic. Captured by the Red Army, Issels spent several years in Soviet prisoner-of-war camps until his release at the end of 1945.
Issels treatment
Main article: Issels treatment
Issels believed that cancer was caused by the weakening of the human immune system and hence had to be cured by strengthening it again. However, he did not dispute the importance of conventional cancer therapies like surgery and chemotherapy, and did in fact use them when treating his patients. Issels did not advocate a panacea-like new therapy, but rather prescribed various neglected, forgotten, or non-mainstream treatments, such as the Coley vaccine pioneered by William Coley, hyperthermia, where Manfred von Ardenne researched its effectiveness in cancer.
Issels opened his Ringberg Clinic in Bavaria in 1951. As the clinic achieved greater fame, patients from around the world began to seek his treatment. However, other doctors did not approve of his practice, specifically the Bavarian Medical Council, which charged Issels with fraud and manslaughter. After a four-year legal battle, Issels' convictions on all charges were overturned, and his clinic was re-licensed. Issels centers and clinics continue to treat cancer patients around the world, with all types and stages of cancer.
British Olympic medallist Lillian Board was treated at his Rottach-Egern clinic for cancer, but died from the disease.
A review of Issels' claims by the American Cancer Society concluded that there was no evidence that treatment with Issels Combination Therapy or any related treatments were effective against cancer.
Death and legacy
Issels wrote a number of books, including an autobiography in 1981, My Fight Against Cancer, about his understanding of cancer, as well as many scientific articles.
He died of pneumonia at the age of 90. His obituary in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine described him as the "Father of Integrative Medicine".
References
^ a b "Josef M. Issels; Pioneer in Alternative Cancer Treatment". latimes.com. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
^ a b c d "Unproven methods of cancer management. Issels combination therapy". CA Cancer J Clin. 22 (3): 188–91. 1972. doi:10.3322/canjclin.22.3.188. PMID 4339809.
^ German Doctor Acquitted. Published in the New York Times on December 12, 1964; accessed August 8, 2008.
^ a b c d e Hildenbrand G; Cohen, Marcus A. (1998). "An appraisal of the life and work of Dr. Josef Maria Issels 1907–1997". J Altern Complement Med. 4 (2): 137–40. doi:10.1089/acm.1998.4.137. PMID 9628203.
^ "Lillian Board, British Runner Who Won Olympic Medal, Dies". nytimes.com. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
Further reading
Josef Issels (February 2005). Cancer: A Second Opinion: A Look at Understanding, Controlling, and Curing Cancer. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0279-3.
Josef Issels (1981). Mein Kampf gegen den Krebs: Erinnerungen eines Arztes. C. Bertelsmann. ISBN 978-3-570-04736-1.
Thomas, Gordon. Cancer Doctor: The Biography of Josef Issels, M.D. ISBN 1-893302-18-0
External links
Unproven methods of cancer management—Issels combination therapy: A review from the American Cancer Society
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"alternative cancer treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatment"},{"link_name":"Issels treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issels_treatment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1964-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs-2"}],"text":"Josef Maria Issels (November 21, 1907 – February 11, 1998) was a German physician known for promoting an alternative cancer treatment, the Issels treatment.[1] He claimed to cure cancer patients who had been declared incurable by conventional cancer treatments. During Issels' lifetime, his methods were controversial, and in 1961 he was charged with fraud and manslaughter for allegedly promising fraudulent cancer cures and for the subsequent deaths of patients under his care who refused standard cancer treatment.[2] An initial conviction on the manslaughter charge was overturned in 1964 on the grounds that Issels had genuinely believed that his therapy could cure cancer.[2][3] Since at least 1972 the Issels treatment is described as unproven, and considered ineffective as a treatment for cancer.[2]","title":"Josef Issels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"combat medic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_medic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"}],"text":"Born in Mönchengladbach in 1907, Issels received his medical degree in 1932 from the University of Würzburg.[4] According to an obituary in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Issels made a name for himself as a young physician several years later by successfully operating in makeshift conditions on an ill passenger aboard a German steamer.[4]Later, during the Second World War, Issels reportedly petitioned to resign his membership in the Nazi Party when he was ordered to stop treating Jewish patients. His petition was granted, but he was immediately drafted and sent to the Eastern Front as a Wehrmacht combat medic.[4] Captured by the Red Army, Issels spent several years in Soviet prisoner-of-war camps until his release at the end of 1945.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"Coley vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coley_vaccine"},{"link_name":"William Coley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coley"},{"link_name":"hyperthermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia"},{"link_name":"Manfred von Ardenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"Lillian Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Board"},{"link_name":"Rottach-Egern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottach-Egern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Cancer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acs-2"}],"text":"Issels believed that cancer was caused by the weakening of the human immune system and hence had to be cured by strengthening it again. However, he did not dispute the importance of conventional cancer therapies like surgery and chemotherapy, and did in fact use them when treating his patients. Issels did not advocate a panacea-like new therapy, but rather prescribed various neglected, forgotten, or non-mainstream treatments, such as the Coley vaccine pioneered by William Coley, hyperthermia, where Manfred von Ardenne researched its effectiveness in cancer.Issels opened his Ringberg Clinic in Bavaria in 1951. As the clinic achieved greater fame, patients from around the world began to seek his treatment. However, other doctors did not approve of his practice, specifically the Bavarian Medical Council, which charged Issels with fraud and manslaughter. After a four-year legal battle, Issels' convictions on all charges were overturned, and his clinic was re-licensed. Issels centers and clinics continue to treat cancer patients around the world, with all types and stages of cancer.British Olympic medallist Lillian Board was treated at his Rottach-Egern clinic for cancer, but died from the disease.[5]A review of Issels' claims by the American Cancer Society concluded that there was no evidence that treatment with Issels Combination Therapy or any related treatments were effective against cancer.[2]","title":"Issels treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"},{"link_name":"Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"}],"text":"Issels wrote a number of books, including an autobiography in 1981, My Fight Against Cancer, about his understanding of cancer, as well as many scientific articles.He died of pneumonia at the age of 90.[1] His obituary in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine described him as the \"Father of Integrative Medicine\".[4]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Square One Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_One_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7570-0279-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7570-0279-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-570-04736-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-04736-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas, Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_(author)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-893302-18-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893302-18-0"}],"text":"Josef Issels (February 2005). Cancer: A Second Opinion: A Look at Understanding, Controlling, and Curing Cancer. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0279-3.\nJosef Issels (1981). Mein Kampf gegen den Krebs: Erinnerungen eines Arztes. C. Bertelsmann. ISBN 978-3-570-04736-1.\nThomas, Gordon. Cancer Doctor: The Biography of Josef Issels, M.D. ISBN 1-893302-18-0","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Unproven methods of cancer management. Issels combination therapy\". CA Cancer J Clin. 22 (3): 188–91. 1972. doi:10.3322/canjclin.22.3.188. PMID 4339809.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.22.3.188","url_text":"\"Unproven methods of cancer management. 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Cancer: A Second Opinion: A Look at Understanding, Controlling, and Curing Cancer. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0279-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_One_Publishers","url_text":"Square One Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7570-0279-3","url_text":"978-0-7570-0279-3"}]},{"reference":"Josef Issels (1981). Mein Kampf gegen den Krebs: Erinnerungen eines Arztes. C. Bertelsmann. ISBN 978-3-570-04736-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-04736-1","url_text":"978-3-570-04736-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-18-mn-20393-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Josef M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus%E2%80%93malus | Bonus–malus | ["1 Call centers","2 Insurance","2.1 Automobile insurance","2.2 Bonus hunger","3 Executive compensation","4 French insurance price calculation","5 French taxation","5.1 French registration document (carte grise)","6 References"] | Business arrangement of rewards and penalties
For the 1993 Italian film, see Bonus malus (film).
The term bonus–malus (Latin for 'good-bad') is used for a number of business arrangements which alternately reward (bonus) or penalize (malus).
It is used, for example, in the call center and insurance industries.
Call centers
In call centers, a bonus–malus arrangement is a section in the contract between the company buying the call center services (buyer) and the company providing the call center services (call center) allowing for a payment to be made from one company to the other. As part of the contract, both companies agree on a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). These are measurements for how the call center is performing. If the call center is performing poorly, then there would be a malus payment (payment from the call center company to the buyer). If the call center is doing well, then there is a bonus payment from the buyer to the call center company. Bonus–malus payments are in addition to the normal cost of call center services.
Insurance
In insurance, a bonus–malus system (BMS) is a system that adjusts the premium paid by a customer according to their individual claim history.
Bonus usually is a discount in the premium which is given on the renewal of the policy if no claim is made in the previous year. Malus is an increase in the premium if there is a claim in the previous year. Bonus–malus systems are very common in vehicle insurance. This system is also called a no-claim discount (NCD) or no-claims bonus in Britain and Australia.
The fundamental principle of BMS is that the higher the claim frequency of a policyholder, the higher the insurance costs that on average are charged to the policyholder. This principle is also valid in an insurance arrangement consisting of a high maximum deductible which is common to all policyholders.
Automobile insurance
Most insurers around the world have introduced some form of merit-rating in automobile third party liability insurance. Such systems penalize at-fault accidents by premium surcharges and reward claim-free years by discounts, commonly known as a "no-claims discount".
The most usual BMS divides drivers by classes, where each class has its own discount or surcharge that is applied to the basic premium. A claim-free year implies in a decline of one or more degrees on the Bonus/Malus class table on the anniversary of the contract. A claim entails an increase of a given number of degrees on the Bonus/Malus scale on the anniversary of the contract. Generally, one degree corresponds to a 5% discount or surcharge. The starting class may depend on the driver's age, sex, place of residence, the car's horsepower. Each country has different legislation, which rules how many degrees an insurer may increase or decrease, the maximum bonus or malus allowed and which statistics insurers can use to evaluate the starting class of a driver.
Academic literature concerning bonus malus systems typically presupposes that the quantity of claims within a given period follows a Poisson distribution. In this context, the parameter λ of the Poisson distribution, signifying claim frequency, is assumed to be accurately known and serves as a risk metric for the policy. Nevertheless, adopting a more pragmatic standpoint, complete awareness of this parameter is often unattainable, necessitating some form of estimation with the inherent uncertainties of the estimation process. Consequently, practical approaches involve fitting it through modal intervals or employing fuzzy numbers, for instance.
Bonus hunger
There is a basic question under Bonus–malus system based on insurance customer's point of view, that is, “Should an insurance customer carry an incurred loss himself, or should he make a claim to the insurance company?”. Hence, an insurance customer prefers to choose self-financing an occurred loss by carrying a small loss himself in order to avoid an increased future premium, instead of financing the loss by compensation from the insurance company. This strategy is called bonus hunger of the insurance customer. In this strategy, the insurance customer prefers the most profitable financial alternative, after a loss occurrence. A well-designed bonus–malus system must take bonus hunger into consideration.
Executive compensation
See also: Executive pay
In executive compensation, particularly at banks, bonus–malus refers to schemes where annual bonuses are held in escrow (do not immediately vest), and can be reduced retroactively (clawed back) in case of losses in future years.
The intention is to align incentives better and encouraging a long-term view in directors, by discouraging the taking of risks which may yield short-term profits (and hence bonuses in early years) but with long-term losses (which, under a traditional bonus system, would not be penalized).
Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008.
Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money (as was done at IBM in the 1990s) taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk.
In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a "bonus–malus" system.
French insurance price calculation
In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as a function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and also bonus/malus value (%), stating how many years the driver used the car without any accident or another event relevant to the insurance. It means that the bonus/malus is assigned to the insured person and also to family members (e.g. spouse), who are allowed to drive the car.
The bonus can be transferred between insurance companies.
Bonus reduction Coefficient (CRM)
Year of insurance
Insurance discount coefficient (Bonus)
Insurance discount ("bonus")
Bonus for professionals
Insurance discount for professionals
0
1.00
0%
1.00
0%
1
0.95
5%
0.93
7%
2
0.90
10%
0.86
14%
3
0.85
15%
0.79
21%
4
0.80
20%
0.73
27%
5
0.76
24%
0.67
33%
6
0.72
28%
0.62
38%
7
0.68
32%
0.57
43%
8
0.64
36%
0.53
47%
9
0.60
40%
0.50
50%
10
0.57
43%
11
0.54
46%
12
0.51
49%
13
0.50
50%
French taxation
In France, cars are taxed (malus) or credited (bonus) if their carbon emissions are above or below certain targets. The limits (can) change every year.
French registration document (carte grise)
Main article: Vehicle insurance in France
The environmental tax is also applied as a malus, to all vehicles newly registered after 1 January 2008, affecting all passenger cars emitting more than 109 g of CO2 per kilometer emissions (as of 2020). This tax is paid when the registration document (called « carte grise » in French language) is done.
Currently, the certificate holder must pay a penalty to the registration, according to the following rates (2020):
< 110 g/km : no malus
110 g/km : malus of 50 euros
111 g/km : malus of 75 euros
112 g/km : malus of 100 euros
113 g/km : malus of 125 euros
114 g/km : malus of 150 euros
115 g/km : malus of 170 euros
116 g/km : malus of 190 euros
117 g/km : malus of 210 euros
118 g/km : malus of 230 euros
119 g/km : malus of 240 euros
120 g/km : malus of 260 euros
...
140 g/km : malus of 1 901 euros
150 g/km : malus of 3 784 euros
160 g/km : malus of 6 724 euros
170 g/km : malus of 10 980 euros
180 g/km : malus of 16 810 euros
> 184 g/km : malus of 20 000 euros
Further taxes may apply according to vehicle classification.
References
^ Lemaire, J. Bonus-Malus Systems in Automobile Insurance; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, MA, USA, 1995.
^ Buckley, J.J.; Eslami, E. (2002). Fuzzy Markov Chains: Uncertain Probabilities. Mathware and Soft Computing 9, 33–41.
^ Villacorta, P.J.; Verdegay, J.L. (2016) FuzzyStatProb: An R Package for the Estimation of Fuzzy Stationary Probabilities from a Sequence of Observations of an Unknown Markov Chain. Journal of Statistical Software 71, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v071.i08
^ Adillon, R.; Lambert, J.; Mármol, M. (2020). Modal interval probability: Application to Bonus-Malus Systems. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 28, 837–851, https://doi.org.10.1142/S0218488520500361
^ Villacorta Iglesias, P.J.; González-Vila Puchades, L. and Andrés-Sánchez, J. de. (2021). Fuzzy Markovian Bonus-Malus Systems in Non-Life Insurance. Mathematics 9(4), 347, https://doi.org/10.3390/math9040347
^ Rajan, Raghuram (2008-01-08), "Bankers' pay is deeply flawed", Financial Times
^ "Should CEOs No Longer Be Granted Stock Options?". 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ UBS to Change Way it Pays Senior Managers
^ "Malus écotaxe dans le prix d'une carte grise". mistercartegrise.fr (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ "Malus écologique sur les véhicules neufs polluants". www.carte-grise.org. 25 January 2018.
Lemaire, J. (1995). Bonus–Malus systems in automobile insurance. ISBN 0-7923-9545-X
Authority control databases: National
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These are measurements for how the call center is performing. If the call center is performing poorly, then there would be a malus payment (payment from the call center company to the buyer). If the call center is doing well, then there is a bonus payment from the buyer to the call center company. Bonus–malus payments are in addition to the normal cost of call center services.","title":"Call centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_policy"},{"link_name":"claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action"},{"link_name":"policyholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policyholder"},{"link_name":"deductible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductible"}],"text":"In insurance, a bonus–malus system (BMS) is a system that adjusts the premium paid by a customer according to their individual claim history.Bonus usually is a discount in the premium which is given on the renewal of the policy if no claim is made in the previous year. Malus is an increase in the premium if there is a claim in the previous year. Bonus–malus systems are very common in vehicle insurance. This system is also called a no-claim discount (NCD) or no-claims bonus in Britain and Australia.The fundamental principle of BMS is that the higher the claim frequency of a policyholder, the higher the insurance costs that on average are charged to the policyholder. This principle is also valid in an insurance arrangement consisting of a high maximum deductible which is common to all policyholders.","title":"Insurance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automobile third party liability insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_insurance"},{"link_name":"surcharges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Automobile insurance","text":"Most insurers around the world have introduced some form of merit-rating in automobile third party liability insurance. Such systems penalize at-fault accidents by premium surcharges and reward claim-free years by discounts, commonly known as a \"no-claims discount\".[citation needed]The most usual BMS divides drivers by classes, where each class has its own discount or surcharge that is applied to the basic premium. A claim-free year implies in a decline of one or more degrees on the Bonus/Malus class table on the anniversary of the contract. A claim entails an increase of a given number of degrees on the Bonus/Malus scale on the anniversary of the contract. Generally, one degree corresponds to a 5% discount or surcharge. The starting class may depend on the driver's age, sex, place of residence, the car's horsepower. Each country has different legislation, which rules how many degrees an insurer may increase or decrease, the maximum bonus or malus allowed and which statistics insurers can use to evaluate the starting class of a driver.Academic literature concerning bonus malus systems typically presupposes that the quantity of claims within a given period follows a Poisson distribution.[1] In this context, the parameter λ of the Poisson distribution, signifying claim frequency, is assumed to be accurately known and serves as a risk metric for the policy. Nevertheless, adopting a more pragmatic standpoint, complete awareness of this parameter is often unattainable, necessitating some form of estimation with the inherent uncertainties of the estimation process.[2][3] Consequently, practical approaches involve fitting it through modal intervals[4] or employing fuzzy numbers,[5] for instance.","title":"Insurance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus hunger","text":"There is a basic question under Bonus–malus system based on insurance customer's point of view, that is, “Should an insurance customer carry an incurred loss himself, or should he make a claim to the insurance company?”. Hence, an insurance customer prefers to choose self-financing an occurred loss by carrying a small loss himself in order to avoid an increased future premium, instead of financing the loss by compensation from the insurance company. This strategy is called bonus hunger of the insurance customer. In this strategy, the insurance customer prefers the most profitable financial alternative, after a loss occurrence. A well-designed bonus–malus system must take bonus hunger into consideration.","title":"Insurance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_pay"},{"link_name":"executive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_compensation"},{"link_name":"escrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow"},{"link_name":"vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesting"},{"link_name":"clawed back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_back"},{"link_name":"Raghuram Rajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"UBS AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS_AG"},{"link_name":"executive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_compensation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Executive payIn executive compensation, particularly at banks, bonus–malus refers to schemes where annual bonuses are held in escrow (do not immediately vest), and can be reduced retroactively (clawed back) in case of losses in future years.The intention is to align incentives better and encouraging a long-term view in directors, by discouraging the taking of risks which may yield short-term profits (and hence bonuses in early years) but with long-term losses (which, under a traditional bonus system, would not be penalized).Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008.[6]Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money (as was done at IBM in the 1990s) taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk.[7]In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a \"bonus–malus\" system.[8]","title":"Executive compensation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as a function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and also bonus/malus value (%), stating how many years the driver used the car without any accident or another event relevant to the insurance. It means that the bonus/malus is assigned to the insured person and also to family members (e.g. spouse), who are allowed to drive the car.\nThe bonus can be transferred between insurance companies.","title":"French insurance price calculation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions"}],"text":"In France, cars are taxed (malus) or credited (bonus) if their carbon emissions are above or below certain targets. The limits (can) change every year.","title":"French taxation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"French registration document (carte grise)","text":"The environmental tax is also applied as a malus, to all vehicles newly registered after 1 January 2008, affecting all passenger cars emitting more than 109 g of CO2 per kilometer emissions (as of 2020). This tax is paid when the registration document (called « carte grise » in French language) is done.[9]Currently, the certificate holder must pay a penalty to the registration, according to the following rates (2020):[10]< 110 g/km : no malus\n110 g/km : malus of 50 euros\n111 g/km : malus of 75 euros\n112 g/km : malus of 100 euros\n113 g/km : malus of 125 euros\n114 g/km : malus of 150 euros\n115 g/km : malus of 170 euros\n116 g/km : malus of 190 euros\n117 g/km : malus of 210 euros\n118 g/km : malus of 230 euros\n119 g/km : malus of 240 euros\n120 g/km : malus of 260 euros\n...\n140 g/km : malus of 1 901 euros\n150 g/km : malus of 3 784 euros\n160 g/km : malus of 6 724 euros\n170 g/km : malus of 10 980 euros\n180 g/km : malus of 16 810 euros\n> 184 g/km : malus of 20 000 eurosFurther taxes may apply according to vehicle classification.","title":"French taxation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rajan, Raghuram (2008-01-08), \"Bankers' pay is deeply flawed\", Financial Times","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan","url_text":"Rajan, Raghuram"},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/18895dea-be06-11dc-8bc9-0000779fd2ac.html","url_text":"\"Bankers' pay is deeply flawed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Should CEOs No Longer Be Granted Stock Options?\". 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2012-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/11/28/142839186/should-ceos-have-to-buy-company-stock-with-their-own-money","url_text":"\"Should CEOs No Longer Be Granted Stock Options?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malus écotaxe dans le prix d'une carte grise\". mistercartegrise.fr (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mistercartegrise.fr/calcul-prix-carte-grise/","url_text":"\"Malus écotaxe dans le prix d'une carte grise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malus écologique sur les véhicules neufs polluants\". www.carte-grise.org. 25 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carte-grise.org/ecotaxe.htm","url_text":"\"Malus écologique sur les véhicules neufs polluants\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v071.i08","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v071.i08"},{"Link":"https://doi.org.10.1142/S0218488520500361","external_links_name":"https://doi.org.10.1142/S0218488520500361"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math9040347","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math9040347"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/18895dea-be06-11dc-8bc9-0000779fd2ac.html","external_links_name":"\"Bankers' pay is deeply flawed\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2011/11/28/142839186/should-ceos-have-to-buy-company-stock-with-their-own-money","external_links_name":"\"Should CEOs No Longer Be Granted Stock Options?\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestreet.com/story/10448258/1/ubs-to-change-way-it-pays-senior-managers.html","external_links_name":"UBS to Change Way it Pays Senior Managers"},{"Link":"https://mistercartegrise.fr/calcul-prix-carte-grise/","external_links_name":"\"Malus écotaxe dans le prix d'une carte grise\""},{"Link":"https://www.carte-grise.org/ecotaxe.htm","external_links_name":"\"Malus écologique sur les véhicules neufs polluants\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179296-8","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_NFL_Draft | 1939 NFL draft | ["1 Player selections","1.1 Round one","1.2 Round nine","1.3 Round ten","1.4 Round eleven","1.5 Round twelve","1.6 Round thirteen","1.7 Round fourteen","1.8 Round fifteen","1.9 Round sixteen","1.10 Round seventeen","1.11 Round eighteen","1.12 Round nineteen","1.13 Round twenty","1.14 Round twenty-one","1.15 Round twenty-two","2 Hall of Famers","3 Notable undrafted players","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | National Football League draft
1939 NFL draftGeneral informationDate(s)December 9, 1938LocationNew Yorker Hotelin New York City, NYOverview200 total selections in 22 roundsLeagueNFLFirst selectionKi Aldrich, CChicago CardinalsMost selections (23)Brooklyn DodgersFewest selections (18)Pittsburgh PiratesHall of Famers
1
QB Sid Luckman
← 19381940 →
The 1939 NFL draft was held on December 9, 1938, at the New Yorker Hotel in New York City, New York. With the first overall pick of the draft, the Chicago Cardinals selected center Ki Aldrich.
Player selections
= Hall of Famer
Round one
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
1
1
Chicago Cardinals
Charles "Ki" Aldrich
C
TCU
SWC
1
2
Chicago Bears
Sidney "Sid" Luckman‡
QB
Columbia
Ind.
From Pittsburgh
1
3
Cleveland Rams
Linus "Bullet" Parker Hall
RB
Ole Miss
SEC
1
4
Philadelphia Eagles
Davey O'Brien
QB
TCU
SWC
1938 Heisman Trophy winner
1
5
Brooklyn Dodgers
Bob MacLeod
B
Dartmouth
Ind.
1
6
Chicago Bears
Bill "Bullet Bill" Osmanski
B
Holy Cross
Ind.
1
7
Detroit Lions
John Pingel
B
Michigan State
Ind.
1
8
Washington Redskins
I. B. Hale
T
TCU
SWC
1
9
Green Bay Packers
Larry Buhler
B
Minnesota
Big Ten
1
10
New York Giants
Walt Nielsen
B
Arizona
BIAA
2
11
Brooklyn Dodgers
Clarence "Pug" Manders
FB
Drake
MVC
from Pittsburgh
2
12
Chicago Cardinals
Marshall Goldberg
HB
Pittsburgh
Ind.
2
13
Cleveland Rams
Gaylon Smith
FB
Southwestern (TN)
Dixie
2
14
Philadelphia Eagles
Charles Newton
B
Washington
PCC
2
15
Brooklyn Dodgers
Bob Haak
T
Indiana
Big Ten
3
16
Chicago Cardinals
Alvord Wolff
T
Santa Clara
—
3
17
Pittsburgh Pirates
Billy Patterson
TB
Baylor
SWC
3
18
Cleveland Rams
Elmer Tarbox
B
Texas Tech
Border
3
19
Philadelphia Eagles
Joe Mihal †
T
Purdue
Big Ten
3
20
Brooklyn Dodgers
Waddy Young
TE
Oklahoma
MVIAA
3
21
Chicago Bears
John Wysocki
E
Villanova
Ind.
3
22
Detroit Lions
Howard Weiss
FB
Wisconsin
Big Ten
3
23
Washington Redskins
Charlie Holm
B
Alabama
SEC
3
24
Green Bay Packers
Charley Brock †
C
Nebraska
MVIAA
3
25
New York Giants
John Chickerneo
BB
Pittsburgh
Ind.
4
26
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hugh McCullough
DB
Oklahoma
MVIAA
4
27
Chicago Cardinals
Hal Stebbins
B
Pittsburgh
Ind.
4
28
Cleveland Rams
Wally Garard
T
Saint Mary's (CA)
Ind.
4
29
Philadelphia Eagles
Billy Dewell
E
SMU
SWC
4
30
Brookly Dodgers
Vic Bottari
B
California
N/A
5
31
Chicago Cardinals
Bill Daddio
E
Pittsburgh
Ind.
5
32
Pittsburgh Pirates
Ernie Wheeler
B
North Dakota Agricultural
NCC
5
33
Cleveland Rams
Eddie Gatto
T
LSU
SEC
5
34
Philadelphia Eagles
Zed Coston
OG
Texas A&M
SWC
5
35
Brooklyn Dodgers
Kinnison, JackJack Kinnison
C
Missouri
Big Eight
5
36
Chicago Bears
Joe Delaney
T
Holy Cross
Ind.
5
37
Detroit Lions
Steve Maronic
T
North Carolina
SoCon
5
38
Washington Redskins
Dick Todd
B
Texas A&M
SWC
5
39
Green Bay Packers
Lynn Hovland
OG
Wisconsin
Big Ten
5
40
New York Giants
Willis, DonDon Willis
B
Clemson
SoCon
6
41
Pittsburgh Pirates
Sam Boyd
QB
Baylor
SWC
6
42
Chicago Cardinals
George Faust
B
Minnesota
Big Ten
6
43
Cleveland Rams
Barney McGarry
T
Utah
MSC
6
44
Philadelphia Eagles
Jake Schuehle
B
Rice
SWC
6
45
Brooklyn Dodgers
Len Janiak
B
Ohio
Buckeye
6
46
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ed Beinor
T
Notre Dame
Ind.
6
47
Detroit Lions
Wendlick, JoeJoe Wendlick
E
Oregon State
PCC
6
48
Washington Redskins
Anderson, DaveDave Anderson
B
California
N/A
6
49
Green Bay Packers
Larry Craig
E
South Carolina
SoCon
6
50
New York Giants
Ginney, JerryJerry Ginney
OG
Santa Clara
—
7
51
Chicago Cardinals
Dwyer, BillBill Dwyer
B
New Mexico
Border
7
52
Pittsburgh Pirates
Palumbo, EddieEddie Palumbo
B
Detroit
N/A
7
53
Cleveland Rams
Dowd, JerryJerry Dowd
C
Saint Mary's
Ind.
7
54
Philadelphia Eagles
Tony Ippolito
B
Purdue
Big Ten
7
55
Brooklyn Dodgers
Alex Schoenbaum
T
Ohio State
Big Ten
7
56
Chicago Bears
Heileman, CharlieCharlie Heileman
E
Iowa State
Big Eight
7
57
Detroit Lions
Darrell Tully
B
East Texas State
LSC
7
58
Washington Redskins
Lumpkin, QuintonQuinton Lumpkin
C
Georgia
SEC
7
59
Green Bay Packers
Frank Twedell
T
Minnesota
Big Ten
7
60
New York Giants
Woodell, LloydLloyd Woodell
C
Arkansas
SWC
8
61
Pittsburgh Pirates
Nelson, OleOle Nelson
E
Michigan State
Ind.
8
62
Chicago Cardinals
Hinkebein, ShermSherm Hinkebein
C
Kentucky
SEC
8
63
Cleveland Rams
Brunner, Warren "Bronco"Warren "Bronco" Brunner
B
Tulane
SEC
8
64
Philadelphia Eagles
George Somers
T
La Salle
N/A
8
65
Brooklyn Dodgers
Dan "Tiger" Hill
C
Duke
SoCon
8
66
Chicago Bears
Dannies, BobBob Dannies
C
Pittsburgh
Ind.
8
67
Detroit Lions
Trzuskowski, DickDick Trzuskowski
T
Idaho
PCC
8
68
Washington Redskins
Torrance "Bo" Russell
T
Auburn
SEC
8
69
Green Bay Packers
Paul Kell
T
Notre Dame
Ind.
8
70
New York Giants
Zagar, PetePete Zagar
T
Stanford
PCC
Round nine
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
71
Chicago Cardinals
Earl Brown
End
Notre Dame
72
Pittsburgh Pirates
Steve Petro
Guard
Pittsburgh
73
Cleveland Rams
Lew Bostick
Guard
Alabama
74
Philadelphia Eagles
Rankin Britt
End
Texas A&M
75
Brooklyn Dodgers
Forrest Kline
Guard
TCU
76
Chicago Bears
Ray Bray
Guard
Western Michigan
77
Detroit Lions
Bill Callihan
Back
Nebraska
78
Washington Redskins
Wilbur Moore
Back
Minnesota
79
Green Bay Packers
John Hall
Back
TCU
80
New York Giants
Bob Mills
Tackle
Nebraska
Round ten
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
10
81
Pittsburgh Pirates
Jack Lee
B
Carnegie Tech
Ind.
10
82
Chicago Cardinals
Earl Crowder
QB
Oklahoma
MVIAA
10
83
Cleveland Rams
Petrick, FrankFrank Petrick
E
Indiana
Big Ten
10
84
Philadelphia Eagles
Bill McKeever
T
Cornell
Ind.
10
85
Brooklyn Dodgers
Bradley, KimbleKimble Bradley
B
Ole Miss
SEC
10
86
Chicago Bears
Wood, WaltWalt Wood
B
Tennessee
SEC
10
87
Detroit Lions
Raymond George
T
USC
PCC
10
88
Washington Redskins
Jimmy Johnston
B
Washington
PCC
10
89
Green Bay Packers
Vince Gavre
B
Wisconsin
Big Ten
10
90
New York Giants
Roberts, TomTom Roberts
T
DePaul
—
Round eleven
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
91
Chicago Cardinals
Bowden Wyatt
End
Tennessee
92
Pittsburgh Pirates
Lou Tomasetti
Back
Bucknell
93
Cleveland Rams
Sid Roth
Guard
Cornell
94
Philadelphia Eagles
Paul Humphrey
Center
Purdue
95
Brooklyn Dodgers
George Lenc
End
Augustana (IL)
96
Chicago Bears
Al Braga
Back
San Francisco
97
Detroit Lions
Tony Calvelli
Center
Stanford
98
Washington Redskins
Jim German
Back
Centre
99
Green Bay Packers
Charley Sprague
End
SMU
100
New York Giants
Merl Miller
Back
Washington
Round twelve
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
12
101
Pittsburgh Pirates
Denny Cochran
B
Saint Louis
N/A
12
102
Chicago Cardinals
Jim Thomas
OG
Oklahoma
MVIAA
12
103
Cleveland Rams
Chet Adams
T
Ohio
Buckeye
12
104
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ralph Heikkinen
OG
Michigan
Big Ten
12
106
Chicago Bears
Roise, HalHal Roise
B
Idaho
PCC
12
107
Detroit Lions
Coughlan, JimJim Coughlan
E
Santa Clara
—
12
108
Washington Redskins
O'Mara, BobBob O'Mara
B
Duke
SoCon
12
109
Brooklyn Dodgers
Kaplanoff, CarlCarl Kaplanoff
T
Ohio State
Big Ten
12
110
New York Giants
Schroeder, BrunoBruno Schroeder
E
Texas A&M
SWC
Round thirteen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
111
Chicago Cardinals
Andy Sabados
Guard
The Citadel
112
Pittsburgh Pirates
Fabian Hoffman
End
Pittsburgh
113
Cleveland Rams
Joel Hitt
End
Mississippi College
114
Philadelphia Eagles
Thomas "Allie" White
Tackle
TCU
115
Brooklyn Dodgers
George Gembis
Back
Wayne State (MI)
116
Chicago Bears
Ed Bock
Guard
Iowa State
117
Detroit Lions
Prescott Hutchins
Guard
Oregon State
118
Washington Redskins
Steve Slivinski
Guard
Washington
119
Green Bay Packers
Dan Elmer
Center
Minnesota
120
New York Giants
Sam Allis
Back
Centenary
Round fourteen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
121
Pittsburgh Pirates
Ed Clary
Back
South Carolina
122
Chicago Cardinals
Blase Miatovich
Tackle
San Francisco
123
Cleveland Rams
John Ryland
Center
UCLA
124
Philadelphia Eagles
Joe Aleskus
Tackle
Ohio State
125
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ray Carnelly
Back
Carnegie Tech
126
Chicago Bears
Anton Stolfa
Back
Luther
127
Detroit Lions
Art Means
Guard
Washington
128
Washington Redskins
Bob Hoffman
Back
USC
129
Green Bay Packers
Bill Badgett
Tackle
Georgia
130
New York Giants
George Watson
Back
North Carolina
Round fifteen
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
15
131
Chicago Cardinals
Clarke, RussRuss Clarke
OG
Santa Clara
—
15
132
Pittsburgh Pirates
John Tosi
C
Niagara
N/A
15
133
Cleveland Rams
Ben Friend
T
LSU
SEC
15
134
Philadelphia Eagles
Foster Watkins
B
West Texas State
Ind.
15
135
Brooklyn Dodgers
Trunzo, LouLou Trunzo
OG
Wake Forest
SoCon
15
136
Chicago Bears
Bob Voigts
T
Northwestern
Big Ten
15
137
Detroit Lions
Hodge, GeneGene Hodge
E
East Texas State
LSC
15
138
Washington Redskins
Eric Tipton
B
Duke
SoCon
15
139
Green Bay Packers
Tom Greenfield
C
Arizona
BIAA
15
140
New York Giants
Duggan, GilGil Duggan
T
Oklahoma
MVIAA
Round sixteen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
141
Pittsburgh Pirates
Al Lezouski
Guard
Pittsburgh
142
Chicago Cardinals
Gus Goins
End
Clemson
143
Cleveland Rams
Gordon Reupke
Back
Iowa State
144
Philadelphia Eagles
Irv Hall
Back
Brown
145
Brooklyn Dodgers
Charley Gross
Guard
Bradley
146
Chicago Bears
Ken Armstrong
Tackle
Tarkio
147
Detroit Lions
Bill Lazetich
Back
Montana
148
Washington Redskins
Dick Farman
Tackle
Washington State
149
Green Bay Packers
Roy Bellin
Back
Wisconsin
150
New York Giants
Ted Panish
Back
Bradley
Round seventeen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
151
Chicago Cardinals
Ev Elkins
Back
Marshall
152
Pittsburgh Pirates
Ed Longhi
Center
Notre Dame
153
Cleveland Rams
Mike Perrie
Back
St. Mary's (CA)
154
Philadelphia Eagles
Bob Riddell
End
South Dakota State
155
Brooklyn Dodgers
John Siegal
End
Columbia
156
Chicago Bears
Raphael Masters
End
Newberry
157
Detroit Lions
Ralph Neihaus
Tackle
Dayton
158
Washington Redskins
Clyde Shugart
Tackle
Iowa State
159
Green Bay Packers
John Yerby
End
Oregon
160
New York Giants
Jack Sanders
Tackle
SMU
Round eighteen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
161
Pittsburgh Pirates
Dave Shirk
End
Kansas
162
Chicago Cardinals
Frank Huffman
End
Marshall
163
Cleveland Rams
Alex Atty
Guard
West Virginia
164
Philadelphia Eagles
Charlie Gainor
End
North Dakota
165
Brooklyn Dodgers
Paul Morin
Tackle
Iowa State
166
Chicago Bears
Solly Sherman
Back
Chicago
167
Detroit Lions
Dutch Niemant
Back
New Mexico
168
Washington Redskins
Boyd Morgan
Back
USC
169
Green Bay Packers
Frank Balasz
Back
Iowa
170
New York Giants
Will Dolman
End
California
Round nineteen
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Position
College
171
Chicago Cardinals
Mike Kochel
Guard
Fordham
172
Pittsburgh Pirates
Frank Peters
End
Washington
173
Cleveland Rams
Bill Lane
Back
Bucknell
174
Philadelphia Eagles
Morris White
Back
Tulsa
175
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ferrell Anderson
Guard
Kansas
176
Chicago Bears
Ed Simonich
Back
Notre Dame
177
Detroit Lions
Amerigo "Tony" Tonelli
Guard
USC
178
Washington Redskins
Phil Smith
Tackle
St. Benedict's
179
Green Bay Packers
John Brennan
Guard
Michigan
180
New York Giants
Bill Paulman
Back
Stanford
Round twenty
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
20
181
Pittsburgh Pirates
Sheldrake, TomTom Sheldrake
E
Washington
PCC
20
182
Chicago Cardinals
Rice, TomTom Rice
T
San Francisco
Ind.
20
183
Cleveland Rams
Graham, PaulPaul Graham
B
Indiana
Big Ten
20
184
Philadelphia Eagles
Gormley, DickDick Gormley
C
LSU
SEC
20
185
Brooklyn Dodgers
Popp, TonyTony Popp
E
Toledo
OAC
20
186
Chicago Bears
Vogeler, GeorgeGeorge Vogeler
C
Oklahoma A&M
MVC
20
187
Detroit Lions
McDonald, JimJim McDonald
C
Illinois
Big Ten
20
188
Washington Redskins
Coop, PaulPaul Coop
T
Centre
SIAA
20
189
Green Bay Packers
Charles Schultz
T
Minnesota
Big Ten
20
190
New York Giants
Smith, LyleLyle Smith
OG
Tulane
SEC
Round twenty-one
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
21
191
Chicago Bears
Aldo Forte
T
Montana
PCC
21
192
Detroit Lions
Waters, MerrillMerrill Waters
E
BYU
MSC
21
193
Detroit Lions
Kuber, MattMatt Kuber
OG
Villanova
Ind.
21
194
Green Bay Packers
Hofer, WillardWillard Hofer
B
Notre Dame
Ind.
21
195
New York Giants
Mario Tonelli
B
Notre Dame
Ind.
Round twenty-two
Rnd.
Pick No.
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
22
196
Chicago Bears
Kircher, EverettEverett Kircher
B
Iowa State
Big Eight
22
197
Detroit Lions
Howe, AlAl Howe
T
Xavier
N/A
22
198
Washington Redskins
Cruver, AlAl Cruver
B
Washington State
PCC
22
199
Green Bay Packers
Gunther, BillBill Gunther
B
Santa Clara
—
22
200
New York Giants
Rhodes, JackJack Rhodes
OG
Texas
SWC
Hall of Famers
Sid Luckman, quarterback from Columbia taken 1st round 2nd overall by the Chicago Bears.
Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1965.
Notable undrafted players
= Pro Bowler
Original NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes
Chicago Cardinals
Henry Adams
C
Pittsburgh
Ind.
Cleveland Rams
Riley Matheson
OT
Texas Western
Border
Detroit Lions
Connie Mack Berry
E
NC State
SoCon
Green Bay Packers
Harry Jacunski †
E
Fordham
Ind.
Philadelphia Eagles
Jack Ferrante
E
Notes
^ Heisman Winner
References
^ Salomone, Dan (October 2, 2014). "NFL Draft headed to Chicago in 2015". Giants.com. New York Giants. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ "NFL Draft Locations". www.footballgeography.com. October 2, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
^ "Sid Luckman". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
^ Players are identified as a Pro Bowler if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career.
^ "1938 – 4th Award Davey O'Brien TCU Back". Heisman Trophy. All Things Media. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
External links
NFL.com – 1939 Draft
databaseFootball.com – 1939 Draft
Pro Football Hall of Fame Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
vteNFL draftsEarly era (1936–1959)
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
AFL and NFL era (1960–1966)
AFL
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
NFL
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Common draft (1967–1969)
1967
1968
1969
Modern era (1970–present)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
Expansion drafts
1960
1961
1966
1967
1976
1995
1999
2002
Others
1950 AAFC dispersal draft
1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players
See also
List of drafts
first overall picks
second overall picks
Mr. Irrelevant
supplemental picks
List of broadcasters
vte1939 NFL season
Eastern DivisionBrooklyn
New YorkChi BearsChi Cardinals
Western Division
Philadelphia
PittsburghClevelandDetroit
Washington
Green Bay
1939 NFL draft
NFL Championship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_language | Dewoin language | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Kru language of Liberia
DewoinNative toLiberiaNative speakers17,000 (2020)Language familyNiger–Congo?
Atlantic–CongoKruWesternBassaDewoinLanguage codesISO 639-3deeGlottologdewo1238ELPDewoin
The Dewoin language, also known as De, Dey, or Dei, is a Kru language of the Niger–Congo language family. It is spoken primarily near the coastal areas of Montserrado County in western Liberia, including the capital Monrovia. It has a lexical similarity of 0.72 with the Bassa language.
In 1991, Dewoin was spoken by 8,100 people.
See also
Languages of Africa
References
^ a b Dewoin at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^
Vanderaa, Larry (1991). A survey for Christian Reformed World Missions of missions and churches in West Africa. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Christian Reformed World Missions.
vteLanguages of LiberiaOfficial language
English
Indigenous languagesManding
Bandi
Dan
Kpelle
Loma
Maninka
Mann
Mende
Vai
Kru
Bassa
Dewoin
Gbii
Glaro-Twabo
Glio-Oubi
Grebo
Klao
Konobo
Krumen
Kuwaa
Sapo
Tajuasohn
Krahn
Other
Gola
Kisi
Creole languages
Liberian Kreyol
Merico
vteKru languagesEastern
Bakwe
Bété
Dida
Godié
Kodia
Kuya
Neyo
Wane
WesternGrebo
Grebo
Jabo
Krumen
Glio-Oubi
Wee
Daho-Doo
Glaro-Twabo
Sapo
Wè
Krahn
Nyabwa
Konobo
Wobe
Others
Bassa
Dewoin
Gbii
Klao
Tajuasohn
Others
Aizi
Kuwaa
Siamou
This Liberia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about Atlantic–Congo languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru_languages"},{"link_name":"Niger–Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages"},{"link_name":"language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"Montserrado County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrado_County"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"lexical similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_similarity"},{"link_name":"Bassa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e25-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Dewoin language, also known as De, Dey, or Dei, is a Kru language of the Niger–Congo language family. It is spoken primarily near the coastal areas of Montserrado County in western Liberia, including the capital Monrovia. It has a lexical similarity of 0.72 with the Bassa language.[1]In 1991, Dewoin was spoken by 8,100 people.[2]","title":"Dewoin language"}] | [] | [{"title":"Languages of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa"}] | [{"reference":"Vanderaa, Larry (1991). A survey for Christian Reformed World Missions of missions and churches in West Africa. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Christian Reformed World Missions.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan","url_text":"Grand Rapids, Michigan"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dewo1238","external_links_name":"dewo1238"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4805","external_links_name":"Dewoin"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/dee","external_links_name":"Dewoin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewoin_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewoin_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTR_%E2%80%93_FIA_GT_Racing_Game | GTR – FIA GT Racing Game | ["1 Reception","2 References","3 External links"] | 2005 video game
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "GTR – FIA GT Racing Game" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2005 video gameGTR – FIA GT Racing GameEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)Simbin Studios ABPublisher(s)10tacle PublishingDesigner(s)William Ian BellStephen ViljoenProgrammer(s)Andy GartonArtist(s)Eric BoosmanComposer(s)Stephen BaystedEngineISImotorPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseEU: March 11, 2005NA: May 3, 2005AU: October 5, 2007Genre(s)Sim racingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
GTR – FIA GT Racing Game is a sports car racing simulator developed by SimBin Studios AB (later Sector3 Studios and KW Studios) and published by 10tacle Publishing for the x86 PC. Simbin has also released an "add-on pack" called "Kings of Ovals" which contains a set of new oval-style tracks. A sequel, GTR 2 – FIA GT Racing Game, was released in 2006.
Reception
GameSpot said: "Despite its blemishes, GTR is the breath of fresh air this genre so badly needed". They awarded the game a score of 8.8 (Great). IGN.com also praised the game and gave a score of 8.5 (Great).
GTR won PC Gamer US's "Best Racing Game 2005" award. The magazine's Andy Mahood wrote: "With its licensed field of exotic sports and GT machines, exquisitely rendered European circuits, and outstanding vehicle physics, GTR advanced the technology of racing simulations to hitherto unseen levels". It was also a runner-up for Computer Games Magazine's list of the top 10 computer games of 2005.
References
^ "Gamespot: GTR FIA Racing". Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
^ "GTR FIA Racing: King of Ovals (PC)". GameSpy. IGN. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "PC review on Gamespot.com". Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
^ IGN.com PC review
^ Mahood, Andy (March 2006). "The Twelfth Annual PC Gamer Awards". PC Gamer US. 13 (3): 33–36, 38, 40–42, 44.
^ Staff (March 2006). "The Best (and Worst) of 2005; The 15th Annual Computer Games Awards". Computer Games Magazine (184): 42–47.
External links
GTR at MobyGames
GTR at Curlie
vteRacing simulator video games developed by KW Studios (formerly SimBin Studios and Sector3 Studios)
GTR
GT Legends
GTR 2
Race
Race 07
GTR Evolution
Race On
Race Pro
RaceRoom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse_MTU | La Crosse Municipal Transit Utility | ["1 History","2 Routes","3 Grand River Station","4 Ridership and service","5 Financial Information","6 Bus fleet","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | La Crosse Municipal Transit UtilityBus #1202 in 2020ParentCity of La CrosseFoundedJanuary 2, 1975Headquarters2000 Marco Dr.LocaleLa Crosse, WisconsinService areaLa Crosse County, WisconsinService typeBus service, ParatransitRoutes11HubsClinton & Caledonia Transfer PointStationsGrand River StationFleet21Annual ridership685,372 (2023)WebsiteLa Crosse MTU
The La Crosse Municipal Transit Utility or MTU is the primary provider of mass transportation in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Using 21 buses, eleven regular routes are provided from Monday through Friday. On Saturdays, the MTU runs six routes, and five routes on Sundays.
History
Public transit in La Crosse began with the opening of a horse-drawn streetcar line in 1879. Over time, more streetcar lines were added and in 1893, all streetcars had been electrified. Beginning in the early 20th century however, increasing car ownership led to a decline of the privately run streetcar system. As a result, buses began to replace streetcars throughout the city and by November 1945, the last streetcar line closed. The City of La Crosse took over operations of the buses in 1975 from the Mississippi Valley Public Service Company, as the buses could no longer be operated profitably.
In 1945, in the first timetable after streetcar service had ended, there were four bus routes. The earliest bus left at 5:40am and the last bus returned at 1:00am. Buses ran at a 10 to 15 minute headway throughout the day. In total, the buses provided 1519.95 hours of service per week. In 2022, the MTU provides only 1141.6 hours of service per week, a decline of 24.89%.
In 2019, a real time bus tracking mobile app was launched. The first two electric buses were introduced to the system on June 13, 2022, which was followed in October with the launch of a mobile app for fare payment.
Routes
Services Mon-Fri (5:12am–10:40pm) Sat (7:42am–7:40pm) Sun (7:42am–6:40pm):
Route 1: South Avenue
Route 2: Green Bay
Route 4: Losey Boulevard
Route 5: Valley View Mall
Route 6: Northside
Services Mon-Fri only
Route 7: French Island
Route 8: Crossing Meadows
Route 9: Onalaska
Ciculator Route 1
Circulator Route 2
Services Mon-Sat only:
Route 10: La Crescent Apple Express
Grand River Station
Grand River Station panorama
Grand River Station can be seen on the right of this aerial in downtown La Crosse
Grand River Station is the downtown transfer point for the majority of MTU routes and provides an MTU ticket counter along with retail and housing. The center opened on August 25, 2010, allowing transfers between MTU buses, intercity buses and commuter buses. Prior to the construction of Grand River Station, transfers between buses occurred by the Post Office at the intersection of 5th Avenue and State Street.
Ridership and service
Total Ridership
Change
Total Revenue Hours
Change
Total Revenue Miles
Change
Fixed Route Ridership
Change
Fixed Route Revenue Hours
Change
Fixed Route Revenue Miles
Change
2007
1,043,403
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2008
1,202,018
015.2%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2009
1,189,841
01.01%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2010
1,230,030
03.38%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2011
1,255,407
02.06%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2012
1,152,781
08.17%
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2013
1,229,410
06.65%
89,707
n/a
1,171,787
n/a
1,175,528
n/a
54,206
n/a
763,957
n/a
2014
1,223,182
00.51%
81,247
09.43%
1,113,534
04.97%
1,192,752
01.47%
54,215
00.0%
766,569
00.34%
2015
1,128,992
07.7%
80,624
00.77%
1,136,698
02.08%
1,102,173
07.59%
56,160
03.59%
794,864
03.69%
2016
1,059,472
06.16%
81,240
00.76%
1,112,519
02.13%
1,032,964
06.28%
58,547
04.25%
830,979
04.54%
2017
1,025,797
03.18%
70,506
013.21%
1,043,529
06.2%
999,955
03.2%
58,801
00.43%
844,107
01.58%
2018
980,865
04.38%
67,404
04.4%
1,002,603
03.92%
959,453
04.05%
58,459
00.58%
845,271
00.14%
2019
923,030
05.9%
67,734
00.49%
988,717
01.38%
905,412
05.63%
60,626
03.71%
866,971
02.57%
2020
562,145
039.1%
62,788
07.3%
887,922
010.19%
552,719
038.95%
59,275
02.23%
826,151
04.71%
2021
524,717
06.66%
67,767
07.93%
983,201
010.73%
510,235
07.69%
62,356
05.20%
884,284
07.04%
2022
606,371
015.56%
-
-
1,012,367
02.97%
587,835
015.21%
-
-
887,773
00.39%
2023
685,372
013.03%
-
-
1,016,566
00.41%
667,034
013.47%
-
-
896,617
01.0%
Financial Information
Operating Expenses
Fare Revenue
Farebox Recovery Ratio
Operating Expense per Vehicle Revenue Mile
Operating Expense per Vehicle Revenue Hour
Operating Expense per Passenger Mile
Operating Expense per Unlinked Passenger Trip
2013
$4,426,715
$646,955
23%
$5.79
$81.66
$1.18
$3.77
2014
$4,661,352
$633,582
19%
$6.08
$85.98
$1.30
$3.91
2015
$4,993,931
$632,438
17.3%
$6.28
$88.92
$1.46
$4.53
2016
$5,123,647
$645,204
17%
$6.17
$87.51
$1.60
$4.96
2017
$5,153,871
$610,973
15.7%
$6.11
$87.65
$1.72
$5.15
2018
$5,150,579
$612,670
18%
$6.09
$88.11
$1.79
$5.37
2019
$5,317,615
$537,194
14.9%
$6.13
$87.71
$1.96
$5.87
2020
$5,301,401
$170,186
8.2%
$6.42
$89.44
$3.20
$9.59
2021
$5,408,836
$251,832
9.4%
$6.12
$86.74
$3.54
$10.60
Although the MTU does not recover all of its operating expenses through fares, neither does the local motor vehicle infrastructure recover any of its expenses through user fees. In fact, not one cent of local road costs are paid for by the user, not to mention the abundant subsidized parking in the city.
Bus fleet
Fleet size
Average fleet age
2013
21
8.5
2014
18
9.5
2015
21
9.6
2016
21
10.6
2017
21
11.6
2018
21
12.6
2019
23
11.4
2020
21
11.7
2021
22
7.7
See also
Scenic Mississippi Regional Transit
La Crosse station
Jefferson Lines
Megabus
Badger Bus
List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin
List of bus transit systems in the United States
References
^ "National Transit Database". Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ "Transit System Map and Rider's Guide".
^ La Crosse Tribune, February 2, 1964, pg 4
^ Jourdan Vian (April 22, 2019). "La Crosse MTU launches real-time bus-tracking app". Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ Alex Loroff (June 8, 2022). "New electric buses officially debut in La Crosse". Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ "City Debuts Two New Electric Buses, La Crosse, WI, 2022". Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ Leah Rivard (October 3, 2022). "La Crosse's MTU launches mobile bus pass app". Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ "La Crosse's new transit center opens late, over budget". August 25, 2010.
^ "MTU buses cruise to 1 million served". March 2, 2008.
^ "Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025".
^ "Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025".
^ "Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025".
^ "Sustainable La Crosse Commission Minutes" (PDF).
^ "Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025".
^ "2013 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2014 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2015 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2016 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2017 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2018 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2019 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2020 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2021 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "National Transit Database". Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ "National Transit Database". Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ "2013 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2014 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2015 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2016 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2017 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2018 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2019 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2020 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2021 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2013 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2014 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2015 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2016 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2017 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2018 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2019 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2020 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
^ "2021 Annual Agency Profile" (PDF).
External links
La Crosse MTU
vtePublic transit in WisconsinStatewide
Amtrak
Borealis (2024)
Empire Builder
Hiawatha Service
Badger Bus
Coach USA
Greyhound Lines
Indian Trails
Jefferson Lines
Lamers Bus Lines
Van Galder Bus Company
Wisconsin Coach Lines
List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin
Southeast Wisconsin
The Hop
Kenosha Area Transit
Kenosha Streetcar
KRM Commuter Link (Proposed)
Metra
Union Pacific North Line
Milwaukee County Transit System
MCTS Connect
Ryde Racine
Washington County Commuter Express (defunct)
Waukesha Metro Transit
Western Kenosha County Transit
Northeast Wisconsin
Fond du Lac Area Transit
GO Transit
Green Bay Metro
Langlade County Public Transit
Maritime Metro Transit
Shoreline Metro
Valley Transit
Northwest Wisconsin
Bay Area Rural Transit
Duluth Transit Authority
Dunn County Transit
Eau Claire Transit
Metro Ride
Namekagon Transit
Stevens Point Transit
Southwest Wisconsin
Beloit Transit
Janesville Transit System
La Crosse Municipal Transit Utility
Madison Metro Transit
Monona Express
Platteville Public Transportation
Scenic Mississippi Regional Transit
Transportation in Wisconsin
vtePublic transit in MinnesotaStatewide
Amtrak
Empire Builder
Hiawatha Service (2024)
Jefferson Lines
Northern Lights Express (TBD)
List of intercity bus stops in Minnesota
Metro
Maple Grove Transit
Minnesota Valley Transit Authority
Metro Transit
METRO
Northstar Line
Plymouth Metrolink
SouthWest Transit
University of Minnesota PTS
U of M Transitway
North
Arrowhead Transit
Duluth Transit Authority
Grand Forks Cities Area Transit
Hibbing Area Transit
Central
Central Community Transit
Saint Cloud Metro Bus
Fargo-Moorhead MATBUS
South
Community Transit
Hermann Express
Hiawathaland Transit
La Crosse MTU
Mankato Transit System
Prairie Lakes Transit
Prairieland Transit System
Rochester City Lines
Rochester Public Transit
Link
Southern Minnesota Area Rural Transit
Winona Transit Service
Transportation in Minnesota | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transportation"},{"link_name":"La Crosse, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The La Crosse Municipal Transit Utility or MTU is the primary provider of mass transportation in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Using 21 buses, eleven regular routes are provided from Monday through Friday. On Saturdays, the MTU runs six routes, and five routes on Sundays.[2]","title":"La Crosse Municipal Transit Utility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Public transit in La Crosse began with the opening of a horse-drawn streetcar line in 1879. Over time, more streetcar lines were added and in 1893, all streetcars had been electrified. Beginning in the early 20th century however, increasing car ownership led to a decline of the privately run streetcar system. As a result, buses began to replace streetcars throughout the city and by November 1945, the last streetcar line closed. The City of La Crosse took over operations of the buses in 1975 from the Mississippi Valley Public Service Company, as the buses could no longer be operated profitably.[3]In 1945, in the first timetable after streetcar service had ended, there were four bus routes. The earliest bus left at 5:40am and the last bus returned at 1:00am. Buses ran at a 10 to 15 minute headway throughout the day. In total, the buses provided 1519.95 hours of service per week. In 2022, the MTU provides only 1141.6 hours of service per week, a decline of 24.89%.In 2019, a real time bus tracking mobile app was launched.[4] The first two electric buses were introduced to the system on June 13, 2022, which was followed in October with the launch of a mobile app for fare payment.[5][6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Services Mon-Fri (5:12am–10:40pm) Sat (7:42am–7:40pm) Sun (7:42am–6:40pm):Route 1: South Avenue\nRoute 2: Green Bay\nRoute 4: Losey Boulevard\nRoute 5: Valley View Mall\nRoute 6: NorthsideServices Mon-Fri onlyRoute 7: French Island\nRoute 8: Crossing Meadows\nRoute 9: Onalaska\nCiculator Route 1\nCirculator Route 2Services Mon-Sat only:Route 10: La Crescent Apple Express","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_new_transit_station_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historic_Downtown_La_Crosse.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Grand River Station panoramaGrand River Station can be seen on the right of this aerial in downtown La CrosseGrand River Station is the downtown transfer point for the majority of MTU routes and provides an MTU ticket counter along with retail and housing. The center opened on August 25, 2010, allowing transfers between MTU buses, intercity buses and commuter buses.[8] Prior to the construction of Grand River Station, transfers between buses occurred by the Post Office at the intersection of 5th Avenue and State Street.","title":"Grand River Station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ridership and service"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although the MTU does not recover all of its operating expenses through fares, neither does the local motor vehicle infrastructure recover any of its expenses through user fees. In fact, not one cent of local road costs are paid for by the user, not to mention the abundant subsidized parking in the city.","title":"Financial Information"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bus fleet"}] | [{"image_text":"Grand River Station panorama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_new_transit_station_-_panoramio.jpg/720px-The_new_transit_station_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand River Station can be seen on the right of this aerial in downtown La Crosse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Historic_Downtown_La_Crosse.jpg/220px-Historic_Downtown_La_Crosse.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Scenic Mississippi Regional Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_Mississippi_Regional_Transit"},{"title":"La Crosse station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse_station"},{"title":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"title":"Megabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)"},{"title":"Badger Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_Bus"},{"title":"List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intercity_bus_stops_in_Wisconsin"},{"title":"List of bus transit systems in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Transit Database\". Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/monthly-module-adjusted-data-release","url_text":"\"National Transit Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transit System Map and Rider's Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=834","url_text":"\"Transit System Map and Rider's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Jourdan Vian (April 22, 2019). \"La Crosse MTU launches real-time bus-tracking app\". Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/la-crosse-mtu-launches-real-time-bus-tracking-app/article_2569ea7a-bacf-52b0-878b-6aa01664e2a7.html","url_text":"\"La Crosse MTU launches real-time bus-tracking app\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Loroff (June 8, 2022). \"New electric buses officially debut in La Crosse\". Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weau.com/2022/06/08/new-electric-buses-officially-debut-la-crosse/","url_text":"\"New electric buses officially debut in La Crosse\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Debuts Two New Electric Buses, La Crosse, WI, 2022\". Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.sharedusemobilitycenter.org/overview/city-debuts-two-new-electric-buses-la-crosse-wi-2022/","url_text":"\"City Debuts Two New Electric Buses, La Crosse, WI, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Leah Rivard (October 3, 2022). \"La Crosse's MTU launches mobile bus pass app\". Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news8000.com/la-crosses-mtu-launches-mobile-bus-pass-app/","url_text":"\"La Crosse's MTU launches mobile bus pass app\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Crosse's new transit center opens late, over budget\". August 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/la-crosses-new-transit-center-opens-late-over-budget/article_8ec3ce62-b004-11df-be81-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"La Crosse's new transit center opens late, over budget\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTU buses cruise to 1 million served\". March 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://lacrossetribune.com/news/mtu-buses-cruise-to-1-million-served/article_d6c2c356-97bb-5669-8caf-f8948ddb9421.html","url_text":"\"MTU buses cruise to 1 million served\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/home/showpublisheddocument/670/637113232160600000","url_text":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/home/showpublisheddocument/670/637113232160600000","url_text":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/home/showpublisheddocument/670/637113232160600000","url_text":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable La Crosse Commission Minutes\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://lacrossecounty.org/Minutes%20and%20Agendas/2012/Minutes/Special/SLC/SLC082412M.pdf","url_text":"\"Sustainable La Crosse Commission Minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/home/showpublisheddocument/670/637113232160600000","url_text":"\"Grand River Transit Service Enhancement & Policy Plan 2015-2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2013/5004.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2014/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2015/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2016/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2017/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2018/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2019/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2020/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2021/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Transit Database\". Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/monthly-module-adjusted-data-release","url_text":"\"National Transit Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Transit Database\". Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/monthly-module-adjusted-data-release","url_text":"\"National Transit Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2013/5004.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2014/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2015/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2016/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2017/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2018/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2019/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2020/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2021/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2013/5004.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2014/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2015/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2016/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2017/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2018/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2019/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2020/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Annual Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2021/50004.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Annual Agency Profile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/your-government/departments/municipal-transit-mtu","external_links_name":"La Crosse MTU"},{"Link":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/monthly-module-adjusted-data-release","external_links_name":"\"National Transit Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityoflacrosse.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=834","external_links_name":"\"Transit System Map and Rider's Guide\""},{"Link":"https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/la-crosse-mtu-launches-real-time-bus-tracking-app/article_2569ea7a-bacf-52b0-878b-6aa01664e2a7.html","external_links_name":"\"La Crosse MTU launches real-time bus-tracking app\""},{"Link":"https://www.weau.com/2022/06/08/new-electric-buses-officially-debut-la-crosse/","external_links_name":"\"New electric buses officially debut in La 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia) | Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources | ["1 History","2 Organization Structure","3 List of ministers","4 See also","5 References"] | Indonesian ministry
Ministry of Energy and Mineral ResourcesKementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya MineralSeal of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral ResourcesFlag of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral ResourcesAgency overviewFormed10 July 1959 (1959-07-10)Preceding agencyMinistry of Main Industry and Mining (1959-1966)JurisdictionGovernment of IndonesiaHeadquartersJalan Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 18Jakarta Pusat 10110Jakarta, IndonesiaMinister responsibleArifin Tasrif, Minister of Energy and Mineral ResourcesWebsitewww.esdm.go.id
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia, abbr. Kementerian ESDM) is an Indonesian ministry responsible for providing assistance to the President and Vice President in performing government's affairs in the field of energy and mineral resources. The current minister is Arifin Tasrif.
History
In history before 1945, the first institution that handled mining in Dutch East Indies is Department of Mining (Dienst van den Mijnbouw) Following Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, the department name was changed to Geological Survey Division (地質調査除, Chisitsu Chosajo), then to Mining and Geology Bureau (Djawatan Tambang dan Geologi) after Proclamation of Indonesian Independence which was formed on 11 September 1945 under the Ministry of Prosperity.
In year 1952 the bureau was under the Ministry of Industry. It was changed to the Mining Directorate which consisted of the Mining Service Center and the Geological Service Center. Following year 1957 the Ministry of Economy was split into the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry, the centers under the Mining Directorate were changed to the Mining and Geological Services.
The government established the Bureau of Oil and Gas which is under the Ministry of Basic Industry and Mining in 1961. The next year Geology and Mining Bureau was changed to the Geology Directorate and Mining Directorate. Following year 1963 Bureau of Oil and Gas was changed into Directorate of Oil and Gas which is under the authority of the Assistant Minister of Mining and State Mining Companies.
Two years after, in 1965, Department of Basic Industry / Mining is divided into three departments namely: Department of Basic Industry, Department of Mining and Department of Oil and Gas Affairs. In June 1965, Minister of Oil and Gas Affairs stipulates the establishment of the Oil and Gas Institution. In 1966 Department of Oil and Gas Affairs is merged into the Ministry of Mines and Oil and Gas which oversees the Department of Oil and Gas. Im Ampera Cabinet, Department of Oil and Gas and the Department of Mining are merged into the Department of Mining.
Department of Mining changed to the Department of Mines and Energy in the next decade (1978). Department of Mines and Energy turned into the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources in 2000. In 2019 in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 47/2009, the name 'Department' was changed to 'Ministry'.
Organization Structure
Based on Presidential Decree No. 97/2021 and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 15/2021, amended by Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Decrees Nos. 34/2021, 5/2022, 6/2022, 7/2022, and 8/2022, the ministry consisted of:
Office of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources
Office of the Deputy Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources
General Secretariat
Bureau of Planning
Bureau of Human Resources
Bureau of Organization and Administration Affairs
Bureau of Finance
Bureau of Legal Affairs
Bureau of General Affairs
Bureau of Communications, Public Information Services, and Partnership
General Directorate of Oil and Gas
General Directorate of Oil and Gas Secretariat
Directorate of Program Guidance in Oil and Gas Affairs
Directorate of Upstream Business Guidance for Oil and Gas
Directorate of Downstream Business Guidance for Oil and Gas
Directorate of Planning and Infrastructure Development for Oil and Gas
Directorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Oil and Gas
"LEMIGAS" Institute for Oil and Gas Testing
47 "LEMIGAS" Laboratories
Central Calibration and Maintenance Laboratory
General Directorate of Electricity
General Directorate of Electricity Secretariat
Directorate of Program Guidance in Electricity Affairs
Directorate of Business Guidance for Electricity
Directorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Electricity
Institute for Survey and Testing of Electricity, New and Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation
General Directorate of Mineral and Coal
General Directorate of Mineral and Coal Secretariat
Directorate of Program Guidance in Mineral and Coal Affairs
Directorate of Business Guidance for Mineral
Directorate of Business Guidance for Coal
Directorate of Coal Revenue
Directorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Mineral and Coal
Institute for Mineral and Coal Testing
General Directorate of New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation
General Directorate of New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation Secretariat
Directorate of Geothermal
Directorate of Bioenergy
Directorate of Miscellaneous New and Renewable Energy
Directorate of Energy Conservation
Directorate of Planning and Infrastructure Development for New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation
General Inspectorate
General Inspectorate Secretariat
Inspectorate I
Inspectorate II
Inspectorate III
Inspectorate IV
Inspectorate V
Geological Agency
Center for Mineral Resources, Coal, and Geothermal
Center for Vulcanology and Geological Disaster Management
Research and Technological Development Center for Geological Disasters
Center for Volcanoes Monitoring and Mass Wasting Disasters Mitigation in Sulawesi and Maluku
Center for Volcanoes Monitoring and Mass Wasting Disasters Mitigation in Nusa Tenggara
Center for Groundwater and Spatial Geology Management
Center for Groundwater Conservation
Center for Geological Survey
Geological Museum
Institute for Marine Geological Survey and Mapping
Human Resources Development Agency for Energy and Mineral Resources
Human Resources Development Center for Oil and Gas
Human Resources Development Center for Geology, Mineral, and Coal
Human Resources Development Center for Electricity, New and Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation
Human Resources Development Center for the Ministerial Apparatuses
"AKAMIGAS" Polytechnics of Energy and Mineral
Education and Training Center for Underground Mining
Bandung Polytechnics of Energy and Mining
Centers
Center of Data and Information for Energy and Mineral Resources
Center for State Assets Management
Expert Staffs
Expert Staffs for Strategic Planning
Expert Staffs for Investment and Infrastructure
Expert Staffs for Economy and Natural Resources
Expert Staffs for Environment and Spatial Planning
List of ministers
No.
Portrait
Minister
Took office
Left office
Time in office
Party
Cabinet
1
Chaerul SalehMinister of Basic Industry and Mining (1959–1964)Minister of Oil and Natural Gas (1964–1966)9 July 1959 (1959-07-09)22 February 1966 (1966-02-22)5 years, 49 days MurbaWorking I(9 July 1959 (1959-07-09) – 18 February 1960 (1960-02-18))Working II(18 February 1960 (1960-02-18) – 6 March 1962 (1962-03-06))Working III(6 March 1962 (1962-03-06) – 13 November 1963 (1963-11-13))Working III(13 November 1963 (1963-11-13) – 27 August 1964 (1964-08-27))Dwikora I(27 August 1964 (1964-08-27) – 22 February 1966 (1966-02-22))
2
ArmunantoMinister of Mining27 August 1964 (1964-08-27)27 March 1966 (1966-03-27)1 year, 212 days IndependentDwikora I(27 August 1964 (1964-08-27) – 22 February 1966 (1966-02-22))Dwikora II(22 February 1966 (1966-02-22) – 27 March 1966 (1966-03-27))
3
Ibnu SutowoMinister of Oil and Natural Gas22 February 1966 (1966-02-22)25 July 1966 (1966-07-25)149 days IndependentDwikora II(22 February 1966 (1966-02-22) – 27 March 1966 (1966-03-27))Dwikora III(31 March 1966 (1966-03-31) – 25 July 1966 (1966-07-25))
4
Slamet BratanataMinister of Mining28 July 1966 (1966-07-28)11 October 1967 (1967-10-11)1 year, 75 days IndependentAmpera I(28 July 1966 (1966-07-28) – 11 October 1967 (1967-10-11))
5
Soemantri BrodjonegoroMinister of Mining17 November 1967 (1967-11-17)28 March 1973 (1973-03-28)5 years, 131 days IndependentAmpera II(17 November 1967 (1967-11-17) – 10 June 1968 (1968-06-10))Development I(10 June 1968 (1968-06-10) – 28 March 1973 (1973-03-28))
6
Mohammad SadliMinister of Mining28 March 1973 (1973-03-28)29 March 1978 (1978-03-29)5 years, 1 day IndependentDevelopment II(28 March 1973 (1973-03-28) – 29 March 1978 (1978-03-29))
7
SoebrotoMinister of Mining and Energy31 March 1978 (1978-03-31)21 March 1988 (1988-03-21)9 years, 356 days Golongan KaryaDevelopment III(31 March 1978 (1978-03-31) – 19 March 1983 (1983-03-19))Development IV(19 March 1983 (1983-03-19) – 21 March 1988 (1988-03-21))
8
Ginandjar KartasasmitaMinister of Mining and Energy23 March 1988 (1988-03-23)17 March 1993 (1993-03-17)4 years, 359 days Golongan KaryaDevelopment V(23 March 1988 (1988-03-23) – 17 March 1993 (1993-03-17))
9
Ida Bagus SudjanaMinister of Mining and Energy17 March 1993 (1993-03-17)14 March 1998 (1998-03-14)4 years, 362 days Golongan KaryaDevelopment VI(17 March 1993 (1993-03-17) – 14 March 1998 (1998-03-14))
10
Kuntoro MangkusubrotoMinister of Mining and Energy14 March 1998 (1998-03-14)20 October 1999 (1999-10-20)1 years, 118 days Golongan KaryaDevelopment VII(14 March 1998 (1998-03-14) – 21 May 1998 (1998-05-21))Development Reform(23 May 1998 (1998-05-23) – 20 October 1999 (1999-10-20))
11
Susilo Bambang YudhoyonoMinister of Mining and Energy29 October 1999 (1999-10-29)23 August 2000 (2000-08-23)302 days IndependentNational Unity(26 October 1999 (1999-10-26) – 23 July 2001 (2001-07-23))
12
Purnomo YusgiantoroMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources23 August 2000 (2000-08-23)20 October 2009 (2009-10-20)9 years, 40 days IndependentNational Unity(26 October 1999 (1999-10-26) – 23 July 2001 (2001-07-23))Mutual Assistance(10 August 1998 (1998-08-10) – 20 October 2004 (2004-10-20))United Indonesia I(21 October 2004 (2004-10-21) – 20 October 2009 (2009-10-20))
13
Darwin Zahedy SalehMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources22 October 2009 (2009-10-22)19 October 2011 (2011-10-19)1 year, 362 days DemokratUnited Indonesia II(22 October 2009 (2009-10-22) – 20 October 2014 (2014-10-20))
14
Jero WacikMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources19 October 2011 (2011-10-19)5 September 2014 (2014-09-05)2 years, 321 days DemokratUnited Indonesia II(22 October 2009 (2009-10-22) – 20 October 2014 (2014-10-20))
—
Chairul TanjungActingMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources11 September 2014 (2014-09-11)20 October 2014 (2014-10-20)39 days IndependentUnited Indonesia II(22 October 2009 (2009-10-22) – 20 October 2014 (2014-10-20))
15
Sudirman SaidMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources27 October 2014 (2014-10-27)27 July 2016 (2016-07-27)1 year, 274 days IndependentWorking(27 October 2014 (2014-10-27) – 20 October 2019 (2019-10-20))
16
Arcandra TaharMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources27 July 2016 (2016-07-27)15 August 2016 (2016-08-15)19 days IndependentWorking(27 October 2014 (2014-10-27) – 20 October 2019 (2019-10-20))
—
Luhut Binsar PanjaitanActingMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources15 August 2016 (2016-08-15)14 October 2016 (2016-10-14)60 days Golongan KaryaWorking(27 October 2014 (2014-10-27) – 20 October 2019 (2019-10-20))
17
Ignasius JonanMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources14 October 2016 (2016-10-14)20 October 2019 (2019-10-20)3 years, 6 days IndependentWorking(27 October 2014 (2014-10-27) – 20 October 2019 (2019-10-20))
18
Arifin TasrifMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources23 October 2019 (2019-10-23)Incumbent4 years, 238 days IndependentOnward Indonesia(23 October 2019 (2019-10-23) – present)
See also
Government of Indonesia
References
^ "Duties and Functions". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ "Organization Structure of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ Dutch East Indies. Dienst van den Mijnbouw (1931). Uitgaven Dienst van den mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indië 1910-1930: Publications of the Mining and Geological Survey Department of the Dutch East Indies during 1910-1930. N.V. Drukkerij Maks & v.d. Klits. (in Dutch)
^ Hayati, Tri (September 2015). Era Baru Hukum Pertambangan: Di Bawah Rezim UU No.4 Tahun 2009. Yayasan Pusataka Obor Indonesia. p. 20. ISBN 9789794619582. (in Indonesian)
^ a b c d e "History of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
vte Current government of Indonesia executive branch (Onward Indonesia Cabinet)MinistryCoordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs
Home Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Defense
Law and Human Rights
Communications and Informatics
State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform
Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs
Finance
Industry
Trade
Agriculture
Manpower
Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises
State Owned Enterprises
Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning
Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investments Affairs
Investment
Transportation
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Tourism and Creative Economy
Energy and Mineral Resources
Environment and Forestry
Public Works and Housing
Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs
Health
Social Affairs
Religious Affairs
Women Empowerment and Child Protection
Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration
Youth and Sports Affairs
Education, Culture, Research and Technology
Ministries without Coordinating Minister
National Development Planning
State Secretariat (State Secretary)
Cabinet-rankOfficials
Attorney General
Commander of National Armed Forces
Chief of National Police
Chief of State Intelligence Agency
Chief of Presidential Staff
Chairman of National Research and Innovation Agency
Head of Nusantara Capital City Authority
Cabinet-relatedOfficials
Cabinet Secretary
Former Ministries
Education and Culture
Research and Technology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arifin Tasrif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifin_Tasrif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Structure-2"}],"text":"The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia, abbr. 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It was changed to the Mining Directorate which consisted of the Mining Service Center and the Geological Service Center. Following year 1957 the Ministry of Economy was split into the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry, the centers under the Mining Directorate were changed to the Mining and Geological Services.[5]The government established the Bureau of Oil and Gas which is under the Ministry of Basic Industry and Mining in 1961. The next year Geology and Mining Bureau was changed to the Geology Directorate and Mining Directorate. Following year 1963 Bureau of Oil and Gas was changed into Directorate of Oil and Gas which is under the authority of the Assistant Minister of Mining and State Mining Companies.[5]Two years after, in 1965, Department of Basic Industry / Mining is divided into three departments namely: Department of Basic Industry, Department of Mining and Department of Oil and Gas Affairs. In June 1965, Minister of Oil and Gas Affairs stipulates the establishment of the Oil and Gas Institution. In 1966 Department of Oil and Gas Affairs is merged into the Ministry of Mines and Oil and Gas which oversees the Department of Oil and Gas. Im Ampera Cabinet, Department of Oil and Gas and the Department of Mining are merged into the Department of Mining.[5]Department of Mining changed to the Department of Mines and Energy in the next decade (1978). Department of Mines and Energy turned into the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources in 2000. In 2019 in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 47/2009, the name 'Department' was changed to 'Ministry'.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Based on Presidential Decree No. 97/2021 and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 15/2021, amended by Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Decrees Nos. 34/2021, 5/2022, 6/2022, 7/2022, and 8/2022, the ministry consisted of:Office of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources\nOffice of the Deputy Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources\nGeneral Secretariat\nBureau of Planning\nBureau of Human Resources\nBureau of Organization and Administration Affairs\nBureau of Finance\nBureau of Legal Affairs\nBureau of General Affairs\nBureau of Communications, Public Information Services, and Partnership\nGeneral Directorate of Oil and Gas\nGeneral Directorate of Oil and Gas Secretariat\nDirectorate of Program Guidance in Oil and Gas Affairs\nDirectorate of Upstream Business Guidance for Oil and Gas\nDirectorate of Downstream Business Guidance for Oil and Gas\nDirectorate of Planning and Infrastructure Development for Oil and Gas\nDirectorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Oil and Gas\n\"LEMIGAS\" Institute for Oil and Gas Testing\n47 \"LEMIGAS\" Laboratories\nCentral Calibration and Maintenance Laboratory\nGeneral Directorate of Electricity\nGeneral Directorate of Electricity Secretariat\nDirectorate of Program Guidance in Electricity Affairs\nDirectorate of Business Guidance for Electricity\nDirectorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Electricity\nInstitute for Survey and Testing of Electricity, New and Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation\nGeneral Directorate of Mineral and Coal\nGeneral Directorate of Mineral and Coal Secretariat\nDirectorate of Program Guidance in Mineral and Coal Affairs\nDirectorate of Business Guidance for Mineral\nDirectorate of Business Guidance for Coal\nDirectorate of Coal Revenue\nDirectorate of Engineering and Environment Development for Mineral and Coal\nInstitute for Mineral and Coal Testing\nGeneral Directorate of New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation\nGeneral Directorate of New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation Secretariat\nDirectorate of Geothermal\nDirectorate of Bioenergy\nDirectorate of Miscellaneous New and Renewable Energy\nDirectorate of Energy Conservation\nDirectorate of Planning and Infrastructure Development for New, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation\nGeneral Inspectorate\nGeneral Inspectorate Secretariat\nInspectorate I\nInspectorate II\nInspectorate III\nInspectorate IV\nInspectorate V\nGeological Agency\nCenter for Mineral Resources, Coal, and Geothermal\nCenter for Vulcanology and Geological Disaster Management\nResearch and Technological Development Center for Geological Disasters\nCenter for Volcanoes Monitoring and Mass Wasting Disasters Mitigation in Sulawesi and Maluku\nCenter for Volcanoes Monitoring and Mass Wasting Disasters Mitigation in Nusa Tenggara\nCenter for Groundwater and Spatial Geology Management\nCenter for Groundwater Conservation\nCenter for Geological Survey\nGeological Museum\nInstitute for Marine Geological Survey and Mapping\nHuman Resources Development Agency for Energy and Mineral Resources\nHuman Resources Development Center for Oil and Gas\nHuman Resources Development Center for Geology, Mineral, and Coal\nHuman Resources Development Center for Electricity, New and Renewable Energy, and Energy Conservation\nHuman Resources Development Center for the Ministerial Apparatuses\n\"AKAMIGAS\" Polytechnics of Energy and Mineral\nEducation and Training Center for Underground Mining\nBandung Polytechnics of Energy and Mining\nCenters\nCenter of Data and Information for Energy and Mineral Resources\nCenter for State Assets Management\nExpert Staffs\nExpert Staffs for Strategic Planning\nExpert Staffs for Investment and Infrastructure\nExpert Staffs for Economy and Natural Resources\nExpert Staffs for Environment and Spatial Planning","title":"Organization Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ministers"}] | [] | [{"title":"Government of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Duties and Functions\". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esdm.go.id/ministry-of-energy-and-mineral-resources/duty-and-function.html","url_text":"\"Duties and Functions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organization Structure of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esdm.go.id/id/profil/struktur-organisasi","url_text":"\"Organization Structure of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\""}]},{"reference":"Dutch East Indies. Dienst van den Mijnbouw (1931). Uitgaven Dienst van den mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indië 1910-1930: Publications of the Mining and Geological Survey Department of the Dutch East Indies during 1910-1930. N.V. Drukkerij Maks & v.d. Klits.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uEItAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Uitgaven Dienst van den mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indië 1910-1930: Publications of the Mining and Geological Survey Department of the Dutch East Indies during 1910-1930"}]},{"reference":"Hayati, Tri (September 2015). Era Baru Hukum Pertambangan: Di Bawah Rezim UU No.4 Tahun 2009. Yayasan Pusataka Obor Indonesia. p. 20. ISBN 9789794619582.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vPtCDAAAQBAJ&q=Chisitsu+Chosajo&pg=PA20","url_text":"Era Baru Hukum Pertambangan: Di Bawah Rezim UU No.4 Tahun 2009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789794619582","url_text":"9789794619582"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\". Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esdm.go.id/id/profil/sejarah","url_text":"\"History of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.esdm.go.id/","external_links_name":"www.esdm.go.id"},{"Link":"http://www.esdm.go.id/ministry-of-energy-and-mineral-resources/duty-and-function.html","external_links_name":"\"Duties and Functions\""},{"Link":"https://www.esdm.go.id/id/profil/struktur-organisasi","external_links_name":"\"Organization Structure of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uEItAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Uitgaven Dienst van den mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indië 1910-1930: Publications of the Mining and Geological Survey Department of the Dutch East Indies during 1910-1930"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vPtCDAAAQBAJ&q=Chisitsu+Chosajo&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Era Baru Hukum Pertambangan: Di Bawah Rezim UU No.4 Tahun 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.esdm.go.id/id/profil/sejarah","external_links_name":"\"History of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_National_Institutes_of_Health | Foundation for the National Institutes of Health | ["1 Research programs","2 Fundraising","2.1 COVID-19","3 Education and training programs","4 Awards and events","5 Patient support programs","6 Leadership","7 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Foundation for the National Institutes of HealthAbbreviationFNIHFormation1990TypeNot-for-profit, charitable organizationHeadquartersNorth Bethesda, MD, United StatesChief Executive OfficerJulie GerberdingRevenue (2019) $53,818,891Expenses (2019)$67,424,608Websitefnih.org
The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) is a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) charitable organization established by the US Congress in 1990. Located in North Bethesda, MD, the FNIH raises private-sector funds, and creates and manages alliances with public and private institutions in support of the mission of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Research programs
The FNIH collaborates on biomedical research programs to advance breakthrough scientific discoveries. Research partnerships include:
Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV): a public–private partnership led by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and coordinated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) to develop a research strategy for prioritizing and speeding development of the most promising COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 treatments. ACTIV brings together NIH with the United States Department of Health and Human Services agencies, including the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); other government agencies, including the Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA); the European Medicines Agency (EMA); and representatives from academia, philanthropic organizations and biopharmaceutical companies including Pfizer, Roche and Takeda.
Accelerating Medicines Partnership: brings together the resources of the NIH and industry to improve the understanding of disease pathways and facilitate better selection of targets for treatment. Through the partnership, research programs have been established across major disease areas including Alzheimer's disease, Type 2 diabetes and immune-mediated disorders (rheumatoid arthritis/lupus).
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): helps manage the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a public-private partnership that has identified and validated biological markers that indicate its onset and progression. The study tracks volunteers at clinical sites with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease to create a widely-available database of imaging, biochemical and genetic data, which can lay the groundwork for Alzheimer's discoveries.
Biomarkers Consortium: a public-private biomedical research partnership managed by the FNIH. Launched in 2006, the BC seeks regulatory approval for biological markers to support new drug development, preventive medicine and medical diagnostics.
Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative & Continued Vector Research: The FNIH combats mosquito-borne disease through an extension of the Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative, which was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In ongoing partnership with the Foundation, the FNIH continues work through programs such as Vector-based Control of Transmission: Discovery Research (VCTR) and Support Functions for Development of New Technologies for Controlling Transmission of Mosquito-Borne Diseases.
Fundraising
The FNIH's largest donor is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has donated over $10 million from 2001-2020. Other large donors include Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and Wellcome Trust, who each have contributed between $5,000,000 and $9,999,999.
COVID-19
The FNIH Pandemic Response Fund was established to provide financial support to COVID-19 pandemic response efforts led by Francis Collins, then-director of the NIH, and Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
Education and training programs
The FNIH supports education and training programs by raising funds for fellows and early-career researchers who are working to advance biomedical science. An example of this is the Medical Research Scholars Program (MRSP), which provides one-year of intensive training for medical, dental and veterinary students on the NIH campus with mentorship from top scientists.
Awards and events
The FNIH organizes lectures, awards and events to promote innovative thinking and develop a broader public understanding of biomedical science. The Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences is one example. This $100,000 award, made possible by a donation from the Ann and Robert H. Lurie Foundation, recognizes outstanding achievement by a young scientist in biomedical research.
Patient support programs
The FNIH supports programs that provide comfort and assistance to patients receiving treatment at the NIH Clinical Center and their families. For example, the FNIH supports the Edmond J. Safra Family Lodge, which offers accommodations to adult patients receiving care at the NIH Clinical Center and their families at no cost to them.
Leadership
The FNIH is led by Chief Executive Officer, Julie Gerberding.
References
^ a b "Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Inc". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "ACTIV". National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
^ "ACTIV Public-Private Partnership" (PDF). National Institutes of Health. 2022-03-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-02. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^ "Statement by the President on the Accelerated Medicine Partnership". The White House. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Reardon, Sara (4 February 2014). "Pharma firms join NIH on drug development". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14672. S2CID 167745943. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Accelerating Medicines Partnership". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Weiner, Michael (July 2015). "Impact of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, 2004 to 2014". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 11 (7): 865–884. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.005. PMC 4659407. PMID 26194320.
^ Kolata, Gina (12 August 2010). "Sharing of Data Leads to Progress on Alzheimer's". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Liu, Enchi (April 2015). "Perspective: The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the role and contributions of the Private Partner Scientific Board (PPSB)". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 11 (7): 840–849. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.001. PMID 26194317. S2CID 13611232.
^ Wholley, David (31 October 2014). "The Biomarkers Consortium". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 13 (11): 791–792. doi:10.1038/nrd4439. PMID 25359363. S2CID 11595805. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Developing an Evidentiary Standards". U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "2914 Awarded Grants". Grand Challenges. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Malaria Strategy Overview". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ a b "2020 Donors". FNIH 2020 Annual Report. Archived from the original on 2022-04-02. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
^ "Pandemic Response Fund Donation Form". The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2022-04-02. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
^ Gallin, John (December 2016). "Outcomes From the NIH Clinical Research Training Program: A Mentored Research Experience to Enhance Career Development of ClinicianScientists". Academic Medicine. 91 (12): 1684–1690. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001245. PMC 5501747. PMID 27224296.
^ "Medical Research Scholars Program". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences | the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
^ "The Edmond J. Safra Family Lodge at NIH". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Dr. Julie Gerberding Named Chief Executive Officer of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health | the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_for_profit"},{"link_name":"charitable organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"}],"text":"The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) is a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) charitable organization established by the US Congress in 1990. Located in North Bethesda, MD, the FNIH raises private-sector funds, and creates and manages alliances with public and private institutions in support of the mission of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).","title":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"public–private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 treatments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_treatment"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche"},{"link_name":"Takeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The FNIH collaborates on biomedical research programs to advance breakthrough scientific discoveries. Research partnerships include:Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV):[2] a public–private partnership led by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and coordinated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) to develop a research strategy for prioritizing and speeding development of the most promising COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 treatments. ACTIV brings together NIH with the United States Department of Health and Human Services agencies, including the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); other government agencies, including the Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA); the European Medicines Agency (EMA); and representatives from academia, philanthropic organizations and biopharmaceutical companies including Pfizer, Roche and Takeda.[3]\nAccelerating Medicines Partnership:[4][5][6] brings together the resources of the NIH and industry to improve the understanding of disease pathways and facilitate better selection of targets for treatment. Through the partnership, research programs have been established across major disease areas including Alzheimer's disease, Type 2 diabetes and immune-mediated disorders (rheumatoid arthritis/lupus).\nAlzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI):[7][8][9] helps manage the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a public-private partnership that has identified and validated biological markers that indicate its onset and progression. The study tracks volunteers at clinical sites with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease to create a widely-available database of imaging, biochemical and genetic data, which can lay the groundwork for Alzheimer's discoveries.\nBiomarkers Consortium:[10][11] a public-private biomedical research partnership managed by the FNIH. Launched in 2006, the BC seeks regulatory approval for biological markers to support new drug development, preventive medicine and medical diagnostics.\nGrand Challenges in Global Health Initiative & Continued Vector Research:[12] The FNIH combats mosquito-borne disease through an extension of the Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative, which was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In ongoing partnership with the Foundation, the FNIH continues work through programs such as Vector-based Control of Transmission: Discovery Research (VCTR) and Support Functions for Development of New Technologies for Controlling Transmission of Mosquito-Borne Diseases.[13]","title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"text":"The FNIH's largest donor is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has donated over $10 million from 2001-2020.[14] Other large donors include Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and Wellcome Trust, who each have contributed between $5,000,000 and $9,999,999.[14]","title":"Fundraising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Francis Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fauci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19","text":"The FNIH Pandemic Response Fund was established to provide financial support to COVID-19 pandemic response efforts led by Francis Collins, then-director of the NIH, and Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).[15]","title":"Fundraising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The FNIH supports education and training programs by raising funds for fellows and early-career researchers who are working to advance biomedical science.[16] An example of this is the Medical Research Scholars Program (MRSP),[17] which provides one-year of intensive training for medical, dental and veterinary students on the NIH campus with mentorship from top scientists.","title":"Education and training programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurie_Prize_in_Biomedical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The FNIH organizes lectures, awards and events to promote innovative thinking and develop a broader public understanding of biomedical science. The Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences is one example. This $100,000 award, made possible by a donation from the Ann and Robert H. Lurie Foundation, recognizes outstanding achievement by a young scientist in biomedical research.[18]","title":"Awards and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The FNIH supports programs that provide comfort and assistance to patients receiving treatment at the NIH Clinical Center and their families. For example, the FNIH supports the Edmond J. Safra Family Lodge,[19] which offers accommodations to adult patients receiving care at the NIH Clinical Center and their families at no cost to them.","title":"Patient support programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julie Gerberding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Gerberding"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The FNIH is led by Chief Executive Officer, Julie Gerberding.[20]","title":"Leadership"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Inc\". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=6244","url_text":"\"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACTIV\". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rogers_(actor) | Charles "Buddy" Rogers | ["1 Life and career","1.1 Early years","1.2 Career","1.3 Recognition","1.4 Personal life","1.5 Death","2 Partial filmography","3 Discography","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"] | American actor and jazz musician (1904–1999)
Not to be confused with Charles R. Rogers.
Charles "Buddy" RogersRogers in 1929BornCharles Edward Rogers(1904-08-13)August 13, 1904Olathe, Kansas, U.S.DiedApril 21, 1999(1999-04-21) (aged 94)Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.Burial placeForest Lawn CemeteryEducationUniversity of KansasOccupation(s)Actor, musicianYears active1926–1968Spouses
Mary Pickford
(m. 1937; died 1979)
Beverly Ricondo (m. 1981)
Charles Edward "Buddy" Rogers (August 13, 1904 – April 21, 1999) was an American film actor and musician. During the peak of his popularity in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he was publicized as "America's Boyfriend".
Life and career
Early years
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Rogers with The Twin Stars radio program, 1937
Flight Training
Rogers was born to Maude and Bert Henry Rogers in Olathe, Kansas. He studied at the University of Kansas where he became an active member of Phi Kappa Psi. In the mid-1920s he began acting professionally in Hollywood films. A talented trombonist skilled on several other musical instruments, Rogers performed with his own dance band in motion pictures and on radio. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as a flight training instructor.
According to American Dance Bands On Record and Film (1915–1942), compiled by Richard J. Johnson and Bernard H. Shirley (Rustbooks Publishing, 2010), Rogers was not a bandleader in the usual sense of the term. Instead, he was a film actor who fronted bands for publicity purposes. In 1933–34, Rogers took over the popular Joe Haymes orchestra, to which he added drummer Gene Krupa. His later bands were organized by Milt Shaw.
In 1930, he recorded two records for Columbia as a solo singer with a small jazz band accompanying. In 1932, he signed with Victor and recorded four dance band records with a group organized by drummer, and later actor, Jess Kirkpatrick. In 1938, he signed with Vocalion and recorded six swing records (see discography below).
Career
At the 1988 Academy Awards
Nicknamed "Buddy", his most-remembered performance in film was opposite Clara Bow in the 1927 Academy Award winning Wings, the first film ever honored as Best Picture. In 1968, he appeared as himself in an episode of Petticoat Junction titled "Wings", a direct reference to the silent movie.
Recognition
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Rogers has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6135 Hollywood Blvd, which was dedicated on February 8, 1960.
Respected by his peers for his work in film and for his humanitarianism, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored Rogers in 1986 with The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.
A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him in 1993.
Personal life
On June 24, 1937, Rogers became the third husband of silent film actress Mary Pickford. Their romance had begun in 1927, when they co-starred in My Best Girl, but the two kept their relationship hidden until Pickford's separation and 1936 divorce from Douglas Fairbanks. The couple adopted two children—Roxanne and Ronald—and remained married for 42 years until Pickford's death in 1979.
In 1981, Rogers married real estate agent Beverly Ricono.
Death
Rogers died at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, on April 21, 1999, at the age of 94 of natural causes, and was interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Cathedral City, near Palm Springs.
Partial filmography
Fascinating Youth (1926) - Teddy Ward
More Pay, Less Work (1926) - Willia Hinchfield
So's Your Old Man (1926) - Kenneth Murchison
Wings (1927) - Jack Powell
My Best Girl (1927) - Joe Grant
Get Your Man (1927) - Robert Albin
Abie's Irish Rose (1928) - Abie Levy
Varsity (1928) - Jimmy Duffy
Someone to Love (1928) - William Shelby
Red Lips (1928) - Hugh Carver / Buddy
Close Harmony (1929) - Al West
River of Romance (1929) - Tom Rumford
Illusion (1929) - Carlee Thorpe
Half Way to Heaven (1929) - Ned Lee
Young Eagles (1930) - Lieutenant Robert Banks
Paramount on Parade (1930) - Buddy Rogers - Episode 'Love Time'
Safety in Numbers (1930) - William Butler Reynolds
Follow Thru (1930) - Jerry Downes
Heads Up (1930) - Jack Mason
Along Came Youth (1930) - Larry Brooks
The Slippery Pearls (1931, Short) - 'Buddy' Rogers
The Lawyer's Secret (1931) - Laurie Roberts
The Road to Reno (1931) - Tom Wood
Working Girls (1931) - Boyd Wheeler
This Reckless Age (1932) - Bradley Ingals
Best of Enemies (1933) - Jimmie Hartman
Take a Chance (1933) - Kenneth Raleigh
Dance Band (1935) - Buddy Morgan
Old Man Rhythm (1935) - Johnny Roberts
One in a Million (1936) - Pierre
Let's Make a Night of It (1937) - Jack Kent
This Way Please (1937) - Brad Morgan
Golden Hoofs (1941) - Dean MacArdle
The Mexican Spitfire's Baby (1941) - Dennis Lindsay
Sing for Your Supper (1941) - Larry Hays
Mexican Spitfire at Sea (1942) - Dennis Lindsay
Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost (1942) - Dennis Lindsay
Twelfth Street Rag (1942) - Himself
An Innocent Affair (1948) - Claude Kimball
The Parson and the Outlaw (1957) - Rev. Jericho Jones
Discography
As Charles "Buddy" Rogers (America's Boy Friend)
Lupe Vélez, Buddy Rogers, and June Knight in the Broadway musical Hot-Cha! (1932)
February 27, 1930 & March 4, 1930
(I'd like to be) A Bee in Your Boudoir/My Future Just Passed (Columbia 2183-D)
March 4, 1930
Any Time's the Time to Fall in Love/(Up on Top of a Rainbow) Sweepin' the Clouds Away (Columbia 2143-D)
As Buddy Rogers and His California Cavaliers
April 18, 1932
You Fascinate Me/Hello,Gorgeous (Victor 24001)
May 11, 1932
In My Hideaway/Happy-Go-Lucky You (And Broken-Hearted Me) (Victor 24015)
May 18, 1932
I Beg Your Pardon, Mademoiselle/With My Sweetie in the Moonlight (Victor 24031)
Please Handle with Care/Ask Yourself Who Loves You (Victor 24049)
As Buddy Rogers and his Famous Swing Band
(vocals by Buddy Rogers, except Bob Hannon# or Joe Mooney@, or Elizabeth Tilton$)
April 5, 1938
Lovelight in the Starlight#/This Time It's Real# (Vocalion 4058)
Moonshine over Kentucky (v/BR)/Little Lady Make-Believe# (Vocalion 4071)
June 29, 1938
Figaro#/Meet the Beat of My Heart# (Vocalion 4227)
Happy as a Lark (v/BR)/The Sunny Side of Things@ (Vocalion 4240)
September 17, 1938
You Can't Be Mine (And Someone Else's Too)$/While A Cigarette Was Burning$ (Vocalion 4408)
This Is Madness (to Love Like This)#/Rainbow 'Round the Moon (instrumental) (Vocalion 4422)
References
^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 23, 1999). "Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94". The New York Times. p. 23. ProQuest 431161546. Charles (Rogers) (Buddy) Rogers, the handsome leading man and band leader who starred in Wings (1927), the first film to win an Academy Award, and who later married Mary Pickford, America's Sweetheart, died on Wednesday at his home in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Mr. Rogers was 94.
^ Humphrey, Hal (October 25, 1968). "Out of the Air: Buddy Rogers–47 Years Later". East Liverpool Review. p. 15. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ "Charles Buddy Rogers". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ "The 58th Academy Awards – 1986". AMPAS.
^ "Palm Springs Walk of Stars". Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.
^ UCLA Film & Television Archive program notes for My Best Girl, including comments by Pickford biographer Jeffrey Vance. Accessed April 26, 2016.
^ Thackrey, Ted (May 30, 1979). "MARY PICKFORD, 'AMERICA'S SWEETHEART,' WAS 86: World's First Real Movie Star Dies". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. ProQuest 158942376. The Rogerses adopted two children, Ronald and Roxanne, and as family concerns moved to center stage in her life, the desire to return to films as an actress diminished ... and finally disappeared altogether.
^ Luther, Claudia (June 6, 1979). "Foundation Gets Bulk of Pickford Estate: 30-Page Will Includes Small Bequest for Two Children". Los Angeles Times. p. A8. ProQuest 158968628. Rogers, Miss Pickford's husband of 42 years, will receive $25,000 in cash plus much of Miss Pickford's personal property and some real estate. He will also receive at least $48,000 a year in income in a trust set up for him.
^ Champlin, Charles (August 20, 1995). "INTERVIEW: Glitter Is Now a Warm Glow". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. ProQuest 293158416. Rogers and Beverly Ricono married in 1981. She had been a real estate agent whom Rogers and Pickford had known for years in Palm Springs, where they had a second home.
^ Brooks, Patricia; Brooks, Jonathan (2006). "Chapter 8: East L.A. and the Desert". Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7627-4101-4. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
Sources
"Charles "Buddy" Rogers biography". filmreference. 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 23, 1999). "Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Rogers.
Biography portal
Charles "Buddy" Rogers at the Internet Broadway Database
Charles "Buddy" Rogers at IMDb
Photographs and bibliography
Buddy Rogers at Find a Grave
Mary Pickford-Buddy Rogers correspondence, 1943–1976, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
vteJean Hersholt Humanitarian Award1956–2009
Y. Frank Freeman (1956)
Samuel Goldwyn (1957)
Bob Hope (1959)
Sol Lesser (1960)
George Seaton (1961)
Steve Broidy (1962)
Edmond L. DePatie (1965)
George Bagnall (1966)
Gregory Peck (1967)
Martha Raye (1968)
George Jessel (1969)
Frank Sinatra (1970)
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Leo Jaffe (1978)
Robert Benjamin (1979)
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Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1985)
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Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles R. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Rogers"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Charles R. Rogers.Charles Edward \"Buddy\" Rogers (August 13, 1904 – April 21, 1999) was an American film actor and musician. During the peak of his popularity in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he was publicized as \"America's Boyfriend\".","title":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Rogers_1937.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_%27Buddy%27_Rogers_(actor),_USN,_Corpus_Christi,_Texas,_SM-9-5-42-4AM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Olathe, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Phi Kappa Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"trombonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombonist"},{"link_name":"dance band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"motion pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"flight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"},{"link_name":"Joe Haymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haymes"},{"link_name":"Gene Krupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Krupa"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Records"},{"link_name":"Jess Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Vocalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalion_Records"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Rogers with The Twin Stars radio program, 1937Flight TrainingRogers was born to Maude and Bert Henry Rogers in Olathe, Kansas. He studied at the University of Kansas where he became an active member of Phi Kappa Psi. In the mid-1920s he began acting professionally in Hollywood films. A talented trombonist skilled on several other musical instruments, Rogers performed with his own dance band in motion pictures and on radio. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as a flight training instructor.According to American Dance Bands On Record and Film (1915–1942), compiled by Richard J. Johnson and Bernard H. Shirley (Rustbooks Publishing, 2010), Rogers was not a bandleader in the usual sense of the term. Instead, he was a film actor who fronted bands for publicity purposes. In 1933–34, Rogers took over the popular Joe Haymes orchestra, to which he added drummer Gene Krupa. His later bands were organized by Milt Shaw.In 1930, he recorded two records for Columbia as a solo singer with a small jazz band accompanying. In 1932, he signed with Victor and recorded four dance band records with a group organized by drummer, and later actor, Jess Kirkpatrick. In 1938, he signed with Vocalion and recorded six swing records (see discography below).","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesRogers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clara Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTobit-1"},{"link_name":"Petticoat Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat_Junction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"At the 1988 Academy AwardsNicknamed \"Buddy\", his most-remembered performance in film was opposite Clara Bow in the 1927 Academy Award winning Wings, the first film ever honored as Best Picture.[1] In 1968, he appeared as himself in an episode of Petticoat Junction titled \"Wings\", a direct reference to the silent movie.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jean_Hersholt_Humanitarian_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs Walk of Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Rogers has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6135 Hollywood Blvd, which was dedicated on February 8, 1960.[3]Respected by his peers for his work in film and for his humanitarianism, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored Rogers in 1986 with The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.[4]A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him in 1993.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"My Best Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Best_Girl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"On June 24, 1937, Rogers became the third husband of silent film actress Mary Pickford. Their romance had begun in 1927, when they co-starred in My Best Girl,[6] but the two kept their relationship hidden until Pickford's separation and 1936 divorce from Douglas Fairbanks.[citation needed] The couple adopted two children—Roxanne and Ronald—and remained married for 42 years until Pickford's death in 1979.[7][8]In 1981, Rogers married real estate agent Beverly Ricono.[9]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rancho Mirage, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_(Cathedral_City)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Rogers died at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, on April 21, 1999, at the age of 94 of natural causes, and was interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Cathedral City, near Palm Springs.[10]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fascinating Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascinating_Youth"},{"link_name":"More Pay, Less Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Pay,_Less_Work"},{"link_name":"So's Your Old Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%27s_Your_Old_Man"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"My Best Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Best_Girl"},{"link_name":"Get Your Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Man_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Abie's Irish Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abie%27s_Irish_Rose_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_(film)"},{"link_name":"Someone to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone_to_Love_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Red Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lips_(film)"},{"link_name":"Close Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Harmony_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"River of Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Romance"},{"link_name":"Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Half Way to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Way_to_Heaven_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Young Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Eagles_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paramount on Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_on_Parade"},{"link_name":"Safety in Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_in_Numbers_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Follow Thru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_Thru"},{"link_name":"Heads Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_Up_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Along Came Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_Youth"},{"link_name":"The Slippery Pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Jools"},{"link_name":"The Lawyer's Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lawyer%27s_Secret"},{"link_name":"The Road to Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Reno_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Working Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Girls_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"This Reckless Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Reckless_Age"},{"link_name":"Best of Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_Enemies_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Take a Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Chance_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Dance Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Band"},{"link_name":"Old Man Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Man_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"One in a Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_in_a_Million_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Night of It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Night_of_It"},{"link_name":"This Way Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Way_Please"},{"link_name":"Golden Hoofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hoofs"},{"link_name":"The Mexican Spitfire's Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mexican_Spitfire%27s_Baby"},{"link_name":"Sing for Your Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_for_Your_Supper_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Spitfire at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spitfire_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spitfire_Sees_a_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Street Rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Street_Rag"},{"link_name":"An Innocent Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Innocent_Affair"},{"link_name":"The Parson and the Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parson_and_the_Outlaw"}],"text":"Fascinating Youth (1926) - Teddy Ward\nMore Pay, Less Work (1926) - Willia Hinchfield\nSo's Your Old Man (1926) - Kenneth Murchison\nWings (1927) - Jack Powell\nMy Best Girl (1927) - Joe Grant\nGet Your Man (1927) - Robert Albin\nAbie's Irish Rose (1928) - Abie Levy\nVarsity (1928) - Jimmy Duffy\nSomeone to Love (1928) - William Shelby\nRed Lips (1928) - Hugh Carver / Buddy\nClose Harmony (1929) - Al West\nRiver of Romance (1929) - Tom Rumford\nIllusion (1929) - Carlee Thorpe\nHalf Way to Heaven (1929) - Ned Lee\nYoung Eagles (1930) - Lieutenant Robert Banks\nParamount on Parade (1930) - Buddy Rogers - Episode 'Love Time'\nSafety in Numbers (1930) - William Butler Reynolds\nFollow Thru (1930) - Jerry Downes\nHeads Up (1930) - Jack Mason\nAlong Came Youth (1930) - Larry Brooks\nThe Slippery Pearls (1931, Short) - 'Buddy' Rogers\nThe Lawyer's Secret (1931) - Laurie Roberts\nThe Road to Reno (1931) - Tom Wood\nWorking Girls (1931) - Boyd Wheeler\nThis Reckless Age (1932) - Bradley Ingals\nBest of Enemies (1933) - Jimmie Hartman\nTake a Chance (1933) - Kenneth Raleigh\nDance Band (1935) - Buddy Morgan\nOld Man Rhythm (1935) - Johnny Roberts\nOne in a Million (1936) - Pierre\nLet's Make a Night of It (1937) - Jack Kent\nThis Way Please (1937) - Brad Morgan\nGolden Hoofs (1941) - Dean MacArdle\nThe Mexican Spitfire's Baby (1941) - Dennis Lindsay\nSing for Your Supper (1941) - Larry Hays\nMexican Spitfire at Sea (1942) - Dennis Lindsay\nMexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost (1942) - Dennis Lindsay\nTwelfth Street Rag (1942) - Himself\nAn Innocent Affair (1948) - Claude Kimball\nThe Parson and the Outlaw (1957) - Rev. Jericho Jones","title":"Partial filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knight_V%C3%A9lez_Rogers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lupe Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"June Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Knight"}],"text":"As Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers (America's Boy Friend)Lupe Vélez, Buddy Rogers, and June Knight in the Broadway musical Hot-Cha! (1932)February 27, 1930 & March 4, 1930\n(I'd like to be) A Bee in Your Boudoir/My Future Just Passed (Columbia 2183-D)\nMarch 4, 1930\nAny Time's the Time to Fall in Love/(Up on Top of a Rainbow) Sweepin' the Clouds Away (Columbia 2143-D)As Buddy Rogers and His California CavaliersApril 18, 1932\nYou Fascinate Me/Hello,Gorgeous (Victor 24001)\nMay 11, 1932\nIn My Hideaway/Happy-Go-Lucky You (And Broken-Hearted Me) (Victor 24015)\nMay 18, 1932\nI Beg Your Pardon, Mademoiselle/With My Sweetie in the Moonlight (Victor 24031)\nPlease Handle with Care/Ask Yourself Who Loves You (Victor 24049)As Buddy Rogers and his Famous Swing Band\n(vocals by Buddy Rogers, except Bob Hannon# or Joe Mooney@, or Elizabeth Tilton$)April 5, 1938\nLovelight in the Starlight#/This Time It's Real# (Vocalion 4058)\nMoonshine over Kentucky (v/BR)/Little Lady Make-Believe# (Vocalion 4071)\nJune 29, 1938\nFigaro#/Meet the Beat of My Heart# (Vocalion 4227)\nHappy as a Lark (v/BR)/The Sunny Side of Things@ (Vocalion 4240)\nSeptember 17, 1938\nYou Can't Be Mine (And Someone Else's Too)$/While A Cigarette Was Burning$ (Vocalion 4408)\nThis Is Madness (to Love Like This)#/Rainbow 'Round the Moon (instrumental) (Vocalion 4422)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filmreference.com/film/84/Charles-Rogers.html"},{"link_name":"Van Gelder, Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder"},{"link_name":"\"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/movies/buddy-rogers-star-of-wings-and-band-leader-dies-at-94.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"\"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers biography\". filmreference. 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.\nVan Gelder, Lawrence (April 23, 1999). \"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Rogers with The Twin Stars radio program, 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Charles_Rogers_1937.JPG/170px-Charles_Rogers_1937.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flight Training","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Charles_%27Buddy%27_Rogers_%28actor%29%2C_USN%2C_Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas%2C_SM-9-5-42-4AM.jpg/220px-Charles_%27Buddy%27_Rogers_%28actor%29%2C_USN%2C_Corpus_Christi%2C_Texas%2C_SM-9-5-42-4AM.jpg"},{"image_text":"At the 1988 Academy Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/CharlesRogers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lupe Vélez, Buddy Rogers, and June Knight in the Broadway musical Hot-Cha! (1932)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Knight_V%C3%A9lez_Rogers.jpg/220px-Knight_V%C3%A9lez_Rogers.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 23, 1999). \"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\". The New York Times. p. 23. ProQuest 431161546. Charles (Rogers) (Buddy) Rogers, the handsome leading man and band leader who starred in Wings (1927), the first film to win an Academy Award, and who later married Mary Pickford, America's Sweetheart, died on Wednesday at his home in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Mr. Rogers was 94.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/431161546","url_text":"431161546"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Buddy Rogers\". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walkoffame.com/charles-buddy-rogers","url_text":"\"Charles Buddy Rogers\""}]},{"reference":"Thackrey, Ted (May 30, 1979). \"MARY PICKFORD, 'AMERICA'S SWEETHEART,' WAS 86: World's First Real Movie Star Dies\". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. ProQuest 158942376. The Rogerses adopted two children, Ronald and Roxanne, and as family concerns moved to center stage in her life, the desire to return to films as an actress diminished ... and finally disappeared altogether.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/158942376","url_text":"158942376"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Claudia (June 6, 1979). \"Foundation Gets Bulk of Pickford Estate: 30-Page Will Includes Small Bequest for Two Children\". Los Angeles Times. p. A8. ProQuest 158968628. Rogers, Miss Pickford's husband of 42 years, will receive $25,000 in cash plus much of Miss Pickford's personal property and some real estate. He will also receive at least $48,000 a year in income in a trust set up for him.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/158968628","url_text":"158968628"}]},{"reference":"Champlin, Charles (August 20, 1995). \"INTERVIEW: Glitter Is Now a Warm Glow\". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. ProQuest 293158416. Rogers and Beverly Ricono married in 1981. She had been a real estate agent whom Rogers and Pickford had known for years in Palm Springs, where they had a second home.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/293158416","url_text":"293158416"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Patricia; Brooks, Jonathan (2006). \"Chapter 8: East L.A. and the Desert\". Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7627-4101-4. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/laidtorestincali0000broo/page/246/mode/2up?q=rogers","url_text":"Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4101-4","url_text":"978-0-7627-4101-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers biography\". filmreference. 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Charles-Rogers.html","url_text":"\"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers biography\""}]},{"reference":"Van Gelder, Lawrence (April 23, 1999). \"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder","url_text":"Van Gelder, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/movies/buddy-rogers-star-of-wings-and-band-leader-dies-at-94.html","url_text":"\"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/431161546","external_links_name":"431161546"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/east-liverpool-review-1968-10-25/page/n28/mode/1up?q=%22buddy+rogers%22+petticoat","external_links_name":"\"Out of the Air: Buddy Rogers–47 Years Later\""},{"Link":"http://www.walkoffame.com/charles-buddy-rogers","external_links_name":"\"Charles Buddy Rogers\""},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1986","external_links_name":"\"The 58th Academy Awards – 1986\""},{"Link":"http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/","external_links_name":"\"Palm Springs Walk of Stars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626052817/http://palmspringswalkofstars.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2015/03/15/my-best-girl","external_links_name":"UCLA Film & Television Archive program notes for My Best Girl, including comments by Pickford biographer Jeffrey Vance"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/158942376","external_links_name":"158942376"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/158968628","external_links_name":"158968628"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/293158416","external_links_name":"293158416"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/laidtorestincali0000broo/page/246/mode/2up?q=rogers","external_links_name":"Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Charles-Rogers.html","external_links_name":"\"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/movies/buddy-rogers-star-of-wings-and-band-leader-dies-at-94.html","external_links_name":"\"Buddy Rogers, Star of 'Wings' And Band Leader, Dies at 94\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/58189","external_links_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0736777/","external_links_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers"},{"Link":"http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=780","external_links_name":"Photographs and bibliography"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5413","external_links_name":"Buddy Rogers"},{"Link":"http://archives.nypl.org/the/21298","external_links_name":"Mary Pickford-Buddy Rogers correspondence, 1943–1976"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/176525/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/232517864","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghhxKhBH6qKPccFJrjG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13047735","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4682468","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138991128","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138991128","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514658506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1159773602","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85199126","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677291605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cd109e89-04e8-4eaa-b8b7-f36e356a49ae","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6a064cdc-719c-4255-b7bf-d10b1a4d8757","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6251qm9","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Burke | Robert C. Burke | ["1 Early life","2 United States Marine Corps","3 Medal of Honor citation","4 Military decorations & awards","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | Robert Charles BurkeRobert C. BurkeBorn(1949-11-07)November 7, 1949Monticello, Illinois, United StatesDiedMay 17, 1968(1968-05-17) (aged 18)Go Noi Island, Quảng Nam Province, South VietnamBuriedMonticello Cemetery, Monticello, IllinoisAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1967–1968RankPrivate First ClassUnitCompany I, 3rd Battalion, 27th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine DivisionBattles/warsVietnam War
Operation Allen Brook †
AwardsMedal of HonorPurple HeartMilitary Merit Medal (South Vietnam)Gallantry Cross (South Vietnam)
Robert Charles Burke (November 7, 1949 – May 17, 1968) was a United States Marine who was killed in action during the Vietnam War and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Private First Class Burke, at age eighteen, was the youngest Medal of Honor recipient of the Vietnam War.
Early life
Burke was born on November 7, 1949, in Monticello, Illinois. While still a student at Monticello High School, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve in Chicago, March 17, 1967. Burke was discharged to enlist in the regular Marine Corps on May 16, 1967.
United States Marine Corps
Upon completion of recruit training with the 1st Recruit Training Battalion, Recruit Training Regiment, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, on July 20, 1967, Burke was transferred to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California. He completed individual combat training with Company Q, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Training Regiment, in August 1967, and was promoted to private first class on September 1, 1967.
From September 1967 until January 1968, he was a student with the Motor Transport School, Student Company, Schools Battalion. This was followed by duty as a motor vehicle mechanic with Headquarters and Service Company, 5th Military Police Battalion, 5th Marine Division, Camp Pendleton.
In February 1968, Burke was sent to the Republic of Vietnam where he was assigned to Company I, 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) as a Machine Gunner. He was killed in action charging enemy positions on May 17, 1968, while on Operation Allen Brook with Company I, in the hamlet of Le Nam, Go Noi Island in Southern Quảng Nam Province.
Burke is buried in Monticello Cemetery, in Monticello, Illinois.
Burke's grave
Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT C. BURKEUNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty for service as a Machine Gunner with Company I, Third Battalion, Twenty Seventh Marines, First Marine Division in the Republic of Vietnam on May 17, 1968. While on Operation ALLEN BROOK, Company I was approaching a dry river bed with a heavily wooded treeline that bordered the hamlet of Le Nam (1), when they suddenly came under intense mortar, rocket propelled grenades, automatic weapons and small arms fire from a large, well concealed enemy force which halted the company's advance and wounded several Marines. Realizing that key points of resistance had to be eliminated to allow the units to advance and casualties to be evacuated, Private First Class Burke, without hesitation, seized his machine gun and launched a series of one man assaults against the fortified emplacement. As he aggressively maneuvered to the edge of the steep river bank, he delivered accurate suppressive fire upon several enemy bunkers, which enabled his comrades to advance and move the wounded Marines to positions of relative safety. As he continued his combative actions, he located an opposing automatic weapons emplacement and poured intense fire into the position, killing three North Vietnamese soldiers as they attempted to flee. Private First Class Burke then fearlessly moved from one position to another, quelling the hostile fire until his weapon malfunctioned. Obtaining a casualty's rifle and hand grenades, he advanced further into the midst of the enemy. Observing that a fellow Marine had cleared his malfunctioning machine gun he grasped his weapon and moved into a dangerously exposed area and saturated the hostile treeline until he fell mortally wounded. Private First Class Burke's gallant actions upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
/S/ RICHARD M. NIXON
Military decorations & awards
Burke's service ribbons include:
Medal of Honor
Purple Heart Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medal with service star
Military Merit Medal (South Vietnam)
Gallantry Cross with Palm (South Vietnam)
Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960– bar (South Vietnam)
Legacy
The name Robert Charles Burke is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ("The Wall") in Washington, D.C., on Panel 61E, Line 024.
Robert C. Burke Memorial Park in Monticello, Illinois, his hometown, is named in his honor.
See also
Biography portal
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
Notes
^ a b c "Private Robert C. Burke", Who's Who in Marine Corps History.
^ "Robert C. Burke", HomeofHeroes.com.
^ "Pvt Robert C. Burke", Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor.
^ "Robert Charles Burke", The Virtual Wall.
^ "Robert C. Burke Memorial Park", City of Monticello.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
"Private Robert C. Burke". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
"Medal of Honor — PFC Robert C. Burke (Medal of Honor citation)". Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2007-01-02.
"Gravesite of Robert Charles Burke". HomeofHeroes.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
"Robert Charles Burke". The Virtual Wall. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
"Robert C. Burke Memorial Park". City of Monticello, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2004-06-26. Retrieved 2007-10-21. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_recognition"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_First_Class"}],"text":"Robert Charles Burke (November 7, 1949 – May 17, 1968) was a United States Marine who was killed in action during the Vietnam War and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Private First Class Burke, at age eighteen, was the youngest Medal of Honor recipient of the Vietnam War.","title":"Robert C. Burke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monticello, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Monticello High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello_High_School_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_Burke-1"}],"text":"Burke was born on November 7, 1949, in Monticello, Illinois. While still a student at Monticello High School, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve in Chicago, March 17, 1967. Burke was discharged to enlist in the regular Marine Corps on May 16, 1967.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"5th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, 27th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Division (Reinforced)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Operation Allen Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allen_Brook"},{"link_name":"Go Noi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Noi_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quảng Nam Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_Burke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HomeofHeroes-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Robert_Charles_Burke_(1949%E2%80%931968)_at_Monticello_Cemetery.jpg"}],"text":"Upon completion of recruit training with the 1st Recruit Training Battalion, Recruit Training Regiment, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, on July 20, 1967, Burke was transferred to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California. He completed individual combat training with Company Q, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Training Regiment, in August 1967, and was promoted to private first class on September 1, 1967.\nFrom September 1967 until January 1968, he was a student with the Motor Transport School, Student Company, Schools Battalion. This was followed by duty as a motor vehicle mechanic with Headquarters and Service Company, 5th Military Police Battalion, 5th Marine Division, Camp Pendleton.[1]In February 1968, Burke was sent to the Republic of Vietnam where he was assigned to Company I, 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) as a Machine Gunner. He was killed in action charging enemy positions on May 17, 1968, while on Operation Allen Brook with Company I, in the hamlet of Le Nam, Go Noi Island in Southern Quảng Nam Province.[1]Burke is buried in Monticello Cemetery, in Monticello, Illinois.[2]Burke's grave","title":"United States Marine Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USMC_MOH-3"},{"link_name":"RICHARD M. NIXON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"}],"text":"The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously toPRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT C. BURKEUNITED STATES MARINE CORPSfor service as set forth in the following CITATION:For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty for service as a Machine Gunner with Company I, Third Battalion, Twenty Seventh Marines, First Marine Division in the Republic of Vietnam on May 17, 1968. While on Operation ALLEN BROOK, Company I was approaching a dry river bed with a heavily wooded treeline that bordered the hamlet of Le Nam (1), when they suddenly came under intense mortar, rocket propelled grenades, automatic weapons and small arms fire from a large, well concealed enemy force which halted the company's advance and wounded several Marines. Realizing that key points of resistance had to be eliminated to allow the units to advance and casualties to be evacuated, Private First Class Burke, without hesitation, seized his machine gun and launched a series of one man assaults against the fortified emplacement. As he aggressively maneuvered to the edge of the steep river bank, he delivered accurate suppressive fire upon several enemy bunkers, which enabled his comrades to advance and move the wounded Marines to positions of relative safety. As he continued his combative actions, he located an opposing automatic weapons emplacement and poured intense fire into the position, killing three North Vietnamese soldiers as they attempted to flee. Private First Class Burke then fearlessly moved from one position to another, quelling the hostile fire until his weapon malfunctioned. Obtaining a casualty's rifle and hand grenades, he advanced further into the midst of the enemy. Observing that a fellow Marine had cleared his malfunctioning machine gun he grasped his weapon and moved into a dangerously exposed area and saturated the hostile treeline until he fell mortally wounded. Private First Class Burke's gallant actions upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.[3]/S/ RICHARD M. NIXON","title":"Medal of Honor citation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Burke's service ribbons include:","title":"Military decorations & awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam Veterans Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWall-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BurkePark-5"}],"text":"The name Robert Charles Burke is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (\"The Wall\") in Washington, D.C., on Panel 61E, Line 024.[4]Robert C. Burke Memorial Park in Monticello, Illinois, his hometown, is named in his honor.[5]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WW_Burke_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WW_Burke_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WW_Burke_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HomeofHeroes_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USMC_MOH_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TheWall_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BurkePark_5-0"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Private Robert C. Burke\", Who's Who in Marine Corps History.\n\n^ \"Robert C. Burke\", HomeofHeroes.com.\n\n^ \"Pvt Robert C. Burke\", Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor.\n\n^ \"Robert Charles Burke\", The Virtual Wall.\n\n^ \"Robert C. Burke Memorial Park\", City of Monticello.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Burke's grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grave_of_Robert_Charles_Burke_%281949%E2%80%931968%29_at_Monticello_Cemetery.jpg/200px-Grave_of_Robert_Charles_Burke_%281949%E2%80%931968%29_at_Monticello_Cemetery.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Vietnam_War#B"}] | [{"reference":"\"Private Robert C. Burke\". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2007-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Burke_RC.htm","url_text":"\"Private Robert C. 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Retrieved 2007-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virtualwall.org/db/BurkeRC01a.htm","url_text":"\"Robert Charles Burke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert C. Burke Memorial Park\". City of Monticello, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2004-06-26. Retrieved 2007-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040626062725/http://www.cityofmonticello.net/cms/publish/burke.shtml","url_text":"\"Robert C. Burke Memorial Park\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofmonticello.net/cms/publish/burke.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Burke_RC.htm","external_links_name":"\"Private Robert C. Burke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153213/http://www.usmc.mil/moh.nsf/000003c919889c0385255f980058f5b6/000003c919889c0385255fa2005d08f4?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"Medal of Honor — PFC Robert C. Burke (Medal of Honor citation)\""},{"Link":"http://www.usmc.mil/moh.nsf/000003c919889c0385255f980058f5b6/000003c919889c0385255fa2005d08f4?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.homeofheroes.com/gravesites/states/pages_af/burke_robertCharles.html","external_links_name":"\"Gravesite of Robert Charles Burke\""},{"Link":"http://www.virtualwall.org/db/BurkeRC01a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Robert Charles Burke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040626062725/http://www.cityofmonticello.net/cms/publish/burke.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Robert C. Burke Memorial Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofmonticello.net/cms/publish/burke.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candu_Energy_Inc. | Candu Energy | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Candu Energy Inc.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryNuclear powerHeadquartersMississauga, Ontario, CanadaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleJoe St. Julian (President)ProductsCANDU reactorNumber of employees1,400 (2011)ParentAtkinsRéalis (formerly SNC-Lavalin)Websitewww.candu.com
Candu Energy Inc. is a Canadian wholly owned subsidiary of Montreal-based AtkinsRéalis (formerly SNC-Lavalin Inc.), specializing in the design and supply of nuclear reactors, as well as nuclear reactor products and services. Candu Energy Inc. was created in 2011 when parent company SNC-Lavalin purchased the commercial reactor division of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), along with the development and marketing rights to CANDU reactor technology.
Candu Energy Inc. is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Candu Energy lists its main business lines as:
CANDU life extension
CANDU maintenance and performance services
CANDU new build
The reactor products offered by Candu Energy Inc. are the CANDU 6 and Enhanced CANDU 6 reactors. Candu Energy Inc. also specializes in advanced fuel cycle technology that exploits the fuel cycle flexibility of the CANDU design, including fuels based on Recovered Uranium (RU) from Light Water Reactors (LWRs) and Mixed-Oxide fuel (MOX) incorporating thorium or plutonium.
In 2014, Preston Swafford was hired to lead the company as its Chief Nuclear Officer, President & CEO. Also in 2014, Candu Energy increased sharing of human resources with SNC-Lavalin.
References
^ "Government of Canada and SNC-Lavalin Group Reach Agreement on AECL CANDU Reactor Division". Natural Resources Canada media backgrounder. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
^ "AECL sold for $15M to SNC-Lavalin:Government could still earn future royalties from intellectual property rights". CBC News. 2011-06-29.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_companies"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"AtkinsRéalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtkinsR%C3%A9alis"},{"link_name":"SNC-Lavalin Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNC-Lavalin"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy of Canada Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada_Limited"},{"link_name":"CANDU reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU_reactor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"fuel cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle"},{"link_name":"Recovered Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium"},{"link_name":"Light Water Reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_water_reactor"},{"link_name":"Mixed-Oxide fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"Preston Swafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.candu.com/site/media/Parent/Swafford%20FINAL2014-06.pdf"}],"text":"Candu Energy Inc. is a Canadian wholly owned subsidiary of Montreal-based AtkinsRéalis (formerly SNC-Lavalin Inc.), specializing in the design and supply of nuclear reactors, as well as nuclear reactor products and services. Candu Energy Inc. was created in 2011 when parent company SNC-Lavalin purchased the commercial reactor division of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), along with the development and marketing rights to CANDU reactor technology.[1][2]Candu Energy Inc. is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Candu Energy lists its main business lines as:CANDU life extension\nCANDU maintenance and performance services\nCANDU new buildThe reactor products offered by Candu Energy Inc. are the CANDU 6 and Enhanced CANDU 6 reactors. Candu Energy Inc. also specializes in advanced fuel cycle technology that exploits the fuel cycle flexibility of the CANDU design, including fuels based on Recovered Uranium (RU) from Light Water Reactors (LWRs) and Mixed-Oxide fuel (MOX) incorporating thorium or plutonium.In 2014, Preston Swafford was hired to lead the company as its Chief Nuclear Officer, President & CEO. Also in 2014, Candu Energy increased sharing of human resources with SNC-Lavalin.","title":"Candu Energy"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Candu_logo.png/200px-Candu_logo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Government of Canada and SNC-Lavalin Group Reach Agreement on AECL CANDU Reactor Division\". Natural Resources Canada media backgrounder. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2011-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004200446/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2011/57/2138","url_text":"\"Government of Canada and SNC-Lavalin Group Reach Agreement on AECL CANDU Reactor Division\""},{"url":"http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2011/57/2138","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AECL sold for $15M to SNC-Lavalin:Government could still earn future royalties from intellectual property rights\". CBC News. 2011-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/06/29/aecl-sale.html","url_text":"\"AECL sold for $15M to SNC-Lavalin:Government could still earn future royalties from intellectual property rights\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.candu.com/","external_links_name":"www.candu.com"},{"Link":"http://www.candu.com/site/media/Parent/Swafford%20FINAL2014-06.pdf","external_links_name":"Preston Swafford"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004200446/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2011/57/2138","external_links_name":"\"Government of Canada and SNC-Lavalin Group Reach Agreement on AECL CANDU Reactor Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2011/57/2138","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/06/29/aecl-sale.html","external_links_name":"\"AECL sold for $15M to SNC-Lavalin:Government could still earn future royalties from intellectual property rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.snclavalin.com/en/markets-and-services/markets/nuclear","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eireann_Dolan | Eireann Dolan | ["1 Philanthropy","1.1 LGBT advocacy","1.2 Syrian refugee Thanksgiving dinner 2015","1.3 Mental health resources for veterans","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | American writer, philanthropist, and academic
Eireann DolanOccupation(s)SportscasterWriterPhilanthropistSpouse
Sean Doolittle (m. 2017)
Eireann Dolan is an American writer, philanthropist, religious studies academic, and former broadcaster for CSN California. She is well known for her work around charities and social issues in collaboration with her husband, Washington Nationals pitcher Sean Doolittle. In 2015, she hosted the Comcast SportsNet show Call to the Pen about the Oakland Athletics.
Philanthropy
Dolan has stated she and Doolittle make an effort to not just write a check, but also promote others to engage on causes they care about.
LGBT advocacy
In 2015, the Oakland Athletics announced they would host their first-ever Pride Night, to honor lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender fans. Dolan, who has two moms, wanted to be supportive of the team's efforts to welcome LGBT fans to the Oakland Coliseum. Some season ticket holders had negative reactions to the announced Pride Night, and said they planned to not attend the game; Dolan put out a call on her blog and Twitter feed that she would purchase any tickets at face value and donate them to local LGBT charities. She also started a GoFundMe to raise money for Bay Area LGBT groups Our Space, AIDS Project East Bay, and Frameline; the campaign raised nearly $40,000 in donations. She and Doolittle also matched $3,000. Through the Pride Night campaign, Dolan and Doolittle were able to donate 900 tickets to the game to LGBT charities. She received the Ally for Equality Award from the Bay Area Human Rights Campaign in 2015 for her work with Pride Night.
Syrian refugee Thanksgiving dinner 2015
In November 2015, Dolan was disturbed by anti-refugee statements made by governors in her residence of Arizona, her home state of Illinois, and Doolittle's home state of New Jersey. Dolan's grandfather had fled civil war in Ireland to emigrate to the United States. She wanted to do something to honor the Syrian refugees now entering the United States, and since she was planning to be with family in Illinois for Thanksgiving, decided to host Syrian refugee families for a traditional Thanksgiving dinner, in collaboration with the Syrian Resettlement Network in Chicago. Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel heard of the plan and wanted to attend; while his schedule precluded Dolan's attendance, she sent her father as her representative, and A's fans provided desserts. Seventeen Syrian refugee families attended the event.
Mental health resources for veterans
For Memorial Day 2017, Dolan and Doolittle co-authored an article in Sports Illustrated advocating for mental health services for U.S. military veterans with "bad papers"—a classification for service members who receive a "less than honorable" discharge. Before writing it, they sought out briefings from 10 organizations working on the issue, including the Brookings Institution, Human Rights Campaign, and Cato Institute. This wasn't the first time the couple has supported veterans issues; they also created a registry to furnish two Northern California houses through Operation Finally Home, an organization that provides housing to wounded veterans and their families.
Personal life
Dolan was raised in Chicago. Her father was a bank vice president and her mother was a stay at home mom. Her uncle was in the Navy. She studied theology and religious studies at L'Institut Catholique de Paris for three years, but graduated from the University of San Diego.
Dolan met Sean Doolittle in 2012. Dolan had been working as a comedy writer with former Oakland A's pitcher Brandon McCarthy, who thought she and his fellow A's pitcher Doolittle would click. McCarthy suggested they connect, and they did so via Twitter. The couple eloped on October 2, 2017, the day after the end of the 2017 Major League Baseball season. This is her second marriage. She was previously married to Alex Kern.
She is a graduate student in pastoral studies at Fordham University's Graduate School of Religion and Religious Education.
References
^ a b c d e Janes, Chelsea (2018-03-27). "Sean Doolittle and Eireann Dolan may be baseball's most 'woke' couple". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ DiGiovanna, Mike (2017-02-20). "Whether on the mound or for refugees in need, relief is a calling for the Nat's' Sean Doolittle". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
^ a b c d e Kepner, Tyler (2016-03-12). "Off the Mound, Sean Doolittle Brings Relief to the Ostracized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
^ a b c d "For the Love of Baseball and Social Justice: Eireann Dolan and Washington Nationals Closer Sean Doolittle". Fordham Newsroom. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ Dolan, Eireann (2015-03-27). "Oakland Athletics Pride Night 2015". Thank You Based Ball. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ a b "Sean Doolittle's girlfriend Eireann Dolan supports gay fans". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
^ "Girlfriend of Oakland A's pitcher puts her money where her mouth is about team's LGBT Pride Night". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
^ "Pride, prejudice and the Oakland Athletics' Sean Doolittle's big LGBT pitch - San Francisco Business Times". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ "2015 HRC SF Bay Area Local Award Winners | San Francisco Human Rights Campaign Annual Gala Dinner & Auction". sfhrcgala.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ a b "One Woman's 'Better Idea' for Welcoming Syrian Refugees". KQED News. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ "A's Pitcher, Girlfriend Host Syrian Refugees for Thanksgiving". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ "Sean Doolittle's quest to get veterans with "bad paper" the help they need". SI.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ Dunn, Mina (October 3, 2017). "SEAN DOOLITTLE AND EIREANN DOLAN ELOPE, EVERYTHING IS GOOD". The Nats Blog. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
External links
Eireann Dolan's blog
Eireann Dolan on Twitter | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"CSN California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports_California"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Sean Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Comcast SportsNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Sportsnet"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"}],"text":"Eireann Dolan is an American writer, philanthropist, religious studies academic,[1] and former broadcaster for CSN California. She is well known for her work around charities and social issues in collaboration with her husband, Washington Nationals pitcher Sean Doolittle.[2][3] In 2015, she hosted the Comcast SportsNet show Call to the Pen about the Oakland Athletics.[4]","title":"Eireann Dolan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Dolan has stated she and Doolittle make an effort to not just write a check, but also promote others to engage on causes they care about.[1]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oakland Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Alameda_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"GoFundMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoFundMe"},{"link_name":"Frameline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameline_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"LGBT advocacy","text":"In 2015, the Oakland Athletics announced they would host their first-ever Pride Night, to honor lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender fans. Dolan, who has two moms,[5] wanted to be supportive of the team's efforts to welcome LGBT fans to the Oakland Coliseum.[6] Some season ticket holders had negative reactions to the announced Pride Night, and said they planned to not attend the game; Dolan put out a call on her blog and Twitter feed that she would purchase any tickets at face value and donate them to local LGBT charities.[7] She also started a GoFundMe to raise money for Bay Area LGBT groups Our Space, AIDS Project East Bay, and Frameline; the campaign raised nearly $40,000 in donations. She and Doolittle also matched $3,000.[6] Through the Pride Night campaign, Dolan and Doolittle were able to donate 900 tickets to the game to LGBT charities.[8] She received the Ally for Equality Award from the Bay Area Human Rights Campaign in 2015 for her work with Pride Night.[9]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Syrian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Rahm Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Syrian refugee Thanksgiving dinner 2015","text":"In November 2015, Dolan was disturbed by anti-refugee statements made by governors in her residence of Arizona, her home state of Illinois, and Doolittle's home state of New Jersey.[10] Dolan's grandfather had fled civil war in Ireland to emigrate to the United States.[3] She wanted to do something to honor the Syrian refugees now entering the United States, and since she was planning to be with family in Illinois for Thanksgiving, decided to host Syrian refugee families for a traditional Thanksgiving dinner, in collaboration with the Syrian Resettlement Network in Chicago.[10] Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel heard of the plan and wanted to attend; while his schedule precluded Dolan's attendance, she sent her father as her representative, and A's fans provided desserts.[3] Seventeen Syrian refugee families attended the event.[11]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Cato Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Operation Finally Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Finally_Home&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"sub_title":"Mental health resources for veterans","text":"For Memorial Day 2017, Dolan and Doolittle co-authored an article in Sports Illustrated advocating for mental health services for U.S. military veterans with \"bad papers\"—a classification for service members who receive a \"less than honorable\" discharge.[12] Before writing it, they sought out briefings from 10 organizations working on the issue, including the Brookings Institution, Human Rights Campaign, and Cato Institute.[1] This wasn't the first time the couple has supported veterans issues; they also created a registry to furnish two Northern California houses through Operation Finally Home, an organization that provides housing to wounded veterans and their families.[1]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"L'Institut Catholique de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"University of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"Brandon McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"eloped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopement"},{"link_name":"2017 Major League Baseball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"}],"text":"Dolan was raised in Chicago.[4] Her father was a bank vice president and her mother was a stay at home mom. Her uncle was in the Navy.[1] She studied theology and religious studies at L'Institut Catholique de Paris for three years, but graduated from the University of San Diego.[4]Dolan met Sean Doolittle in 2012. Dolan had been working as a comedy writer with former Oakland A's pitcher Brandon McCarthy, who thought she and his fellow A's pitcher Doolittle would click.[3] McCarthy suggested they connect, and they did so via Twitter.[3] The couple eloped on October 2, 2017, the day after the end of the 2017 Major League Baseball season.[13] This is her second marriage. She was previously married to Alex Kern.She is a graduate student in pastoral studies at Fordham University's Graduate School of Religion and Religious Education.[4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Janes, Chelsea (2018-03-27). \"Sean Doolittle and Eireann Dolan may be baseball's most 'woke' couple\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/sean-doolittle-and-eireann-dolan-may-be-baseballs-most-woke-couple/2018/03/27/646b32ca-2dda-11e8-8688-e053ba58f1e4_story.html","url_text":"\"Sean Doolittle and Eireann Dolan may be baseball's most 'woke' couple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"DiGiovanna, Mike (2017-02-20). \"Whether on the mound or for refugees in need, relief is a calling for the Nat's' Sean Doolittle\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/sports/nba/la-sp-mlb-sean-doolittle-refugees-20170217-story.html","url_text":"\"Whether on the mound or for refugees in need, relief is a calling for the Nat's' Sean Doolittle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Kepner, Tyler (2016-03-12). \"Off the Mound, Sean Doolittle Brings Relief to the Ostracized\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/sports/baseball/off-the-mound-sean-doolittle-brings-relief-to-the-ostracized.html","url_text":"\"Off the Mound, Sean Doolittle Brings Relief to the Ostracized\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"For the Love of Baseball and Social Justice: Eireann Dolan and Washington Nationals Closer Sean Doolittle\". Fordham Newsroom. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.fordham.edu/fordham-magazine/80245/","url_text":"\"For the Love of Baseball and Social Justice: Eireann Dolan and Washington Nationals Closer Sean Doolittle\""}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Eireann (2015-03-27). \"Oakland Athletics Pride Night 2015\". Thank You Based Ball. Retrieved 2016-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://thankyoubasedball.com/2015/03/27/oakland-athletics-pride-night-2015/","url_text":"\"Oakland Athletics Pride Night 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sean Doolittle's girlfriend Eireann Dolan supports gay fans\". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2015/04/09/sean-doolittles-girlfriend-eireann-dolan-supports-gay-fans/25503971/","url_text":"\"Sean Doolittle's girlfriend Eireann Dolan supports gay fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girlfriend of Oakland A's pitcher puts her money where her mouth is about team's LGBT Pride Night\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/04/01/girlfriend-of-oakland-as-pitcher-puts-her-money-where-her-mouth-is-about-teams-lgbt-pride-night/","url_text":"\"Girlfriend of Oakland A's pitcher puts her money where her mouth is about team's LGBT Pride Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pride, prejudice and the Oakland Athletics' Sean Doolittle's big LGBT pitch - San Francisco Business Times\". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 2016-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2016/06/lgbt-pride-night-oakland-athletics-sean-doolittle.html","url_text":"\"Pride, prejudice and the Oakland Athletics' Sean Doolittle's big LGBT pitch - San Francisco Business Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 HRC SF Bay Area Local Award Winners | San Francisco Human Rights Campaign Annual Gala Dinner & Auction\". sfhrcgala.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2016-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919140749/https://sfhrcgala.org/content/2015-hrc-sf-bay-area-local-award-winners","url_text":"\"2015 HRC SF Bay Area Local Award Winners | San Francisco Human Rights Campaign Annual Gala Dinner & Auction\""},{"url":"https://sfhrcgala.org/content/2015-hrc-sf-bay-area-local-award-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Woman's 'Better Idea' for Welcoming Syrian Refugees\". KQED News. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2016-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/19/one-womans-better-idea-for-welcoming-syrian-refugees/","url_text":"\"One Woman's 'Better Idea' for Welcoming Syrian Refugees\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's Pitcher, Girlfriend Host Syrian Refugees for Thanksgiving\". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 2016-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Oakland-As-Pitcher-Sean-Doolittle-Girlfriend-Eireann-Dolan-Host-Syrian-Refugees-For-Thanksgiving-in-Chicago-355926101.html","url_text":"\"A's Pitcher, Girlfriend Host Syrian Refugees for Thanksgiving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sean Doolittle's quest to get veterans with \"bad paper\" the help they need\". SI.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2017/05/25/sean-doolittle-veteran-affairs-bad-paper-memorial-day","url_text":"\"Sean Doolittle's quest to get veterans with \"bad paper\" the help they need\""}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Mina (October 3, 2017). \"SEAN DOOLITTLE AND EIREANN DOLAN ELOPE, EVERYTHING IS GOOD\". The Nats Blog. Retrieved October 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thenatsblog.com/2017/10/sean-doolittle-and-eireann-dolan-elope-everything-is-good/","url_text":"\"SEAN DOOLITTLE AND EIREANN DOLAN ELOPE, EVERYTHING IS GOOD\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/sean-doolittle-and-eireann-dolan-may-be-baseballs-most-woke-couple/2018/03/27/646b32ca-2dda-11e8-8688-e053ba58f1e4_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Sean Doolittle and Eireann Dolan may be baseball's most 'woke' couple\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/sports/nba/la-sp-mlb-sean-doolittle-refugees-20170217-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Whether on the mound or for refugees in need, relief is a calling for the Nat's' Sean Doolittle\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/sports/baseball/off-the-mound-sean-doolittle-brings-relief-to-the-ostracized.html","external_links_name":"\"Off the Mound, Sean Doolittle Brings Relief to the Ostracized\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://news.fordham.edu/fordham-magazine/80245/","external_links_name":"\"For the Love of Baseball and Social Justice: Eireann Dolan and Washington Nationals Closer Sean Doolittle\""},{"Link":"https://thankyoubasedball.com/2015/03/27/oakland-athletics-pride-night-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Oakland Athletics Pride Night 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2015/04/09/sean-doolittles-girlfriend-eireann-dolan-supports-gay-fans/25503971/","external_links_name":"\"Sean Doolittle's girlfriend Eireann Dolan supports gay fans\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/04/01/girlfriend-of-oakland-as-pitcher-puts-her-money-where-her-mouth-is-about-teams-lgbt-pride-night/","external_links_name":"\"Girlfriend of Oakland A's pitcher puts her money where her mouth is about team's LGBT Pride Night\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2016/06/lgbt-pride-night-oakland-athletics-sean-doolittle.html","external_links_name":"\"Pride, prejudice and the Oakland Athletics' Sean Doolittle's big LGBT pitch - San Francisco Business Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919140749/https://sfhrcgala.org/content/2015-hrc-sf-bay-area-local-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"2015 HRC SF Bay Area Local Award Winners | San Francisco Human Rights Campaign Annual Gala Dinner & Auction\""},{"Link":"https://sfhrcgala.org/content/2015-hrc-sf-bay-area-local-award-winners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/19/one-womans-better-idea-for-welcoming-syrian-refugees/","external_links_name":"\"One Woman's 'Better Idea' for Welcoming Syrian Refugees\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Oakland-As-Pitcher-Sean-Doolittle-Girlfriend-Eireann-Dolan-Host-Syrian-Refugees-For-Thanksgiving-in-Chicago-355926101.html","external_links_name":"\"A's Pitcher, Girlfriend Host Syrian Refugees for Thanksgiving\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2017/05/25/sean-doolittle-veteran-affairs-bad-paper-memorial-day","external_links_name":"\"Sean Doolittle's quest to get veterans with \"bad paper\" the help they need\""},{"Link":"http://thenatsblog.com/2017/10/sean-doolittle-and-eireann-dolan-elope-everything-is-good/","external_links_name":"\"SEAN DOOLITTLE AND EIREANN DOLAN ELOPE, EVERYTHING IS GOOD\""},{"Link":"https://thankyoubasedball.com/","external_links_name":"Eireann Dolan's blog"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/EireannDolan","external_links_name":"Eireann Dolan on Twitter"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS-25 | Soyuz MS-25 | ["1 Crew","2 Flight","3 Undocking and Return","4 References"] | 2024 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS
Soyuz MS-25Soyuz MS-25 rolled out to Pad 31/6NamesISS 71SMission typeCrewed mission to ISSOperatorRoscosmosCOSPAR ID2024-055ASATCAT no.59294Websiteen.roscosmos.ruMission duration83 days, 18 hours and 57 minutes (in progress)
Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftSoyuz MS No.756Spacecraft typeSoyuz MSManufacturerRSC Energia
CrewCrew size3MembersTracy Caldwell-DysonLaunchingOleg NovitskyMaryna VasileuskayaLandingOleg KononenkoNikolai ChubCallsignKazbek
Start of missionLaunch date23 March 2024, 12:36 UTCRocketSoyuz-2.1aLaunch siteBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 31ContractorProgress Rocket Space Centre
End of missionLanding date24 September 2024 (planned)Landing siteKazakh Steppe, Kazakhstan
Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitInclination51.66°
Docking with ISSDocking portPrichal NadirDocking date25 March 2024, 15:03 UTCTime docked81 days, 16 hours and 30 minutes (in progress)
(L-R) Dyson, Novitsky, VasileuskayaSoyuz programme (crewed)← Soyuz MS-24Soyuz MS-26 →
Soyuz MS-25 is an ongoing Russian crewed Soyuz spaceflight from Baikonur Cosmodrome to the International Space Station.
Crew
This is the first launch of two women, Tracy Caldwell-Dyson from US and Maryna Vasileuskaya from Belarus, aboard a Soyuz spacecraft. The mission commander is Russian cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky, born in Chervyen, Minsk Voblast, Byelorussian SSR, USSR (now Belarus).
Primary Crew
Position
Launching Crew member
Landing Crew member
Commander
Oleg Novitsky, RoscosmosVisitingFourth spaceflight
Oleg Kononenko, RoscosmosExpedition 69/70/71Fifth spaceflight
Spaceflight Participant/ Flight Engineer
Maryna Vasileuskaya, Belarus Space AgencyVisitingFirst spaceflight
Nikolai Chub, RoscosmosExpedition 69/70/71First spaceflight
Flight Engineer
Tracy Caldwell-Dyson, NASAExpedition 70/71Third spaceflight
Backup crew
Position
Crew member
Commander
Ivan Vagner, Roscosmos
Spaceflight participant
Anastasia Lenkova, Belarus Space Agency
Flight Engineer
Donald Pettit, NASA
Flight
It was originally scheduled for launch on 21 March 2024, but due to a voltage drop in one of the power generators, the launch was aborted. The second launch attempt on 23 March 2024 was successful.
Dyson will spend approximately six months aboard the International Space Station. Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky and spaceflight participant Maryna Vasileuskaya of Belarus spent approximately 13 days aboard the orbital complex as a part of 21st ISS visiting expedition.
Undocking and Return
After completing her expedition, Dyson will return to Earth on 24 September 2024 with Roscosmos cosmonauts Oleg Kononenko and Nikolai Chub on the Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft. Kononenko and Chub have been on the ISS since September 2023. They arrived with NASA astronaut Loral O'Hara on the Soyuz MS-24 spacecraft. Kononenko and Chub will remain aboard the orbital laboratory for about one year. If the mission lasts 300–365 days, Kononenko will become the first person to stay 1,000 days in space and have spent a total of 1,036–1,101 days in space. He exceeded the previous record of 878 days by Gennady Padalka on 4 February 2024. O'Hara, who spent six months aboard the space station, returned with Novitsky and Vasileuskaya on the Soyuz MS-24 spacecraft.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from NASA Astronaut Tracy C. Dyson Receives Third Space Station Assignment. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
^ Pearlmanpublished, Robert Z. (23 March 2024). "Flight attendant becomes 1st Belarusian in space on ISS-bound Soyuz launch". Space.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ "Космодром Байконур" . Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ "Next year's Russian manned missions to ISS due in March, September".
^ "Belarusian female astronaut to go ISS in March 2024 — Roscosmos". TASS. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^ "Soyuz MS-25 Launch Scrubbed". NASA. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ a b O'Shea, Claire (15 September 2023). "NASA Astronaut Tracy C. Dyson Receives Third Space Station Assignment". NASA. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "Better Late Than Never: New ISS Crew Prepares to Fly, All-Female EVAs Possible in October". www.americaspace.com. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
Portal: Spaceflight
vtePeople currently in low Earth orbitInternational Space Station(Expedition 71)Soyuz MS-24/Soyuz MS-25
Oleg Kononenko
Nikolai Chub
SpaceX Crew-8
Matthew Dominick
Michael Barratt
Jeanette Epps
Alexander Grebenkin
Soyuz MS-25
Tracy Caldwell Dyson
Boeing CFT
Barry E. Wilmore
Sunita Williams
Tiangong space station(Expedition 7)Shenzhou 18
Ye Guangfu
Li Cong
Li Guangsu
ISS expeditions
Spaceflights to the ISS
crewed
uncrewed
ISS spacewalks
ISS visitors
ISS year-long mission
Spaceflights in Tiangong Program
Spaceflights to the Tiangong
Tiangong expeditions
vteSoyuz programme
List of Soyuz missions
List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
List of Russian human spaceflight missions
Main topics
Soyuz (rocket family)
Soyuz (spacecraft)
Baikonur Cosmodrome
Site 1/5
Site 31/6
Soyuz abort modes
Cosmonaut ranks and positions
Past missions(by spacecraft type)Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1970)
Kosmos 133†
Soyuz 7K-OK No.1† (uncrewed)
Kosmos 140
Soyuz 1†
Kosmos 186
188
212
213
238
Soyuz 2 (uncrewed)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970)(Zond lunar programme)
Kosmos 146
154†
Zond 1967A†
1967B†
Zond 4
1968A†
1968B†
5
6
1969A†
Zond-M 1†
M 2†
Zond 7
8
9
10
Soyuz 7K-L1E (1969–1970)
Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1†
Kosmos 382
Soyuz 7K-LOK (1971–1972)
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1†
No.2†
Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971)
Soyuz 10†
11†
Soyuz 7K-T (1972–1981)
Kosmos 496
573
Soyuz 12
Kosmos 613
Soyuz 13
Kosmos 656
Soyuz 14
15†
17
18a†
18
20 (uncrewed)
21
23†
24
25†
26
27
28
29
30
31
32 (uncrewed landing)
33†
34 (uncrewed launch)
35
36
37
38
39
40
Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)
Kosmos 638
672
Soyuz 16
19 (Apollo–Soyuz)
22
Soyuz 7K-S (1974–1976)
Kosmos 670
772†
869†
Soyuz-T (1978–1986)
Kosmos 1001†
1074
Soyuz T-1 (uncrewed)
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5
T-6
T-7
T-8†
T-9
T-10a†
T-10
T-11
T-12
T-13
T-14
T-15
Soyuz-TM (1986–2002)
Soyuz TM-1 (uncrewed)
TM-2
TM-3
TM-4
TM-5
TM-6
TM-7
TM-8
TM-9
TM-10
TM-11
TM-12
TM-13
TM-14
TM-15
TM-16
TM-17
TM-18
TM-19
TM-20
TM-21
TM-22
TM-23
TM-24
TM-25
TM-26
TM-27
TM-28
TM-29
TM-30
TM-31
TM-32
TM-33
TM-34
Soyuz-TMA (2002–2012)
Soyuz TMA-1
TMA-2
TMA-3
TMA-4
TMA-5
TMA-6
TMA-7
TMA-8
TMA-9
TMA-10
TMA-11
TMA-12
TMA-13
TMA-14
TMA-15
TMA-16
TMA-17
TMA-18
TMA-19
TMA-20
TMA-21
TMA-22
Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016)
Soyuz TMA-01M
TMA-02M
TMA-03M
TMA-04M
TMA-05M
TMA-06M
TMA-07M
TMA-08M
TMA-09M
TMA-10M
TMA-11M
TMA-12M
TMA-13M
TMA-14M
TMA-15M
TMA-16M
TMA-17M
TMA-18M
TMA-19M
TMA-20M
Soyuz MS (2016–present)
Soyuz MS-01
MS-02
MS-03
MS-04
MS-05
MS-06
MS-07
MS-08
MS-09
MS-10†
MS-11
MS-12
MS-13
MS-14 (uncrewed test flight)
MS-15
MS-16
MS-17
MS-18
MS-19
MS-20
MS-21
MS-22 (uncrewed landing)
MS-23 (uncrewed launch)
MS-24
Current missions
MS-25
Future missions
2024
MS-26
Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions.
vteHuman spaceflights to the International Space StationSee also: {{ISS expeditions}}, {{Uncrewed ISS flights}}1998–2004
1998
STS-88
1999
STS-96
2000
STS-101
106
92
Soyuz TM-31
STS-97
2001
STS-98
102
100
Soyuz TM-32
STS-104
105
Soyuz TM-33
STS-108
2002
STS-110
Soyuz TM-34
STS-111
112
Soyuz TMA-1
STS-113
2003
Soyuz TMA-2
TMA-3
2004
Soyuz TMA-4
TMA-5
International Space Station InsigniaInternational Space Station Emblem2005–2009
2005
Soyuz TMA-6
STS-114
Soyuz TMA-7
2006
Soyuz TMA-8
STS-121
115
Soyuz TMA-9
STS-116
2007
Soyuz TMA-10
STS-117
118
Soyuz TMA-11
STS-120
2008
STS-122
123
Soyuz TMA-12
STS-124
Soyuz TMA-13
STS-126
2009
STS-119
Soyuz TMA-14
TMA-15
STS-127
128
Soyuz TMA-16
STS-129
Soyuz TMA-17
2010–2014
2010
STS-130
Soyuz TMA-18
STS-131
132
Soyuz TMA-19
TMA-01M
TMA-20
2011
STS-133
Soyuz TMA-21
STS-134
Soyuz TMA-02M
STS-135
Soyuz TMA-22
TMA-03M
2012
Soyuz TMA-04M
TMA-05M
TMA-06M
TMA-07M
2013
Soyuz TMA-08M
TMA-09M
TMA-10M
TMA-11M
2014
Soyuz TMA-12M
TMA-13M
TMA-14M
TMA-15M
2015–2019
2015
Soyuz TMA-16M
TMA-17M
TMA-18M
TMA-19M
2016
Soyuz TMA-20M
MS-01
MS-02
MS-03
2017
Soyuz MS-04
MS-05
MS-06
MS-07
2018
Soyuz MS-08
MS-09
MS-10†
MS-11
2019
Soyuz MS-12
MS-13
MS-15
Since 2020
2020
Soyuz MS-16
SpaceX Demo-2
Soyuz MS-17
SpaceX Crew-1
2021
Soyuz MS-18
SpaceX Crew-2
Soyuz MS-19
SpaceX Crew-3
Soyuz MS-20
2022
Soyuz MS-21
Axiom-1
SpaceX Crew-4
Soyuz MS-22
SpaceX Crew-5
2023
Soyuz MS-23
SpaceX Crew-6
Axiom-2
SpaceX Crew-7
Soyuz MS-24
2024
Axiom-3
SpaceX Crew-8
Soyuz MS-25
Boeing Crewed Flight Test
Future
2024
SpaceX Crew-9
Soyuz MS-26
Axiom-4
2025
Boeing Starliner-1
SpaceX Crew-10
Individuals
List of ISS visitors
crew
Vehicles
Past
Space Shuttle
Present
Crew Dragon
Soyuz
Future
Boeing Starliner
Orel
Ongoing spaceflights are in underline
† - mission failed to reach ISS
vteFuture spaceflightsCrewed2024
SpaceX Crew-9 (August)
Polaris Dawn (H2 2024)
Soyuz MS-26 (September)
Axiom Mission 4 (October)
Shenzhou 19 (November)
2025
Artemis 2 (September)
Boeing Starliner-1 (Q1)
Gaganyaan-4
Shenzhou 20
Vast-1
Shenzhou 21
2026+
Artemis 3 (2026)
Gaganyaan-5
Artemis 4 (2028)
Artemis 5 (2029)
Uncrewed2024
Biomass
Bion-M No.2 (September)
Blue Ghost M1
DISHA
ESCAPADE (September)
Europa Clipper (October)
Gaganyaan-1 (July)
Gaganyaan-2
GOES-U (June)
GOSAT-GW
GSAT-20 (Q2)
Hakuto-R M2
LOXSAT1 (July)
IM-2 / Lunar Trailblazer
IHP-1
Hera / Milani / Juventas (October)
NISAR (H2)
PROBA-3 (September)
SNC Demo-1 (June)
SVOM (June)
SpainSat NG I (September)
Türksat 6A (June)
UN/Dream Chaser
VIPER (November)
DOGE-1
2025
DESTINY+
IMAP / SWFO-L1 (February)
Gaganyaan-3
Garatéa-L
HTV-X1
IM-3
MetOp-SG Series A
MetOp-SG Series B
MULA
PPE / HALO
SMILE (May)
Space Rider
SPARCS
SPHEREx / PUNCH (April)
Tianwen-2 (May)
TRACERS (April)
2026
ALTIUS / FLEX
Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2
IHP-2
ispace M3
LUPEX
MMX
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027)
Xuntian
PLATO
ULTRASAT
VOICE
2027
FORUM
Luna 26
Superbird-9
2028+
Chang'e 8 (2028)
Dragonfly (2028)
JASMINE (2028)
Luna 27 (2028)
MBR Explorer (2028)
MSR (2028)
NEO Surveyor (2028)
Rosalind Franklin rover (2028)
SAOCOM-2A (2028)
Solar-C EUVST (2028)
Tianwen-3 (2028)
Venus Orbiter Mission (2028+)
ARIEL / Comet Interceptor (2029)
DAVINCI (2029)
Harmony (2029)
Tianwen-4 (2029)
Venera-D (2029–2031)
VERITAS (2029)
Luna 28 (2030)
SAOCOM-2B (2030)
Spektr-UV (2030)
Spektr-M (2030+)
EnVision (2031)
LiteBIRD (2032)
Athena (2035)
LISA (2035)
TBA
Europa Lander
Janus
MOM 2
Nano-JASMINE
PETREL
TEREX-1 (mid 2020s)
Uranus Orbiter and Probe
Recentlylaunched
SpaceX Crew-8 (4 March)
AEROS MH-1 (4 March)
MethaneSAT (4 March)
Queqiao-2 (20 March)
Tiandu 1 and 2 (20 March)
SpaceX CRS-30 (21 March)
WSF-M 1 (11 April)
Shenzhou 18 (25 April)
Chang'e 6 (3 May)
EarthCARE (28 May)
List of proposed missions to the Moon
List of proposed space observatories | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Soyuz MS-25 is an ongoing Russian crewed Soyuz spaceflight from Baikonur Cosmodrome to the International Space Station.[2][3]","title":"Soyuz MS-25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Caldwell-Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Maryna Vasileuskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_Vasileuskaya"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz"},{"link_name":"Oleg Novitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Novitsky"},{"link_name":"Chervyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chervyen"},{"link_name":"Minsk Voblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Region"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"}],"text":"This is the first launch of two women, Tracy Caldwell-Dyson from US and Maryna Vasileuskaya from Belarus, aboard a Soyuz spacecraft. The mission commander is Russian cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky, born in Chervyen, Minsk Voblast, Byelorussian SSR, USSR (now Belarus).Primary CrewBackup crew","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Oleg Novitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Novitsky"},{"link_name":"Maryna Vasileuskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_Vasileuskaya"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"21st ISS visiting expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visiting_expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"It was originally scheduled for launch on 21 March 2024, but due to a voltage drop in one of the power generators, the launch was aborted.[5] The second launch attempt on 23 March 2024 was successful.Dyson will spend approximately six months aboard the International Space Station. Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky and spaceflight participant Maryna Vasileuskaya of Belarus spent approximately 13 days aboard the orbital complex as a part of 21st ISS visiting expedition.[6]","title":"Flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oleg Kononenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kononenko"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Chub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Chub"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Loral O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loral_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Soyuz MS-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS-24"},{"link_name":"Gennady Padalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Padalka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After completing her expedition, Dyson will return to Earth on 24 September 2024 with Roscosmos cosmonauts Oleg Kononenko and Nikolai Chub on the Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft. Kononenko and Chub have been on the ISS since September 2023. They arrived with NASA astronaut Loral O'Hara on the Soyuz MS-24 spacecraft. Kononenko and Chub will remain aboard the orbital laboratory for about one year. If the mission lasts 300–365 days, Kononenko will become the first person to stay 1,000 days in space and have spent a total of 1,036–1,101 days in space. He exceeded the previous record of 878 days by Gennady Padalka on 4 February 2024. O'Hara, who spent six months aboard the space station, returned with Novitsky and Vasileuskaya on the Soyuz MS-24 spacecraft.[6][7]","title":"Undocking and Return"}] | [{"image_text":"International Space Station Insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ISS_insignia.svg/60px-ISS_insignia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"International Space Station Emblem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/60px-ISS_emblem.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pearlmanpublished, Robert Z. (23 March 2024). \"Flight attendant becomes 1st Belarusian in space on ISS-bound Soyuz launch\". Space.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/soyuz-ms-25-launch-international-space-station","url_text":"\"Flight attendant becomes 1st Belarusian in space on ISS-bound Soyuz launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Космодром Байконур\" [Baikonur Cosmodrome]. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kosmodrom.space/raspisanie-zapuskov","url_text":"\"Космодром Байконур\""}]},{"reference":"\"Next year's Russian manned missions to ISS due in March, September\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/science/1699977","url_text":"\"Next year's Russian manned missions to ISS due in March, September\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarusian female astronaut to go ISS in March 2024 — Roscosmos\". TASS. Retrieved 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/science/1624689","url_text":"\"Belarusian female astronaut to go ISS in March 2024 — Roscosmos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soyuz MS-25 Launch Scrubbed\". NASA. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2024/03/21/soyuz-ms-25-launch-scrubbed/","url_text":"\"Soyuz MS-25 Launch Scrubbed\""}]},{"reference":"O'Shea, Claire (15 September 2023). \"NASA Astronaut Tracy C. Dyson Receives Third Space Station Assignment\". NASA. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-tracy-c-dyson-receives-third-space-station-assignment","url_text":"\"NASA Astronaut Tracy C. Dyson Receives Third Space Station Assignment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Better Late Than Never: New ISS Crew Prepares to Fly, All-Female EVAs Possible in October\". www.americaspace.com. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americaspace.com/2023/09/10/better-late-than-never-new-iss-crew-prepares-to-fly-all-female-evas-possible-in-october/","url_text":"\"Better Late Than Never: New ISS Crew Prepares to Fly, All-Female EVAs Possible in October\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://en.roscosmos.ru/","external_links_name":"en.roscosmos.ru"},{"Link":"https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-tracy-c-dyson-receives-third-space-station-assignment/","external_links_name":"NASA Astronaut Tracy C. 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Dyson Receives Third Space Station Assignment\""},{"Link":"https://www.americaspace.com/2023/09/10/better-late-than-never-new-iss-crew-prepares-to-fly-all-female-evas-possible-in-october/","external_links_name":"\"Better Late Than Never: New ISS Crew Prepares to Fly, All-Female EVAs Possible in October\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland | Military history of Iceland | ["1 Settlement and commonwealth","2 Union with Norway","3 Lutheranism","4 Pirate raids","5 18th and 19th centuries","6 Independence","7 Second World War","8 Cod Wars","9 NATO and the Cold War","10 American withdrawal","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Military history of Iceland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a brief overview of historical warfare and recent developments in Iceland. Iceland has never participated in a full-scale war or invasion and the constitution of Iceland has no mechanism to declare war.
Settlement and commonwealth
An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and Skule Bårdsson, from Flateyjarbók
In the period from the settlement of Iceland, in the 870s, until it became part of the realm of the Norwegian King, military defences of Iceland consisted of multiple chieftains (Goðar) and their free followers (þingmenn, bændur or liðsmenn) organised as per standard Nordic military doctrine of the time in expeditionary armies such as the leiðangr. These armies were divided into units by the quality of the warriors and birth. At the end of this period the number of chieftains had diminished and their power had grown to the detriment of their followers. This resulted in a long series of major feuds known as Age of the Sturlungs in the 13th century. During and before the war more than 21 fortresses were built.
The battle consisted of little less than 1000 men with the average casualty rate of 15%. This low casualty rate has been attributed to the blood-feud mentality that permeated Icelandic society, which meant that the defeated army could not be slaughtered honourably to a man. As well as the requirements of Christianity to get a pardon from a cleric for each fiend smitten, which resulted in only people of low class taking care of executions. While executions after battle were uncommon, they were extensive when they happened. See, for instance the battle of Haugsnes with about 110 fatalities, Flóabardagi with about 80 fatalities on one side and unknown on the other and the battle of Örlygsstaðir with up to 60 fatalities including executions. These three battles, or skirmishes as they would be called in a European context add up to 250 fatalities, so these three encounters alone add up to almost 6 of the average killings of 7 per year in the period 1220–1262. Years could pass without killings.
Amphibious operations were important parts of warfare in Iceland in this time, especially in the Westfjords, while large naval engagements were not common. The largest of these was an engagement of a few dozen ships in Húnaflói known as Flóabardagi. One side employing smaller longships as well as boats and the other large Knaars, other larger merchant ships and ferries. Although neither side expected to do battle at sea, the battle was fought in a fairly standard way for the time, the ships being bound together, starting with archery and rock throwing, then spear hurling and ending in a melee all over the fleet, ships being exchanged by each side many times.
At first the chieftains relied primarily on peasant levies but as the war progressed and Norwegian military influences became more pronounced, their personal retinues expanded and became more professional. At the end most of the chieftains had been slain and only one of the original chieftains who started the war remained. It had nonetheless become evident that no one chieftain was powerful enough to vanquish all the others and ensure peace. This led the Icelandic betri bændur (better farmers or farmer leaders) of the South, North and Western Iceland to submit to the Norwegian crown and the Alþingi in 1262. Two years later in 1264 the Lords of Eastern Iceland, the Svínfellingar, submitted as well, but the Eastern Region had completely escaped the ravages of war, mostly because of its geographical barriers of wastelands, mountains and glaciers.
Union with Norway
The Great Seal of King Hákon V
Peace barely ensued as the Norwegian King had little capacity to enforce his will over the Atlantic Ocean, his navy, although the most powerful Atlantic navy at the time was too small to carry big enough invasion force all the way to Iceland. The native Nobles continued to maintain their elite troops, which were called sveinalið while the sýslumenn (sheriffs), most of which were noble descendants of the chieftains, maintained soldiers or sveinar for the defence duties that had been delegated to them by law. All inhabitants of a sýslumaður´s fief were obligated to follow them in battle against invaders.
The king rarely asked for expeditionary forces to help defend Norway, although Icelanders in Norway had been obligated to help Norwegian defences since the early 12th century. There are however a few documented occasions of Icelandic expeditionary armies coming to the king's aid.
As the church became more powerful its bishops and priests became more militant: at the peak of their power the two bishops could command armies consisting of over 6% of Iceland's total population. The Bishops' own sveinar could expect to become priests after their military service. The two bishops became de facto Ecclesiastical Counts or Kirkjugreifar, responsible for law enforcement and overall command of military defences. Icelandic noblemen became wary of the Bishops' powers in the late 15th century and protested. During the 15th century, when English traders and fishermen started to come to Iceland, it became a common practice among chieftains to buy cannons for defence against foreign ships and for internal conflicts. Other firearms, such as the hand gonne, known as haki or hakbyssa in Iceland, became popular as well.
Lutheranism
The Atgeir (halberd). A signature weapon of Icelandic farmers since the late 16th century.
16th century Icelandic man-at-arms. Picture is to depict Eiríkr Rauði, who is equipped somewhat anachronistically, from the 17th century book Groenlandia by Arngrímur Jónsson.
Since the king of Denmark had embraced Lutheranism in the early 16th century he had campaigned to convert his realms from Catholicism to Lutheranism. In the 1540s it was Iceland's turn: a Lutheran bishop was elected as the bishop of Skálholt diocese and bitter conflict ensued. Although the bloodshed didn't come close to that in the Civil War fought in the 13th century, it was still considerable as the bishops fielded armies of thousands, and even fought at Alþingi.
In a bid to isolate Skálholt, Iceland's last Catholic bishop, Jón Arason of Hólar, attempted to cut its lines of communication to the Westfjords by invading the lands of Daði Guðmundsson. Although initially successful in capturing Sauðafell he was later defeated by Daði's army and captured with his sons. Jón Arason and his sons were then transported to Skálholt and beheaded there in 1550. A year later a Danish mercenary force mostly consisting of Landsknechts arrived to support the policy of conversion. Although no open warfare continued, the Danish king was still wary of an insurrection and ordered the destruction of all Icelandic arms and armor. Further mercenary armies, consisting of Landsknechts, are sent to carry out these orders over the following years. After that starts a period where Royal Danish forces are responsible for the defence of Iceland. The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy patrols the coasts of Iceland, but mostly to prevent illegal trading rather than piracy. Some Icelandic sheriffs, however, manage to continue to maintain considerable retinues, especially in the Westfjords, where the Landsknechts were not as thorough in their search.
Pirate raids
The lack of weaponry among Icelanders made them more vulnerable to pirate attacks than before, although in some places, such as the aforementioned Westfjords, Icelanders managed to massacre foreign pirates. Icelandic officials complained about the raids in letters to the king and as a result many halberds were sent to Iceland by Royal edict. The halberd, known as atgeir or arngeir in Icelandic, became a signature weapon of Icelandic farmers. The king remained wary of the Icelanders, and refused to supply them with firearms. As most of the pirates were well armed with such weapons it made defence difficult. However some old guns and cannons still remained and could be used against their ships.
In 1627 Icelanders were shocked at the inability of the Danish forces to protect them against Barbary corsairs who murdered and kidnapped a large number of people. In some places Danish troops fled from the raiders, but the Captain (Höfuðsmaður) of Iceland, who was the highest-ranking military officer and overall governor of Iceland, managed to defend Bessastaðir by hastily building fortifications and damaged one of the raiding ships severely with cannon fire. Some Icelanders were nonetheless angered that he didn't sink the ship despite it being stuck for 24 hours on a reef in front of the fortifications. As a result, Icelanders formed local militias with the king's blessing in places such as Vestmannaeyjar.
18th and 19th centuries
A propaganda drawing showcasing Captain Kohl leading the Herfylking
Regimental Standard of the Herfylking
In the decades before the Napoleonic wars, the king declared his intention to send considerable amount of money to arm the Icelandic militias with muskets. However, his pledges were not fully fulfilled and in 1799 the few hundred militia-men in the South West of Iceland were mostly equipped with rusty and mostly obsolete Medieval weaponry, including 16th century halberds. When English raiders arrived in 1808, after sinking or capturing most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy in the Battle of Copenhagen, the amount of gunpowder in Iceland was so low that it prohibited all efforts of the governor of Iceland, Count Trampe, to provide any resistance.
In 1855, the sheriff in Vestmannaeyjar, Andreas August von Kohl (nicknamed Captain Kohl), went to the Danish authorities to request the formation of an armed civilian militia in Vestmannaeyjar. The main reasons were lingering fears from the Turkish Abductions, and other fears of foreign fishermen. In 1856, the king provided 180 rixdollars to buy guns, and a further 200 rixdollars the following year. After the second delivery in 1857, the militia was officially established, and became known as Herfylkingin, "The Battalion". It was modeled after the Danish army, and divided into four 15-man battalions, each with their own commander. Additionally, there were two youth wings intended for boys from the ages 8-16. The militia would meet once or twice a week for 2-4 hour exercises, where they would practice shooting, swordplay, tactics, and occasionally mock battles. Members were also encouraged to keep themselves in shape and read books from the public library. There was no standardized uniform, however, all members wore a blue hat with a red dot on it. The militia never saw battle, but its presence
ensured that foreign fishermen behaved themselves when they made landfall on the islands, as they had been notorious for causing havoc when landing on the island. In 1860 Captain Kohl died, and Pétur Bjarnasen took over command. The Militia went on a steady decline, until in 1869 when Pétur Bjarnasen died without appointing a successor, and the militia ceased to exist.
Many have campaigned for an Icelandic standing army since the late 19th century, including Iceland's Independence hero Jón Sigurðsson, but except for the attempt in 1940 it has amounted to little.
Independence
Agnar Kofoed Hansen training his officers in the art of war in 1940
In 1918 Iceland regained sovereignty as a separate Kingdom ruled by the Danish king. Iceland established a Coast Guard shortly after, but financial difficulties made establishing a standing army impossible. The government hoped that permanent neutrality would shield the country from invasions. But at the onset of the Second World War, the government, becoming justifiably nervous, decided to expand the capabilities of the National Police (Ríkislögreglan) and its reserves into a military unit. Chief Commissioner of Police Agnar Kofoed Hansen had been trained in the Danish Air Force and he moved swiftly to train his officers. Weapons and uniforms were acquired and near Laugarvatn they practiced rifle shooting and military tactics. Agnar barely managed to train his 60 officers before the United Kingdom invaded Iceland on May 10, 1940. The next step in the drive towards militarisation was to have been the training of the 300 strong reserve forces, but the invasion effectively stopped it.
Second World War
Main article: Iceland in World War II
Cod Wars
Main article: Cod Wars
Confrontation between the frigate HMS Scylla and the Icelandic gunboat Odinn (1976)
The Cod Wars, also called the Icelandic Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin, "the cod war", or Landhelgisstríðin, "the war for the territorial waters"), were a series of three confrontations from the 1950s to the 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland over fishing rights in the North Atlantic. None of the Cod Wars meet any of the common thresholds for a conventional war, and they may more accurately be described as militarised interstate disputes.
The First Cod War lasted from 1 September until 12 November 1958. It began as soon as a new Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from 4 to 12 nautical miles (7.4 to 22.2 km; 4.6 to 13.8 mi), came into force at midnight of 1 September. After a number of rammings and a few shots fired between the Royal Navy and Icelandic patrol boats, Britain and Iceland came to a settlement, which stipulated that any future disagreement between Iceland and Britain in the matter of fishery zones would be sent to the International Court of Justice in the Hague. The First Cod War saw a total of 37 Royal Navy ships and 7,000 sailors protecting the fishing fleet from six Icelandic gunboats and their 100 coast guards.
The Second Cod War between the United Kingdom and Iceland lasted from September 1972 until the signing of a temporary agreement in November 1973. In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce overfishing. It policed its quota system with the Icelandic Coast Guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, the Royal Navy deployed warships and tugboats to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft, resulting in direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships, which again included ramming incidents. After a series of talks within NATO, British warships were recalled on 3 October 1973. An agreement was signed on 8 November which limited British fishing activities to certain areas inside the 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) limit, resolving the dispute that time. The resolution was based on the premise that British trawlers would limit their annual catch to no more than 130,000 tons. This agreement expired in November 1975, and the third "Cod War" began.
The Third Cod War lasted from November 1975 to June 1976. Iceland had declared that the ocean up to 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from its coast fell under Icelandic authority. The British government did not recognise this large increase to the exclusion zone, and as a result, there were again almost daily rammings between Icelandic patrol vessels and British trawlers, frigates and tugboats. The dispute eventually ended in 1976 after Iceland threatened to close a major NATO base in retaliation for Britain's deployment of naval vessels within the disputed 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) limit. The British government conceded, and agreed that after 1 December 1976 British trawlers would not fish within the previously disputed area.
NATO and the Cold War
Iceland's main contribution to the NATO defence effort, during the Cold War was the rent-free provision of the "agreed areas"—sites for military facilities. By far the largest and most important of these was the NATO Naval Air Station Keflavík, manned by American, Canadian, Danish, Norwegian and Dutch personnel. Units from these and other NATO countries also are deployed temporarily to Keflavík, and they stage practice operations. Many of these practices were anti-submarine warfare patrols, but these exercises were halted when the P-3 ASW aircraft were withdrawn from Keflavík.
Iceland and the United States regarded the U.S. military presence since World War II as a cornerstone to bilateral foreign/security policy. The presence of the troops was negotiated under a treaty known as the Agreed Minute.
Talks about the American presence were restarted as of 2005, since the U.S. government was keen on deploying its troops and equipment to parts of the world with more pressing need for them. Proposals by the Icelandic government included a complete Icelandic takeover of the Airbase, as well as replacing the Pavehawk rescue helicopter unit with a detachment from the aeronautical half of the Icelandic Coast Guard, in exchange for the continued stationing of the four F-15C interceptors in Keflavík.
On March 15, 2006 the U.S. government announced that the Iceland Defense Force would be withdrawn by the end of September 2006. The last American troops left on September 30, handing control of the Keflavík base over to the Sheriff of Keflavík airport, who was to be in charge of it on behalf of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
American withdrawal
See also: Military of Iceland
On September 26, 2006 the Government of Iceland released a document containing Iceland's response to the withdrawal of American forces. It included plans (a) to create a Security and Defense authority to oversee all security organisations in Iceland, including Police and Coast Guard; (b) to increase the capabilities of the Coast Guard by purchasing vessels and aircraft; (c) to create a Security or Secret service; and (d) to establish a secure communications system spanning the whole country. MP Magnús Þór Hafsteinsson of the Liberal party voiced his party's willingness to raise a standing army, in agreement with views expressed by Björn Bjarnason Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs.
The Icelandic Defence Agency (Varnarmálastofnun Íslands) was founded in 2008 under the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Agency was to consolidate functions previously served by NATO forces at Naval Air Station Keflavik, such as maintaining defense installations, intelligence gathering and military exercises. An initial budget of $20 million fell to $13 million in 2009 as the Icelandic economy suffered a crisis. On 30 March 2010, the Icelandic government announced it would legislate to disband the Agency and put its services under the command of the Coast Guard or National Police. To save money and to restore the primary role of the Icelandic Coast Guard in defense, the Defence Agency was shut down on January 1, 2011.
Iceland Air Meet 2014 hosted NATO and other Nordic countries for the first time.
See also
Battle of Haugsnes
Battle of Sauðafell
Battle of Víðines
Battle of the Gulf
Battle of Örlygsstaðir
Borgarvirki
Defence of Iceland
History of Iceland
List of countries without armed forces
List of wars involving Iceland
References
^ "From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
^ Birgir Loftsson, Hernaðarsaga Ísland : 1170–1581, Pjaxi. Reykjavík. 2006. pp.14–17
^ Birgir Loftsson, Hernaðarsaga Íslands: 1170–1581, Pjaxi. Reykjavík. 2006. p.76
^ Jón Sigurðsson, "Um verzlun á Ísland", Ný félagsrit 3. pp. 116–117.
^ Steinsson, Sverrir (2016-03-22). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis". European Security. 25 (2): 256–275. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376. ISSN 0966-2839. S2CID 155242560.
^ Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (2008-07-01). "Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community". Review of International Studies. 34 (3): 481–506. doi:10.1017/S0260210508008139. ISSN 1469-9044. S2CID 144997884.
^ Ireland, Michael J.; Gartner, Scott Sigmund (2001-10-01). "Time to Fight: Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 45 (5): 547–568. doi:10.1177/0022002701045005001. JSTOR 3176313. S2CID 154973439.
^ Prins, Brandon C.; Sprecher, Christopher (1999-05-01). "Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, And Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946–89". Journal of Peace Research. 36 (3): 271–287. doi:10.1177/0022343399036003002. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 110394899.
^ "History of the Cod Wars (BBC Programme)". Youtube.com. 2010-12-05. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
^ "Útfærsla efnahagslögsögunnar" (in Icelandic). Lhg.is. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
^ http://forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/frettir/Nyverkefni.pdf
^ "Alþingi ræða". Althingi.is. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
^ "Alþingi ræða". Althingi.is. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
^ "Dagbókin | Björn Bjarnason" (in Icelandic). bjorn.is. 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
^ "Varnarmálastofnun". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
^ Pike, John. "Iceland". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ "Iceland Defence Agency to close doors? - IceNews - Daily News". www.icenews.is. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ ""NATO flies with partners over Iceland for first time"". nato.int. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Further reading
Þór Whitehead, The Ally who came in from the cold: a survey of Icelandic Foreign Policy 1946–1956, Centre for International Studies. University of Iceland Press. Reykjavík. 1998.
External links
Icelandic Coast Guard.
Icelandic National Police.
Iceland Air Defence System.
Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs.
Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
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South Ossetia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"constitution of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a brief overview of historical warfare and recent developments in Iceland. Iceland has never participated in a full-scale war or invasion and the constitution of Iceland has no mechanism to declare war.[1]","title":"Military history of Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HakonTheOldAndSkule-Flateyjarbok.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skule Bårdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skule_B%C3%A5rdsson"},{"link_name":"Flateyjarbók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"leiðangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Age of the Sturlungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs"},{"link_name":"fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud"},{"link_name":"the battle of Haugsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haugsnes"},{"link_name":"Flóabardagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf"},{"link_name":"battle of Örlygsstaðir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96rlygssta%C3%B0ir"},{"link_name":"Amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"naval engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_engagement"},{"link_name":"Húnaflói","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAnafl%C3%B3i"},{"link_name":"Flóabardagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3abardagi"},{"link_name":"longships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship"},{"link_name":"Knaars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaar"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee"},{"link_name":"Alþingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEingi"},{"link_name":"Svínfellingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%ADnfellingar"},{"link_name":"Eastern Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region_(Iceland)"},{"link_name":"wastelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wasteland"},{"link_name":"mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"}],"text":"An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and Skule Bårdsson, from FlateyjarbókIn the period from the settlement of Iceland, in the 870s, until it became part of the realm of the Norwegian King, military defences of Iceland consisted of multiple chieftains (Goðar) and their free followers (þingmenn, bændur or liðsmenn) organised as per standard Nordic military doctrine of the time in expeditionary armies such as the leiðangr. These armies were divided into units by the quality of the warriors and birth.[2] At the end of this period the number of chieftains had diminished and their power had grown to the detriment of their followers. This resulted in a long series of major feuds known as Age of the Sturlungs in the 13th century. During and before the war more than 21 fortresses were built.[3]The battle consisted of little less than 1000 men with the average casualty rate of 15%. This low casualty rate has been attributed to the blood-feud mentality that permeated Icelandic society, which meant that the defeated army could not be slaughtered honourably to a man. As well as the requirements of Christianity to get a pardon from a cleric for each fiend smitten, which resulted in only people of low class taking care of executions. While executions after battle were uncommon, they were extensive when they happened. See, for instance the battle of Haugsnes with about 110 fatalities, Flóabardagi with about 80 fatalities on one side and unknown on the other and the battle of Örlygsstaðir with up to 60 fatalities including executions. These three battles, or skirmishes as they would be called in a European context add up to 250 fatalities, so these three encounters alone add up to almost 6 of the average killings of 7 per year in the period 1220–1262. Years could pass without killings.Amphibious operations were important parts of warfare in Iceland in this time, especially in the Westfjords, while large naval engagements were not common. The largest of these was an engagement of a few dozen ships in Húnaflói known as Flóabardagi. One side employing smaller longships as well as boats and the other large Knaars, other larger merchant ships and ferries. Although neither side expected to do battle at sea, the battle was fought in a fairly standard way for the time, the ships being bound together, starting with archery and rock throwing, then spear hurling and ending in a melee all over the fleet, ships being exchanged by each side many times.At first the chieftains relied primarily on peasant levies but as the war progressed and Norwegian military influences became more pronounced, their personal retinues expanded and became more professional. At the end most of the chieftains had been slain and only one of the original chieftains who started the war remained. It had nonetheless become evident that no one chieftain was powerful enough to vanquish all the others and ensure peace. This led the Icelandic betri bændur (better farmers or farmer leaders) of the South, North and Western Iceland to submit to the Norwegian crown and the Alþingi in 1262. Two years later in 1264 the Lords of Eastern Iceland, the Svínfellingar, submitted as well, but the Eastern Region had completely escaped the ravages of war, mostly because of its geographical barriers of wastelands, mountains and glaciers.","title":"Settlement and commonwealth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haakon_Magnussens_segl-013.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Hákon V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_V"},{"link_name":"sýslumenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDsluma%C3%B0ur"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"protested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei%C3%B0arh%C3%B3lmsskr%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"hand gonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon"}],"text":"The Great Seal of King Hákon VPeace barely ensued as the Norwegian King had little capacity to enforce his will over the Atlantic Ocean, his navy, although the most powerful Atlantic navy at the time was too small to carry big enough invasion force all the way to Iceland. The native Nobles continued to maintain their elite troops, which were called sveinalið while the sýslumenn (sheriffs), most of which were noble descendants of the chieftains, maintained soldiers or sveinar for the defence duties that had been delegated to them by law. All inhabitants of a sýslumaður´s fief were obligated to follow them in battle against invaders.The king rarely asked for expeditionary forces to help defend Norway, although Icelanders in Norway had been obligated to help Norwegian defences since the early 12th century. There are however a few documented occasions of Icelandic expeditionary armies coming to the king's aid.As the church became more powerful its bishops and priests became more militant: at the peak of their power the two bishops could command armies consisting of over 6% of Iceland's total population. The Bishops' own sveinar could expect to become priests after their military service. The two bishops became de facto Ecclesiastical Counts or Kirkjugreifar, responsible for law enforcement and overall command of military defences. Icelandic noblemen became wary of the Bishops' powers in the late 15th century and protested. During the 15th century, when English traders and fishermen started to come to Iceland, it became a common practice among chieftains to buy cannons for defence against foreign ships and for internal conflicts. Other firearms, such as the hand gonne, known as haki or hakbyssa in Iceland, became popular as well.","title":"Union with Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Svenska_hillebarder_(1500-talet),_Nordisk_familjebok.png"},{"link_name":"halberd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_the_Red.png"},{"link_name":"Eiríkr Rauði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_Rau%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Arngrímur Jónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arngr%C3%ADmur_J%C3%B3nsson"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Skálholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Alþingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEingi"},{"link_name":"Jón Arason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason"},{"link_name":"Hólar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3lar"},{"link_name":"Westfjords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfjords"},{"link_name":"Daði Guðmundsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C3%B0i_Gu%C3%B0mundsson"},{"link_name":"Sauðafell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sau%C3%B0afell"},{"link_name":"Landsknechts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsknecht"},{"link_name":"insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection"},{"link_name":"Landsknechts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsknecht"},{"link_name":"Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dano-Norwegian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Westfjords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfjords"}],"text":"The Atgeir (halberd). A signature weapon of Icelandic farmers since the late 16th century.16th century Icelandic man-at-arms. Picture is to depict Eiríkr Rauði, who is equipped somewhat anachronistically, from the 17th century book Groenlandia by Arngrímur Jónsson.Since the king of Denmark had embraced Lutheranism in the early 16th century he had campaigned to convert his realms from Catholicism to Lutheranism. In the 1540s it was Iceland's turn: a Lutheran bishop was elected as the bishop of Skálholt diocese and bitter conflict ensued. Although the bloodshed didn't come close to that in the Civil War fought in the 13th century, it was still considerable as the bishops fielded armies of thousands, and even fought at Alþingi.In a bid to isolate Skálholt, Iceland's last Catholic bishop, Jón Arason of Hólar, attempted to cut its lines of communication to the Westfjords by invading the lands of Daði Guðmundsson. Although initially successful in capturing Sauðafell he was later defeated by Daði's army and captured with his sons. Jón Arason and his sons were then transported to Skálholt and beheaded there in 1550. A year later a Danish mercenary force mostly consisting of Landsknechts arrived to support the policy of conversion. Although no open warfare continued, the Danish king was still wary of an insurrection and ordered the destruction of all Icelandic arms and armor. Further mercenary armies, consisting of Landsknechts, are sent to carry out these orders over the following years. After that starts a period where Royal Danish forces are responsible for the defence of Iceland. The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy patrols the coasts of Iceland, but mostly to prevent illegal trading rather than piracy. Some Icelandic sheriffs, however, manage to continue to maintain considerable retinues, especially in the Westfjords, where the Landsknechts were not as thorough in their search.","title":"Lutheranism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"halberds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberd"},{"link_name":"edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict"},{"link_name":"Barbary corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_corsairs"},{"link_name":"Bessastaðir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessasta%C3%B0ir"},{"link_name":"militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Vestmannaeyjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar"}],"text":"The lack of weaponry among Icelanders made them more vulnerable to pirate attacks than before, although in some places, such as the aforementioned Westfjords, Icelanders managed to massacre foreign pirates. Icelandic officials complained about the raids in letters to the king and as a result many halberds were sent to Iceland by Royal edict. The halberd, known as atgeir or arngeir in Icelandic, became a signature weapon of Icelandic farmers. The king remained wary of the Icelanders, and refused to supply them with firearms. As most of the pirates were well armed with such weapons it made defence difficult. However some old guns and cannons still remained and could be used against their ships.In 1627 Icelanders were shocked at the inability of the Danish forces to protect them against Barbary corsairs who murdered and kidnapped a large number of people. In some places Danish troops fled from the raiders, but the Captain (Höfuðsmaður) of Iceland, who was the highest-ranking military officer and overall governor of Iceland, managed to defend Bessastaðir by hastily building fortifications and damaged one of the raiding ships severely with cannon fire. Some Icelanders were nonetheless angered that he didn't sink the ship despite it being stuck for 24 hours on a reef in front of the fortifications. As a result, Icelanders formed local militias with the king's blessing in places such as Vestmannaeyjar.","title":"Pirate raids"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Kohl_leading_the_Herfylking.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunnf%C3%A1ni.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIAV_001000.svg"},{"link_name":"Regimental Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars"},{"link_name":"muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"Danish-Norwegian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dano-Norwegian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"Count Trampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Christoffer,_greve_af_Trampe"},{"link_name":"Vestmannaeyjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar"},{"link_name":"Andreas August von Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_August_von_Kohl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkish Abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Abductions"},{"link_name":"rixdollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_rigsdaler"},{"link_name":"Pétur Bjarnasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9tur_Bjarnasen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jón Sigurðsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A propaganda drawing showcasing Captain Kohl leading the HerfylkingRegimental Standard of the HerfylkingIn the decades before the Napoleonic wars, the king declared his intention to send considerable amount of money to arm the Icelandic militias with muskets. However, his pledges were not fully fulfilled and in 1799 the few hundred militia-men in the South West of Iceland were mostly equipped with rusty and mostly obsolete Medieval weaponry, including 16th century halberds. When English raiders arrived in 1808, after sinking or capturing most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy in the Battle of Copenhagen, the amount of gunpowder in Iceland was so low that it prohibited all efforts of the governor of Iceland, Count Trampe, to provide any resistance.In 1855, the sheriff in Vestmannaeyjar, Andreas August von Kohl (nicknamed Captain Kohl), went to the Danish authorities to request the formation of an armed civilian militia in Vestmannaeyjar. The main reasons were lingering fears from the Turkish Abductions, and other fears of foreign fishermen. In 1856, the king provided 180 rixdollars to buy guns, and a further 200 rixdollars the following year. After the second delivery in 1857, the militia was officially established, and became known as Herfylkingin, \"The Battalion\". It was modeled after the Danish army, and divided into four 15-man battalions, each with their own commander. Additionally, there were two youth wings intended for boys from the ages 8-16. The militia would meet once or twice a week for 2-4 hour exercises, where they would practice shooting, swordplay, tactics, and occasionally mock battles. Members were also encouraged to keep themselves in shape and read books from the public library. There was no standardized uniform, however, all members wore a blue hat with a red dot on it. The militia never saw battle, but its presence \nensured that foreign fishermen behaved themselves when they made landfall on the islands, as they had been notorious for causing havoc when landing on the island. In 1860 Captain Kohl died, and Pétur Bjarnasen took over command. The Militia went on a steady decline, until in 1869 when Pétur Bjarnasen died without appointing a successor, and the militia ceased to exist.Many have campaigned for an Icelandic standing army since the late 19th century, including Iceland's Independence hero Jón Sigurðsson,[4] but except for the attempt in 1940 it has amounted to little.","title":"18th and 19th centuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icelandic_Army_1940.png"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Police"},{"link_name":"Agnar Kofoed Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnar_Kofoed_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laugarvatn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugarvatn"},{"link_name":"invaded Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland"}],"text":"Agnar Kofoed Hansen training his officers in the art of war in 1940In 1918 Iceland regained sovereignty as a separate Kingdom ruled by the Danish king. Iceland established a Coast Guard shortly after, but financial difficulties made establishing a standing army impossible. The government hoped that permanent neutrality would shield the country from invasions. But at the onset of the Second World War, the government, becoming justifiably nervous, decided to expand the capabilities of the National Police (Ríkislögreglan) and its reserves into a military unit. Chief Commissioner of Police Agnar Kofoed Hansen had been trained in the Danish Air Force and he moved swiftly to train his officers. Weapons and uniforms were acquired and near Laugarvatn they practiced rifle shooting and military tactics. Agnar barely managed to train his 60 officers before the United Kingdom invaded Iceland on May 10, 1940. The next step in the drive towards militarisation was to have been the training of the 300 strong reserve forces, but the invasion effectively stopped it.","title":"Independence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scylla-Odinn.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Scylla_(F71)"},{"link_name":"Cod Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_Wars"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"militarised interstate disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarized_interstate_dispute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steinsson2016-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Court of Justice in the Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"exclusive economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Confrontation between the frigate HMS Scylla and the Icelandic gunboat Odinn (1976)The Cod Wars, also called the Icelandic Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin, \"the cod war\", or Landhelgisstríðin, \"the war for the territorial waters\"), were a series of three confrontations from the 1950s to the 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland over fishing rights in the North Atlantic. None of the Cod Wars meet any of the common thresholds for a conventional war, and they may more accurately be described as militarised interstate disputes.[5][6][7][8]The First Cod War lasted from 1 September until 12 November 1958. It began as soon as a new Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from 4 to 12 nautical miles (7.4 to 22.2 km; 4.6 to 13.8 mi), came into force at midnight of 1 September. After a number of rammings and a few shots fired between the Royal Navy and Icelandic patrol boats, Britain and Iceland came to a settlement, which stipulated that any future disagreement between Iceland and Britain in the matter of fishery zones would be sent to the International Court of Justice in the Hague. The First Cod War saw a total of 37 Royal Navy ships and 7,000 sailors protecting the fishing fleet from six Icelandic gunboats and their 100 coast guards.[9]The Second Cod War between the United Kingdom and Iceland lasted from September 1972 until the signing of a temporary agreement in November 1973. In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce overfishing. It policed its quota system with the Icelandic Coast Guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, the Royal Navy deployed warships and tugboats to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft, resulting in direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships, which again included ramming incidents. After a series of talks within NATO, British warships were recalled on 3 October 1973. An agreement was signed on 8 November which limited British fishing activities to certain areas inside the 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) limit, resolving the dispute that time. The resolution was based on the premise that British trawlers would limit their annual catch to no more than 130,000 tons. This agreement expired in November 1975, and the third \"Cod War\" began.The Third Cod War lasted from November 1975 to June 1976. Iceland had declared that the ocean up to 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from its coast fell under Icelandic authority. The British government did not recognise this large increase to the exclusion zone, and as a result, there were again almost daily rammings between Icelandic patrol vessels and British trawlers, frigates and tugboats. The dispute eventually ended in 1976 after Iceland threatened to close a major NATO base in retaliation for Britain's deployment of naval vessels within the disputed 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) limit. The British government conceded, and agreed that after 1 December 1976 British trawlers would not fish within the previously disputed area.[10]","title":"Cod Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Keflavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Keflav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Keflavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"P-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"ASW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Agreed Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreed_Minute"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"F-15C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Iceland Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDsluma%C3%B0ur"}],"text":"Iceland's main contribution to the NATO defence effort, during the Cold War was the rent-free provision of the \"agreed areas\"—sites for military facilities. By far the largest and most important of these was the NATO Naval Air Station Keflavík, manned by American, Canadian, Danish, Norwegian and Dutch personnel. Units from these and other NATO countries also are deployed temporarily to Keflavík, and they stage practice operations. Many of these practices were anti-submarine warfare patrols, but these exercises were halted when the P-3 ASW aircraft were withdrawn from Keflavík.Iceland and the United States regarded the U.S. military presence since World War II as a cornerstone to bilateral foreign/security policy. The presence of the troops was negotiated under a treaty known as the Agreed Minute.Talks about the American presence were restarted as of 2005, since the U.S. government was keen on deploying its troops and equipment to parts of the world with more pressing need for them. Proposals by the Icelandic government included a complete Icelandic takeover of the Airbase, as well as replacing the Pavehawk rescue helicopter unit with a detachment from the aeronautical half of the Icelandic Coast Guard, in exchange for the continued stationing of the four F-15C interceptors in Keflavík.On March 15, 2006 the U.S. government announced that the Iceland Defense Force would be withdrawn by the end of September 2006. The last American troops left on September 30, handing control of the Keflavík base over to the Sheriff of Keflavík airport, who was to be in charge of it on behalf of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.","title":"NATO and the Cold War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Police"},{"link_name":"vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICGV_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_(2009)#Design"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Magnús Þór Hafsteinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_Hafsteinsson"},{"link_name":"Liberal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Iceland)"},{"link_name":"Björn Bjarnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Bjarnason"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Keflavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"See also: Military of IcelandOn September 26, 2006 the Government of Iceland released a document containing Iceland's response to the withdrawal of American forces.[11] It included plans (a) to create a Security and Defense authority to oversee all security organisations in Iceland, including Police and Coast Guard; (b) to increase the capabilities of the Coast Guard by purchasing vessels and aircraft; (c) to create a Security or Secret service; and (d) to establish a secure communications system spanning the whole country. MP Magnús Þór Hafsteinsson of the Liberal party voiced his party's willingness to raise a standing army, in agreement with views expressed by Björn Bjarnason Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs.[12][13][14]The Icelandic Defence Agency (Varnarmálastofnun Íslands) was founded in 2008 under the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Agency was to consolidate functions previously served by NATO forces at Naval Air Station Keflavik, such as maintaining defense installations, intelligence gathering and military exercises.[15] An initial budget of $20 million fell to $13 million in 2009 as the Icelandic economy suffered a crisis.[16] On 30 March 2010, the Icelandic government announced it would legislate to disband the Agency and put its services under the command of the Coast Guard or National Police.[17] To save money and to restore the primary role of the Icelandic Coast Guard in defense, the Defence Agency was shut down on January 1, 2011.Iceland Air Meet 2014 hosted NATO and other Nordic countries for the first time.[18]","title":"American withdrawal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Þór Whitehead, The Ally who came in from the cold: a survey of Icelandic Foreign Policy 1946–1956, Centre for International Studies. University of Iceland Press. Reykjavík. 1998.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and Skule Bårdsson, from Flateyjarbók","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HakonTheOldAndSkule-Flateyjarbok.jpg/220px-HakonTheOldAndSkule-Flateyjarbok.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Great Seal of King Hákon V","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Haakon_Magnussens_segl-013.jpg/200px-Haakon_Magnussens_segl-013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Atgeir (halberd). A signature weapon of Icelandic farmers since the late 16th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Svenska_hillebarder_%281500-talet%29%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Svenska_hillebarder_%281500-talet%29%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png"},{"image_text":"16th century Icelandic man-at-arms. Picture is to depict Eiríkr Rauði, who is equipped somewhat anachronistically, from the 17th century book Groenlandia by Arngrímur Jónsson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Eric_the_Red.png/220px-Eric_the_Red.png"},{"image_text":"A propaganda drawing showcasing Captain Kohl leading the Herfylking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Captain_Kohl_leading_the_Herfylking.jpg/220px-Captain_Kohl_leading_the_Herfylking.jpg"},{"image_text":" Regimental Standard of the Herfylking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gunnf%C3%A1ni.svg/220px-Gunnf%C3%A1ni.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Agnar Kofoed Hansen training his officers in the art of war in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Icelandic_Army_1940.png/220px-Icelandic_Army_1940.png"},{"image_text":"Confrontation between the frigate HMS Scylla and the Icelandic gunboat Odinn (1976)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Scylla-Odinn.jpg/300px-Scylla-Odinn.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Battle of Haugsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haugsnes"},{"title":"Battle of Sauðafell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sau%C3%B0afell"},{"title":"Battle of Víðines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C3%AD%C3%B0ines"},{"title":"Battle of the Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf"},{"title":"Battle of Örlygsstaðir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96rlygssta%C3%B0ir"},{"title":"Borgarvirki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarvirki"},{"title":"Defence of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_Iceland"},{"title":"History of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iceland"},{"title":"List of countries without armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_without_armed_forces"},{"title":"List of wars involving Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iceland"}] | [{"reference":"\"From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts\". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2020-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://grapevine.is/mag/interview/2017/07/14/ask-a-historian-has-iceland-ever-been-involved-in-any-wars-or-conflicts/","url_text":"\"From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts\""}]},{"reference":"Steinsson, Sverrir (2016-03-22). \"The Cod Wars: a re-analysis\". European Security. 25 (2): 256–275. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376. ISSN 0966-2839. S2CID 155242560.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662839.2016.1160376","url_text":"10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-2839","url_text":"0966-2839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155242560","url_text":"155242560"}]},{"reference":"Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (2008-07-01). \"Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community\". Review of International Studies. 34 (3): 481–506. doi:10.1017/S0260210508008139. ISSN 1469-9044. S2CID 144997884.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210508008139","url_text":"10.1017/S0260210508008139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-9044","url_text":"1469-9044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144997884","url_text":"144997884"}]},{"reference":"Ireland, Michael J.; Gartner, Scott Sigmund (2001-10-01). \"Time to Fight: Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems\". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 45 (5): 547–568. doi:10.1177/0022002701045005001. JSTOR 3176313. S2CID 154973439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002701045005001","url_text":"10.1177/0022002701045005001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3176313","url_text":"3176313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154973439","url_text":"154973439"}]},{"reference":"Prins, Brandon C.; Sprecher, Christopher (1999-05-01). \"Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, And Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946–89\". Journal of Peace Research. 36 (3): 271–287. doi:10.1177/0022343399036003002. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 110394899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343399036003002","url_text":"10.1177/0022343399036003002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433","url_text":"0022-3433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110394899","url_text":"110394899"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Cod Wars (BBC Programme)\". Youtube.com. 2010-12-05. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2013-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkZqi1wigEk/","url_text":"\"History of the Cod Wars (BBC Programme)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/qkZqi1wigEk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Útfærsla efnahagslögsögunnar\" (in Icelandic). Lhg.is. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205105322/http://www.lhg.is/sagan/utfaersla_efnahagslogsogunnar/","url_text":"\"Útfærsla efnahagslögsögunnar\""},{"url":"http://www.lhg.is/sagan/utfaersla_efnahagslogsogunnar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alþingi ræða\". Althingi.is. Retrieved 2014-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.althingi.is/raeda/131/rad20041018T155528.html","url_text":"\"Alþingi ræða\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alþingi ræða\". Althingi.is. Retrieved 2014-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.althingi.is/raeda/132/rad20060316T121228.html","url_text":"\"Alþingi ræða\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dagbókin | Björn Bjarnason\" (in Icelandic). bjorn.is. 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2014-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bjorn.is/dagbok/2006/10/#d04","url_text":"\"Dagbókin | Björn Bjarnason\""}]},{"reference":"\"Varnarmálastofnun\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2014-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203121341/http://varnarmalastofnun.is/grein.php?id_grein=87","url_text":"\"Varnarmálastofnun\""},{"url":"http://www.varnarmalastofnun.is/grein.php?id_grein=87","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John. \"Iceland\". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/is-ida.htm","url_text":"\"Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iceland Defence Agency to close doors? - IceNews - Daily News\". www.icenews.is. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2010/03/31/iceland-defence-agency-to-close-doors/","url_text":"\"Iceland Defence Agency to close doors? - IceNews - Daily News\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"NATO flies with partners over Iceland for first time\"\". nato.int. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati | Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati | ["1 References"] | Berber chieftain and military commander
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Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanatiخالد بن حامد الزناتيAllegianceBerber insurgentsBattles/warsBerber Revolt
Battle of the Nobles (740)
Battle of Bagdura (741)
Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati (Arabic: خالد بن حامد الزناتي) was a Zenata Berber chieftain and military commander during the Berber Revolt of the 740s against the Umayyads in the Maghreb.
For reasons which are still obscure, Maysara al-Matghari, the original leader of the Berber Revolt and self-proclaimed caliph, was deposed and executed by fellow Berber rebels in the Summer or Fall of 740. Khalid ibn Hamid was elected to take his place.
Khalid ibn Hamid led the Berber rebel armies in two stunning victories over the Umayyad authorities. In the Battle of the Nobles in late 740, Khalid annihilated an army composed of Arab forces sent from Ifriqiya. The shock of the defeat prompted the Umayyad Caliph Hisham to dispatch a mighty Syrian expeditionary force from the east to join the Ifriqiyans in crushing the Berber rebellion. In October 741, Khalid's Berber army defeated the combined Ifriqiyan-Syrian force at the Battle of Bagdoura (or Baqdura), by the Sebou River (near modern Fes), killing the new Ifriqyian governor Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi, in the process. The Berber revolt continued for a little while longer, but under different commanders.
References
^ Lugan, Bernard (2009). Histoire de l'Afrique : des origines à nos jours. Paris: Ellipses. p. 185. ISBN 978-2-7298-4268-0. OCLC 458284390.
^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014-01-15). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History : 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 552. ISBN 978-1-61069-026-3.
This Berber-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to an African military person is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Zenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Berber Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Umayyads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Maysara al-Matghari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari"},{"link_name":"Berber Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Hisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bagdoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura"},{"link_name":"Sebou River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebou_River"},{"link_name":"Fes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes"},{"link_name":"Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qasi"},{"link_name":"Berber revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt"}],"text":"Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati (Arabic: خالد بن حامد الزناتي) was a Zenata Berber chieftain and military commander during the Berber Revolt of the 740s against the Umayyads in the Maghreb.For reasons which are still obscure, Maysara al-Matghari, the original leader of the Berber Revolt and self-proclaimed caliph, was deposed and executed by fellow Berber rebels in the Summer or Fall of 740. Khalid ibn Hamid was elected to take his place.[1]Khalid ibn Hamid led the Berber rebel armies in two stunning victories over the Umayyad authorities. In the Battle of the Nobles in late 740, Khalid annihilated an army composed of Arab forces sent from Ifriqiya.[2] The shock of the defeat prompted the Umayyad Caliph Hisham to dispatch a mighty Syrian expeditionary force from the east to join the Ifriqiyans in crushing the Berber rebellion. In October 741, Khalid's Berber army defeated the combined Ifriqiyan-Syrian force at the Battle of Bagdoura (or Baqdura), by the Sebou River (near modern Fes), killing the new Ifriqyian governor Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi, in the process. The Berber revolt continued for a little while longer, but under different commanders.","title":"Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lugan, Bernard (2009). Histoire de l'Afrique : des origines à nos jours. Paris: Ellipses. p. 185. ISBN 978-2-7298-4268-0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_in_the_Paraguayan_War | Pedro II of Brazil in the Paraguayan War | ["1 The Number-one Volunteer","2 Siege of Uruguaiana","3 Victory","4 See also","5 Endnotes","6 Bibliography","6.1 Footnotes","6.2 References"] | This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (May 2021)
This article is part of a series aboutPedro II of Brazil
Early life (1825–40)
Consolidation (1840–53)
Growth (1853–64)
Paraguayan War (1864–70)
Apogee (1870–81)
Decline and fall (1881–89)
Exile and death (1889–91)
Legacy
vte
Emperor Pedro II wearing court dress at age 39, 1865
The history of Pedro II of Brazil in the Paraguayan War began after the invasion of Brazilian provinces by Paraguayan forces by the end of 1864.
The Number-one Volunteer
In December 1864 the dictator of Paraguay, Francisco Solano López, ordered the capture of the Brazilian civilian steamship Marquês de Olinda, including its passengers and crew. The Paraguayan army invaded the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso (currently the state of Mato Grosso do Sul) immediately afterward without a declaration of war. Four months later, Paraguayan troops also invaded Argentine territory as a prelude to an attack upon the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul. News of the Paraguayan invasions was received with surprise both by the Brazilian government and public. Brazil had previously discounted the war-making potential of neighboring Paraguay. Pedro II, along with most Brazilians, was infuriated at what were seen as unjustified attacks and felt that punitive measures were justified in response. This resolve was strengthened by the Emperor's general antipathy towards all caudillos—dictators who were common elsewhere in Latin America.
Emperor Pedro II wearing a southern Brazilian (Gaúcho) traditional outfit during his visit to Uruguaiana in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, 1865.
Nevertheless, Pedro II tried to pacify the nation in a speech from the throne on 6 May 1865 during which he addressed concerns such as public health, the economy, and the marriages of his daughters. He calmly made only brief mentions of the ongoing conflict with Great Britain and the Paraguayan invasion. He was reluctant for the Empire to become further entangled in the problems of the Platine region, as he affirmed in his diary in 1862: "After the war against Rosas, I was always a partisan for Brazil's abstention from the affairs of the Plata, excepting harm to the national honor and Brazilian interests." Even so, he strongly supported the cabinet in its decision to counterattack.
The invasion of Rio Grande do Sul became known in the capital on 30 June 1865. Aware of the anarchy in the province and the incapacity and incompetence of its military chiefs to resist the Paraguayan army, Pedro II decided to go to the front in person. He wrote to the Countess of Barral: "Rio Grande do Sul has been invaded, my place is there". As Head of State, he intended to assume command of the Brazilian army. Both the Cabinet and the General Assembly refused to accede to the Emperor's wish. The senators and general deputies, using their constitutional prerogatives, refused to grant permission for the travel. If something happened to the Emperor, the throne would be inherited by his 18-year-old daughter Isabel. The risks to the stability of the country were considered too great at that critical moment. After he also received objections from the Council of State, Pedro II made the memorable pronouncement: "If they can prevent me from going as an Emperor, they can not prevent me from abdicating and going as a Fatherland Volunteer". Thus those Brazilians who signed up to go to war under Decree 3,371 of 7 January 1865 became known throughout the nation as the "Fatherland Volunteers." The monarch himself was popularly called the "Number-one Volunteer."
The Emperor of Brazil leaves the harbor of Rio de Janeiro aboard the Santa Maria, to put himself at the head of the troops fighting against Paraguay.
Pedro II left for the south on 7 July 1865 (some authors state instead that he left on 10 July) and was greeted by crowds, along with the national anthem and patriotic celebrations. Accompanying him were his son-in-law the Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, his Aide-de-camp General Francisco Xavier Calmon Cabral da Silva (later the 2nd Baron of Itapagipe), the Vice Admiral William Parker, the Minister of War Ângelo Ferraz, his Aide-de-Camp the Marquis of Caxias, Admiral Joaquim Raimundo de Lamare, General Beaurepaire-Rohan, and an escort of 300 soldiers. Upon embarking, he said: "I am the perpetual defender of Brazil, and when my fellow citizens sacrifice their lives in holocaust upon the altar of the fatherland in defense of such saintly cause, I will not be the one who refuses to follow them."
Siege of Uruguaiana
The Emperor of Brazil with his two sons-in-law, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Count of Eu, in Alegrete, southern Brazil (by Janet-Lange, published at L'Illustration, 1865).
Pedro II disembarked in Rio Grande do Sul on 16 July and proceeded from there by land with his escort of 300 men. The trip was made by horse and wagon, and at night the emperor slept in a campaign tent. On 1 August at Caçapava he was joined by his other son-in-law, Gaston d'Orléans, the Count of Eu, who had arrived from Europe where he had been spending his honeymoon. From Caçapava he traveled to São Gabriel, and on 5 September passed through the Campo do Rosário (Field of the Rosary), where 37 years earlier Brazilian troops were defeated by Argentine and Uruguayan forces. General Francisco Xavier Calmon, who had participated in the battle and was traveling with the Emperor, related his memories of the event. In São Gabriel the Emperor said farewell to João Propício Mena Barreto, Baron of São Gabriel, former commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Army during the Uruguayan War, who was dying of tuberculosis. He also visited the hospitals and talked with the wounded. Pedro II also had his first contact with the Paraguayans when he talked with three prisoners of war. He spoke in guarani and offered them an opportunity to return to Paraguay. The Paraguayans refused, alleging that they would be put to death by Lopez for having been taken prisoner. These Paraguayan soldiers, who had hated the monarch without ever having met him, began to admire him greatly and called him Murubichab ("Great Chief" in guarani). The Emperor, for his part, felt pity for the Paraguayan people and was convinced that Lopez’s dictatorship was barbarous and must be overthrown at any cost.
Surrender of Uruguaiana, 1865. From left to right: Unknown Paraguayan soldier, Father Duarte, unknown Paraguayan Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Estigarribia, Minister Ângelo Ferraz (delivering Estigarribia's sword), Emperor Pedro II, Venancio Flores, Bartolomé Mitre, the Count of Eu, the Marquis of Caxias and the Baron of Porto Alegre, along with other unidentified Brazilian Officers.
After quickly passing Alegrete Pedro II arrived in Uruguaiana on 11 September, where he joined Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa (then Baron of Tamandaré), General João Frederico Caldwell, General Manuel Luis Osório (later Marquis of Erval) and Manuel Marques de Sousa (then Baron of Porto Alegre and also commander of the besieging forces). Uruguaiana had been taken by the Paraguayans under Lieutenant Colonel Antonio de la Cruz Estigarribia with a force of 10,000 men on 5 August 1865. By the time of the Emperor's arrival, Estigarribia's force was reduced to only 5,500 men, while the besieging army composed of Brazilians, Argentines and Uruguayans was 17,000-strong. Pedro II also met the Argentine president Bartolomé Mitre and Uruguayan president Venancio Flores, who were commanding the troops of their respective nations.
A quarrel developed in the allied camp: Mitre demanded supreme command of the allied army in accordance with the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The Brazilian military leaders refused to accept this, since the same treaty affirmed that on Brazilian soil the command would be held by a Brazilian. Pedro II amicably persuaded all to accept his proposal: the allied forces would be divided in three columns, each under the command of a chief of their own nationality, while he would act as a Moderating Power to mediate conflicts between the three commanders, thus becoming de facto and de jure commander of the allied army. The Emperor rode within rifle shot of Uruguaiana to demonstrate his courage, but the Paraguayans did not attack him.
The strategies proposed by the commanders conflicted: Osório suggested that they should destroy the village using artillery, since all its (Brazilian) inhabitants had run away before it had fallen to the Paraguayans. Tamandaré and Flores, on the other hand, pushed for an initial bombardment followed by an advance of the allied troops. Pedro II wished to prevent the bloodshed of a battle and called on Estigarribia to surrender. Estigarribia did so on the condition that he would surrender only to the Brazilian Emperor, as he did not trust his fellow republicans from Argentina and Uruguay. The Paraguayan troops paraded in front of the allies and the sword of Estigarribia was solemnly delivered by the minister Ferraz to Pedro II. By "his example and his actions he had contributed decisively to the expulsion of the Paraguayan invaders from Brazilian soil." The Paraguayans were malnourished and practically naked. Pedro II did not feel proud of the victory and wrote to the Countess of Barral: "Yesterday we entered into Uruguaiana. The enemy was unworthy even of being defeated. What a rabble!" There was a general belief that the war was near its end and that it was only a matter of time until López surrendered. Because of this, Pedro II decided to return to Rio de Janeiro. Before leaving Uruguaiana, he received the British ambassador Edward Thornton, who publicly apologized on behalf of Queen Victoria and the British Government for the crisis between the empires. The emperor considered that this diplomatic victory over the most powerful nation of the world was sufficient and renewed friendly relations between the nations. He returned to Rio de Janeiro and was received with great joy and celebration everywhere.
Victory
The war's cost came to R$614.000:000$000 (see Brazilian currency), which was paid as follows: R$265.000:000$000 from taxes, R$171.000:000$000 from bond sales, R$102.000:000$000 in new money issued, R$27.000:000$000 from internal loans and R$49.000:000$000 from foreign loans. Thus, only 7.9% of the total war debt was composed of external loans. However, Brazil was so prosperous that the government retired the war debt in only ten years. The conflict was a stimulus to national production and economic growth. After more than five years of war, the emperor seemed to have aged twenty years: his blond hair and beard had become completely grey and at age 44 his face seemed to be of a sexagenarian. Pedro II's popularity, which had suffered during the long conflict, immediately recovered upon final victory. The Emperor turned down the General Assembly's suggestion to erect an equestrian statue of him to commemorate the victory and chose instead to use the money to build elementary schools.
See also
Empire of Brazil
Endnotes
^ "...ainda me resta um recurso constitucional, abdicar e ir para o Rio Grande como voluntário da pátria". See Calmon 1975, p. 734.
^ "Se os políticos podem me impedir que siga como imperador, vou abdicar e seguir como voluntário da Pátria." See Olivieri 1999, p. 32.
^ "The emperor's desire to go in person to the front naturally encountered considerable resistance. Pedro II won his ministers' consent by a simple stratagem: if denied his wish, he would abdicate the throne and, enlisting as a Voluntário da Pátria, go to the war front as an ordinary citizen." —Barman in Barman 1999, p. 202.
^ Salles affirms that Pedro II disembarked in Porto Alegre 19 July and departed on 23 July to Uruguaiana. See Salles 1996, p. 52.
^ "O Brasil, graças à sua capacidade econômica, recompôs em dez anos as finanças abaladas, pois despendera mais de 600 mil contos." —Calmon in Calmon 2002, p. 201.
^ "The confidence that his government inspired both at home and in financial circles abroad made possible a rapid recovery." —Munro in Munro 1942, p. 277.
^ "At its close, in 1870, Brazil was exhausted both morally and economically, but the Emperor's prestige, if somewhat shaken by reverses in the earlier part of the war, was restored by the final victory. The confidence that his government inspired both at home and in financial circles abroad made possible a rapid recovery." —Munro in Munro 1942, p. 276.
^ "Não obstante, se a nova medida e a vitória final na guerra faziam de d. Pedro um monarca cada vez mais popular, é preciso reconhecer que os cinco anos de combate foram penosos para ele." —Schwarcz in Schwarcz 1998, pp. 315–316.
Bibliography
Footnotes
^ Schwarcz 1998, p. 299.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 109.
^ a b c d e Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 227.
^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 196.
^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 198.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 226.
^ a b c d Salles 1996, p. 52.
^ a b c d e Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 228.
^ a b c d Calmon 1975, p. 735.
^ Barman 1999, p. 202.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 727.
^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 734.
^ a b Olivieri 1999, p. 32.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 110.
^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 237.
^ Schwarcz 1998, p. 300.
^ Vainfas 2002, p. 200.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 229.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 111.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, pp. 229, 231.
^ Carvalho 2007, pp. 111–112.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 736.
^ a b c d Carvalho 2007, p. 112.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 231.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 738.
^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 739.
^ a b c d Calmon 1975, p. 742.
^ a b Carvalho 2007, p. 113.
^ Salles 1996, p. 53.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, pp. 235–236.
^ a b c d Carvalho 2007, p. 114.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 745.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 235.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 743.
^ a b c d e Calmon 1975, p. 744.
^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 199.
^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 748.
^ a b c d Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 237.
^ Barman 1999, p. 205.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 239.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 725.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 750.
^ Doratioto 2002, p. 462.
^ Barman 1999, p. 243.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 2, p. 161.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 124.
^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 854.
^ Schwarcz 1998, pp. 316–317.
^ Olivieri 1999, p. 46.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 121.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 855.
^ Doratioto 2002, p. 455.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 122.
References
Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.
Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.
Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.
Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.
Doratioto, Francisco (2002). Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0224-2.
Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880) (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
Munro, Dana Gardner (1942). The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton.
Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. ISBN 978-85-86797-19-4.
Pedrosa, J. F. Maya (2004). A Catástrofe dos Erros (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. ISBN 978-85-7011-352-8.
Salles, Ricardo (1996). Nostalgia Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.
Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. ISBN 978-85-7302-441-8.
vteEmpire of BrazilGeneral topics
History (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign)
Economy
Nobility
Provinces
Units of measurement
Monarchy
Emperor of Brazil
Pedro I
Pedro II
Brazilian imperial family
Prince Imperial of Brazil
Prince of Grão-Pará
Prince of Brazil
PoliticsPolitical instances
Prime Minister
General Assembly
Moderating Power
Others
Constitution of 1824
Reverse parliamentarism
MilitaryArmed Forces
Imperial Brazilian Army
Military Academy
Fatherland Volunteers
List of generals
Imperial Brazilian Navy
Naval School
List of ships
Military Ranks
Wars
Independence War (1822–1824)
Confederation of the Equator (1824)
Cisplatine War (1825–1828)
Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)
Cabanagem (1835–1840)
Platine War (1851–1852)
Uruguayan War (1864–1865)
Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
SlaveryAbolitionists
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
André Rebouças
Joaquim Nabuco
José do Patrocínio
Luís Gama
Francisco José do Nascimento
Others
Abolitionism in Brazil
Netto Question
Eusébio de Queirós Law
Rio Branco Law
Lei Áurea | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_in_imperial_uniform_1865_in_color.jpg"}],"text":"Emperor Pedro II wearing court dress at age 39, 1865The history of Pedro II of Brazil in the Paraguayan War began after the invasion of Brazilian provinces by Paraguayan forces by the end of 1864.","title":"Pedro II of Brazil in the Paraguayan War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Solano López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_army"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do 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Lamare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Raimundo_de_Lamare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beaurepaire-Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_de_Beaurepaire-Rohan,_Viscount_of_Beaurepaire-Rohan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975735-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivieri199932-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1229,_231-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007111%E2%80%93112-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1228-8"}],"text":"In December 1864 the dictator of Paraguay, Francisco Solano López, ordered the capture of the Brazilian civilian steamship Marquês de Olinda, including its passengers and crew. The Paraguayan army invaded the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso (currently the state of Mato Grosso do Sul) immediately afterward without a declaration of war. Four months later, Paraguayan troops also invaded Argentine territory as a prelude to an attack upon the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul.[1][2][3] News of the Paraguayan invasions was received with surprise both by the Brazilian government and public.[3] Brazil had previously discounted the war-making potential of neighboring Paraguay.[3] Pedro II, along with most Brazilians, was infuriated[4] at what were seen as unjustified attacks and felt that punitive measures were justified in response.[3] This resolve was strengthened by the Emperor's general antipathy towards all caudillos—dictators who were common elsewhere in Latin America.[3]Emperor Pedro II wearing a southern Brazilian (Gaúcho) traditional outfit during his visit to Uruguaiana in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, 1865.Nevertheless, Pedro II tried to pacify the nation in a speech from the throne on 6 May 1865 during which he addressed concerns such as public health, the economy, and the marriages of his daughters. He calmly made only brief mentions of the ongoing conflict with Great Britain and the Paraguayan invasion.[5] He was reluctant for the Empire to become further entangled in the problems of the Platine region, as he affirmed in his diary in 1862: \"After the war against Rosas, I was always a partisan for Brazil's abstention from the affairs of the Plata, excepting harm to the national honor and Brazilian interests.\" Even so, he strongly supported the cabinet in its decision to counterattack.[6]The invasion of Rio Grande do Sul became known in the capital on 30 June 1865.[7] Aware of the anarchy in the province and the incapacity and incompetence of its military chiefs to resist the Paraguayan army, Pedro II decided to go to the front in person.[8] He wrote to the Countess of Barral: \"Rio Grande do Sul has been invaded, my place is there\".[9][10] As Head of State, he intended to assume command of the Brazilian army.[11] Both the Cabinet and the General Assembly refused to accede to the Emperor's wish.[8][12] The senators and general deputies, using their constitutional prerogatives, refused to grant permission for the travel.[13][14] If something happened to the Emperor, the throne would be inherited by his 18-year-old daughter Isabel. The risks to the stability of the country were considered too great at that critical moment.[8] After he also received objections from the Council of State, Pedro II made the memorable pronouncement: \"If they can prevent me from going as an Emperor, they can not prevent me from abdicating and going as a Fatherland Volunteer\".[a][b][c][8] Thus those Brazilians who signed up to go to war under Decree 3,371 of 7 January 1865[15] became known throughout the nation as the \"Fatherland Volunteers.\"[12] The monarch himself was popularly called the \"Number-one Volunteer.\"[16][17]The Emperor of Brazil leaves the harbor of Rio de Janeiro aboard the Santa Maria, to put himself at the head of the troops fighting against Paraguay.Pedro II left for the south on 7 July 1865[7][18] (some authors state instead that he left on 10 July)[9][19] and was greeted by crowds, along with the national anthem and patriotic celebrations. Accompanying him were his son-in-law the Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, his Aide-de-camp General Francisco Xavier Calmon Cabral da Silva (later the 2nd Baron of Itapagipe), the Vice Admiral William Parker, the Minister of War Ângelo Ferraz, his Aide-de-Camp the Marquis of Caxias, Admiral Joaquim Raimundo de Lamare, General Beaurepaire-Rohan, and an escort of 300 soldiers.[9][13][20][21] Upon embarking, he said: \"I am the perpetual defender of Brazil, and when my fellow citizens sacrifice their lives in holocaust upon the altar of the fatherland in defense of such saintly cause, I will not be the one who refuses to follow them.\"[8]","title":"The Number-one Volunteer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guerre_contre_le_Paraguay_-_L%27Emperur_de_Br%C3%A9sil_et_seus_deux_gendres,_le_Duc_de_Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha_et_le_Comte_D%27Eu,_au_camp_D%27Alegrete_(D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_dessin_de_M._Maximo_Alv%C3%A8s).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Emperor of 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Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Venancio Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venancio_Flores"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007113-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1235-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975743-38"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975744-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975744-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004199-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975748-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1237-42"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007114-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007114-35"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1237-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975744-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999205-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975744-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975744-39"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007114-35"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1239-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975725-45"},{"link_name":"Edward Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thornton_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975748-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1237-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1237-42"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975750-46"}],"text":"The Emperor of Brazil with his two sons-in-law, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Count of Eu, in Alegrete, southern Brazil (by Janet-Lange, published at L'Illustration, 1865).Pedro II disembarked in Rio Grande do Sul on 16 July and proceeded from there by land[d][22] with his escort of 300 men.[23] The trip was made by horse and wagon, and at night the emperor slept in a campaign tent.[23] On 1 August at Caçapava he was joined by his other son-in-law, Gaston d'Orléans, the Count of Eu, who had arrived from Europe where he had been spending his honeymoon.[7][9][24] From Caçapava he traveled to São Gabriel,[25] and on 5 September passed through the Campo do Rosário (Field of the Rosary), where 37 years earlier Brazilian troops were defeated by Argentine and Uruguayan forces.[23][26] General Francisco Xavier Calmon, who had participated in the battle and was traveling with the Emperor, related his memories of the event.[26] In São Gabriel the Emperor said farewell to João Propício Mena Barreto, Baron of São Gabriel, former commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Army during the Uruguayan War, who was dying of tuberculosis.[27] He also visited the hospitals and talked with the wounded.[27] Pedro II also had his first contact with the Paraguayans when he talked with three prisoners of war. He spoke in guarani and offered them an opportunity to return to Paraguay. The Paraguayans refused, alleging that they would be put to death by Lopez for having been taken prisoner.[23] These Paraguayan soldiers, who had hated the monarch without ever having met him, began to admire him greatly and called him Murubichab (\"Great Chief\" in guarani).[27] The Emperor, for his part, felt pity for the Paraguayan people and was convinced that Lopez’s dictatorship was barbarous and must be overthrown at any cost.[28]Surrender of Uruguaiana, 1865. From left to right: Unknown Paraguayan soldier, Father Duarte, unknown Paraguayan Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Estigarribia, Minister Ângelo Ferraz (delivering Estigarribia's sword), Emperor Pedro II, Venancio Flores, Bartolomé Mitre, the Count of Eu, the Marquis of Caxias and the Baron of Porto Alegre, along with other unidentified Brazilian Officers.After quickly passing Alegrete Pedro II arrived in Uruguaiana on 11 September, where he joined Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa (then Baron of Tamandaré), General João Frederico Caldwell, General Manuel Luis Osório (later Marquis of Erval) and Manuel Marques de Sousa (then Baron of Porto Alegre and also commander of the besieging forces).[27][29][30] Uruguaiana had been taken by the Paraguayans under Lieutenant Colonel Antonio de la Cruz Estigarribia with a force of 10,000 men on 5 August 1865.[7] By the time of the Emperor's arrival, Estigarribia's force was reduced to only 5,500 men, while the besieging army composed of Brazilians, Argentines and Uruguayans was 17,000-strong.[31][32] Pedro II also met the Argentine president Bartolomé Mitre and Uruguayan president Venancio Flores, who were commanding the troops of their respective nations.[28][33]A quarrel developed in the allied camp: Mitre demanded supreme command of the allied army in accordance with the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The Brazilian military leaders refused to accept this, since the same treaty affirmed that on Brazilian soil the command would be held by a Brazilian.[34] Pedro II amicably persuaded all to accept his proposal: the allied forces would be divided in three columns, each under the command of a chief of their own nationality, while he would act as a Moderating Power to mediate conflicts between the three commanders, thus becoming de facto and de jure commander of the allied army.[35] The Emperor rode within rifle shot of Uruguaiana to demonstrate his courage, but the Paraguayans did not attack him.[35][36]The strategies proposed by the commanders conflicted: Osório suggested that they should destroy the village using artillery, since all its (Brazilian) inhabitants had run away before it had fallen to the Paraguayans. Tamandaré and Flores, on the other hand, pushed for an initial bombardment followed by an advance of the allied troops. Pedro II wished to prevent the bloodshed of a battle and called on Estigarribia to surrender.[37] Estigarribia did so[38] on the condition that he would surrender only to the Brazilian Emperor, as he did not trust his fellow republicans from Argentina and Uruguay.[31] The Paraguayan troops paraded in front of the allies[31][38] and the sword of Estigarribia was solemnly delivered by the minister Ferraz to Pedro II.[35] By \"his example and his actions he had contributed decisively to the expulsion of the Paraguayan invaders from Brazilian soil.\"[39] The Paraguayans were malnourished and practically naked.[35] Pedro II did not feel proud of the victory and wrote to the Countess of Barral: \"Yesterday we entered into Uruguaiana. The enemy was unworthy even of being defeated. What a rabble!\"[35] There was a general belief that the war was near its end and that it was only a matter of time until López surrendered. Because of this, Pedro II decided to return to Rio de Janeiro.[31][40][41] Before leaving Uruguaiana, he received the British ambassador Edward Thornton, who publicly apologized on behalf of Queen Victoria and the British Government for the crisis between the empires.[37][38] The emperor considered that this diplomatic victory over the most powerful nation of the world was sufficient and renewed friendly relations between the nations.[38] He returned to Rio de Janeiro and was received with great joy and celebration everywhere.[42]","title":"Siege of Uruguaiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil#Currency"},{"link_name":"taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"bond sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"},{"link_name":"internal loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_debt"},{"link_name":"foreign loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002462-47"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E-48"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999243-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2161-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007124-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975854-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998316%E2%80%93317-54"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivieri199946-55"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-56"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-57"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975854-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007121-58"},{"link_name":"equestrian statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975855-59"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002455-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007122-61"}],"text":"The war's cost came to R$614.000:000$000 (see Brazilian currency), which was paid as follows: R$265.000:000$000 from taxes, R$171.000:000$000 from bond sales, R$102.000:000$000 in new money issued, R$27.000:000$000 from internal loans and R$49.000:000$000 from foreign loans. Thus, only 7.9% of the total war debt was composed of external loans.[43] However, Brazil was so prosperous that the government retired the war debt in only ten years.[e][f] The conflict was a stimulus to national production and economic growth.[44] After more than five years of war, the emperor seemed to have aged twenty years: his blond hair and beard had become completely grey and at age 44 his face seemed to be of a sexagenarian.[45][46][47][48][49] Pedro II's popularity, which had suffered during the long conflict, immediately recovered upon final victory.[g][h][47][50] The Emperor turned down the General Assembly's suggestion to erect an equestrian statue of him to commemorate the victory and chose instead to use the money to build elementary schools.[51][52][53]","title":"Victory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_15-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_16-0"},{"link_name":"Olivieri 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOlivieri1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C_17-0"},{"link_name":"Barman 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBarman1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D_25-0"},{"link_name":"Salles 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSalles1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-E_48-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-F_49-0"},{"link_name":"Munro 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMunro1942"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-G_56-0"},{"link_name":"Munro 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMunro1942"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H_57-0"},{"link_name":"Schwarcz 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchwarcz1998"}],"text":"^ \"...ainda me resta um recurso constitucional, abdicar e ir para o Rio Grande como voluntário da pátria\". See Calmon 1975, p. 734.\n\n^ \"Se os políticos podem me impedir que siga como imperador, vou abdicar e seguir como voluntário da Pátria.\" See Olivieri 1999, p. 32.\n\n^ \"The emperor's desire to go in person to the front naturally encountered considerable resistance. [...] Pedro II won his ministers' consent by a simple stratagem: if denied his wish, he would abdicate the throne and, enlisting as a Voluntário da Pátria, go to the war front as an ordinary citizen.\" —Barman in Barman 1999, p. 202.\n\n^ Salles affirms that Pedro II disembarked in Porto Alegre 19 July and departed on 23 July to Uruguaiana. See Salles 1996, p. 52.\n\n^ \"O Brasil, graças à sua capacidade econômica, recompôs em dez anos as finanças abaladas, pois despendera mais de 600 mil contos.\" —Calmon in Calmon 2002, p. 201.\n\n^ \"The confidence that his government inspired both at home and in financial circles abroad made possible a rapid recovery.\" —Munro in Munro 1942, p. 277.\n\n^ \"At its close, in 1870, Brazil was exhausted both morally and economically, but the Emperor's prestige, if somewhat shaken by reverses in the earlier part of the war, was restored by the final victory. The confidence that his government inspired both at home and in financial circles abroad made possible a rapid recovery.\" —Munro in Munro 1942, p. 276.\n\n^ \"Não obstante, se a nova medida e a vitória final na guerra faziam de d. Pedro um monarca cada vez mais popular, é preciso reconhecer que os cinco anos de combate foram penosos para ele.\" —Schwarcz in Schwarcz 1998, pp. 315–316.","title":"Endnotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998299_1-0"},{"link_name":"Schwarcz 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchwarcz1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109_2-0"},{"link_name":"Carvalho 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarvalho2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1227_3-4"},{"link_name":"Lyra 1977, Vol 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004196_4-0"},{"link_name":"Pedrosa 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPedrosa2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004198_5-0"},{"link_name":"Pedrosa 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPedrosa2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1226_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lyra 1977, Vol 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalles199652_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalles199652_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalles199652_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalles199652_7-3"},{"link_name":"Salles 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1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999205_43-0"},{"link_name":"Barman 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBarman1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1239_44-0"},{"link_name":"Lyra 1977, Vol 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975725_45-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975750_46-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002462_47-0"},{"link_name":"Doratioto 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoratioto2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999243_50-0"},{"link_name":"Barman 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBarman1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_2161_51-0"},{"link_name":"Lyra 1977, Vol 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyra_1977,_Vol_2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007124_52-0"},{"link_name":"Carvalho 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarvalho2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975854_53-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975854_53-1"},{"link_name":"Calmon 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998316%E2%80%93317_54-0"},{"link_name":"Schwarcz 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchwarcz1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivieri199946_55-0"},{"link_name":"Olivieri 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOlivieri1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007121_58-0"},{"link_name":"Carvalho 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarvalho2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975855_59-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalmon1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002455_60-0"},{"link_name":"Doratioto 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoratioto2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007122_61-0"},{"link_name":"Carvalho 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarvalho2007"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ Schwarcz 1998, p. 299.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 109.\n\n^ a b c d e Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 227.\n\n^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 196.\n\n^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 198.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 226.\n\n^ a b c d Salles 1996, p. 52.\n\n^ a b c d e Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 228.\n\n^ a b c d Calmon 1975, p. 735.\n\n^ Barman 1999, p. 202.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 727.\n\n^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 734.\n\n^ a b Olivieri 1999, p. 32.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 110.\n\n^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 237.\n\n^ Schwarcz 1998, p. 300.\n\n^ Vainfas 2002, p. 200.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 229.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 111.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, pp. 229, 231.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, pp. 111–112.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 736.\n\n^ a b c d Carvalho 2007, p. 112.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 231.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 738.\n\n^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 739.\n\n^ a b c d Calmon 1975, p. 742.\n\n^ a b Carvalho 2007, p. 113.\n\n^ Salles 1996, p. 53.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, pp. 235–236.\n\n^ a b c d Carvalho 2007, p. 114.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 745.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 235.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 743.\n\n^ a b c d e Calmon 1975, p. 744.\n\n^ Pedrosa 2004, p. 199.\n\n^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 748.\n\n^ a b c d Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 237.\n\n^ Barman 1999, p. 205.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 239.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 725.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 750.\n\n^ Doratioto 2002, p. 462.\n\n^ Barman 1999, p. 243.\n\n^ Lyra 1977, Vol 2, p. 161.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 124.\n\n^ a b Calmon 1975, p. 854.\n\n^ Schwarcz 1998, pp. 316–317.\n\n^ Olivieri 1999, p. 46.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 121.\n\n^ Calmon 1975, p. 855.\n\n^ Doratioto 2002, p. 455.\n\n^ Carvalho 2007, p. 122.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-3510-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0"},{"link_name":"Calmon, 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Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"First Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Second Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro 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War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_War"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Abolitionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionists"},{"link_name":"Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"André Rebouças","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Nabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco"},{"link_name":"José do Patrocínio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio"},{"link_name":"Luís Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama"},{"link_name":"Francisco José do Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"Abolitionism in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Netto Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netto_Question"},{"link_name":"Eusébio de Queirós Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law"},{"link_name":"Rio Branco Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law"},{"link_name":"Lei Áurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.\nCalmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.\nCalmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.\nCarvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.\nDoratioto, Francisco (2002). Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0224-2.\nLyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.\nLyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880) (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.\nMunro, Dana Gardner (1942). The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton.\nOlivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. ISBN 978-85-86797-19-4.\nPedrosa, J. F. Maya (2004). A Catástrofe dos Erros (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. ISBN 978-85-7011-352-8.\nSalles, Ricardo (1996). Nostalgia Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.\nSchwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.\nVainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. ISBN 978-85-7302-441-8.vteEmpire of BrazilGeneral topics\nHistory (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign)\nEconomy\nNobility\nProvinces\nUnits of measurement\nMonarchy\nEmperor of Brazil\nPedro I\nPedro II\nBrazilian imperial family\nPrince Imperial of Brazil\nPrince of Grão-Pará\nPrince of Brazil\nPoliticsPolitical instances\nPrime Minister\nGeneral Assembly\nModerating Power\nOthers\nConstitution of 1824\nReverse parliamentarism\nMilitaryArmed Forces\nImperial Brazilian Army\nMilitary Academy\nFatherland Volunteers\nList of generals\nImperial Brazilian Navy\nNaval School\nList of ships\nMilitary Ranks\nWars\nIndependence War (1822–1824)\nConfederation of the Equator (1824)\nCisplatine War (1825–1828)\nRagamuffin War (1835–1845)\nCabanagem (1835–1840)\nPlatine War (1851–1852)\nUruguayan War (1864–1865)\nParaguayan War (1864–1870)\nSlaveryAbolitionists\nIsabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil\nAndré Rebouças\nJoaquim Nabuco\nJosé do Patrocínio\nLuís Gama\nFrancisco José do Nascimento\nOthers\nAbolitionism in Brazil\nNetto Question\nEusébio de Queirós Law\nRio Branco Law\nLei Áurea","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Emperor Pedro II wearing court dress at age 39, 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_in_imperial_uniform_1865_in_color.jpg/200px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_in_imperial_uniform_1865_in_color.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emperor Pedro II wearing a southern Brazilian (Gaúcho) traditional outfit during his visit to Uruguaiana in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, 1865.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PedroII1865.JPG/200px-PedroII1865.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Emperor of Brazil leaves the harbor of Rio de Janeiro aboard the Santa Maria, to put himself at the head of the troops fighting against Paraguay.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/L%27Empereur_du_Br%C3%A9sil_quitte_la_rade_de_Rio-de-Janeiro_%C3%A0_bord_du_Santa-Maria%2C_pour_se_mettre_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_troupes_qui_combattent_contre_le_Paraguay.jpg/300px-L%27Empereur_du_Br%C3%A9sil_quitte_la_rade_de_Rio-de-Janeiro_%C3%A0_bord_du_Santa-Maria%2C_pour_se_mettre_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%AAte_des_troupes_qui_combattent_contre_le_Paraguay.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Emperor of Brazil with his two sons-in-law, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Count of Eu, in Alegrete, southern Brazil (by Janet-Lange, published at L'Illustration, 1865).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Guerre_contre_le_Paraguay_-_L%27Emperur_de_Br%C3%A9sil_et_seus_deux_gendres%2C_le_Duc_de_Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha_et_le_Comte_D%27Eu%2C_au_camp_D%27Alegrete_%28D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_dessin_de_M._Maximo_Alv%C3%A8s%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Surrender of Uruguaiana, 1865. From left to right: Unknown Paraguayan soldier, Father Duarte, unknown Paraguayan Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Estigarribia, Minister Ângelo Ferraz (delivering Estigarribia's sword), Emperor Pedro II, Venancio Flores, Bartolomé Mitre, the Count of Eu, the Marquis of Caxias and the Baron of Porto Alegre, along with other unidentified Brazilian Officers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rendi%C3%A7ao_de_uruguaiana_1865_victor_meirelles.jpg/350px-Rendi%C3%A7ao_de_uruguaiana_1865_victor_meirelles.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Empire of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"}] | [{"reference":"Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0","url_text":"978-0-8047-3510-0"}]},{"reference":"Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Calmon, Pedro"}]},{"reference":"Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2","url_text":"978-85-359-0969-2"}]},{"reference":"Doratioto, Francisco (2002). Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0224-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0224-2","url_text":"978-85-359-0224-2"}]},{"reference":"Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880) (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Munro, Dana Gardner (1942). The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. ISBN 978-85-86797-19-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-86797-19-4","url_text":"978-85-86797-19-4"}]},{"reference":"Pedrosa, J. F. Maya (2004). A Catástrofe dos Erros (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. ISBN 978-85-7011-352-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7011-352-8","url_text":"978-85-7011-352-8"}]},{"reference":"Salles, Ricardo (1996). Nostalgia Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asbarbasdoimpera00schw","url_text":"As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1","url_text":"978-85-7164-837-1"}]},{"reference":"Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. ISBN 978-85-7302-441-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-441-8","url_text":"978-85-7302-441-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/asbarbasdoimpera00schw","external_links_name":"As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossings_of_the_Yarra_River | Crossings of the Yarra River | ["1 Crossings","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | A map of the Yarra River and its tributaries
The Yarra River is a river in southern Victoria, Australia that flows through the city of Melbourne. Over the river's 242-kilometre (150 mi) length there are many structures that bridge the river.
Crossings
The following is a partial list of structures have spanned the Yarra River in order of closest to the mouth of the river in Hobsons Bay.
Name
Image
Type
Height
Year built
Location
Details
-
Transmission Line
Spotswood/Port Melbourne
Transmits from Newport Power Station.
Spotswood sewer tunnel
Sewer
1895
Flooded in 1895 during construction, six deaths
West Gate Bridge
Freeway
53 m (174 ft)
1978
Second longest bridge in Australia.
-
Transmission Line
56 m (184 ft)
-
Docklands/Port Melbourne
Connects to Fishermans Bend Terminal
Bolte Bridge
Tollway
25 m (82 ft)
1999
Tower height 140 m (460 ft)
Webb Bridges
Pedestrian
-
1986
Docklands
Originally built as part of the Webb Dock rail link, had rails removed in the late 1990s, and reconstructed at the south end in 2004 as a pedestrian bridge as part of Docklands precinct.
Charles Grimes Bridge
Primary Arterial Road
3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft)
1975
First bridge built in 1975, reconstructed in 2001.
Seafarers Bridge
Shared - pedestrians and cyclists
-
2009
World Trade Centre/Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre
Spencer Street Bridge
Primary Arterial Road/Tram/Pedestrian
2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in)
1930
Melbourne/Southbank
King Street Bridge
Primary Arterial Road/Pedestrian
2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in)
1961
Southern end offramps altered 1997 for the development of Crown Casino.
Queens Bridge
Major Road/Tram
2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in)
1889
Originally the site of a timber footbridge built in 1860.
Sandridge Bridge
Railway (Disused)
-
1888
First bridge built 1853, second bridge built 1858, current bridge built 1888. Former rail bridge for the Port Melbourne and St Kilda railway lines, first rail crossing of the Yarra, converted to pedestrian use in 2006.
Evan Walker Bridge
Pedestrian
-
1992
Renamed in 2015 in honour of Evan Walker
Princes Bridge
Major Road/Tram
-
1888
First bridge built 1844, second bridge built 1850, current bridge built 1888.
Swan Street Bridge
Primary Arterial Road
-
1952
Melbourne
Burnley Tunnel
Tollway
N/A
1997
Eastbound CityLink tunnel from Southbank to Burnley
Domain Tunnel
Westbound CityLink tunnel from Southbank to Richmond
Morell Bridge
Pedestrian
-
1899
Former roadway closed when CityLink built, now pedestrian bridge
Hoddle Bridge
Primary Arterial Road
-
1938
Cremorne
Former punt river crossing site, now carries Hoddle Highway.
Cremorne Railway Bridge
Railway
-
1946
Cremorne/South Yarra
Carries Sandringham, Frankston, Pakenham and Cranbourne railway lines. First bridge built in 1860, current bridge built 1946
Church Street Bridge
Road/Tram
-
1923
Richmond/South Yarra
First bridge built in 1857, current bridge built 1923
-
Transmission Line
-
-
1st of 5 crossings of the same line
-
Transmission Line
-
-
Burnley/Toorak
2nd of 5 crossings of the same line
-
Transmission Line
-
-
3rd of 5 crossings of the same line
MacRobertson Bridge
Primary Arterial Road
-
1934
First crossing was a punt opened in 1880, current bridge built 1934
-
Transmission Line
-
-
4th of 5 crossings of the same line
Heyington Bridge
Railway/Pedestrian
-
-
Glen Waverley railway line
-
Transmission Line
-
-
5th of 5 crossings of the same line
Gardiners Creek Bridge
Pedestrian
-
-
Monash Freeway
Road
-
1960s
Forced relocation of the Yarra River
Swan Street
Road, trams
-
-
Burnley/Hawthorn
Hawthorn Railway Bridge
Rail
-
1861
Alamein, Belgrave & Lilydale lines
Hawthorn Bridge
Road, trams
-
1861
Richmond/Hawthorn
Originally built in 1861, widened in 1890, renovated in 1931
Victoria Bridge
Road, trams
-
1884
Richmond/Kew
Originally built in 1884, widened in 1890, strengthened and widened in 1915, reconditioned and further widened in 1933
Walmer Street Footbridge
Footbridge
-
1892
Abbotsford/Kew
First bridge built in 1891; was washed away one month after construction. Current bridge: Whipple truss design.
Collins Bridge
Footbridge
-
-
Johnston Street Bridge
Road
-
1858
Burnley/Hawthorn
Kanes Bridge, Studley Park
Footbridge
-
1928
Fairfield/Kew
The original bridge opened in 1928 to link Kew with the public golf course in Fairfield. It was destroyed by the 1934 flood. The current single-span suspension bridge was built in 1935. The suspension towers on either side are timber trestles, constructed of undressed log posts. The deck is suspended from steel tensioned cables hung from the towers, and has timber cross-patterned balustrading.
Eastern Freeway
Road
-
1977
Fairfield/Kew
Effectively two concrete road bridges - one for each direction of traffic. Each bridge contains 4 - 5 lanes of traffic. The construction of the Eastern Freeway forced the relocation of the Yarra River.
Zig Zag Bridge, Kew Asylum
Footbridge (Demolished)
-
1864 - 1929
Fairfield/Kew
Originally built by John Young to transport stone for the building of Kew Asylum. The early bridge resembled the form of Kanes Bridge. It was later used as a pedestrian connection point between Yarra Bend Asylum and Kew Asylum. Repaired in 1877. Rebuilt in 1891. Alterations in 1926. Demolished in 1929. Earmarked for rebuilding but so far never replaced. Located in the vicinity of Bellbird Picnic Area.
Fairfield Pipe Bridge
Pipeline/Footbridge
-
1878
Fairfield/Kew
The original bridge was built in 1878 to carry water from the Yan Yean Reservoir to Kew. Washed away in the floods of 1934. A new pipe bridge was built close to the site. The pylons of the original bridge were later demolished and no signs remain of the first pipe bridge.
Chandler Bridge
Road
-
1890, 2019
Alphington/Kew
The six lane bridge carrying the Chandler Highway was opened in 2019; the original 1890 bridge carried the Outer Circle railway and now carries pedestrians and cyclists.
Footbridge
Main Yarra Trail
-
-
Ivanhoe/Kew East
Burke Road
Road
-
-
-
Transmission Line
-
-
Bulleen
1st of 8 crossings in Bulleen of the same line
Banksia Street
Road
-
-
Heidelberg/Bulleen
-
Transmission Line
-
-
Lower Plenty/Templestowe Lower
7th of 8 crossings of the same line
Odyssey House / Finns Reserve
Footbridge
-
-
-
Transmission Line
-
-
8th of 8 crossings of the same line
Westerfolds Park
Footbridge, Main Yarra Trail
-
-
Fitzsimons Lane
Road
-
-
Eltham/Templestowe
-
Transmission Line
-
-
Separate line joining the above-mentioned line
-
Footbridge
-
-
-
Transmission Line
-
-
Warrandyte Bridge
Road
-
1952
Warrandyte/North Warrandyte
First bridge built 1861, current bridge built in 1952.
The Heritage Golf Club
Road
-
-
Christmas Hills/Chirnside Park
-
Transmission Line
-
-
-
Private road
-
-
Healesville railway
Rail
-
-
Yering
Melba Highway
Road
-
-
Proposed Melba Highway bypass
Road
-
-
Maxwells Road
Road
-
-
Coldstream/Healesville
Maroondah Highway
Road
-
-
Healesville - Koo Wee Rup Road
Road
-
-
Launching Place
Former Healesville - Koo Wee Rup Road
Road
-
-
Don Road
Road
-
-
-
Private road
-
-
Station Road
Road
-
-
Wesburn
Dee Road
Road
-
-
Millgrove
McKenzie-King Drive
Road
-
-
Mayer Bridge
Road
-
1993
Warburton
Connects Warburton Highway to Dammans Road. Officially re-opened 30 May 1993 by Councillor Pat Hunter, Shire President.
Swing Bridge
Footbridge
-
-
Connects Story Reserve to Dammans Road.
Brisbane Bridge
Road
-
-
Connects Warburton Highway to Dammans Road
Bramich Footbridge
Footbridge
-
1993
Officially re-opened 30 May 1993 by Councillor Pat Hunter, Shire President.
Redwood Bridge
Footbridge
-
2000
Completed March 2000. Constructed by 22 Construction Regiment, 4 Combat Engineer Regiment and members of the Warburton Advancement League
Signs Bridge
Road
-
-
Where the Warburton Highway crosses the Yarra River in Warburton
Woods Point Road
Road
-
-
East Warburton
Hazelwood Road
Road
-
-
Cement Creek Road
Road
-
-
O'Shannassy Reservoir
Access road
-
-
Peninsula Road
Road
-
-
McMahons Creek
Culvert crossing dry river bed drained by Big Peninsula Tunnel
Big Peninsula Tunnel walking track
walking track
-
-
Concrete stepping stones
Woods Point Road
Road
-
-
Reefton
Upper Yarra Dam
Dam
-
1957
There are also a number of ferries that cross the Yarra at various points such as the West Gate Ferry and Herring Island Punt.
See also
Australia portalEngineering portal
Geography of the Yarra River
References
^ Melway, Edition 35, 2008
^ "Boroondara info on Chandler Bridge". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
^ "Darebin info on the Chandler Bridge". Archived from the original on 6 September 2006.
^ Anderson, J. T. Noble (October 1934). "Metropolitan Roads and Bridges" (PDF). Journal of Institution of Engineers Australia. 6: 359–360. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Bridge honours Evan Walker". Southbank Local News. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
External links
Collection of photos of bridges over the Yarra River
vteCrossings of the Yarra River in Melbourne
Bolte Bridge
Burke Road Bridge
Burnley Tunnel
Chandler Highway Bridges
Charles Grimes Bridge
Church Street Bridge
Collins Bridge
Cremorne Railway Bridge
Darebin Creek Trail Footbridge
Diamond Creek Trail Footbridge
Domain Tunnel
Eastern Freeway Bridges
Evan Walker Bridge
Fairfield Pipe Bridge
Fitzsimons Lane Bridge
Gardiners Creek Trail Footbridge
Hawthorn Bridge
Hawthorn Railway Bridge
Heyington Rail Bridge
Hoddle Bridge
Johnston Street Bridge
Kanes Bridge
King Street Bridge
MacRobertson Bridge
Manningham Road Bridge
Monash Freeway
Morell Bridge
Princes Bridge
Queens Bridge
Ruffey Trail Suspension Bridge
Sandridge Bridge
Seafarers Bridge
Spencer Street Bridge
Spotswood sewer tunnel
Swan Street Bridge
Swan Street/Wallen Road Bridge
Victoria Bridge
Walmer Street Footbridge
Warrandyte Bridge
Webb Bridge
West Gate Bridge
Westerfolds Park Footbridge | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yarramap.png"},{"link_name":"Yarra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_River"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Yarra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_River"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"}],"text":"A map of the Yarra River and its tributariesThe Yarra River is a river in southern Victoria, Australia that flows through the city of Melbourne. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_UK | Citizens UK | ["1 History","2 Political philosophy","3 London Citizens","4 Campaigns","4.1 Strangers into Citizens","4.2 Living Wage Foundation","4.3 People's Olympic Legacy","4.4 Independent Asylum Commission","4.5 Sponsor Refugees & Community Sponsorship scheme","4.6 Institute for Community Organising","5 Training","6 References","7 External links"] | UK broad-based community organising alliance
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Citizens UK" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Citizens UK is a grassroots alliance of local communities working together in England and Wales.
The organisation has 18 chapters across England and one in Wales. These are made up of local institutions, including schools, universities, churches, mosques, synagogues, parent groups, health trusts, charities, and unions. They also support a Guild of Community Organisers and the Centre for Civil Society.
They have worked on several campaigns, including building up over £2 billion of wages through the UK Living Wage campaign, winning a legal cap on the cost of credit, and ending the detention of children for immigration purposes. They have previously campaigns in areas including the Living Wage Foundation, Parents and Communities Together (PACT), and Sponsor Refugees. In 2023, campaigns include Climate Change, Homelessness, Housing, anti-Misogyny and school-based counselling.
In September 2018, Matthew Bolton became the new Executive Director of Citizens UK.
History
Citizens UK formed in 1989 by Neil Jameson and was originally known as the Citizens Organising Foundation (COF). Jameson was the Executive Director of the organisation until 2018.
The first branch of Citizens UK was in East London. This was an alliance of organisations in Dagenham, Hackney, Newham, Redridge and Tower Hamlets. They became known as The East London Communities Organisation (TELCO). Other branches followed throughout London.
In 2001, TELCO launched the real Living Wage campaign. Members from schools, mosques, churches and other local civil society institutions came together to discuss issues in their local community. Low pay was one of the key issues that consistently came up. At the time, the London minimum wage was £3.70 an hour which meant some people were working multiple jobs and still struggling to make ends meet. Leaders organised rallies, charity music gigs and actions calling for employers to pay all staff and contracted staff a real Living Wage. A march down the Mile End road was organised calling for all staff working in East London hospitals to be a paid a Living Wage. These hospitals were among the first employers to join the movement, followed by local schools and big City firms.
The campaign has since won over £2 billion of additional wages, lifting over 430,000 people out of working poverty.
In 2005, organisation opened an office in Birmingham, UK.
The organisation came to national prominence during the 2010 United Kingdom general election when all three leaders of the UK's three largest political parties addressed a large meeting of its members in what it billed as the "fourth debate", in reference to the three TV debates. Each candidate for Prime Minister was questioned on stage concerning their willingness to work with Citizens UK if elected. Each undertook to work with Citizens UK and come to future assemblies to give account of work achieved. In particular they agreed to work to introduce the Living Wage and to end the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention.
The youngest branch of Citizens UK is in Peterborough.
Political philosophy
Citizens UK works to build permanent alliances of citizens to exercise power in society. It sees its role in the UK's political system as determinant of the distinction between Civil Society from the State and the Market. Community organising and the role of the professional Community Organiser is seen as working out how to take back power from the State and the Market by holding them accountable. In a democratic society there is a need for a genuine public discourse concerning justice and the common good.
London Citizens
London Citizens is the largest civil alliance in the Citizens UK network. The oldest of the four London chapters is The East London Communities Organisation, better known as "TELCO", formed in 1996 at a founding assembly gathering over 1,300 people from 30 different institutions. The other London Chapters are South London Citizens (2004), West London Citizens (2005), and North London Citizens (2011).
London Citizens' most high-profile campaigns included those to establish a London living wage, an urban Community Land Trust and CitySafe havens in high streets as a way of tackling knife crime and street violence.
London Citizens has in its four chapters over 240 organisations in membership. In local neighbourhoods small actions are undertaken such as those to prevent a factory from contaminating the area with noxious smells, stopping drug dealing in school neighbourhoods and getting safe road crossings established. Over time larger campaigns were undertaken. Before Mayoral elections for the Greater London Authority in 2000, 2004 and 2008 major Accountability Assemblies were held with the main mayoral candidates. They were asked to support London Citizens and work with them on issues such as London Living Wage; an amnesty for undocumented migrants; safer cities initiatives and development of community land trust housing. South London Citizens held a citizens enquiry into the working of the Home Office department at Lunar House and its impact on the lives of refugees and migrants. This resulted in the building of a new visitor centre at Lunar House in Croydon.
Campaigns
Strangers into Citizens
Strangers into Citizens was a political advocacy campaign by London Citizens which ran from February 2007 to May 2010. The campaign called for undocumented migrants in the United Kingdom to receive a work permit if they had been resident for four years. The campaign became definitively and formally defunct in the year 2013.
The campaign was organised by Austen Ivereigh, a former director of public affairs for the Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, and as such had strong links with amongst others the Cardinal Archbishop, Westminster Cathedral, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales and the Catholic Herald newspaper, all three being enthusiastic supporters of the political advocacy campaign.
The campaign attempted to influence the policies of the political parties and candidates in both the 2008 London mayoral election and in the 2010 general election. During the London mayoral election, the campaign was supportively endorsed by the Liberal Democrats and the Labour and Conservative candidates for the Mayoralty of London in their personal capacity, being Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson respectively.
Living Wage Foundation
Main article: Living Wage Foundation
Launched in 2001, the Living Wage campaign calls for every worker in the country to earn enough to provide their family with the essentials of life. As a result of the campaign's success, other cities began to adopt the campaign and Citizens UK set up the Living Wage Foundation (LWF) in 2011 to provide companies with intelligence and accreditation.
Rates are independently calculated every year to meet the real cost of living with an hourly London rate and another rate for the UK, outside London. In the capital it is set by the Greater London Authority. The rate outside London is calculated by the Minimum Income Standard team at Loughborough University, supported by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Since launching the campaign has accredited 12,000 employers to pay the living wage and has won over £2 billion of additional wages, lifting over 430,000 people out of working poverty.
People's Olympic Legacy
When it was announced that London would bid to be the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games, Citizens lobbied to gain a lasting legacy for Londoners from the billions of pound to be spent. Following on from hundreds of one-to-one meetings and a listening campaign across member institutions, in 2004 London Citizens signed an agreement with the London 2012 bid team, which specified what the people of East London could expect in return for their support in hosting the Olympic Games. The People's Promises, as they are known, had the following demands:
Permanently affordable homes for local people.
Money from the Olympic development to be set aside to improve local schools and the health service.
The University of East London to be main higher education beneficiary of the sports legacy and to consider becoming a Sports Centre of Excellence.
At least £2m set aside for a Construction Academy.
At least 30% of jobs set aside for local people.
That the Lower Lea Valley is designated a 'Living Wage Zone' and all jobs guaranteed a living wage.
In 2023, the demands have yet to be met.
Independent Asylum Commission
Citizens UK set up the Independent Asylum Commission to investigate widespread concern about the way refugees and asylum seekers were being treated by the UK Borders Agency. The report made a series of over 200 recommendations for change which are still being negotiated. In the lead up to the 2010 General Election a major campaign was mounted over the number of children being held in detention with their families seeking refugee status. Over 1,000 children were being detained annually. Promises to end this practice were made by all three political leaders at the General Election Accountability Assembly held by Citizens UK in May 2010 at Westminster Central Hall. This resulted in the ending of the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention by the Coalition government and a law was passed in 2014 to prohibit this.
Sponsor Refugees & Community Sponsorship scheme
At the height of the Syrian refugee crisis in September 2015, Citizens UK called for the introduction of sponsorship of refugees based on the Canadian model of community sponsorship. This was launched in July 2016. Citizens UK Foundation for Community Sponsorship of Refugees (Sponsor Refugees) was established in October 2017.
In 2022, Citizens UK started the Communities for Ukraine scheme in response to the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. As of February 2023, the scheme had resettled more than 700 Ukrainian refugees in the UK.
Institute for Community Organising
Citizens UK set up the Institute for Community Organising (ICO) as part of its Centre for Civil Society (established in 2010) in response to growing demands for its training. The ICO is the first operating division of the Centre and was established to offer a series of training opportunities for those who wish to make community organising a full or part-time career and also for Community Leaders who wish to learn the broad philosophy and skills of community organising and who are in a position to put them into practice in their institutions and neighbourhoods. The Institute provides training and consultancy on a commercial basis to other agencies which wish to employ the skills and techniques of community organising in their institutions. The ICO has an Academic Advisory Board and an International Professional Advisory Body drawn from the global network of Community Organising Institutes in the UK (Citizens UK), USA (Industrial Areas Foundation) and Germany (DICO).
Training
In 2013, Citizens UK created a Master's course in Community Organising in affiliation with Queen Mary University.
In 2023, the organisation runs online and in-person training courses. Several of these are in partnership with Newman University, Birmingham.
References
^ https://www.citizensuk.org/chapters/
^ UK Charity Commission website, Retrieved 2023-05-23
^ https://www.livingwage.org.uk/media-key-information-and-statistics
^ a b "Living Wage Foundation". Living Wage Foundation.
^ "PACT". PACT.
^ a b "Sponsor Refugees". Sponsor Refugees.
^ Citizens UK website
^ Official website
^ Civil Society website
^
^ Citizens UK website
^ "People can play their part in the governance of the nation". The Guardian. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.
^ Citizens UK website
^ The Guardian Newspaper website ‘’Citizens’s Gain’’
^ Jameson, Neil (24 March 2010). "People can play their part in the governance of the nation". The Guardian. London.
^ The Guardian, 4 May 2010, General election 2010
^ The Guardian, 3 May 2010, General election 2010: Battered Gordon Brown finds his voice
^ Citizens UK website, Retrieved 2023-05-23
^ "TELCO | Citizens UK". Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ "South London". Citizens UK.
^ "West London". Citizens UK.
^ "London Mayoral Election 2012 | Citizens UK". Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^ " Mail pays Church aide libel costs". BBC News, BBC. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ https://www.livingwage.org.uk/media-key-information-and-statistics
^ "London Community Land Trust". London Community Land Trust. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Citizens UK website, Olympic Legacy
^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (31 March 2007). "Sponsor a refugee". www.canada.ca.
^ Citizens UK website
^ https://www.citizensuk.org/campaigns/refugees-and-migrants-welcome/communities-for-ukraine/
^ https://www.citizensuk.org/about-us/news/citizens-uks-communities-for-ukraine-scheme-celebrates-resettlement-of-over-700-ukrainian-refugees-on-invasion-anniversary/
^ Tattersall, Amanda; ChangeMakers; Cox, Jonathan (2021). "ChangeMaker Chat with Jonathan Cox: Scale and Organising". Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ "MA Community Organising". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^ Citizens UK training website, Retrieved 2023-05-23
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Citizens UK is a grassroots alliance of local communities working together in England and Wales.The organisation has 18 chapters across England and one in Wales. These are made up of local institutions, including schools, universities, churches, mosques, synagogues, parent groups, health trusts, charities, and unions.[1] They also support a Guild of Community Organisers and the Centre for Civil Society.[2]They have worked on several campaigns, including building up over £2 billion[3] of wages through the UK Living Wage campaign, winning a legal cap on the cost of credit, and ending the detention of children for immigration purposes. They have previously campaigns in areas including the Living Wage Foundation,[4] Parents and Communities Together (PACT),[5] and Sponsor Refugees.[6] In 2023, campaigns include Climate Change, Homelessness, Housing, anti-Misogyny and school-based counselling.[7]In September 2018, Matthew Bolton became the new Executive Director of Citizens UK.[8]","title":"Citizens UK"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Living Wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_UK"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2010 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Citizens UK formed in 1989[9] by Neil Jameson and was originally known as the Citizens Organising Foundation (COF).[10] Jameson was the Executive Director of the organisation until 2018.The first branch of Citizens UK was in East London. This was an alliance of organisations in Dagenham, Hackney, Newham, Redridge and Tower Hamlets. They became known as The East London Communities Organisation (TELCO).[11] Other branches followed throughout London.In 2001, TELCO launched the real Living Wage campaign.[12] Members from schools, mosques, churches and other local civil society institutions came together to discuss issues in their local community. Low pay was one of the key issues that consistently came up. At the time, the London minimum wage was £3.70 an hour which meant some people were working multiple jobs and still struggling to make ends meet. Leaders organised rallies, charity music gigs and actions calling for employers to pay all staff and contracted staff a real Living Wage. A march down the Mile End road was organised calling for all staff working in East London hospitals to be a paid a Living Wage. These hospitals were among the first employers to join the movement, followed by local schools and big City firms.[citation needed]The campaign has since won over £2 billion of additional wages, lifting over 430,000 people out of working poverty.[13]In 2005, organisation opened an office in Birmingham, UK.[14]The organisation came to national prominence during the 2010 United Kingdom general election[15] when all three leaders of the UK's three largest political parties addressed a large meeting of its members in what it billed as the \"fourth debate\", in reference to the three TV debates.[16][17] Each candidate for Prime Minister was questioned on stage concerning their willingness to work with Citizens UK if elected. Each undertook to work with Citizens UK and come to future assemblies to give account of work achieved. In particular they agreed to work to introduce the Living Wage and to end the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention.The youngest branch of Citizens UK is in Peterborough.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Society"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Citizens UK works to build permanent alliances of citizens to exercise power in society. It sees its role in the UK's political system as determinant of the distinction between Civil Society from the State and the Market. Community organising and the role of the professional Community Organiser is seen as working out how to take back power from the State and the Market by holding them accountable. In a democratic society there is a need for a genuine public discourse concerning justice and the common good.[citation needed]","title":"Political philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"living wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage"},{"link_name":"knife crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_legislation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"London Citizens is the largest civil alliance in the Citizens UK network. The oldest of the four London chapters is The East London Communities Organisation, better known as \"TELCO\", formed in 1996 at a founding assembly gathering over 1,300 people from 30 different institutions.[19] The other London Chapters are South London Citizens (2004), West London Citizens (2005), and North London Citizens (2011).[20][21]London Citizens' most high-profile campaigns included those to establish a London living wage, an urban Community Land Trust and CitySafe havens in high streets as a way of tackling knife crime and street violence.[citation needed]London Citizens has in its four chapters over 240 organisations in membership. In local neighbourhoods small actions are undertaken such as those to prevent a factory from contaminating the area with noxious smells, stopping drug dealing in school neighbourhoods and getting safe road crossings established. Over time larger campaigns were undertaken. Before Mayoral elections for the Greater London Authority in 2000, 2004 and 2008 major Accountability Assemblies were held with the main mayoral candidates.[22] They were asked to support London Citizens and work with them on issues such as London Living Wage; an amnesty for undocumented migrants; safer cities initiatives and development of community land trust housing. South London Citizens held a citizens enquiry into the working of the Home Office department at Lunar House and its impact on the lives of refugees and migrants. This resulted in the building of a new visitor centre at Lunar House in Croydon.","title":"London Citizens"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austen Ivereigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Ivereigh"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Cormac_Murphy-O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Westminster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Catholic Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Herald"},{"link_name":"2008 London mayoral election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mayoralty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Ken Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"}],"sub_title":"Strangers into Citizens","text":"Strangers into Citizens was a political advocacy campaign by London Citizens which ran from February 2007 to May 2010. The campaign called for undocumented migrants in the United Kingdom to receive a work permit if they had been resident for four years. The campaign became definitively and formally defunct in the year 2013.The campaign was organised by Austen Ivereigh, a former director of public affairs for the Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor,[23] and as such had strong links with amongst others the Cardinal Archbishop, Westminster Cathedral, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales and the Catholic Herald newspaper, all three being enthusiastic supporters of the political advocacy campaign.The campaign attempted to influence the policies of the political parties and candidates in both the 2008 London mayoral election and in the 2010 general election. During the London mayoral election, the campaign was supportively endorsed by the Liberal Democrats and the Labour and Conservative candidates for the Mayoralty of London in their personal capacity, being Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson respectively.","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation"},{"link_name":"Greater London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"Loughborough University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rowntree Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation"},{"link_name":"working poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Living Wage Foundation","text":"Launched in 2001, the Living Wage campaign calls for every worker in the country to earn enough to provide their family with the essentials of life. As a result of the campaign's success, other cities began to adopt the campaign and Citizens UK set up the Living Wage Foundation (LWF)[4] in 2011 to provide companies with intelligence and accreditation.Rates are independently calculated every year to meet the real cost of living with an hourly London rate and another rate for the UK, outside London. In the capital it is set by the Greater London Authority. The rate outside London is calculated by the Minimum Income Standard team at Loughborough University, supported by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Since launching the campaign has accredited 12,000 employers to pay the living wage and has won over £2 billion of additional wages, lifting over 430,000 people out of working poverty.[24]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"People's Olympic Legacy","text":"When it was announced that London would bid to be the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games, Citizens lobbied to gain a lasting legacy for Londoners from the billions of pound to be spent. Following on from hundreds of one-to-one meetings and a listening campaign across member institutions, in 2004 London Citizens signed an agreement with the London 2012 bid team, which specified what the people of East London could expect in return for their support in hosting the Olympic Games. The People's Promises, as they are known, had the following demands:Permanently affordable homes for local people.[25]\nMoney from the Olympic development to be set aside to improve local schools and the health service.\nThe University of East London to be main higher education beneficiary of the sports legacy and to consider becoming a Sports Centre of Excellence.\nAt least £2m set aside for a Construction Academy.\nAt least 30% of jobs set aside for local people.\nThat the Lower Lea Valley is designated a 'Living Wage Zone' and all jobs guaranteed a living wage.In 2023, the demands have yet to be met.[26]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independent Asylum Commission","text":"Citizens UK set up the Independent Asylum Commission to investigate widespread concern about the way refugees and asylum seekers were being treated by the UK Borders Agency. The report made a series of over 200 recommendations for change which are still being negotiated. In the lead up to the 2010 General Election a major campaign was mounted over the number of children being held in detention with their families seeking refugee status. Over 1,000 children were being detained annually. Promises to end this practice were made by all three political leaders at the General Election Accountability Assembly held by Citizens UK in May 2010 at Westminster Central Hall. This resulted in the ending of the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention by the Coalition government and a law was passed in 2014 to prohibit this.","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"community sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Sponsorship"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Sponsor Refugees & Community Sponsorship scheme","text":"At the height of the Syrian refugee crisis in September 2015, Citizens UK called for the introduction of sponsorship of refugees based on the Canadian model[27] of community sponsorship. [28] This was launched in July 2016. Citizens UK Foundation for Community Sponsorship of Refugees (Sponsor Refugees) [6] was established in October 2017.In 2022, Citizens UK started the Communities for Ukraine scheme in response to the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine.[29] As of February 2023, the scheme had resettled more than 700 Ukrainian refugees in the UK.[30]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Community Organising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Community_Organising&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Institute for Community Organising","text":"Citizens UK set up the Institute for Community Organising (ICO) as part of its Centre for Civil Society (established in 2010) in response to growing demands for its training. The ICO is the first operating division of the Centre and was established to offer a series of training opportunities for those who wish to make community organising a full or part-time career and also for Community Leaders who wish to learn the broad philosophy and skills of community organising and who are in a position to put them into practice in their institutions and neighbourhoods. The Institute provides training and consultancy on a commercial basis to other agencies which wish to employ the skills and techniques of community organising in their institutions. The ICO has an Academic Advisory Board and an International Professional Advisory Body drawn from the global network of Community Organising Institutes in the UK (Citizens UK), USA (Industrial Areas Foundation) and Germany (DICO).[31]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Mary University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_University"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Newman University, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2013, Citizens UK created a Master's course in Community Organising in affiliation with Queen Mary University.[32]In 2023, the organisation runs online and in-person training courses. Several of these are in partnership with Newman University, Birmingham.[33]","title":"Training"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Living Wage Foundation\". Living Wage Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livingwage.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Living Wage Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"PACT\". PACT.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pact-citizens.org/","url_text":"\"PACT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sponsor Refugees\". Sponsor Refugees.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sponsorrefugees.org/","url_text":"\"Sponsor Refugees\""}]},{"reference":"\"People can play their part in the governance of the nation\". The Guardian. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/mar/24/communities-policy","url_text":"\"People can play their part in the governance of the nation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417104116/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/mar/24/communities-policy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jameson, Neil (24 March 2010). \"People can play their part in the governance of the nation\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/mar/24/communities-policy","url_text":"\"People can play their part in the governance of the nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"TELCO | Citizens UK\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409130655/http://www.citizensuk.org/chapters/telco/","url_text":"\"TELCO | Citizens UK\""},{"url":"http://www.citizensuk.org/chapters/telco/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South London\". Citizens UK.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citizensuk.org/southlondoncitizens/","url_text":"\"South London\""}]},{"reference":"\"West London\". Citizens UK.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citizensuk.org/chapters/west-london-citizens/wlcitizens/","url_text":"\"West London\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Mayoral Election 2012 | Citizens UK\". Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130906024412/http://www.citizensuk.org/campaigns/london-mayoral-election-2012/","url_text":"\"London Mayoral Election 2012 | Citizens UK\""},{"url":"http://www.citizensuk.org/campaigns/london-mayoral-election-2012/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[The] Mail pays Church aide libel costs\". BBC News, BBC. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7861066.stm","url_text":"\"[The] Mail pays Church aide libel costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Community Land Trust\". London Community Land Trust. Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonclt.org/","url_text":"\"London Community Land Trust\""}]},{"reference":"Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (31 March 2007). \"Sponsor a refugee\". www.canada.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/help-outside-canada/private-sponsorship-program.html","url_text":"\"Sponsor a refugee\""}]},{"reference":"Tattersall, Amanda; ChangeMakers; Cox, Jonathan (2021). \"ChangeMaker Chat with Jonathan Cox: Scale and Organising\". Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonslibrary.org/changemaker-chat-with-jonathan-cox-scale-and-organising/","url_text":"\"ChangeMaker Chat with Jonathan Cox: Scale and Organising\""}]},{"reference":"\"MA Community Organising\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005212251/http://www.geog.qmul.ac.uk/admissions/masters/programmes/community/index.html","url_text":"\"MA Community Organising\""},{"url":"http://www.geog.qmul.ac.uk/admissions/masters/programmes/community/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Citizens+UK%22","external_links_name":"\"Citizens 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Consolidated_Reporting_Act_of_2013_(H.R._2844;_113th_Congress) | Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 | ["1 Provisions of the bill","2 Congressional Budget Office report","3 Procedural history","3.1 House","3.2 Senate","4 Debate and discussion","5 See also","6 Notes/References","7 External links"] | Proposed United States legislation
Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013Long titleTo amend the Communications Act of 1934 to consolidate the reporting obligations of the Federal Communications Commission in order to improve congressional oversight and reduce reporting burdens.Announced inthe 113th United States CongressSponsored byRep. Steve Scalise (R, LA-1)Number of co-sponsors2CodificationActs affectedCommunications Act of 1934, Telecommunications Act of 1996, Broadband Data Improvement Act, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, Communications Satellite Act of 1962U.S.C. sections affected47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., 47 U.S.C. § 1302, 25 U.S.C. § 450b, 47 U.S.C. § 765e, 47 U.S.C. § 703, 47 U.S.C. § 1303, 47 U.S.C. § 548, 47 U.S.C. § 543, 47 U.S.C. § 533(a)(3), 47 U.S.C. § 257, 47 U.S.C. § 1302, 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(1)(C), 47 U.S.C. § 154Agencies affectedUnited States Congress, Federal Communications Commission,Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 2844 by Rep. Steve Scalise (R, LA-1) on July 26, 2013Committee consideration by United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and TransportationPassed the House on September 9, 2013 (Roll Call 449: 415-0)
The Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 (H.R. 2844) is a bill that passed the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The bill would "require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to prepare a biennial report for the Congress that assesses certain characteristics of the communications industry." That report would include an analysis of "the state of competition in the markets for voice, video, and data services, as well as the availability of high-speed and high-quality telecommunications services" in the United States. Perhaps most importantly, "the bill would require the FCC to determine whether laws and regulations pose a barrier to entry into communications markets and to include that information in the biennial report." The bill would also cancel a number of preexisting requirements for various other reports from the FCC.
Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.
The Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 would amend the Communications Act of 1934 to require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to publish on its website and submit to Congress a biennial report on the state of the communications marketplace assessing:
(1) competition, including intermodal, facilities-based, and new and emergent services competition and addressing the provision of content, as well as communications using the Internet;
(2) deployment of communications capabilities, including whether advanced telecommunications capability is being deployed to all Americans in a reasonable and timely fashion; and
(3) whether laws, regulations, or regulatory practices pose a barrier to competitive entry or expansion of existing providers of communications services.
The bill would also require the FCC to: (1) compile a list of geographic areas that are not served by any provider of advanced telecommunications capability; and (2) consider market entry barriers for entrepreneurs and other small businesses in the communications marketplace in accordance with existing national policy favoring diversity of media voices, vigorous economic competition, technological advancement, and promotion of the public interest, convenience, and necessity.
The bill would also repeal and consolidate various FCC reports including reports on satellite competition, international broadband, video programming, cable industry prices, small business entry barriers, commercial mobile radio, waivers from requirements prohibiting FCC employees from being financially interested in companies subject to FCC regulation, and several other existing reports under such Act.
Congressional Budget Office report
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Congressional Budget Office.
H.R. 2844 would require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to prepare a biennial report for the Congress that assesses certain characteristics of the communications industry. The report would analyze the state of competition in the markets for voice, video, and data services, as well as the availability of high-speed and high-quality telecommunications services. Further, the bill would require the FCC to determine whether laws and regulations pose a barrier to entry into communications markets and to include that information in the biennial report. H.R. 2844 also would relieve the FCC of requirements to prepare certain other reports on topics ranging from access to satellite services to prices for cable services. In all, the bill would eliminate more than 20 reports and notices, some that remain in current law even though deadlines for their completion have passed.
Based on information from the FCC, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the provisions of H.R. 2844 would not have a significant net effect on the agency's discretionary costs. Any additional expenses the FCC would incur to prepare the new assessment of the communications industry would be offset by a reduction in costs that would otherwise be incurred for reports that would be eliminated under the bill. Under current law, the FCC is authorized to collect fees sufficient to offset the cost of its regulatory activities each year; therefore, the CBO estimates that the net cost to implement the provisions of H.R. 2844 would be negligible, assuming annual appropriation actions consistent with the agency's authorities. Enacting H.R. 2844 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.
H.R. 2844 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.
Procedural history
House
The Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 was introduced on July 26, 2013 by Rep. Steve Scalise (R, LA-1). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology. The bill passed in the House on September 9, 2013 in Roll Call Vote 449 by 415-0.
Senate
The Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 was received in the United States Senate on September 10, 2013. It was referred to the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Debate and discussion
The United States Chamber of Commerce wrote a letter to the members of the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology in support of the bill. They supported the bill because they recognized it "would consolidate various FCC reports to Congress into a more useful comprehensive biennial report on the state of the communications marketplace."
The bill was considered non-controversial and received 0 no votes in the House.
See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Federal Communications Commission
Notes/References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "CBO – H.R. 2844". Congressional Budget Office. August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h "H.R. 2844 – Summary". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ a b c d e "H.R. 1844 – All Actions". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ "House Approves FCC Consolidated Reporting Act". All Access. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ a b "Letter Supporting the "FCC Process Reform Act of 2013" and the "FCC Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013"". U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ dseyler (September 10, 2013). "FCC Consolidated Reporting Act passes in landslide". rbr.com. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 (H.R. 2844; 113th Congress)
Library of Congress – Thomas H.R. 2844
beta.congress.gov H.R. 2844
GovTrack.us H.R. 2844
OpenCongress.org H.R. 2844
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 2844
House Republicans' Legislative Digest on H.R. 2844
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 2844
Information about the bill from the House Committee on Energy and Commerce
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landslide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rbr.com/fcc-consolidated-reporting-act-passes-in-landslide/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l \"CBO – H.R. 2844\". Congressional Budget Office. August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h \"H.R. 2844 – Summary\". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e \"H.R. 1844 – All Actions\". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.\n\n^ \"House Approves FCC Consolidated Reporting Act\". All Access. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Letter Supporting the \"FCC Process Reform Act of 2013\" and the \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013\"\". U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.\n\n^ dseyler (September 10, 2013). \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act passes in landslide\". rbr.com. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","title":"Notes/References"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of bills in the 113th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_in_the_113th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"}] | [{"reference":"\"CBO – H.R. 2844\". Congressional Budget Office. August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44539","url_text":"\"CBO – H.R. 2844\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 2844 – Summary\". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/2844","url_text":"\"H.R. 2844 – Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 1844 – All Actions\". United States Congress. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2844/all-actions/","url_text":"\"H.R. 1844 – All Actions\""}]},{"reference":"\"House Approves FCC Consolidated Reporting Act\". All Access. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/122135/house-approves-fcc-consolidated-reporting-act","url_text":"\"House Approves FCC Consolidated Reporting Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter Supporting the \"FCC Process Reform Act of 2013\" and the \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013\"\". U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130906222127/http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2013/letter-supporting-%E2%80%9Cfcc-process-reform-act-2013%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cfcc-consolidated-reporting-","url_text":"\"Letter Supporting the \"FCC Process Reform Act of 2013\" and the \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013\"\""},{"url":"http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2013/letter-supporting-%E2%80%9Cfcc-process-reform-act-2013%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cfcc-consolidated-reporting-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"dseyler (September 10, 2013). \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act passes in landslide\". rbr.com. Retrieved September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbr.com/fcc-consolidated-reporting-act-passes-in-landslide/","url_text":"\"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act passes in landslide\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/151","external_links_name":"§ 151"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/1302","external_links_name":"§ 1302"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/25/450b","external_links_name":"§ 450b"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/765e","external_links_name":"§ 765e"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/703","external_links_name":"§ 703"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/1303","external_links_name":"§ 1303"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/548","external_links_name":"§ 548"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/543","external_links_name":"§ 543"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/533#a_3","external_links_name":"§ 533(a)(3)"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/257","external_links_name":"§ 257"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/1302","external_links_name":"§ 1302"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/332#c_1_C","external_links_name":"§ 332(c)(1)(C)"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/154","external_links_name":"§ 154"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2844","external_links_name":"H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2013/roll449.xml","external_links_name":"Roll Call 449"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2844","external_links_name":"H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"https://www.cbo.gov/about/privacy","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2013/roll449.xml","external_links_name":"Roll Call Vote 449"},{"Link":"http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44539","external_links_name":"\"CBO – H.R. 2844\""},{"Link":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/2844","external_links_name":"\"H.R. 2844 – Summary\""},{"Link":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2844/all-actions/","external_links_name":"\"H.R. 1844 – All Actions\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/122135/house-approves-fcc-consolidated-reporting-act","external_links_name":"\"House Approves FCC Consolidated Reporting Act\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130906222127/http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2013/letter-supporting-%E2%80%9Cfcc-process-reform-act-2013%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cfcc-consolidated-reporting-","external_links_name":"\"Letter Supporting the \"FCC Process Reform Act of 2013\" and the \"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2013/letter-supporting-%E2%80%9Cfcc-process-reform-act-2013%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cfcc-consolidated-reporting-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rbr.com/fcc-consolidated-reporting-act-passes-in-landslide/","external_links_name":"\"FCC Consolidated Reporting Act passes in landslide\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.113hr2844","external_links_name":"Library of Congress – Thomas H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/2844","external_links_name":"beta.congress.gov H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr2844","external_links_name":"GovTrack.us H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://www.opencongress.org/bill/113-h2844/show","external_links_name":"OpenCongress.org H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/113_HR_2844.html","external_links_name":"WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131009023046/http://www.gop.gov/bill/113/1/hr2844","external_links_name":"House Republicans' Legislative Digest on H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44539","external_links_name":"Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 2844"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140919134321/http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=bill%2Fhr-2844-the-federal-communications-commission-consolidated-reporting-act-of-2013","external_links_name":"Information about the bill from the House Committee on Energy and Commerce"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Czechoslovakia | Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia | ["1 History","2 1918-1948 division","3 1948–1960 division","3.1 Czech regions","3.2 Slovak regions","4 Latest division (1960–1992)","4.1 Czech (Socialist) Republic","4.2 Slovak (Socialist) Republic","5 See also","6 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article deals with historic administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia up to 1992, when the country was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
For the current divisions of those two countries, see their main articles and the articles Regions of Slovakia and Regions of the Czech Republic.
History
Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1928, with five provinces or lands. Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus newly created.
Czechoslovakia from December 1, 1928; the state administration was unified in both the former Austrian and Hungarian parts of the state, while the number of provinces was reduced to four (Moravia and Czech Silesia merged).
"Small, but ours": Czechoslovakia in 1938–39, with Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia as autonomous regions while the Sudetenland and southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia are ceded to Nazi Germany and Hungary
1918–1923: different systems based on the former Austrian territories (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia) and former Hungarian counties in the north (later forming Slovakia (21 counties) and Subcarpathian Ruthenia (4 counties)) were reorganized into three provinces (Czech: země, Slovak: krajiny – literally "lands") of Bohemia-Moravia-Silesia, 21 counties (župy) of Slovakia, and 4 counties of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (today's Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine); all provinces and counties were further divided into districts (okresy)
1923–1927: like 1918–1923, except that the above counties were replaced by 6 (grand) counties ((veľ)župy) in Slovakia and 1 (grand) county in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, and the number and borders of districts were changed in these two territories
1928–1938: 4 provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia; divided into districts
late 1938–March 1939: like 1928–1938, but Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia were promoted to "autonomous lands", while the border regions were ceded to Germany (so-called Sudetenland) and Hungary (southern parts of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia)
1939–1945: Bohemia and Moravia became a protectorate of Germany, the remainder of Subcarpathian Ruthenia annexed by Hungary, while Slovakia was nominally independent
1945–1948: like 1928–1938, except that Subcarpathian Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union in 1945
1949–1960: 19 regions divided in 270 districts; Czech historical provinces/lands abolished
1960–1992: Ten regions plus Prague (and from 1970 also Bratislava), further divided into over 100 districts. Czech and Slovak Socialist Republics added as a layer above the regions at federalization in 1969.
1918-1948 division
From 1918 to 1928, the eastern Czechoslovakia, within what is now the Czech Republic, was divided into three administrative divisions known as lands: Bohemian Land, Moravian Land, and Silesian Land. The territories of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia were divided into several regions.
From 1928 to 1939, Czechoslovakia was divided into five lands: Bohemian Land, Moravian-Silesian Land (including the Silesian branch office in the Moravian-Silesian Land), Slovakian Land, and the Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land.
1948–1960 division
The regions came into force on 24 December 1948. During this period, there were 19 total regions: 13 Czech and 6 Slovak as follows:
Czech regions
Map of the Czech regions of Czechoslovakia, highlighting the Prague Region
From 1954, the city of Prague was made into a city-region, separate from Prague Region.
Brněnský kraj (Brno Region)
Českobudějovický kraj (České Budějovice Region)
Gottwaldovský kraj (Gottwaldov Region)
Hradecký kraj (Hradec Králové Region)
Jihlavský kraj (Jihlava Region)
Karlovarský kraj (Karlovy Vary Region)
Liberecký kraj (Liberec Region)
Olomoucký kraj (Olomouc Region)
Ostravský kraj (Ostrava Region)
Pardubický kraj (Pardubice Region)
Plzeňský kraj (Plzeň Region)
Pražský kraj (Prague Region)
Ústecký kraj (Ústí nad Labem Region)
Slovak regions
Banskobystrický kraj (Banská Bystrica Region)
Bratislavský kraj (Bratislava Region)
Košický kraj (Košice Region)
Nitranský kraj (Nitra Region)
Prešovský kraj (Prešov Region)
Žilinský kraj (Žilina Region)
Latest division (1960–1992)
The country consisted of 10 Regions ('kraje'), Prague, and (since 1970) Bratislava; further divided in 109–114 districts ('okresy').
The kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and since late 1990 in whole Czechoslovakia. In addition, the two republics Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 during the federalization process. The word Socialist was removed from the republics' names in 1990 after the Velvet Revolution.
Since many regions changed significantly after the Velvet Divorce of 1993, here is list of their original names and current regions they approximately correspond to:
Czech (Socialist) Republic
Praha: Prague
Středočeský kraj: today Central Bohemian Region
Jihočeský kraj: today South Bohemian Region
Západočeský kraj (West Bohemian Region): today Plzeň Region and Karlovy Vary Region
Severočeský kraj (North Bohemian Region): today Ústí nad Labem Region, and most of Liberec Region
Východočeský kraj (East Bohemian Region): today Hradec Králové Region, Pardubice Region, and small parts of Liberec Region and Vysočina Region
Jihomoravský kraj (South Moravian Region): today South Moravian Region, and most of Vysočina Region and Zlín Region
Severomoravský kraj (North Moravian Region): today Moravian-Silesian Region, Olomouc Region, and part of Zlín Region
Slovak (Socialist) Republic
Bratislava: today a part of the Bratislava Region
Západoslovenský kraj (West Slovak Region): Trnava Region, Nitra Region, most of Bratislava Region, and a small part of Trenčín Region
Stredoslovenský kraj (Central Slovak Region): today Žilina Region, Banská Bystrica Region, and a large part of Trenčín Region
Východoslovenský kraj (East Slovak Region): today Prešov Region and Košice Region
See also
Czech Republic#Administrative divisions
Slovakia#Administrative divisions
References | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Regions of Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Regions of the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic"}],"text":"This article deals with historic administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia up to 1992, when the country was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.For the current divisions of those two countries, see their main articles and the articles Regions of Slovakia and Regions of the Czech Republic.","title":"Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britannica_Czechoslovakia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Czechoslovak_Republic.SVG"},{"link_name":"Czech Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Silesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaalenase.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Subcarpathian Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Zakarpattia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"nominally independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_State"}],"text":"Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1928, with five provinces or lands. Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus newly created.Czechoslovakia from December 1, 1928; the state administration was unified in both the former Austrian and Hungarian parts of the state, while the number of provinces was reduced to four (Moravia and Czech Silesia merged).\"Small, but ours\": Czechoslovakia in 1938–39, with Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia as autonomous regions while the Sudetenland and southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia are ceded to Nazi Germany and Hungary1918–1923: different systems based on the former Austrian territories (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia) and former Hungarian counties in the north (later forming Slovakia (21 counties) and Subcarpathian Ruthenia (4 counties)) were reorganized into three provinces (Czech: země, Slovak: krajiny – literally \"lands\") of Bohemia-Moravia-Silesia, 21 counties (župy) of Slovakia, and 4 counties of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (today's Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine); all provinces and counties were further divided into districts (okresy)\n1923–1927: like 1918–1923, except that the above counties were replaced by 6 (grand) counties ((veľ)župy) in Slovakia and 1 (grand) county in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, and the number and borders of districts were changed in these two territories\n1928–1938: 4 provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia; divided into districts\nlate 1938–March 1939: like 1928–1938, but Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia were promoted to \"autonomous lands\", while the border regions were ceded to Germany (so-called Sudetenland) and Hungary (southern parts of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia)\n1939–1945: Bohemia and Moravia became a protectorate of Germany, the remainder of Subcarpathian Ruthenia annexed by Hungary, while Slovakia was nominally independent\n1945–1948: like 1928–1938, except that Subcarpathian Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union in 1945\n1949–1960: 19 regions divided in 270 districts; Czech historical provinces/lands abolished\n1960–1992: Ten regions plus Prague (and from 1970 also Bratislava), further divided into over 100 districts. Czech and Slovak Socialist Republics added as a layer above the regions at federalization in 1969.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moravian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moravian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silesian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Subcarpathian Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moravian-Silesian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moravian-Silesian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silesian branch office in the Moravian-Silesian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_branch_office_in_the_Moravian-Silesian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovakian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovakian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subcarpathian_Ruthenian_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"From 1918 to 1928, the eastern Czechoslovakia, within what is now the Czech Republic, was divided into three administrative divisions known as lands: Bohemian Land, Moravian Land, and Silesian Land. The territories of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia were divided into several regions.From 1928 to 1939, Czechoslovakia was divided into five lands: Bohemian Land, Moravian-Silesian Land (including the Silesian branch office in the Moravian-Silesian Land), Slovakian Land, and the Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land.","title":"1918-1948 division"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The regions came into force on 24 December 1948. During this period, there were 19 total regions: 13 Czech and 6 Slovak as follows:","title":"1948–1960 division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_kraj_1950.png"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Brněnský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Českobudějovický kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceskobud%C4%9Bjovick%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Gottwaldovský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottwaldovsk%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Hradecký kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradeck%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Jihlavský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihlavsk%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Karlovarský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovarsk%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Liberecký kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libereck%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Olomoucký kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouck%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Ostravský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostravsk%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Pardubický kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardubick%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Plzeňský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88sk%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Pražský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_kraj"},{"link_name":"Ústecký kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Asteck%C3%BD_kraj_(1948%E2%80%931960)"}],"sub_title":"Czech regions","text":"Map of the Czech regions of Czechoslovakia, highlighting the Prague RegionFrom 1954, the city of Prague was made into a city-region, separate from Prague Region.Brněnský kraj (Brno Region)\nČeskobudějovický kraj (České Budějovice Region)\nGottwaldovský kraj (Gottwaldov Region)\nHradecký kraj (Hradec Králové Region)\nJihlavský kraj (Jihlava Region)\nKarlovarský kraj (Karlovy Vary Region)\nLiberecký kraj (Liberec Region)\nOlomoucký kraj (Olomouc Region)\nOstravský kraj (Ostrava Region)\nPardubický kraj (Pardubice Region)\nPlzeňský kraj (Plzeň Region)\nPražský kraj (Prague Region)\nÚstecký kraj (Ústí nad Labem Region)","title":"1948–1960 division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banskobystrický kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banskobystrick%C3%BD_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"},{"link_name":"Bratislavský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislavsk%C3%BD_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"},{"link_name":"Košický kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ick%C3%BD_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"},{"link_name":"Nitranský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitriansky_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"},{"link_name":"Prešovský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ovsk%C3%BD_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"},{"link_name":"Žilinský kraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilinsk%C3%BD_kraj_(1948_%E2%80%93_1960)"}],"sub_title":"Slovak regions","text":"Banskobystrický kraj (Banská Bystrica Region)\nBratislavský kraj (Bratislava Region)\nKošický kraj (Košice Region)\nNitranský kraj (Nitra Region)\nPrešovský kraj (Prešov Region)\nŽilinský kraj (Žilina Region)","title":"1948–1960 division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kraje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraj"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Czech Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovak Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"federalization process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalization_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Velvet Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Velvet Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Divorce"}],"text":"The country consisted of 10 Regions ('kraje'), Prague, and (since 1970) Bratislava; further divided in 109–114 districts ('okresy').The kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and since late 1990 in whole Czechoslovakia. In addition, the two republics Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 during the federalization process. The word Socialist was removed from the republics' names in 1990 after the Velvet Revolution.Since many regions changed significantly after the Velvet Divorce of 1993, here is list of their original names and current regions they approximately correspond to:","title":"Latest division (1960–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Central Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"South Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"Plzeň Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region"},{"link_name":"Karlovy Vary Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region"},{"link_name":"Ústí nad Labem Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region"},{"link_name":"Liberec Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec_Region"},{"link_name":"Hradec Králové Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_Region"},{"link_name":"Pardubice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardubice_Region"},{"link_name":"Vysočina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region"},{"link_name":"South Moravian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Moravian_Region"},{"link_name":"Zlín Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Region"},{"link_name":"Moravian-Silesian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region"},{"link_name":"Olomouc Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc_Region"}],"sub_title":"Czech (Socialist) Republic","text":"Praha: Prague\nStředočeský kraj: today Central Bohemian Region\nJihočeský kraj: today South Bohemian Region\nZápadočeský kraj (West Bohemian Region): today Plzeň Region and Karlovy Vary Region\nSeveročeský kraj (North Bohemian Region): today Ústí nad Labem Region, and most of Liberec Region\nVýchodočeský kraj (East Bohemian Region): today Hradec Králové Region, Pardubice Region, and small parts of Liberec Region and Vysočina Region\nJihomoravský kraj (South Moravian Region): today South Moravian Region, and most of Vysočina Region and Zlín Region\nSeveromoravský kraj (North Moravian Region): today Moravian-Silesian Region, Olomouc Region, and part of Zlín Region","title":"Latest division (1960–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Bratislava Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_Region"},{"link_name":"Trnava Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnava_Region"},{"link_name":"Nitra Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitra_Region"},{"link_name":"Bratislava Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_Region"},{"link_name":"Trenčín Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region"},{"link_name":"Žilina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilina_Region"},{"link_name":"Banská Bystrica Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica_Region"},{"link_name":"Prešov Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region"},{"link_name":"Košice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"}],"sub_title":"Slovak (Socialist) Republic","text":"Bratislava: today a part of the Bratislava Region\nZápadoslovenský kraj (West Slovak Region): Trnava Region, Nitra Region, most of Bratislava Region, and a small part of Trenčín Region\nStredoslovenský kraj (Central Slovak Region): today Žilina Region, Banská Bystrica Region, and a large part of Trenčín Region\nVýchodoslovenský kraj (East Slovak Region): today Prešov Region and Košice Region","title":"Latest division (1960–1992)"}] | [{"image_text":"Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1928, with five provinces or lands. Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus newly created.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Britannica_Czechoslovakia.jpg/220px-Britannica_Czechoslovakia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Czechoslovakia from December 1, 1928; the state administration was unified in both the former Austrian and Hungarian parts of the state, while the number of provinces was reduced to four (Moravia and Czech Silesia merged).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/First_Czechoslovak_Republic.SVG/220px-First_Czechoslovak_Republic.SVG.png"},{"image_text":"\"Small, but ours\": Czechoslovakia in 1938–39, with Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia as autonomous regions while the Sudetenland and southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia are ceded to Nazi Germany and Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Malaalenase.jpg/220px-Malaalenase.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Czech regions of Czechoslovakia, highlighting the Prague Region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_kraj_1950.png/250px-Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD_kraj_1950.png"}] | [{"title":"Czech Republic#Administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic#Administrative_divisions"},{"title":"Slovakia#Administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia#Administrative_divisions"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22","external_links_name":"\"Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22","external_links_name":"\"Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Administrative+divisions+of+Czechoslovakia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_HD_36 | Heinkel HD 36 | ["1 Operators","2 Specifications","3 References"] | HD 36
Role
TrainerType of aircraft
National origin
Germany
Manufacturer
Heinkel, CFM
First flight
1927
Primary user
Swedish Air Force
The Heinkel HD 36 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s at the request of the Swedish Air Force, which was in search of a new trainer aircraft. The newly formed air force had previously evaluated the HD 35, found it to be underpowered, and asked Heinkel to address this problem. Heinkel's response was a development of the HD 35 modified to use the Mercedes D.III engine instead. The HD 36 also dispensed with the third cockpit that had been a feature of the HD 35 and HD 21 before it, but otherwise the design was largely the same. The single example built by Heinkel was tested by the Air Force, and found still not quite satisfactory, was modified by CFM (the Air Force workshops) until the problems had been largely eliminated. Once this had happened, CFM built two batches of 10 aircraft, delivering them in 1928 and 1930 as the Sk 6.
Constant trouble with the engines led to restrictions on longer flights being imposed, and the solution eventually adopted was to replace the engines on all Sk 6s with Armstrong Siddeley Pumas. Aircraft thus modified were redesignated S 6A. Regardless, the type did not remain in service for very long, and all were dismantled after only a few years.
Operators
Sweden
Swedish Air Force
Specifications
General characteristics
Crew: Two, pilot and instructor
Length: 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in)
Wingspan: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wing area: 30.8 m2 (332 sq ft)
Empty weight: 940 kg (2,070 lb)
Gross weight: 1,250 kg (2,760 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.III , 120 kW (160 hp)
Performance
Maximum speed: 130 km/h (80 mph, 70 kn)
Range: 250 km (160 mi, 140 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,400 ft)
Rate of climb: 4.5 m/s (890 ft/min)
References
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 498.
vteHeinkel aircraftCompany designations pre-1933Heinkel Eindecker (HE) monoplanes
HE 1
HE 2
HE 3
HE 4
HE 5
HE 6
HE 7
HE 8
HE 9
HE 10
HE 12
HE 14
HE 18
HE 31
HE 57
HE 58
HE 64
Heinkel Doppeldecker (HD) biplanes
HD 15
HD 16
HD 17
HD 19
HD 20
HD 21
HD 22
HD 23
HD 24
HD 25
HD 26
HD 27
HD 28
HD 29
HD 30
HD 32
HD 33
HD 34
HD 35
HD 36
HD 37
HD 38
HD 39
HD 40
HD 41
HD 42
HD 43
HD 44
HD 45
HD 46
HD 49
HD 50
HD 55
HD 56
HD 59
HD 60
HD 61
HD 62
HD 63
HD 66
RLM designations 1933–1945
He 45
He 46
He 47
He 49
He 50
He 51
He 52
He 57
He 58
He 59
He 60
He 61
He 62
He 63
He 64
He 65
He 66
He 70
He 71
He 72
He 74
He 100
He 111
He 112
He 113
He 114
He 115
He 116
He 118
He 119
He 120
He 162
He 170
He 172
He 176
He 177
He 178
He 179
He 219
He 220
He 270
He 274
He 275
He 277
He 278
He 280
He 319
He 343
He 419
He 519
Projects 1933–1945
P.1041
P.1054
P.1060
P.1062
P.1063
P.1064
P.1065
P.1066
P.1068
P.1069
P.1070
P.1071
P.1072
P.1073
P.1074
P.1075
P.1076
P.1077
P.1078
P.1079
P.1080
Strabo 16
Wespe
Lerche
Foreign designations
Svenska S 5 (HE 5)
Orlogsvaerftet HM.II. (HE 8)
Aichi Type H Carrier Fighter (HD 23)
Type 2 Two-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane (HD 25)
Type 2 Single-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane (HD 26)
Heinkel Three-seat Reconnaissance Seaplane (HD 28)
Aichi E3A (HD 56)
Aichi AB-5 (HD 62)
Hitachi AXHei (He 100)
Heinkel A7He (He 112)
Yokosuka DXHe (He 118)
vteSwedish military aircraft designations 1926–currentAttack aircraft (A)
A 1
A 28
A 29
A 32
A 36
AJ 37
A 38
JAS 39
Bombers (B)
B 1
B 2
B 3
B 4
B 5
B 6
B 7
B 8
B 16
B 17
B 18
B 24
B 26
Army aeroplanes (Fpl)
Fpl 51
Fpl 53
Fpl 54
Fpl 61
Gliders (G/Lg/Se)
G 101
Se 102
Se 103
Se 104
Lg 105
Helicopter (Hkp)
Hkp 1
Hkp 2
Hkp 3
Hkp 4
Hkp 5
HKP 6
HKP 9
HKP 10
HKP 11
HKP 14
HKP 15
HKP 16
Fighters (J)
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
J 7
J 8
J 9
J 10
J 11
J 12
J 19
J 20
J 21/21R
J 22
J 23
J 24
J 26
J 27
J 28
J 29
J 30
J 31
J 32
J 33
J 34
J 35
JA 37
JAS 39
Advanced trainers (Ö)
Ö 1
Ö 2
Ö 3
Ö 4
Ö 5
Ö 6
Ö 7
Ö 8
Ö 9
Trials aircraft (P)
P 1
P 2
P 3
P 4
P 5
P 6
P 7
P 8/P 8A/P 8B
P 9A/P 9B
Reconnaissance (S)
S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
S 9
S 10
S 11
S 12
S 13
S 14
S 15
S 16
S 17
S 18
S 22
S 26
S 29
S 31
S 32
S 35
SF 37/SH 37
JAS 39
S 100
Trainers (Sk)
Sk 1
Sk 2
Sk 3
Sk 4
Sk 5
Sk 6
Sk 7
Sk 8
Sk 9
Sk 10
Sk 11
Sk 12
Sk 14
Sk 15
Sk 16
Sk 25
Sk 26
Sk 28
Sk 35
Sk 38
Sk 40
Sk 50
Sk 60
Sk 61
Torpedo bombers (T)
T 1
T 2
T 16
T 18
Transports (Trp/Tp)
Trp 1
Trp 2/2A
Trp 3
Trp 4
Tp 5
Tp 6
Tp 7
Tp 8/8A
Tp 9
Tp 10
Tp 16
Tp 24
Tp 45
Tp 46
Tp 47
Tp 52
Tp 53
Tp 54
Tp 55
Tp 78
Tp 79
Tp 80
Tp 81
Tp 82
Tp 83
Tp 84
Tp 85
Tp 86
Tp 87
Tp 88
Tp 89
Tp 91
Tp 100
Tp 101
Tp 102
Tp 103 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Pumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Puma"}],"text":"Constant trouble with the engines led to restrictions on longer flights being imposed, and the solution eventually adopted was to replace the engines on all Sk 6s with Armstrong Siddeley Pumas. Aircraft thus modified were redesignated S 6A. Regardless, the type did not remain in service for very long, and all were dismantled after only a few years.","title":"Heinkel HD 36"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force"}],"text":"SwedenSwedish Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercedes D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_D.III"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: Two, pilot and instructor\nLength: 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in)\nWingspan: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)\nWing area: 30.8 m2 (332 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 940 kg (2,070 lb)\nGross weight: 1,250 kg (2,760 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.III , 120 kW (160 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 130 km/h (80 mph, 70 kn)\nRange: 250 km (160 mi, 140 nmi)\nService ceiling: 5,000 m (16,400 ft)\nRate of climb: 4.5 m/s (890 ft/min)","title":"Specifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 498.","urls":[]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Janvier | Bernard Janvier | ["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Role in events surrounding the Srebrenica massacre","4 Recognitions and honours","5 References"] | Bernard JanvierJanvier (right) with Général de corps d'armée Michel Roquejoffre (centre) at As Salman, Iraq, on 10 March 1991Born16 July 1939 (1939-07-16) (age 84)La Voulte-sur-Rhône, FranceAllegianceFranceService/branchFrench ArmyFrench Foreign LegionYears of service1957–1999RankGénéral d'arméeCommands heldUnited Nations Protection ForceDivision Daguet2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REPBattles/warsAlgerian WarLebanese Civil WarOperation Épaulard IMultinational Force in LebanonGulf WarBosnian WarAwardsGrand Officer of the Legion of HonourCommander of the National Order of MeritCroix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieuresCross for Military Valour
Bernard Janvier (born 16 July 1939) is a former general of the French Army who served in the French Foreign Legion, primarily spearheading and putting in place effective resolving forces.
Janvier first took part in the Algerian War. He then spearheaded at the head of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP in a peacekeeping mission in Lebanon. He was later designated as the commander of Division Daguet during the Gulf War. Four years later, he was assigned to UNPROFOR in charge of peacekeeping during the Bosnian War.
Early life
Janvier's father Pierre, was an officer in the gendarmerie. Bernard conducted his studies at the Orange College, at schools in Nice and Algeria and the University of Rennes.
Military career
Admitted to the École militaire interarmes at Coetquidan, on 1 October 1958, in quality of a Saint-Cyrien, « Général Bugeaud », he conducted his course application at the infantry school in Nîmes, on 15 September 1960.
On 1 December 1960 he joined the center of perfection of the infantry cadres 2 at Philippeville in Algeria, then was assigned on 1 January 1961 to the 1st battalion of the 1st Tirailleurs Regiment in quality as a commando chief.
Assigned to the 1st Foreign Regiment 1e RE during July 1962, he was assigned on 1 August 1962 to the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP, regiment with which he conducted a tour in North Africa from August 1962 to September 1964.
From 1964 to 1967, he served in Madagascar and at the Comoros at the corps of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment 3e REI, successively as assistant officer in a combat unit then a corps general staff headquarters officer (French: officier d'état-major au corps). He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 January 1967. Repatriated, he followed the Captain's course at the infantry application school, then the 33rd promotion of the generals staff headquarters school in quality as a candidate, as of 1 December 1968.
He commanded from 1968 to 1970, a company of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment 9e RCP, then from 1970 to 1972, as a company officer at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr at Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan. Following, he occupied at the corps of the school, the functions of assistant chief of general information and general military formation during two years.
Candidate at the 88th promotion of superior war school, from September 1974 to May 1976, he served later, from June 1976 to August 1978, as an officer treating the bureau of personnel effectifs of the general staff headquarters of the French Army. He was promoted to Chef de bataillon (Commandant – Major) on 1 October 1974.
Successively, assigned as bureau chief of instruction and operations, then second commanding officer at the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP, from August 1978 to September 1981, he participated to « Operation Tacaud » (French: Opération Tacaud) in Tchad in quality as the inter-arm group commandant « Phœnix », from November 1979 to April 1980. He received his Lieutenant-colonel rank ("galons") on 1 October 1978.
In 1981, he was assigned as general staff headquarters officer of the general inspection of the French Army (French: officier d'état-major à l'inspection générale de l'armée de terre).
Designated as regimental commander of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP at Calvi, in 1982, he spearheaded the regiment in « Operation Épaulard I », within the cadre force of the Multinational Force in Lebanon from August to September 1982, in Beirut, Lebanon, charged in repatriating President Arafat. He was accordingly promoted to the rank of Colonel on 1 October 1982. He then participated to « Operation Manta » (French: Opération Manta) in Tchad, as commandant in the inter-arm group from January to May 1984.
From 1984 to 1987, he exercised the functions of section chief of personnel, in the bureau of personnel-effectif at the general staff headquarters of the French Army.
On 1 August 1987 he was the assistant general commanding officer of the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB, at Nîmes, and on 1 March 1988 he was admitted to the 1st section of officer generals.
On 1 July 1989 he was the chief of the division of the organization and logistics at the general staff headquarters of the Armies (French: l'état-major des armées).
In May 1990, he commanded « Operation Requin » (French: Requin) at Port-Gentil in Gabon.
From 7 February to 30 April 1991 he commanded Division Daguet in Saudi Arabia, then Iraq. At this title, he had under his commandment 4300 U.S. soldiers. He was promoted the Général de division on 1 April 1991.
On 1 May 1991 he was designated in charge of missions near the chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies (French: général chef d'état-major des armées) before assuming command of the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB, at Nîmes, from 1 June 1991 until 5 September 1993.
He was designated as chief of the general staff headquarters of the inter-arm operational planning (French: Chef de l'état-major interarmées de planification opérationnelle), on 6 December 1993. He was accordingly elevated to the rank designation of Général de corps d'armée on 1 July 1994.
On 1 February 1995 he was placed at the disposition of the Chief of Staff of the French Army (French: Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre) and received on 1 March 1995 the chief commandment of the peacekeeping force of the united Nations for ex-Yugoslavia and simultaneously, assured the in second commandment functions of the force placed for the peace plan in Bosnia (Implementation Force, IFOR).
Towards the end of the mission, he was placed at the disposition of Chief of Staff of the French Army, on 19 February 1996. In July 1996 he was nominated as a member of the superior council of the French Army (French: membre du conseil supérieur de l'armée de terre).
On 1 September 1996 he was nominated as director of the Institute of High Studies of National Defense (French: Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale, IHEDN) and of the Center of High Military Studies (French: centre des hautes études militaires, CHEM), of the superior military teachings. He received his 5th Star on 1 July 1998 and joined the 2nd section of officer generals on 1 January 1999.
Role in events surrounding the Srebrenica massacre
Main article: Srebrenica massacre
On 16 November 1995, the International Association for the Prevention of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes (AICG) applied to indict General Janvier for:
repeatedly and systematically impeding the necessary assistance to protect both the safe area of Srebrenica and the populations present there since 1992
and, for failing to support the Dutch peacekeeping forces that were stationed around Srebrenica.
It has been alleged that an agreement was reached in June 1995, during a meeting between General Janvier and Ratko Mladić, that airpower would not to be used if the Serbs freed the dozens of UN soldiers taken hostage a month earlier.
«Je n'ai jamais entendu parler d'un tel accord» – En Français
"(I have never heard of such an accord)" – Translated to English
In 2001, he was interrogated by the French Investigative Commission (French: Commission d'Enquête Française) on the Srebrenica massacre for his role in refusing the use of airpower requested by the Dutch Battalion charged with defending the enclave.
Recognitions and honours
Grand Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (1996)
Commandeur of the Légion d'Honneur (1991)
Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (1986)
Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur (1997)
Commandeur de l'ordre national du Mérite (1990)
Officier de l'ordre national du Mérite (1980)
Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures (1 citation at the orders of the army)
Croix de la Valeur militaire (5 citations out of which one at the orders of the army)
Chevalier of the Ordre du Mérite Agricole (1984)
Medaille d'Outre-Mer (agrafe « Liban » (Lebanon), « Tchad » Tchad, « Moyen-Orient » Middle East)
Médaille commémorative des opérations de sécurité et de maintien de l'ordre en Afrique du Nord (agrafes « Algérie »)
Médaille commémorative française
On another hand, he is decorated with numerous Foreign decorations out of which:
Legion of Merit (U.S.)
Medal of King Faisal – Saudi Arabia (1991)
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
NATO Medal
United Nations Medal
Chevalier de l'Etoile de la Grande Comores (Knight Star of the Grande Comores – 1966)
Croix du service méritoire canadien (Canadian Meritorious Service Cross)
Order of the Croatian Trefoil
He was wounded on 14 December 1961 at Aïn Ogra (Algeria) by a mine blast.
References
^ http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/a-la-une/operation-daguet-l-armee-de-terre-dans-la-guerre-du-golfe
^ http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101137700-bernard-janvier-un-ancien-kepi-blanc-a-la-tete-des-casques-bleus
^ "AICG call to indict General Janvier". Bosnian Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
^ "Stage 4 – Tracks Peacekeepers". columbia.edu. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
^ "Mladic trial revives questions over Dutch troops Mladic trial revives questions over Dutch troops". Euronews. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
^ http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101357246-la-france-face-a-son-role-a-srebrenica, Enquête parlementaire sur l'abandon de l'enclave musulmane en Bosnie
^ http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101357246-la-france-face-a-son-role-a-srebrenica, Enquête parlementaire sur l'abandon de l'enclave musulmane en Bosnie
^ "French general's deal ensured massacre in Bosnia Hostage situation led to pact with Serbs". Newsday. May 30, 1996. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_d%27arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Foreign_Parachute_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Division Daguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_Daguet"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"UNPROFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNPROFOR"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"}],"text":"Bernard Janvier (born 16 July 1939) is a former general of the French Army who served in the French Foreign Legion, primarily spearheading and putting in place effective resolving forces.Janvier first took part in the Algerian War. He then spearheaded at the head of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP in a peacekeeping mission in Lebanon. He was later designated as the commander of Division Daguet during the Gulf War. Four years later, he was assigned to UNPROFOR in charge of peacekeeping during the Bosnian War.","title":"Bernard Janvier"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Janvier's father Pierre, was an officer in the gendarmerie. Bernard conducted his studies at the Orange College, at schools in Nice and Algeria and the University of Rennes.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"École militaire interarmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_militaire_interarmes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cyrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr"},{"link_name":"Général","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral"},{"link_name":"Bugeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas-Robert_Bugeaud"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"1st Foreign Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Foreign_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Foreign_Parachute_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2e REP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Parachute_Chasseur_Regiment"},{"link_name":"9e RCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units"},{"link_name":"École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"Chef de bataillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"Commandant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Foreign_Parachute_Regiment"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Opération Tacaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Tacaud"},{"link_name":"Tchad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"regimental commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"Operation Épaulard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_%C3%89paulard_I"},{"link_name":"Multinational Force in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Opération Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/op%C3%A9ration_Manta"},{"link_name":"Tchad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad"},{"link_name":"6th Light Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Light_Armoured_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"general staff headquarters of the Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(France)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Division Daguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_Daguet"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Général de division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"general staff headquarters of the Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Light_Armoured_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Général de corps d'armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_corps_general"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Implementation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force"},{"link_name":"IFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Army"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"5th Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army"}],"text":"Admitted to the École militaire interarmes at Coetquidan, on 1 October 1958, in quality of a Saint-Cyrien, « Général Bugeaud », he conducted his course application at the infantry school in Nîmes, on 15 September 1960.On 1 December 1960 he joined the center of perfection of the infantry cadres 2 at Philippeville in Algeria, then was assigned on 1 January 1961 to the 1st battalion of the 1st Tirailleurs Regiment in quality as a commando chief.Assigned to the 1st Foreign Regiment 1e RE during July 1962, he was assigned on 1 August 1962 to the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP, regiment with which he conducted a tour in North Africa from August 1962 to September 1964. \nFrom 1964 to 1967, he served in Madagascar and at the Comoros at the corps of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment 3e REI, successively as assistant officer in a combat unit then a corps general staff headquarters officer (French: officier d'état-major au corps). He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 January 1967. Repatriated, he followed the Captain's course at the infantry application school, then the 33rd promotion of the generals staff headquarters school in quality as a candidate, as of 1 December 1968.He commanded from 1968 to 1970, a company of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment 9e RCP, then from 1970 to 1972, as a company officer at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr at Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan. Following, he occupied at the corps of the school, the functions of assistant chief of general information and general military formation during two years. \nCandidate at the 88th promotion of superior war school, from September 1974 to May 1976, he served later, from June 1976 to August 1978, as an officer treating the bureau of personnel effectifs of the general staff headquarters of the French Army. He was promoted to Chef de bataillon (Commandant – Major) on 1 October 1974.Successively, assigned as bureau chief of instruction and operations, then second commanding officer at the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP, from August 1978 to September 1981, he participated to « Operation Tacaud » (French: Opération Tacaud) in Tchad in quality as the inter-arm group commandant « Phœnix », from November 1979 to April 1980. He received his Lieutenant-colonel rank (\"galons\") on 1 October 1978.In 1981, he was assigned as general staff headquarters officer of the general inspection of the French Army (French: officier d'état-major à l'inspection générale de l'armée de terre).\nDesignated as regimental commander of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP at Calvi, in 1982, he spearheaded the regiment in « Operation Épaulard I », within the cadre force of the Multinational Force in Lebanon from August to September 1982, in Beirut, Lebanon, charged in repatriating President Arafat. He was accordingly promoted to the rank of Colonel on 1 October 1982. He then participated to « Operation Manta » (French: Opération Manta) in Tchad, as commandant in the inter-arm group from January to May 1984.From 1984 to 1987, he exercised the functions of section chief of personnel, in the bureau of personnel-effectif at the general staff headquarters of the French Army. \nOn 1 August 1987 he was the assistant general commanding officer of the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB, at Nîmes, and on 1 March 1988 he was admitted to the 1st section of officer generals.On 1 July 1989 he was the chief of the division of the organization and logistics at the general staff headquarters of the Armies (French: l'état-major des armées).In May 1990, he commanded « Operation Requin » (French: Requin) at Port-Gentil in Gabon.\nFrom 7 February to 30 April 1991 he commanded Division Daguet in Saudi Arabia, then Iraq.[1] At this title, he had under his commandment 4300 U.S. soldiers. He was promoted the Général de division on 1 April 1991.On 1 May 1991 he was designated in charge of missions near the chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies (French: général chef d'état-major des armées) before assuming command of the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB, at Nîmes, from 1 June 1991 until 5 September 1993.He was designated as chief of the general staff headquarters of the inter-arm operational planning (French: Chef de l'état-major interarmées de planification opérationnelle), on 6 December 1993. He was accordingly elevated to the rank designation of Général de corps d'armée on 1 July 1994.On 1 February 1995 he was placed at the disposition of the Chief of Staff of the French Army (French: Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre) and received on 1 March 1995 the chief commandment of the peacekeeping force of the united Nations for ex-Yugoslavia and simultaneously, assured the in second commandment functions of the force placed for the peace plan in Bosnia (Implementation Force, IFOR).[2]Towards the end of the mission, he was placed at the disposition of Chief of Staff of the French Army, on 19 February 1996. In July 1996 he was nominated as a member of the superior council of the French Army (French: membre du conseil supérieur de l'armée de terre).On 1 September 1996 he was nominated as director of the Institute of High Studies of National Defense (French: Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale, IHEDN) and of the Center of High Military Studies (French: centre des hautes études militaires, CHEM), of the superior military teachings. He received his 5th Star on 1 July 1998 and joined the 2nd section of officer generals on 1 January 1999.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indict-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro-5"},{"link_name":"Ratko Mladić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 16 November 1995, the International Association for the Prevention of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes (AICG) applied to indict General Janvier for:repeatedly and systematically impeding the necessary assistance to protect both the safe area of Srebrenica and the populations present there since 1992[3] \nand, for failing to support the Dutch peacekeeping forces[4] that were stationed around Srebrenica.[5]It has been alleged that an agreement was reached in June 1995, during a meeting between General Janvier and Ratko Mladić, that airpower would not to be used if the Serbs freed the dozens of UN soldiers taken hostage a month earlier.[6]«Je n'ai jamais entendu parler d'un tel accord» – En Français\"(I have never heard of such an accord)\" – Translated to EnglishIn 2001, he was interrogated by the French Investigative Commission (French: Commission d'Enquête Française) on the Srebrenica massacre for his role in refusing the use of airpower requested by the Dutch Battalion charged with defending the enclave.[7][8]","title":"Role in events surrounding the Srebrenica 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Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Kuwait)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Kuwait)"},{"link_name":"NATO Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Nations Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_(military_division)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Cross"},{"link_name":"Order of the Croatian Trefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Croatian_Trefoil"}],"text":"Grand Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (1996)\n Commandeur of the Légion d'Honneur (1991)\n Officier of the Légion d'Honneur (1986)\n Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur (1997)\n Commandeur de l'ordre national du Mérite (1990)\n Officier de l'ordre national du Mérite (1980)\n Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures (1 citation at the orders of the army)\n Croix de la Valeur militaire (5 citations out of which one at the orders of the army)\n Chevalier of the Ordre du Mérite Agricole (1984)\n Medaille d'Outre-Mer (agrafe « Liban » (Lebanon), « Tchad » Tchad, « Moyen-Orient » Middle East)\n Médaille commémorative des opérations de sécurité et de maintien de l'ordre en Afrique du Nord (agrafes « Algérie »)\n Médaille commémorative françaiseOn another hand, he is decorated with numerous Foreign decorations out of which:Legion of Merit (U.S.)\nMedal of King Faisal – Saudi Arabia (1991)\n Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)\nNATO Medal\nUnited Nations Medal\nChevalier de l'Etoile de la Grande Comores (Knight Star of the Grande Comores – 1966)\n Croix du service méritoire canadien (Canadian Meritorious Service Cross)\nOrder of the Croatian TrefoilHe was wounded on 14 December 1961 at Aïn Ogra (Algeria) by a mine blast.","title":"Recognitions and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"AICG call to indict General Janvier\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_H%C3%B6jer | Gerda Höjer | ["1 Sources","2 Further reading"] | Swedish nurse and politician
Gerda HöjerBorn23 July 1893Died20 June 1974OccupationsNursePolitician
Gerda Höjer (23 July 1893 - 20 June 1974), was a Swedish nurse and politician for the Liberal People's Party.
Gerda Höjer was a nurse and the president of the Swedish Association of Nurses from 1945 to 1960.
She was a member of the second chamber of the Riksdag (1949-1960). She was focused on social issues, particularly health and medical care policy.
She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross after World War II. She was the President of the International Council of Nurses in 1947.
Sources
«Det blåser kallt», Omvårdnadsmagasinet, Svensk sjuksköterskeförening.
«Gerda Höjer», Nationalencyklopedin.
Harnesk, Paul (red.): Vem är Vem? Stor-Stockholm 1962, Stockholm: Bokörlaget Vem er vem, 1962, s. 618–19.
Further reading
Gerda Höjer at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Authority control databases: Artists
KulturNav | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"Liberal People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Swedish Association of Nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Association_of_Nurses&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Medal"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"International Council of Nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Nurses"}],"text":"Gerda Höjer (23 July 1893 - 20 June 1974), was a Swedish nurse and politician for the Liberal People's Party.Gerda Höjer was a nurse and the president of the Swedish Association of Nurses from 1945 to 1960.She was a member of the second chamber of the Riksdag (1949-1960). She was focused on social issues, particularly health and medical care policy.She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross after World War II. She was the President of the International Council of Nurses in 1947.","title":"Gerda Höjer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"«Det blåser kallt», Omvårdnadsmagasinet, Svensk sjuksköterskeförening.\n«Gerda Höjer», Nationalencyklopedin.\nHarnesk, Paul (red.): Vem är Vem? Stor-Stockholm 1962, Stockholm: Bokörlaget Vem er vem, 1962, s. 618–19.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerda Höjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skbl.se/en/article/GerdaHojer0"},{"link_name":"Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2744062#identifiers"},{"link_name":"KulturNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturnav.org/effd401d-7639-45ef-b157-ff154bd46e0d"}],"text":"Gerda Höjer at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikonAuthority control databases: Artists \nKulturNav","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.skbl.se/en/article/GerdaHojer0","external_links_name":"Gerda Höjer"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/effd401d-7639-45ef-b157-ff154bd46e0d","external_links_name":"KulturNav"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_Wray | Tera Wray | ["1 Early life","2 Performing arts career","3 Personal life and death","4 Awards","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"] | American pornographic actress (1982–2016)
Tera WrayWray in 2007BornTera Elizabeth Lents(1982-04-14)April 14, 1982Owensboro, Kentucky, U.S.DiedJanuary 13, 2016(2016-01-13) (aged 33)Joshua Tree, California, U.S.Cause of deathSuicideOther namesTera Wray StaticHeight5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Spouse
Wayne Static
(m. 2008; died 2014)
Tera Wray (born Tera Elizabeth Lents; April 14, 1982 – January 13, 2016) was an American pornographic actress. In his biography of Wray, performing arts researcher Harris M. Lentz III referred to her as "a star of alternative pornography".
Early life
Wray was born in Owensboro, Kentucky.
Performing arts career
Her name is derived from her real first name, Tera, and her best friend's middle name, Wray. She has said "I've wanted to do porn since I was in the fourth grade. I would always tell people that I wanted to be a porn star."
In summer 2006, Pleasure Productions signed her as their first contract performer in two years. Her first scene was with Lee Stone in Naughty Auditions, the second of her films to be released. Her first film released was Sweet Smokin' Hotties, on March 8, 2007. Her first lesbian scene was with Nicki Hunter.
Wray was a fan of heavy metal music, and hosted Matt Zane's adult-oriented music series, Radium, during which she interviewed bands and attended concerts, as well as performing in sex scenes. She traveled with Ozzy Osbourne's Ozzfest Summer Tour 2007 as a model for the tour's sponsors, Hustler Lingerie. In 2009, she appeared in the music video for "Stingwray".
Personal life and death
Wray (center) alongside Elena Heiress and her husband Wayne Static, 2007
During the 2007 Ozzfest tour, Wray began dating Static-X frontman Wayne Static. On January 10, 2008, the couple wed in Las Vegas. She announced her retirement from the industry in August 2008. Wray reported quitting drugs in 2009. In 2009, Static-X released their sixth studio album, Cult of Static. This album features two tracks relating to Wray: "Tera-Fied", a pun on Tera's name, and "Stingwray", a reference to her Corvette Stingray.
Wray was widowed after Wayne Static died on November 1, 2014. She committed suicide at her home in Joshua Tree, California, on January 13, 2016. Wray was 33 years old. Her roommate and friend, Jay'e Jones, discovered Wray's body at their home that evening. A note left by Wray instructed Jones to call Wray's mother, her attorney, and several others.
Awards
2008 F.A.M.E. Award Finalist – Favorite Rookie Starlet
2008 AVN Award nominee – Best New Starlet
2008 AVN Award nominee – Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Tattooed & Tight) with Mark Zane
2008 XBIZ Award nominee – New Starlet of the Year
2009 AVN Award nominee – Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene (The Orifice)
2009 AVN Award nominee – Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Tattooed & Tight 3)
Filmography
Wray at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo 2008
19 Year Old Cuties POV 2 (2007)
19 Year Old Cuties POV 3 (2007)
Asseaters Unanimous 15 (2007)
Cone Alone (2007)
Desperate Housewives Confessions (2007)
For Once a Whore and Ever a Whore (2007)
House of Ass 5 (2007)
Impassioned (2007)
Maya Hills Is the Runaway Brat (2007)
Naughty Auditions (2007)
Punkd Ur Ass 1 (2007)
Punkd Ur Ass 2 (2007)
Radium 1 (2007)
Sweet Smokin' Hotties (2007)
Tattooed and Tight 1 (2007)
Tattooed and Tight 2 (2007)
Tera Wray Is the Runaway Brat (2007)
All Holes No Poles 1 (2008)
Orifice (2008)
Radium 2 (2008)
Strap-On Sally 23 (2008)
Tattooed and Tight 3 (2008)
Stingwray (music video, 2009)
There Will Be Cum 6 (2009)
Passionate Pleasures (2011)
Pussy Smashin (2013)
Lesbian Slut Fest (2014)
References
^ "Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Static Found Dead". Blabbermouth.net. January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ a b c Lentz, Harris M. III (2017). "Wray, Tera". Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2016 (Encyclopedia). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 429–430. ISBN 9781476670317. ISSN 1087-9617. Retrieved 2018-07-12 – via Google Books.
^ "Tera Wray biodata". IAFD.com. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ In at least one interview, she claimed to have been born in Louisville, Kentucky, but her Kentucky Birth Certificate, shows Tera Elizabeth Lents was born April 14, 1992, in Owensboro, Daviess County, Kentucky, the daughter of Nancy nee Winsett.
^ Ross, Gene (February 17, 2007). "Pleasure Productions Contract Girl Tera Wray Visits KSEX". adultfyi.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ Mikey Fresh (June 11, 2008). "Tera Wray Interview". adultstarsmagazine.com. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
^ Sullivan, David (2006-12-28). "Tera Wray Stars in Runaway Brat for Pleasure Productions". avn.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
^ "20 Question E-Mail Fun With: Tera Wray". qlimax.com. March 7, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ a b Matt and Mark Zane are brothers.
^ "Heavy Metal & Hardcore Sex Collide". thegauntlet.com. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ a b c "Society 1 Interview with Matt Zane". The Gauntlet. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
^ "Tera Wray Tours With Hustler Lingerie at Ozzfest". ainews.com. July 24, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Adams, Gregory (January 15, 2016). "Wayne Static's Widow Found Dead of Apparent Suicide". Exclaim!. Toronto: 1059434 Ontario. Retrieved July 14, 2018. Tera Wray Static was born Tera Lents and had met Wayne Static during the 2007 Ozzfest. At the time, she had been modelling lingerie for Hustler, but she retired from the industry when she and Static were married in 2008.
^ Static-X "Stingwray" Official Video, October 7, 2009, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved February 3, 2016
^ "Static-x Vocalist Drops By Metal Skool". thegauntlet.com. September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ On his blog Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine on November 9, 2007, Static said: "I met Tera Wray during Ozzfest and we have been together since then."
^ The article "Wayne Static Gets Hitched to Adult Starlet", January 14, 2008, states: "The pair tied the knot in Las Vegas before the AVN Awards which took place on Saturday, Jan 12."
^ David Sullivan (January 17, 2008). "Tera Wray Weds Static-X Frontman". AVN. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
^ Tod Hunter. "Performer Tera Wray Announces Retirement". XBIZ. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
^ Thomsen, Dante (15 January 2016). "Porrstjärnan död efter tragedin med artisten" . Expressen (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 14 July 2018. Tera Wray har tidigare berättat att hon och Wayne Static brukade missbruka kokain och ecstasy men att de hade slutat använda droger 2009.
^ "Static-X Founder Wayne Static Passed Away At Age 49". Mad Mimi. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
^ a b "Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Found Dead". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ Death of Wayne Static’s Widow Tera Wray Officially Ruled Suicide LoudWire. January 28, 2016.
^ "2008 F.A.M.E. Awards Finalists Announced". AVN. April 25, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
^ Tera Wray Quits Porn 12 August 2008. AVN.
^ Loftus, Cindi (August 15, 2007). "Ouch! Damn That Looks Like It Hurts!!!!". xcitement.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ Homicide, Johnny. "Tattooed & Tight". eros-la.com. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ "AVN Award Nominees". Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^ Javors, Steve (January 4, 2008). "2008 XBIZ Awards Official Nominees Announced". xbiz.com. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
External links
Erotica and pornography portalBiography portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tera Wray.
Tera Wray at IMDb
Tera Wray at the Internet Adult Film Database
Tera Wray at the Adult Film Database
Tera Ray obituary
vteStatic-X
Tony Campos
Koichi Fukuda
Ken Jay
Xer0
Tripp Eisen
Nick Oshiro
Brent Ashley
Andy the Kid
Diego Ibarra
Sean Davidson
Wayne Static
Studio albums
Wisconsin Death Trip
Machine
Shadow Zone
Start a War
Cannibal
Cult of Static
Project: Regeneration Vol. 1
Project: Regeneration Vol. 2
Compilation albums
Beneath... Between... Beyond...
Video albums
Black and White
X-Posed
X-Rated
Cannibal Killers Live
Extended plays
The Death Trip Continues
Singles
"Push It"
"I'm with Stupid"
"Bled for Days"
"This Is Not"
"Black and White"
"Cold"
"The Only"
"So"
"I'm the One"
"Dirthouse"
"Destroyer"
Related articles
Discography
Pighammer
Tera Wray
Category
Authority control databases: Artists
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Lentz III referred to her as \"a star of alternative pornography\".[2]","title":"Tera Wray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Owensboro, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wray was born in Owensboro, Kentucky.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KSEX-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-runaway-7"},{"link_name":"Nicki Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qlimax-8"},{"link_name":"Matt Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zane"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZaneBros-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collide-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattZaneInterview-11"},{"link_name":"Ozzy Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stingwray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingwray"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Her name is derived from her real first name, Tera, and her best friend's middle name, Wray.[5] She has said \"I've wanted to do porn since I was in the fourth grade. I would always tell people that I wanted to be a porn star.\"[6]In summer 2006, Pleasure Productions signed her as their first contract performer in two years.[7] Her first scene was with Lee Stone in Naughty Auditions, the second of her films to be released. Her first film released was Sweet Smokin' Hotties, on March 8, 2007. Her first lesbian scene was with Nicki Hunter.[8]Wray was a fan of heavy metal music, and hosted Matt Zane's[9] adult-oriented music series, Radium, during which she interviewed bands and attended concerts, as well as performing in sex scenes.[10][11] She traveled with Ozzy Osbourne's Ozzfest Summer Tour 2007 as a model for the tour's sponsors, Hustler Lingerie.[12][13] In 2009, she appeared in the music video for \"Stingwray\".[14]","title":"Performing arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elena_Heiress,_Tera_Wray_at_PSK_20070925_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Static"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"Static-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static-X"},{"link_name":"Wayne Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Static"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattZaneInterview-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Static-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DatingTeraWray-16"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-married-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cult of Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_Static"},{"link_name":"Stingwray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingwray"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tree, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tree,_California"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-22"}],"text":"Wray (center) alongside Elena Heiress and her husband Wayne Static, 2007During the 2007 Ozzfest tour, Wray began dating Static-X frontman Wayne Static.[11][15][16] On January 10, 2008, the couple wed in Las Vegas.[17][18] She announced her retirement from the industry in August 2008.[19] Wray reported quitting drugs in 2009.[20] In 2009, Static-X released their sixth studio album, Cult of Static. This album features two tracks relating to Wray: \"Tera-Fied\", a pun on Tera's name, and \"Stingwray\", a reference to her Corvette Stingray.Wray was widowed after Wayne Static died on November 1, 2014.[21] She committed suicide at her home in Joshua Tree, California, on January 13, 2016.[22][23] Wray was 33 years old. Her roommate and friend, Jay'e Jones, discovered Wray's body at their home that evening. A note left by Wray instructed Jones to call Wray's mother, her attorney, and several others.[22]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.A.M.E. Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A.M.E._Award"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fame08nom-24"},{"link_name":"AVN Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Award"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouch-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tattooed-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZaneBros-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattZaneInterview-11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"XBIZ Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBIZ_Award"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"2008 F.A.M.E. Award Finalist – Favorite Rookie Starlet[24]\n2008 AVN Award nominee – Best New Starlet[25]\n2008 AVN Award nominee – Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Tattooed & Tight) with Mark Zane[26][27][9][11][28]\n2008 XBIZ Award nominee – New Starlet of the Year[29]\n2009 AVN Award nominee – Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene (The Orifice)\n2009 AVN Award nominee – Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Tattooed & Tight 3)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tera_Wray_at_AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo_2008_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"AVN Adult Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"Stingwray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingwray"}],"text":"Wray at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo 200819 Year Old Cuties POV 2 (2007)\n19 Year Old Cuties POV 3 (2007)\nAsseaters Unanimous 15 (2007)\nCone Alone (2007)\nDesperate Housewives Confessions (2007)\nFor Once a Whore and Ever a Whore (2007)\nHouse of Ass 5 (2007)\nImpassioned (2007)\nMaya Hills Is the Runaway Brat (2007)\nNaughty Auditions (2007)\nPunkd Ur Ass 1 (2007)\nPunkd Ur Ass 2 (2007)\nRadium 1 (2007)\nSweet Smokin' Hotties (2007)\nTattooed and Tight 1 (2007)\nTattooed and Tight 2 (2007)\nTera Wray Is the Runaway Brat (2007)\nAll Holes No Poles 1 (2008)\nOrifice (2008)\nRadium 2 (2008)\nStrap-On Sally 23 (2008)\nTattooed and Tight 3 (2008)\nStingwray (music video, 2009)\nThere Will Be Cum 6 (2009)\nPassionate Pleasures (2011)\nPussy Smashin (2013)\nLesbian Slut Fest (2014)","title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Wray (center) alongside Elena Heiress and her husband Wayne Static, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elena_Heiress%2C_Tera_Wray_at_PSK_20070925_1.jpg/220px-Elena_Heiress%2C_Tera_Wray_at_PSK_20070925_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wray at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tera_Wray_at_AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo_2008_2.jpg/170px-Tera_Wray_at_AVN_Adult_Entertainment_Expo_2008_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Static Found Dead\". Blabbermouth.net. January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/wayne-statics-widow-tera-wray-static-found-dead","url_text":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Static Found Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Harris M. III (2017). \"Wray, Tera\". Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2016 (Encyclopedia). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 429–430. ISBN 9781476670317. ISSN 1087-9617. Retrieved 2018-07-12 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HYowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT443","url_text":"\"Wray, Tera\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HYowDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476670317","url_text":"9781476670317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1087-9617","url_text":"1087-9617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Tera Wray biodata\". IAFD.com. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iafd.com/person.asp?perfid=TaraWray&gender=F","url_text":"\"Tera Wray biodata\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Gene (February 17, 2007). \"Pleasure Productions Contract Girl Tera Wray Visits KSEX\". adultfyi.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211083624/http://adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=21912","url_text":"\"Pleasure Productions Contract Girl Tera Wray Visits KSEX\""},{"url":"http://www.adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=21912","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mikey Fresh (June 11, 2008). \"Tera Wray Interview\". adultstarsmagazine.com. Retrieved July 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://adultstarsmagazine.com/index.php/articles/asm/60-asm/334-tera-wray-interview","url_text":"\"Tera Wray Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, David (2006-12-28). \"Tera Wray Stars in Runaway Brat for Pleasure Productions\". avn.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2008-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080118062730/http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectId=DB7BF463-D912-FB85-B64CBCE1A7F791EA","url_text":"\"Tera Wray Stars in Runaway Brat for Pleasure Productions\""},{"url":"http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectId=DB7BF463-D912-FB85-B64CBCE1A7F791EA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Question E-Mail Fun With: Tera Wray\". qlimax.com. March 7, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://qlimax.com/tera-wray.php","url_text":"\"20 Question E-Mail Fun With: Tera Wray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heavy Metal & Hardcore Sex Collide\". thegauntlet.com. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/1225/7753/.html","url_text":"\"Heavy Metal & Hardcore Sex Collide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society 1 Interview with Matt Zane\". The Gauntlet. Retrieved October 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/interviews/712/Society-1.html","url_text":"\"Society 1 Interview with Matt Zane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tera Wray Tours With Hustler Lingerie at Ozzfest\". ainews.com. July 24, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304173136/http://www.ainews.com/Archives/Story12134.phtml","url_text":"\"Tera Wray Tours With Hustler Lingerie at Ozzfest\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Gregory (January 15, 2016). \"Wayne Static's Widow Found Dead of Apparent Suicide\". Exclaim!. Toronto: 1059434 Ontario. Retrieved July 14, 2018. Tera Wray Static was born Tera Lents and had met Wayne Static during the 2007 Ozzfest. At the time, she had been modelling lingerie for Hustler, but she retired from the industry when she and Static were married in 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/wayne_statics_widow_dies_at_33","url_text":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Found Dead of Apparent Suicide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto","url_text":"Toronto"}]},{"reference":"Static-X \"Stingwray\" Official Video, October 7, 2009, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved February 3, 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LMTfiL_oX0","url_text":"Static-X \"Stingwray\" Official Video"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/_LMTfiL_oX0","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Static-x Vocalist Drops By Metal Skool\". thegauntlet.com. September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/422/10222/Static-x.html","url_text":"\"Static-x Vocalist Drops By Metal Skool\""}]},{"reference":"David Sullivan (January 17, 2008). \"Tera Wray Weds Static-X Frontman\". AVN. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424103902/http://www.avn.com/performer/articles/3355.html","url_text":"\"Tera Wray Weds Static-X Frontman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_(magazine)","url_text":"AVN"},{"url":"http://www.avn.com/performer/articles/3355.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tod Hunter. \"Performer Tera Wray Announces Retirement\". XBIZ. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208171321/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97888","url_text":"\"Performer Tera Wray Announces Retirement\""},{"url":"http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97888","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomsen, Dante (15 January 2016). \"Porrstjärnan död efter tragedin med artisten\" [Porn star dead after tragedy with artist]. Expressen (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 14 July 2018. Tera Wray har tidigare berättat att hon och Wayne Static brukade missbruka kokain och ecstasy men att de hade slutat använda droger 2009. [Tera Wray has previously reported that she and Wayne Static used to abuse cocaine and ecstasy but that they had stopped using drugs in 2009.]","urls":[{"url":"https://expressen.se/noje/porrstjarnan-dod-efter-tragedin-med-artisten/","url_text":"\"Porrstjärnan död efter tragedin med artisten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm","url_text":"Stockholm"}]},{"reference":"\"Static-X Founder Wayne Static Passed Away At Age 49\". Mad Mimi. Retrieved September 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://madmimi.com/p/56cc75/preview","url_text":"\"Static-X Founder Wayne Static Passed Away At Age 49\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Found Dead\". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved January 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/wayne-statics-widow-tera-wray-static-found-dead/#OTm4id8ZQHAETHiZ.99","url_text":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Found Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 F.A.M.E. Awards Finalists Announced\". AVN. April 25, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.avn.com/articles/29854.html","url_text":"\"2008 F.A.M.E. Awards Finalists Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Loftus, Cindi (August 15, 2007). \"Ouch! Damn That Looks Like It Hurts!!!!\". xcitement.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071228042338/http://www.xcitement.com/content/naked_truth/naked_truth_aug_13_17_07.html","url_text":"\"Ouch! Damn That Looks Like It Hurts!!!!\""},{"url":"http://www.xcitement.com/content/naked_truth/naked_truth_aug_13_17_07.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Homicide, Johnny. \"Tattooed & Tight\". eros-la.com. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eros-la.com/articles/2007-07-10/dvdreviews0710","url_text":"\"Tattooed & Tight\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVN Award Nominees\". Retrieved December 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avnawards.com/index.php?content=nominees","url_text":"\"AVN Award Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Javors, Steve (January 4, 2008). \"2008 XBIZ Awards Official Nominees Announced\". xbiz.com. Retrieved January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbiz.com/news/web/88459","url_text":"\"2008 XBIZ Awards Official Nominees Announced\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/wayne-statics-widow-tera-wray-static-found-dead","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Static Found Dead\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HYowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT443","external_links_name":"\"Wray, Tera\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HYowDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1087-9617","external_links_name":"1087-9617"},{"Link":"https://www.iafd.com/person.asp?perfid=TaraWray&gender=F","external_links_name":"\"Tera Wray biodata\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211083624/http://adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=21912","external_links_name":"\"Pleasure Productions Contract Girl Tera Wray Visits KSEX\""},{"Link":"http://www.adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=21912","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://adultstarsmagazine.com/index.php/articles/asm/60-asm/334-tera-wray-interview","external_links_name":"\"Tera Wray Interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080118062730/http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectId=DB7BF463-D912-FB85-B64CBCE1A7F791EA","external_links_name":"\"Tera Wray Stars in Runaway Brat for Pleasure Productions\""},{"Link":"http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectId=DB7BF463-D912-FB85-B64CBCE1A7F791EA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://qlimax.com/tera-wray.php","external_links_name":"\"20 Question E-Mail Fun With: Tera Wray\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/1225/7753/.html","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Metal & Hardcore Sex Collide\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/interviews/712/Society-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Society 1 Interview with Matt Zane\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304173136/http://www.ainews.com/Archives/Story12134.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Tera Wray Tours With Hustler Lingerie at Ozzfest\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/wayne_statics_widow_dies_at_33","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Found Dead of Apparent Suicide\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LMTfiL_oX0","external_links_name":"Static-X \"Stingwray\" Official Video"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/_LMTfiL_oX0","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/422/10222/Static-x.html","external_links_name":"\"Static-x Vocalist Drops By Metal Skool\""},{"Link":"http://static-x.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/6676083791/m/6911078842/p/4","external_links_name":"blog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212145802/http://static-x.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/6676083791/m/6911078842/p/4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/422/11263/Static-x.html","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Static Gets Hitched to Adult Starlet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424103902/http://www.avn.com/performer/articles/3355.html","external_links_name":"\"Tera Wray Weds Static-X Frontman\""},{"Link":"http://www.avn.com/performer/articles/3355.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208171321/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97888","external_links_name":"\"Performer Tera Wray Announces Retirement\""},{"Link":"http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97888","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://expressen.se/noje/porrstjarnan-dod-efter-tragedin-med-artisten/","external_links_name":"\"Porrstjärnan död efter tragedin med artisten\""},{"Link":"https://madmimi.com/p/56cc75/preview","external_links_name":"\"Static-X Founder Wayne Static Passed Away At Age 49\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/wayne-statics-widow-tera-wray-static-found-dead/#OTm4id8ZQHAETHiZ.99","external_links_name":"\"Wayne Static's Widow Tera Wray Found Dead\""},{"Link":"https://loudwire.com/death-wayne-static-widow-tera-wray-ruled-suicide/","external_links_name":"Death of Wayne Static’s Widow Tera Wray Officially Ruled Suicide"},{"Link":"http://business.avn.com/articles/29854.html","external_links_name":"\"2008 F.A.M.E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions | List of California ballot propositions | ["1 By decade","2 History","2.1 Notable propositions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Elections in California
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1851
1852
1854
1856
1859
1861
1863
1864
1867
1868
1871
1872
1875
1876
1879
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
12th
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1987
5th sp
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
32nd sp
2002
2004
2005
5th sp
48th sp
2006
50th sp
2007
36th sp
2008
12th sp
2009
10th sp
32nd sp
2010
2011
36th sp
2012
2014
2016
2017
34th sp
2018
2020
25th sp
2022
22nd sp
2024
16th
20th sp
30th
45th
47th
vte
State government
ExecutiveGovernor
1849
1851
1853
1855
1857
1859
1861
1863
1867
1871
1875
1879
1882
1886
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2003 (recall)
2006
2010
2014
2018
2021 (recall)
2022
2026
Lieutenant governor
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
Attorney general
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Secretary of state
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Treasurer
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Controller
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Insurance commissioner
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Superintendent
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Board of equalization
2018
2022
LegislatureSenate
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Special
Assembly
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2021 (79th sp)
2022 (17th sp)
2024
Special
JudiciaryCourt of appeals
1994
1998
2002
2006
Elections by year
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
Feb
Jun
Nov
2009
2010
Jun
Nov
2012
Jun
Nov
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
vte
State propositions
1910–1919
1911
4
7
8
1960–1969
1964
14
1970–1979
1978
6
8
13
1980–1989
1982
8
1986
64
65
1988
98
99
1990–1999
1994
187
1996
196
209
215
218
1998
6
10
227
2000–2009
2000
21
22
36
39
2003
53
54
2004
1A
55
56
57
58
59
60
60A
61
62
63
64
65
66
69
71
2005
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
2006
81
82
83
85
87
89
90
2008
91
92
93
94, 95, 96, and 97
98 and 99
1A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2009
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
2010–2019
2010
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2012
29
30
32
34
37
38
39
2014
1
2
41
42
45
46
47
48
2016
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
2018
68
69
70
71
72
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2020–2029
2020
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2022
1
26
27
28
29
30
31
2024
1
Full listvte
Los Angeles County
Los Angeles CountyBoard of supervisors
1980
1996
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Ballot measures
1980
A
2008
R
2012
B
J
2016
M
Elections
2020
2022
Los AngelesMayor
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1909 (sp)
1909
1911
1913
1915
1917
1919
1921
1923
1925
1929
1933
1937
1938
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2022
City attorney
2009
Ballot measures
1986
U
2017
S
Elections
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019 (sp)
2020
2022
2023 (sp)
2024
Long BeachMayor
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
vte
Orange County
Orange CountyBoard of supervisors
2018
2020
2022
2024
District attorney
2018
AnaheimMayor
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
IrvineMayor
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Costa MesaMunicipal
1947
1953
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
vte
Sacramento
Mayor
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
vte
San Diego County
San Diego CountyBoard of supervisors
2020
San DiegoMayor
1887
1889
1891
1893
1895
1897
1899
1901
1903
1905
1907
1909
1911
1913
1915
1917
1919
1921
1923
1925
1927
1929
1931
1932
1935
1939
1943
1947
1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983 (sp)
1984
1986 (sp)
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2005 (sp)
2008
2012
2013–14 (sp)
2016
2020
2024
City attorney
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
City council
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Special
vte
San Francisco
Mayor
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983 (recall)
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2018 (sp)
2019
2024
District attorney
2019
2022 (recall)
2022 (sp)
2024
Board of supervisors
1977
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Board of education
2018
2022 (recall)
Elections
2004
Mar
Nov
2005
2006
Jun
Nov
2007
2008
Feb
Jun
Nov
2009
2010
Jun
Nov
2011
2012
Jun
Nov
2013
2022
Feb
vte
San Jose
Mayor
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2024
vte
Other localities
Bakersfield
Mayoral elections:
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Fresno
Mayoral elections:
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Oakland
Mayoral elections:
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Riverside
Mayoral elections:
1997
2001
2005
2009
2012
2016
2020
2024
San Bernardino
Mayoral elections:
2005
2009
2014
2018
2022
Stockton
Mayoral elections:
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
vte
vte
The following is a list of California ballot propositions broken down by decade. Propositions can be placed on the ballot either through the exercise of the initiative power by the voters or by a vote of the state legislature. The state initiative power was added to the California constitution in 1911 as part of the ethics reform instituted by Governor Hiram Johnson in the early 1910s.
By decade
1880–1889
1890–1899
1900–1909
1910–1919
1920–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
History
Main article: California ballot proposition
Ballot measures were not numbered prior to the general election of 1914. Until the November 1982 general election, proposition numbers started with "1" for each election. After November 1982, subsequent propositions received sequentially increasing numbers until November 1998 when the count was reset to "1". Starting with November 1998, the count is reset in 10-year cycles.
Until 1960, citizen-led initiative measures appeared on general election ballots only. From 1960 to 2012, initiative measures appeared on primary, general, and special election ballots. In October 2011, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a bill (Senate Bill No. 202) which requires all future ballot initiatives to be listed only in general elections (held in November in even-numbered years), rather than during any statewide election. Two propositions had already qualified for the next statewide election (which was the June 2012 presidential primaries) prior to the signing of the law, making the June 2012 primaries the last statewide non-general election in California to have statewide initiatives on the ballot. Propositions originating in the State Legislature can still appear on non-general election ballots, as was the case with Propositions 41 and 42 in June 2014.
Notable propositions
Some notable propositions which have received a great deal of attention include:
Proposition (year)
Status
About
Proposition 4 (1911)
Passed
Granting women the constitutional right to vote in California.
Proposition 7 (1911)
Passed
Establishing the constitutional direct democracy powers of initiative and referendum in California.
Proposition 8 (1911)
Passed
Establishing the constitutional direct democracy power of recall in California.
Proposition 14 (1964)
Passed, then declared unconstitutional
Prohibiting government agencies from denying, limiting, or abridging the right of any property owner to decline to sell, lease, or rent residential real property to any person the property owner, in their absolute discretion, chooses.
Proposition 6 (1978)
Defeated
Barring homosexuality in the public school system.
Proposition 13 (1978)
Passed
Significant property tax reduction and limits; imposing 2/3 vote requirement of the Legislature for state taxes and 2/3 voter approval requirement for local special taxes.
Proposition 65 (1986)
Passed
Notification of hazardous materials.
Proposition 98 (1988)
Passed
School funding (requires minimum percentage of budget to be directed toward education with increases based on inflation).
Proposition 184 (1994)
Passed, upheld in 2003, modified in 2012
Mandatory sentencing for third-strike convictions
Proposition 187 (1994)
Passed, then declared unconstitutional
Denying illegal immigrants eligibility to receive public services (immediate stay was federally imposed and is still in effect).
Proposition 209 (1996)
Passed
Banning affirmative action in the public sector (employment, education, etc.)
Proposition 215 (1996)
Passed
Legalizing medical marijuana under California law.
Proposition 218 (1996)
Passed
Right to vote on local taxes; assessment and property-related fee reforms; initiative power expansion in regard to local revenue reduction or repeal. Constitutional follow-up to Proposition 13 (1978).
Proposition 22 (2000)
Passed, then declared unconstitutional
A statute banning same-sex marriage.
Proposition 52 (2002)
Defeated
Allowing voting registration on Election Day.
Proposition 71 (2004)
Passed
On the use of stem cells in scientific research.
Proposition 73 (2005)
Defeated
Parental notification before abortion.
Proposition 83 (2006)
Passed
Various restrictions of civil liberties for paroled sex offenders (Jessica's Law).
Proposition 85 (2006)
Defeated
Second attempt at Proposition 73.
Proposition 8 (2008)
Passed, then declared unconstitutional
A state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage in order to override the In re Marriage Cases (Proposition 22) decision earlier that year that legalized same-sex marriage.
Proposition 14 (2010)
Passed
Establishing non-partisan blanket primaries in place of closed primaries.
Proposition 19 (2010)
Defeated
Legalization of marijuana.
Proposition 34 (2012)
Defeated
Abolition of the death penalty.
Proposition 36 (2012)
Passed
Reducing the mandatory minimum sentence's for most individuals convicted under the state's three-strikes law.
Proposition 37 (2012)
Defeated
Requiring labeling on raw or processed food offered for sale to consumers if made from plants or animals with genetic material changed in a specified way.
Proposition 47 (2014)
Passed
Redefining some nonviolent offenses as misdemeanors, rather than felonies, as they had previously been categorized.
Proposition 64 (2016)
Passed
Legalization under California law of the adult use of marijuana.
Proposition 1 (2022)
Passed
Constitutional right to reproductive freedom
See also
Elections in California
References
^ a b "History of California Initiatives". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
^ Siders, David (October 8, 2011). "Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill restricting ballot initiative to November elections". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved Sep 28, 2012.
External links
California Ballot Propositions Database from University of California, Hastings College of the Law Library, a comprehensive, searchable source of information on California ballot propositions and initiatives from 1911 to the present
vteBallot measures in the United States by stateStates
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Federal district
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vteElections in California
Propositions
List
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
General
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
Feb
Jun
Nov
2009
2010
Jun
Nov
2012
Jun
Nov
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Governor
1849
1851
1853
1855
1857
1859
1861
1863
1867
1871
1875
1879
1882
1886
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1914
1918
1922
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2003 (recall)
2006
2010
2014
2018
2021 (recall)
2022
2026
Lieutenant Governor
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
MayoralLos Angeles
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1909
Mar
Nov
1911
1913
1915
1917
1919
1921
1925
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2022
San Diego
1887
1889
1891
1893
1895
1897
1899
1901
1903
1905
1907
1909
1911
1913
1915
1917
1919
1921
1923
1925
1927
1929
1931
1932
1935
1939
1943
1947
1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983 sp
1984
1986 sp
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2005 sp
2008
2012
2014 sp
2016
2020
2024
San Francisco
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2018 sp
2019
2024
State Senate
At-large
1864
1866
1868
1870
1872
1874
1876
1878
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Special
State Assembly
At-large
1864
1866
1868
1870
1872
1874
1876
1878
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Special
U.S. President
1852
1856
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
U.S. Senate
Class 1: 1849
1850
1852 sp
1856
1860 sp
1862
1868
1873
1873 sp
1880
1886 sp
1887
1891 sp
1893
1900 sp
1905
1911
1916
1922
1928
1934
1940
1946 sp
1946
1952
1958
1964
1970
1976
1982
1988
1992 sp
1994
2000
2006
2012
2018
2024Class 3: 1849
1857 sp
1860
1866
1872
1878
1885
1891
1895 sp
1897
1903
1909
1914
1920
1926
1932
1938
1944
1950
1954 sp
1956
1962
1968
1974
1980
1986
1992
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 sp
2022
U.S. House
1849
1851
1854
1856
1859
1861
1863
1864
1867
1868
1871
1872
1875
1876
1879
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1st sp
1892
3rd sp
1894
1896
1898
1900
2nd sp
1902
1904
3rd sp
1906
1st sp
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
10th sp
1918
1920
1921
9th sp
1922
6th sp
1923
5th sp
10th sp
1924
1925
4th sp
1926
2nd sp
5th sp
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1937
10th sp
1938
1940
1942
17th sp
1943
2nd sp
1944
1946
12th
1948
1949
5th sp
1950
1952
1953
24th sp
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1963
1st sp
23rd sp
1964
5th sp
6th sp
1965
26th sp
1966
14th sp
1967
11th sp
1968
1969
27th sp
1970
24th sp
35th sp
1972
1974
6th sp
13th sp
1975
37th sp
1976
1978
1979
11th sp
1980
1982
1983
5th sp
1984
1986
1987
5th sp
1988
1989
15th sp
1990
1992
1993
17th sp
1994
1995
15th sp
1996
37th sp
1998
9th sp
22nd sp
44th sp
1999
42nd sp
2000
2001
32nd sp
2002
2004
2005
5th sp
48th sp
2006
50th sp
2007
37th sp
2008
12th sp
2009
10th sp
32nd sp
2010
2011
36th sp
2012
2014
2016
2017
34th sp
2018
10th
21st
39th
2020
25th sp
2022
22nd sp
2024
Special
An asterisk signifies a special election | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_initiative"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hiram Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson"}],"text":"The following is a list of California ballot propositions broken down by decade. Propositions can be placed on the ballot either through the exercise of the initiative power by the voters or by a vote of the state legislature. The state initiative power was added to the California constitution in 1911 as part of the ethics reform instituted by Governor Hiram Johnson in the early 1910s.","title":"List of California ballot propositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1880–1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1880%E2%80%931889&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1890–1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1890%E2%80%931899&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1900–1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1900%E2%80%931909&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1910–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1910%E2%80%931919&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1920–1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1920%E2%80%931929&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1930–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1930%E2%80%931939&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1940–1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1940%E2%80%931949&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1950–1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1950%E2%80%931959&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1960–1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1960%E2%80%931969&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970–1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1970%E2%80%931979"},{"link_name":"1980–1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1980%E2%80%931989"},{"link_name":"1990–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1990%E2%80%931999"},{"link_name":"2000–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2000%E2%80%932009"},{"link_name":"2010–2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2010%E2%80%932019"},{"link_name":"2020–2029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2020%E2%80%932029"}],"text":"1880–1889\n1890–1899\n1900–1909\n1910–1919\n1920–1929\n1930–1939\n1940–1949\n1950–1959\n1960–1969\n1970–1979\n1980–1989\n1990–1999\n2000–2009\n2010–2019\n2020–2029","title":"By decade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-1"},{"link_name":"Jerry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown"},{"link_name":"State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"June 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_elections,_2014"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ballot measures were not numbered prior to the general election of 1914.[1] Until the November 1982 general election, proposition numbers started with \"1\" for each election. After November 1982, subsequent propositions received sequentially increasing numbers until November 1998 when the count was reset to \"1\". Starting with November 1998, the count is reset in 10-year cycles.Until 1960, citizen-led initiative measures appeared on general election ballots only. From 1960 to 2012, initiative measures appeared on primary, general, and special election ballots.[1] In October 2011, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a bill (Senate Bill No. 202) which requires all future ballot initiatives to be listed only in general elections (held in November in even-numbered years), rather than during any statewide election. Two propositions had already qualified for the next statewide election (which was the June 2012 presidential primaries) prior to the signing of the law, making the June 2012 primaries the last statewide non-general election in California to have statewide initiatives on the ballot. Propositions originating in the State Legislature can still appear on non-general election ballots, as was the case with Propositions 41 and 42 in June 2014.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable propositions","text":"Some notable propositions which have received a great deal of attention include:","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Elections in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_California"}] | [{"reference":"\"History of California Initiatives\". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141002172248/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/history-initiatives-info.htm","url_text":"\"History of California Initiatives\""},{"url":"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/history-initiatives-info.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siders, David (October 8, 2011). \"Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill restricting ballot initiative to November elections\". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved Sep 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212132244/http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/08/3968832/gov-jerry-brown-signs-bill-restricting.html","url_text":"\"Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill restricting ballot initiative to November elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"},{"url":"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/08/3968832/gov-jerry-brown-signs-bill-restricting.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141002172248/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/history-initiatives-info.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of California Initiatives\""},{"Link":"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/history-initiatives-info.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212132244/http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/08/3968832/gov-jerry-brown-signs-bill-restricting.html","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill restricting ballot initiative to November elections\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/08/3968832/gov-jerry-brown-signs-bill-restricting.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://repository.uclawsf.edu/ca_ballot_props/","external_links_name":"California Ballot Propositions Database"}] |
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